1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. /MD/ - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the year ended December 31, 2022.

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______________ to _______________.

Commission file number: 001-40609

1895 BANCORP OF WISCONSIN, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (414) 421-8200

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of December 31, 2022, computed by reference to the last sale price on June 30, 2022, as reported by the NASDAQ Capital Market, was approximately $55.1 million.

As of March 20, 2023, there were 6,221,930 issued shares and 6,191,867 outstanding shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXPLANATORY NOTE

1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Company,” “we” or “our”), was formed to serve as the stock holding company for PyraMax Bank, FSB (“PyraMax Bank”) as part of the mutual-to-stock conversion of 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, MHC (the “MHC”). Upon completion of the conversion, which occurred on July 14, 2021, the MHC and 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc., a federal corporation (“Old 1895 Bancorp”), ceased to exist and the Company became the successor corporation to Old 1895 Bancorp. The conversion was accomplished by the merger of the MHC with and into Old 1895 Bancorp, followed by the merger of Old 1895 Bancorp with and into the Company. On July 14, 2021, public stockholders of Old 1895 Bancorp received 1.3163 shares of the Company’s common stock in exchange for each of their shares of Old 1895 Bancorp. Prior to the completion of the conversion on July 14, 2021, the Company had no assets or liabilities and had not conducted any business activities other than organizational activities.

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PART I

ITEM 1. Business

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “indicate,” “would,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “target” and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

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Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. See “Risk Factors.” Except as required by applicable law or regulation, we do not undertake, and we specifically disclaim any obligation, to release publicly the results of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of the statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

BUSINESS OF 1895 BANCORP OF WISCONSIN, INC.

The Company was formed to serve as the stock holding company for PyraMax Bank as part of the mutual-to-stock conversion of 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, MHC. Upon completion of the conversion, which occurred on July 14, 2021, the MHC and Old 1895 Bancorp, a federal corporation, ceased to exist and the Company became the successor corporation to Old 1895 Bancorp. The conversion was accomplished by the merger of the MHC with and into Old 1895 Bancorp, followed by the merger of Old 1895 Bancorp with and into the Company. The shares of the Company’s common stock that were offered for sale in connection with the conversion represented the majority ownership interest in Old 1895 Bancorp owned by the MHC. Additionally, on July 14, 2021, public stockholders of Old 1895 Bancorp received 1.3163 shares of the Company’s common stock in exchange for each of their shares of Old 1895 Bancorp. The shares of Old 1895 Bancorp common stock owned by the MHC were canceled at that time. The conversion and offering were completed on July 14, 2021, and the Company was organized as a fully public stock holding company, with 100% of the common stock being held by the public. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had 6,206,105 shares of common stock outstanding. Prior to the completion of the conversion on July 14, 2021, the Company had no assets or liabilities and had not conducted any business activities other than organizational activities.

The MHC and Old 1895 Bancorp were incorporated under federal law on January 8, 2019 as part of the mutual holding company reorganization of PyraMax Bank, for the purpose of becoming the savings and loan holding company of PyraMax Bank.

The Company’s common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the trading symbol “BCOW.”

The Company is authorized to pursue business activities permitted by applicable laws and regulations, which may include the acquisition of banking and financial services companies. See “Supervision and Regulation – Holding Company Regulation” for a discussion of the activities that are permitted for savings and loan holding companies. We currently have no understandings or agreements to acquire other financial institutions, although we may determine to do so in the future. We may also borrow funds for reinvestment in PyraMax Bank.

Our cash flow depends on earnings from the investment of the net proceeds we retained from our initial public stock offering in January 2019 and our conversion and stock offering in July 2021, and any dividends we receive from PyraMax Bank. We neither own nor lease any property, but pay a fee to PyraMax Bank for the use of its premises, equipment and furniture. At the present time, we employ only persons who are officers of PyraMax Bank who also serve as officers of the Company. We use the support staff of PyraMax Bank from time to time and pay a fee to PyraMax Bank for the time devoted to the Company by employees of PyraMax Bank. However, these persons are not separately compensated by the Company. The Company may hire additional employees, as appropriate, to the extent it expands its business in the future.

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BUSINESS OF PYRAMAX BANK, FSB

General

PyraMax Bank is a stock savings bank headquartered in Greenfield, Wisconsin. PyraMax Bank was established in 1895 as South Milwaukee Savings and Loan Association and has operated continuously in the Milwaukee metropolitan area since that time. In 1993, the bank changed its name to South Milwaukee Savings Bank, S.A. In May 2000, a merger between South Milwaukee Savings Bank and Mitchell Savings Bank officially formed PyraMax Bank, SSB. The bank changed to a federal savings bank charter in 2003, changing its name to PyraMax Bank, FSB.

From our founding in 1895, we operated as a traditional thrift institution, offering primarily residential mortgage loans and savings accounts, supplemented with multi-family and commercial real estate loans. In 2007, Richard Hurd was promoted to Chief Executive Officer and President of PyraMax Bank. Mr. Hurd began shifting PyraMax Bank’s focus to include more business-oriented products and services. David Ball was hired as President and Chief Operating Officer effective February 2021 and was promoted to President and Chief Executive Officer in October 2022. In this role he oversees the daily operations of PyraMax Bank and is responsible for the design and implementation of business strategies and setting comprehensive goals for profitability and growth. Mr. Hurd continues to serve the bank as Senior Vice President-Strategic Planning Officer and Director. Effective October 1, 2022, Monica Baker was promoted to Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer and Steve Klitzing was promoted to Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. In November 2022, Eric Hurd was appointed as Senior Vice President and Chief Lending Officer of PyraMax Bank following the transition of our prior Chief Lending Officer to Senior Vice President of Commercial Lending.

We conduct our operations from our three full-service banking offices in Milwaukee County, our two full-service banking offices in Waukesha County and our full-service banking office in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin. We consider our primary lending market area to be Milwaukee, Waukesha and Ozaukee Counties, however, we occasionally make loans secured by properties located outside of our primary lending market, usually to borrowers with whom we have an existing relationship and who have a presence within our primary market.

Our business consists primarily of taking deposits from the general public and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations, in one- to four-family residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans (which includes non-owner occupied commercial real estate, multi-family, owner occupied commercial real estate and one- to four-family non-owner occupied loans), commercial loans (which includes commercial and industrial loans) and consumer loans. Commercial real estate growth has been the primary source of recent loan growth, and commercial business loan originations have also been emphasized. Our loan growth has occurred through organically originated loans as well as through the purchase of loan participations.

Subject to market conditions, we expect to continue our focus on originating and purchasing participations in commercial real estate and commercial business loans in an effort to increase the overall yield earned on our loans, assist in managing interest rate risk and continue to further diversify our overall loan portfolio. We also invest in securities, which have historically consisted of mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government sponsored enterprises, U.S. treasury notes, state and municipal securities, asset-backed securities and corporate collateralized mortgage-backed securities. We offer a variety of deposit accounts, including checking accounts, savings accounts and certificate of deposit accounts. Additionally, we have used borrowings, primarily advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, to fund our operations.

Reflecting our focus on our community, in connection with the offering, in 2019, we established a charitable foundation called 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin Community Foundation and funded it with $100,000 in cash and 48,767 shares of our common stock, for an aggregate contribution of $587,670 (based on the $10.00 per share offering price). The purpose of this foundation is to make contributions to support various charitable organizations operating in our community now and in the future.

PyraMax Bank has one subsidiary, PyraMax Insurance Services LLC, which offers a comprehensive set of insurance and risk management products for personal and business needs.

Our website address is www.pyramaxbank.com. Information on this website should not be considered a part of this report.

Market Area

We conduct our operations from our three full-service banking offices in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, our two full-service banking offices in Waukesha County, Wisconsin and our full-service banking office in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin. We consider our primary lending market area to be southeastern Wisconsin, however, we occasionally make loans secured by properties located

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outside of our primary lending market, usually to borrowers with whom we have an existing relationship and who have a presence within our primary market.

Milwaukee County is primarily an urban community, with a median household income of $54,793 (in 2021 dollars) from 2017 to 2021. Milwaukee County had an estimated population of 928,059 in 2021, the most recent year for which information is available. Milwaukee County contains a diverse cross section of employment sectors, with a mix of services, manufacturing, wholesale/retail trade, federal and local government, health care facilities and finance-related employment. Our Milwaukee County banking offices are located in more suburban areas, but are still in proximity to downtown Milwaukee.

Waukesha County is primarily a suburban community, with a median household income of $94,310 (in 2021 dollars) from 2017 to 2021. Waukesha County had an estimated population of 408,756 in 2021, the most recent year for which information is available. Waukesha County has a diversified economy, including numerous educational institutions and a wide-ranging hospitality industry.

Ozaukee County is primarily a suburban community, with a median household income of $86,915 (in 2021 dollars) from 2017 to 2021. Ozaukee County had an estimated population of 92,497 in 2021, the most recent year for which information is available. Ozaukee County’s economy includes manufacturing, agricultural, healthcare, governmental and trade sectors.

PyraMax Bank works with the City of Milwaukee and neighborhood housing agencies to support home ownership in all markets in which we operate.

Competition

We face significant competition within our market both in making loans and attracting deposits. Our market area has a high concentration of financial institutions, including large money center and regional banks, community banks, fintech companies and credit unions. Some of our competitors offer products and services that we currently do not offer, such as trust services and private banking. Our competition for loans and deposits comes principally from commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage banking firms, consumer finance companies and credit unions. We face additional competition for deposits from short-term money market funds, brokerage firms, mutual funds and insurance companies.

As of June 30, 2022 (the latest date for which information is available), our market share was 0.42% of total deposits in FDIC-insured institutions in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, making us the 15th largest out of 26 banks in Milwaukee County. Our market share was 0.51% of total deposits in FDIC-insured institutions in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, making us the 27th largest out of 36 banks in Waukesha County. Our market share was 1.18% of total deposits in FDIC-insured institutions in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin, making us the 13th largest out of 15 banks in Ozaukee County.

Lending Activities

Our principal lending activity is in commercial real estate loans, one-to-four family residential real estate loans, commercial loans and consumer loans. Subject to market conditions and our asset-liability analysis, we expect to continue to increase our focus on commercial and commercial real estate loans, in an effort to grow and further diversify our overall loan portfolio and increase the overall yield earned on our loans. We compete by focusing on personalized service for consumers as well as businesses. Due to our structure, we are able to move quickly on client requests and are able to price competitively compared to our competitors. Our responsiveness has enabled us to grow and retain our customer base. Additionally, the Milwaukee market has demonstrated strong growth and diversity in the commercial segment. We believe that our focus on Milwaukee, Waukesha and Ozaukee Counties enables us to utilize a limited sales force for maximum results. Our reputation for strong credit underwriting has also allowed us to build a network of smaller banks that purchase participations of loans which exceed our legal lending limit. Recently, we have also increased our purchases of loan participations from other local financial institutions.

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Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of the loan portfolio at the dates indicated.

Loan Portfolio Maturities. The following table sets forth certain information at December 31, 2022 regarding the dollar amount of loan principal repayments becoming due during the period indicated. The table does not include any estimate of prepayments that may significantly shorten the average loan life and cause actual repayment experience to differ from that shown below. Demand loans, which are loans having no stated repayment schedule or no stated maturity, are reported as due in one year or less.

Fixed vs. Adjustable Rate Loans

The following table sets forth the dollar amount of all loans at December 31, 2022 that are due after December 31, 2023 and have either fixed interest rates or floating or adjustable interest rates. The amounts shown below exclude unearned loan origination fees.

As of December 31, 2022, we had extended credit to three customers totaling $17.0 million indexed to the LIBOR, of which $13.0 million was outstanding. See “Risk Factors - Other Risks Related to Our Business - We will be required to transition from the use of the LIBOR interest rate index in the future.”

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Commercial Real Estate Lending. Consistent with our strategy to grow our loan portfolio and increase our yield, we continue to be focused on increasing our commercial real estate loan portfolio through organic growth and the purchase of loan participations. At December 31, 2022, we had $210.9 million in commercial real estate loans, representing 58.3% of our total loan portfolio. Of this aggregate amount, we had $67.9 million in non-owner occupied non-residential real estate, $75.5 million in multi-family residential real estate, $36.2 million in owner occupied non-residential real estate, $6.2 million in non-owner occupied residential real estate loans and $25.1 million in commercial real estate construction loans.

Our commercial real estate loans are generally secured by industrial buildings, warehouses, office buildings and other special purpose commercial properties, primarily in Milwaukee, Waukesha and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin. Our multi-family loans, which are classified as commercial real estate loans in the tabular presentation, are generally secured by properties consisting of five or more rental units in our market area. We also purchase and participate in commercial real estate loans from other financial institutions. Such loans are independently underwritten by our credit department according to our policies.

Our commercial real estate loans generally have initial terms of five to ten years and amortization terms of 15 to 30 years, with a balloon payment at the end of the initial term, and may be fixed-rate or adjustable-rate loans. Our adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans are generally tied to a margin above the prime rate or the applicable U.S. Treasury or SOFR rate. The maximum loan-to-value ratio of our commercial real estate loans is generally 80% of the lower of cost or appraised value of the property securing the loan. Generally, we require personal guarantees.

We originate a variety of adjustable-rate multi-family residential real estate loans with terms and amortization periods generally up to 30 years, which may include balloon loans. Interest rates and payments on our adjustable-rate loans adjust every five, seven or 10 years and generally are indexed to the prime rate or the corresponding U.S. Treasury or SOFR rate, plus a margin. We generally include pre-payment penalties on multi-family residential real estate loans we originate.

At December 31, 2022, our three largest commercial real estate borrowing relationships were each $10.0 million commitments for the construction of residential multi-family properties. At December 31, 2022, two of these borrowers had not drawn on their available lines and the outstanding balance of the third relationship was $3.9 million. Each of these borrowing relationships is primarily collateralized by mortgages on the properties. These loans were performing in accordance with their repayment terms at December 31, 2022.

We consider a number of factors in originating commercial real estate loans. We evaluate the qualifications and financial condition of the borrower, including project-level and global cash flows, credit history, and management expertise, as well as the value and condition of the property securing the loan. When evaluating the qualifications of the borrower, we consider the financial resources of the borrower, the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar property and the borrower’s payment history with us and other financial institutions. In evaluating the property securing the loan, the factors we consider include the net operating income of the mortgaged property before debt service and depreciation, the ratio of the loan amount to the appraised value of the mortgaged property and the debt service coverage ratio (the ratio of net operating income to debt service). We generally require a debt service ratio of at least 1.20x. All commercial real estate loans, with the exception of owner-occupied real estate, of $500,000 or more are appraised by outside independent appraisers. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of commercial real estate loans. We require property and casualty insurance and flood insurance if the property is determined to be in a flood zone area.

In underwriting multi-family and non-owner occupied one- to four-family residential real estate loans, we consider a number of factors, which include the projected net cash flow to the loan’s debt service requirement (generally requiring a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 1.20x), the age and condition of the collateral, the financial resources and income level of the borrower and the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar properties. Multi-family residential real estate loans are generally originated in amounts up to 80% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower. When circumstances warrant, guarantees are obtained from multi-family and one-to four-family residential real estate customers. In addition, the borrower’s and guarantor’s financial information on such loans is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates. The vast majority of the tenants occupying our financed multi-family properties continue to pay rent.

Commercial real estate loans entail greater credit risks compared to one- to four-family residential real estate loans because they typically involve larger loan balances concentrated with single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. In addition, the payment of loans secured by income-producing properties typically depends on the successful operation of the property, as repayment of the loan generally is dependent, in large part, on sufficient income from the property to cover operating expenses and debt service. Changes in economic conditions that are not in the control of the borrower or lender could affect the value of the collateral for the loan or the future cash flow of the property. Additionally, any decline in real estate values may be more pronounced for commercial real estate than residential properties. If we foreclose on a commercial real estate loan, the marketing and liquidation period to convert the real estate asset to cash can be a lengthy process with substantial holding costs. In addition, vacancies, deferred maintenance, repairs and market stigma can result in prospective buyers expecting sale price concessions to offset their real or perceived economic losses for

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the time it takes them to return the property to profitability. Depending on the individual circumstances, initial charge-offs and subsequent losses on commercial real estate loans can be unpredictable and substantial.

We also originate loans to finance the construction of commercial properties, multi-family residential projects (including non-owner occupied one- to four-family residences) and professional complexes. At December 31, 2022, commercial construction loan balances were $25.1 million, or 6.9% of our total loan portfolio. Under these loans, an additional $33.2 million remains available to borrowers. The majority of these loans are secured by properties located in our primary market area.

Our commercial real estate construction loans are generally structured as interest-only payments during the anticipated construction time. The interest rate is generally fixed for five years at the five-year U.S. Treasury rate plus a margin. We generally offer commercial construction loans with a value up to 80% of the appraised value on a completed basis or the cost of completion, whichever is less. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of commercial real estate construction loans.

Construction loans generally involve greater credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate. In the event a loan is made on property that is not yet approved for the planned development or improvements, there is a risk that necessary approvals will not be granted or will be delayed. Risk of loss on a construction loan also depends upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of construction cost is inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon the sale of the property. Construction loans also carry the risk that construction will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs. In addition, repayment of these loans can be dependent on the sale or rental of the property to third parties, and the ultimate sale or rental of the property may not occur as anticipated.

Before making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we generally require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. The construction phase is carefully monitored to minimize our risk. All construction projects must be completed in accordance with approved plans and approved by the municipality in which they are located. Loan proceeds are disbursed periodically in increments as construction progresses and as inspections warrant.

One-to-four family Residential Real Estate Lending. At December 31, 2022, we had $85.4 million of loans secured by one-to-four family residential real estate, representing 23.6% of our total loan portfolio. We originate both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one-to-four family residential real estate loans. At December 31, 2022, 81.0% of our one-to-four family residential real estate loans were fixed-rate loans, and 19.0% of such loans were adjustable-rate loans.

Our fixed-rate one-to-four family residential real estate loans typically have terms of 10 to 30 years and are generally underwritten according to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae guidelines when the loan balance meets such guidelines, and we refer to loans that conform to such guidelines as “conforming loans.” We generally originate both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate mortgage loans in amounts up to the maximum conforming loan limits as established by the Federal Housing Finance Agency for Fannie Mae loans. As of December 31, 2022, the limit was $647,200 for single-family homes in our market area. The maximum conforming loan limits will increase to $726,200 for the year ended December 31, 2023. We sell, on both a servicing-released and servicing-retained basis, our conforming and eligible jumbo fixed-rate one-to-four family residential real estate loans. We also originate loans above the lending limit for conforming loans, which are referred to as “jumbo loans” that we may retain in our portfolio. Jumbo loans that we originate typically have 15 to 30 year terms and maximum loan-to-value ratios of 80%. At December 31, 2022, we had $3.3 million in jumbo loans, which represented 3.8% of our one-to-four family residential real estate loans. Our average loan size for jumbo loans was approximately $558,000 at December 31, 2022. Generally, all of our one-to-four family residential real estate loans are secured by properties located in southeastern Wisconsin.

We generally limit the loan-to-value ratios of our mortgage loans without private mortgage insurance to 80% of the sales price or appraised value, whichever is lower. Loans where the borrower obtains private mortgage insurance may be made in excess of this limit.

Our adjustable-rate one-to-four family residential real estate loans carry terms to maturity ranging from 10 to 30 years and generally have fixed rates for initial terms of five years. We also offer an initial term of seven years, which adjusts annually thereafter at a margin, which in recent years has been tied to a margin above the applicable U.S. Treasury or SOFR rate. The maximum amount by which the interest rate may be increased or decreased is generally 2% per adjustment period, with a lifetime interest rate cap of generally 5% over the initial interest rate of the loan and a rate floor. We typically hold in our loan portfolio our adjustable-rate one-to-four family residential real estate loans.

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Although adjustable-rate mortgage loans may reduce to an extent our vulnerability to changes in market interest rates because they periodically re-price, as interest rates increase the required payments due from the borrower also increase (subject to rate caps), increasing the potential for default by the borrower. At the same time, the ability of the borrower to repay the loan and the marketability of the underlying collateral may be adversely affected by higher interest rates. Upward adjustments of the contractual interest rate are also limited by our maximum periodic and lifetime rate adjustments.

Moreover, the interest rates on most of our adjustable-rate loans do not adjust for up to five years after origination. As a result, the effectiveness of adjustable-rate mortgage loans in compensating for changes in general interest rates may be limited during periods of rapidly rising interest rates.

We do not offer “interest only” mortgage loans on permanent one-to-four family residential real estate loans (where the borrower pays interest for an initial period, after which the loan converts to a fully amortizing loan). We also do not offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as “Option ARM” loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. We do not have a “subprime lending” program for one-to-four family residential real estate loans (i.e., loans that generally target borrowers with weakened credit histories).

Generally, residential mortgage loans that we originate include “due-on-sale” clauses, which give us the right to declare a loan immediately due and payable in the event that, among other things, the borrower sells or otherwise disposes of the real property subject to the mortgage and the loan is not repaid. All borrowers are required to obtain title insurance for the benefit of PyraMax Bank. We also require homeowner’s insurance and fire and casualty insurance and, where circumstances warrant, flood insurance on properties securing real estate loans.

Residential Real Estate Construction Lending. We originate loans to finance the construction of single-family residential properties to prospective homeowners for their primary residence. At December 31, 2022, residential construction loan balances were $3.2 million, or 0.9% of our total loan portfolio, with an additional $2.8 million available to these borrowers. The majority of these loans are secured by properties located in our primary market area.

Our owner occupied one-to-four family residential construction loans are generally structured as interest-only for 12 months. Construction loan values for one-to-four family residential properties generally will not exceed 80% during the construction phase of the mortgage, however, if private mortgage insurance is obtained, we will consider loan-to-value limits up to 95%.

Once the construction project is satisfactorily completed, generally within 12 months, the loan will convert to an amortizing loan for the remaining term of the loan. Upon completion the loan will be evaluated for sale on the secondary market. The interest rate is generally a fixed rate for up to 30 years, or a five- to seven-year adjustable-rate mortgage.

Before making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we generally require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. The construction phase is carefully monitored to minimize our risk. All construction projects must be completed in accordance with approved plans and approved by the municipality in which they are located. Loan proceeds are disbursed periodically in increments as construction progresses and as inspections by our approved inspector’s warrant.

Land Development Loans. We originate loans to finance the development of land for agricultural purposes and for the development of commercial and residential properties. Land development loans are generally secured by vacant land and/or property that is in the process of improvement. At December 31, 2022, we had no land development loans outstanding.

Our land development loans may be structured as interest-only loans or amortizing. The interest rate generally floats, at the prime rate or prime rate plus a margin. We offer financing to purchase or refinance land for agricultural purposes or development with a maximum loan to value ratio of 65%. However, if we are providing financing to improve the land, the maximum loan to value ratio will generally be 80% of the appraised value on a completed basis or the cost of completion, whichever is less.

Land development loans generally involve greater credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate. In the event a loan is made on property that is not yet approved for the planned development, there is a risk that necessary approvals will not be granted or will be delayed. Risk of loss on a land development loan also depends upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of development costs is inaccurate, we may be required to advance additional funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Moreover, if the estimated value of the completed project is inaccurate, the borrower may hold a property with a value that is insufficient to assure full repayment of the construction loan upon the sale of the property. Land development loans also carry the risk that improvements will not be completed on time in accordance with specifications and projected costs. In addition, repayment of these loans can be dependent on the sale of the property to third

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parties, and the ultimate sale or rental of the property may not occur as anticipated. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of commercial real estate loans.

Before making a commitment to fund a land development loan, we generally require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. We generally monitor the land loan in a similar fashion to our comparable commercial real estate loan.

Commercial Lending. At December 31, 2022, we had $43.7 million of commercial loans, representing 12.1% of our total loan portfolio. Our commercial loan portfolio at December 31, 2022 included $318,000 of PPP loans, most of which we expect will be forgiven or paid in 2023. We originate commercial loans and lines of credit secured by non-real estate business assets. These loans are made based primarily on historical and projected cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not behave as forecasted, and collateral securing loans may fluctuate in value because of economic or individual performance factors. Financial information is obtained from the borrowers to evaluate cash flow sufficiency to service debt and is periodically updated during the life of the loan. These loans are generally originated to small businesses in our primary market area. Our commercial loans are generally used by the borrowers for working capital purposes or for acquiring equipment, inventory or furniture, and are primarily secured by business assets other than real estate, such as business equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. Our commercial loans are generally term loans with terms of three to seven years and lines of credit with terms of one to two years, with a target loan size of $250,000 to $8.0 million. Our commercial and industrial lines of credit are generally priced on an adjustable-rate basis tied to the prime rate. Term loans are generally priced at a spread over the applicable U.S. Treasury rate. We generally obtain personal guarantees with commercial loans.

At December 31, 2022, our largest outstanding commercial and industrial loan commitment totaled $10.0 million. The primary business of this company is providing lease financing for commercial and industrial equipment. The outstanding balance on this relationship was $6.4 million at December 31, 2022. Our second largest commitment totaled $7.5 million at December 31, 2022, of which $6.0 million was outstanding. The primary business of this company is the sales and distribution of industrial supplies and equipment. Our third largest commitment totaled $6.8 million, of which $5.4 million was outstanding. This borrower's primary business is providing equipment financing to small businesses. All of these commitments were performing in accordance with their repayment terms at December 31, 2022.

We typically originate commercial loans on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from the cash flow of the borrower’s business, the experience and stability of the borrower’s management team, earnings projections and their underlying assumptions, and the value and marketability of any collateral securing the loan. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial loans may be substantially dependent on the success of the business itself and the general economic environment in our market area. Therefore, commercial loans that we originate have greater credit risk than one-to-four family residential real estate loans. In addition, commercial loans often result in larger outstanding balances to single borrowers, or related groups of borrowers, and also generally require substantially greater evaluation and oversight efforts.

Consumer Lending. Our consumer lending portfolio, which totals $18.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and represented 5.2% of our total loan portfolio, consisted almost entirely of home equity loans. At December 31, 2022, there were $18.6 million of outstanding balances on home equity lines of credit, which the lines of credit had an additional $21.7 million available to draw. We also offer a variety of consumer loans to individuals who reside or work in our market area, including home equity lines of credit, new and used automobile loans, boat loans, recreational vehicle loans and loans secured by certificates of deposit. At December 31, 2022, we had $6,000 of unsecured consumer loans.

Generally, our home equity lines of credit are underwritten with a maximum loan to value of 85%, a minimum credit score of 640 and a maximum debt to income ratio of 43%.

Consumer loans generally have shorter terms to maturity, which reduces our exposure to changes in interest rates. In addition, management believes that offering consumer loan products helps to expand and create stronger ties to our existing customer base by increasing the number of customer relationships and providing cross-marketing opportunities.

Originations, Sales and Purchases of Loans

Our loan originations are generated by our loan personnel operating at our banking offices. While we originate both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans, our ability to generate each type of loan depends upon relative borrower demand and the pricing levels as set in the local marketplace by competing banks, thrifts, credit unions, and mortgage banking companies. Our volume of real estate loan originations is influenced significantly by market interest rates, and, accordingly, the volume of our real estate loan originations can vary from period to period.

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We consider our balance sheet as well as market conditions on an ongoing basis in making decisions as to whether to hold loans we originate for investment or to sell such residential loans to investors, choosing the strategy that is most advantageous to us from a profitability and risk management standpoint. We sell the majority of the fixed-rate conforming and eligible jumbo one- to four-family residential real estate loans that we originate, on both a servicing-released and servicing-retained basis, with limited or no recourse, while retaining some non-eligible fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one- to four-family residential real estate loans in order to manage the duration and time to repricing of our loan portfolio. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold $23.3 million of one- to four-family residential real estate loans, of which $21.8 million were originated in 2022 and $1.5 million were originated prior to 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold $122.9 million of one- to four-family residential real estate loans.

The loans that we originate to sell are closed in our name, and are subsequently sold to our investors who provide Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac conventional products as well as Federal Housing Administration and Veterans Affairs government loans. We recognize, at the time of sale, the cash gain or loss on the sale of the loans based on the difference between the net cash proceeds received and the carrying value of the loans sold. Subject to market and economic conditions, management intends to continue this sales activity in future periods to generate gain on sale income.

Mortgage servicing rights, which are acquired when we sell a loan but retain the servicing rights, are recognized as a separate asset. As of December 31, 2022, we had $1.9 million in mortgage servicing rights. The fair value of our mortgage servicing rights is appraised by a third party provider. Servicing fee income is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income when earned.

During 2022, we increased purchases of commercial real estate and commercial loan participations secured by properties and/or business assets within and outside of our primary lending market area in which we are not the lead lender. In these circumstances, we follow our customary loan underwriting and approval policies. At December 31, 2022, we had 12 credit relationships with outstanding balances totaling $31.6 million and the ability to draw an additional $41.2 million, in which we were not the lead lender. All of these loans were performing in accordance with their original repayment terms. PyraMax Bank’s growth strategy includes the purchase of loan participations that meet our underwriting standards from local financial institutions with which we have existing relationships. We also have participated out portions of a loan that exceeded our loans-to-one borrower legal lending limit and for risk diversification. Historically, we have not purchased whole loans, however, pursuant to our growth strategy, we may purchase whole loans in the future.

Loan Approval Procedures and Authority

Pursuant to federal law, the aggregate amount of loans that PyraMax Bank is permitted to make to any one borrower or a group of related borrowers is generally limited to 15% of PyraMax Bank’s unimpaired capital and surplus (25% if the amount in excess of 15% is secured by “readily marketable collateral” or 30% for certain residential development loans). At December 31, 2022, based on the 15% limitation, PyraMax Bank’s loans-to-one-borrower limit was $10.3 million. At December 31, 2022, PyraMax Bank had no individual borrower with outstanding balances in excess of this amount. Although PyraMax Bank currently has an internal limit of $8.0 million, the board of directors must approve all loans in excess of $2.0 million. In the future the board of directors may consider increasing or decreasing this internal limit.

Our lending is subject to written underwriting standards and origination procedures. Decisions on loan applications are made on the basis of detailed information submitted by the prospective borrower, credit histories that we obtain, and property valuations (consistent with our appraisal policy) prepared by outside independent licensed appraisers approved by our board of directors as well as internal evaluations, where permitted by regulations. The loan information is primarily designed to determine the borrower’s ability to repay the requested loan, and the more significant items are verified through use of credit reports, bank statements and tax returns.

All loan approval amounts are based on the aggregate loans, including total balances of outstanding loans and the proposed loan to the individual borrower and any related entity. Our President and Chief Executive Officer and our Senior Vice President-Strategic Planning have individual authorization to approve loans up to an aggregate exposure to one borrower of $2.0 million. Our Officers’ Loan Committee, which consists of our President and Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Credit Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Lending Officer and Senior Vice President-Strategic Planning, can approve loans up to $2.0 million in the aggregate. Loans in excess of $2.0 million require the approval of our board of directors, or, if exigent circumstances exist, the Chief Credit Officer and President and Chief Executive Officer may approve such loans if the board of directors is unavailable and such approval is based on a recommendation of the Chief Credit Officer and is subsequently approved by the board of directors.

In addition, the following individuals have retail consumer loan authority for individual loans: our Chief Operating Officer can approve retail loans up to $200,000; our Vice President-Retail Operations and Senior Underwriters can approve retail loans up to $150,000; our Junior Underwriters can approve retail loans up to $100,000; and one Branch Executive Officer can approve retail loans up to $75,000 while all other Branch Executive Officers can approve retail loans up to $1,000.

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Our Chief Operating Officer, Vice President-Retail Loan Operations, and Senior Underwriters and Underwriters have authority to approve conforming mortgage loans up to the secondary market limit.

Generally, we require title insurance or abstracts on our mortgage loans as well as fire and extended coverage casualty insurance in amounts at least equal to the principal amount of the loan or the value of improvements on the property, depending on the type of loan.

From time to time, a loan applicant may not meet one or more of the loan policy or loan program requirements, resulting in a denial of the loan application. The loan officer may seek an exception, by providing detailed information to explain the policy/program exception along with other pertinent information. The following individuals have the authority to approve these requests with the indicated loan limits for commercial mortgage loans and consumer loans: the board of directors may approve loans with exceptions up to the legal lending limit of PyraMax Bank; the Officers Loan Committee and our President and Chief Executive Officer may approve loans with exceptions up to $2.0 million; and our Chief Credit Officer may approve loans with exceptions up to $1.0 million. Our Chief Operating Officer has the authority to approve exceptions on conforming mortgage loans up to the secondary market limits, however, the loan would still need to qualify for sale in the secondary market after granting the exception. Our Chief Operating Officer and Senior Vice President-Mortgage Lending have exception authority for consumer loans with limits up to $200,000 and our Resolution Officer and Vice President-Retail Banking have exception authority for consumer loans with limits up to $150,000.

Delinquencies and Non-Performing Assets

Delinquency Procedures for Owner Occupied One- to Four-Family Residential and Consumer Loans. When an owner-occupied residential real estate or consumer loan payment becomes 16 days past due, we contact the customer by mailing a late notice. A loan officer and/or members of our loan collection department may also contact the customer. If a loan payment becomes 30 days past due, we mail an additional late notice, and we also place telephone calls to the borrower. These loan collection efforts continue until a loan becomes 90-120 days past due, at which point we would generally refer the loan for foreclosure proceedings unless management determines that it is in the best interest of PyraMax Bank to work further with the borrower to arrange a workout plan. The foreclosure process generally would begin when a loan becomes 120 days delinquent. From time to time, we may accept deeds in lieu of foreclosure.

Delinquency Procedures for Commercial and Commercial Real Estate Loans. When a commercial loan or commercial real estate loan becomes 10 days past due, we contact the customer by mailing a late notice. The loan officer assigned to the account may also contact the borrower. If the loan continues to run past due, the loan officer will continue to contact the borrower to determine the cause of the past due payment(s) and arrange for payments. This information will be discussed with the Chief Credit Officer to determine the nature of the past due payment and, if necessary, to develop a plan to bring the past due payment(s) current and determine if the likelihood of repayment is in question. The loan will also be evaluated for a change to the risk rating. Depending on the circumstances, the lender and Chief Credit Officer may develop a plan to protect PyraMax Bank’s interest in the loan. If necessary, PyraMax Bank will engage an attorney to pursue further collection efforts.

Our High-Risk Loan Committee, which consists of our President, Chief Credit Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Lending Officer provides oversight of stressed commercial and retail loans to mitigate identified risks.

Loans Past Due and Non-performing Assets. Loans are reviewed on a regular basis. Management determines that a loan is impaired or non-performing when it is probable at least a portion of the loan will not be collected in accordance with the original terms due to a deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower or the value of the underlying collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. When a loan is determined to be impaired, the measurement of the loan in the allowance for loan losses analysis is based on the present value of expected future cash flows, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured for impairment based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell. Non-accrual loans are loans for which collectability is questionable and, therefore, interest on such loans will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. All loans that become 90 days or more delinquent are placed on non-accrual status unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, unpaid accrued interest is fully reversed, and further income is recognized only to the extent received on a cash basis or cost recovery method.

When we acquire real estate as a result of foreclosure, the real estate is classified as foreclosed assets. Foreclosed assets are recorded at the lower of carrying amount or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Soon after acquisition, we order a new appraisal, or evaluation when acceptable, to determine the current market value of the property. Any excess of the recorded value of the loan over the market value of the property is charged against the allowance for loan losses, or, if the existing allowance is inadequate, charged to expense, in either case during the applicable period of such determination. After acquisition, all costs incurred in maintaining the

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property are expensed. Costs relating to the development and improvement of the property, however, are capitalized to the extent of estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell.

Non-performing Loans. We generally cease accruing interest on our loans when contractual payments of principal or interest have become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. A loan may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed. Interest received on non-accrual loans generally is applied against principal or interest and is recognized on a cash basis. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt.

Non-accrual loans decreased to $769,000, or 0.21% of total loans, at December 31, 2022 from $1.0 million, or 0.31% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. The decrease in non-accrual loans was primarily due to a decrease in non-accrual loans in the residential real estate first mortgage loan category.

Troubled Debt Restructurings. Loans are accounted for as troubled debt restructurings when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties that lead to a restructuring of the loan, and PyraMax Bank grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. These concessions include a modification of terms, such as a reduction of the stated interest rate or loan balance, a reduction of accrued interest, an extension of the maturity date at an interest rate lower than current market rate for a new loan with similar risk, or some combination thereof to facilitate payment. Troubled debt restructurings are considered impaired loans. No additional loan commitments were outstanding to our troubled debt restructured borrowers at December 31, 2022.

Loans on non-accrual status at the date of modification are initially classified as non-accrual troubled debt restructurings. At December 31, 2022, we had $183,000 in non-accrual troubled debt restructurings, none of which were in the process of foreclosure as of December 31, 2022. Our policy provides that troubled debt restructured loans are returned to accrual status after a period of satisfactory and reasonable future payment performance under the terms of the restructuring. Satisfactory payment performance is generally no less than six consecutive months of timely payments. At December 31, 2022, we had $355,000 in accruing troubled debt restructurings.

Foreclosed Assets. Foreclosed assets consist of property acquired through formal foreclosure, in-substance foreclosure or by deed in lieu of foreclosure, and are recorded at the lower of recorded investment or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Write-downs from recorded investment to fair value, which are required at the time of foreclosure, are charged to the allowance for loan losses. After transfer, adjustments to the carrying value of the properties that result from subsequent declines in value are charged to operations in the period in which the declines occur. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, no loans were transferred into foreclosed assets.

Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets, such as debt and equity securities considered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to be of lesser quality, as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss.” An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that the insured institution will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified “substandard,” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “uncollectible” and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. Assets which do not currently expose the insured institution to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but possess weaknesses are designated as “special mention” by our management.

When an insured institution classifies problem assets as either substandard or doubtful, it may establish general allowances in an amount deemed prudent by management to cover probable accrued losses in the loan portfolio. General allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to cover probable accrued losses associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When an insured institution classifies problem assets as “loss,” it is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to 100% of that portion of the asset so classified or to charge-off such amount. An institution’s determination as to the classification of its assets and the amount of its valuation allowances is subject to review by the regulatory authorities, which may require the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances.

In accordance with our loan policy, we regularly review the problem loans in our portfolio to determine whether any loans require classification in accordance with applicable regulations. Loans are listed on the “watch/special mention list” where management has some concern that the collateral or debt service ability may not be adequate, although the collectability of the contractual loan payments is still probable. If a loan deteriorates in asset quality, the classification is changed to “substandard,”

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“doubtful” or “loss” depending on the circumstances and the evaluation. For commercial loans, “substandard” ratings are assigned to loans that do not have adequate collateral and/or debt service ability such that collectability of the contractual loan payments is no longer probable. For commercial loans, “doubtful” ratings are assigned to loans that do not have adequate collateral and/or debt service ability, and collectability of the contractual loan payments is unlikely. Generally, loans 90 days or more past due are placed on non-accrual status and classified “substandard.” Management reviews the status of each impaired loan on our watch list on a quarterly basis.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level which, in management’s judgment, is adequate to absorb probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The amount of the allowance is based on management’s evaluation of the collectability of the loan portfolio, including the nature of the portfolio, credit concentrations, trends in historical loss experience, specific impaired loans, and economic conditions. Allowances for impaired loans are generally determined based on collateral values or the present value of estimated cash flows. Because of uncertainties associated with regional economic conditions, collateral values, and future cash flows on impaired loans, it is reasonably possible that management’s estimate of probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio and the related allowance may change materially in the near-term. The allowance is increased by a provision for loan losses, which is charged to expense and reduced by full and partial charge-offs, net of recoveries. Changes in the allowance relating to impaired loans are charged or credited to the provision for loan losses. Management’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based on various factors, including, but not limited to, management’s ongoing review and grading of loans, facts and issues related to specific loans, historical loan loss and delinquency experience, trends in past due and non-accrual loans, existing risk characteristics of specific loans or loan pools, the fair value of underlying collateral, current economic conditions and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential credit losses.

As an integral part of their examination process, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency will periodically review our allowance for loan losses, and as a result of such reviews, we may have to adjust our allowance for loan losses. However, regulatory agencies are not directly involved in the process for establishing the allowance for loan losses as the process is our responsibility and any increase or decrease in the allowance is the responsibility of management.

Allowance for Loan Losses. The following table sets forth certain ratios related to our allowance for loan losses for the periods indicated. The allowance calculations for 2022 and 2021 are based on the historical method of recording allowance for loan losses that are probable, rather than the new CECL model.

At December 31, 2022, our allowance for loan losses represented 0.89% of total loans and at December 31, 2021, our allowance for loan losses represented 0.88% of total loans. The allowance for loan losses to non-accrual loans ratio increased to 416.7% at December 31, 2022, compared to 281.0% at December 31, 2021 due to a reduction in non-accrual loans and an increase in the allowance for loan losses. Non-accrual loans decreased $248,000, or 24.4%, to $769,000 at December 31, 2022, compared to $1.0 million at December 31, 2021. We recorded provision expense of $222,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to $30,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in provision expense was primarily due to the growth in our loan portfolio during 2022 and ongoing uncertainties related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Net loan (recoveries) charge-offs were ($123,000) and ($125,000) during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses. The following table sets forth the allowance for loan losses allocated by loan category, the total loan balances by category, and the percent of loans in each category to total loans at the dates indicated. The allowance for loan losses allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.

Although we believe that we use the best information available to establish the allowance for loan losses, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary and results of operations could be adversely affected if circumstances differ substantially from the assumptions used in making the determinations. Because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, the existing allowance for loan losses may not be adequate and management may determine that increases in the allowance are necessary if the quality of any portion of our loan portfolio deteriorates as a result. Any material increase in the allowance for loan losses may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Investment Activities

General. The goals of our investment policy are to provide and maintain liquidity to meet deposit withdrawal and loan funding needs, to help mitigate interest rate and market risk, to diversify our assets, and to generate a reasonable rate of return on funds within the context of our interest rate and credit risk objectives. Our board of directors is responsible for adopting our investment policy. The investment policy is reviewed annually by the board of directors. Authority to make investments under the approved investment policy guidelines is delegated to our president and chief executive officer and our chief financial officer. All investment transactions are reviewed at the next regularly scheduled meeting of the board of directors. All of our investment securities are classified as available-for-sale.

We have legal authority to invest in various types of liquid assets, including U.S. Treasury obligations, securities of various government-sponsored enterprises and municipal governments, deposits at the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, certificates of deposit of federally insured institutions, investment grade corporate bonds and investment grade marketable equity securities. We also are required to maintain an investment in Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago stock. While we have the authority under applicable law to invest in derivative securities, we had no investments in derivative securities at December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

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Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The following table sets forth the stated maturities and weighted average yields of investment securities at December 31, 2022. Certain mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities have adjustable interest rates and will reprice annually within the various maturity ranges. These repricing schedules are not reflected in the table below. Weighted average yield calculations on investment securities available for sale do not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of equity.

U. S. Treasury Notes. At December 31, 2022, we had U.S. Treasury notes totaling $26.6 million, which constituted 23.3% of our portfolio. Our current U.S. Treasury notes have a weighted average maturity of 4.05 years. These securities are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, are very actively traded and provide a high level of liquidity.

Obligations of State and Political Subdivision (“Municipal”) Securities. At December 31, 2022, we had municipal securities totaling $17.7 million, which constituted 15.4% of our securities portfolio. Our current municipal securities have a weighted average maturity of 8.13 years. These securities often provide slightly higher after-tax yields than U.S. government and agency securities and mortgage-backed securities, but are not as liquid as other investments, so we typically maintain investments in municipal securities, to the extent appropriate, for generating returns in our investment portfolio.

Government-sponsored Mortgage-Backed Securities. At December 31, 2022, we had government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities totaling $64.3 million, which constituted 56.1% of our securities portfolio. Mortgage-backed securities are securities issued in the secondary market that are collateralized by pools of mortgages. Certain types of mortgage-backed securities are commonly referred to as “pass-through” certificates because the principal and interest of the underlying loans is “passed through” to investors, net of certain costs, including servicing and guarantee fees. We invest primarily in mortgage-backed securities backed by one- to four-family mortgages. All of our mortgage-backed securities are either backed by Ginnie Mae, a U.S. government agency, the SBA, or government-sponsored enterprises, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

Residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities issued by U.S. government agencies and government-sponsored enterprises are more liquid than individual mortgage loans because there is an active trading market for such securities. In addition, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities may be used to collateralize our borrowings with the Federal Home Loan and the Federal Reserve Banks. Investments in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities involve a risk that actual payments will be greater or less than the prepayment rate estimated at the time of purchase, which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or accretion of any discount relating to such interests, thereby affecting the net yield on our securities. Current prepayment speeds determine whether prepayment estimates require modification that could cause amortization or accretion adjustments.

Asset-backed Securities. At December 31, 2022, we had asset-backed securities comprised of pools of student loans totaling $4.5 million, which constituted 3.9% of our securities portfolio, and had a weighted average maturity of 13.68 years. All of our asset-backed securities are investment grade and have interest rates tied to an index (LIBOR). See “Risk Factors - Other Risks Related to Our Business - We will be required to transition from the use of the LIBOR interest rate index in the future.”

Certificates of Deposit. At December 31, 2022, we had certificates of deposit totaling $1.4 million, which constituted 1.2% of our securities portfolio, and had a weighted average maturity of 1.35 years. While these securities generally provide lower yields than other investments in our securities investment portfolio, we maintain these investments, to the extent we deem appropriate, for liquidity purposes.

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Federal Home Loan Bank Stock. We held common stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago in connection with our borrowing activities totaling $3.4 million at December 31, 2022. The Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago common stock is carried at cost. We may be required to purchase additional Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago stock if we increase borrowings in the future.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance. We invest in bank-owned life insurance to provide us with a funding source for certain of our benefit plan obligations, to provide for the potential loss in revenue and replacement costs associated with the loss of a key member of the management team and provide supplemental death benefits to key personnel. Bank-owned life insurance also generally provides us non-interest income that is non-taxable. At December 31, 2022, our balance in bank-owned life insurance totaled $14.3 million and was issued by two insurance companies, each of which was rated AA+ by Standard & Poor’s.

Sources of Funds

General. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for use in lending and investment activities. We also use borrowings, primarily Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago advances, to supplement cash flow needs, lengthen the maturities of liabilities for interest rate risk purposes and to manage the cost of funds. In addition, we receive funds from scheduled loan payments, loan and mortgage-backed securities prepayments, maturities and calls of available-for-sale securities, retained earnings and income on earning assets. While scheduled loan payments and income on earning assets are relatively stable sources of funds, deposit inflows and outflows can vary widely and are influenced by prevailing interest rates, market conditions and levels of competition.

Deposits. Our deposits are generated primarily from residents within our primary market area. We offer a selection of deposit accounts, including non-interest-bearing checking accounts, interest-bearing checking accounts, money market accounts, statement savings, health savings and certificates of deposit. Deposit account terms vary, with the principal differences being the minimum balance required, the amount of time the funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate. At December 31, 2022, our core deposits, which are deposits other than certificates of deposit, were $308.2 million, representing 79.5% of total deposits. As part of our business strategy, we intend to continue our effort to increase our core deposits.

Interest rates, maturity terms, service fees and withdrawal penalties are established on a periodic basis. Deposit rates and terms are based primarily on current operating strategies and market rates, liquidity requirements, rates paid by competitors and growth goals. The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in interest rates and competition. The variety of deposit accounts that we offer allows us to be competitive in generating deposits and to respond with flexibility to changes in our customers’ demands. Our ability to gather deposits is impacted by the competitive market in which we operate, which includes numerous financial institutions of varying sizes offering a wide range of products. We believe that deposits are a stable source of funds, but our ability to attract and maintain deposits at favorable rates will be affected by market conditions, including competition and prevailing interest rates.

Our strategy is to not be the market leader in overall pricing for deposits. We find it more profitable to concentrate on specific special rate and term accounts, which allows us to add accounts without impacting our overall liability costs for existing accounts. We concentrate on odd-month, longer term certificates and larger minimum balance non-maturity deposits to generate new funds. Additionally, we have an established Treasury Management department, which concentrates on gathering deposits from both existing commercial loan clients and new commercial prospects. We anticipate that Treasury Management activities will continue to have a positive impact on lower cost deposits and will aid in retaining full-service clients.

The following tables set forth the distribution of total deposit accounts, by account type, for the periods indicated.

As of December 31, 2022, the amount of total uninsured deposits (i.e., deposits that exceeded the $250,000 FDIC insurance limit) was $140.4 million, or 36.2% of total deposits. As of December 31, 2021, the amount of total uninsured deposits was $153.2 million, or 39.8% of total deposits.

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The amount of time deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit, all of which are certificates of deposits, was $8.4 million, or 10.6% of total time deposits as of December 31, 2022.

The following table indicates the amount of time deposits in uninsured accounts by time remaining until maturity at December 31, 2022.

Borrowed Funds. We have an agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago that allows us to participate in their credit programs. The amount that we are able to borrow is based upon the amount of capital stock that we own in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago and the amount of mortgage loans that we pledge as collateral to them. Such advances may be made pursuant to several different credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities. We use such advances to provide funding as a supplement to our deposits. To the extent such borrowings have different repricing terms than our deposits, they can change our interest rate risk profile. At December 31, 2022, we had $71.5 million in advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago. At December 31, 2022 our available and unused portion of this borrowing agreement totaled $100.0 million, although we may access additional advances if we purchase additional Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago capital stock.

Additionally, at December 31, 2022 we had a $15.0 million federal funds line of credit with the BMO Harris Bank, none of which was drawn at December 31, 2022. We also had a $9.1 million line of credit at the Federal Reserve based on pledged commercial real estate loans of approximately $11.9 million at December 31, 2022. We had not drawn on the Federal Reserve line as of both December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Subsidiary and Other Activities

PyraMax Bank is the wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, which in turn has a wholly owned subsidiary, PyraMax Insurance Services LLC.

Expense and Tax Allocation

PyraMax Bank entered into a tax sharing agreement on January 8, 2019 with the Company’s predecessor to provide it with certain administrative support services for compensation at a rate not less than the fair market value of the services provided. In addition, PyraMax Bank and the Company’s predecessor entered into an agreement on January 8, 2019 to establish a method for allocating and for reimbursing the payment of their consolidated tax liability.

Personnel

As of December 31, 2022, we had 93 full-time and 98.5 full-time equivalent employees. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining group. Management believes that we have a good working relationship with our employees.

TAXATION

PyraMax Bank, PyraMax Insurance Services LLC and the Company are subject to federal and state income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. The following discussion of federal and state taxation is intended only to summarize material income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Company, PyraMax Bank and PyraMax Insurance Services LLC.

The Company is generally no longer subject to federal tax examinations for years before 2019 and state tax examinations before 2018.

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Federal Taxation

Method of Accounting. For federal income tax purposes, the Company and PyraMax Bank currently report their income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and use a tax year ending December 31 for filing their federal income tax returns. The Company and PyraMax Bank file a consolidated federal income tax return. The Small Business Protection Act of 1996 eliminated the use of the reserve method of accounting for income taxes on bad debt reserves by savings institutions. For taxable years beginning after 1995, PyraMax Bank has been subject to the same bad debt reserve rules as commercial banks. It currently utilizes the specific charge-off method under Section 166 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”).

Net Operating Loss Carryovers. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, for federal losses originating in tax years after January 1, 2018, the Company is allowed an indefinite carryforward period limited to 80% of each subsequent year’s net income. At December 31, 2022, the Company had a federal net operating loss carryover of $10.5 million that will begin to expire in 2030. Of this $10.5 million, $2.5 million has no expiration due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The Company also has $473,000 of charitable contribution carryforwards that may be applied against future taxable income and begin to expire in 2024.

As a result of our reorganization and conversion from the two-tier mutual holding company structure to a fully converted stock holding company and contemporaneous stock offering, we incurred an “ownership change” under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Section 382”). The persons who were considered our “owners” within the three-year period before the reorganization and stock offering, i.e., the members of the Mutual Holding Company and public stockholders, owned less than 50% of the stock holding company’s common stock immediately after the reorganization. In addition, an ownership change will occur if, over a rolling three-year period, the percentage of the company stock owned by shareholders holding 5% or more of our common stock has increased by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of common stock owned by such shareholders during such three-year period.

In general, if a company incurs an ownership change under Section 382, the company’s ability to utilize its NOL carryforward to offset its taxable income becomes limited to a certain amount per year. This limitation is generally computed by multiplying the fair market value of the company immediately before the ownership change by an IRS published rate equal to the long-term tax-exempt rate for the month in which the ownership change occurs. If we are unable to offset our taxable income to the maximum permitted amount, we may incur additional income tax liability, which would adversely affect our results of operations. At this time, we do not expect the Section 382 change in ownership to have a material impact on the results of operations.

Corporate Dividends. The Company may generally exclude from its income 100% of dividends received from PyraMax Bank as a member of the same affiliated group of corporations.

State Taxation

The Company is subject to the Wisconsin corporate franchise (income) tax. Wisconsin imposes a corporate franchise tax of 7.9% on the combined taxable incomes of the members of the Company’s consolidated income tax group, which will include PyraMax Bank and PyraMax Bank Insurance Services, LLC.

Net Operating Loss Carryovers. Wisconsin law allows financial institutions to carry forward a Wisconsin net operating loss to the succeeding 20 taxable years. At December 31, 2022, the Company had Wisconsin net operating loss carryovers of $20.7 million that will begin to expire in 2024. The Company also has $476,000 of charitable contribution carryforwards that may be applied against future taxable income and begin to expire in 2024.

SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

General

As a federal savings bank, PyraMax Bank is subject to examination and regulation by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and is also subject to examination by the FDIC as its deposit insurer. The federal system of regulation and supervision establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which PyraMax Bank may engage and is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund, and not for the protection of security holders. PyraMax Bank also is a member of and owns stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, which is one of the 11 regional banks in the Federal Home Loan Bank System.

Under this system of regulation, the regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory, enforcement, rulemaking and examination activities and policies, including rules or policies that: establish minimum capital levels;

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restrict the timing and amount of dividend payments; govern the classification of assets; provide oversight for the adequacy of loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes; and establish the timing and amounts of assessments and fees. Moreover, as part of their examination authority, the banking regulators assign numerical ratings to banks and savings institutions relating to capital, asset quality, management, liquidity, earnings, interest rate sensitivity and other factors. These ratings are inherently subjective and the receipt of a less than satisfactory rating in one or more categories may result in enforcement action by the banking regulators against a financial institution. A less than satisfactory rating may also prevent a financial institution, such as PyraMax Bank or its holding company, from obtaining necessary regulatory approvals to access the capital markets, pay dividends, acquire other financial institutions or establish new branches.

In addition, we must comply with significant anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws and regulations, Community Reinvestment Act laws and regulations, and fair lending laws and regulations. Many financial “consumer protection” statutes are implemented by regulations issued by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. For federal savings banks of PyraMax Bank FSB’s asset size, compliance with such statutes and regulations is determined by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency through its examinations. Government agencies have the authority to impose monetary penalties and other sanctions on institutions that fail to comply with these laws and regulations, which could significantly affect our business activities, including our ability to acquire other financial institutions or expand our branch network.

As a savings and loan holding company, the Company is required to comply with the rules and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board. It is required to file certain reports with the Federal Reserve Board and is subject to examination by and the enforcement authority of the Federal Reserve Board. The Company is also subject to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission under the federal securities laws.

Any change in applicable laws or regulations, whether by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the FDIC, the Federal Reserve Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission or Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the operations and financial performance of the Company and PyraMax Bank.

Set forth below is a brief description of material regulatory requirements that are or will be applicable to PyraMax Bank and the Company. The description is limited to certain material aspects of the statutes and regulations addressed, and is not intended to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on PyraMax Bank and the Company.

Federal Banking Regulation

Business Activities. A federal savings bank derives its lending and investment powers from the Home Owners’ Loan Act, as amended, and applicable federal regulations. Under these laws and regulations, PyraMax Bank may generally invest in mortgage loans secured by residential real estate without an aggregate limit and may invest in commercial real estate, commercial and industrial and consumer loans, certain types of debt securities and certain other assets, subject to applicable limits. PyraMax Bank may also establish, subject to specified investment limits, “operating subsidiaries” that engage in activities permitted for PyraMax itself and service corporation subsidiaries that may engage in certain activities not otherwise permissible for PyraMax Bank, including real estate investment and securities and insurance brokerage.

Effective July 1, 2019, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued a final rule implementing a section of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (“EGRRCPA”) which permits an eligible federal savings bank with assets of $20.0 billion or less as of December 31, 2017 to elect to operate with the business powers of a national bank, generally subject to the same limitations and restrictions, without converting to a national bank charter. A federal savings bank that makes the so-called “covered savings association” election must divest any activities or investments that are not permitted for a national bank. PyraMax Bank had not made such an election as of December 31, 2022.

Capital Requirements. Federal regulations require federally insured depository institutions to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6.0%, a total capital to risk-based assets ratio of 8.0%, and a 4.0% Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio.

In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.

EGRRCPA required the federal banking agencies, including the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, to establish a “community bank leverage ratio” of between 8% and 10% for institutions with assets of less than $10 billion. Institutions with a capital level at or exceeding the ratio and otherwise meeting the specified requirements, and electing the alternative framework, are

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considered to comply with the applicable regulatory capital requirements, including the risk-based requirements. Final rules issued by the agencies established the community bank leverage ratio at 9% Tier 1 capital to total average assets, effective January 1, 2020. A qualifying institution may opt in and out of the community bank leverage ratio framework on its quarterly call report. An institution that temporarily ceases to meet any qualifying criteria is provided with a two-quarter grace period to regain compliance. Failure to meet the qualifying criteria within the grace period or maintain a leverage ratio of 8% or greater requires the institution to comply with the generally applicable regulatory capital requirements.

In 2020, the CARES Act lowered the community bank leverage ratio to 8%. The community bank leverage ratio was increased to 8.5% for calendar year 2021 and to 9% thereafter. The Company did not opt in to the community bank leverage ratio framework for the year ended December 31, 2022.

At December 31, 2022, PyraMax Bank exceeded all applicable capital requirements.

Loans-to-One Borrower. Generally, a federal savings bank, including a covered savings association, may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus. An additional amount may be loaned, equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if the excess is secured by readily marketable collateral, which generally does not include real estate. At December 31, 2022, PyraMax Bank was in compliance with the loans-to-one borrower limitations.

Capital Distributions. Federal regulations govern capital distributions by a federal savings bank, which include cash dividends and other transactions charged to the savings bank’s capital account. A federal savings bank must file an application with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency for approval of a capital distribution if:

• the total capital distributions for the applicable calendar year exceed the sum of the savings bank’s net income for that year to date plus the savings bank’s retained net income for the preceding two years;

• the savings bank would not be at least adequately capitalized following the distribution;

• the distribution would violate any applicable statute, regulation, agreement or regulatory condition; or

• the savings bank is not eligible for expedited treatment of its filings, generally due to an unsatisfactory CAMELS rating or being subject to a cease-and-desist order or formal written agreement that requires action to improve the institution’s financial condition.

Even if an application is not otherwise required, every savings bank that is a subsidiary of a savings and loan holding company, such as PyraMax Bank, must still file a notice with the Federal Reserve Board at least 30 days before the board of directors declares a dividend or approves a capital distribution.

A notice or application related to a capital distribution may be disapproved if:

• the federal savings bank would be undercapitalized following the distribution;

• the proposed capital distribution raises safety and soundness concerns; or

• the capital distribution would violate a prohibition contained in any statute, regulation or agreement.

In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act generally provides that an insured depository institution may not make any capital distribution if, after making such distribution, the institution would fail to meet any applicable regulatory capital requirement. A federal savings bank also may not make a capital distribution that would reduce its regulatory capital below the amount required for the liquidation account established in connection with its conversion to stock form.

Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws. All insured depository institutions have a responsibility under the Community Reinvestment Act and related regulations to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low- and moderate-income borrowers. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency is required to assess the federal savings bank’s record of compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act. A savings bank’s failure to comply with the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act could, at a minimum, result in denial of certain corporate applications such as branches or mergers, or in restrictions on its activities. In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act prohibit lenders from discriminating in their lending practices. The failure to comply with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act could result in enforcement actions by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, as well as other federal regulatory agencies and the Department of Justice.

In June 2020, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued a final rule clarifying and expanding the activities that qualify for Community Reinvestment Act credit and, according to the agency, seeking to create a more consistent and objective method for evaluating Community Reinvestment Act performance. The final rule was effective October 1, 2020, but compliance with certain of the revised requirements is not mandatory for institutions of PyraMax Bank’s asset size until January 1, 2024.

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The Community Reinvestment Act requires all institutions insured by the FDIC to publicly disclose their rating. PyraMax Bank received an “Outstanding” Community Reinvestment Act rating in its most recent federal examination.

Transactions with Related Parties. An insured depository institution’s authority to engage in transactions with its affiliates is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and federal regulation. An affiliate is generally a company that controls, or is under common control with, an insured depository institution such as PyraMax Bank, FSB. The Company is an affiliate of PyraMax Bank because of its control of PyraMax Bank. In general, transactions between an insured depository institution and its affiliates are subject to certain quantitative limits and collateral requirements. In addition, federal regulations prohibit a savings bank from lending to any of its affiliates that are engaged in activities that are not permissible for bank holding companies and from purchasing the securities of any affiliate, other than a subsidiary. Finally, transactions with affiliates must be consistent with safe and sound banking practices, not involve the purchase of low-quality assets and be on terms that are as favorable to the institution as comparable transactions with non-affiliates.

PyraMax Bank’s authority to extend credit to its directors, executive officers and 10% stockholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons, is currently governed by the requirements of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation O of the Federal Reserve Board. Among other things, these provisions generally require that extensions of credit to insiders:

• be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons and that do not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features; and

• not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of PyraMax Bank’s capital.

In addition, extensions of credit in excess of certain limits must be approved by PyraMax Bank’s board of directors. Extensions of credit to executive officers are subject to additional limits based on the type of extension involved.

Enforcement. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency has primary enforcement responsibility over federal savings banks and has authority to bring enforcement action against all “institution-affiliated parties,” including directors, officers, stockholders, attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful action likely to have an adverse effect on a federal savings bank. Formal enforcement action by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order to removal of officers and/or directors of the institution and the appointment of a receiver or conservator. Civil penalties cover a wide range of violations and actions, and range up to $25,000 per day, unless a finding of reckless disregard is made, in which case penalties may be as high as $1.0 million per day. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation also has the authority to terminate deposit insurance or recommend to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular federal savings bank. If such action is not taken, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has authority to take the action under specified circumstances.

Standards for Safety and Soundness. Federal law requires each federal banking agency to prescribe certain standards for all insured depository institutions. These standards relate to, among other things, internal controls, information systems and audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, compensation and other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. Interagency guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. If an institution fails to meet these standards, the appropriate federal banking agency may require the institution to implement an acceptable compliance plan. Failure to implement such a plan can result in further enforcement action, including the issuance of a cease and desist order or the imposition of civil money penalties.

Branching. A federal savings bank that has not elected “covered savings association” status generally has authority to establish branches in any state or states of the United States and its territories. Such authority is subject to Office of the Comptroller of the Currency approval for new branches.

Prompt Corrective Action. Federal law requires, among other things, that federal bank regulators take “prompt corrective action” with respect to institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For this purpose, the law establishes five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. Under applicable regulations, an institution is deemed to be “well capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or greater. An institution is “adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a Tier 1

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risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 4.5% or greater. An institution is “undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 4.0% or a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 4.5%. An institution is deemed to be “significantly undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 3.0% or a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 3.0%. An institution is considered to be “critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%.

At each successive lower capital category, an insured depository institution is subject to more restrictions and prohibitions, including restrictions on growth, restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, restrictions or prohibitions on the payment of dividends, and restrictions on the acceptance of brokered deposits. Furthermore, if an insured depository institution is classified in one of the undercapitalized categories, it is required to submit a capital restoration plan to the appropriate federal banking agency, and the holding company must guarantee the performance of that plan. Based upon its capital levels, a bank that is classified as well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, or undercapitalized may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition, or an unsafe or unsound practice, warrants such treatment. An undercapitalized bank’s compliance with a capital restoration plan is required to be guaranteed by any company that controls the undercapitalized institution in an amount equal to the lesser of 5.0% of the institution’s total assets when deemed undercapitalized or the amount necessary to achieve the status of adequately capitalized. If an “undercapitalized” bank fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is “significantly undercapitalized.” “Significantly undercapitalized” banks must comply with one or more additional restrictions, including a regulatory order to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets, ceasing receipt of deposits from correspondent banks, dismissal of directors or officers, and restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, compensation of executive officers and capital distributions by the parent holding company. “Critically undercapitalized” institutions are subject to additional measures including, subject to a narrow exception, the appointment of a receiver or conservator within 270 days after it obtains such status.

The previously referenced final rule establishing an elective “community bank leverage ratio” regulatory capital framework provides that a qualifying institution whose capital exceeds the community bank leverage ratio and opts to use that framework will be considered “well-capitalized” for purposes of prompt corrective action.

At December 31, 2022, PyraMax Bank met the criteria for being considered “well capitalized.”

Insurance of Deposit Accounts. The Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC insures deposits at FDIC-insured financial institutions such as PyraMax Bank, generally up to a maximum of $250,000 per separately insured depositor. The FDIC charges insured depository institutions premiums to maintain the Deposit Insurance Fund.

Under the FDIC’s risk-based assessment system, institutions deemed less risky of failure pay lower assessments. Assessments for institutions of less than $10 billion of assets are based on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical modeling estimating the probability of an institution’s failure within three years.

The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. Any significant increases would have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of PyraMax Bank. We cannot predict what assessment rates will be in the future.

Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. We do not know of any practice, condition or violation that may lead to termination of our deposit insurance.

Privacy Regulations. Federal regulations generally require that PyraMax Bank disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares a customer’s “non-public personal information,” to customers at the time of establishing the customer relationship and annually thereafter. In addition, PyraMax Bank is required to provide its customers with the ability to “opt-out” of having their personal information shared with unaffiliated third parties and not to disclose account numbers or access codes to non-affiliated third parties for marketing purposes. PyraMax Bank currently has a privacy protection policy in place and believes that such policy is in compliance with the regulations.

USA PATRIOT Act. PyraMax Bank is subject to the USA PATRIOT Act, which gives federal agencies additional powers to address terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers, increased information sharing, and broadened anti-money laundering requirements. The USA PATRIOT Act contains provisions intended to encourage information sharing among bank regulatory agencies and law enforcement bodies and imposes affirmative obligations on financial institutions, such as enhanced recordkeeping and customer identification requirements.

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Prohibitions Against Tying Arrangements. Federal savings banks are prohibited, subject to some exceptions, from extending credit to or offering any other service, or fixing or varying the consideration for such extension of credit or service, on the condition that the customer obtain some additional service from the institution or its affiliates or not obtain services of a competitor of the institution.

Other Regulations

Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by PyraMax Bank are subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. Loan operations are also subject to state and federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as the:

• Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves;

• Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors in extending credit;

• Fair Credit Reporting Act, governing the use and provision of information to credit reporting agencies; and

• Rules and regulations of the various federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such federal laws.

The deposit operations of PyraMax Bank also are subject to, among others, the:

• Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records;

• Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (also known as “Check 21”), which gives “substitute checks,” such as digital check images and copies made from that image, the same legal standing as the original paper check; and

• Electronic Funds Transfer Act and Regulation E promulgated thereunder, which govern automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers’ rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services.

Federal Home Loan Bank System

PyraMax Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank System, which consists of 11 regional Federal Home Loan Banks. The Federal Home Loan Bank provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions. Members of the Federal Home Loan Bank are required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank. PyraMax Bank was in compliance with this requirement at December 31, 2022. Based on redemption provisions of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago, the stock has no quoted market value and is carried at cost. PyraMax Bank reviews for impairment, based on the ultimate recoverability, the cost basis of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago stock. At December 31, 2022, no impairment had been recognized.

Holding Company Regulation

The Company is a unitary savings and loan holding company subject to regulation and supervision by the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve Board has enforcement authority over the Company and its non-savings institution subsidiaries. Among other things, this authority permits the Federal Reserve Board to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a risk to PyraMax Bank.

As a savings and loan holding company, the Company’s activities are limited to those activities permissible by law for financial holding companies (if the Company makes an election to be treated as a financial holding company and meets the other requirements to be a financial holding company) or multiple savings and loan holding companies. The Company has no present intention to make an election to be treated as a financial holding company. A financial holding company may engage in activities that are financial in nature, incidental to financial activities or complementary to a financial activity. Such activities include lending and other activities permitted for bank holding companies under the Bank Holding Company Act, insurance and underwriting equity securities. Multiple savings and loan holding companies are authorized to engage in activities specified by federal regulation, including activities permitted for bank holding companies under Section 4(c)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act.

Federal law prohibits a savings and loan holding company, directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries, from acquiring more than 5% of another savings institution or savings and loan holding company without prior written approval of the Federal Reserve Board, and from acquiring or retaining control of any depository institution not insured by the FDIC. In evaluating applications by holding companies to acquire savings institutions, the Federal Reserve Board must consider such factors as the

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financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on and the risk to the federal deposit insurance fund, the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors. A savings and loan holding company may not acquire a savings institution in another state and hold the target institution as a separate subsidiary unless it is a supervisory acquisition or the law of the state in which the target is located authorizes such acquisitions by out-of-state savings and loan holding companies.

Savings and loan holding companies with less than $3 billion in consolidated assets are exempt from consolidated regulatory capital requirements, unless the Federal Reserve Board determines otherwise in particular cases.

The Federal Reserve Board has promulgated regulations implementing the “source of strength” doctrine that require holding companies, including savings and loan holding companies, to act as a source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions by providing capital, liquidity and other support in times of financial stress.

The Federal Reserve Board has issued supervisory policies regarding the payment of dividends and the repurchase of shares of common stock by bank holding companies and savings and loan holding companies. In general, the policy provides that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Federal Reserve Board guidance provides for prior regulatory consultation with respect to capital distributions in certain circumstances, such as where the company’s net income for the past four quarters, net of capital distributions previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the company’s overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the company’s capital needs and overall financial condition. The ability of a holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. Federal Reserve Board guidance also states that a holding company should inform the Federal Reserve Board supervisory staff before redeeming or repurchasing common stock or perpetual preferred stock if the holding company is experiencing financial weaknesses or if the repurchase or redemption would result, at the end of a quarter, in a net reduction in the amount of such equity instruments outstanding compared with the beginning of the quarter in which the redemption or repurchase occurred. These regulatory policies may affect the ability of the Company to pay dividends, repurchase shares of common stock or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

Change in Control Regulations

Under the Change in Bank Control Act, no person may acquire “control” of a savings and loan holding company, such as the Company, unless the Federal Reserve Board has been given 60 days’ prior written notice and has not issued a notice disapproving the proposed acquisition, taking into consideration certain factors, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and the competitive effects of the acquisition. Control, as defined under federal law, means ownership, control of or holding irrevocable proxies representing more than 25% of any class of voting stock, control in any manner of the election of a majority of the institution’s directors, or a determination by the regulator that the acquirer has the power, directly or indirectly, to exercise a controlling influence over the management or policies of the institution. There is a presumption of control upon the acquisition of 10% or more of a class of voting stock under certain circumstances, such as where the holding company involved has its shares registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Federal Securities Laws

The Company’s common stock is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to improve corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. We have policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with these regulations, and we review and document such policies, procedures and systems to ensure continued compliance with these regulations.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an emerging growth company. For as long as the Company continues to be an emerging growth company, it may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our

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periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As an emerging growth company, the Company also is not subject to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which would require that our independent auditors review and attest as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We have also elected to use the extended transition period to delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. Such an election is irrevocable during the period a company is an emerging growth company. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

The Company will cease to be an emerging growth company upon the earliest of: (i) the end of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of its subscription offering; (ii) the first fiscal year after our annual gross revenues are $1.235 billion (adjusted for inflation) or more; (iii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or (iv) the end of any fiscal year in which the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700 million at the end of the second quarter of that fiscal year.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Related to our Lending Activities

We have a substantial amount of commercial real estate and commercial loans, and intend to continue to increase originations of these types of loans both directly and through participations. These loans involve credit risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

At December 31, 2022, commercial real estate and land development loans (which includes non-owner occupied commercial real estate, multi-family, owner occupied commercial real estate and one- to four-family non-owner-occupied real estate loans) totaled $210.9 million, or 58.3% of our loan portfolio. Of this aggregate amount, we had $67.9 million in non-owner occupied non-residential real estate, $75.5 million in multi-family residential real estate, $36.2 million in owner occupied non-residential real estate, $6.2 million in non-owner occupied residential real estate and $25.1 million in commercial real estate construction and land development loans. At December 31, 2022, our commercial loans (which includes commercial and industrial loans) totaled $43.7 million, or 12.1% of our loan portfolio. We intend to increase originations of these types of loans.

Given their larger balances and the complexity of the underlying collateral, commercial real estate and commercial loans generally have more risk than the one- to four-family residential real estate loans we originate. Because the repayment of commercial real estate and commercial loans depends on the successful management and operation of the borrower’s properties or related businesses, repayment of such loans can be affected by adverse conditions in the local, regional and national real estate market or economy. A downturn in the real estate market or the local, regional and national economy could adversely impact the value of properties securing the loan or the revenues from the borrower’s business, thereby increasing the risk of non-performing loans. Further, unlike residential mortgage loans, commercial real estate loans and commercial loans may be secured by collateral other than real estate, such as inventory and accounts receivable, the value of which may depreciate over time, may be more difficult to appraise or liquidate and may be more susceptible to fluctuation in value at default. In addition, the physical condition of non-owner-occupied properties may be below that of owner-occupied properties due to lax property maintenance standards, which have a negative impact on the value of the collateral properties. As our commercial real estate and commercial loan portfolios increase, and to the extent that we choose to take advantage of our greater lending limit and increase the average size of our commercial real estate loans and commercial loans, the corresponding risks and potential for losses from these loans may also increase.

Our portfolio of loans with a higher risk of loss has and is expected to increase, which may lead to additional provisions for loan losses or charge-offs, which would reduce our profits or cause losses.

Our commercial real estate loan portfolio increased to $210.9 million, or 58.3% of total loans, at December 31, 2022 from $185.2 million, or 56.8% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. Our commercial loan portfolio increased to $43.7 million, or 12.1% of total loans, at December 31, 2022 from $38.2 million, or 11.7% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. We intend to continue our emphasis on originating commercial real estate and commercial loans. Many of these loans that we have recently put on our books have not been subjected to a prolonged period of unfavorable economic conditions. As a result, it is difficult to predict the future performance of this part of our loan portfolio. These loans may have delinquency or charge-off levels above our historical experience, which could adversely affect our future performance.

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If our allowance for loan losses is not sufficient to cover actual loan losses, our earnings could decrease.

The Company adopted a new accounting standard, referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL), effective January 1, 2023. CECL requires financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for loan losses. This represents a change from our previous method of recording allowances for loan losses that are probable.

We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many of our loans. In determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses, we review our loans and our loss and delinquency experience, and we evaluate economic conditions. If our assumptions or the results of our analyses are incorrect, our allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, resulting in additions to our allowance. In addition, our emphasis on loan growth and on increasing our portfolios of commercial real estate and commercial business loans, as well as any future credit deterioration, including as a result of COVID-19, could require us to increase our allowance for loan losses in the future. At December 31, 2022, our allowance for loan losses was 0.89% of total loans and 416.7% of non-performing loans.

In addition, bank regulators periodically review our allowance for loan losses and, as a result of such reviews, we may be required to increase our provision for loan losses or recognize further loan charge-offs. Any increase in our allowance for loan losses or loan charge-offs as a result of such review or otherwise may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Loan participations comprise a portion of our loan portfolio and a decrease in loan participations purchased could decrease profits and growth levels.

During 2022, we increased our purchases of commercial real estate and commercial loan participations originated by other financial institutions, both within and outside of our primary market area, to help meet loan portfolio growth goals. Loan participations totaled $31.6 million, or 8.7% of total loans, and $2.1 million, or 0.6% of total loans, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Although we underwrite any loan participation as if we were originating the loan, a primary difference is that financial information is received from the lead financial institution and not directly from the borrower, and we rely on the lead lender to monitor the performance of the loan and provide information to us that we use to classify the loan and make any associated loan loss provisions. If our underwriting or monitoring of these loans or the information provided to us by the lead lender is not sufficient, our non-performing loans may increase and our earnings may decrease. Additionally, in circumstances where we hold a minority participation interest, we may be bound by decisions of the lead lender or majority interest to which we would otherwise object, and may need the consent of these other parties to exercise our rights with respect to a loan. Further, because participations factor into our growth strategy, our profits and loan growth could be significantly and adversely affected if the volume of loan participations materially decreases, whether because of loan demand declines, loan payoffs, lead lenders perceiving us as a potential competitor in their respective market areas, or otherwise.

We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities or properties we own.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties, or with respect to properties that we own in operating our business. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous conditions or toxic substances are found on these properties, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected any particular property. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Our policies, which require us to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on non-residential real property, may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on us.

Risks Related to Laws and Regulations

Changes in laws and regulations and the cost of regulatory compliance with new laws and regulations may adversely affect our operations and/or increase our costs of operations.

PyraMax Bank is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Company is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve Board. Such regulation and

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supervision govern the activities in which an institution and its holding company may engage and are intended primarily for the protection of the federal deposit insurance fund and the depositors of PyraMax Bank, rather than for our stockholders. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the imposition of restrictions on our operations, the classification of our assets and determination of the adequacy of the level of our allowance for loan losses. These regulations, along with existing tax, accounting, securities, insurance and monetary laws, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations, control the methods by which financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives and tax compliance, and govern financial reporting and disclosures. Any change in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of regulatory policy, regulations, legislation or supervisory action, may have a material impact on our operations. Further, changes in accounting standards can be both difficult to predict and involve judgment and discretion in their interpretation by us and our independent accounting firm. These changes could materially impact, potentially even retroactively, how we report our financial condition and results of operations.

Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions.

The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are suspected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions, including restrictions on pursuing acquisitions or establishing new branches. The policies and procedures we have adopted that are designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations. Furthermore, these rules and regulations continue to evolve and expand. We have not been subject to fines or other penalties, nor have we suffered business or reputational harm, as a result of money laundering activities in the past.

We are subject to stringent capital requirements, which may adversely impact our return on equity, require us to raise additional capital, or limit our ability to pay dividends or repurchase shares.

Federal regulations establish minimum capital requirements for insured depository institutions, including minimum risk-based capital and leverage ratios, and define “capital” for calculating these ratios. The minimum capital requirements are: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 6%; (iii) a total capital ratio of 8%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%. The regulations also establish a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5%, and the following minimum ratios: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.0%; (ii) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 8.5%; and (iii) a total capital ratio of 10.5%. An institution will be subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the capital conservation buffer amount.

The application of these capital requirements could, among other things, result in lower returns on equity, and result in regulatory actions if we are unable to comply with such requirements. Specifically, PyraMax Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the Company will be limited if it does not maintain the capital conservation buffer required by the capital rules, which may further limit the Company’s ability to pay dividends to its stockholders. See “Supervision and Regulation—Federal Banking Regulation—Capital Requirements.”

The Federal Reserve Board may require us to commit capital resources to support PyraMax Bank.

Federal law requires that a holding company act as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary bank and to commit resources to support such subsidiary bank. Under the “source of strength” doctrine, the Federal Reserve Board may require a holding company to make capital injections into a troubled subsidiary bank and may charge the holding company with engaging in unsafe and unsound practices for failure to commit resources to a subsidiary bank. A capital injection may be required at times when the holding company may not have the resources to provide it and therefore the holding company may be required to borrow the funds or raise capital. Any loans by a holding company to its subsidiary bank are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary bank. In the event of a holding company’s bankruptcy, the bankruptcy trustee will assume any commitment by the holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank. Thus, any borrowing that must be done by the Company to make a required capital injection becomes more difficult and expensive and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, our earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve Board, which regulates the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve Board to

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implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks’ reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits. See "Fluctuations in interest rates could reduce our profits and asset values" below.

The monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve Board have had a significant effect on the operating results of financial institutions in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. The effects of such policies upon our business, financial condition and results of operations cannot be predicted.

We are an emerging growth company, and any decision on our part to comply only with certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

The Company is an emerging growth company. For as long as the Company continues to be an emerging growth company, it may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As an emerging growth company, the Company also is not subject to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which would require that our independent auditors review and attest as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We have also elected to use the extended transition period to delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Investors may find our common stock less attractive since we have chosen to rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result of any choices to reduce future disclosure, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the price of our common stock may be more volatile.

Risks Related to Market Interest Rates

Fluctuations in interest rates could reduce our profits and asset values.

Net interest income makes up a majority of our income and is based on the difference between (i) the interest income we earn on interest-earning assets, such as loans and securities, and (ii) the interest expense we pay on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings.

The rates we earn on our assets and the rates we pay on our liabilities are generally fixed for a contractual period of time. Like many savings institutions, our interest-bearing liabilities generally have shorter contractual maturities than our interest-earning assets. This imbalance can create significant earnings volatility because market interest rates change over time. We are unable to predict fluctuations of market interest rates, which are influenced by many factors.

During 2022, in response to accelerated inflation, the Federal Reserve implemented monetary tightening policies, resulting in significantly increased interest rates. The Federal Reserve has indicated that further rate increases may be necessary to curb inflation. In a period of rising interest rates, the interest income we earn on our assets may not increase as rapidly as the interest we pay on our liabilities. Changes in market interest rates may also affect the demand for the Company's products and services, the Company's ability to originate real estate loans, competition for deposits, the secondary mortgage market, our ability to realize gains from the sale of assets, and loan delinquencies and defaults, all of which ultimately affect earnings. Changes in interest rates may also affect the market value of the Company's investment securities portfolio.

Conversely, in a period of declining interest rates, the interest income we earn on our assets may decrease more rapidly than the interest we pay on our liabilities, as borrowers prepay mortgage loans, and mortgage-backed securities and callable investment securities are called, requiring us to reinvest those cash flows at lower, current interest rates. This creates reinvestment risk, which is the risk that we may not be able to reinvest prepayments at rates that are comparable to the rates we earned on the prepaid loans or securities. Furthermore, an inverted interest rate yield curve, where short-term interest rates (which are usually the rates at which financial institutions borrow funds) are higher than long-term interest rates (which are usually the rates at which financial institutions lend funds for fixed-rate loans) can reduce a financial institution’s net interest margin and create financial risk for financial institutions that originate longer-term, fixed rate mortgage loans.

Any substantial, unexpected, prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. Changes in the level of interest rates also may negatively affect the value of our assets and ultimately affect our earnings.

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We monitor interest rate risk through the use of simulation models, including estimates of the amounts by which the fair value of our assets and liabilities (our economic value of equity or “EVE”) and our net interest income would change in the event of a range of assumed changes in market interest rates. As of December 31, 2022, in the event of an instantaneous 200 basis point increase in interest rates, we estimate that we would experience a 2.0% decrease in EVE and a 12.0% increase in net interest income. As of December 31, 2022, in the event of an instantaneous 200 basis point decrease in interest rates, we estimate that we would experience a 9.1% increase in EVE and a 3.1% decrease in net interest income. For further discussion of how changes in interest rates could impact us, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Management of Market Risk.”

Risks Related to our Business Strategy

Our business strategy includes managed growth, and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively. Growing our operations could also cause our expenses to increase faster than our revenues.

Our business strategy includes growth in loans and deposits. Achieving such growth will require us to attract customers that currently bank at other financial institutions in our market area. Our ability to successfully grow will depend on a variety of factors, including the ability of our executive officers to execute our business strategy to increase commercial real estate and commercial loans and to increase our new and existing customers’ deposit relationships, our ability to attract and retain experienced bankers, the continued availability of desirable business opportunities, competition from other financial institutions in our market area and our ability to manage our growth. Growth opportunities may not be available or we may not be able to manage our growth successfully. If we do not manage our growth effectively, our financial condition and operating results could be negatively affected. Furthermore, there can be considerable costs involved in expanding lending capacity, and generally a period of time is required to generate the necessary revenues to offset these costs, especially in areas in which we do not have an established presence. Accordingly, any such business expansion can be expected to negatively impact our earnings unless and until the expected benefits of such growth are achieved.

We depend on our management team to implement our business strategy and execute successful operations and we could be harmed by the loss of their services.

We depend on the services of the members of our senior management team who direct our strategy and operations. Our executive officers and lending personnel possess substantial expertise, extensive knowledge of our markets and key business relationships, and have been integral in the restructuring of our operations, including the implementation of a more aggressive sales culture within our institution. Any one of them could be difficult to replace. Our loss of these persons, or our inability to hire additional qualified personnel, could impact our ability to implement our business strategy and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our ability to compete in our markets.

Our funding sources may prove insufficient to replace deposits at maturity and support our future growth.

Liquidity is essential to our business. We must maintain sufficient funds to respond to the needs of depositors and borrowers. We rely primarily on deposits, investments and the repayment of loans to ensure that there is adequate liquidity to fund our operations and pay our obligations. As we continue to grow, we are likely to become more dependent on other sources of funding, which may include FHLB advances and other borrowings, proceeds from the sale of loans, federal funds purchased and brokered certificates of deposit. Adverse operating results or changes in industry conditions could lead to difficulty or an inability to access these additional funding sources. Our financial flexibility will be severely constrained if we are unable to maintain our access to funding or if adequate financing is not available to accommodate future growth at acceptable interest rates. If we are required to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources to support future growth, our revenues may not increase proportionately to cover our costs. In this case, our operating margins and profitability would be adversely affected. Additionally, our business and reputation may suffer and we may be subject to regulatory investigation and action if there are doubts about our ability to fund our operations and pay our obligations.

Our reliance on deposits, including brokered certificates of deposit, as a source of funds for loans and our other liquidity needs could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

We rely primarily on deposits for funds to make loans and provide for our other liquidity needs, including time deposits and, from time to time, brokered certificates of deposit (although as of December 31, 2022, we had no brokered deposits). Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk/return tradeoff, which are strongly influenced by external factors such as changes in interest rates, local and national economic conditions, the availability and attractiveness of alternative investments, and perceptions of the stability of the financial services industry generally and of our institution specifically. Further, the demand for deposits may be reduced due to a variety of factors such as demographic patterns, changes in customer preferences, reductions in consumers’ disposable income, the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve, or regulatory actions that decrease customer access to particular products. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments such as money market funds, we would lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, which would increase our funding costs

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and reduce net interest income. Any changes made to the rates offered on deposits to remain competitive with other financial institutions may also adversely affect profitability and liquidity.

Certificates of deposit in particular may not be as stable as other types of deposits and, in the future, depositors may not renew those time deposits when they mature, or we may have to pay a higher rate of interest to attract or keep them or to replace them with other deposits or with funds from other sources. Not being able to attract those deposits or to keep or replace them as they mature may adversely affect our liquidity. Additionally, we are regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, which requires us to maintain certain capital levels to be considered “well capitalized.” If we fail to maintain these capital levels, we could lose our ability to obtain funding through brokered deposits. In addition, we may also be restricted from paying higher deposit rates to attract, keep or replace those deposits, which could have a negative effect on our operating results and the value of our common stock.

Our cost of operations is high relative to our revenues.

The cost of generating our income is measured by our efficiency ratio (the ratio of non-interest expense to the sum of net interest income and non-interest income). Our efficiency ratio was 100.7% and 99.7% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our efficiency ratio lags our peer group as our competitors for loans and deposits are often larger banks who can offer very competitive terms to originate and retain commercial real estate and commercial loans, as well as very competitive rates on deposit products. Additionally, our interest expense is higher than our peer group as our sources of funding tend to rely on FHLB advances more than our competitors. We have also had a series of significant one-time expenses over the last several years, including core data processing conversion, branch sale costs and expenses related to our healthcare coverage.

We face additional risks due to our mortgage banking activities that could negatively impact net income and liquidity.

We sell the majority of the fixed-rate conforming and eligible jumbo one-to four-family residential real estate loans that we originate. The sale of these loans generates noninterest income and are a source of liquidity for us. Disruption in the secondary market for residential mortgage loans could result in our inability to sell mortgage loans, which could negatively impact our liquidity position and earnings. In addition, declines in real estate values or increases in interest rates could reduce the potential for robust mortgage originations, which could negatively impact our earnings. As we do sell mortgage loans, we also face the risk that such loans may have been made in breach of our representations and warranties to the buyers and we could be forced to repurchase such loans or pay other damages.

Gain on sales of loans comprises a significant portion of our revenue.

Our net gain on sales of loans constitutes a meaningful component of our revenue. The gain on such sales for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $310,000 and $1.5 million, respectively. Any increase in market interest rates may reduce our mortgage loan originations, resulting in fewer loans available for sale. This would result in a decrease in our non-interest income. Further, when we sell loans, we are required to make customary representations and warranties about such loans to the purchaser. Our loan sale agreements may require us to repurchase or substitute mortgage loans or indemnify investors if we breach certain representations and warranties made to purchasers. In addition, we may be required to repurchase loans as a result of borrower fraud or in the event of a payment default on a mortgage loan shortly after its sale. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, cash flow, results of operations and financial condition.

Our ability to recognize the benefits of deferred tax assets is dependent on taxable income.

The Company records deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled.

We recognize the expected future tax benefit from deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that the tax benefit will be realized. Otherwise, a valuation allowance is applied against deferred tax assets, reducing the value of such assets. Assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets requires management to make significant estimates related to expectations of future taxable income from all sources, including reversal of taxable temporary differences, forecasted operating earnings and available tax planning strategies. Estimates of future taxable income are based on forecasted income from operations and the application of existing tax laws in each jurisdiction.

Each quarter, the Company assesses its deferred tax asset position, including the recoverability of this asset or the need for a valuation allowance. This assessment takes into consideration positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely

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than not that a portion of the asset will not be realized. If the Company is not able to recognize deferred tax assets in future periods, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks.

From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. In addition, we will continue to make investments in research, development, and marketing for new products and services. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the development and introduction of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. Furthermore, if customers do not perceive our new offerings as providing significant value, they may fail to accept our new products and services. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, the burden on management and our information technology of introducing any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute stockholder value.

We evaluate merger and acquisition opportunities with other financial institutions and financial services companies. As a result, negotiations may take place and future mergers or acquisitions with consideration consisting of cash, debt, and/or equity securities may occur at any time. We would seek acquisition partners that offer us either significant market presence or the potential to expand our market footprint and improve profitability through economies of scale or expanded services.

Acquiring other banks, businesses, or branches may have an adverse effect on our financial results and may involve various other risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including, among other things:

Risks Related to Economic Conditions

A worsening of economic conditions in our market area could reduce demand for our products and services and/or result in increases in our level of non-performing loans, which could adversely affect our operations, financial condition and earnings.

The success of our business depends on general economic conditions in the markets in which we operate, particularly southeastern Wisconsin. Difficult economic conditions or adverse changes in such local markets, whether caused by inflation, recession, unemployment, changes in housing or securities markets, or other factors, could reduce demand for our loans and deposits; increase problem loans, charge-offs and foreclosures; cause a decline in the value of collateral securing loans; and otherwise negatively affect our performance and financial condition.

Moreover, a significant decline in general economic conditions caused by inflation, recession, acts of terrorism, civil unrest, an outbreak of hostilities or other international or domestic calamities, an epidemic or pandemic, unemployment, the anticipation of any

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of these events, or other factors beyond our control could further impact these local economic conditions and could further negatively affect the financial results of our banking operations.

Risks Related to Competitive Matters

Strong competition within our market area may limit our growth and profitability.

Competition in the banking and financial services industry is intense. We compete with commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage brokerage firms, credit unions, finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies, brokerage and investment banking firms and unregulated or less regulated non-banking entities. Many of these competitors are substantially larger than us and have substantially greater resources and higher lending limits than we have and offer certain services that we do not or cannot provide. In addition, some of our competitors offer loans with lower interest rates and/or more attractive terms than loans we offer. Competition also makes it increasingly difficult and costly to attract and retain qualified employees. We expect competition to increase in the future as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and the continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. Our profitability depends upon our continued ability to successfully compete for business and qualified employees in our market areas. The greater resources and deposit and loan products offered by some of our competitors may limit our ability to increase our interest-earning assets. For additional information see “Business of PyraMax Bank, FSB—Competition.”

Our small size may make it more difficult for us to compete.

Our small asset size may make it more difficult to compete with other financial institutions that are larger and can more easily afford to invest in the marketing and technologies needed to attract and retain customers. Because our principal source of income is the net interest income we earn on our loans and investments after deducting interest paid on deposits and other sources of funds, our ability to generate the revenues needed to cover our expenses and finance such investments is limited by the size of our loan and investment portfolios. Accordingly, we are not always able to offer new products and services as quickly as our competitors. Lower earnings may also make it more difficult to offer competitive salaries and benefits. In addition, our smaller customer base may make it difficult to generate meaningful non-interest income from such activities as securities and insurance brokerage. Finally, as a smaller institution, we are disproportionately affected by the continually increasing costs of compliance with new banking and other regulations.

Technology has made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services that traditionally were banking products and made it possible for technology companies to compete with financial institutions in providing electronic, internet-based, and mobile phone-based financial solutions.

Technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services, such as loans and payment services, that traditionally were banking products, and made it possible for technology companies to compete with financial institutions in providing electronic, internet-based, and mobile phone-based financial solutions. Competition with non-banks, including financial technology (“fintech”) companies, to provide financial products and services is intensifying. In particular, the activity of fintechs has grown significantly over recent years and is expected to continue to grow. In addition to fintechs, the large technology companies have begun to make efforts toward providing financial services directly to their customers and are expected to continue to explore new ways to do so. Many of these companies have fewer regulatory constraints, and some have lower cost structures, in part due to lack of physical locations. Some of these companies also have greater resources to invest in technological improvements than we currently have. Competition from non-banks and technology companies may cause us to increase the amount we spend on developing new products and services, including our mobile banking applications. Such competition may also prevent us from achieving our growth objectives.

Risks Related to Operational Matters

We face significant operational risks because of our reliance on technology. Our information technology systems may be subject to failure, interruption or security breaches.

Information technology systems are critical to our business. Our business requires us to collect, process, transmit and store significant amounts of confidential information regarding our customers, employees and our own business, operations, plans and business strategies. We use various technology systems to manage our customer relationships, general ledger, securities investments, deposits, and loans. Our computer systems, data management and internal processes, as well as those of third parties, are integral to our performance. Our operational risks include the risk of malfeasance by employees or persons outside our company, errors relating to transaction processing and technology, systems failures or interruptions, breaches of our internal control systems and compliance requirements, and business continuation and disaster recovery. There have been increasing efforts by third parties to breach data security at financial institutions. Such attacks include computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, denial of service or information or other security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary and other information, damages to systems, or other material disruptions to network access or business operations. Although we take protective measures and believe that we have not experienced any of the data breaches

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described above, the security of our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to breaches, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses, or other malicious code and cyber-attacks that could have an impact on information security. Because the techniques used to cause security breaches change frequently, we may be unable to proactively address these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures.

In the event of a breakdown in our internal control systems, improper operation of systems or improper employee actions, or a breach of our security systems, including if confidential or proprietary information were to be mishandled, misused or lost, we could suffer financial loss, loss of customers and damage to our reputation, and face regulatory action or civil litigation. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Insurance coverage may not be available for such losses, or where available, such losses may exceed insurance limits.

In addition, we outsource a majority of our data processing requirements to third-party providers. Accordingly, our operations are exposed to the risk that these vendors will not perform in accordance with our contractual agreements with them, or we also could be adversely affected if such an agreement is not renewed by the third-party vendor or is renewed on terms less favorable to us. If our third-party providers encounter difficulties, or if we have difficulty communicating with those service providers, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our business operations could be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other vendors and their personnel. To our knowledge, the services and programs provided to us by third parties have not experienced any material security breaches. However, the existence of cyber-attacks or security breaches at third parties with access to our data, such as vendors, may not be disclosed to us in a timely manner.

We may not be able to successfully implement future information technology system enhancements, which could adversely affect our business operations and profitability.

We invest significant resources in information technology system enhancements in order to provide functionality and security at an appropriate level. We may not be able to successfully implement and integrate future system enhancements, which could adversely impact the ability to provide timely and accurate financial information in compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, which could result in sanctions from regulatory authorities. Such sanctions could include fines and suspension of trading in our stock, among others. In addition, future system enhancements could have higher than expected costs and/or result in operating inefficiencies, which could increase the costs associated with the implementation as well as ongoing operations.

Failure to properly utilize system enhancements that are implemented in the future could result in impairment charges that adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations and could result in significant costs to remediate or replace the defective components. In addition, we may incur significant training, licensing, maintenance, consulting and amortization expenses during and after systems implementations, and any such costs may continue for an extended period of time.

Risks Related to Accounting Matters

Changes in management’s estimates and assumptions may have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and our financial condition or operating results.

In preparing our periodic reports, as well as periodic reports we will be required to file under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including our consolidated financial statements, our management is and will be required under applicable rules and regulations to make estimates and assumptions as of a specified date. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and experience as of that date and are subject to substantial risk and uncertainty. Materially different results may occur as circumstances change and additional information becomes known. Areas requiring significant estimates and assumptions by management include our evaluation of the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses, fair value measurement (including the value of our mortgage servicing rights), valuation allowances associated with the realization of deferred tax assets and our determinations with respect to amounts owed for income taxes.

Changes in accounting standards could affect reported earnings.

The bodies responsible for establishing accounting standards, including the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory bodies, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting guidance that governs the preparation of our financial statements. These changes can be hard to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply new or revised guidance retroactively.

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Our internal controls, procedures and policies may fail or be circumvented.

Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well-designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Our recent shift to a remote working model due to COVID-19 has required us to modify some of these controls, which are approved in advance by management and reviewed by the financial reporting internal controls manager and through internal audits. Similar to our other systems of controls, these new modifications can provide only reasonable assurances that the objectives of the system are being met. Any failure or circumvention of the controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Other Risks Related to Our Business

We are a community bank and our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business. The failure to do so may materially adversely affect our performance.

We are a community bank, and our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. A key component of our business strategy is to rely on our reputation for customer service and knowledge of local markets to expand our presence by capturing new business opportunities from existing and prospective customers in our market area and contiguous areas. Threats to our reputation can come from many sources, including adverse sentiment about financial institutions generally, unethical practices, employee misconduct, failure to deliver minimum standards of service or quality, compliance deficiencies, cybersecurity incidents and questionable or fraudulent activities of our customers. Negative publicity regarding our business, employees, customers, or environmental, social and governance matters, with or without merit, may result in the loss of customers and employees, costly litigation and increased governmental regulation, any or all of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

We will be required to transition from the use of the LIBOR interest rate index in the future.

We have certain loans and investments indexed to the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) to calculate the loan interest rate. As of December 31, 2022, we had extended credit to three customers for loans totaling $17.0 million and have $4.5 million in asset-backed securities that are indexed to the LIBOR. The use of LIBOR in new contracts was discontinued after December 31, 2021 and LIBOR will cease to be published after June 30, 2023. The March 2022 enactment of the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act and the Federal Reserve's proposed implementing regulations established the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as the benchmark rate that will automatically apply to agreements that rely on LIBOR and do not have an alternative contractual fallback benchmark rate. At this time, no consensus exists as to what rate or rates may become broadly acceptable alternatives to LIBOR. We adopted SOFR-derived benchmark rates as our preferred alternative to LIBOR for use in new contracts beginning on January 1, 2022. We are converting our LIBOR based loans to SOFR, working with customers, counsel and our core loan servicing provider. The implementation of a substitute index or indices for the calculation of interest rates under our loan agreements with our borrowers may result in our incurring expenses in effecting the transition, may result in reduced loan balances if borrowers do not accept the substitute index or indices, and may result in disputes or litigation with customers over the appropriateness or comparability to LIBOR of the substitute index or indices, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Additionally, since proposed alternative rates are calculated differently, payments under contracts referencing new rates will differ from those referencing LIBOR, and the transition will change our market risk profile.

Legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters could adversely affect us.

We have been and may in the future become involved in legal and regulatory proceedings. We consider most of the proceedings to be in the normal course of our business or typical for the industry; however, it is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters, and we may not prevail in any proceedings or litigation. There could be substantial costs and management diversion in such litigation and proceedings, and any adverse determination could have a materially adverse effect on our business, reputation, or our financial condition and results of our operations.

Societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on our customers.

Concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses also may change their behavior as a result of these concerns. We and our customers will need to respond to new laws and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns. The impact on our customers will likely vary depending on their specific attributes, including reliance on or role in carbon intensive activities. Among the impacts to us could be a drop in demand for our products and services, particularly in certain sectors. In addition, we could face reductions in creditworthiness on the part of some customers or in the value of assets securing

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loans. Our efforts to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions, including by increasing our business with climate-friendly companies, may not be effective in protecting us from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior.

Our existing stock-based benefit plans will increase our expenses and reduce our income, and may dilute your ownership interests.

Our stockholders previously approved the 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan and the 1895 Bancorp of Wisconsin, Inc. 2022 Equity Incentive Plan. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $363,000 in non-interest expense relating to these stock benefit plans, and we will recognize additional expenses in the future as additional grants are made and awards vest. No further grants will be made under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, which remains in existence solely for the purpose of administering outstanding grants thereunder. We may fund the 2022 Equity Incentive Plan either through open market purchases or from the issuance of authorized but unissued shares of common stock. Our ability to repurchase shares of common stock to fund this plan will be subject to many factors, including, but not limited to, applicable regulatory restrictions on stock repurchases, the availability of stock in the market, the trading price of the stock, our capital levels, alternative uses for our capital and our financial performance. Stockholders would experience a reduction in ownership interest in the event newly issued shares of our common stock are used to fund stock issuances under the plan.

The impact of public health emergencies, like the COVID-19 outbreak, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

As the result of a public health emergency, including the COVID-19 pandemic, we could be subject to the following risks, among others, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations: a worsening of business and economic conditions; declines in demand for products and services; supply chain interruptions; government restrictions on consumer and business activities; increased loan delinquencies, problem assets, and foreclosures; increased to our allowance for loan losses; declines in the value of collateral for loans, especially real estate: loss or unavailability of key employees; unavailability of third-party service providers; increased FDIC insurance premiums; and increased operating expenses.

ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

ITEM 2. Properties

As of December 31, 2022, the net book value of our real and personal properties, including land, was $5.5 million. The following is a list of our offices:

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ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings

We are not involved in any pending legal proceedings as a plaintiff or defendant other than routine legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business, and at December 31, 2022, we were not involved in any legal proceedings, the outcome of which would be material to our financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market, Holder and Dividend Information. The Company’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “BCOW.” The approximate number of holders of record of the Company common stock as of March 20, 2023 was 383. Certain shares of the Company are held in “nominee” or “street” name and accordingly, the number of beneficial owners of such shares is not known or included in the foregoing number.

The Company does not currently pay cash dividends on its common stock. Dividend payments by the Company are dependent on dividends it receives from PyraMax Bank, because the Company has no source of income other than dividends from PyraMax Bank, earnings from the investment of proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock retained by the Company and interest payments with respect to the Company’s loan to the Employee Stock Ownership Plan. See “Item 1. Business—Supervision and Regulation—Federal Banking Regulation—Capital Distributions.”

Common Stock Repurchases. The following table presents information regarding shares of our common stock repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2022.

(1) On July 29, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted a stock repurchase program. Regulatory non-objection was received on August 26, 2022. Under the repurchase program, the Company may repurchase up to 319,766 shares of its common stock, or approximately 5% of its outstanding shares of common stock at the time regulatory non-objection was sought. Shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market or private transactions, through block trades, or pursuant to any trading plan that may be adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The repurchase program has no expiration date.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis is presented to assist the reader in understanding and evaluating of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. It is intended to complement the consolidated financial statements, footnotes, and supplemental financial data appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction therewith. The detailed discussion in the sections below focuses on the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to

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the year ended December 2021, and the financial condition as of December 31, 2022 compared to the financial condition as of December 31, 2021. For a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, see “Part II, Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” Discussion of Results of Operations included in our 2021 Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 29, 2022. The information in this section has been derived from the audited financial statements, which appear beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Business Strategy

Our goal is to provide long-term value to our stockholders, customers and employees and the communities we serve by executing a safe and sound business strategy that produces increasing earnings. We believe there is a significant opportunity for a community-focused bank to provide a full range of financial services to commercial and retail customers in our market area.

Our current business strategy consists of the following:

Increasing the number of larger commercial real estate loans and commercial business loan originations involves risk, as described in “Risk Factors—We have a substantial amount of commercial real estate and commercial loans, and intend to continue to increase originations of these types of loans both directly and through participations. These loans involve credit risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations” and “Our portfolio of loans with a higher risk of loss has and is expected to increase, which may lead to additional provisions for loan losses or charge-offs, which would reduce our profits or cause losses.”

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Critical Accounting Policies

The discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the reported amounts of income and expenses. We consider the accounting policies discussed below to be critical accounting policies. The estimates and assumptions that we use are based on historical experience and various other factors and are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, resulting in a change that could have a material impact on the carrying value of our assets and liabilities and our results of operations.

The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, reduce certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. As an “emerging growth company” we may delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. We intend to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

The following represent our critical accounting policies:

Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses is the estimated amount considered necessary to cover inherent, but unconfirmed, credit losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The allowance is established through the provision for loan losses which is charged against income. In determining the allowance for loan losses, management makes significant estimates and has identified this policy as one of our most critical accounting policies.

Management performs a quarterly evaluation of the allowance for loan losses. Consideration is given to a variety of factors in establishing this estimate including, but not limited to, current economic conditions, delinquency statistics, geographic and industry concentrations, the adequacy of the underlying collateral, the financial strength of the borrower, results of internal loan reviews and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change.

The analysis has two components, specific and general allowances. The specific allowance is for unconfirmed losses related to loans that are determined to be impaired. Impairment is measured by determining the present value of expected future cash flows or, for collateral-dependent loans, the fair value of the collateral, adjusted for market conditions and selling expenses. If the fair value of the loan is less than the loan’s carrying value, a charge is recorded for the difference. The general allowance, which is for loans reviewed collectively, is determined by segregating the remaining loans by type of loan, risk weighting (if applicable) and payment history. We also analyze historical loss experience, delinquency trends, general economic conditions and geographic and industry concentrations. This analysis establishes historical loss percentages and qualitative factors that are applied to the loan groups to determine the amount of the allowance for loan losses necessary for loans that are reviewed collectively. The qualitative component is critical in determining the allowance for loan losses as certain trends may indicate the need for changes to the allowance for loan losses based on factors beyond the historical loss history. Not incorporating a qualitative component could misstate the allowance for loan losses. Actual loan losses may be significantly more than the allowances we have established which could result in a material negative effect on our financial results.

Fair Value Measurements. The fair value of a financial instrument is defined as the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale. We estimate the fair value of a financial instrument and any related asset impairment using a variety of valuation methods. Where financial instruments are actively traded and have quoted market prices, quoted market prices are used for fair value. When the financial instruments are not actively traded, other observable market inputs, such as quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, may be used, if available, to determine fair value. When observable market prices do not exist, we estimate fair value. These estimates are subjective in nature and any imprecision in estimating these factors can impact the amount of gain or loss recorded. A more detailed description of the fair values measured at each level of the fair value hierarchy and the methodology utilized by us can be found in Note 15 of the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements titled “Fair Value.”

Deferred Tax Assets. We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying

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amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We exercise significant judgment in evaluating the amount and timing of recognition of the resulting tax liabilities and assets. These judgments require us to make projections of future taxable income including consideration of applicable tax planning strategies. The judgments and estimates we make in determining our deferred tax assets, which are inherently subjective, weigh all positive and negative evidence and are reviewed on a regular basis as regulatory and business factors change. Any reduction in estimated future taxable income may require us to record a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets.

Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021

Total Assets. Total assets were $543.0 million at December 31, 2022, an increase of $3.4 million, or 0.6%, when compared to total assets of $539.6 million at December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $35.8 million increase in net loans, a $5.1 million increase in other assets and a $2.1 million increase in available-for-sale securities. This increase was partially offset by a $38.5 million decrease in cash and cash equivalents.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $38.5 million, or 57.6%, to $28.3 million at December 31, 2022, from $66.8 million at December 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily due to the purchase of $37.1 million in available-for-sale securities, a $36.3 million increase in loans, the origination of $21.9 million in mortgage loans held for sale and $21.0 million in principal payments on FHLB advances. These decreases in cash and cash equivalents were partially offset by $37.0 million in proceeds from FHLB advances, $23.6 million from the sale of mortgage loans held for sale and $19.0 million from maturities and payments on available-for-sale securities.

Available-for-Sale Securities. Available-for-sale securities increased $2.1 million, or 1.9%, to $114.5 million at December 31, 2022, from $112.4 million at December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to purchases of securities totaling $37.1 million, offset by maturities, prepayments and calls of securities totaling $19.0 million and a $15.9 million increase in the unrealized loss on securities held within the portfolio. The increase in securities purchases was the result of management’s strategy, implemented in the fourth quarter of 2021 and substantially concluded in the first quarter of 2022, to invest a significant portion of the Company’s liquidity that was held in cash and cash equivalents into securities with higher yields to increase future earnings, while maintaining a high degree of liquidity. During the remainder of 2022, the purchase of additional securities significantly decreased and the maturity, payments and calls of securities were primarily used to partially fund the growth of the loan portfolio. From December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022, U.S. Treasury notes increased $7.1 million and government-sponsored mortgage-backed securities increased $118,000, while obligations of states and political subdivisions decreased $3.1 million and asset-backed securities decreased $2.0 million.

Loans Held for Sale. Loans held for sale decreased $1.1 million, or 89.6%, to $125,000 at December 31, 2022, from $1.2 million at December 31, 2021. This decrease was due primarily to a decrease in the volume of first mortgage residential real estate loan originations to be sold into the secondary market as a result of the changing interest rate environment. Originations of mortgage loans held for sale decreased $99.7 million, from $121.6 million in 2021 to $21.9 million in 2022.

Net loans. Net loans increased $35.8 million, or 11.1%, to $359.6 million at December 31, 2022, from $323.8 million at December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $25.6 million net increase in commercial real estate loans, a $5.5 million net increase in commercial loans and a $4.8 million net increase in first mortgage residential real estate loans. The increase in commercial real estate and commercial loans is a result of the Company's strategy to diversify its loan portfolio into these types of loans.

Included in the loan totals above are loans purchased from other financial institutions. As of December 31, 2022 loan participations purchased totaled $31.6 million, an increase of $29.5 million from the $2.1 million of loans purchased as of December 31, 2021. In addition, the amount available for future draws on these loans totaled $41.2 million at December 31, 2022. Loans purchased during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were commercial real estate and other commercial loans. While PyraMax Bank’s primary strategy is to grow the loan portfolio organically, the purchase of loan participations was a significant source of our loan growth during 2022 and we will likely continue to consider and evaluate the purchase of additional loan participations from other financial institutions in the future.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, volumes of loan originations were as follows: $158.7 million in commercial real estate and other commercial loans, an increase of $30.2 million from the $128.5 million in originations of these loan types during the year ended December 31, 2021; $38.7 million in total residential real estate loans, a decrease of $118.8 million from the $157.5 million in originations of these loan types during the year ended December 31, 2021; and $14.5 million in total consumer and consumer real estate loans, an increase of $3.4 million from the $11.1 million in originations of these loan types during the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Other Assets. Other assets increased $5.1 million, or 83.6%, to $11.2 million at December 31, 2022, from $6.1 million at December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily due to a $4.5 million increase in deferred tax assets, which was primarily the result of the increase in unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities. Other assets also increased as a result of a $452,000 increase in right-of-use lease assets as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-02 in the first quarter of 2022.

Deposits. Deposits increased $3.2 million, or 0.8%, to $387.7 million at December 31, 2022, from $384.5 million at December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily due to a $26.4 million increase in money market deposits partially offset by a $14.2 decrease in non-interest bearing checking deposits, a $5.0 million decrease in interest bearing checking deposits, a $3.0 million decrease in statement savings deposits and a $1.0 million reduction in certificates of deposit.

During the second half of 2022, market rates of interest began to rise significantly. This increase was due to a number of factors, including the increase in the current and expected rates of inflation. As market rates increased, we also increased the rates paid on our interest-bearing deposits in order to remain competitive with deposit products at other financial institutions and treasury securities. The most significant increase in our deposit rates were made to our money market accounts and certificates of deposit. As a result of the increase in the rate on our money market accounts, a number of depositors transferred their monies from noninterest bearing checking accounts and lower rate interest-bearing checking and savings accounts to money market accounts.

FHLB Advances. Borrowings, consisting entirely of FHLB advances, increased $16.1 million, or 29.1%, to $71.5 million at December 31, 2022, from $55.4 million at December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to the use of FHLB advances to partially fund the growth of the loan portfolio. During 2022, the Company borrowed an additional $37.0 million in FHLB advances, which were offset by $20.9 million in maturities of and principal payments on outstanding FHLB advances.

Total Equity. Total equity decreased $15.5 million, or 17.1%, to $75.4 million at December 31, 2022, from $90.9 million at December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to an $11.6 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income, which was primarily the result of the increase in the unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities, net of tax. In addition, the repurchase and retirement of shares under the Company's stock repurchase plan resulted in a $3.2 million decrease in total equity and the purchase of shares of stock by the Company's ESOP resulted in a $1.1 million decrease in total equity.

Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021

Net Income. We recorded a net loss of ($148,000) for the year ended December 31, 2022, which represented a decrease of $233,000 from the net income of $85,000 recorded for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decrease was primarily the result of a $2.6 million decrease in noninterest income, partially offset by a $1.7 million increase in net interest income and a $640,000 decrease in noninterest expense.

Interest and Dividend Income. Interest and dividend income increased $2.2 million, or 15.5%, to $16.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $14.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was due primarily to a $990,000 increase in interest income on loans, which increased from $12.6 million in 2021 to $13.6 million in 2021 and a $944,000 increase in interest income on taxable securities, which increased from $1.4 million in 2021 to $2.3 million in 2022. The increase in interest income on loans was primarily due to a $13.9 million increase in the average amount of loans outstanding, from $332.0 million in 2021 to $346.0 million in 2022, and a 14 basis point increase in the yield earned on loans, from 3.79% in 2021 to 3.93% in 2022. The increase in the yield earned on loans was primarily due to the increase in market rates. Also contributing to the increase in the yield on loans was the receipt of $466,000 as the result of loan prepayment fees and the collection of interest on a previously charged off loan during 2022. The increase in loans is consistent with the Company's strategy to grow the loan portfolio. The increase in interest income on taxable securities was primarily due to the Company's strategy to deploy excess liquidity into securities, which resulted in a $42.5 million increase in the average amount securities outstanding, from $83.0 million in 2021 to $125.5 million in 2022. Also contributing to the increase in interest earned on taxable securities was a 19 basis point increase in the yield earned on securities, from 1.68% in 2021 to 1.87% in 2022, which was primarily due to the increase in market rates.

Average interest-earning assets increased $1.2 million, or 0.2%, to $502.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $500.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The weighted average yield on interest-earning assets increased 43 basis points, to 3.27% for 2022, from 2.84% for 2021.

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased $455,000, or 29.6%, to $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Interest expense on deposits increased $332,000, or 42.4%, from $784,000 in 2021 to $1.1 million in 2022. The increase in interest expense on deposits was primarily due to an increase in the average cost of deposits which increased 12 basis points, from 0.28% in 2021 to 0.40% in 2022. Interest expense on money market accounts made up the majority of the increase in interest expense on deposits and increased $304,000, from $261,000 in 2021 to $565,000 in 2022.

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Interest expense on other borrowings, which consists primarily of FHLB advances, increased $114,000, or 15.2%, from $752,000 in 2021 to $866,000 in 2022. The increase in our cost of deposits and other borrowings was primarily due to the increase in market rates.

Net Interest Income. Net interest income increased $1.7 million, or 13.4%, to $14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was the result of a $2.2 million increase in interest income, partially offset by $455,000 increase in interest expense. Our net interest spread increased 29 basis points from 2.40% in 2021 to 2.69% in 2022. Our net interest margin increased 34 basis points from 2.54% in 2021 to 2.88% in 2022.

Provision for Loan Losses. We recorded $222,000 in provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $30,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in the provision expense was primarily due to the growth in the loan portfolio during the year and the establishment of loan loss reserves related to these loans. The allowance for loan losses was $3.2 million, or 0.89% of total loans, at December 31, 2022, compared to $2.9 million, or 0.88% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. Nonaccrual loans constituted 0.21% of total gross loans at December 31, 2022 and 0.32% of gross loans at December 31, 2021. Net recoveries for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $123,000 compared to net recoveries of $125,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Noninterest Income. Noninterest income decreased $2.6 million, or 60.5%, from $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was due primarily to a $1.2 million decrease in net gain on sale of loans, a $936,000 decline in income associated with changes in the market value of marketable equity securities and a $462,000 decrease in loan servicing fees. The decrease in net gain on sale of loans was primarily the result of a decrease in the sale of mortgage loans, which decreased $100.8 million, or 81.0% from $124.4 million in 2021 to $23.6 million in 2022. The decline in sales was due primarily to higher mortgage rates and lower housing inventory. The decrease in loan servicing fees was also primarily due to the decrease in loan sales and originations, which resulted in a $28.7 million decrease in the outstanding amount of loans serviced by the Company. The decrease in the market value of marketable equity securities was due to a decrease in the market value of mutual funds held in our deferred compensation plans. We record an offsetting amount for the changes in the market value of equity funds in noninterest expense.

Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense decreased $640,000, or 3.8%, to $16.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This decrease was due primarily to a $647,000 decrease in salaries and employee benefits. The decrease in salaries and benefits was primarily due to a $936,000 decline in the market value of marketable equity securities held in our deferred compensation plan. We record an offsetting amount for the changes in the market value of equity funds in noninterest income. This decrease was partially offset by a $131,000 increase in incentive bonuses and a $122,000 increase in stock compensation expense.

Income Taxes. Income tax benefit was ($171,000) for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to income tax benefit of ($64,000) for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Deferred tax assets are deferred tax consequences attributable to deductible temporary differences and carryforwards. After the deferred tax asset has been measured using the applicable enacted tax rate and provisions of the enacted tax law, it is then necessary to assess the need for a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance is needed when, based on the weight of the available positive and negative evidence, if it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred asset will not be realized. As required by generally accepted accounting principles, available evidence is weighted heavily on cumulative losses, with less weight placed on future projected profitability. Realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent on whether there will be sufficient future taxable income, including available tax strategies, of the appropriate character in the period during which deductible temporary differences reverse or within the carryforward periods available under tax law.

Due to recent changes in market conditions and events related to COVID-19, the board and management continue to assess our deferred tax assets including forecasted future projected income and future reversals of existing temporary differences. As such, there may be additional deferred tax asset impairment in subsequent periods.

We had federal loss carryforwards of $10.5 million as of December 31, 2022. Of this amount, $2.5 million represents a tax loss carryforward from the 2019 and 2022 tax years which has an indefinite carryforward period due to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The remaining $8.0 million of losses begin to expire in 2030. We also had $473,000 of charitable contribution carryforwards at December 31, 2022 that may be applied against future taxable income and begin to expire in 2024.

We had Wisconsin net operating loss carryforwards of $20.7 million as of December 31, 2022, that may be applied against future state taxable income and which begin to expire in 2024. We also had $476,000 of Wisconsin charitable contribution carryforwards at December 31, 2022 that may be applied against future state taxable income and begin to expire in 2024.

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As a result of our reorganization and conversion from the two-tier mutual holding company structure to a fully converted stock holding company and contemporaneous stock offering, the Company incurred an “ownership change” under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Section 382”) for both federal and Wisconsin state tax purposes. In general, if a company incurs an ownership change under Section 382, the company’s ability to utilize its net operating loss carryforward to offset its taxable income becomes limited to a certain amount per year. This limitation is generally computed by multiplying the fair market value of the company immediately before the ownership change by an IRS published rate equal to the long-term tax-exempt rate for the month in which the ownership change occurs. If we are unable to offset our taxable income to the maximum permitted amount, we may incur additional income tax liability, which would adversely affect our results of operations. At this time, we do not expect the Section 382 change in ownership to have a material impact on the results of operations.

Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, for federal losses originating in tax years after January 1, 2018, we are allowed an indefinite carryforward period limited to 80% of each subsequent year’s net income. The CARES Act temporarily repealed this 80% limitation for the calendar year ended December 31, 2020.

Wisconsin law generally allows financial institutions to carry forward a Wisconsin net operating loss to the succeeding 20 taxable years.

Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit realization of the existing deferred tax assets. Such objective historical evidence limits the ability to consider projections for future growth as subjective evidence.

On the basis of this evaluation, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, a valuation allowance of $934,000 has been recorded to recognize only the portion of the deferred tax asset that is more likely than not to be realized. The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable, however, could be adjusted if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or if objective negative evidence is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as our projections for growth.

The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain federal charitable contribution carryforwards, state net operating loss carryforwards, and state charitable contribution carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, we have provided a valuation allowance of $934,000 on the deferred tax assets related to these carryforwards in 2022 and 2021.

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Average Balances and Yields. The following tables sets forth average balance sheets, average yields and costs, and certain other information at and for the periods indicated. No tax-equivalent yield adjustments were made, as the effect thereof was not material. All average balances are daily average balances. Non-accrual loans were included in the computation of average balances, but have been reflected in the table as loans carrying a zero yield. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense.