Adeia Inc. - Annual Report: 2020 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

OR

Commission File Number: 001-39304

XPERI HOLDING CORPORATION

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(408) 321-6000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:    None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2020 was $976,687,119 (based on the closing sale price of the registrant’s common stock as reported on The Nasdaq Global Select Market).

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of February 8, 2021 was 104,791,729.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the registrant’s 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders will be filed with the Commission within 120 days after the close of the registrant’s 2020 fiscal year and are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein.

XPERI HOLDING CORPORATION

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements, which are subject to the safe harbor provisions created by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “could,” “would,” “may,” “intends,” “targets” and similar expressions or variations of such words are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying forward-looking statements in this Annual Report. The identification of certain statements as “forward-looking” is not intended to mean that other statements not specifically identified are not forward-looking. All statements other than statements about historical facts are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, statements that relate to our future revenue, product development, demand, acceptance and market share, growth rate, competitiveness, gross margins, levels of research, development and other related costs, expenditures, the outcome or effects of and expenses related to litigation and administrative proceedings related to our patents, our planned separation of two business segments, our intent to enforce our intellectual property rights, our ability to license our intellectual property, tax expenses, cash flows, our ability to liquidate and recover the carrying value of our investments, our management’s plans and objectives for our current and future operations, our plans for quarterly dividends and stock repurchases, the levels of customer spending or research and development activities, general economic conditions, and the sufficiency of financial resources to support future operations and capital expenditures.

Although forward-looking statements in this Annual Report reflect the good faith judgment of our management, such statements can only be based on facts and factors currently known by us. Consequently, forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties, and changes in condition, significance, value and effect, including those discussed below under the heading “Risk Factors” within Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report and other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), such as our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and our current reports on Form 8-K. Such risks, uncertainties and changes in condition, significance, value and effect could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed herein and in ways not readily foreseeable. Readers are urged not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report and are based on information currently and reasonably known to us. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements in order to reflect any event or circumstance that may arise after the date of this Annual Report, other than as required by law. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made in this Annual Report, which attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 3025 Orchard Parkway, San Jose, California 95134 USA. Our telephone number is +1 (408) 321-6000. We maintain a corporate website at www.xperi.com. The reference to our website address does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on this website. Xperi, the Xperi logo, TiVo, the TiVo logo, Tessera, the Tessera logo, DTS, the DTS logo, Ergo, FotoNation, the FotoNation logo, Invensas, the Invensas logo, ZiBond, DBI, DTS HD, DTS Audio Processing, DTS:X Ultra, DTS Virtual:X, DTS Headphone:X, DTS Play Fi, DTS:X, DTS AutoSense, DTS AutoStage, and HD Radio are trademarks or registered trademarks of Xperi Holding Corporation or its affiliated companies in the U.S. and other countries. All other company, brand and product names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.

Overview

On December 18, 2019, Xperi Corporation (“Xperi”) entered into a definitive agreement with TiVo Corporation (“TiVo”), to combine in an all-stock merger of equals transaction (the “Mergers”). Following consummation of the Mergers on June 1, 2020, Xperi Holding Corporation became the parent company of both Xperi and TiVo. The common stock of both Xperi and TiVo were de-registered after completion of the Mergers. On June 2, 2020, Xperi Holding Corporation’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) under the ticker symbol “XPER.” Xperi was determined to be the accounting acquirer in the Mergers. As a result, the historical financial statements of Xperi for periods prior to the Mergers are considered to be the historical financial statements of Xperi Holding Corporation. As used herein, the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Xperi when referring to periods prior to June 1, 2020 and Xperi Holding Corporation when referring to periods subsequent to June 1, 2020. Our results of operations include the operations of TiVo after June 1, 2020. Unless specified otherwise, the financial results in this Annual Report are those of the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. For further discussion on the Mergers, refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and “Note 9 – Business Combination” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

We are a leading consumer and entertainment product/solutions licensing company and one of the industry’s largest intellectual property licensing platforms, with a diverse portfolio of media and semiconductor intellectual property and more than 11,000 patents and patent applications worldwide. We invent, develop, and deliver technologies that enable extraordinary experiences. Xperi technologies, delivered via our brands (DTS, HD Radio, IMAX Enhanced, Invensas, TiVo), and by our subsidiary, Perceive Corporation (“Perceive”), make entertainment more entertaining, and smart devices smarter. Our technologies are integrated into billions of consumer devices, media platforms, and semiconductors worldwide, driving increased value for partners, customers and consumers. We shape how millions of consumers access and experience entertainment content, and our innovations are found in billions of devices and hundreds of millions of interfaces around the globe. Headquartered in Silicon Valley with operations around the world, we have approximately 1,850 employees and over 30 years of operating experience.

Following the Mergers, we determined that we conduct our business in two operating segments: (1) Product and (2) Intellectual Property (“IP”) Licensing. The Product segment consists primarily of licensing our internally-developed audio, digital radio, imaging, edge-based machine learning and multi-channel video user experience (“UX”) solutions. Audio, digital radio, imaging solutions and edge-based machine learning include the delivery of software and/or hardware-based solutions to our consumer electronics (“CE”) customers, automotive manufacturers or their supply chain partners. UX products and services revenue is primarily derived from multi-channel video service providers and CE manufacturers, licensing the TiVo service and selling TiVo-enabled devices like the Stream 4K, Personalized Content Discovery, enriched Metadata, viewership data and advertising.

The IP Licensing segment consists primarily of licensing our innovations to leading companies in the media and semiconductor industries. Licensing arrangements include access to one or more of our foundational patent portfolios and may also include access to some of our industry-leading technologies and proven know-how. In media, our licensees include multichannel video programming distributors (“MVPDs”), over-the-top (“OTT”) video service providers, consumer electronics manufacturers, social media and other new media companies. In semiconductor, our licensees include memory, sensors, RF component, and foundry companies.

We are currently contemplating and may pursue, subject to any required regulatory approvals, a separation of our product business and IP Licensing business through a tax-efficient transaction, resulting in two independent, publicly traded companies. We are evaluating the optimal timing of the contemplated business separation and currently anticipate that such separation will not be completed earlier than the first half of 2022.

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Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

Please refer to the Executive Summary section of Part II, Item 7 “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for information concerning the continuing effect of COVID-19 on our business.

Product Segment

Our product business comprises a portfolio of software and services that address one of the biggest consumer trends in entertainment today – the massive proliferation of content and the rapidly changing habits for how consumers are finding, watching and enjoying entertainment. We offer consumers a unique and seamless end-to-end entertainment experience: from choice to consumption - in the home, in the car and on-the-go. Additionally, through our technology solutions, we can offer our customers and partners additional ways to monetize that consumption. We group our Product business into three categories based on the products delivered and customers served: Consumer Experience, Connected Car, and Pay-TV.

Strategy

Our goal is to make entertainment more entertaining and smart devices smarter. We do this through developing ground-breaking innovations that enhance the products and services that billions of consumers interact with on a daily basis. Our inventions are focused on driving increased value for partners, customer, and consumers across multiple end-markets. Key elements of our strategy by end-market include:

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Consumer Experience

Our Consumer Experience business represents four major product groups based on the solutions delivered to our customers: TiVo Software and Services, Audio, Imaging and Edge-Based Machine Learning. Below are some of the key solutions we license:

TiVo Software & Services

TiVo Stream. Our TiVo Stream platform is a consumer streaming platform that empowers consumers to confidently navigate an increasingly fragmented and complex entertainment landscape, bringing content of all formats, including movies, TV and user generated video, into a single experience with more end user customization to control their entertainment bundles. It

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represents a differentiated experience with universal discovery and personalized recommendations with seamless integration of linear, live and streaming programming.

TiVo Stream is a platform with multiple go-to-market endpoints such as the TiVo Stream 4K device addressing the fast-growing streaming media player market, and TiVo Stream embedded as an operating platform on Smart TVs and other consumer electronic products. We sell TiVo Stream 4K both direct to consumers as well as via online and traditional retail channels. The TiVo Stream platform is licensed as a software-as-a-service to consumer electronic and TV OEMs giving us the right to monetize all or part of the end user content engagement over the life of the product.

Metadata. Our metadata products are a critical component of delivering an interactive entertainment experience. We offer the industry’s most comprehensive metadata library covering television, sports, movies, digital-first, music, celebrities, books, and video games. We develop our metadata through a technology platform that combines machine learning techniques and platform-mediated work with our proprietary and patented knowledge graph technology. Our focus on quality, robustness and consistent international depth has made us a recognized leader in entertainment metadata services worldwide.

We offer several metadata and service offerings, including, but not limited to, schedules, listings and web content linking services. Customers typically pay us a monthly or quarterly licensing fee for the rights to use the metadata, including regular updates, and to integrate it into their own service. Our metadata can be sold stand-alone or as a complement to another TiVo product such as a TiVo Stream or search and recommendation solution. We deliver metadata using real-time APIs and as bulk data files depending on our customer’s requirements. Our metadata customers include leading global companies such as Microsoft Corporation (“Microsoft”) and Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. (“Samsung”).

Personalized Content Discovery and Natural Language Voice. Personalized Content Discovery with conversation services provides service providers, CE device manufacturers and application/service developers a way to enable their customers to quickly find, discover and access content across linear broadcast television, VOD, DVR, and OTT sources. The ongoing investment in our Personalized Content Discovery platform enables us to provide some of the most advanced capabilities in media personalization, prediction and voice search. The advanced algorithms of our technology understand the nature and relationship of content information and the context surrounding a user's behavior to deliver an advanced personalized content discovery experience. Results can be generated through traditional text entry, voice interaction or our content recommendations. Our natural language voice solution, when combined with our advanced search and recommendations technology, enables a conversational interaction between a viewer and their content experience.

These technologies can be applied to pay TV, internet TV, and video services from virtual service providers, content producers, and CE manufacturers. Customers typically pay us a per-subscriber or per-device fee. Our search and recommendation solutions are widely deployed with many leading pay TV service providers including Charter and Verizon Communications, Inc. (“Verizon”).

Advanced Media and Advertising. Our Advanced Media and Advertising solutions enable pay TV and virtual service providers, content and new media companies, and advertisers and their agencies to better understand and monetize consumer media engagement. We are leading the industry to use advanced technologies focused on television data to create efficiencies and value multipliers in the evolving television advertising ecosystem. Our TV data platform processes the raw TV viewership events from millions of set-top boxes (“STBs”) which our customers can anonymously match against billing, customer and a range of other third-party data.

We provide advertisers with nationwide or regionally targeted advertising on our UX Solutions. Advertisers place ads in a variety of display formats in both traditional linear television and digital advertising for internet delivered content, seamlessly incorporated into the user interface. Advertisements can trigger a variety of actions when selected via a remote control, including video advertisement playback, DVR recordings, and direct response. Utilizing our Personalized Content Discovery platform, we also target content promotions as ‘paid search’ by directly including the sponsored content in user interface’s recommended content carousel. We work with service providers bundling their non-TiVo advertising inventory with our native inventory giving us a more significant national footprint.

Our TV Viewership Data platform processes millions of households of TV viewership data with program airings data. Our platform enables us to partner with service providers to unlock the value of their return-path data, transforming raw return-path data into meaningful viewership information to inform and support advertising, promotion and marketing initiatives. Utilizing our TV Viewership Data, MVPDs, broadcasters, content producers, advertising agencies and advertisers can activate subscribers’ TV viewership alone or in combination with third-party data sources using industry- leading data safe havens to target directly, or through third party viewer segments, promotions and advertising to monetize their subscriber customer base.

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We also offer a software-as-a-service Audience Insights solution used by service providers to analyze the habits and preferences of TV subscribers, providing critical insights that can be utilized to increase operational efficiency, improve customer engagement, support carriage and bundling decisions, help mitigate churn and maximize average revenue per user. Integrated with our Personalized Content Discovery solutions, Audience Insights processes millions of households of TV viewership data, programming data, billing and customer attributes data, as well as third-party sources providing service providers deep analysis of their subscriber’s second-by-second engagement and consumption of content.

Audio  

Audio Solutions consists of premier audio technology for high definition entertainment experiences. The DTS codec is designed to enable recording, delivery and playback of immersive high definition audio and is incorporated by hundreds of customers around the world into an array of consumer electronics devices for use anywhere, at home, in the car, or on the go. We provide products and services to entertainment media ecosystem partners such as motion picture studios, radio and TV broadcasters, game developers and other content creators to facilitate the inclusion of compelling, realistic DTS-encoded audio within their content. This in turn allows consumers to experience immersive and compelling audio wherever they choose to enjoy it. Devices that incorporate DTS audio codec technology include televisions (TVs), personal computers (PCs), smartphones, tablets, automotive entertainment systems, set top boxes (STBs), video game consoles, Blu-ray Disc players, audio/video receivers (AVRs), soundbars, wireless speakers and home theater systems. We also offer DTS post-processing audio solutions designed to enhance the entertainment experience for users of consumer electronics devices, particularly those subject to the physical limitations of smaller speakers, such as TVs, PCs and mobile devices. In 2018, we launched the IMAX Enhanced program, which Xperi manages and licenses to CE customers worldwide to deliver the ultimate home cinema experience with unique IMAX cinematic content that leverages the DTS:X audio format to flawlessly deliver signature IMAX audio mixes. In addition, our DTS PlayFi technology leverages our audio and technology expertise to enable a variety of high-quality audio playback options across wireless speakers, set top boxes, TVs and mobile devices.

The proliferation of connected devices that can support streaming and downloadable content has made our active participation within the digital ecosystem increasingly important, as the availability of DTS-encoded content helps drive consumer demand for electronics that support DTS technologies.

Our immersive audio solutions, such as DTS-HD and DTS:X, empower content creators and are supported by all major Hollywood studios, many cinema operators in the U.S. and Asia, and leading streaming service providers in the U.S., Europe and Asia. We have licensed our audio technologies and related trademarks to substantially all of the major consumer electronics product manufacturers worldwide. These customers include Denso, Harman, Hisense, LG, Microsoft, Panasonic, Samsung, Sony, and others.

Imaging

Imaging Solutions: We are a pioneer in computer vision and computational imaging solutions and we provide critical imaging technologies that enable millions of consumers to take incredible pictures with their cameras and smartphones. Our FotoNation imaging products were rebranded to DTS in January 2020. These technologies underpin many of the features today’s digital users enjoy every day such as advanced portrait modes, face detection and tracking, and automatic effects such as face beautification. Our imaging technologies have become must-have capabilities for certain mobile device manufacturers and have been foundational to enabling our automotive in-cabin monitoring solutions that are part of our Connected Car product group.

Our imaging technologies and products have been licensed to mobile phone and digital camera manufacturers worldwide, including to LG, Nikon, Oppo, Socionext, ZTE, and others.

Audio and Imaging Product-Delivery. Traditionally, our technologies are delivered as software code on integrated circuit (IC) chips. We license a defined and limited set of rights to incorporate our technology into these IC chips, and the IC manufacturers deliver these Xperi‑enabled chips to our customers, the consumer electronics product manufacturers. We also work closely with the world’s leading IC manufacturers to enable support for our technologies on the new programmable architectures that fuel innovation and flexibility in today’s consumer electronics products. Our partners specialize in key vertical markets and work closely with us to enable our latest technologies for these programmable parts. Together, we license these solutions to Xperi’s consumer electronics products customers.

We have devoted significant time and resources to develop a broad range of solutions with key partners including Amlogic, Analog Devices, Cadence, Cirrus Logic, Mediatek, Mstar, NXP, Qualcomm, Realtek, Synaptics, Texas Instruments, and others.

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Edge-Based Machine Learning  

Our Perceive subsidiary provides silicon and software solutions for edge inference, which provides two differentiating factors: low power and high performance. Perceive’s Ergo chip and associated software deliver breakthrough innovation – delivering datacenter class accuracy and performance at ultra-low power, performing tasks such as face recognition, audio and video event detection. These solutions are expected to have initial market applications in consumer security cameras, doorbells, and other battery powered consumer devices, made by industry leaders.  

Connected Car

We group our Connected Car business into three categories based on the products delivered to our customers: HD Radio, Automotive Connected Media and In-Cabin Monitoring Solutions.

HD Radio. HD Radio is the only digital terrestrial broadcast system approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for AM/FM radio in the U.S., offering additional channels, crystal-clear sound and advanced data services with no subscription fees. HD Radio enables a high quality in-vehicle radio experience with innovative features and digital capabilities such as real time traffic and weather updates.

HD Radio technology enables digital AM/FM broadcast radio, creating significant benefits to all participants in the radio broadcasting ecosystem. HD Radio is supported by more than 2,300 radio stations, including 98 of the top 100 stations in the top 10 U.S. radio markets. Furthermore, we believe HD Radio provides compelling advantages to consumers over traditional radio as listeners enjoy upgraded audio quality, expanded content choices, and new digital services.

Our HD Radio technology is incorporated into a number of our automotive partners’ products, including vehicles from Acura, Audi, BMW, Ford, GM, Honda, Hyundai, Tesla, and Toyota, among many others.

Automotive Connected Media (ACM). ACM delivers DTS AutoStage, industry leading TiVo music and audio entertainment metadata, media search and discovery and our DTS premium audio solutions into a comprehensive automotive infotainment offering. DTS AutoStage is a global system that enables car makers to utilize a single platform to deliver an enhanced radio experience across different analog and digital broadcast systems deployed regionally. Utilizing an internet protocol connection installed in a vehicle, DTS AutoStage delivers an innovative analog AM/FM and digital (DAB and HD Radio) experience by pairing broadcast programming with internet protocol-delivered content. Daimler launched the first series of automobiles featuring the DTS AutoStage platform in September 2020.

In-Cabin Monitoring (ICM). Built upon our legacy as a pioneer in computer vision and computational imaging solutions, DTS AutoSense, includes driver monitoring systems (DMS) and occupant monitoring systems (OMS) to enable a full suite of detection and analysis products for automakers. These technologies enable state-of-the-art attentiveness assessment and fatigue detection for the driver as well as in-cabin monitoring and customization options, based on occupant detection and analysis.

Pay-TV

Our Pay-TV business delivers a range of User Experience (UX) solutions under the iGuide, Passport, TiVo, G-Guide and Cubi brands servicing multi-channel video operators world-wide.  

UX Solutions. We are addressing the evolving user experience around TV content consumption and creating a truly unified media experience. We are integrating virtual channels of internet delivered video directly into the consumer's primary video consumption platform to provide universal search, discovery and consumption regardless of where the content originates. Our UX Solutions allow service providers to customize certain elements of the interactive programming guides (IPGs) for their customers and to upgrade the programming features and services they offer. Our UX Solutions provide content producers with a platform for merchandising their content. Our UX Solutions allow viewers to build their own entertainment bundle to truly personalize their experience with current and future program information and are compatible with service providers' subscription management, pay-per-view (“PPV”) and VOD services. We also offer operational support, professional services and content metadata. Our UX Solutions also have the ability to include advertising, and we typically share a portion of the advertising revenue from the service provider. We currently offer UX Solutions marketed to service providers under the TiVo, iGuide and Passport brands in the U.S., Canada and Latin America. Service providers generally pay us a monthly per subscriber fee to license our UX Solutions. We also offer UX Solutions to the CE industry under the G-GUIDE brand in Japan.

TiVo Service. The TiVo Service is our most advanced platform, offering a fully-integrated cloud-based solution that powers the TiVo Service client software that operates on STBs in consumer homes, as well as applications that operate on third party software platforms, such as iOS and Android, that power tablets, smartphones and mobile streaming devices. The solution

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supports multiple services and applications, such as linear TV programming, broadband OTT video content, digital music, photos and other media experiences. The cloud-based service manages interaction with the TiVo Service infrastructure, automatically connecting TiVo-enabled devices to provide program guide data, content recommendations, media promotion, advertising, broadband content and client software upgrades. We have enabled the TiVo Service client software to operate on STBs, such as those from CommScope Holding Company, Inc. and Technicolor SA, as well as, Android TVTM boxes and streamers from a variety of manufacturers, for deployment in MVPD networks. We also enable a full suite of cloud-based internet-protocol television ("IPTV") solutions, including internet protocol linear, VOD, start-over, catch-up and network DVR. We allow pay TV operators the flexibility to transition to IPTV while utilizing their current infrastructure to take advantage of internet video and OTT content. This solution allows the STB to operate as an ultra HD STB and a multi-room client STB. Over the past few years, the TiVo Service client software has undergone a significant refactoring. In addition to developing a new look and feel, our next generation TiVo Service platform integrates all of our most advanced technologies and solutions, including advanced cross-platform conversational voice search, personalized recommendations, predictions and insights, extensive video metadata, robust data collection and new back office capabilities, and allows our hardware partners' devices to connect with third-party consumer devices and services to enable existing and future functionality.

We also offer a direct-to-consumer retail TiVo Service in North America, to consumers who purchase TiVo DVRs and companion TiVo Mini whole-home devices. For our direct-to-consumer retail TiVo Service, consumers either pay us recurring service fees, or in some cases pay a one-time upfront fee for access to the TiVo Service for the life of the purchased TiVo DVR. We outsource the manufacturing and hardware designs to a strategic partner. The TiVo Service Platform includes a modular front-end that allows the basic platform to be used by hardware manufacturers to build STBs that support digital and analog broadcast, cable, internet TV, OTT and VOD services. We continue to advance the TiVo Service client software to operate across a variety of hardware platforms.

UX Business Operations and Technical Support. Our UX Business has technical support and certification operations to support our products:

Competition

Consumer Experience

The TiVo Stream competes against products with on-demand OTT streaming capabilities offered by internet CE manufacturers. For example, many CE manufacturers have television or internet-enabled streaming devices for accessing video over the internet such as Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, Google Chromecast, and Roku.

Metadata. In metadata, we compete with other providers of entertainment-related content metadata such as Gracenote (a subsidiary of Nielsen Holdings plc) and Ericsson Group's Red Bee Media, as well as a number of local metadata providers. While we do not believe that our competitors' metadata sets offer the same comprehensive breadth of focus on media exploration, discovery, and management in as many regions of the world as we do, they present competition to our metadata business for each of their areas of focus.

TV Audience Data. We collect and analyze audience research data in an area where companies such as comScore, Inc. and Nielsen Holdings plc and other online data analytics companies compete for research spend from advertisers, advertising agencies and television networks. Other large companies are also focusing resources in this area including Comcast, Facebook, Inc. and Alphabet, Inc.’s Google business. Many of our existing customers are investing in significant platforms to enable their businesses with these capabilities. We believe that there is a significant opportunity for us as an independent data and technology provider, with proprietary access to critical data assets associated with consumers’ engagement with entertainment media.

Audio and Imaging. Our audio and imaging licensing products face competition from other third-party providers of similar solutions as well as internal engineering and design groups among industry IC provider and consumer electronics manufacturers.

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In the audio market, our primary competitor is Dolby Laboratories, which develops and markets, among other things, high‑definition audio products and services. Dolby’s long‑standing market position, brand, business relationships, resources and inclusion in various industry standards provide it with a strong competitive position.

In addition to Dolby, we compete in specific product markets with companies such as Fraunhofer IIS and various other consumer electronics product manufacturers. Many of these competitors have a wide variety of strengths that afford them competitive advantages, such as longer operating histories, greater resources, greater name recognition, or the ability to offer their technologies for a lower price or for free.  We have historically competed effectively against these competitors due in part to our ability to position our brand as a premium offering that contains superior proprietary technology, the quality of our customer service, our inclusion in industry standards and our industry relationships.

Our image processing technologies broadly compete with other image processing software vendors such as ArcSoft, Inc., as well as engineering and design groups of mobile phone and digital camera manufacturers that seek to provide similar technologies by employing different approaches.

Connected Car

Our HD Radio and DTS AutoStage solutions face competition from subscription-based digital service providers such as Sirius/XM, Pandora, Gracenote, and other digital audio and data service providers.

Our in-cabin monitoring technologies broadly compete with other image processing software vendors targeting the automotive industry such as SmartEye and Seeing Machines, as well as engineering and design groups of tier one automotive suppliers that seek to provide similar technologies by employing different approaches with their internal teams.

Pay-TV

There are a number of companies that produce and market advanced media solutions such as UXs, IPGs, DVRs, search, recommendation, natural language voice, metadata, and advanced data and analytics in the various formats which compete, or we believe will compete, with our products and services over time. Principal competitive factors include brand recognition and awareness, product and service functionality, innovation, ease of use, personalization, content access and availability, mobility and pricing. While we are competitive across this range of factors, we believe our primary competitive differentiation includes our ability to integrate all of our products to create unique value to our customers and the depth and breadth of our IP portfolio.

Our Platform Solutions face competition from companies such as Synamedia, MediaKind, Kudelski, SA, MobiTV, Inc., Enghouse Systems Limited, and from multiple system operators (“MSOs”) developed solutions such as Comcast X1 and Liberty Global plc's Horizon Media, which have created competing products that provide user interface software for use on STBs and CE and mobile devices. Such companies may offer more economically attractive agreements to service providers and CE manufacturers by bundling multiple products together. Another common competitor we encounter for our Pay-TV product offerings is a customer who chooses to build its own IPG and DVR solution. While we believe that we provide a strong alternative to “do-it-yourself,” as we have innovative, high-quality products ready to be implemented, with local and network DVR, integrated data distribution infrastructure and content, as well as third party services (such as VOD services), certain customers have moved to their own internal solutions. We differentiate our products by continuing to integrate our broad portfolio of products into a suite of solutions and services for our customers. We believe our solutions can speed our customers' time to market, can be deployed at a lower cost than internally-built products, and can be superior to “do-it-yourself” products.

Over time, we expect to see new competitors and other competing technologies emerge.

IP Licensing Segment

The IP Licensing segment consists primarily of licensing our innovations to leading companies in the media and semiconductor industries. Licensing arrangements include access to one or more of our foundational patent portfolios and may also include access to some of our industry-leading technologies and proven know-how.

Strategy

We have adopted a proactive strategy designed to protect and extend our technology and intellectual property. We continue to grow our patent portfolios in size and relevance through ongoing investment in internal innovation, strategic management of our portfolios, and targeted acquisitions.  

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Media IP

For more than a quarter century, we have invented and developed fundamental innovations that have shaped how consumers find, watch, and enjoy video, and how providers of video deliver immersive experiences. Our patented inventions broadly

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cover all aspects of the video experience, including guidance, discovery, search, recommendations, DVR/NDVR, VOD, OTT, multi-screen, personalization, data analytics, advertising, and other interactive applications.

We license our media patent portfolios across multiple markets:

Semiconductor IP

Our semiconductor business has a long, well-established history of inventing, developing, and broadly licensing advanced semiconductor packaging, 3D integration, and related technologies. Our patented solutions are integrated into semiconductors that are deployed in billions of mobile, consumer, and computing electronic products. Leveraging the combination of our highly experienced technologists, scientists and engineers and our advanced research and development labs in San Jose, California and Raleigh, North Carolina, we continue to develop industry-leading 3D integration solutions such as hybrid bonding that meet the demand for enhanced performance, functionality, power and cost for a wide range of applications including 5G, IoT, and cloud and edge computing.

We innovate and license our semiconductor patent portfolios and technology solutions across multiple markets:

Competition

Due to the exclusionary nature of patent rights, we do not compete, in a traditional sense, with other patent holders for patent licensing relationships. Other patent holders do not have the same rights to the inventions and technologies encompassed by our patent portfolio. In any service, device or piece of equipment that contains intellectual property, the provider or manufacturer may need to obtain licenses from multiple holders of intellectual property. In licensing our patent portfolio, we compete with other patent holders for a share of the royalties that certain licensees may argue to be the total royalty that is supported by a certain service(s) or product(s), which may face practical limitations.

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We compete primarily with internal technology development groups within our respective technology licensing markets, who may create their own solutions that compete with technologies that we license. In general, there may be several ways to solve a particular technical problem and there can be no assurance that our inventions and approaches will be the ones generally adopted by the industry. We also compete with other companies in acquiring patent portfolios.

Protecting Our Investment

Although we are engaged with and have successfully licensed and transferred our technologies to many companies, some of the companies that use our patented technologies have nonetheless chosen not to enter into license agreements with us. Consequently, we have, at times, initiated litigation to enforce our IP rights and protect our investment. We view litigation as an instrument of last resort, and we use it only when our efforts to reach negotiated licenses have stalled or failed. If we are unable to secure license agreements on favorable terms through negotiations, or if licensees do not comply with the terms of their licenses, we might have to file new litigation to enforce our rights. See Part 1, Item 3-Legal Proceedings.

Intellectual Property Portfolio

We operate in an industry in which innovation, investment in new ideas and protection of our intellectual property rights are critical for success. We protect our innovations and inventions through a variety of means, including but not limited to applying for patent protection domestically and internationally.

As of December 31, 2020, we held approximately 4,615 United States issued patents and 1,235 patent applications, as well as approximately 4,000 foreign issued patents and 1,650 patent applications. The last of the issued patents to expire is in 2039.

From time to time, we acquire complementary IP portfolios. Our criteria for patent acquisitions include: compatibility with our existing portfolios, the number and jurisdiction of patent assets, the technical and legal strength of the patents, the actual or likely adoption by industry, and the economic value of the inventions. See Part I, Item 1A- Risk Factors.

Research & Development

As demonstrated by our portfolio of industry recognized, widely-deployed advanced technologies and intellectual property (IP), we have a long track record of innovating in the fields of audio, imaging, video discovery, and semiconductors. We believe that ongoing investment in R&D is required for us to remain competitive in the markets we serve.

Today, we have a collection of world-class talent and strong research and development capabilities in various locations throughout the world. Starting with core research, machine learning and advanced algorithm development we continue to focus on IP development and next generation technology solutions. Our ongoing investment in R&D supported by a strong industry network of partners enables us to deliver differentiated, cost effective solutions that enhance the end user experience for an ever-larger universe of addressable markets.

Customer Concentration

The following table sets forth revenue generated from customers comprising 10% or more of total revenue for the periods indicated:

* denotes less than 10% of total revenue.

(1) Primarily related to revenue for past royalties recorded in the IP Licensing segment in the fourth quarter of 2020. We expect to recognize revenue related to this license agreement into 2031. For details, refer to “Note 4 – Revenue” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Legislative and Regulatory Actions

A number of government and legislative initiatives have been enacted to encourage development and implementation of technologies that protect the rights and intellectual property of the content owners. For example, the U.S. and other countries have adopted certain laws, including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 ("DMCA") and the European Copyright Directive, which are aimed at the prevention of piracy of content and the manufacture and sale of products that circumvent copy protection technologies, such as those covered by our patents.

Compatibility Between Cable Systems and CE Equipment

The Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) has been working for over a decade to implement a congressional mandate to create a competitive market for cable television STBs and other devices to access video programming on cable systems (“navigation devices”) and give consumers a choice in the devices used to access such programming, while still allowing the cable systems to have control over the secured access to their systems.

To meet its statutory obligation without compromising the security of video services, the FCC required cable systems to make available a security element (now known as a CableCARD) separate from the basic navigation device needed to access video program channels. In 2003, the FCC adopted regulations implementing an agreement between cable television system operators and CE manufacturers to facilitate the retail availability of so-called “plug and play” devices that utilize unidirectional CableCARDs, including digital televisions and other digital devices that enable subscribers to access cable television programming without the need for a STB (but without the ability for consumers to use interactive content). In September 2020, the FCC eliminated rules requiring cable providers to support CableCARD. While the cable industry has continued to provide CableCARDs for third-party devices like ours, we cannot predict the ultimate impact of any new technical equipment regulations on our business and operations. Current FCC regulations no longer prohibit multi-channel video service providers from deploying navigation devices with combined security and non-security functions, further developments with respect to these issues could impact the availability and/or demand for “plug and play” devices, particularly bi-directional devices and STBs, all of which could affect demand for UXs incorporated in STBs or CE devices.

General Government Regulation

We are subject to a number of foreign and domestic laws and regulations that affect companies that import or export software and technology, including encryption technology, such as the U.S. export control regulations as administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

We are also subject to a number of foreign and domestic laws that affect companies conducting business on the internet. In addition, because of the increasing popularity of the internet and the growth of online services, laws relating to user privacy, freedom of expression, content, advertising, accessibility, network neutrality, information security and intellectual property rights are being debated and considered for adoption by many countries throughout the world. Each jurisdiction may enact different standards, which could impact our ability to deliver data, services or other solutions through the internet.

We are subject to international laws (including the General Data Protection Regulation) associated with data protection, privacy, and other aspects of our business in Europe and elsewhere and the interpretation and application of data protection laws remains uncertain. In addition, because our services are accessible worldwide, foreign jurisdictions may claim that we are required to comply with their laws. Further, the application of existing laws regulating or requiring licenses for certain businesses of our advertisers can be unclear. The resulting regulation, if any, may alter our ability to target advertising or provide data about the end-users and/or customers and their behavior.

Additionally, the privacy regulatory landscape in the U.S. changes rapidly and we may become subject to new privacy or cybersecurity regulations. Such laws and regulations could affect our ability to process personal data (in particular, our ability to use certain data for purposes such as risk or fraud avoidance, marketing or advertising), our ability to control our costs by using certain vendors or service providers or our ability to offer certain services in certain jurisdictions. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, became effective on January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates new individual privacy rights for consumers (as that word is broadly defined in the law) and places increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling personal data of consumers or households. The CCPA requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers, provide such consumers new ways to opt-out of certain sales of personal information and allows for a new cause of action for data breaches. It is unclear how the CCPA will be interpreted, but as currently written, it will likely impact our business activities and exemplifies the vulnerability of our business to not only cyber threats but also the evolving regulatory environment related to personal data.

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In the U.S., service providers have been subject to claims of defamation, libel, invasion of privacy and other data protection claims, torts, unlawful activity, copyright or trademark infringement, or other theories based on the nature and content of the materials searched and the ads posted or the content generated by users. In addition, several other federal laws could have an impact on our business. For example, the DMCA has provisions that limit, but do not eliminate, our liability for hosting or linking to third-party websites that include materials that infringe copyrights or other rights, so long as we comply with the statutory requirements of this act. The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act restricts the ability of service providers to collect information from minors and the Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act of 1998 requires service providers to report evidence of violations of federal child pornography laws under certain circumstances.

Human Capital Resources

The opportunities for our success and growth depend in large part on our ability to attract, develop, and retain a talented and engaged workforce. In particular, we are competing for technical talent and we need to offer not only robust and attractive compensation packages but also provide broad opportunities for our employees to make an impact, grow, and develop. As of December 31, 2020, we had a global talent base consisting of approximately 1,850 full-time employees.

To enable our talent to actively contribute to, and have a positive impact on, the overall business and culture, we developed and maintain a set of programs and initiatives. These programs include competitive compensation and benefits offerings, skill and management development, diversity and inclusion initiatives, goal and performance management, and succession planning. In support of these efforts, our Board of Directors monitors these programs and initiatives and provides guidance and feedback as appropriate. Our goal is to provide a work environment that empowers our teams and enables them to enjoy a healthy and productive work-life balance for themselves, their families, and our community.

Our incentives are based on merits, and we have a strong pay-for-performance culture. We benchmark our total rewards annually to ensure our compensation and benefit programs remain competitive with industry peers. Our compensation framework for employees reflects a combination of fixed and variable pay including base salary, bonuses, performance awards, and stock-based compensation. We offer employees benefits that vary by country and are designed to meet or exceed local laws and are competitive in the marketplace.

We invest in the career growth of our employees by providing a wide range of development opportunities, including face-to-face, virtual, social and self-directed learning, mentoring, coaching, and external development. Annual assessments are performed to identify talent needs based on department goals and to evaluate how each function is positioned from a talent perspective. We believe in the principles of a learning organization and strive to provide continuous educational opportunities for our employees. In 2020, we invested in a global online learning platform. More than 200 courses and programs have been created, offering a wide range of skill development opportunities for employees to become more knowledgeable and effective in their roles. Additionally, we also offer customized leadership and management development programs for our management teams.

We leverage our manager ecosystem, coupled with industry-standard performance management tools, to align corporate goals with employee objectives. Employees are encouraged to create and align individual, functional and team-based goals, track performance against goals, write self-evaluations, and solicit feedback.

We have demonstrated support and commitment to developing a culture of non-discrimination and embracing diversity and inclusion throughout our workforce.  Our current employee resource groups represent the LGBTQ+ community, the black community, women, and veterans.  We also have formed a Diversity and Inclusion council comprised of all levels of employees and senior executives. The purpose of the council is, among other things, to identify and address issues of diversity and inclusion through multiple and unique perspectives from a diverse group of our employees. In June 2020, we joined the business coalition in support of the Equality Act, a measure that supports federal legislation that would provide the same basic protections to LGBTQ+ people as are provided to other protected groups under federal law. Additionally, we comply fully with California’s board diversity legislation that requires a minimum number of female directors and directors from underrepresented communities.

We measure employee experience by collecting insight and understanding of engagement and satisfaction. We use an employee engagement survey, executive roundtables, and employee focus groups to solicit input. Task forces are regularly created to identify and address gaps which result in changes to policies and practices and benefits offerings. A recent survey to assess employee well-being during the initial working-from-home period related to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the payment of working-from-home stipend to employees which covered certain costs associated with setting up home offices.

During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we have focused on the health, safety, and well-being of our employees. We have:

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None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement or are represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any organized work stoppages, and we consider the relationships with our employees to be positive.

Available Information

Our Internet address is www.xperi.com, where we make available, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Our SEC reports can be accessed through the investor relations section of our website. The information found on our website is not incorporated into this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below, that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and the trading price of our common stock. Any of the following risks and uncertainties may be exacerbated by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and related events.

Risk Factor Summary

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Risks Relating to Integration of the Combined Company and Planned Separation of the IP and Product Businesses

We may not be able to complete the contemplated business separation in a timely manner or at all, and even if such separation occurs, we may not achieve the expected benefits (including the tax treatment) of such transaction.

As previously disclosed, we intend to pursue a separation of our product business and IP licensing business through a tax-efficient transaction, resulting in two independent, publicly traded companies.  We are currently in the planning stage for such separation and are evaluating the optimal timing of the contemplated business separation.  We currently project that the separation will not be completed earlier than the first half of 2022. In the event that our board decides to proceed with any contemplated business separation transaction, we currently anticipate that such contemplated business separation transaction, if undertaken, would be achieved through a pro-rata spin-off transaction intended to qualify as tax-free under Section 355 of the Code, in which our stockholders, at such time, would receive shares of capital stock in the resulting spun-off company. Our board may ultimately determine to abandon any contemplated business separation transaction, and such determination could have an adverse impact on the value of our company. Additionally, there are many determinations with respect to undertaking a contemplated business separation that, by their nature, cannot be determined until we fully understand our combined business operations, including definitive determinations with regard to the capital structure of the two businesses and allocation of liabilities among them.  As such, there are many factors that could impact the structure or timing of, the anticipated benefits from, or determination to ultimately proceed with, any contemplated business separation, including, among others, global and regional economic conditions, instability in credit markets, declining consumer and business confidence, fluctuating commodity prices and interest rates, volatile exchange rates, tax considerations, and other challenges that could affect the global economy, specific market conditions in one or more of the industries of the businesses proposed to be separated, and changes in the regulatory or legal environment. Such changes could adversely impact the value of a contemplated business separation transaction to the combined company’s stockholders. Additionally, to the extent our board determines to proceed with any contemplated business separation, the consummation of such transaction is a complex, costly and time-consuming process, and there can be no guarantee that such separation will be completed in accordance with the timeline that we establish or achieve the intended benefits (including the tax treatment). An inability to realize the full extent of the anticipated benefits (including the tax treatment) of any contemplated business separation, as well as any delays encountered in the process, could have an adverse effect upon the revenue, level of expenses and operating results of the product business, the IP licensing business and/or the combined company.

We may not be able to successfully integrate and combine the businesses of Xperi Corporation and TiVo Corporation and we may not realize the anticipated benefits from the Mergers.

On June 1, 2020, we completed the previously announced Mergers between Xperi Corporation (“Xperi”) and TiVo Corporation (“TiVo”) as contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of December 18, 2019, as amended on January 31, 2020, by and among us, Xperi, TiVo and other parties thereto.  The integration and combination of the separate operations of the combined businesses is a complex and time-consuming process that has required and may continue to require substantial resources and effort.  We may face significant challenges in completing the consolidation of our combined operations, integrating technologies, procedures, and policies, as well as addressing the different corporate cultures. If we are not successfully integrated, the anticipated benefits of the Mergers may not be realized fully (or at all) or may take longer to realize than expected.

We must successfully combine the businesses of Xperi and TiVo in a manner that permits expected synergies to be realized.  In addition, we must achieve the anticipated synergies in a timely manner and without adversely affecting current revenue and investments in future growth. If we are not able to successfully achieve these objectives (including in a manner that does not negatively affect any contemplated business separation), the anticipated benefits of the Mergers may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected.  We may face significant challenges in implementing such integration, including without limitation:

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Some of these factors will be outside of our control and any one of them could result in increased costs and diversion of management’s time and energy, as well as decreases in the amount of expected revenue which could materially impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. The integration process and other disruptions resulting from the Mergers may also adversely affect our relationships with employees, suppliers, customers, distributors, licensors and others, and difficulties in integrating the separate businesses or regulatory functions could harm the reputation of the combined company.  In addition, we may not be able to persuade markets to adopt new products or technologies developed as a result of the integration, which may cause a decline of our revenue.  If we are not able to adequately address integration challenges, we may be unable to successfully complete the integration of our operations, effect any contemplated business separation or realize the anticipated benefits of the Mergers.

We have incurred and will incur significant costs in connection with the integration of the combined company.

We are in the process of integrating a large number of processes, policies, procedures, operations, technologies and systems in connection with the consummation of the Mergers. While we have assumed that a certain level of expenses would be incurred in connection with the Mergers and post-merger activities, there are many factors beyond our control that could affect the total amount of, or the timing of, anticipated expenses with respect to the integration and implementation of the combined businesses, which may exceed the level of expenses that we have anticipated.

Our future results will suffer if we do not effectively manage our expanded operations following the Mergers.

Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to manage our expanded business as a result of the Mergers, which may pose substantial challenges for management, including but not limited to, challenges related to the management and monitoring of a greater volume and variety of operations, expanded managerial systems and financial controls and associated increased costs and complexity.  We may also face significant challenges in the ongoing training and managing the combined employee base and meeting demand and quality standards required by existing and potential customers.  There can be no assurance that the combined company will be successful or that it will realize the expected operating efficiencies, cost savings, revenue enhancements and other benefits that we anticipated from the Mergers.

We may not be able to rationalize and effectively manage our disparate business operations, which may cause us to dispose of or discontinue product lines, technologies, assets or operations if they do not fit into the strategic vision or meet forecasted results.

While we believe that the product and IP licensing businesses of the combined company after the Mergers are complementary and create significant synergy, our future efforts to rationalize the disparate business operations could require our management to refocus on certain business operations while disinvesting in others. We have been integrating the respective product and licensing businesses and operating them as separate business units in order to facilitate a potential separation of these units at a later date.  Additionally, as business strategy and product markets continue to evolve, we may dispose, discontinue, or divest product lines or business divisions. Disposing or discontinuing existing product lines or business divisions, or separating business units, provides no assurance that operating expenses will be reduced or will not cause us to incur material charges associated with such decision. Furthermore, the disposition or discontinuance of an existing product line or business division, or separation or spinoff of a business unit, entails various risks, including the risk of not being able to obtain a purchaser, or, if obtained, that the purchase price may not be equal to at least the net asset book value for the product line or business unit, or the value that investors place on it as reflected by our stock price.  We may not be able to achieve any separation of our product and licensing businesses despite our current consideration of such a separation. Other risks of such actions include adversely affecting employee morale, managing the expectations of, and maintaining good relations with, customers of disposed or discontinued product lines or business divisions, which could prevent selling other products to them. We may also incur other

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significant liabilities and costs associated with disposal or discontinuance of product lines or business divisions, or separation of business units, including employee severance costs, relocation expenses, and impairment of lease obligations and long-lived assets. The effects of such actions may adversely impact our business operations and financial results.

Risks Relating to Our Business Operations

Our business and results of operations have been, and are expected to continue to be, impacted by the global COVID-19 pandemic.

Our business and results of operations have been adversely affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic and related events and we expect its impact to continue.  Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the circumstances, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our businesses, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to address its adverse impacts fully or effectively.  The impact to date has included periods of significant volatility in various markets and industries. The volatility has had, and we anticipate it will continue to have, an adverse effect on our customers and on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and may result in an impairment of our long-lived assets, including goodwill, increased credit losses and impairments of investments in other companies. In particular, the automotive market, as well as the broad consumer electronics industries, have been and we anticipate will continue to be impacted by the pandemic and/or other events beyond our control, and further volatility could have an additional negative impact on these industries, customers, and our business. For example, we experienced an approximately 15% decline in our royalty revenue in 2020 from our products sold to the automotive market, such as HD Radio, as compared to the prior year, and currently expect automotive royalties will remain below previous levels for at least the near-term.  In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and to a lesser extent, U.S. restrictions on trade with certain Chinese customers have and may continue to impact the financial conditions of our customers, who may not be able to satisfy their obligations under our agreements timely or at all.  For example, we recorded provisions for credit losses of approximately $2.0 million and $4.3 million in the first and fourth quarters of 2020, respectively, due to the heightened risk of nonpayment on existing accounts receivable as a result of the impaired financial condition and liquidity positions of certain of our customers.

In addition, actions by United States federal, state and foreign governments to address the COVID-19 pandemic, including travel bans, stay-at-home orders and school, business and entertainment venue closures, also had a significant adverse effect on the markets in which we conduct our businesses.  COVID-19 poses the risk that our workforce, suppliers, and other partners may be prevented from conducting normal business activities for an indefinite period of time, including due to shutdowns or stay-at-home orders that may be requested or mandated by governmental authorities.  We also implemented policies to allow our employees to work remotely as a result of the pandemic as we reviewed processes related to workplace safety, including social distancing and sanitation practices recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic could also cause delays in obtaining new customers and executing renewals and could also impact our business as consumer behavior changes in response to the slowed economic conditions.  Furthermore, our integration effort following the Mergers may be delayed or interrupted due to the operational challenges and various restrictions and limitations imposed on us as result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may adversely affect the success of the integration and anticipated benefits of the Mergers.

The extent of impacts resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and other events beyond our control will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the pandemic, actions taken to contain the coronavirus or its impact, the emergence of transmissible or severe strains of coronavirus, the speed at which recently authorized vaccines are administered and the effectiveness of these vaccines in slowing the pandemic, and divergent government orders and actions taken in response to the pandemic, among others. Even after the pandemic has subsided and economic activities gradually reopen and increase, we may continue to experience material and adverse impacts to our business, operating results, and financial condition as a result of the pandemic’s lasting global economic impact, including any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future. The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our applicable business, operations or the global economy.

We enter into license agreements that have fixed expiration dates and if, upon expiration or termination, we are unable to renew or replace such license agreements on terms favorable to us, our results of operations could be harmed.

We enter into license agreements that have fixed expiration dates. Upon expiration of such agreements we need to renew or replace these agreements in order to maintain our royalty base. If we are unable to replace the royalties from an expiring license, either through a renewal or with similar royalties from other customers, our results of operations could be adversely impacted as compared to periods prior to such expiration.

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Furthermore, we may not be able to continue licensing customers on terms favorable to us, under the existing terms or at all, which would harm our results of operations. While we have expanded our licensable technology portfolio through internal development and patents purchased from third parties, there is no guarantee that these measures will lead to continued royalties. If we fail to continue to do business with our current licensees, our business would be materially adversely affected.

The nature of some of our business relationships may restrict our ability to operate freely in the future and could be interpreted in a manner that adversely affects revenues, including from licensing, under those agreements.

From time to time, we have engaged and may engage in the future in discussions with other parties concerning business relationships, which have included and may in the future include exclusivity provisions (such as geographic or product specific limitations), most favored customer limitations, and patent licensing arrangements. While we believe that such business relationships have historically enhanced our ability to finance and develop our business model or otherwise were justified by the terms of the particular relationship, the terms and conditions of such business relationships may place some restrictions on the operation of our business, including where we operate, who we work with, and what kinds of activities we may engage in, in the future. Additionally, some of our license agreements contain "most favored nation" clauses. These clauses typically provide that if we enter into an agreement with another licensee on more favorable terms, we must offer some of those terms to our existing licensees. We have entered into a number of license agreements with terms that differ in some respects from those contained in other agreements. These agreements may obligate us to provide different, more favorable, terms to licensees, which could, if applied, result in lower revenues or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. While we believe that we have appropriately complied with the most favored nation terms included in our license agreements, these contracts are complex and other parties could reach a different conclusion that, if enforced, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

The success of our IP licensing business is dependent on the quality of our patent assets and our ability to create and implement new technologies or expand our licensable technology through acquisitions.

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from patent licenses and royalties, including structured settlement payments. The success of our patent licensing business depends on our ability to continue to develop and acquire high quality patents. We devote significant resources to developing new technologies and to developing and acquiring patents to address the evolving needs of the media and semiconductor industries, and we must continue to do so in the future to remain competitive. Developments in our technologies are inherently complex and require long development cycles and a substantial investment before we can determine their commercial viability. Moreover, competition for acquiring high quality patents is intense and there is no assurance that we can continue to acquire such patents on favorable terms. We may not be able to develop and market new or improved technologies, or to develop or acquire high quality patents, in a timely or commercially acceptable fashion. Furthermore, our patents will expire in the future. Our current U.S. issued patents expire at various times through 2039. We need to develop or acquire successful innovations and obtain royalty-generating patents on those innovations before our current patents expire, and our failure to do so would significantly harm our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

The structure and timing of our license and settlement agreements may cause fluctuations in our quarterly or annual financial results.

From time to time we enter into license and settlement agreements that include pricing or payment terms that result in quarter-to-quarter or year-over-year fluctuations in our revenue and cash flows. The effect of these terms may also cause our aggregate annual revenue to grow less rapidly than annual growth in the applicable end market. Additionally, our customers may fail to pay, delay payment of or underpay what they owe to us under our license and settlement agreements, which may in turn require us to enforce our contractual rights through legal proceedings, resulting in payment amounts and timing different than expected based on the terms of our license and settlement agreements. This also may cause our revenue and cash flows to fluctuate on a quarter-to-quarter or year-over-year basis.

Some of our Semiconductor IP license agreements may convert to fully paid-up licenses at the expiration of their terms, or upon certain milestones, and we may not receive royalties after that time.

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From time to time we enter into Semiconductor IP license agreements that automatically convert to fully paid-up licenses upon expiration or upon reaching certain milestones. We may not receive further royalties from customers for any licensed technology under those agreements if they convert to fully paid-up licenses because such customers will be entitled to continue using some, if not all, of the relevant intellectual property or technology under the terms of the license agreements without further payment, even if relevant patents or technologies are still in effect. If we cannot find another source of royalties to replace the royalties from these license agreements converting to fully paid-up licenses, our results of operations following such conversion would be materially adversely affected.

The long-term success of our business is dependent on a royalty-based business model, which is inherently risky.

The long-term success of our business is dependent on future royalties paid to us by customers. Royalty payments under our licenses may be based upon, among other things, the number of subscribers for pay-TV, a percent of net sales, a per-unit sold basis or a fixed quarterly or annual amount. We are dependent upon our ability to structure, negotiate and enforce agreements for the determination and payment of royalties, as well as upon our customers’ compliance with their agreements. We face risks inherent in a royalty-based business model, many of which are outside of our control, such as the following:

For example, the ability to enjoy digital entertainment content downloaded or streamed over the internet has caused some consumers to elect to cancel their pay-TV subscriptions. If our pay-TV customers are unable to maintain their subscriber bases, the royalties they owe us may decline.

Our licensees may delay, refuse to or be unable to make payments to us due to financial difficulties or otherwise, or shift their licensed products to other companies to lower their royalties to us.

A number of our customers may face severe financial difficulties from time to time, which may result in their inability to make payments to us in a timely manner, or at all. These risks may be heightened by operating and cash flow disruptions these companies face as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we have had a history of, and we may in the future experience, customers that delay or refuse to make payments owed to us under license or settlement agreements. Our customers may also merge with or may shift the manufacture of licensed products to companies that are not currently licensees of our technology. This could make the collection process complex and difficult, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

It is difficult for us to verify royalty amounts owed to us under our licensing agreements, and this may cause us to lose revenue.

The terms of our license agreements often require our customers to document their use of our technology and report related data to us on a quarterly basis. Although our license terms generally give us the right to audit books and records of our customers to verify this information, audits can be expensive, time consuming, and may not be cost justified based on our understanding of our customers’ businesses, especially given the international nature of our customers. Our license compliance program audits certain customers to review the accuracy of the information contained in their royalty reports in an effort to decrease the likelihood that we will not receive the royalty to which we are entitled under the terms of our license agreements, but we cannot give assurances that such audits will be effective to that end.

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If we fail to develop and timely deliver innovative technologies and services in response to changes in our markets and industries, our business could decline.

The markets for our products, services and technologies are characterized by rapid change and technological evolution and obsolescence, new and improved product introduction, changing consumer demand, increasingly competitive landscape, and evolving industry standards. We will need to continue to expend considerable resources on research and development in the future in order to continue to design, deliver and enhance innovative audio, imaging, media, entertainment, and semiconductor products, services and technologies.  The development of enhanced and new technologies, products, and services is a complex, costly and uncertain process requiring high levels of innovation, highly skilled engineering and development personnel, and the accurate anticipation of technological and market trends. Despite our efforts, we:

Furthermore, the decision by a party dominant in the value chain to provide competing technologies at very low or no cost could cause our customers and other manufacturers not to utilize our technologies or services. Our customers may choose to use technologies that their own in-house engineering teams have developed, or in which they have an interest. Accordingly, our revenue could decline if our customers choose not to incorporate our technologies in their products, or if they sell fewer products incorporating our technologies. Our failure to successfully develop new and improved products, services and technologies, including as a result of any of the risks described above, may reduce our future growth and profitability and may adversely affect our business, results and financial condition.

Our products and services face intense competition from various sources, and we may not be able to compete effectively.

We expect that our technologies will continue to compete with technologies of internal design groups at competing companies or from our customers. The internal design groups of these companies create their own audio, imaging, media and semiconductor solutions. If these internal design groups design around our patents or introduce unique solutions superior to our technology, they may not need to license our technology. These groups may design technology that is less expensive to implement or that enables products with higher performance or additional features. Many of these groups have substantially greater resources, greater financial strength and lower cost structures which may allow them to undercut our price. They also have the inherent advantage of access to internal corporate strategies, technology roadmaps and technical information. As a result, they may be able to bring alternative solutions to market more easily and quickly. We face competitive risks across all our businesses, including:

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In the future, our licensed technologies may also compete with other emerging technologies that may be less expensive and provide higher performance than our solutions. Companies with these competing technologies may also have greater resources. Technological change could render our technologies obsolete, and new, competitive technologies could emerge that achieve broad adoption and adversely affect the use of our technologies and intellectual property.

Some of our current or future competitors may have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do, may enjoy greater brand recognition than we do, or may have more experience or advantages than we have in the markets in which they compete. Further, many of the consumer hardware and software products that include our technologies also include technologies developed by our competitors. As a result, we must continue to invest significant resources in product development in order to enhance our technologies and our existing products and services and introduce new high-quality technologies, products and services to meet the wide variety of such competitive pressures. Our ability to generate revenue from our business will suffer if we fail to do so successfully.

We face competitive risks in the provision of entertainment offerings involving the distribution of digital content provided by third party application providers through broadband.

We have previously launched access in certain of our products and services to the entertainment offerings of Amazon Prime Video, Netflix, Hulu Plus, HBO Max, Disney+, VUDU, Pandora, and others for the distribution of digital content directly to broadband-connected TiVo devices. These entertainment offerings typically involve no significant long-term commitments. We face competitive, technological and business risks in our ongoing provision of entertainments offering involving the distribution of digital content through broadband to consumer televisions with such offerings, including the availability of premium and high-definition content, as well as the speed and quality of the delivery of such content to TiVo devices. For instance, we face increased competition from a growing number of broadband-enabled devices from providers such as Roku, AppleTV, Amazon Prime Video and Chromecast that provide broadband delivered digital content directly to a consumer's television connected to such a device. Additionally, we face competition from online content providers and other PC software providers who deliver digital content directly to a consumer's personal computer, which in some cases may then be viewed on a consumer's television. If we are unable to provide a competitive entertainment offering on our own, or an equivalent offering with other third parties, the attractiveness of the TiVo service to new subscribers would be harmed as consumers increasingly look for new ways to receive and view digital content and our ability to retain and attract subscribers would be harmed.

Our future success depends on our ability to establish and maintain licensing relationships with companies in related business fields, including:

Substantially all of our license agreements are non-exclusive, and therefore our licensees are free to enter into similar agreements with third parties, including our competitors. Our licensees may develop or pursue alternative technologies either on their own or in collaboration with others, including our competitors.

Some of our third-party license arrangements require that we license others' technologies and/or integrate our solutions with others. In addition, we rely on third parties to report usage and volume information to us. Delays, errors or omissions in this information could harm our business. If these third parties choose not to support integration efforts or delay the integration of our solutions, our business could be harmed.

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Relationships have historically played an important role in the entertainment industries that we serve. If we fail to maintain and strengthen these relationships, these industry participants may not purchase and use our technologies or facilitate the adoption of our technologies, which will harm our results of operations and prospects and may make it more difficult for us to enter into new markets. In addition, if major industry participants form strategic relationships that exclude us, our business and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

Our pursuit of acquisitions and divestures may adversely affect our business operations or stock price if we cannot successfully execute our strategies.

We have made several acquisitions, domestically and internationally, and it is our current plan to continue to acquire assets, patents, technologies or companies that we believe are strategic to our future business. Acquisitions involve challenges in terms of successful integration of technologies, products, services and employees.

If our growth continues, it may place a significant strain on our management team and on our operational and financial systems, procedures, and controls. Our future success will depend, in part, upon the ability of our management team to manage any growth effectively, requiring our management to:

We may not realize the anticipated benefits of the other acquisitions we may complete in the future, and we may not be able to incorporate any acquired services, products or technologies with our existing operations, or integrate personnel from the acquired businesses, in which case our business could be harmed.

Financing for future acquisitions, may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we use our equity securities to fund the acquisition, it may result in significant dilution to our existing stockholders.  If we identify an appropriate acquisition candidate for any of our businesses, we may not be able to negotiate the terms of the acquisition successfully, finance the acquisition or integrate the acquired business, products, service offerings, technologies or employees into our existing business and operations. Future acquisitions and divestitures may not be well-received by the investment community, which may cause the value of our stock to fall. We cannot ensure that we will be able to successfully complete any acquisition or divestiture in the future. Further, the terms of our indebtedness constrain our ability to make and finance additional acquisitions or divestitures.

If we are unable to maintain a sufficient amount of content released in the DTS audio format, demand for the technologies, products, and services that we offer to consumer electronics product manufacturers may significantly decline, which would adversely impact our business and prospects.

We expect to derive a significant percentage of our revenue from the technologies, products, and services that we offer to manufacturers of consumer electronics products. We believe that demand for our audio technologies in growing markets for multi-channel and/or high resolution audio, including TVs, tablets, mobile phones, video game consoles, automobiles, and soundbars, will be based on the amount, quality, and popularity of content (such as movies, TV shows, music, and games) either released in the DTS audio format or capable of being coded and played in the DTS format. In particular, our ability to penetrate the growing markets in the network-connected space depends on the presence of streaming and downloadable content released in the DTS audio format. We generally do not have contracts that require providers of streaming and downloadable content to develop and release such content in a DTS audio format. Accordingly, our revenue could decline if these providers elect not to incorporate DTS audio into their content or if they sell less content that incorporates DTS audio.

In addition, we may not be successful in maintaining existing relationships or developing new relationships with other existing or new content providers. As a result, we cannot assure you that a sufficient amount of content will be released in a DTS audio format to ensure that manufacturers continue offering DTS decoders in the consumer electronics products that they sell.

Demand for our HD Radio technology may be insufficient to sustain projected growth.

Demand for and adoption of HD Radio technology may not be sufficient for us to continue to increase the number of customers of our HD Radio system, which include IC manufacturers, manufacturers of broadcast transmission equipment, consumer electronics products manufacturers, component manufacturers, data service providers, manufacturers of specialized and test equipment and radio broadcasters.

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Among other things, continuing and increased consumer acceptance of HD Radio technology will depend upon:

Demand for HD Radio also may be impacted by declines in the automotive industry which historically has been cyclical and experienced downturns during declining economic conditions, and which is currently experiencing declines as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and related events.

If demand for HD Radio technology does not recover from the decline experienced in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and related events and return to the growth trends experienced in prior years, we may experience sustained reductions in our automotive based royalties and not meet the future growth that is currently projected.

If we are unable to further penetrate the streaming and downloadable content delivery markets and adapt our technologies for those markets, our royalties and ability to grow our business could be adversely impacted.

Prior to the advent of streaming and downloadable content services, video and audio content was purchased and consumed primarily via optical disc-based media. The growth of the internet and network-connected device usage, along with the rapid advancement of online and mobile content delivery, has resulted in download and streaming services becoming mainstream with consumers in various parts of the world. We expect the shift away from optical disc-based media to streaming and downloadable content consumption to continue. If we fail to continue to further penetrate the streaming and downloadable content delivery market, our business could suffer.

The services that provide content from the internet are not generally governed by international or national standards and are thus free to choose any media format(s) to deliver their products and services. This freedom of choice on the part of online content providers could limit our ability to grow if such content providers do not incorporate our technologies into their services, which could affect demand for our technologies.

Furthermore, our inclusion in mobile and other network-connected devices may be less profitable for us than optical disc players. The online and mobile markets are characterized by intense competition, evolving industry standards and business and distribution models, disruptive software and hardware technology developments, frequent new product and service introductions, short product and service life cycles, and price sensitivity on the part of consumers, all of which may result in downward pressure on pricing. If we are unable to adequately and timely respond to the foregoing, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

The success of certain of our solutions depends on the interoperability of our technologies with consumer hardware devices.

To be successful, we design certain of our solutions to interoperate effectively with a variety of consumer hardware devices, including personal computers, DVD players and recorders, Blu-ray players, digital still cameras, digital camcorders, portable media players, digital TVs, home media centers, set-top boxes, video game consoles, MP3 devices, multi-media storage devices, mobile tablets and smartphones. We depend on significant cooperation with manufacturers of these devices and the components integrated into these devices, as well as software providers that create the operating systems for such devices, to incorporate certain of our technologies into their product offerings and ensure consistent playback of encoded files. Currently, a limited number of devices are designed to support certain of our technologies. If we are unsuccessful in causing component manufacturers, device manufacturers and software providers to integrate certain of our technologies into their product offerings, those technologies may become less accessible to consumers, which would adversely affect our revenue potential.

Our failure to adequately manage our increasingly complex distribution agreements, including licensing, development and engineering services, may cause unexpected delays and loss of revenue in the deployment of advanced television solutions.

In connection with our deployment arrangements for TiVo products, we engage in complex licensing, development and engineering services arrangements with our marketing partners and distributors. These deployment agreements with television service providers usually provide for some or all of the following deliverables: software engineering services, solution integration services, hosting the TiVo Service, maintenance and support. In general, these contracts are long-term and complex and often rely on the timely performance of such television service provider's third-party vendors that are outside TiVo's control. The engineering services and technology we agree to provide and/or develop may be essential to the functionality of the licensed software and delivered product or such software may involve significant customization and modification for each

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customer. We have experienced in the past, and may in the future experience, delays in delivery with television service providers as well as significant increases in expected costs of development and performance in certain instances. Additional delays could lead to additional costs and adverse accounting treatments forcing us to recognize costs earlier than expected. If we are unable to deliver the contracted-for technology, including specified customizations and modifications, and services in a timely manner or at all, then we could face penalties in the form of unreimbursed engineering development work, loss of subscriber or minimum financial commitments on the part of our partners or in extreme cases the early termination of such distribution agreements. In any such case our business would be harmed.

In addition, when we enter into such deployment agreements with television service providers, we are typically required to make cost estimates based on historical experience and various other assumptions. These estimates are assessed continually during the term of the contract and revisions are reflected when the conditions become known. Using different cost estimates related to engineering services may produce materially different operating results, in addition to differences in timing and income statement classification of related expenses and revenue. An unfavorable change in estimates could result in a reduction of profit due to higher cost or the recording of a loss once such a loss becomes known to us that would be borne solely by us. We also recognize revenue for software engineering services using the percentage-of-completion method. We recognize revenue by measuring progress toward completion based on the ratio of costs incurred, principally labor, to total estimated costs of the project, an input method. If we are unable to properly measure and estimate our progress toward completion in such circumstances, we could incur unexpected additional costs, be required to recognize certain costs earlier than expected, or otherwise be required to delay recognition of revenue unexpectedly. A material inability to properly manage, estimate and perform these development and engineering services for our television service provider customers could cause us to incur unexpected losses and reduce or even eliminate any profit from these arrangements, and in such a case our business would be harmed.

We make significant investments in new products and services that may not achieve technological feasibility or profitability or that may limit our growth.

We have made and will continue to make significant investments in research, development, and marketing of new technologies, products and services, including audio, imaging, media, advanced semiconductor packaging, bonding, and interconnect technologies, as well as our Perceive subsidiary and its hardware and software solutions for high-performance inference at the edge. Investments in new technologies are speculative and technological feasibility may not be achieved. Commercial success depends on many factors including demand for innovative technology, availability of materials and equipment, selling price the market is willing to bear, competition and effective licensing or product sales. We may not achieve significant revenue from new product and service investments for a number of years, if at all. Moreover, new technologies, products and services may not be profitable, and even if they are profitable, operating margins for new products and businesses may not be as high as the margins we have experienced historically or originally anticipated.

For example, we have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, substantial research and development expenses through our Perceive subsidiary focused on delivering edge inference solutions. We do not have prior experience as a company in the development or marketing of similar hardware or software. We will need to continue to find and hire qualified and experienced personnel to advance this new business. In addition, chip technologies such as what we are developing are subject to extensive competition and a relentless pace of innovation. These new products could be copied or functionally surpassed by other designers, manufacturers, or innovators, some of whom may have far greater financial resources than us, and who may be able to develop products with greater capabilities or lower cost.

Our products and services could be susceptible to errors, defects, or unintended performance problems that could result in lost revenue, liability or delayed or limited market acceptance.

We develop and offer complex solutions, which we license and otherwise provide to customers. The performance of these solutions typically involves working with sophisticated software, computing and communications systems. Due to the complexity of these products and services, and despite our quality assurance testing, the products may contain undetected defects or errors that may affect the proper use or application of such products or services by the customer. Because certain of our products and services are embedded in digital content and other software, or rely on stable transmissions, our solutions' performance could unintentionally jeopardize our customers' product performance. Because customers rely on our products and services as used in their software and applications, defects or errors in our products or services may discourage customers from purchasing our products or services. These defects or errors could also result in product liability, service level agreement claims or warranty claims. Although we attempt to reduce the risk of losses resulting from these claims through warranty disclaimers and limitation of liability clauses in our agreements, these contractual provisions may not be enforceable in every instance. Any such defects, errors, or unintended performance problems in existing or new products or services, and any inability to meet customer expectations in a timely manner, could result in loss of revenue or market share, failure to achieve market acceptance,

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diversion of development resources, injury to our reputation, increased insurance costs and increased service costs, any of which could materially harm our business.

Dependence on the cooperation of pay-TV service providers, television broadcasters, hardware manufacturers, data providers and delivery mechanisms could adversely affect our revenue.

We rely on third party providers to deliver our metadata to some of the CE devices that include our UXs and IPGs. Further, our national data network provides customized and localized listings for pay-TV and licensees of our data used in third party IPGs for pay-TV. In addition, we purchase certain metadata from commercial vendors that we redistribute. The quality, accuracy and timeliness of that metadata may not continue to meet our standards or be acceptable to consumers. There can be no assurance that commercial vendors will distribute data to us without error, or at all, or that the agreements that govern some of these relationships can be maintained on favorable economic terms. Technological changes may also impede the ability to distribute metadata. Our inability to renew these existing arrangements on terms that are favorable to us, or enter into alternative arrangements that allow us to effectively transmit our metadata to CE devices, could have a material adverse effect on our CE IPG business and cause our revenue or margins to decline.

We are dependent on third parties for metadata and content.

We distribute, as a revenue generating activity, metadata. In the future, we may not be able to obtain this content, or may not be able to obtain it on the same terms. Such a failure to obtain the content, or obtain it on the same terms, could damage the attractiveness of our metadata offerings to our customers, or could increase the costs associated with providing our metadata offerings, and could thus cause revenue or margins to decrease.

We depend on a limited number of third parties to design, manufacture, distribute and supply hardware devices upon which our TiVo software and service operate.

Our TiVo software and services operate on a number of hardware products, including DVR and non-DVR STBs, produced by third-party hardware companies. If we fail to effectively manage the integration of our software and services with our hardware partners' devices, we could suffer from product recalls, poorly performing product and higher than anticipated warranty costs. We have contracted for the design, manufacture and distribution of certain TiVo-branded DVRs and non-DVRs with a third-party partner. This third-party partner does not typically enter into long-term volume commitments with the major retail distributors. We currently rely on our TiVo-branded hardware partner's relationships with major retail distributors, including Best Buy, Amazon and others, for the distribution of TiVo-enabled DVRs and non-DVR products within the United States. If one or several major retail partners were to discontinue selling TiVo-enabled products, the volume of TiVo-enabled DVRs and non-DVRs sold to consumers could decrease, which could harm TiVo’s service business.

We also depend on a third-party partner for certain TiVo-branded hardware devices that are sold through the TiVo website. If this third-party partner fails to perform its obligations, we may be unable to find alternative suppliers or deliver our products and services sold through the TiVo website in a timely manner or with the features and functionality customers expect. In addition, our third-party partner may depend on sole suppliers for key components and services in order to manufacture DVRs and non-DVR STBs which run our software, and they may be subject to risks of supply shortages and unexpected cost increases. Additionally, certain features and functionalities of our TiVo service and DVRs depend on third-party components and technologies. If TiVo or our third-party partner is unable to purchase or license such third-party components or technologies, we may not be able to offer certain related features and functionalities to our customers. In such a case, the desirability of our products to our customers could be reduced, thus harming our business.

We also rely on third parties to whom we outsource supply-chain activities related to inventory warehousing, order fulfillment, distribution and other direct sales logistics to provide cost-effective and efficient supply chain services. We cannot be sure that these parties will perform their obligations as expected or that any revenue, cost savings or other benefits will be derived from the efforts of these parties. If one or several of our third-party supply chain partners were to discontinue service to us, our ability to fulfill sales orders through the TiVo website and distribute inventory timely, cost-effectively, or at all, may be delayed or prevented, which could harm our business. Any of these events could require us to undertake unforeseen additional responsibilities or devote additional resources to commercialize our TiVo service. Any of these outcomes could harm our ability to compete effectively and achieve increased market acceptance and brand recognition.

We maintain inventories of TiVo-branded products based on our demand forecast, which may be incorrect and lead excess or insufficient inventory.

In connection with our sales of TiVo-branded products through the TiVo website, we maintain an inventory of certain DVR and non-DVR products based on our demand forecast. Due to the seasonality in our business and the nature of long-lead time

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product development and manufacturing cycles, we make demand forecasts for these products well in advance of our peak selling periods. As such, we are subject to risks in managing the inventory needs of our business during the year, including estimating the appropriate quantity and mix of demand across our older and newer DVR and non-DVR products. Should actual market conditions differ from our estimates, our future results of operations could be materially affected. Excess purchase commitments as a result of changes in our sales forecast may require us to record a loss.

Qualifying, certifying and supporting our technologies, products and services is time-consuming and expensive.

We devote significant time and resources to qualify and support our software products on various personal computer, CE and mobile platforms, including operating systems from Apple, Google and Microsoft. In addition, we maintain high-quality standards for products that incorporate our technologies and products through a quality control certification process. To the extent that any previously qualified, certified and/or supported platform or product is modified or upgraded, or we need to qualify, certify or support a new platform or product, we could be required to expend additional engineering time and resources, which could add significantly to our development expenses and adversely affect our operating results.

We are exposed to the risks related to international sales and operations.

We derive a large portion of our total revenue from operations outside of the United States. Therefore, we face exposure to risks of operating in many foreign countries, including:

Any one or more of the above factors could adversely affect our international operations and could significantly affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The results of our operations will be dependent to a large extent upon the global economy. Geopolitical factors such as terrorist activities, armed conflict or global health conditions that adversely affect the global economy may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

We are also subject to risks associated with compliance with applicable anti-corruption laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), which generally prohibits companies and their employees and intermediaries from making payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining an advantage or benefits, and requires public companies to maintain accurate books and records and a system of internal accounting controls. Under these laws, companies may be held liable for actions taken by directors, officers, employees, agents, or other partners or representatives. If we or our intermediaries fail to comply with the requirements of the FCPA or similar laws, governmental authorities could seek to impose civil and criminal fines and penalties which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Additionally, our business could be materially adversely affected if foreign markets do not continue to develop, if we do not receive additional orders to supply our technologies, products or services for use by international pay TV service providers, CE and STB manufacturers, PPV/VOD providers and others or if regulations governing our international businesses change. Any changes to the statutes or the regulations with respect to export of encryption technologies could require us to redesign our products or technologies or prevent us from selling and exporting our products and licensing our technologies internationally.

Further deterioration of trade relations between the United States and China, other trade conflicts and barriers, economic sanctions, and national security protection policies could limit or prevent existing or potential customers from doing business with us.

The increased trade conflicts between the United States and its major trading partners in recent years, evidenced by trade restrictions such as tariffs, taxes, export controls, economic sanctions, and enhanced policies designed to protect national security, have had and may continue to have adverse impact on our revenue if such policies continue.  In particular, our

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business and sales activities have been impacted due to the increase in trade conflicts between the United States and China.  Further United States government actions to protect domestic economic and security interests could lead to further restrictions. Moreover, growing trade conflicts and uncertainties may lead to decreased use of foreign-owned technologies in China and other countries, due to efforts by foreign governments and enterprises to find alternative sources of supply, to develop proprietary domestic technologies, and otherwise to reduce reliance on foreign technology sources. Any such trends could have a material adverse impact on our revenue.

Our systems, networks and online business activities are subject to cybersecurity and stability risks, information technology system failures, and security breaches.

Despite our provisions for system redundancy and the implementation of security measures within our internal and external information technology and networking systems, our information technology systems may be subject to security breaches, unauthorized access (malicious or accidental), misuse of information by authorized users, data leaks or unintentional exposure of information, failed processes or other bugs, loss of data, damages from computer viruses or malware, natural disasters, terrorism, telecommunication failures or disruption of service.  In addition, our online business activities depend on the ability to store and transmit confidential information and licensed intellectual property securely on our systems, third party systems and over private, hybrid and public networks. Any compromise of our ability to store or transmit such information and data securely or reliably, and any costs associated with preventing or eliminating such problems, could harm our business.  Our storage and online transmissions and business activities are subject to a number of security and stability risks, including:

The occurrence of any of these or similar events could damage our business, hurt our ability to distribute products and services and collect revenue, threaten the proprietary or confidential nature of our technology, harm our reputation, increase the costs of our ongoing cybersecurity protections and enhancements, and expose us to litigation and other liabilities. Because some of our technologies and businesses are intended to inhibit use of or restrict access to our customers' intellectual property, we may become the target of hackers or other persons whose use of or access to our customers' intellectual property is affected by our technologies. Also, hackers may, for financial gain or other motives, seek to infiltrate or damage our systems, or obtain sensitive business information or customer information. We also may be exposed to customer claims, or other liability, in connection with any security breach or inadvertent disclosure. We may be required to expend significant capital or other resources to protect against the threat of security breaches, hacker attacks or system malfunctions or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches, attacks or failures. For example, we utilize SolarWinds for network device management.  SolarWinds announced in December 2020 that its system was infected with malicious software during 2020, which might have impacted its customers.  We implemented software patches and other security measures recommended by SolarWinds and other security experts in connection with this matter.  While we do not believe we were targeted by malicious actors through the SolarWinds system, and we found no evidence that any of our information was exfiltrated from our systems, there is no guarantee that future hacks and attacks on the network will be unsuccessful or resolved without damage to us or our customers.

Our product and service offerings rely on a variety of systems, networks and databases, many of which are maintained by us at our data centers or third-party data centers (e.g., cloud services). We do not have complete redundancy for all of our systems, and we do not maintain real-time back-up of our data, so in the event of significant system disruption, particularly during peak periods, we could experience loss of data processing capabilities, which could prevent us from providing our products and services to our customers for an uncertain amount of time, cause us to lose customers as a result of such breaches, and could harm our operating results through loss of revenue and increased costs to remediate such cybersecurity incidents. Notwithstanding our efforts to protect against “down time” for products and services, we do occasionally experience unplanned outages or technical difficulties. In order to provide products and services, we must protect the security of our systems, networks, databases and software.

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To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in inappropriate disclosure of our confidential information, we may incur liability or additional costs to remedy the damages caused by these disruptions or security breaches.

Risks Related to Financial Matters

The nature of our business requires the application of complex accounting principles. Significant changes in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) could materially affect our financial position and results of operations.

From time to time the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) modifies the accounting standards applicable to our financial statements, which could materially affect our financial position or results of operations. For example, in February 2016, the FASB issued an amended accounting standard for leases, Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (“Topic 842”). On January 1, 2019, Xperi and TiVo each adopted Topic 842. As a result of adopting Topic 842, we recognized combined present value of existing minimum lease payments as lease liabilities of $99.5 million and corresponding right-of-use assets of $85.5 million as of January 1, 2019.

We have significant indebtedness which could adversely affect our financial position.

As of December 31, 2020, we had $873.8 million of total debt outstanding under our 2020 Term Loan B Facility. Our 2020 Term Loan B Facility is guaranteed by us and our wholly-owned material domestic subsidiaries and is secured by substantially all of our and the subsidiary guarantors' assets. Our indebtedness may:

Our ability to meet our debt service obligations will depend on our future performance, which will be subject to financial, business and other factors affecting our operations, many of which are beyond our control.

Our variable rate indebtedness may expose us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt costs to increase significantly.

As of December 31, 2020, we had $873.8 million of outstanding indebtedness that was subject to floating interest rates. Changes in economic conditions outside of our control could result in higher interest rates, thereby increasing our interest expense and reducing the funds available for capital investment, operations or other purposes.  At December 31, 2020, a 1% increase in the effective interest rate on our outstanding debt throughout a one-year period would result in an annual increase in our interest expense of approximately $8.7 million.  Any significant increase in our interest expense could negatively impact our results of operations and cash flows and also our ability to pay dividends in the future. If the U.S. Federal Reserve raises its benchmark interest rate, any increases would likely impact the borrowing rate on our outstanding indebtedness and increase our interest expense.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service our debt obligations.

Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness will depend on our financial and operating performance, which is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal and interest on our indebtedness when due.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to timely fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. In the absence of cash flows and capital resources, we could face substantial liquidity problems and might be required to dispose of material assets or operations to meet our debt service and other obligations. Our Credit Agreement restricts our ability to dispose of assets, use the proceeds from any disposition of assets and refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to maximize the proceeds that we could realize from them and these proceeds may not be adequate to meet any debt service obligations then due.

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Repayment of debt is dependent on cash flow generated by our subsidiaries and their respective subsidiaries.

Our subsidiaries own a significant portion of our assets and conduct substantially all of our operations. Each subsidiary is a distinct legal entity, and, under certain circumstances, legal and contractual restrictions may limit our ability to obtain cash from our subsidiaries. Our subsidiaries may not be able to, or may not be permitted to, make distributions to enable us to make payments in respect of our indebtedness. Additionally, distributions from our non-U.S. subsidiaries may be subject to foreign withholding taxes and would be subject to U.S. federal and state income tax which could reduce the net cash available for principal and interest payments.

We utilize non-GAAP reporting in our quarterly earnings press releases.

As part of our quarterly earnings press releases, we publish measures compiled in accordance with GAAP as well as non-GAAP financial measures, along with a reconciliation between the GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures. The reconciling items adjust amounts reported in accordance with GAAP for certain items which are described in detail in each such quarterly earnings press release. We believe that our non-GAAP financial measures are meaningful to investors when analyzing our results of operations as this is how our business is managed. The market price of our stock may fluctuate based on future non-GAAP results if investors base their investment decisions on such non-GAAP financial measures. If we decide to alter or curtail the use of non-GAAP financial measures in our quarterly earnings press releases, the market price of our stock could be adversely affected if investors analyze our performance in a different manner.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements could be impaired, which could increase our operating costs and affect our ability to operate our business.

We have a complex business that is international in scope. Ensuring that we have adequate internal controls and procedures in place to facilitate the production of accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. We are continually in the process of documenting, reviewing and, if appropriate, improving our internal controls and procedures in connection with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and a report by our independent registered public accountants on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. If we identify areas for further attention or improvement, implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls may require specific compliance training of our directors, officers and employees, entail substantial costs in order to modify our existing accounting systems and take a significant amount of time to complete. We have in the past identified, and may in the future identify, significant deficiencies in the design and operation of our internal controls, which have been or will in the future need to be remediated. In addition, we have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statement for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.  See “Risk Factors—We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, adversely affect our ability to report our financial and operating results accurately or on a timely basis, and impact overall investor confidence and the value of our common stock.”  Finally, in the event we make another significant acquisition, such as the merger with TiVo, or a series of smaller acquisitions, we may face significant challenges in implementing the required processes and procedures in the acquired operations. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to investors' perceptions that our internal controls are inadequate or that we are unable to produce accurate financial statements.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, adversely affect our ability to report our financial and operating results accurately or on a timely basis, and impact overall investor confidence and the value of our common stock.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting relating to the design and operation of controls to review forecast assumptions used in the determination of fair value of intangible assets acquired through business combinations and in the testing of goodwill impairment. Although the material weaknesses did not result in a material misstatement to our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, as a result of these material weaknesses, we concluded that internal controls over financial reporting were not effective as of December 31, 2020.

With the oversight from our Audit Committee, we are in the process of developing and implementing remediation plans in response to the identified material weaknesses. The specific material weaknesses and our remediation efforts are described in Item 9A of this annual report. There can be no assurance as to when the remediation plan will be fully implemented or whether the remediation efforts will be successful. As we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal controls, we may take additional measures to address the material weaknesses or modify our remediation plan.

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Until the remediation plan is fully implemented, we will continue to devote time and attention to these efforts. If the remediation of the material weaknesses is not completed in a timely fashion, or at all, or if the plan is inadequate, there will be an increased risk that we may be unable to timely file future periodic reports with the SEC and that future consolidated financial statements could contain errors that will be undetected. The existence of material weaknesses in the effectiveness of our internal controls could also affect our ability to obtain financing or could increase the cost of any such financing. The identification of the material weaknesses could also cause investors to lose confidence in the reliability of the Company’s financial statements and could result in a decline in the value of our common stock.

If our goodwill and other intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.

In addition to internal development, we intend to acquire additional businesses, technology and intellectually property through strategic relationships and transactions. We believe these strategic relationships and transactions will enhance the competitiveness and size of our current businesses and provide diversification into markets and technologies that complement our current businesses. Future transactions could be in the form of asset purchases, equity investments, or business combinations. As a result, we may have significant goodwill from such transactions and other intangible assets which are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We review our amortizable intangible assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable or the useful life is shorter than originally estimated. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances indicating that the carrying value of our amortizable or other intangible assets may not be recoverable include a decline in future cash flows, fluctuations in market capitalization, slower growth rates in our industry or slower than anticipated adoption of our products by our customers. As we continue to review for factors that may affect our business which may not be in our control, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings in our financial statements during the period in which any impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets or equity investments is determined, resulting in an adverse impact on our business, financial position, or results of operations.

Changes in, or interpretations of, tax rules and regulations, could adversely affect our effective tax rates and negatively affect our business and financial condition.

We are subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes, as well as taxes in various international jurisdictions. As a result, our effective tax rate is derived from a combination of applicable tax rates in the various jurisdictions where we operate. In preparing our financial statements, we estimate the amount of tax to accrue in each tax jurisdiction. Nevertheless, our effective tax rate may be different than experienced in the past due to numerous factors, including from the passage of new tax laws, changes in the mix of our profitability from state to state and from country to country, the amount of payments from the company’s U.S. entities to related foreign entities, the results of examinations and audits of our tax filings, our inability to secure or sustain acceptable agreements with tax authorities and changes in accounting for income taxes. Our future effective tax rates could be unfavorably affected by changes in tax rates, tax laws or the interpretation of tax laws, by changes in the amount of pre-tax income derived from countries with high statutory income tax rates, or by changes in our deferred tax assets and liabilities, including changes in our ability to realize our deferred tax assets. Our effective income tax rate could be unfavorably affected by changes in the amount of sales to customers in countries with high withholding tax rates. Any of these factors could cause us to experience an effective tax rate significantly different from previous periods or our current expectations and may result in tax obligations in excess of amounts accrued in our financial statements.

In addition, U.S. federal, U.S. state, and foreign tax jurisdictions may examine our income tax returns, including income tax returns of acquired companies and acquired tax attributes included therein. We regularly assess the likelihood of outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. In making such assessments, we exercise judgment in estimating our provision for income taxes. While we believe our estimates are reasonable, we cannot assure you that the final determination from these examinations will not be materially different from that reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Any adverse outcome from these examinations may have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Our ability to use net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to limitations.

As of December 31, 2020, we have U.S. federal and state net operating losses of approximately $0.5 billion and $1.1 billion (post-apportioned). A portion of the federal and state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire, if not utilized, in 2020. Net operating losses that expire unused will be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, federal net operating losses incurred in 2018 and in future years may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such federal net operating losses is limited. In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than fifty-percent (50%) change, by value, in its equity ownership over a three (3)-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. We may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent

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shifts in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control. If an ownership change occurs and our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards is materially limited, it would harm our future operating results by effectively increasing our future tax obligations. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of net operating loss carryforwards is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed by us.

Our effective tax rate depends on our ability to secure the tax benefits of our international corporate structure, on the application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions and on how we operate our business.

Our international corporate structure and intercompany arrangements, including the manner in which we market, develop, use and license our intellectual property, fund our operations and structure transactions with our international subsidiaries, may result in the increase or reduction of our worldwide effective tax rate. Such international corporate structure and intercompany arrangements are subject to examination by the tax authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate, including the United States. The application of the tax laws of these jurisdictions to our international business activities is subject to interpretation and depends on our ability to operate our business in a manner consistent with our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. Moreover, such tax laws are subject to change. Tax authorities may disagree with our intercompany transfer pricing arrangements, including our transfer of intangibles, or determine that the manner in which we operate our business does not achieve the intended tax consequences. Additionally, current and future changes in the tax laws or interpretations may have an adverse effect on our international corporate structure and operations. For example, various levels of government and international organizations, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (“EU”), increasingly focus on future tax reform that could change longstanding tax principles. Changes in the Korean tax law on royalties subject to withholding taxes from our Korean licensees may impact our financial results. Foreign countries have enacted or are contemplating legislation which imposes a digital services tax directly on a service provider which exceeds various revenue thresholds. The result of an adverse determination of any of the above items could increase our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our financial position and results of operations.

If we fail to comply with the laws and regulations relating to the collection of sales tax and payment of income taxes in the various states and foreign jurisdictions in which we do business, we could be exposed to unexpected costs, expenses, penalties and fees as a result of our noncompliance in which case our business could be harmed.

As our business grows and expands, we have started to do business in an increasing number of states nationally and foreign jurisdictions. By engaging in business activities in these states and foreign jurisdictions, we become subject to their various laws and regulations, including possible requirements to collect sales tax from our sales within those states and foreign jurisdictions and the payment of income taxes on revenue generated from activities in those states and foreign jurisdictions.  In addition, TiVo collects and remits sales taxes in numerous states. The laws and regulations governing the collection of sales tax and payment of income taxes are numerous, complex, and vary among states and foreign jurisdictions. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations requiring the collection of sales tax and payment of income taxes in one or more states and foreign jurisdictions where we do business, we could be subject to significant costs, expenses, penalties and fees in which case our business would be harmed.

Our subsidiaries have in the past recorded, and may in the future record, significant valuation allowances on our deferred tax assets, and the recording and release of such allowances may have a material impact on our results of operations.

The need for a valuation allowance requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis when determining whether it is more-likely-than-not that deferred tax assets are recoverable. In making such assessment, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. New facts and circumstances, historic profits or losses, and future financial results may require us to reevaluate our valuation allowance positions which could potentially affect our effective tax rate.

We continue to monitor the likelihood that we will be able to recover our deferred tax assets, including those for which a valuation allowance is recorded. There can be no assurance that we will generate profits in future periods enabling us to fully realize our deferred tax assets. As a result of the merger between Xperi Corporation and TiVo, we have applied a valuation allowance on U.S. Federal, and many U.S. state, and foreign deferred tax assets to the extent they are not realizable by utilizing deferred tax liabilities as sources of income. The timing of recording a valuation allowance or the reversal of such valuation allowance is subject to objective factors that cannot be readily predicted in advance. Both the establishment of a valuation allowance and the reversal of a previously recorded valuation allowance may have a material impact on our financial results.

The IRS may assert positions that may negatively impact the tax-free status of distributions intended to qualify for tax-free treatment, and the desired benefits of such distributions may not be achieved.

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In general, a corporation, which we refer to as the distributing corporation, that distributes the stock of another corporation, which we refer to as the controlled corporation, in a transaction that would otherwise qualify for tax-free treatment under Section 355 of the Code may be required to recognize corporate-level gain on the distribution if there is an acquisition of a 50% or greater interest (within the meaning of Section 355(d)(4) of the Code) in either the distributing corporation or the controlled corporation as part of a plan including the distribution. Although there is no current approved plan to separate any parts of the combined company, we currently contemplate that, at some point, likely no earlier than the second half of 2022, we may pursue, subject to any required regulatory approvals, a separation of our product business and IP licensing business in a transaction intended to qualify as tax-free under Section 355 of the Code, resulting in two independent publicly traded companies. This separation, if undertaken, would be achieved through a pro-rata spin-off transaction in which our stockholders, at such time, would receive shares of capital stock in the resulting spun-off company. It is expected that Xperi and TiVo would be able to minimize any corporate-level gain on such separation transaction in connection with our formation, because there would be no acquisition of a 50% or greater interest in either company. There can be no assurance, however, that the IRS may not take a contrary view. In addition, in the event that the IRS were to take the view that the transactions that led to our formation constitute an acquisition of a 50% or greater interest in either Xperi or TiVo, we may be restricted in our ability to implement any contemplated business separation in a tax-efficient manner. Certain steps we take in contemplation of the separation could result in the reduction of certain tax attributes or the payment of cash taxes even if we satisfy the requirements under Section 355(d)(4).

Additionally, there are many factors that could impact the structure or timing of, the anticipated benefits from, or determination to ultimately proceed with, any contemplated business separation, including, among others, global economic conditions, instability in credit markets, declining consumer and business confidence, fluctuating commodity prices and interest rates, volatile exchange rates, tax considerations, and other challenges that could affect the global economy, specific market conditions in one or more of the industries of the businesses proposed to be separated, and changes in the regulatory or legal environment. Such changes could adversely impact the value of a contemplated business separation transaction to our stockholders.

The investment of our cash, cash equivalents and investments in marketable debt and equity securities is subject to risks which may cause losses and affect the liquidity of these investments.

At December 31, 2020, we held approximately $170.2 million in cash and cash equivalents and $86.9 million in short-term investments. These investments include various financial securities such as corporate bonds and notes, municipal bonds and notes, commercial paper, treasury and agency notes and bills, and money market funds. Although we invest in high quality securities, ongoing financial events have at times adversely impacted the general credit, liquidity, market and interest rates for these and other types of debt securities.  Recent financial market volatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic heightens the risk of a potential loss in the value of our investments. Changes in monetary policy by the Federal Reserve, government fiscal policies, and global economic and market conditions may adversely affect the value of our investment portfolio. We may in the future have a need to sell investments before their maturity dates, which could result in losses on the sale of those investments. The financial market and monetary risks associated with our investment portfolio have and may in the future have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Risks Related to Regulatory and Legal Matters

New governmental regulations or new interpretations of existing laws, including legislative initiatives seeking to, or judicial or regulatory decisions that, weaken patent protection or copyright law, could cause legal uncertainties and result in harm to our business.

Our business relies in part on the uniform and historically consistent application of U.S. patent laws, rules, and regulations. The standards that courts use to interpret patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly and may evolve, particularly as new technologies develop. For example, the Supreme Court of the United States has modified some legal standards applied by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in the examination of U.S. patent applications, which may decrease the likelihood that we will be able to obtain patents and may increase the likelihood of challenges to patents we obtain or license. For example, our patents continue to face challenges in the U.S. from Inter Partes Review (IPR) proceeding before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB).  Such proceedings to date have a high rate of invalidation of patents and patents we have asserted in litigation have been and may continue to be invalidated in such proceedings.  Additionally, there have been and may be bills introduced in the U.S. Congress relating to patent law that could adversely impact our business depending on the scope of any bills that may ultimately be enacted into law. Some of these changes or potential changes may not be advantageous for us and may make it more difficult to obtain adequate patent protection, or to enforce our patents against parties using them without a license or payment of royalties. These changes or potential changes could increase the costs and uncertainties surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement of our patent rights and could have a negative effect on our ability to license our patents and, therefore, on the royalties we can collect.

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Consumer rights advocates and other constituencies also continuously challenge copyright law through both legislative and judicial actions. If our copyright protections are compromised, or devices that can circumvent our technology are permitted by law and become prevalent, this could result in reduced demand for our technologies, and our business would be harmed.

Many laws and regulations are pending and may be adopted by the U.S. federal government, individual states and local jurisdictions and other countries with respect to the internet. These laws may relate to many areas that impact our business, including intellectual property rights, digital rights management, copyright, property ownership, privacy, taxation, and the consumer electronic (“CE”) and television industry. These types of regulations are likely to differ between countries and other political and geographic divisions. Changes to or the interpretation of these laws could increase our costs, expose us to increased litigation risk, substantial defense costs and other liabilities or require us or our customers to change business practices. Laws or regulations could be interpreted to prevent or limit access to some or all television signals by certain CE devices, or impose limits on the number of copies, the ability to transfer or move copies, or the length of time a consumer may retain copies of some or all types of television programming.

In addition, the satellite transmission, cable and telecommunications industries are subject to pervasive federal regulation, including Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) licensing and other requirements, as well as extensive regulation by local and state authorities. The FCC could promulgate new regulations or interpret existing regulations in a manner that would cause us to incur significant compliance costs or force us to alter or eliminate certain features or functionality of our products or services, which may adversely affect our business. For example, the FCC could determine that certain of our products fail to comply with regulations concerning matters such as electrical interference, copy protection, digital tuners, accessibility for blind and deaf users, or display of television programming based on rating systems.

In the United States, the FCC regulates the broadcast radio industry, interprets laws enacted by Congress and establishes and enforces regulations governing radio broadcasting. It is unclear what rules and regulations the FCC may adopt regarding digital audio broadcasting and what effect, if any, such rules and regulations will have on our product licensing business, the operations of stations using our HD Radio technology or consumer electronics manufacturers. Any additional rules and regulations imposed on digital audio broadcasting could adversely impact the attractiveness of HD Radio technology and negatively impact our business. Also, non-compliance by us, or by radio stations offering HD Radio broadcasts, with any FCC requirements or conditions could result in fines, additional license conditions, license revocation or other detrimental FCC actions.

It is difficult to anticipate the impact of current or future laws and regulations on our business. We may have significant expenses associated with staying appraised of and in compliance with local, state, federal, and international legislation and regulation of our business and in presenting the Company’s positions on proposed laws and regulations.

We need to safeguard the security and privacy of our customers’ confidential data and remain in compliance with laws that govern such data, and any inability to do so may harm our reputation and brand and expose us to legal action.

Our products and services and back-end information technology systems can collect and allow us to store individual viewer and account preferences and other data our customers may consider confidential or may be considered personal information or personal data under applicable regulatory schemes. To provide better consumer experiences and to operate effectively, and for our analytics business and other businesses, we collect certain information from users. Collection and use of such information may be subject to U.S. federal and state privacy and data collection laws and regulations, standards used by credit card companies applicable to merchants processing credit card details, and foreign laws. We may also be subject to third party privacy policies and permissions and obligations we owe to third parties, including, for example, those of pay TV service providers. We post our privacy policies concerning the collection, use and disclosure of user data, including interactions between client and server. Privacy concerns, however, could create uncertainty in the marketplace for digital video recording and for our products and services more generally. Any failure by us to comply with privacy policies or contractual obligations, any failure to comply with standards set by credit card companies relating to privacy or data collection, any failure to conform the privacy policy to changing aspects of our business or applicable law, or any existing or new legislation regarding privacy issues could impact our data collection efforts and subject us to fines, litigation or other liability.

Further, our compliance with such laws dealing with the use, collection and processing of such customer data, including personal data, is core to our strategy. These laws are increasing in number, enforcement, fines and other penalties. All states have adopted laws requiring notice to consumers of a security breach implicating their personal information. In the event of a security breach, these laws may subject us to incident response, notice and remediation costs, as well as costs associated with any investigations that might arise from federal regulatory agencies and state attorneys general. Failure to safeguard data adequately or to destroy data securely could subject us to regulatory investigations or enforcement actions under federal or state data security, unfair practices, or consumer protection laws. The scope and interpretation of these laws could change and the

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associated burdens and compliance costs could increase in the future. Two such governmental regulations that have significant implications for our products and services are the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”).

Compliance with these and any other applicable privacy and data security laws and regulations is a rigorous and time-intensive process, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with the new data protection rules. If we fail to comply with any such laws or regulations, we may face significant fines and penalties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and could damage and harm our reputation. Furthermore, the laws are not consistent among various international and state jurisdictions, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is costly.

In addition, the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act imposes civil and criminal penalties on persons collecting personal information from children under the age of 13. We do not knowingly distribute harmful materials to minors, direct our websites or services to children under the age of 13, or collect personal information from children under the age of 13. However, we are not able to control the ways in which consumers use our technology, and our technology may be used for purposes that violate this or other similar laws. The manner in which such laws may be interpreted and enforced cannot be fully determined, and future legislation could subject us to liability if we were deemed to be non-compliant.

Further, if our technological security measures are compromised, our customers may curtail or stop use of our products and services. Our products and services such as DVRs may contain the private information of our customers, and security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss of this information, which could result in potential liability and litigation.

Current and future governmental and industry standards may significantly limit our business opportunities.

Technology standards are important in the audio and video industry as they help to assure compatibility across a system or series of products. Generally, standards adoption occurs on either a mandatory basis, requiring a particular technology to be available in a particular product or medium, or an optional basis, meaning that a particular technology may be, but is not required to be, utilized. If standards are re-examined or a new standard is developed in which we are not included, our growth in that area of our business could be significantly lower than expected.

As new technologies and entertainment media emerge, new standards relating to these technologies or media may develop. New standards may also emerge in existing markets that are currently characterized by competing formats, such as the market for PCs. We may not be successful in our efforts to include our technology in any such standards.

Our activities to advertise, market and sell our services directly to consumers are highly regulated by constantly evolving state and federal laws and regulations.

We engage in various advertising, marketing and other promotional activities. For instance, in the past, we have offered gift subscriptions and mail-in-rebates to consumers, which are subject to state and federal laws and regulations. A constantly evolving network of state and federal laws is increasingly regulating these promotional activities. Additionally, we enter into subscription service contracts directly with consumers which govern both our provision of and the consumers' payment for the TiVo service. For example, consumers who activate new monthly subscriptions to the TiVo service may be required to commit to pay for the TiVo service for a minimum of one year or be subject to an early termination fee if they terminate prior to the expiration of their commitment period. If the terms of our subscription service contracts with consumers, such as our imposition of an early termination fee, or our previously offered rebate or gift subscription programs were to violate state or federal laws or regulations, we could be subject to suit, penalties, enforcement actions, and/or negative publicity in which case our business would be harmed.

Some software we provide may be subject to “open source” licenses, which may restrict how we use or distribute our software or require that we release the source code of certain products subject to those licenses.

Some of the products we support and some of our proprietary technologies incorporate open source software such as open source codecs that may be subject to the Lesser Gnu Public License or other open source licenses. The Lesser Gnu Public License and other open source licenses may require that source code subject to the license be released or made available to the public. Such open source licenses may mandate that software developed based on source code that is subject to the open source license, or combined in specific ways with such open source software, become subject to the open source license. We take steps to ensure that proprietary software we do not wish to disclose is not combined with, or does not incorporate, open source software in ways that would require such proprietary software to be subject to an open source license. However, few courts have interpreted the Lesser Gnu Public License or other open source licenses, and the manner in which these licenses may be interpreted and enforced is therefore subject to some uncertainty. We often take steps to disclose source code for which

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disclosure is required under an open source license, but it is possible that we have or will make mistakes in doing so, which could negatively impact our brand or our adoption in the community, or could expose us to additional liability. In addition, we rely on multiple software programmers to design our proprietary products and technologies. Although we take steps to ensure that our programmers (both internal and outsourced) do not include open source software in products and technologies we intend to keep proprietary, we cannot be certain that open source software is not incorporated into products and technologies we intend to keep proprietary. In the event that portions of our proprietary technology are determined to be subject to an open source license, or are intentionally released under an open source license, we could be required to publicly release the relevant portions of our source code, which could reduce or eliminate our ability to commercialize our products and technologies. Also, in relying on multiple software programmers to design products and technologies that we ultimately end up releasing in the open source community, we may discover that one or multiple such programmers have included code or language that would be embarrassing to us, which could negatively impact our brand or our adoption in the community, or could expose us to additional liability. Such additional liability could include claims that result in litigation, require us to seek licenses from third-parties in order to keep offering our software, require us to re-engineer our software, require us to release proprietary source code, require us to provide indemnification or otherwise subject us to liability to a customer or supplier, or require us to discontinue the sale of a product in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished in a timely manner, any of which could adversely affect our business.

Risks relating to Ownership of our Common Stock

Our financial and operating results may vary, which may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to do so in the future. Because our operating results are difficult to predict, one should not rely on quarterly or annual comparisons of our results of operations as an indication of our future performance. Factors that could cause our operating results to fluctuate during any period or that could adversely affect our ability to achieve our strategic objectives include those listed in this “Risk Factors” section of this report and the following:

Due to fluctuations in our operating results, reports from market and security analysts, litigation-related developments, and other factors including general market conditions, the price at which our common stock will trade is likely to continue to be

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highly volatile. In future periods, if our revenue, royalties, cash flows or operating results are below the estimates or expectations of public market analysts and investors, our stock price could decline.

Seasonal trends may cause our quarterly operating results to fluctuate and our inability to forecast these trends may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Although predicting consumer demand for our products is very difficult, new consumer subscriptions for products and services, such as TiVo Service have traditionally been higher during and immediately after the Christmas holiday shopping season than during other times of the year. If we are unable to accurately forecast and respond to consumer demand for our products, our reputation and brand will suffer and the market price of our common stock would likely fall.

We may not pay dividends or pay dividends at a consistent rate, and any decrease in or suspension of the dividend could cause our stock price to decline.

We anticipate that all dividends and stock repurchases will be paid out of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments.  The payment of future cash dividends is subject to the final determination by our Board of Directors based on a number of factors, including our earnings, financial condition, actual and forecasted cash flows, capital resources and capital requirements, alternative uses of capital including business combinations, economic condition and other factors considered relevant by management and the Board of Directors.  Since July 2020, the Board has declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.05 per share, which reflects a reduction from Xperi’s historical quarterly dividend of $0.20 per share, and such reduction was primarily based on revised capital allocation strategy following the Mergers.  Any decrease in the amount of the dividend, or suspension or discontinuance of payment of a dividend, could cause our stock price to decline.

Our stock repurchase program could increase the volatility of the price of our common stock, and the program may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.

In June 2020, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program to repurchase up to $150 million of our outstanding shares of common stock dependent on market conditions, share price and other factors. As of December 31, 2020, the total amount available for repurchase under the plan was $79.9 million. The amount of repurchases under our stock repurchase program will vary.  The timing of repurchases is at our discretion and the program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. Any suspension or discontinuation could cause the market price of our stock to decline. The timing of repurchases pursuant to our stock repurchase program could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. There can be no assurance that any stock repurchases will enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we effected repurchases. Furthermore, we may engage in mergers, acquisitions, or other activity that could result in us reducing or discontinuing share repurchases for a period of time. Finally, the terms of our current or future debt agreements could limit our ability to repurchase shares.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws or Delaware law might delay or prevent a change of control transaction and depress the market price of our stock.

Various provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws might have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discouraging a third party from attempting to acquire, control of our company. These provisions could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. Certain of these provisions eliminate cumulative voting in the election of directors, authorize the board to issue “blank check” preferred stock, prohibit stockholder action by written consent, eliminate the right of stockholders to call special meetings, and establish advance notice procedures for director nominations by stockholders and the submission of other proposals for consideration at stockholder meetings. We are also subject to provisions of Delaware law that could delay or make more difficult a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. In particular, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years unless specific conditions are met. Any of these provisions could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, including without limitation, discouraging a proxy contest or making more difficult the acquisition of a substantial block of our common stock.

Decreased effectiveness of stock-based compensation could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain employees.

We have historically used stock options, restricted stock grants and other forms of stock-based compensation as key components of employee compensation in order to align employees’ interests with the interests of our stockholders, encourage employee retention and provide competitive compensation and benefit packages. We incur significant compensation costs associated with our stock-based compensation programs. Failure to obtain stockholder approval of equity compensation plans or changes to the plans could make it harder or more expensive for us to grant stock-based compensation to employees in the

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future. As a result, we may find it difficult to attract, retain and motivate employees, and any such difficulty could have a materially adverse impact on our business.

Use of our common stock for future acquisitions may be limited.

Our ability to use common stock for future acquisitions without triggering an ownership change for the purposes of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code will likely be limited for three (3) years following the Mergers.  To the extent that we are unable to use our common stock to make future acquisitions, our ability to grow through acquisitions may be limited by the extent to which we are able to raise capital through debt, equity financings or operational growth. Reliance on internally generated cash or debt to complete acquisitions could substantially limit our operational and financial flexibility. If we are unable to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms, we may be required to reduce the scope of any expansion or redirect resources committed to internal purposes. Inability to use our common stock in acquisitions may hinder our ability to actively make future acquisitions and recruit talent through acquisitions and restricts the flexibility in which we can make acquisition bids.

Stock transfer restrictions in our certificate of incorporation may act as an anti-takeover device.

Our certificate of incorporation includes certain transfer restrictions intended to preserve certain of our tax attributes. Such transfer restrictions will apply to future transfers made by 4.91% stockholders, transferees related to a 4.91% stockholder, transferees acting in coordination with a 4.91% stockholder, or transfers that would result in a stockholder becoming a 4.91% stockholder in order to avoid potential limitation of such tax attributes pursuant to Section 382 of the Code. Such transfer restrictions will expire on the earlier of (i) the repeal of Section 382 or any successor statute if our board of directors determines that such restrictions are no longer necessary or desirable for the preservation of certain tax benefits, (ii) the beginning of a taxable year to which our board of directors determines that no tax benefits may be carried forward, (iii) the third anniversary of the Mergers, or (iv) such other date as our board of directors shall fix in accordance with the certificate of incorporation.

The transfer restrictions described above could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or could discourage a third party from acquiring, a large block of our common stock. This may adversely affect the marketability of our common stock by discouraging existing or potential investors from acquiring our stock or additional shares of our stock. It is also possible that the transfer restrictions could delay or frustrate the removal of incumbent directors and could make more difficult a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving us, or impede an attempt to acquire a significant or controlling interest in us, even if such events might be beneficial to us and our stockholders.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation contains forum limitations for certain disputes between us and our stockholders that could limit the ability of stockholders to bring claims against us and our directors, officers and employees in jurisdictions preferred by stockholders.

Our charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative lawsuit brought on our stockholders, (ii) any lawsuit against our current or former directors, officers, employees, stockholders or agents asserting a breach of a duty (including any fiduciary duty) owed by any such current or former director, officer, stockholder, employee or agent to us or our stockholders, (iii) any lawsuit asserting a claim against us or any of our current or former director, officer, employee, stockholder or agent arising out of or relating to any provision of the DGCL, our charter or our bylaws (each, as in effect from time to time), or (iv) any lawsuit asserting a claim against us or any of our current or former director, officer, employee, stockholder or agent governed by the internal affairs doctrine of the State of Delaware. Our charter also provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. The foregoing forum provisions may prevent or limit a stockholder’s ability to file a lawsuit in a judicial forum that it prefers for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees, stockholders or agents, which may discourage such lawsuits, make them more difficult or expensive to pursue, and result in outcomes that are less favorable to such stockholders than outcomes that may have been attainable in other jurisdictions.

In addition, notwithstanding the inclusion of the foregoing forum provisions in the charter, courts may find the foregoing forum provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable in certain cases that the foregoing forum provisions purport to address, including claims brought under the Securities Act. If this were to occur in any particular lawsuit, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such lawsuit in other jurisdictions or resolving lawsuits involving similar claims in multiple jurisdictions, all of which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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General Risk Factors

If we fail to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, contract rights, and our confidential information, our business will suffer.

We rely primarily on a combination of license, development and nondisclosure agreements and other contractual provisions, as well as patent, trademark, trade secret and copyright laws, to protect our technology and intellectual property. If we fail to protect our technology, intellectual property, or contract rights, our customers and others may seek to use our technology and intellectual property without the payment of license fees and royalties, which could weaken our competitive position, reduce our operating results and increase the likelihood of costly litigation. Others may also develop technologies that are similar or superior to our technologies, duplicate our technologies or design around our patents. The growth of our business depends in large part on our ability to secure intellectual property rights in a timely manner, our ability to convince third parties of the applicability of our intellectual property rights to their products, and our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights.

In certain instances, we attempt to obtain patent protection for portions of our technology, and our license agreements typically include both issued patents and pending patent applications. If we fail to obtain patents in a timely manner or if the patents issued to us do not cover all of the inventions disclosed in our patent applications, others could use portions of our technology and intellectual property without the payment of license fees and royalties. For example, our business may suffer if we are unable to obtain patent protection in a timely manner from the PTO due to processing delays resulting from examiner turnover and a continuing backlog of patent applications.

We also rely on trade secret laws rather than patent laws to protect other portions of our proprietary technology. Trade secrets can be difficult to protect. The misappropriation of our trade secrets or other proprietary information could seriously harm our business. We protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, through confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, suppliers and customers. We cannot be certain that these contracts have not been and will not be breached, that we will be able to timely detect unauthorized use or transfer of our technology and intellectual property, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. If we fail to use adequate mechanisms to protect our technology and intellectual property, or if a court fails to enforce our intellectual property rights, our business will suffer. We cannot be certain that these protection mechanisms can be successfully asserted in the future or will not be invalidated or challenged.

Further, the laws and enforcement regimes of certain countries may not protect our technology and intellectual property to the same extent as do the laws and enforcement regimes of the U.S. In certain jurisdictions we may be unable to protect our technology and intellectual property adequately against unauthorized use, which could adversely affect our business.

We may not be able to protect our brand from third party infringement or to increase our brand awareness.

Maintaining and strengthening our brands is important to maintaining and expanding our business, as well as to our ability to enter into new markets for our technologies, products and services. If we fail to promote and maintain these brands successfully, our ability to sustain and expand our business and enter into new markets may suffer. Much of the promotion of our brand depends, among other things, on hardware device manufacturing companies and service providers displaying our trademarks on their products. If these companies choose for any reason not to display our trademarks on their products, or if these companies use our trademarks incorrectly or in an unauthorized manner, the strength of our brand may be diluted or our ability to maintain or increase our brand awareness may be harmed. We generally rely on enforcing our trademark rights to prevent unauthorized use of our brand and technologies. Our ability to prevent unauthorized uses of our brand and technologies would be negatively impacted if our trademark registrations were overturned in the jurisdictions where we do business. We also have trademark applications pending in a number of jurisdictions that may not ultimately be granted, or if granted, may be challenged or invalidated, in which case we would be unable to prevent unauthorized use of our brand and logo in such jurisdictions. We have not filed trademark registrations in all jurisdictions where our brand and logo are used.

Our business may suffer if third parties assert that we violate their intellectual property rights.

Third parties may claim that either we or our customers are infringing upon their intellectual property rights. Even if we believe that such claims are without merit, they can be time-consuming and costly to defend against and will divert management’s attention and resources away from our business. Furthermore, third parties making such claims may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable relief that could block our ability to further develop or commercialize some or all of our products or services in the U.S. and abroad. Claims of intellectual property infringement also might require us to enter into costly settlement or license agreements, pay costly damage awards, or defend or indemnify our customers against judgments, damages, or other losses. Even if we have an agreement that provides for a third party to indemnify us against such costs, the indemnifying party may be unable to perform its contractual obligations under the agreement. If we cannot or do not license the allegedly infringed

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intellectual property on reasonable terms, or need to substitute similar technology from another source, our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows could suffer.

If we lose any of our key personnel or are unable to attract, train and retain qualified personnel, we may not be able to execute our business strategy effectively.

Our success depends, in large part, on the continued contributions of our key management, engineering, sales, marketing, intellectual property, legal and finance personnel, many of whom are highly skilled and would be difficult to replace. None of our senior management, key technical personnel or key sales personnel are bound by written employment contracts that require them to remain with us for a specified period. In addition, we do not currently maintain key-person life insurance covering our key personnel or have restrictions on their post-employment ability to solicit our employees, contractors or customers if key personnel voluntarily terminate their employment. The loss of any of our senior management or other key personnel could harm our ability to implement our business strategy and respond to the rapidly changing market conditions in which we operate. Our future success will depend to a significant extent on the ability of these executives to effectively drive execution of our business strategy, and on the ability of our management team to work together effectively.

Our success also depends on our ability to attract, train and retain highly skilled managerial, engineering, sales, marketing, legal and finance personnel and on the abilities of new personnel to function effectively, both individually and as a group. Competition for qualified senior employees can be intense. We have also experienced difficulty in hiring and retaining highly skilled engineers with appropriate qualifications to support our growth and expansion. Further, we must train our new personnel, especially our technical support personnel, to respond to and support our licensees and customers. If we fail to do this, it could lead to dissatisfaction among our licensees or customers, which could slow our growth or result in a loss of business.

Our business operations are subject to natural disasters and industry-wide failure and adverse events.

Our business operations depend on our ability to maintain and protect our facilities, computer systems and personnel. Our corporate headquarters are located in the San Francisco Bay Area and we have engineering activities in several locations throughout California, which in the past have experienced severe earthquakes. We do not carry earthquake insurance for any of our facilities except for our office in Calabasas, California. Earthquakes, fires, or other natural disasters could severely disrupt our operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

The provision of certain of our products and services depends on the continuing operation of communications and transmission systems and mechanisms, including satellite, cable, wire, internet and over-the-air. These communication and transmission systems and mechanisms are subject to significant risks and any damage to or failure of these systems and mechanisms could result in an interruption of the provision of our products and services.

Several of our major business operations are subject to interruption by earthquake, fire, power shortages, terrorist attacks and other hostile acts, and other events beyond our control. The majority of our research and development activities, our corporate headquarters, our principal information technology systems and other critical business operations are located near major seismic faults. Our operating results and financial condition could be materially harmed in the event of a major earthquake or other natural or man-made disaster that disrupts our business. The communications and transmission systems and mechanisms that we depend on are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 2. Properties

Our principal corporate headquarters with approximately 61,000 square feet, which house administrative, sales, marketing and research and development facilities, are located in San Jose, California, and are held under an operating lease. We also lease another office building with approximately 127,000 square feet in San Jose, California and own an office building with approximately 89,000 square feet in Calabasas, California to house additional administrative, sales, marketing, research and development personnel. We also lease facilities in other locations, including the United States, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Poland, the United Kingdom, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Mexico. We believe that our existing space is adequate for our current operations. We believe that suitable replacement and additional space, to the extent needed, will be available in the future on commercially reasonable terms.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

In the normal course of our business, we are involved in legal proceedings. In the past, we have litigated to enforce our respective patents and other intellectual property rights, to enforce the terms of license agreements, to protect trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others and to defend ourselves or our customers against claims of infringement or invalidity. We expect to continue to be involved in similar legal proceedings in the future, including proceedings regarding infringement of our patents, and proceedings to ensure proper and full payment of royalties by licensees under the terms of our license agreements.

Other than to the extent the proceedings described below have concluded, we cannot predict the outcome of any of the proceedings described below. An adverse decision in any of these proceedings could significantly harm our business and our consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Patent Infringement Litigation

From time-to-time in the ordinary course of our patent licensing business, we are required to engage in litigation to protect our intellectual property from infringement. While litigation is never our preference and we prefer to reach mutually agreeable commercial licensing arrangements with third parties, it is sometimes a necessary step to effectively protect our investment in patented technology.  As a result of these lawsuits, defendants have often filed Inter Partes Review (“IPR”) petitions with the U.S. Patent Office’s Patent Trial and Appeal Board (and other similar post-grant proceedings outside of the U.S.) seeking to invalidate one or more of the patents-in-suit.  We are currently engaged in multiple lawsuits with several third parties.

Comcast Patent Infringement Litigation

Since April 1, 2016, TiVo’s subsidiary Rovi Corporation and various of its subsidiaries (collectively, “Rovi”) have been involved in a series of lawsuits against Comcast Corporation (“Comcast”) pending in the United States International Trade Commission (the “ITC”) and United States District Courts.  The lawsuits arose when Comcast’s twelve-year patent license with Rovi (and its predecessors) expired on March 31, 2016.  After being unable to agree on terms for a renewal before the license expired, Rovi initially filed multiple lawsuits against Comcast, and subsequently filed additional lawsuits against Comcast in various venues in the United States.

Rovi filed three ITC investigations (along with four companion district court cases asserting the same patents) and two standalone cases in various United States District Courts involving a total of 37 patents.  Comcast filed IPRs against all of the patents involved in these actions.  

In the first ITC investigation, the ITC issued (1) a limited exclusion order prohibiting the unlicensed entry of certain digital video receivers and hardware and software components thereof that infringed two particular Rovi patents and (2) a cease and desist order prohibiting Comcast from conducting in the United States several enumerated activities, including, among others, selling and leasing any infringing set-top boxes that it had already imported.  In addition, the ITC found certain of Rovi’s asserted patents either not infringed by Comcast or its set-top box suppliers, lacking a domestic industry or invalid.  All appeals of the first ITC investigation have been exhausted and the ITC’s decision is final.  

In the second ITC investigation, the ITC issued (1) a limited exclusion order prohibiting the entry into the United States of infringing digital video receivers and related hardware and software components that infringed one of Rovi’s asserted patents, and (2) a cease and desist order directed to Comcast.  The ITC also found certain of Rovi’s asserted patents either not infringed by Comcast, lacking a domestic industry or invalid.  Both Rovi and Comcast have filed appeals of the ITC’s final determination in the second ITC investigation.  

In the third ITC investigation, the Administrative Law Judge issued her Final Initial Determination in which she found that Comcast’s X1 platform infringes two Rovi patents and recommended the issuance of a limited exclusion order and cease and desist order. On October 13, 2020, the ITC issued its notice of its decision to review in part the Final Initial Determination and requesting written submissions on various issues.  The ITC determined to review certain issues.  

All of the pending district court cases that Rovi has filed against Comcast were stayed pending either (a) the final outcomes in their corresponding ITC cases, or (b) final rulings (including all available appeals) of pending IPRs, with one exception being that one case was proceeding with respect to a single patent.  

On November 9, 2020, we announced that we entered into a license agreement with Comcast. In connection with the license agreement, the parties settled all outstanding litigation, pursuant to which all pending ITC investigations and district court cases between them have been terminated or dismissed. This matter is now concluded.

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Videotron Patent Infringement Litigation

On June 23, 2017, Rovi Guides, Inc. and TiVo Solutions Inc. (together, “TiVo”) filed a patent infringement complaint against Videotron Ltd. and Videotron G.P. (together, “Videotron”) in Toronto, Canada, alleging infringement of six patents.  Videotron was a prior licensee under the Rovi patent portfolio.  The first week of trial on four patents was held the week of March 9, 2020.  The Federal Court of Canada closed due to COVID-19 on March 16, 2020, and the trial was temporarily stayed.  The trial resumed on May 25, 2020, conducted remotely by video, and concluded on June 17, 2020.  The parties filed their written closing submissions on September 30, 2020.  The closing oral arguments were held in January 2021.  There is no set date for the court to issue its judgement.  

Bell and Telus Patent Infringement Litigation

On January 19, 2018, TiVo filed a patent infringement complaint against Bell Canada (and four of its affiliates) in Toronto, Canada, alleging infringement of six patents.  On February 2, 2018, TiVo filed a patent infringement complaint against Telus Corporation (and two of its affiliates) in Toronto, Canada, alleging infringement of the same six patents.  Bell Canada and Telus Corporation were previously indirectly licensed to some of Rovi’s patents through a prior agreement between Rovi and one of their suppliers.  The Bell Canada and Telus Corporation cases are being heard together for purposes of pre-trial and trial proceedings.  On August 27, 2019, the court issued an order bifurcating the liability phase from the damages phase of the case.  There is no set trial date or procedural schedule for the damages phase of the cases.  The liability and injunction trial on four patents was held from July 13 – August 6, 2020.  The closing arguments were held in January 2021.  There is no set date for the court to issue its judgement.

NVIDIA Patent Infringement Litigation

On May 8, 2019, Invensas Corporation and Tessera Advanced Technologies, Inc. filed a complaint against NVIDIA Corporation (“NVIDIA”) in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, alleging infringement of five patents, and requesting, among other things, that NVIDIA be ordered to pay compensatory damages in an amount no less than a reasonable royalty.  NVIDIA answered the complaint on July 1, 2019 and subsequently moved to transfer the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.  The court denied NVIDIA’s motion to transfer on September 17, 2019.

In September 2020, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) instituted IPRs of several patents-in-suit.  The parties stipulated to an order staying the litigation pending resolution of the IPR proceedings, and to dismissal of claims relating to the two patents.  For the remaining IPRs, oral arguments are scheduled for June 2021, and final decisions are expected in September 2021.  

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The common stock of Xperi Holding Corporation is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “XPER.” Prior to June 1, 2020, (the “TiVo Merger Date”), the common stock of Xperi Corporation (the predecessor company) was listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “XPER.” Prior to February 23, 2017, our common stock had traded publicly on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “TSRA”.

As of February 8, 2021, there were 104,791,729 outstanding shares of common stock held by 390 stockholders of record. In addition, a substantially greater number of stockholders may be “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions.

We have historically returned capital to shareholders through cash dividends and stock repurchases. We anticipate that all quarterly dividends and stock repurchases will be paid out of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Stock Repurchases

On June 12, 2020, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program providing for the repurchase of up to $150 million of the Company's common stock. The timing, price and volume of repurchases will be based on market conditions, relevant securities laws and other factors. The stock repurchases may be made from time to time, through solicited or unsolicited transactions in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions, or pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 plan. The program may be discontinued or amended at any time and has no specified expiration date. All repurchases in the three months ended December 31, 2020 were made under this program as described below:

(a) Calculated as of December 31, 2020.

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Stock Performance Graph

The common stock of Xperi Holding Corporation commenced trading on June 2, 2020 following the completion of the Mergers. The following graph shows a comparison of total stockholder return for holders of our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index, the Russell 2000 Index and the S&P 500 from June 2, 2020 through December 31, 2020. The graph and table assume that $100 was invested on June 2, 2020 in each of our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index, the Russell 2000 Index and the S&P 500, and that all dividends were reinvested. This graphic comparison is presented pursuant to the rules of the SEC.

This section is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed “filed” with the SEC and is not incorporated by reference in any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.

Item 6. (Reserved)

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion (presented in thousands, except for percentages and share numbers) should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2020 and 2019 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2020 and 2019. Discussions of 2018 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2019 and 2018 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC by Xperi Corporation on February 18, 2020, which is available free of charge on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and our Investor Relations website at investor.xperi.com.

Business Overview

On December 18, 2019, Xperi Corporation (“Xperi”) entered into a definitive agreement with TiVo Corporation (“TiVo”), to combine in an all-stock merger of equals transaction (the “Mergers”). Following consummation of the Mergers on June 1, 2020, Xperi Holding Corporation became the parent company of both Xperi and TiVo. The common stock of both Xperi and TiVo were de-registered after completion of the Mergers. On June 2, 2020, Xperi Holding Corporation’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) under the ticker symbol “XPER.” Xperi was determined to be the accounting acquirer in the Mergers. As a result, the historical financial statements of Xperi for periods prior to the Mergers are considered to be the historical financial statements of Xperi Holding Corporation. As used herein, the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Xperi when referring to periods prior to June 1, 2020 and Xperi Holding Corporation when referring to periods subsequent to June 1, 2020. Our results of operations include the operations of TiVo after June 1, 2020. For further discussion on the Mergers, refer to “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and “Note 9 – Business Combination” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

We are a leading consumer and entertainment product/solutions licensing company and one of the industry’s largest intellectual property (IP) licensing platforms, with a diverse portfolio of media and semiconductor intellectual property and more than 11,000 patents and patent applications worldwide. We invent, develop, and deliver technologies that enable extraordinary experiences. Xperi technologies, delivered via our brands (DTS, HD Radio, IMAX Enhanced, Invensas, TiVo), and by our subsidiary, Perceive Corporation (“Perceive”), make entertainment more entertaining, and smart devices smarter. Our technologies are integrated into billions of consumer devices, media platforms, and semiconductors worldwide, driving increased value for partners, customers and consumers. We shape how millions of consumers access and experience entertainment content, and our innovations are found in billions of devices and hundreds of millions of interfaces around the globe. Headquartered in Silicon Valley with operations around the world, we have approximately 1,850 employees and over 30 years of operating experience.

We are currently contemplating and may pursue, subject to any required regulatory approvals, a separation of our Product business and IP Licensing business through a tax-efficient transaction, resulting in two independent, publicly traded companies. We are evaluating the optimal timing of the contemplated business separation and currently anticipate that such separation will not be completed earlier than the first half of 2022.

COVID-19 Impact

Our business and results of operations have been adversely affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic and related events and we expect its impact to continue. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the circumstances, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our businesses, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to address its adverse impacts fully or effectively. The impact to date has included periods of significant volatility in various markets and industries. The volatility has had, and we anticipate it will continue to have, an adverse effect on our customers and on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and may result in an impairment of our long-lived assets, including goodwill, increased credit losses and impairments of investments in other companies. In particular, the automotive market, as well as the broad consumer electronics industries, have been and we anticipate will continue to be impacted by the pandemic and/or other events beyond our control, and further volatility could have an additional negative impact on these industries, customers, and our business. For example, we experienced an approximately 15% decline in our royalty revenue in 2020 from our products sold to the automotive market, such as HD Radio, as compared to the prior year, and currently expect automotive royalties will remain below previous levels for at least the near-term. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and to a lesser extent, U.S. restrictions on trade with certain Chinese customers have and may continue to impact the financial conditions of our customers, who may not be able to satisfy their obligations under our agreements timely or at all. For example, we recorded provisions for credit losses of approximately $2.0 million and $4.3 million in the first and fourth quarters of 2020, respectively, due to the

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heightened risk of nonpayment on existing accounts receivable as a result of the impaired financial condition and liquidity positions of certain of our customers.

In addition, actions by United States federal, state and foreign governments to address the COVID-19 pandemic, including travel bans, stay-at-home orders and school, business and entertainment venue closures, also had a significant adverse effect on the markets in which we conduct our businesses. COVID-19 poses the risk that our workforce, suppliers, and other partners may be prevented from conducting normal business activities for an indefinite period of time, including due to shutdowns or stay-at-home orders that may be requested or mandated by governmental authorities. We also implemented policies to allow our employees to work remotely as a result of the pandemic as we reviewed processes related to workplace safety, including social distancing and sanitation practices recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic could also cause delays in obtaining new customers and executing renewals and could also impact our business as consumer behavior changes in response to the slowed economic conditions. Furthermore, our ongoing integration efforts following the Mergers may be delayed or interrupted due to the operational challenges and various restrictions and limitations imposed on us as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may adversely affect the success of the integration and anticipated benefits of the Mergers.

We have been closely monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on our business, including legislation to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 such as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act which was enacted on March 27, 2020. Although a significant portion of our anticipated revenue for 2021 is derived from fixed-fee and minimum-guarantee arrangements, primarily from large, well-capitalized customers which we believe somewhat mitigates the risks to our business, our per-unit and variable fees based revenue will continue to be susceptible to the volatility and potential market downturns induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although we are unable to predict the full impact and duration of COVID-19 on our business, we are actively managing our financial expenditures in response to the current uncertainty. Further discussion of the potential impacts on our business from the COVID-19 pandemic is provided under Part I, Item 1A – Risk Factors.

Results of Operations

Significant events occurred over the past three years that affect the comparability of our financial statements. Key events and their financial impacts include the following:

Revenue

We generate our revenue from the following principal activities.

License Agreements

We operate in two business segments. In our Product segment, we license our audio, digital radio, imaging, edge-based machine learning and multi-channel video user experience (“UX”) solutions. In our IP Licensing segment, we license (i) our media patent portfolios (“Media IP licensing”) to multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs), OTT video service providers, consumer electronics manufacturers, social media, and other new media companies and (ii) our semiconductor technologies and associated patent portfolios (“Semiconductor IP licensing”) to memory, sensors, RF component, and foundry companies. We license our technologies and portfolios under three revenue models: (i) fixed-fee Media IP licensing, (ii) fixed-fee or minimum guarantee Semiconductor IP or Product licensing, and (iii) per-unit or per-subscriber royalty licenses.

Fixed-fee Media IP licensing

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Our long-term fixed-fee Media IP licensing agreements provide our customers with the rights to future patented technologies over the term of the agreement that are highly interdependent or highly interrelated to the patented technologies provided at the inception of the agreement. We treat these rights as a single performance obligation with revenue recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the fixed-fee license agreement.

At times, we enter into license agreements in which a licensee is released from past patent infringement claims and is granted a license to ship an unlimited number of units or for an unlimited number of subscribers over a future period for a fixed fee. In these arrangements, we allocate the transaction price between the release for past patent infringement claims and the future license. As the release from past patent infringement claims is generally satisfied at execution of the agreement, the transaction price allocated to the release from past patent infringement claims is generally recognized in the period the agreement is executed and the amount of transaction price allocated to the future license is recognized ratably over the future license term.

Fixed-fee or minimum guarantee Semiconductor IP or Product licensing

We enter into Product or Semiconductor IP licenses that have fixed fee or minimum guarantee arrangements, whereby licensees pay a fixed fee for the right to incorporate our technology in the licensee's products over the license term. In arrangements with a minimum guarantee, the fixed fee component corresponds to a minimum number of units or dollars that the customer must produce or pay, with additional per-unit fees for any units or dollars exceeding the minimum. In most cases, the customer pays the fixed license fee in specified installments over the license term. For both fixed fee and minimum guarantee agreements for Semiconductor IP or Product licensing, we recognize the full fixed fee as revenue at the beginning of the license term, when the licensee has the right to use the IP and begins to benefit from the license.

If the contract term of a fixed fee or minimum guarantee arrangement is longer than one year, we also consider the scheduled payment arrangements to determine whether a significant financing component exists. In general, if the payment arrangements extend beyond the initial twelve months of the contract, we treat a portion of the payments as a significant financing component. The discount rate used for each arrangement reflects the rate that would be used in a separate financing transaction between us and the licensee at contract inception and takes into account the credit characteristics of the licensee and market interest rates as of the date of the agreement. As such, the amount of fixed fee revenue recognized at the beginning of the license term will be reduced by the calculated financing component.

We actively monitor and enforce our IP, including seeking appropriate compensation from customers that have under-reported royalties owed under a license agreement and from third parties that utilize our intellectual property without a license. As a result of these activities, we may, from time to time, recognize revenue from payments resulting from periodic compliance audits of licensees for underreporting royalties incurred in prior periods, as part of a settlement of a patent infringement dispute, or from legal judgments in a license dispute. These recoveries and settlements may cause revenue to be higher than expected during a particular reporting period and such recoveries may not occur in subsequent periods. We recognize revenue from recoveries when a binding agreement has been executed and we conclude collection under that agreement is likely.

Per-unit or per-subscriber royalty licenses

We recognize revenue from per-unit or per-subscriber royalty licenses in the period in which the licensee's sales or production are estimated to have occurred, which results in an adjustment to revenue when actual sales or production are subsequently reported by the licensee, which is generally in the month or quarter following usage or shipment. We generally recognize revenue from royalty licenses on a per-subscriber per-month model for licenses with service providers and a per-unit shipped or manufactured model for licenses with CE manufacturers and memory, sensors, RF component, and foundry companies. Estimating licensees’ quarterly royalties prior to receiving the royalty reports requires us to make significant assumptions and judgments related to forecasted trends and growth rates used to estimate quantities shipped by customers, which could have a material impact on the amount of revenue we report on a quarterly basis.

Arrangements with Multiple System Operators for the TiVo Service

Our arrangements with multiple system operators (MSOs) typically include software customization and set-up services, associated maintenance and support, limited training, post-contract support, TiVo-enabled DVRs, non-DVR STBs and the TiVo service.

We have two types of arrangements with MSOs that include technology deployment and engineering services. In instances where we host the TiVo service, non-refundable payments received for customization and set-up services are deferred and recognized as revenue ratably over the hosting term. The related cost of such services is capitalized to the extent it is deemed

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recoverable and amortized to cost of revenue over the same period as the related TiVo service revenue is recognized. We estimate the stand-alone selling prices for training, DVRs, non-DVR STBs and maintenance and support based on the price charged in stand-alone sales of the promised good or service. The stand-alone selling price for the TiVo service is determined considering the size of the MSO and expected volume of deployment, market conditions, competitive landscape, internal costs and total gross margin objectives. For a term license to the TiVo service, we receive license fees for the hosted TiVo service on either a per-subscriber per-month basis or a fixed fee. We recognize revenue from per-subscriber per-month licenses during the month the TiVo service is provided to the customer and recognize revenue from fixed fee licenses ratably over the license period.

In arrangements where we do not host the TiVo service and that include engineering services that are essential to the functionality of the licensed technology or involve significant customization or modification of the software, we recognize revenue as progress toward completion is made using an input method based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to total estimated costs of the project. Estimating project costs requires forecasting costs, tracking progress toward completion and projecting the remaining effort to complete the project. These estimates are reassessed throughout the term of the arrangement, and revisions to estimates are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis when the changed conditions become known. We generally recognize revenue from license fees for the TiVo service that the Company does not host on a per-subscriber per-month basis due to the recognition constraint on intellectual property usage-based royalties.    

Subscription Services

Subscription services revenue primarily consists of fees to provide customers with access to one or more of our hosted products such as the iGuide IPG, advanced search and recommendations, metadata and analytics products, including routine customer support. We generally receive per-subscriber per-month fees for the iGuide IPG and search and recommendations service and revenue is recorded in the month the customer uses the service. We generally receive a monthly or quarterly fee from our metadata or analytics licenses for the right to use the metadata or access our analytics platform and to receive regular updates. Revenue from our metadata and analytics service is recognized ratably over the subscription period.

TiVo-enabled DVRs and non-DVRs and related TiVo Service

We sell TiVo-enabled DVRs and non-DVRs and the related service directly to customers through sales programs via the TiVo.com website and license the sale of TiVo-enabled DVRs and non-DVRs through a limited number of retailers. After the initial subscription period, all customers have various pricing options when they renew their subscription.

The transaction price allocated to the DVR is recognized as revenue upon shipment to the customer and the transaction price allocated to the TiVo service is recognized as revenue ratably over the service period. Subscription revenue from lifetime subscriptions is recognized ratably over the estimated useful life of the DVR associated with the subscription. The estimated useful life for a DVR depends on a number of assumptions, including, but not limited to, customer retention rates, the timing of new product introductions and historical experience. We periodically reassess the estimated useful life of a DVR. When the actual useful life of the DVR materially differs from our estimates, the estimated useful life of the DVR is adjusted, which could result in the recognition of revenue over a longer or shorter period of time.

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The following table presents our historical operating results for the periods indicated as a percentage of revenue:

The following table sets forth our revenue by year (in thousands, except for percentages):

The $612.0 million or 219% increase in total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to the prior year, was primarily due to the inclusion of revenue from TiVo operations following the Mergers, which included revenue from the patent license agreement with Comcast as discussed below, and Semiconductor IP agreements executed during the first two quarters of 2020. These increases in revenue were partially offset by a decrease in per-unit royalty revenue from existing licensing agreements.  

On November 9, 2020, we entered into a patent license agreement (the “Agreement”) with Comcast and we resolved all of the outstanding litigation with Comcast. The Agreement is effective as of the expiration of Comcast’s prior agreement in 2016 and its term continues into 2031. The Agreement provided for an initial payment by Comcast upon execution and provides for ongoing payments through the remainder of the Agreement. In connection with the Agreement, we recorded revenue for past royalties in the fourth quarter of 2020 and expect to recognize revenue from the prospective license into 2031.

Cost of Licensing, Services and Software Revenue, Excluding Depreciation and Amortization of Intangible Assets

Cost of licensing, services and software revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, consists primarily of employee-related costs, royalties paid to third parties, maintenance costs and an allocation of facilities costs, as well as service center and other expenses related to providing the TiVo Service, non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) services and our metadata offering.

Cost of licensing, services and software revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $57.3 million, as compared to $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $49.2 million. The increase was primarily due to the inclusion of $49.0 million of TiVo expenses since the Mergers.

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We anticipate cost of licensing, services and software revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, will continue to increase in 2021 when compared to 2020 due to including a full year of TiVo operations in our consolidated results.

Cost of Hardware Revenue, Excluding Depreciation and Amortization of Intangible Assets

Cost of hardware revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, includes all product-related costs associated primarily with TiVo-enabled devices, including third-party manufacturing costs, employee-related costs, warranty costs, order fulfillment costs, certain licensing costs, and an allocation of facilities costs.

Cost of hardware revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $21.1 million, as compared to $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $20.8 million. The increase was primarily due to the inclusion of $20.0 million of TiVo expenses since the Mergers.

We anticipate cost of hardware revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, will continue to increase in 2021 when compared to 2020 primarily due to including a full year of TiVo operations in our consolidated results as well as expected growth in sales of hardware products.

Research, Development and Other Related Costs

Research, development and other related costs (“R&D expense”) are comprised primarily of employee-related costs, stock-based compensation expense, engineering consulting expenses associated with new product and technology development, product commercialization, quality assurance and testing costs, as well as costs related to patent applications and examinations, product "tear downs" and reverse engineering, materials, supplies, equipment depreciation and an allocation of facilities costs. All research, development and other related costs are expensed as incurred.

R&D expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $195.2 million as compared to $110.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $84.3 million. The increase was due to the inclusion of $76.2 million of post-merger TiVo R&D expenses in 2020, increased headcount and personnel costs in Perceive, an internal startup that focuses on delivering edge-based inference solutions, and severance charges incurred in connection with consolidating and optimizing post-merger operations.

We believe that a significant level of R&D expense will be required for us to remain competitive in the future. We also anticipate that R&D expense will increase in 2021 when compared to 2020 due primarily to including a full year of TiVo operations in our consolidated results.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for sales and marketing personnel engaged in sales and licensee support, reverse engineering personnel and services, marketing programs, public relations, promotional materials, travel, trade show expenses, and stock-based compensation expense. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and related costs for general management, information technology, finance personnel, legal fees and expenses, facilities costs, stock-based compensation expense, and professional services. Our general and administrative expenses, other than facilities-related expenses, are not allocated to other expense line items.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 were $245.4 million, as compared to $117.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $127.7 million. The increase was due principally to the inclusion of $92.8 million of TiVo expenses, an increase in merger related transaction costs of $24.8 million, post-merger severance and retention costs of $14.3 million, and $4.8 million in costs associated with the contemplated separation of our business, partially offset by a reduction in travel and entertainment expenses.

We anticipate selling, general and administrative expenses will increase in 2021 when compared to 2020 due to including a full year of TiVo operations in our consolidated results.

Depreciation Expense

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Depreciation expense was $17.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $11.2 million. The increase was primarily attributable to depreciation expense on TiVo fixed assets added since the Mergers.

We anticipate depreciation expense will continue to increase in 2021 as compared to 2020 as a result of incurring the full year effect of TiVo’s assets after the Mergers.

Amortization Expense

Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $156.8 million, as compared to $99.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $56.9 million. The increase was primarily attributable to amortization of intangible assets recorded in connection with the Mergers in June 2020, partially offset by certain intangible assets becoming fully amortized over the past twelve months.

As a result of the Mergers, we anticipate that amortization expenses will continue to be a significant expense since we acquired approximately $878.0 million in intangible assets which will be amortized over the next several years. See “Note 10 - Goodwill and Identified Intangible Assets” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Litigation Expense

Litigation expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $20.8 million, as compared to $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, an increase of $15.7 million. The increase was primarily due to inclusion of post-merger TiVo litigation expenses and increased case activity in 2020.

In 2019 and 2020, prior to the Mergers, TiVo’s litigation expense was significantly higher than Xperi’s litigation expense in the same periods. We expect that litigation expense will continue to be a material portion of our operating expenses. Litigation expense may fluctuate between periods because of planned or ongoing litigation, as described in Part I, Item 3 – Legal Proceedings, and because of litigation planned for or initiated from time to time in the future in order to enforce and protect our intellectual property and contract rights.

Upon expiration of our customers’ licenses, if those licenses are not renewed, litigation may become necessary to secure payment of reasonable royalties for the use of our patented technology. If we plan for or initiate such litigation, our future litigation expenses may increase.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

The following table sets forth our stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):

Stock-based compensation awards include restricted stock awards and units, employee stock plan purchases and employee stock options. The increase in stock-based compensation for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to the prior year, was primarily a result of including incremental expense of $5.8 million from assumed TiVo stock awards and expenses from new, post-merger grants to legacy TiVo employees in 2020 as well as increases in restricted stock awards and units as a result of the Mergers.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $37.9 million, as compared to $23.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in interest expense was primarily a result of a higher average debt balance as compared to

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2019 as we entered into a new term loan of $1,050 million on June 1, 2020 to refinance the indebtedness of the combined companies in connection with the Mergers.

We anticipate interest expense will increase in 2021 when compared to 2020 as a result of a full year of the higher debt balance and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs.

Other Income and Expense, Net

Other income and expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $4.5 million, as compared to $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Other income was lower in the current year principally due to a decrease in interest income from financing components from revenue contracts, and secondarily from a decline in interest income from our short-term investments.  

Loss on Debt Extinguishment

In connection with the Mergers, we refinanced the indebtedness of the combined Company, and recognized a loss on early debt extinguishment of $8.3 million in 2020. We did not incur a loss on early debt extinguishment in 2019 or 2018.

Provision for (benefit from) Income Taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded an income tax benefit of $7.9 million on a pretax income of $135.9 million, which resulted in an effective tax rate of (5.8)%. The income tax benefit of $7.9 million was primarily related to a net decrease in valuation allowance as a result of the Mergers, eligible deductions from foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”), releases of unrecognized tax benefits due to the lapse of applicable statutes of limitation, deductibility of certain transaction expenses, and unrealized foreign exchange gains from the prior period South Korea refund claim, partially offset by tax expense from operating income, withholding taxes, shortfalls from stock-based compensation, and certain non-deductible expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded an income tax benefit of $19.0 million on a pretax loss of $83.1 million, which resulted in an effective tax rate of 22.9%. The income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2019 was primarily related to tax benefit from operating losses, tax credits, the release of valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets related to tax credits, and eligible deductions from FDII, offset by an increase in valuation allowance against deferred tax assets primarily related to capitalized research expenses, foreign withholding taxes, non-deductible stock-based compensation and certain non-deductible expenses.

During the fourth quarter of 2019, we filed a refund claim for foreign taxes previously withheld from licensees in South Korea based on court rulings in South Korea and other business factors. These previously-withheld foreign taxes were claimed as a foreign tax credit in the U.S. As a result of the 2019 refund claim and a planned refund claim for 2020, we recorded $123.0 million and $65.2 million as a noncurrent income tax receivable at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, $62.3 million and $48.2 million as a noncurrent income tax payable at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $36.7 million and $17.0 million as a reduction in deferred tax assets at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The need for a valuation allowance requires an assessment of both positive and negative evidence when determining whether it is more-likely-than-not that deferred tax assets are recoverable. Such assessment is required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. In making such assessment, significant weight is given to evidence that can be objectively verified. After considering both positive and negative evidence to assess the recoverability of our net deferred tax assets, we determined that it was not more-likely-than-not that we would realize our federal, certain state and certain foreign deferred tax assets given the substantial amount of tax attributes that will remain unutilized to offset reversing deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2020. We intend to continue maintaining a full valuation allowance on our federal deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of these allowances. However, given our current earnings and anticipated future earnings, we believe that there is a reasonable possibility that within the next 12 months, sufficient positive evidence may become available to allow us to reach a conclusion that a significant portion of the federal valuation allowance will no longer be needed. Release of the valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain federal deferred tax assets and a decrease to income tax expense for the period the release is recorded. However, the exact timing and amount of the valuation allowance release are subject to change based on the factors present when reevaluating both positive and negative evidence.

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Segment Operating Results

In connection with the Mergers, we re-evaluated our reportable segments. We concluded that we have two reportable segments: (1) Product and (2) IP Licensing. There are certain corporate overhead costs that are not allocated to these reportable segments because these operating amounts are not considered in evaluating the operating performance of our business segments.

Our Chief Executive Officer has been determined to be the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in accordance with the authoritative guidance on segment reporting.

The Product segment consists primarily of licensing our internally-developed audio, digital radio, imaging, edge-based machine learning and multi-channel video user experience (“UX”) solutions. Audio, digital radio, imaging solutions and edge-based machine learning include the delivery of software and/or hardware-based solutions to our consumer electronics (“CE”) customers, automotive manufacturers or their supply chain partners. UX products and services revenue is primarily derived from multi-channel video service providers and CE manufacturers, licensing the TiVo service and selling TiVo-enabled devices like the Stream 4K, Personalized Content Discovery, enriched Metadata, viewership data and advertising.

The IP Licensing segment consists primarily of licensing our innovations to leading companies in the media and semiconductor industries. Licensing arrangements include access to one or more of our foundational patent portfolios and may also include access to some of our industry-leading technologies and proven know-how. In media, our licensees include multichannel video programming distributors, OTT video service providers, consumer electronics manufacturers, social media and other new media companies. In semiconductor, our licensees include memory, sensors, RF component, and foundry companies.

We do not identify or allocate assets by reportable segment, nor does the CODM evaluate reportable segments using discrete asset information. Reportable segments do not record inter-segment revenue and accordingly there are none to report. Although the CODM uses operating income to evaluate reportable segments, operating costs included in one segment may benefit other segments.

The following table sets forth our segment revenue, operating expenses and operating income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):

(1) Unallocated operating expenses consist primarily of selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses, such as administration, human resources, finance, information technology, corporate development and procurement. These expenses are not allocated because these amounts are not considered in evaluating the operating performance of our business segments.

For year ended December 31, 2020, the unallocated operating expenses were $249.1 million compared to $117.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase of $131.4 million was due primarily to the inclusion of TiVo expenses, one-time merger related transaction costs, post-merger severance and retention costs, and costs associated with the contemplated separation of our business.

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The revenue and operating income (loss) amounts in this section have been presented on a basis consistent with GAAP applied at the segment level. Of our $847.0 million in goodwill at December 31, 2020, approximately $523.8 million is allocated to our Product segment and approximately $323.2 million is allocated to our IP Licensing segment.

Product Segment

(1) Excludes operating expenses which are not allocated on a segment basis.

The increase in revenue in 2020, as compared to 2019, was primarily attributable to the inclusion of TiVo revenue since the Mergers and higher minimum guarantee (“MG”) revenue due to the timing and duration of MG contracts up for renewal and executed during 2020, partially offset by a decrease in per-unit royalty revenue from existing licensing arrangements driven primarily by the COVID-19 impact.

The increase in operating expenses in 2020, as compared to 2019, was primarily due to the inclusion of TiVo Product expenses, increased headcount and personnel costs in Perceive, partially offset by lower legacy Xperi amortization expense due to certain intangible assets becoming fully amortized over the past twelve months.

We expect R&D expense will continue to be significant in this segment as we develop new products and solutions, and as we include a full year of R&D expenses from TiVo operations in 2021.

Operating income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $24.2 million and $11.6 million, respectively, which represented an increase of $12.6 million, for the reasons stated above.

IP Licensing Segment

(1) Excludes operating expenses which are not allocated on a segment basis.

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The increase in revenue in 2020, as compared to 2019, was primarily attributable to inclusion of post-merger TiVo IP Licensing revenue including past royalties revenue from Comcast as discussed in “Results of Operations,” and secondarily Semiconductor IP agreements executed during 2020, partially offset by a decrease in revenue from other Semiconductor IP license agreements.

The increase in operating expenses in 2020, as compared to 2019, was primarily due to the inclusion of TiVo IP Licensing expenses, including significant amortization of intangible assets recorded as a result of the Mergers, partially offset by lower legacy Xperi amortization expense due to certain intangible assets becoming fully amortized over the past twelve months.

In 2019 and in 2020, prior to the Mergers, TiVo’s litigation expenses were significantly higher than Xperi’s litigation expenses in the same periods. We expect that litigation expense will continue to be a material portion of our operating expenses and may fluctuate between periods because of planned or ongoing litigation, as described in Part I, Item 3 – Legal Proceedings, and because of litigation planned for or initiated from time to time in the future in order to enforce and protect our intellectual property and contract rights.

Operating income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $402.6 million and $37.4 million, respectively, which represented an increase of $365.2 million, for the reasons stated above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are our operating cash flows and our short-term investments. Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments were $257.1 million at December 31, 2020, an increase of $135.6 million from $121.5 million at December 31, 2019. This increase resulted primarily from $427.6 million in cash generated from operations, $1,010.3 million in net long-term debt proceeds received and $117.4 million in cash acquired from TiVo as a result of the Mergers, which was partially offset by $1,254.9 million in repayment of combined legacy indebtedness and the 2020 Term B Loan Facility, $80.6 million in repurchases of common stock, $50.9 million in purchases of intangible assets and $30.8 million in dividends paid. Cash and cash equivalents totaled $170.2 million at December 31, 2020, an increase of $95.6 million from $74.6 million at December 31, 2019.

Cash flows provided by operations were $427.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to our net income of $143.8 million, non-cash items of depreciation of $17.9 million, amortization of intangible assets of $156.8 million, stock-based compensation expense of $39.1 million and loss on debt extinguishment of $8.3 million, plus $76.8 million in changes in operating assets and liabilities. These increases were partially offset by a reduction of $34.7 million in deferred income taxes.

Cash flows provided by operations were $169.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to our net loss of $64.0 million, non-cash items of depreciation of $6.7 million, amortization of intangible assets of $99.9 million and stock-based compensation expense of $31.6 million, plus $131.0 million in changes in operating assets and liabilities. These increases were partially offset by a reduction of $38.6 million in deferred income taxes.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $17.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily related to net cash acquired in the Mergers of $117.4 million and maturities and sales of securities of $35.9 million, partially offset by purchases of short-term investments of $77.2 million, purchases of intangible assets of $50.9 million and capital expenditures of $7.4 million.

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Net cash used in investing activities was $19.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily related to the purchases of short-term available-for-sales securities of $40.0 million, $8.8 million in capital expenditures and patent acquisition of $4.5 million, partially offset by maturities and sales of securities of $34.1 million.

Net cash used in financing activities was $351.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 principally due to $1,254.9 million in repayment of indebtedness, $80.6 million in repurchases of common stock and $30.8 million in dividends paid, partially offset by $1,010.3 million in net long-term debt proceeds and $4.9 million in proceeds due to the issuance of common stock under our employee stock option programs and employee stock purchase plans.

Net cash used in financing activities was $189.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 principally due to $150.0 million in partial pay-down of debt principal, $39.5 million in dividends paid and $4.5 million in repurchases of common stock, partially offset by $6.0 million in proceeds due to the issuance of common stock under our employee stock option programs and employee stock purchase plans.

The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal and to maintain liquidity while at the same time capturing a market rate of return. To achieve these objectives, we maintain a diversified portfolio of securities including money market funds and debt securities including corporate bonds and notes, municipal bonds and notes, commercial paper, treasury and agency notes and bills and certificates of deposit. We invest excess cash predominantly in high-quality investment grade debt securities with less than three years to maturity. Our marketable debt securities are classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) with credit losses recognized as a credit loss expense and non-credit related unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. The fair values for our securities are determined based on quoted market prices as of the valuation date and observable prices for similar assets.

For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more-likely-than-not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. We did not recognize a provision for credit loss expense related to our AFS debt securities in 2020. For 2019 and 2018, we did not record any impairment charges related to our AFS debt securities.

In the third quarter of 2018, we initiated an equity position in Onkyo Corporation (“Onkyo”), a publicly traded company listed on the JASDAQ market of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Under Topic 321, we measure equity securities with readily determinable market value at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income (loss). In July 2019, we sold approximately 2.8 million shares of Onkyo stock, for which a realized gain of $0.9 million was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2019. In June 2020, we sold the remaining 4.2 million shares of Onkyo stock, for which a realized loss of $0.7 million was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2020. There were no sales of the Onkyo investment in 2018, during which period an unrealized loss of $2.2 million was recognized.

On December 1, 2016, we entered into a Credit Agreement with Royal Bank of Canada (“RBC”) which provided for a $600.0 million seven-year term B loan facility. The Term B Loan Facility was scheduled to mature on November 30, 2023. During 2019 we made three voluntary principal payments totaling $150.0 million, and upon consummation of the Mergers on June 1, 2020, we repaid the full remaining balance of $344.0 million under the Credit Agreement. In addition, upon consummation of the Mergers on June 1, 2020, we repaid $734.6 million of assumed TiVo debt with the proceeds from a new borrowing of $1,050 million discussed below.

On June 1, 2020, in connection with the consummation of the Mergers, we entered into a Credit Agreement (the “2020 Credit Agreement”) by and among us, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent. The 2020 Credit Agreement provides for a five-year senior secured term loan B facility in an aggregate principal amount of $1,050 million (the “2020 Term B Loan Facility”). The interest rate applicable to loans outstanding under the 2020 Term B Loan Facility is equal to, at our option, either (i) a base rate plus a margin of 3.00% per annum or (ii) LIBOR plus a margin of 4.00% per annum. Commencing on September 30, 2020, the 2020 Term B Loan Facility will amortize in quarterly installments equal to (i) with respect to repayments occurring on or prior to June 1, 2023, 1.25% of the original principal amount of the

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2020 Term B Loan Facility and (ii) with respect to repayments occurring after June 1, 2023 and prior to June 1, 2025, 1.875% of the original principal amount of the 2020 Term B Loan Facility, with the balance payable on the maturity date of the 2020 Term B Loan Facility (in each case subject to adjustment for prepayments). The 2020 Term B Loan Facility will mature on June 1, 2025. Upon the closing of the 2020 Credit Agreement, we borrowed $1,050 million under the 2020 Term B Loan Facility. Net proceeds were used on June 1, 2020, together with cash and cash equivalents, to repay existing indebtedness of the combined Company, including the aforementioned Term B Loan Facility with RBC. We commenced repaying quarterly installments under the 2020 Term B Loan Facility in the third quarter of 2020. The agreement permits prepayment of principal without penalty and on December 31, 2020, we elected to make a voluntary principal payment of $150.0 million.

At December 31, 2020, $873.8 million was outstanding under the 2020 Term B Loan Facility with an interest rate, including amortization of debt discount and issuance costs, of 5.1%. Interest is payable monthly. Under the existing loan agreements, we have future minimum principal payments for our debt of $52.5 million annually through 2022, then $72.2 million and $78.8 million in 2023 and 2024, respectively, with the remaining principal balance due in 2025. We are obligated to pay a portion of excess cash flow on an annual basis beginning March 31, 2022 based on certain ratios and our excess cash flow generated for the immediately preceding fiscal year as well as for any litigation settlements subsequent to the Mergers.  The voluntary principal payment described above may be offset against any obligated payments due as of March 31, 2022. The 2020 Term B Loan Facility contains customary covenants, and as of December 31, 2020 we were in full compliance with such covenants.

In August 2007, Xperi’s Board of Directors authorized a plan to repurchase Xperi’s outstanding shares of common stock dependent on market conditions, share price and other factors. This authorization was terminated upon closing of the Mergers. On June 12, 2020, our Board of Directors authorized a new stock repurchase program (the “new plan”) providing for the repurchase of up to $150.0 million of our common stock dependent on market conditions, stock price and other factors. Since the inception of the new plan, and through December 31, 2020, we have repurchased approximately 4.9 million shares of common stock for a total cost of $70.1 million at an average price of $14.25 per share. During the three months ended December 31, 2020, our repurchases totaled $20.0 million. As of December 31, 2020, the total remaining amount available for repurchase was $79.9 million. We may continue to execute authorized repurchases from time to time under the new plan.

In 2020, we paid quarterly dividends of $0.20 per share in each of March and May and quarterly dividends of $0.05 per share in each of September and December. In 2019 and 2018, we paid quarterly dividends of $0.20 per share in each of March, June, September and December.

From 2018 through 2020, we generated approximately $732 million of cash flows from operating activities. While we expect to continue to generate cash flows from operating activities for 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic presents significant uncertainties to the level of such cash flows as compared to prior years. Additionally, integration of the two legacy businesses post-merger and transaction costs relating to the contemplated separation of the two businesses will impact operating cash flow for 2021.  We have taken actions to manage cash flows by reducing discretionary spending and other variable costs, delaying employee hiring, and closely monitoring receivables and payables.  

We believe that based on current levels of operations and anticipated growth, our cash from operations, together with cash, cash equivalents and investments currently available, will be sufficient to fund our operations, debt service, dividends, stock repurchases and acquisition needs for at least the next twelve months. Poor financial results, unanticipated expenses, unanticipated acquisitions of technologies or businesses or unanticipated strategic investments could give rise to additional financing requirements sooner than we expect. There can be no assurance that equity or debt financing will be available when needed or, if available, that such equity financing will be on terms satisfactory to us and not dilutive to our then-current stockholders or that debt financing will not impose significant restrictions on the operation of our businesses.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2020 were as follows (in thousands):

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(1) Under the debt agreement, additional principal cash payments must be made on an annual basis beginning March 31, 2022 based on certain leverage ratios and excess cash flow generated for the immediately preceding fiscal year. See “Note 11 – Debt” for additional detail.

(2) Under the debt agreement, our debt bears a variable interest rate. Interest on the long-term debt is presented based on the interest rate in effect as of December 31, 2020. See “Note 11 – Debt” for additional detail.

(3) Amounts primarily represent future fixed and non-cancellable cash payments associated with purchase obligations to service providers, including the payments due within the next 12 months. Purchase orders for goods and services that are cancellable upon notice and without significant penalties are not included in the amounts above.

(4) Operating leases are presented on a gross basis. We have agreements to receive payments of approximately $32.1 million under subleases through 2026. Refer to “Note 8 – Leases” for additional detail.

Additionally, under certain contractual agreements, we may be obligated to make certain contingent or variable payments over an estimated period of approximately four years if certain conditions are met or milestones are achieved. See “Note 16 – Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail.

As of December 31, 2020, we had accrued $94.4 million of unrecognized tax benefits in long-term income taxes payable related to uncertain tax positions, which includes $2.5 million of accrued interest and penalties. At this time, we are unable to reasonably estimate the timing of the long-term payments or the amount by which the liability will increase or decrease over time. If we are successful in receiving our South Korean withholding tax refund of $123.0 million, net of interest income and foreign exchange loss, then $62.3 million of unrecognized tax benefit would be payable to the U.S. tax authorities. These amounts, which are included in our financial statements, have not been included in the table above.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2020, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in item 303(a)(4)(ii) of Regulation S-K.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements. These financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the United States which requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. By their nature, these estimates and judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. We evaluate our estimates based on our historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates relate to revenue recognition, the assessment of recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets, the valuation and recognition of stock-based compensation expense, the valuation of investments, business combinations, recognition and measurement of deferred income tax assets and liabilities, the assessment of unrecognized tax benefits, and others. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and material effects on our operating results and financial position may result.

We believe the following accounting policies and estimates are most critical to the understanding of our consolidated financial statements. See “Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 4 - Revenue” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of our accounting policies.

Revenue recognition

General

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services, which may include various combinations of goods and services which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of sales taxes collected from customers which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. In situations where foreign withholding taxes are withheld by our licensee, revenue is recognized gross of withholding taxes that are remitted directly by the licensee to a local tax authority.

Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations

Some of our contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the individual performance obligations are separately accounted for if they are distinct. In an arrangement with multiple performance

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obligations, the transaction price is allocated among the separate performance obligations on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. The determination of stand-alone selling price considers market conditions, the size and scope of the contract, customer and geographic information, and other factors. When observable prices are not available, stand-alone selling price for separate performance obligations is based on the cost-plus-margin approach, considering overall pricing objectives. The allocation of transaction price among performance obligations in a contract may impact the amount and timing of revenue recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations during a given period.

Variable Consideration

When a contract with a customer includes a variable transaction price, an estimate of the consideration which we expect to be entitled to for transferring the promised goods or services is made at contract inception. Depending on the terms of the contract, variable consideration is estimated using either the expected value approach or the most likely value approach. Under either approach to estimating variable consideration, the estimate considers all information (historical, current and forecast) that is reasonably available at contract inception. The amount of variable consideration is estimated at contract inception and updated as additional information becomes available. The estimate of variable consideration is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Subsequent changes in the transaction price resulting from changes in the estimate of variable consideration are allocated to the performance obligations in the contract on the same basis as at contract inception. Certain payments to licensees, retailers and distributors, such as market development funds and revenue shares, are treated as a reduction of the transaction price, and therefore a reduction to revenue, unless the payment is in exchange for a distinct good or service that the licensee, retailer or distributor transfers to us.

When variable consideration is in the form of a sales-based or usage-based royalty in exchange for a license of IP, or when a license of IP is the predominant item to which the variable consideration relates, revenue is recognized at the later of when the subsequent sale or usage occurs or the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based or usage-based royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied.

Nature of Goods and Services

We generate our revenue from the following principal activities.

License Agreements

We operate in two business segments. In our Product segment, we license our audio, imaging, edge-based machine learning and multi-channel video user experience (“UX”) solutions. In our IP Licensing segment, we license (i) our media patent portfolios (“Media IP licensing”) to multichannel video programming distributors, OTT video service providers, social media, consumer electronics manufacturers, and other providers of video experiences across various platforms, and (ii) our semiconductor technologies and associated patent portfolios (“Semiconductor IP licensing”) to memory, sensors, RF component, and foundry companies. We license our technologies and portfolios under three revenue models: (i) fixed-fee Media IP licensing, (ii) fixed-fee or minimum guarantee Semiconductor IP or Product licensing, and (iii) per-unit or per-subscriber royalty licenses.

Fixed-fee Media IP licensing

Our long-term fixed-fee Media IP licensing agreements provide our customers with the rights to future patented technologies over the term of the agreement that are highly interdependent or highly interrelated to the patented technologies provided at the inception of the agreement. We treat these rights as a single performance obligation with revenue recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the fixed-fee license agreement.

At times, we enter into license agreements in which a licensee is released from past patent infringement claims and is granted a license to ship an unlimited number of units or for an unlimited number of subscribers over a future period for a fixed fee. In these arrangements, we allocate the transaction price between the release for past patent infringement claims and the future license. As the release from past patent infringement claims is generally satisfied at execution of the agreement, the transaction price allocated to the release from past patent infringement claims is generally recognized in the period the agreement is executed and the amount of transaction price allocated to the future license is recognized ratably over the future license term.

Fixed-fee or minimum guarantee Semiconductor IP or Product licensing

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We enter into Product or Semiconductor IP licenses that have fixed fee or minimum guarantee arrangements, whereby licensees pay a fixed fee for the right to incorporate our technology in the licensee's products over the license term. In arrangements with a minimum guarantee, the fixed fee component corresponds to a minimum number of units or dollars that the customer must produce or pay, with additional per-unit fees for any units or dollars exceeding the minimum. In most cases, the customer pays the fixed license fee in specified installments over the license term. For both fixed fee and minimum guarantee agreements for Semiconductor IP or Product licensing, we recognize the full fixed fee as revenue at the beginning of the license term, when the licensee has the right to use the IP and begins to benefit from the license.

If the contract term of a fixed fee or minimum guarantee arrangement is longer than one year, we also consider the scheduled payment arrangements to determine whether a significant financing component exists. In general, if the payment arrangements extend beyond the initial twelve months of the contract, we treat a portion of the payments as a significant financing component. The discount rate used for each arrangement reflects the rate that would be used in a separate financing transaction between us and the licensee at contract inception and takes into account the credit characteristics of the licensee and market interest rates as of the date of the agreement. As such, the amount of fixed fee revenue recognized at the beginning of the license term will be reduced by the calculated financing component.

We actively monitor and enforce our IP, including seeking appropriate compensation from customers that have under-reported royalties owed under a license agreement and from third parties that utilize our intellectual property without a license. As a result of these activities, we may, from time to time, recognize revenue from payments resulting from periodic compliance audits of licensees for underreporting royalties incurred in prior periods, as part of a settlement of a patent infringement dispute, or from legal judgments in a license dispute. These recoveries and settlements may cause revenue to be higher than expected during a particular reporting period and such recoveries may not occur in subsequent periods. We recognize revenue from recoveries when a binding agreement has been executed and we conclude collection under that agreement is likely.

Per-unit or per-subscriber royalty licenses

We recognize revenue from per-unit or per-subscriber royalty licenses in the period in which the licensee's sales or production are estimated to have occurred, which results in an adjustment to revenue when actual sales or production are subsequently reported by the licensee, which is generally in the month or quarter following usage or shipment. We generally recognize revenue from royalty licenses on a per-subscriber per-month model for licenses with service providers and a per-unit shipped or manufactured model for licenses with CE manufacturers and memory, sensors, RF component, and foundry companies. Estimating licensees’ quarterly royalties prior to receiving the royalty reports requires us to make significant assumptions and judgments related to forecasted trends and growth rates used to estimate customer sales or production, which could have a material impact on the amount of revenue we report on a quarterly basis.

Arrangements with Multiple System Operators for the TiVo Service

Our arrangements with multiple system operators (“MSOs”) typically include software customization and set-up services, associated maintenance and support, limited training, post-contract support, TiVo-enabled DVRs, non-DVR STBs and the TiVo service.

We have two types of arrangements with MSOs that include technology deployment and engineering services. In instances where we host the TiVo service, non-refundable payments received for customization and set-up services are deferred and recognized as revenue ratably over the hosting term. The related cost of such services is capitalized to the extent it is deemed recoverable and amortized to cost of revenue over the same period as the related TiVo service revenue is recognized. We estimate the stand-alone selling prices for training, DVRs, non-DVR STBs and maintenance and support based on the price charged in stand-alone sales of the promised good or service. The stand-alone selling price for the TiVo service is determined considering the size of the MSO and expected volume of deployment, market conditions, competitive landscape, internal costs and total gross margin objectives. For a term license to the TiVo service, we receive license fees for the hosted TiVo service on either a per-subscriber per-month basis or a fixed fee. We recognize revenue from per-subscriber per-month licenses during the month the TiVo service is provided to the customer and recognize revenue from fixed fee licenses ratably over the license period.

In arrangements where we do not host the TiVo service and that include engineering services that are essential to the functionality of the licensed technology or involve significant customization or modification of the software, we recognize revenue as progress toward completion is made using an input method based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to total estimated costs of the project. Estimating project costs requires forecasting costs, tracking progress toward completion and projecting the remaining effort to complete the project. These estimates are reassessed throughout the term of the arrangement, and revisions to estimates are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis when the changed conditions become known. We

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generally recognize revenue from license fees for the TiVo service that the Company does not host on a per-subscriber per-month basis due to the recognition constraint on intellectual property usage-based royalties.    

Subscription Services

Subscription services revenue primarily consists of fees to provide customers with access to one or more of our hosted products such as the iGuide IPG, advanced search and recommendations, metadata and analytics products, including routine customer support. We generally receive per-subscriber per-month fees for the iGuide IPG and search and recommendations service and revenue is recorded in the month the customer uses the service. We generally receive a monthly or quarterly fee from our metadata or analytics licenses for the right to use the metadata or access our analytics platform and to receive regular updates. Revenue from our metadata and analytics service is recognized ratably over the subscription period.

TiVo-enabled DVRs and non-DVRs, including TiVo Stream 4K, and related TiVo Service

We sell TiVo-enabled DVRs and non-DVRs and the related service directly to customers through sales programs via the TiVo.com website and license the sale of TiVo-enabled DVRs and non-DVRs through a limited number of retailers. After the initial subscription period for a DVR, all customers have various pricing options when they renew their subscription.

The transaction price allocated to the DVR and non-DVR is recognized as revenue upon shipment to the customer and the transaction price allocated to the TiVo service is recognized as revenue ratably over the service period. Subscription revenue from lifetime subscriptions is recognized ratably over the estimated useful life of the DVR or non-DVR associated with the subscription. The estimated useful life for a DVR and non-DVR depends on a number of assumptions, including, but not limited to, customer retention rates, the timing of new product introductions and historical experience. We periodically reassess the estimated useful life of DVRs and non-DVRs. When the actual useful life of a DVR or a non-DVR materially differs from our estimates, the estimated useful life of the DVR or non-DVR is adjusted, which could result in the recognition of revenue over a longer or shorter period of time.

Significant Judgments

Determining whether promises to transfer multiple goods and services in contracts with customers are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately requires significant judgment, including related to the level of integration and interdependency between the performance obligations. In addition, judgment is necessary to allocate the transaction price to the distinct performance obligations, including whether there is a discount or significant financing component to be allocated based on the relative stand-alone selling price of the various performance obligations.

Significant judgment is required to determine the stand-alone selling price for each distinct performance obligation when an observable price is not available. In instances where stand-alone selling price is not directly observable, such as when we do not sell the good or service separately, the stand-alone selling price is determined using a range of inputs that includes market conditions and other observable inputs. More than one stand-alone selling price may exist for individual goods and services due to the stratification of those goods and services, considering attributes such as the size of the customer and geographic region.

Due to the nature of the work required to be performed on some performance obligations, significant judgment may be required to determine the transaction price. It is common for our license agreements to contain provisions that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. These variable amounts are generally estimated based on usage. In addition to estimating variable consideration, significant judgment is necessary to identify forms of variable consideration, determine whether the variable consideration relates to a sales-based or usage-based royalty of intellectual property and determine whether, and when to include estimates of variable consideration in the transaction price.

For certain licensees, royalty revenue is generated based on a licensee’s production or shipment of licensed products incorporating our intellectual property, technologies or software. Licensees with a per-unit or per-subscriber arrangement pay a per-unit royalty for each product manufactured or sold, or for each subscriber, as set forth in its license agreement. Licensees generally report manufacturing, sales or subscriber information in the month or quarter subsequent to when the production, shipment or subscription activity takes place. We estimate the royalties earned each quarter based on our forecast of manufacturing and sales activity by our licensees in that quarter. Any differences between actual royalties owed by a licensee and our estimates are recognized when the licensee’s royalty report is received. Estimating licensees’ quarterly royalties prior to receiving the royalty reports requires us to make significant assumptions and judgments related to forecasted trends and growth rates used to estimate quantities manufactured, shipped or subscribed by licensees, which could have a material impact on the amount of revenue recognized.

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Some hardware products are sold with a right of return and, in certain circumstances, credits or incentives may be provided to customers or resellers at the time of sale. Such credits and incentives are accounted for as variable consideration and recognized as a reduction to revenue. Estimates of returns, credits and incentives are made at contract inception and updated each reporting period.

In contracts where we do not host the TiVo service and that include engineering services that are essential to the functionality of the licensed technology or involve significant customization or modification of software, or where we provide non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) services, we recognize revenue as progress toward completion occurs using an input method based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to total estimated costs of the project. Significant judgment is required to estimate the remaining effort to complete the project. These estimates are reassessed throughout the term of the arrangement.

We evaluate our estimates, inputs and assumptions related to revenue recognition on an ongoing basis. The use of different estimates, inputs or assumptions may materially affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the results of operations for the reporting period.

Business combinations

The fair value valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a Business combination under ASC 805 requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions. Critical estimates in determining the fair value of certain intangible assets include, but are not limited to: future expected cash flows from customer contracts, customer lists, and acquired developed technologies and patents; competitive trends and market comparables; brand awareness and market position, as well as assumptions about the period of time the brand will continue to be used in our product portfolio; and discount rates. For additional information, refer to “Note 9 – Business Combination” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Valuation of goodwill and intangible assets

We make judgments about the recoverability of intangible assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may exist. If such facts and circumstances exist, we assess recoverability by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their remaining lives against their respective carrying amounts. Impairments, if any, are based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of those assets. If the useful life is shorter than originally estimated, we accelerate the rate of amortization and amortize the remaining carrying value over the new shorter useful life. Such changes could result in impairment charges or higher amortization expense in future periods, which could have a significant impact on our operating results and financial condition.

We perform an annual review of the valuation of goodwill in the fourth quarter, or more often if indicators of impairment exist. Triggering events for impairment reviews may be indicators such as adverse industry or economic trends, restructuring actions, lower projections of profitability, or a sustained decline in our market capitalization. Evaluations of possible impairment and, if applicable, adjustments to carrying values require us to estimate, among other factors, future cash flows, useful lives, and fair market values of our reporting units and assets. When we conduct our evaluation of goodwill, the fair value of goodwill is assessed using valuation techniques that require significant management estimates and judgment. Should conditions be different from management’s last assessment, significant impairments of goodwill may be required, which would adversely affect our operating results.

Stock-based compensation expense

Stock-based compensation is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis, net of estimated forfeitures, over the requisite service or performance period. We use the closing trading price of our common stock on the date of grant as the fair value of awards of restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance stock units (“PSUs”) that are based on company-designated performance targets. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the fair value of restricted stock units subject to market conditions with expected volatility estimated using the historical volatility of our common stock.

We use the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing formula to estimate the fair value of stock options and employee stock purchase plan ("ESPP") shares. The Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing formula uses complex and subjective inputs, including the expected life of the options, stock price volatility, dividends and the pre-vesting option forfeiture rate. We estimate the expected life of options granted based on historical exercise patterns, which we believe are representative of future behavior. We estimate the volatility of our common stock on the date of grant based on our stock’s market-based historical

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volatility. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent our best estimates, but these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors change and we use different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. In addition, we are required to estimate the expected forfeiture rate and only recognize expense for those shares expected to vest. We estimate the forfeiture rate based on historical experience of our stock-based awards that are granted, exercised and canceled. If our actual forfeiture rate is materially different from our estimate, stock-based compensation expense could be significantly different from what we have recorded in the current period. See “Note 14 - Stock-Based Compensation Expense” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail.

Accounting for income taxes

We must make certain estimates and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statement purposes. These estimates and judgments are used in the calculation of tax credits, tax benefits and deductions, and in the calculation of tax assets and liabilities. Significant changes to these estimates may result in an increase or decrease to our tax provision in a subsequent period.

We must assess the likelihood that we will be able to recover our deferred tax assets. If recovery is not likely on a more-likely-than-not basis, we must increase our provision for income taxes by recording a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets. Should there be a change in our ability to recover our deferred tax assets, our provision for income taxes would fluctuate in the period of the change.

We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with authoritative guidance related to income taxes.  The calculation of our unrecognized tax benefits involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations. As such, we are required to make many subjective assumptions and judgments regarding our income tax exposures. We record unrecognized tax benefits for anticipated tax audit issues in the U.S. and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional tax liabilities are more-likely-than-not assuming the tax authorities have full knowledge of all relevant information. If we ultimately determine that the tax liabilities are unnecessary, we reverse the liabilities and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which it occurs. This may occur for a variety of reasons, such as the expiration of the statute of limitations on a particular tax return or the completion of an examination by the relevant tax authority. We record an additional charge in our provision for taxes in the period in which we determine that the recorded unrecognized tax benefits are less than the expected ultimate settlement.

Our policy is to classify accrued interest and penalties related to the accrued liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the provision for income taxes. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we did not recognize any significant penalties or interest related to unrecognized tax benefits. See “Note 15 - Income Taxes” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See “Note 3 – Recent Accounting Pronouncements” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements including the respective expected dates of adoption.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal and maintain liquidity while at the same time capturing a market rate of return. To achieve these objectives, we maintain our portfolio of cash, cash equivalents and investments in a variety of securities, which are subject to risks including:

Interest Rate Risk

As of December 31, 2020, we had $873.8 million of outstanding indebtedness that was subject to floating interest rates. Changes in economic conditions outside of our control could result in higher interest rates, thereby increasing our interest expense and reducing the funds available for capital investment, operations or other purposes.  At December 31, 2020, a 1% increase in the effective interest rate on our outstanding debt throughout a one-year period would result in an annual increase in our interest expense of approximately $8.7 million. Any significant increase in our interest expense could negatively impact our results of operations and cash flows and also our ability to pay dividends in the future. If the U.S. Federal Reserve raises its benchmark interest rate, any increases would likely impact the borrowing rate on our outstanding indebtedness, and increase our interest expense, comparably.

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Investment Risk

We are exposed to market risk as it relates to changes in the market value of our investments in addition to the liquidity and credit worthiness of the underlying issuers of our investments. Our investments are subject to fluctuations in fair value due to the volatility of the credit markets and prevailing interest rates for such securities. Our marketable debt securities, consisting primarily of municipal bonds and notes, corporate bonds and notes, commercial paper, treasury and agency notes and bills and certificates of deposit, are classified as available-for-sale securities with fair values of $86.9 million and $45.8 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Unrealized losses, net of tax, on these investments were approximately $0.1 million and $0.1 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We did not hold any derivatives, derivative commodity instruments or other similar financial instruments in our portfolio as of December 31, 2020.

Bank Liquidity Risk

As of December 31, 2020, we have approximately $135.0 million of cash in operating accounts that are held with both domestic and international financial institutions, the majority held with domestic financial institutions. These cash balances could be lost or become inaccessible if the underlying financial institutions fail or if they are unable to meet the liquidity requirements of their depositors and they are not supported by the government of the jurisdiction where such cash is held. We have not incurred any losses and have had full access to our operating accounts to date. We believe any failures of domestic and international financial institutions could impact our ability to fund our operations in the short term.

Exchange Rate Risk

Our international business is subject to risks, including, but not limited to, differing economic conditions, changes in political climate, differing tax structures, other regulations and restrictions, and foreign exchange rate volatility when compared to the U.S. dollar. Accordingly, our future results could be materially impacted by changes in these or other factors.

Due to our operations outside the U.S., we are subject to the risks of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly related to the Euro, Indian rupee and British pound. As a substantial majority of our non-U.S. revenue and expense transactions are denominated in U.S. dollars, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could cause our products and services to become relatively more expensive to customers in a particular country, leading to a reduction in sales or profitability in that country. Some of our subsidiaries operate in their local currency, which mitigates a portion of the exposure related to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

We are also affected by exchange rate fluctuations as the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars in consolidation. As exchange rates vary, these results, when translated, may vary from expectations and could adversely or positively impact overall profitability. During 2020, the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations related to translation of our foreign subsidiaries’ financial statements was immaterial to our consolidated financial statements.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations, equity, comprehensive income (loss) and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020 are set forth in this Annual Report at Item 15(a)(1).

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SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED)

The following table presents our unaudited quarterly results of operations for the eight quarters in the periods ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

The following table should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report. We have prepared the unaudited information on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements. This table includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, that we consider necessary for fair statement of our financial position and operating results for the quarters presented. Operating results for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results for any future quarters or for a full year. We employ a calendar month-end reporting period for our quarterly reporting.