Addus HomeCare Corp - Quarter Report: 2018 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018

OR

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission file number 001-34504

ADDUS HOMECARE CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

469-535-8200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Emerging growth company  ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Common Stock $0.001 par value

Shares outstanding at April 30, 2018: 11,692,354

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ADDUS HOMECARE CORPORATION

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ADDUS HOMECARE CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017

(Amounts and Shares in Thousands, Except Per Share Data)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

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ADDUS HOMECARE CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017

(Amounts and Shares in Thousands, Except Per Share Data)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

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ADDUS HOMECARE CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018

(Amounts and Shares in Thousands)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

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ADDUS HOMECARE CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017

(Amounts in Thousands)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

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ADDUS HOMECARE CORPORATION

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Description of Business

The Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Addus HomeCare Corporation (“Holdings”) and its subsidiaries (together with Holdings, the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”). The Company operates as one reportable business segment and is a provider of comprehensive personal care services, which are provided principally in the home. The Company’s personal care services provide assistance with activities of daily living. The Company’s consumers are primarily persons who are at risk of hospitalization or institutionalization, such as the elderly, chronically ill and disabled. The Company’s payor clients include federal, state and local governmental agencies, managed care organizations, commercial insurers and private individuals. As of March 31, 2018, the Company provided personal care services to over 34,000 consumers in 23 states through 115 offices.

Principles of Consolidation

All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company used the cost method to account for its investments in joint ventures in which it owned 10% equity interests. The Company sold such investments on October 1, 2017 (see Note 2).

Revenue Recognition

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASC 606”) which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The Company adopted the standard using the modified retrospective approach and did not record a cumulative catch-up adjustment as the timing and measurement of revenue for the Company’s customers is similar to its prior revenue recognition model. However, the majority of what historically was classified as provision for doubtful accounts expense under operating expenses is now treated as an implicit price concession factored into net service revenues.

The Company’s net service revenue is generated from providing services directly to consumers under contracts with federal, state and local governmental agencies, managed care organizations, commercial insurers and private consumers. Generally, these contracts, which are negotiated based on current contracting practices as appropriate for the payor, establish the terms of a customer relationship and set the broad range of terms for services to be performed at a stated rate. However, the contracts do not give rise to rights and obligations until an order is placed with the Company. When an order is placed, it creates the performance obligation to provide a defined quantity of service hours, or authorized hours, per client. The Company satisfies its performance obligations over time, given that consumers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by the Company as the services are performed. As the Company has a right to consideration from customers commensurate with the value provided to customers from the performance completed over a given invoice period, the Company has elected to use the practical expedient for measuring progress toward satisfaction of performance obligations and recognizes patient service revenue in the amount to which the Company has a right to invoice.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

In 2017, the Company established its allowance for doubtful accounts to the extent it was probable that a portion or all of a particular account will not be collected. The Company established its provision for doubtful accounts primarily by reviewing the creditworthiness of significant customers and through evaluations over the collectability of the receivables. An allowance for doubtful accounts was maintained at a level that the Company’s management believed was sufficient to cover potential losses.

In 2018, subsequent adjustments that are determined to be the result of an adverse change in the payor’s ability to pay are recognized as bad debt expense due to the adoption of ASC 606-10. The Company recorded $2.0 million as a reduction to revenue that would have been recorded as bad debt expense over the three months ended March 31, 2017.

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Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the related assets by use of the straight-line method. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The estimated useful lives of the property and equipment are as follows:

Goodwill

The Company’s carrying value of goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired from various acquisitions including the acquisition of Addus HealthCare, Inc. (“Addus HealthCare”). In accordance with ASC Topic 350, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized. The Company tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis, as of October 1, or whenever potential impairment triggers occur, such as a significant change in business climate or regulatory changes that would indicate that an impairment may have occurred. The Company may use a qualitative test, known as “Step 0,” or a two-step quantitative method to determine whether impairment has occurred. In Step 0, the Company can elect to perform an optional qualitative analysis and based on the results skip the two-step analysis. In 2017, the Company elected to implement Step 0 and was not required to conduct the remaining two-step analysis. The results of the Company’s Step 0 assessments indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit exceeded its carrying value and therefore the Company concluded that there were no impairments for the year ended December 31, 2017. No impairment charges were recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2018 or 2017.

Intangible Assets

The Company’s identifiable intangible assets consist of customer and referral relationships, trade names, trademarks and non-competition agreements. Amortization is computed using straight-line and accelerated methods based upon the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which range from two to twenty-five years.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the estimated economic benefit method over the useful life and assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company would recognize an impairment loss when the estimated future non-discounted cash flows associated with the intangible asset is less than the carrying value. An impairment charge would then be recorded for the excess of the carrying value over the fair value. The Company estimates the fair value of these intangible assets using the income approach. No impairment charge was recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.

The income approach, which the Company uses to estimate the fair value of its intangible assets (other than goodwill), is dependent on a number of factors including estimates of future market growth and trends, forecasted revenue and costs, expected periods over which the assets will be utilized, appropriate discount rates and other variables. The Company bases its fair value estimates on assumptions the Company believes to be reasonable but which are unpredictable and inherently uncertain. Actual future results may differ from those estimates.

Debt Issuance Costs

The Company amortizes debt issuance costs on a straight-line method over the term of the related debt. This method approximates the effective interest method. The Company has classified the debt issuance costs as current portion of long-term debt or long-term debt, less current portion as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Workers’ Compensation Program

The Company’s workers’ compensation insurance program has a $0.4 million deductible component. The Company recognizes its obligations associated with this program in the period the claim is incurred. The cost of both the claims reported and claims incurred but not reported, up to the deductible, have been accrued based on historical claims experience, industry statistics and an actuarial analysis performed by an independent third party. The Company monitors its claims quarterly and adjusts its reserves accordingly. These costs

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are recorded primarily as the cost of services on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company recorded $13.6 million and $12.6 million, respectively, in accrued workers’ compensation insurance. The accrued workers’ compensation insurance is included in accrued expenses on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company recorded $1.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in workers’ compensation insurance recovery receivables. The workers’ compensation insurance recovery receivable is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Interest Income

Illinois law entitles designated service program providers to receive a prompt payment interest penalty based on qualifying services approved for payment that remain unpaid after a designated period of time. The Company accounted for the interest income in accordance with ASC 606. The amount and intent of the State of Illinois to provide payment was not certain, as such, the interest income was recognized when the State of Illinois approved a prompt payment interest penalty during the three months ended March 31, 2018, removing the constraint related to the amount and intent to pay the prompt payment interest. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company received $2.3 million in prompt payment interest and reported it in its Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as interest income. While the Company may be owed additional prompt payment interest, the amount, timing, and intent to provide receipt of such payments remains uncertain, and the Company will continue to recognize prompt payment interest income upon satisfaction of these constraints.

Interest Expense

The Company’s interest expense consists of interest and unused credit line fees on its credit facilities, interest on its capital lease obligations, and amortization and write-off of debt issuance costs, which is reported in the statement of income when incurred.

Other Income

Other income consisted of income distributions received from investments in joint ventures. The Company accounted for this income in accordance with ASC Topic 325, “Investments—Other.” The Company recognized the net accumulated earnings only to the extent distributed by the joint ventures on the date received. The Company subsequently sold these equity investments on October 1, 2017 (see Note 2).

Income Tax Expense

The Company accounts for income taxes under the provisions of ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes.” The objective of accounting for income taxes is to recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in its financial statements or tax returns. Deferred taxes, resulting from differences between the financial and tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities, are also adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted. ASC Topic 740 also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. ASC Topic 740 also prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement process for recording in the financial statements uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. In addition, ASC Topic 740 provides guidance on derecognition, classification, accounting in interim periods and disclosure requirements for uncertain tax positions.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company currently has one stock incentive plan, the 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), under which new grants of stock-based employee compensation may be made. In addition, the Company has outstanding awards under its 2009 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated. The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC Topic 718, “Stock Compensation.” Under the 2017 Plan, compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the equity awards based on the grant date fair value of the options and restricted stock awards. The Company uses the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model to value the Company’s options. The determination of the fair value of stock-based payments utilizing the Black-Scholes Model is affected by the Company’s stock price and a number of assumptions, including expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected term, and expected dividends yield. Stock-based compensation expense was $0.9 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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Diluted Net Income Per Common Share

Diluted net income per common share, calculated on the treasury stock method, is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. The Company’s outstanding securities that may potentially dilute the common stock are stock options and restricted stock awards.

Included in the Company’s calculation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2018 were approximately 746,000 stock options outstanding, of which approximately 129,000 were dilutive. In addition, there were approximately 166,000 restricted stock awards outstanding 65,000 of which were dilutive for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

Included in the Company’s calculation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended March 31, 2017 were approximately 470,000 stock options outstanding, of which approximately 96,000 were dilutive. In addition, there were approximately 143,000 restricted stock awards outstanding 50,000 of which were dilutive for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

Estimates

The financial statements are prepared by management in conformity with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and include estimated amounts and certain disclosures based on assumptions about future events. The Company’s critical accounting estimates include the following areas: the implicit price concessions factored into net service revenues, allowance for doubtful accounts, reserve for self-insurance claims, accounting for stock-based compensation, accounting for income taxes, business combinations and when required, the quantitative assessment of goodwill. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash, accounts receivable, payables and debt. The carrying amounts reported on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of the Company’s long-term debt with variable interest rates approximates fair value based on instruments with similar terms using level 2 inputs as defined under ASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurement.”

The Company applies fair value techniques on a non-recurring basis associated with valuing potential impairment losses related to goodwill, if required, and indefinite-lived intangible assets and also when determining the fair value of contingent consideration, if applicable. To determine the fair value in these situations, the Company uses Level 3 inputs, under ASC Topic 820 and defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists; therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions, such as discounted cash flows, or if available, what a market participant would pay on the measurement date.

The Company utilizes the income approach to estimate the fair value of its intangible assets derived from acquisitions.

Going Concern

In connection with the preparation of the financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company conducted an evaluation as to whether there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the issuance, or the date of availability, of the financial statements to be issued. The evaluation concluded that there did not appear to be evidence of substantial doubt of the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842),” which replaces existing leasing rules with a comprehensive lease measurement and recognition standard and expanded disclosure requirements. ASU 2016-02 will require lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets as liabilities, with corresponding “right-of-use” assets and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, subject to early adoption. For income statement recognition purposes, leases will be classified as either a finance or an operating lease. The Company will be required to recognize and measure leases at the

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beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. Upon initial evaluation, the Company believes that the new standard will have a material impact on its consolidated balance sheets but it will not affect its liquidity. It has been determined that the Company will need to secure new software to account for the change in accounting for leases and is currently reviewing the software options available.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” ASU 2016-13 changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. Under the new standard, entities holding financial assets and net investment in leases that are not accounted for at fair value through net income are to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. An allowance for credit losses will be a valuation account that will be deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. ASU 2016-13 is effective as of January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2016-13.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” The new guidance eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill (i.e., Step 2 of the current goodwill impairment test) to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value (i.e., measure the charge based on the current Step 1). ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual and any interim impairment tests for periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is currently evaluating the provisions of ASU 2017-04 to determine how its goodwill impairment testing will be impacted and whether it may elect to adopt ASU 2017-04 prior to the stated effective date.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” This standard amends and adjusts how cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. We adopted the standard on a retrospective basis on January 1, 2018. ASU 2016-15 did not have an impact on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Reclassification of Prior Period Balances

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current-year presentation including the reporting of other long-term liabilities as a separate line item on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and the reporting of the provision for doubtful accounts as a separate line item in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. These reclassifications have no effect on the reported net income.

2. Gain on Sale of Assets

On October 1, 2017, the Company sold its 10% membership interests in two joint ventures with LHC Group, Inc. (“LHCG”), which were previously reported as Investments in joint ventures on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2017. The Company received proceeds of approximately $1.3 million and recorded a pre-tax gain of $0.4 million on the sale of its membership interest.

Given the Company’s focus on providing services to consumers in their homes, effective March 1, 2017, the Company ceased the adult day services business and completed its sale of substantially all of the assets used in three adult day services centers in Illinois. The Company received proceeds of approximately $2.4 million and recorded a pre-tax gain of $2.1 million on the sale of the three adult day services centers.

3. Acquisitions

Effective February 27, 2018, the Company entered into a definitive securities purchase agreement to acquire Ambercare Corporation (“Ambercare”) for approximately $40.0 million (not including purchase price credit given for an estimated $10.6 million in excess cash held by Ambercare at closing) to expand operations in the State of New Mexico. Addus expects to complete the transaction in the second quarter of 2018, subject to customary closing conditions, with funding through the delayed draw term loan portion of its credit facility.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company acquired certain assets of LifeStyle Options, Inc. (“LifeStyle”) in order to expand private pay services in Illinois. The total consideration for the transaction was $4.1 million, comprised of $3.3 million in cash and $0.8 million, which has not yet been paid, representing the estimated fair value of contingent consideration, subject to the achievement of certain performance targets set forth in an earn-out agreement. The related acquisition costs, included in general and administrative expenses on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, were $48,000 and were expensed as incurred. The results of operations from this acquired entity are included in the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income from the date of the acquisition.

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The Company’s acquisition of LifeStyle has been accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations,” and the resulting goodwill and other intangible assets was accounted for under ASC Topic 350, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.” The acquisition was recorded at its fair value as of January 1, 2018. Under business combination accounting, the LifeStyle Purchase Price was $4.1 million and was allocated to LifeStyle’s net tangible and identifiable intangible assets based on their estimated fair values. Based upon management’s valuation, which is preliminary and subject to completion of working capital adjustments, the total purchase price has been allocated as follows:

Management’s assessment of qualitative factors affecting goodwill for LifeStyle includes: estimates of market share at the date of purchase; ability to grow in the market; synergy with existing Company operations; and, the presence of managed care payors in the market.

Identifiable intangible assets acquired consist of trade name and customer relationships (see Note 1 for estimated useful lives of the Company’s identifiable intangible assets). The estimated fair value of identifiable intangible assets was determined, using Level 3 inputs as defined under ASC Topic 820, with the assistance of a valuation specialist. It is anticipated that the goodwill and intangible assets acquired are deductible for tax purposes.

The LifeStyle acquisition accounted for $1.5 million of net service revenues and $12,000 of net income for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

Effective October 1, 2017, the Company acquired certain assets of Community Partnered Resources, Inc. d/b/a Sun Cities Caregivers and d/b/a Sun Cities Homecare (“Sun Cities”), in the State of Arizona, to enhance operations in a target market. The total consideration for the transaction was comprised of $2.3 million in cash. The related acquisition costs, included in general and administrative expenses on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, were $0.2 million and were expensed as incurred. The results of operations from this acquired entity are included in the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income from the date of the acquisition.

The Company’s acquisition of Sun Cities has been accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations,” and the resulting goodwill and other intangible assets was accounted for under ASC Topic 350, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.” The acquisition was recorded at its fair value as of October 1, 2017. Under business combination accounting, the Sun Cities purchase price was $2.3 million and was allocated to Sun Cities’s net tangible and identifiable intangible assets based on their estimated fair values. Based upon management’s valuation, the total purchase price has been allocated as follows:

Management’s assessment of qualitative factors affecting goodwill for Sun Cities includes: estimates of market share at the date of purchase; ability to grow in the market; synergy with existing Company operations; and, the presence of managed care payors in the market.

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Identifiable intangible assets acquired consist of trade name and customer relationships (see Note 1 for estimated useful lives of the Company’s identifiable intangible assets). The estimated fair value of identifiable intangible assets was determined, using Level 3 inputs as defined under ASC Topic 820, with the assistance of a valuation specialist. The goodwill and intangible assets acquired are deductible for tax purposes.

The Sun Cities acquisition accounted for $0.5 million of net service revenues and $17,000 of net income for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

On April 24, 2017, the Company entered into a definitive securities purchase agreement with HB Management Group, Inc. to purchase Options Services, Inc. d/b/a Options Home Care (“Options Home Care”). On August 1, 2017, the Company completed its acquisition of all the outstanding securities of Options Home Care for a total purchase price of $22.6 million (the “Options Purchase Price”). Options Home Care is a provider of personal care services in more than 20 counties in New Mexico and the acquisition expands the footprint of the Company’s existing operations in the state. The related acquisition costs, included in general and administrative expenses on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, were $0.8 million and were expensed as incurred. The results of Options Home Care are included on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income from the date of the acquisition.

The Company’s acquisition of Options Home Care has been accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations,” and the resulting goodwill and other intangible assets was accounted for under ASC Topic 350, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.” The acquisition was recorded at its fair value as of August 1, 2017. Under business combination accounting, the Options Purchase Price was $22.6 million and was allocated to Options Home Care’s net tangible and identifiable intangible assets based on their estimated fair values. Based upon management’s valuation, the total purchase price has been allocated as follows:

Management’s assessment of qualitative factors affecting goodwill for Options Home Care includes: estimates of market share at the date of purchase; ability to grow in the market; synergy with existing Company operations; and, the presence of managed care payors in the market.

Identifiable intangible assets acquired consist of trade name and customer relationships (see Note 1 for estimated useful lives of the Company’s identifiable intangible assets). The estimated fair value of identifiable intangible assets was determined with the assistance of a valuation specialist. The goodwill and intangible assets acquired are deductible for tax purposes.

The Options Home Care acquisition accounted for $4.5 million of net service revenues and $0.2 million of net income for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

The following table contains unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated income statement information of the Company had the acquisition of LifeStyle, Sun Cities and Options Home Care closed on January 1, 2017.

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The pro forma disclosures in the table above include adjustments for amortization of intangible assets, tax expense and acquisition costs to reflect results that are more representative of the combined results of the transactions as if LifeStyle, Sun Cities and Options Home Care had been acquired effective January 1, 2017. This pro forma information is presented for illustrative purposes only and may not be indicative of the results of operations that would have actually occurred. In addition, future results may vary significantly from the results reflected in the pro forma information. The unaudited pro forma financial information does not reflect the impact of future events that may occur after the acquisition, such as anticipated cost savings from operating synergies.

4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

A summary of the goodwill activity for the three months ended March 31, 2018 is provided below:

The Company’s identifiable intangible assets consist of customer and referral relationships, trade names, trademarks and non-competition agreements. Amortization is computed using straight-line and accelerated methods based upon the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which range from two to twenty-five years.

The carrying amount and accumulated amortization of each identifiable intangible asset category consisted of the following as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

Amortization expense related to the identifiable intangible assets amounted to $1.3 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Goodwill is not amortized pursuant to ASC Topic 350.

5. Details of Certain Balance Sheet Accounts

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

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Accrued expenses consisted of the following:

6. Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following:

Capital Leases

On July 12, 2014, September 11, 2014 and April 13, 2015, the Company executed three 48-month capital lease agreements for $2.7 million, $1.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively, with First American Commercial Bancorp, Inc. The capital leases were entered into to finance property and equipment at the Company’s support center in Downers Grove, IL. The underlying assets are included in “Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization” in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. These capital lease obligations require monthly payments through September 2019 and have implicit interest rates that range from 3.0% to 3.6%. At the end of the term, the Company has the option to purchase the assets for $1 per lease agreement.

Effective October 1, 2016, the Company entered into a 25-month capital lease agreement for $0.6 million with Meridian Leasing Corporation. The capital lease was entered into to finance property and equipment for the Company’s telephone system. The underlying assets are included in “Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization” in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. This capital lease obligation requires monthly payments through October 2018 and has an implicit interest rate of 11.1%. At the end of the term, the Company has the option to purchase the assets for $1 per lease agreement.

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An analysis of the leased property under capital leases by major classes is as follows.

The future minimum payments for capital leases as of March 31, 2018 are as follows:

Senior Secured Credit Facility

On May 8, 2017, the Company entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) to obtain a new credit facility with certain lenders and Capital One, N.A., as a lender and swing lender and as agent for all lenders. This new credit facility totals $250.0 million, replaces the Company’s previous senior secured credit facility totaling $125.0 million (“Terminated Senior Secured Credit Facility”, see description below for more details), and terminates the Second Amended and Restated Credit and Guaranty Agreement, dated as of November 10, 2015, as modified by the May 24, 2016 amendment (as amended, the “Terminated Senior Secured Credit Agreement”), between the Company, certain lenders and Fifth Third Bank, as agent, which evidenced the Terminated Senior Secured Credit Facility. The new credit facility includes a $125.0 million revolving loan, a $45.0 million term loan and an $80.0 million delayed draw term loan. The maturity of the new credit facility is five years, although the delayed draw term loan is only available until November 8, 2018. Under the terms of an accordion feature of the Credit Agreement, $100.0 million is also available for incremental term loans. Borrowings under the delayed draw term loans and the incremental term loans are limited to financing or refinancing Permitted Acquisitions (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The availability of additional draws under the revolving credit portion of the Company’s new credit facility is conditioned, among other things, upon (after giving effect to such draws) the ratio of Consolidated Total Indebtedness (as defined in the Credit Agreement), less subordinated indebtedness, to Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) not exceeding 4.25:1.00. In connection with the new credit facility, the Company incurred $2.9 million of debt issuance costs.

Addus HealthCare is the borrower, with its parent, Holdings, and substantially all of Holdings’ subsidiaries are guarantors under the new credit facility. The new credit facility is secured by a first priority security interest in all of the Company’s and the other credit parties’ current and future tangible and intangible assets, including the shares of stock of the borrower and subsidiaries.

Interest on the Company’s new credit facility may be payable at (x) the sum of (i) an applicable margin ranging from 1.50% to 2.25% based on the applicable senior leverage ratio plus (ii) a base rate equal to the greatest of (a) the rate of interest last quoted by The Wall Street Journal as the “prime rate,” (b) the sum of the federal funds rate plus a margin of 0.50% and (c) the sum of the

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adjusted LIBOR that would be applicable to a loan with an interest period of one month advanced on the applicable day (not to be less than 0.00%) plus a margin of 1.00% or (y) the sum of (i) an applicable margin ranging from 2.50% to 3.25% based on the applicable leverage ratio plus (ii) the offered rate per annum for the applicable interest period that appears on Reuters Screen LIBOR01 Page. Swing loans may not be LIBOR loans.

The Company pays a fee ranging from 0.25% to 0.50% based on the applicable leverage ratio times the unused portion of the revolving portion of the new credit facility.

As of March 31, 2018, the Company had a total of $43.9 million of term loans outstanding with an interest rate of 4.16% on the new credit facility and the total availability under the revolving credit loan facility was $111.3 million. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had a total of $44.4 million of term loans outstanding with an interest rate of 3.86% on the new credit facility and the total availability under the revolving credit loan facility was $105.1 million.

The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants regarding, among other things, the maintenance of records, compliance with laws, maintenance of permits, maintenance of insurance and property and payment of taxes. The Credit Agreement also contains certain customary financial covenants and negative covenants that, among other things, include a requirement to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, a requirement to stay below a maximum senior leverage ratio and a requirement to stay below a maximum permitted amount of capital expenditures, as well as restrictions on guarantees, indebtedness, liens, investments and loans, subject to customary carve outs, a restriction on dividends (provided that Addus HealthCare may make distributions to the Company in an amount that does not exceed $5.0 million in any year absent of an event of default, plus limited exceptions for tax and administrative distributions), a restriction on the ability to consummate acquisitions in amounts exceeding $60.0 million individually and $80.0 million in the aggregate each year (in each case, without the consent of the lenders), restrictions on mergers, dispositions of assets, and affiliate transactions, and restrictions on fundamental changes and lines of business. As of March 31, 2018, the Company was in compliance with all of its Credit Agreement covenants.

Terminated Senior Secured Credit Facility

Prior to May 8, 2017, the Company was a party to the Terminated Senior Secured Credit Agreement with certain lenders and Fifth Third Bank, as agent and letters of credit issuer. The Terminated Senior Secured Credit Facility provided a $100.0 million revolving line of credit, a delayed draw term loan facility of up to $25.0 million and an uncommitted incremental term loan facility of up to $50.0 million, which was to expire on November 10, 2020 and included a $35.0 million sublimit for the issuance of letters of credit. Substantially all of the subsidiaries of Holdings were co-borrowers, and Holdings had guaranteed the borrowers’ obligations under the Terminated Senior Secured Credit Facility. The Terminated Senior Secured Credit Facility was secured by a first priority security interest in all of Holdings’ and the borrowers’ current and future tangible and intangible assets, including the shares of stock of the borrowers.

7. Income Taxes

A reconciliation of the statutory federal tax rate of 21.0% and 35.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 is summarized as follows:

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform Act”). The legislation significantly changes U.S. tax law by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates. The Tax Reform Act permanently reduces the U.S. corporate income tax rate from a maximum of 35.0% to a flat 21.0% rate, effective January 1, 2018. The effective income tax rate was 18.7% and 33.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The difference between our federal statutory and effective income tax rates are principally due to the inclusion of state taxes and the use of federal employment tax credits. A provisional valuation allowance increased $0.1 million in the first quarter as a result of the elimination of a performance based equity exception in calculating the $1.0 million limitation for 162(m) under the Tax Reform Act.

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is subject to legal and/or administrative proceedings incidental to its business. It is the opinion of management that the outcome of pending legal and/or administrative proceedings will not have a material effect on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

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On January 20, 2016, the Company was served with a lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against the Company and Cigna Corporation by Stop Illinois Marketing Fraud, LLC, a qui tam relator formed for the purpose of bringing this action. In the action, the plaintiff alleges, inter alia, violations of the federal False Claims Act relating primarily to allegations of violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and allegedly improper referrals of patients from the Company’s home care division to the Company’s home health business, substantially all of which was sold in 2013. The plaintiff seeks to recover damages, fees and costs under the federal False Claims Act including treble damages, civil penalties and its attorneys’ fees. The U.S. government has declined to intervene at this time. Plaintiff amended its complaint on April 4, 2016 to include additional allegations in support of its False Claims Act claims, including alleged violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. The Company and Cigna Corporation filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint on June 6, 2016. On February 3, 2017, the Court granted Cigna Corporation’s motion to dismiss in full, and granted the Company’s motion to dismiss in part, allowing Plaintiff another chance to amend its complaint. Plaintiff timely filed a second amended complaint on March 10, 2017, withdrawing its conspiracy claim under the Federal False Claims Act and adding an explicit claim under the Illinois False Claims Act for the same underlying kickback allegations. On April 7, 2017, the Company filed a partial motion to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. On May 24, 2017, the State of Illinois filed notice that it was declining to intervene in the plaintiff’s claim under the Illinois False Claims Act. On March 21, 2018, the Court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint in part and narrowed the lawsuit to whether the federal False Claims Act was violated with respect to home health services provided at three senior living facilities in Illinois. The Company intends to defend the litigation vigorously and believes the case will not have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition or results of operations.

Employment Agreements

The Company has entered into employment agreements with certain members of senior management. The terms of these agreements are up to four years with the potential to auto-renew and include non-competition and nondisclosure provisions, as well as provide for defined severance payments in the event of termination.

A substantial percentage of the Company’s workforce is represented by the Service Employees International Union (“SEIU”). The Company has a national agreement with the SEIU. Wages and benefits are negotiated at the local level at various times throughout the year. These negotiations are often initiated when the Company receives increases in hourly rates from various state agencies. Upon expiration of these collective bargaining agreements, the Company may not be able to negotiate labor agreements on satisfactory terms with these labor unions.

9. Severance and Restructuring

In 2016, the Company initiated steps to streamline its operations. The Company incurred total expenses related to these initiatives of approximately $0.5 million and $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These costs are included in general and administrative expenses on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The expenses recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2018 included costs related to terminated employees and other professional fees. The expenses recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2017 included costs related to terminated employees. The Company expects some additional restructuring and other costs to occur, however, the amount and timing cannot be determined at this time.

The following provides the components of and changes in our severance and restructuring accruals:

Employee termination costs represent accrued severance payable to terminated employees with employment and/or separation agreements with the Company.

Restructuring and other costs consists of the accrual related to lease commitments and write-offs of leasehold improvements and unused office space and property and equipment resulting from the closure of three adult day services centers in Illinois.

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The aforementioned accruals are included in Accrued Expenses on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets and the aforementioned expenses are included in General and Administrative Expenses on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

10. Significant Payors

For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 the Company’s revenue mix by payor type was as follows:

The Company derives a significant amount of its net service revenues from its operations in Illinois, New York and New Mexico. The percentages of total revenue for each of these significant states for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

A substantial portion of the Company’s net service revenues and accounts receivable are derived from services performed for federal, state and local governmental agencies. The Illinois Department on Aging accounted for 36.6% and 36.5% of the Company’s net service revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The related receivables due from the Illinois Department on Aging represented 30.1% and 37.5% of the Company’s net accounts receivable at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

11. Concentration of Cash

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash. The Company maintains cash with financial institutions which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash.

12. Subsequent Events

Effective February 27, 2018, the Company entered into a definitive securities purchase agreement to acquire Ambercare Corporation (“Ambercare”) for approximately $40.0 million (net of excess cash). The Company completed this acquisition on May 1, 2018. The Company funded this acquisition through the delayed draw term loan portion of its new credit facility.

On April 1, 2018, the Company completed an acquisition of certain assets of Arcadia Home Care & Staffing (“Arcadia”) for approximately $18.5 million. Arcadia provides home care services to approximately 2,300 consumers through 26 offices in 10 states. The Company funded this acquisition through the delayed draw term loan portion of its new credit facility.

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You should read the following discussion together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements about our business and operations. Statements that are predictive in nature, that depend upon or refer to future events or conditions or that include words like “believes,” “belief,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “projects,” “estimates,” “may,” “might,” “would,” “should” and similar expressions are intended to be forward-looking statements as defined by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements involve a variety of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described therein. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risks set forth in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, including the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2017, filed on March 14, 2018. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, you should not rely on any forward-looking statement as a prediction of future events. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking and we do not intend to release publicly any updates or changes in our expectations concerning the forward-looking statements or any changes in events, conditions or circumstances upon which any forward-looking statement may be based, except as required by law.

Overview

We operate as one business segment and are a provider of comprehensive personal care services, which are principally provided in the home. Our personal care services provide assistance with activities of daily living. Our consumers are primarily persons who are at risk of hospitalization or institutionalization, such as the elderly, chronically ill and disabled. Our payor clients include federal, state and local governmental agencies, managed care organizations, commercial insurers and private individuals. As of March 31, 2018, we provided personal care services to over 34,000 consumers in 23 states through 115 offices. For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we served approximately 37,000 and 38,000 discrete customers, respectively.

A summary of our financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 is provided in the table below:

Our services are principally provided in the home under agreements with federal, state and local government agencies. Our consumers are predominately “dual eligible,” meaning they are eligible to receive both Medicare and Medicaid benefits. The federal government permits states to initiate dual eligible demonstration programs and other managed Medicaid initiatives designed to coordinate the services provided through Medicare and Medicaid, with the overall objective of improving care quality and reducing costs. Managed care revenues accounted for 34.6% and 32.3% of our revenue mix during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The personal care services we provide include assistance with bathing, grooming, oral care, assistance with feeding and dressing, medication reminders, meal planning and preparation, housekeeping and transportation services and other activities of daily living. We provide these non-medical services on a long-term, continuous basis, with an average duration of approximately 26 months per consumer.

Our services and model play a number of crucial roles in the overall healthcare continuum. By providing non-medical services in the home to the elderly and others who require long-term service and support with the activities of daily living, we can lower the cost of chronic and acute care treatment, in part by delaying or eliminating the need for care in more expensive settings. We also can reduce service duplication with traditional Medicare home health. In addition, we utilize home care aides to observe and report changes in the condition of our consumers for the purpose of early intervention in the disease process, with the goal of reducing the cost of medical services by preventing unnecessary emergency room visits and/or hospital admissions and re-admissions. We coordinate the services provided by our team with those of other healthcare agencies as appropriate. Changes in a consumer’s conditions are evaluated by appropriately trained managers and may result in a report to the consumer’s case manager at a managed care organization or other payor. Our model also is designed to improve consumer outcomes and satisfaction by providing care in the preferred setting of the home and by providing opportunities to improve the consumer’s conditions and allow early intervention as indicated.

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We believe our model provides significant value to managed care organizations. With permission from the federal government, states are increasingly implementing managed care programs for Medicaid enrollees, with the result that managed care organizations are increasingly responsible for the healthcare needs and the related healthcare costs of our consumers. These managed care organizations have an economic incentive to better manage the healthcare expenditures of their membership, including the provision of care in lower cost settings and improving outcomes. We believe that our model is very well positioned to assist in meeting those challenges while also improving consumer satisfaction, and, as a result, we expect increased referrals from managed care organizations.

We utilize Interactive Voice Response (“IVR”) systems and smart phone applications to communicate with the majority of our home care aides. Through these technologies, our home care aides are able to report changes in health conditions to an appropriate manager for triage and evaluation. In addition, we use these technologies to record basic information about each visit, record start and end times for a scheduled shift, track mileage reimbursement, send text messages to the home care aide and communicate basic payroll information.

In addition to our organic growth, we have been growing through acquisitions that have expanded our presence in current markets or facilitated our entry into new markets where the personal care business has been moving to managed care organizations.

On January 1, 2018, we acquired certain assets of LifeStyle in order to expand private pay services in Illinois. The total consideration for the transaction was $4.1 million, comprised of $3.3 million in cash and an additional amount which has not yet been paid (of up to $1.0 million for which the estimated fair value is $0.8 million) based on the achievement of certain performance targets set forth in an earn-out agreement.

On February 27, 2018, we entered into a stock purchase agreement to acquire all of the issued and outstanding stock of Ambercare for approximately $40.0 million (net of excess cash) to expand in the State of New Mexico. We completed this acquisition May 1, 2018. We funded this acquisition through the delayed draw term loan portion of our new credit facility.

On April 1, 2018, we completed an acquisition of certain assets of Arcadia for approximately $18.5 million. Arcadia provides home care services to approximately 2,300 consumers through 26 offices in 10 states. We funded this acquisition through the delayed draw term loan portion of our new credit facility.

Business

As of March 31, 2018, we provided personal care services in 23 states through 115 offices.

Our payor clients are principally federal, state and local governmental agencies and, increasingly, managed care organizations. The federal, state and local programs under which the agencies operate are subject to legislative, budgetary and other risks that can influence reimbursement rates. We are experiencing a transition of business from government payors to managed care organizations, which we believe aligns with our emphasis on coordinated care and the reduction of the need for acute care.

For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 our revenue mix by payor type was as follows:

We derive a significant amount of our net service revenues from our operations in Illinois, New York and New Mexico. The percentages of total revenue for each of these significant states for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

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A significant amount of our net service revenues are derived from one payor client, the Illinois Department on Aging, which accounted for 36.6% and 36.5% of our total net service revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Illinois Department on Aging’s payments for non-Medicaid consumers have been delayed in the past and may continue to be delayed in the future due to budget disputes that began in 2015. The State of Illinois did not adopt a comprehensive budget for fiscal year 2016, which ended on June 30, 2016, or a comprehensive budget for fiscal year 2017, which ended on June 30, 2017. On July 6, 2017, the State of Illinois passed a budget for state fiscal year 2018, which began on July 1, 2017. The budget authorized the Illinois Department on Aging to pay for services the Company rendered to non-Medicaid consumers in prior fiscal years. We began receiving delayed payments in July of 2017.

We measure the performance of our business using a number of different metrics, including billable hours, billable hours per business day, revenues per billable hour and the number of consumers, or census.

Components of our Statements of Income

Net Service Revenues

We generate net service revenues by providing our services directly to consumers and primarily on an hourly basis. We receive payment for providing such services from our payor clients, including federal, state and local governmental agencies, managed care organizations, commercial insurers and private consumers. Net service revenues are principally provided based on authorized hours, determined by the relevant agency, at an hourly rate which is either contractual or fixed by legislation and are recognized at the time services are rendered.

Cost of Service Revenues

We incur direct care wages, payroll taxes and benefit-related costs in connection with providing our services. We also provide workers’ compensation and general liability coverage for our employees.

Employees are also reimbursed for their travel time and related travel costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses include our costs for operating our network of local agencies and our administrative offices.

Our agency expenses consist of costs for supervisory personnel, our community care supervisors and office administrative costs. Personnel costs include wages, payroll taxes, and employee benefits. Facility costs including rents, utilities, postage, telephone and office expenses. Our support centers include costs for accounting, information systems, human resources, billing and collections, contracting, marketing and executive leadership. These expenses consist of compensation, including stock-based compensation, payroll taxes, employee benefits, legal, accounting and other professional fees, travel, general insurance, rents and related facility costs.

In 2016, we initiated steps to streamline our operations. We incurred total expenses related to these initiatives of approximately $0.5 million and $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These costs are included in general and administrative expenses on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The expenses recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2018 included costs related to terminated employees and other professional fees. The expenses recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2017 included costs related to terminated employees. We expect some additional restructuring and other costs to occur, however, the amount and timing cannot be determined at this time.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

We amortize our intangible assets with finite lives, consisting of customer and referral relationships, trade names, trademarks and non-competition agreements, principally using accelerated methods based upon their estimated useful lives. Depreciable assets consist principally of furniture and equipment, network administration and telephone equipment, and operating system software. Depreciable and leasehold assets are depreciated or amortized on a straight-line method over their useful lives or, if less and if applicable, their lease terms.

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Provision for Doubtful Accounts

In 2017, we established our allowance for doubtful accounts to the extent it was probable that a portion or all of a particular account will not be collected. We established our provision for doubtful accounts primarily by reviewing the creditworthiness of significant customers and through evaluations over the collectability of the receivables. An allowance for doubtful accounts was maintained at a level that our management believed was sufficient to cover potential losses.

In 2018, subsequent adjustments that are determined to be the result of an adverse change in the payor’s ability to pay are recognized as bad debt expense due to the adoption of ASC 606-10. We recorded $2.0 million as a reduction to revenue that would have been recorded as bad debt expense over the three months ended March 31, 2017.

Interest Income

Illinois law entitles designated service program providers to receive a prompt payment interest penalty based on qualifying services approved for payment that remain unpaid after a designated period of time. We accounted for the interest income in accordance with ASC 606. The amount and intent of the State of Illinois to provide payment was not certain, as such, the interest income was recognized when the State of Illinois approved a prompt payment interest penalty during the three months ended March 31, 2018, removing the constraint related to the amount and intent to pay the prompt payment interest. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, we received $2.3 million in prompt payment interest and reported it in our Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income as interest income. While we may be owed additional prompt payment interest, the amount, timing, and intent to provide receipt of such payments remains uncertain, and we will continue to recognize prompt payment interest income upon satisfaction of these constraints.

Interest Expense

Interest expense is reported in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income when incurred and consists of (i) interest and unused credit line fees on our new credit facility and our Terminated Senior Credit Facility (as defined under Senior Secured Credit Facility below), (ii) interest on our capital lease obligations and (iii) amortization of debt issuance costs.

Other Income

For the three months ended March 31, 2017, other income of $0.1 million consisted of income distributions received from investments in joint ventures, which were sold on October 1, 2017. We accounted for this income in accordance with ASC Topic 325, “Investments—Other” and recognized the net accumulated earnings only to the extent distributed by the joint ventures on the date received.

Income Tax Expense

All of our income is from domestic sources. We incur state and local taxes in states in which we operate. For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 our federal statutory rate was 21.0% and 35.0%, respectively. The effective income tax rate was 18.7% and 33.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The difference between our federal statutory and effective income tax rates are principally due to the inclusion of state taxes and the use of federal employment tax credits. A provisional valuation allowance increased $0.1 million in the first quarter of 2018 as a result of the elimination of a performance based equity exception in calculating the $1.0 million limitation for 162(m) under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform Act”).

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Results of Operations

Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2017

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, our unaudited condensed consolidated results of operations.