AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC. - Annual Report: 2011 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

Commission File Number 001-13459

Affiliated Managers Group, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

600 Hale Street, Prides Crossing, Massachusetts 01965
(Address of principal executive offices)

(617) 747-3300
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None

          Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ý    No o

          Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o    No ý

          Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý    No o

          Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý    No o

          Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ý

          Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

          Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o    No ý

          At June 30, 2011, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of $101.45 on that date on the New York Stock Exchange, was $5,227,844,602. Calculation of holdings by non-affiliates is based upon the assumption, for this purpose only, that executive officers, directors and any persons holding 10% or more of the registrant's common stock are affiliates. There were 51,763,612 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding on February 16, 2012.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

          Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on or about June 4, 2012 are incorporated by reference into Part III.

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FORM 10-K

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PART I

Item 1.    Business

        We are a global asset management company with equity investments in a diverse group of boutique investment management firms (our "Affiliates"). We pursue a growth strategy designed to generate shareholder value through the internal growth of our existing business, additional investments in investment management firms and strategic transactions and relationships structured to enhance our Affiliates' businesses and growth prospects.

        In our investments in each of our Affiliates, we hold a substantial equity interest. The remaining equity interests are retained by the management of the Affiliate and enable Affiliate managers to continue to participate in their firm's success. Our investment approach provides a degree of liquidity and diversification to principal owners of boutique investment management firms, and also addresses the succession and ownership transition issues facing many founders and principal owners. Our partnership approach also ensures that Affiliates maintain operational autonomy in managing their business, thereby preserving their firm's entrepreneurial culture and independence. In particular, our structures are designed to:

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maintain and enhance Affiliate managers' equity incentives in their firms;



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preserve each Affiliate's distinct culture and investment focus; and



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provide Affiliates with the ability to realize the benefits of scale economies in distribution, operations, compliance and technology.

        Although we invest in firms that we anticipate will grow independently and without our assistance, we are committed to helping Affiliates identify opportunities for growth and leverage the benefits of economies of scale. We assist our Affiliates in broadening global distribution, developing new products and providing strategic support and enhanced operational capabilities.

        We believe that substantial opportunities to make investments in high-quality boutique investment management firms will continue to arise as their founders seek to institutionalize their businesses through broader equity ownership, or approach retirement age and begin to plan for succession. Our management identifies select firms based on our thorough understanding of the asset management industry, and has developed relationships with a significant number of these firms. Within our target universe, we seek the strongest and most stable firms with the best growth prospects, which are typically characterized by a strong multi-generational management team and culture, with a commitment to building a firm for its longer-term success, focused investment discipline and long-term investment track record, and diverse products and distribution channels. We are focused on investing in the highest quality boutique investment management firms specializing in an array of investment styles and asset classes, including both traditional and alternative investment managers. We anticipate that we will have significant additional investment opportunities across the global asset management industry, including the potential for investments in subsidiaries, divisions and other investment teams or products.

Investment Management Operations

        As of December 31, 2011, we manage $327.5 billion in assets through our Affiliates in more than 350 investment products across a broad range of asset classes and investment styles in three principal distribution channels: Mutual Fund, Institutional and High Net Worth. We believe that our diversification across asset classes, investment styles and distribution channels helps to mitigate our exposure to the risks created by changing market environments.

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        A summary of selected financial data attributable to our operations follows:

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Mutual Fund Distribution Channel

        Through our Affiliates, we provide advisory or sub-advisory services to mutual funds. These funds are distributed to retail and institutional clients directly and through intermediaries, including independent investment advisors, retirement plan sponsors, broker-dealers, major fund marketplaces and bank trust departments.

        Utilizing the distribution, sales, client service and back-office capabilities of Managers Investment Group LLC ("Managers"), our Affiliates are provided access to the Mutual Fund wholesale distribution channel and wrap sponsor platforms. Managers offers Affiliates a single point of contact for retail intermediaries such as banks, brokerage firms and other sponsored platforms. Within this distribution channel, Managers is presently servicing and distributing approximately 40 mutual funds, including funds managed by twelve Affiliates.

Institutional Distribution Channel

        Through our Affiliates, we offer a broad range of investment styles in the Institutional distribution channel, including small, small/mid, mid and large capitalization value, growth equity and emerging markets. In addition, our Affiliates offer quantitative, alternative and fixed income products. Through this distribution channel, our Affiliates manage assets for foundations and endowments, defined benefit and defined contribution plans for corporations and municipalities, and Taft-Hartley plans, with disciplined and focused investment styles that address the specialized needs of institutional clients.

        Our institutional investment products are distributed by over 100 sales and marketing professionals who develop new institutional business through direct sales efforts and established relationships with pension consultants. Our efforts are designed to ensure that our Affiliates' products and services successfully address the specialized needs of their clients and are responsive to the evolving demands of the marketplace and provide our Affiliates with resources to improve sales and marketing materials, network with the pension consultant and plan sponsor communities, and further expand and establish new distribution alternatives.

        We continue to work with our Affiliates in executing and enhancing their marketing and client service initiatives by expanding our global distribution platform. Our global distribution platform includes offices in Sydney, serving institutional investors in Australia and New Zealand; London, serving institutional investors in the United Kingdom and Europe; Dubai, serving institutional investors in the Middle East; and Hong Kong, serving institutional investors in Asia. Our Affiliates currently manage approximately $150.0 billion in assets for non-U.S. clients in more than 40 countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom.

High Net Worth Distribution Channel

        The High Net Worth distribution channel is comprised broadly of two principal client groups. The first group consists principally of direct relationships with high net worth individuals and families and charitable foundations. For these clients, our Affiliates provide investment management or customized investment counseling and fiduciary services. The second group consists of individual managed account client relationships established through intermediaries, which are generally brokerage firms or other sponsors. Our Affiliates provide investment management services through more than 100 managed account and wrap programs.

        We have undertaken several initiatives to provide our Affiliates with enhanced managed account distribution and administration capabilities. Within our High Net Worth distribution channel, Managers is presently distributing more than 20 investment products managed by multiple Affiliates. Managers

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distributes single and multi-manager separate account products and mutual funds through brokerage firms.

Our Structure and Relationship with Affiliates

        In making investments in boutique investment management firms, we seek to partner with the highest quality firms in the industry, with outstanding management teams, strong long-term performance records and a demonstrated commitment to continued growth and success. Fundamental to our investment approach is the belief that Affiliate management equity ownership (along with AMG's ownership) aligns our interests and provides Affiliate managers with a powerful incentive to continue to grow their business. Our investment structure provides a degree of liquidity and diversification to principal owners of boutique investment management firms, while at the same time expanding equity ownership opportunities among the firm's management and allowing management to continue to participate in the firm's future growth. Our partnership approach also ensures that Affiliates maintain operational autonomy in managing their business, thereby preserving their firm's entrepreneurial culture and independence.

        Although the specific structure of each investment is highly tailored to meet the needs of a particular Affiliate, in all cases, we establish a meaningful equity interest in the firm, with the remaining equity interests retained by the management of the Affiliate. Each Affiliate is organized as a separate firm, and its operating or shareholder agreement is structured to provide appropriate incentives for Affiliate management owners and to address the Affiliate's particular characteristics while also enabling us to protect our interests, including through arrangements such as long-term employment agreements with key members of the firm's management team.

        In most cases, we own a majority of the equity interests of a firm and structure a revenue sharing arrangement, in which a percentage of revenue is allocated for use by management of that Affiliate in paying operating expenses of the Affiliate, including salaries and bonuses. We call this the "Operating Allocation." The portion of each Affiliate's revenue that is allocated to the owners of that Affiliate (including us) is called the "Owners' Allocation." Each Affiliate allocates its Owners' Allocation to its managers and to us generally in proportion to their and our respective ownership interests in that Affiliate.

        One of the purposes of our revenue sharing arrangements is to provide ongoing incentives for Affiliate managers by allowing them to participate in the growth of their firm's revenue, which may increase their compensation from both the Operating Allocation and the Owners' Allocation. These arrangements also provide incentives to control operating expenses, thereby increasing the portion of the Operating Allocation that is available for growth initiatives and compensation.

        An Affiliate's Operating Allocation is structured to cover its operating expenses. However, should actual operating expenses exceed the Operating Allocation, our contractual share of cash under the Owners' Allocation generally has priority over the allocations and distributions to the Affiliate's managers. As a result, the excess expenses first reduce the portion of the Owners' Allocation allocated to the Affiliate's managers until that portion is eliminated, before reducing the portion allocated to us. Any such reduction in our portion of the Owners' Allocation is required to be paid back to us out of the portion of future Owners' Allocation allocated to the Affiliate's managers.

        Our minority investments are also structured to align our interests with those of the Affiliate's management through shared equity ownership, as well as to preserve the Affiliate's entrepreneurial culture and independence by maintaining the Affiliate's operational autonomy. In cases where we hold a minority investment, the revenue sharing arrangement generally allocates a percentage of the Affiliate's revenue to us. The remaining revenue is used to pay operating expenses and profit distributions to the other owners. Generally where we own a minority investment, we are required to use the equity method of accounting. Consistent with this method, we have not consolidated the

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operating results of these firms (including their revenue) in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Our share of these firms' profits (net of intangible amortization) is reported in Income from equity method investments, and is therefore reflected in our Net income and EBITDA. As a consequence, increases or decreases in these firms' assets under management ($86.9 billion as of December 31, 2011 and included in our reported Assets under Management) will not affect our reported revenue.

        Certain of our Affiliates operate under profit-based arrangements through which we own a majority of the equity in the firm and receive a share of profits as cash flow, rather than a percentage of revenue through a typical revenue sharing agreement. As a result, we participate fully in any increase or decrease in the revenue or expenses of such firms. In these cases, we participate in a budgeting process and generally provide incentives to management through compensation arrangements based on the performance of the Affiliate.

        We are focused on establishing and maintaining long-term partnerships with our Affiliates. Our shared equity ownership gives both us and our Affiliates meaningful incentives to manage their businesses for strong future growth. From time to time, we may consider changes to the structure of our relationship with an Affiliate in order to better support the firm's growth strategy.

        Many of our Affiliate operating agreements provide our Affiliate managers conditional rights ("put rights") that enable them to sell their retained equity interests to us at certain intervals, gradually over time. These agreements also provide us conditional rights to require the managers to sell their interests to us ("call rights"). We believe these rights enhance our ability to keep our ownership within a desired range and provide Affiliate managers sufficient incentives to grow and improve their business and create equity value for themselves. These rights help facilitate our ability to provide equity ownership opportunities in our Affiliates to more junior members of their management teams.

        Through our Affiliates, we derive most of our revenue from the provision of investment management services. Investment management fees ("asset-based fees") are usually determined as a percentage fee charged on periodic values of a client's assets under management; most asset-based fees are billed by our Affiliates quarterly. Our private equity products bill advisory fees on committed capital.

        Certain clients are billed for all or a portion of their accounts based upon assets under management valued at the beginning of a billing period ("in advance"). Other clients are billed for all or a portion of their accounts based upon assets under management valued at the end of the billing period ("in arrears"). Most client accounts in the High Net Worth distribution channel are billed in advance, and most client accounts in the Institutional distribution channel are billed in arrears. Clients in the Mutual Fund distribution channel are billed based upon average daily assets under management. Asset-based fees billed in advance will not reflect subsequent changes in the market value of assets under management for that period but may reflect changes due to client withdrawals. Conversely, asset-based fees billed in arrears will reflect changes in the market value of assets under management for that period.

        In addition, over 75 Affiliate alternative investment and equity products, representing approximately $40.4 billion of assets under management (as of December 31, 2011), also bill on the basis of absolute or relative investment performance ("performance fees"). These products, which are primarily in the Institutional distribution channel, are often structured to have returns that are not directly correlated to changes in broader equity indices and, if earned, the performance fee component is typically billed less frequently than an asset-based fee. Although performance fees inherently depend on investment results and will vary from period to period, we anticipate performance fees to be a recurring component of our revenue. We also anticipate that, within any calendar year, the majority of performance fees will typically be realized in the fourth quarter.

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        Our Net income reflects the revenue of our consolidated Affiliates and our share of income from Affiliates which we account for under the equity method, reduced by:

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our expenses, including the operating expenses of our consolidated Affiliates; and



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the profits allocated to managers of our consolidated Affiliates (i.e., non-controlling interest).

        As discussed above, for consolidated Affiliates with revenue sharing arrangements, the operating expenses of the Affiliate as well as its managers' non-controlling interest generally increase (or decrease) as the Affiliate's revenue increases (or decreases) because of the direct relationship established in many of our agreements between the Affiliate's revenue and its Operating Allocation and Owners' Allocation. At our consolidated profit-based Affiliates, expenses may or may not correspond to increases or decreases in the Affiliates' revenues.

        Our level of profitability will depend on a variety of factors, including:

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those affecting the global financial markets generally and the equity markets particularly, which could potentially result in considerable increases or decreases in the assets under management at our Affiliates;



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the level of Affiliate revenue, which is dependent on the ability of our existing and future Affiliates to maintain or increase assets under management by maintaining their existing investment advisory relationships and fee structures, marketing their services successfully to new clients and obtaining favorable investment results;



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our receipt of Owners' Allocation from Affiliates with revenue sharing arrangements, which depends on the ability of our existing and future Affiliates to maintain certain levels of operating profit margins;



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the increases or decreases in the revenue and expenses of Affiliates that operate on a profit-based model;



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the availability and cost of the capital with which we finance our existing and new investments;



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our success in making new investments and the terms upon which such transactions are completed;



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the level of intangible assets and the associated amortization expense resulting from our investments;



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the level of our expenses, including compensation for our employees; and



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the level of taxation to which we are subject.

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Diversification of Assets under Management

        The following table provides information regarding the composition of our assets under management as of December 31, 2011.

Prospective Affiliates

        Our target investment universe includes more than 1,800 investment management firms globally, and we have established relationships with approximately 800 of these firms and continue to develop new relationships with additional firms. This group of boutique investment management firms includes independently owned firms, as well as investment management subsidiaries of larger organizations and strategic distribution firms located around the world. We believe that demographic trends will continue to create a number of transaction opportunities as the founders of independent firms experience a need for partnership transition and succession planning, or otherwise seek a degree of diversification and additional resources to pursue their growth strategy. In addition, we expect that the number of transaction opportunities available to us will be further enhanced as larger financial organizations dispose of non-core asset management subsidiaries and private equity firms sell investments in asset managers.

        We are well positioned to execute upon these investment opportunities through our established process of identifying and cultivating investment prospects, our broad industry relationships, as well as our substantial experience and expertise in structuring and negotiating transactions. In addition, we have a strong reputation as an effective partner to our existing Affiliates, and are recognized as an innovative, supportive institutional partner for the highest quality boutique investment management firms.

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Competition

        In each of our three principal distribution channels, we and our Affiliates compete with a large number of other domestic and foreign investment management firms, as well as subsidiaries of larger financial organizations. In comparison to us and our Affiliates, these firms may have significantly greater financial, technological and marketing resources, captive distribution and greater assets under management and many offer an even broader array of investment products and services. Since certain Affiliates are active in the same distribution channels, from time to time they compete with each other for clients. In addition, there are relatively few barriers to entry for new investment management firms to compete with our Affiliates, especially in the Institutional distribution channel. We believe that the most important factors affecting our ability to compete for clients in our three principal distribution channels are the:

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performance records, investment style and discipline, and reputation of our Affiliates and their management teams, as well as their ability to attract and retain high quality investment professionals;



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depth and continuity of client relationships;



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diversity of products offered;



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level of client service offered;



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strong business relationships with the major intermediaries who currently distribute our products; and



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development and marketing of new investment strategies and ability to access opportunities to meet the changing needs of investors.

        The relative importance of each of these factors can vary depending on the distribution channel and the type of investment management service involved, as well as general market conditions. Each Affiliate's ability to retain and increase assets under management would be adversely affected if client accounts underperform in comparison to relevant benchmarks or peer groups, or if key personnel leave the Affiliate. The ability of each Affiliate to compete with other investment management firms also depends, in part, on the relative attractiveness of its investment philosophies and methods under then-prevailing market trends.

        A component of our growth strategy is the acquisition of equity interests in additional high-quality boutique investment management firms. In seeking to acquire such equity interests, we compete with a number of acquirers of investment management firms, including other investment management companies, private equity firms, sovereign wealth funds and larger financial organizations. Many of these competitors have longer operating histories and greater financial and strategic resources than we do, which may make our competitors more attractive to the owners of the firms in which we are considering an investment. In addition, these competitors may have a lower cost of capital and access to funding sources that are not available to us. We believe that important factors affecting our ability to compete for future investments are the:

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degree to which target firms view our investment structure as preferable, financially, operationally or otherwise, to acquisition or investment arrangements offered by other potential purchasers; and



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reputation and performance of our existing and future Affiliates, by which target firms may judge us and our future prospects.

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Government Regulation

        Our Affiliates' businesses are subject to complex and extensive regulation by various regulatory authorities in jurisdictions around the world. This regulatory environment may be altered without notice by new laws or regulations, revisions to existing regulations or new interpretations or guidance. Changes in these laws or regulations could have a material adverse impact on our Affiliates' businesses, our profitability and mode of operations, and could require that we or our Affiliates incur substantial cost or curtail our operations or investment offerings. Regulatory authorities may also conduct examinations or inspections of our operations or those of our Affiliates and any determination of a failure to comply with laws or regulations could result in disciplinary or enforcement action with penalties that may include the disgorgement of fees, fines, suspensions or censure of individual employees or revocation or limitation of business activities or registration. Even in the absence of wrongdoing, regulatory inquiries or proceedings could cause substantial expenditures of time and capital and result in reputational damage, and potentially have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Global financial regulatory reform initiatives are likely to result in more stringent regulation of the financial services industry in which we and our Affiliates operate, which could adversely affect our business.

Employees and Corporate Organization

        As of December 31, 2011, we employed approximately 120 persons and our Affiliates employed approximately 1,900 persons, the substantial majority of which were full-time employees. Neither we nor any of our Affiliates is subject to any collective bargaining agreements, and we believe that our labor relations are good. We were formed in 1993 as a corporation under the laws of the State of Delaware.

Our Web Site

        Our web site is www.amg.com. It provides information about us, as well as a link in the "Investor Information" section of our web site to another web site where you can obtain, free of charge, a copy of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, including exhibits, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. We make these reports available through our web site as soon as reasonably practicable after our electronic filing of such materials with, or the furnishing of them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. The information contained or incorporated on our web site is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Item 1A.    Risk Factors

        We face a variety of risks that are substantial and inherent in our business, including market, liquidity, credit, operational, legal and regulatory risks. The following are some of the more important factors that could affect our business.

Our financial results depend on equity market returns and the investment performance of our Affiliates.

        Our Affiliates typically receive fees based on the market value of assets under management, and payments will be adversely affected by declines in the equity markets. In addition, some of our Affiliates are paid fees based on investment performance on an absolute basis or relative to a specified benchmark and, as such, are directly dependent upon investment results which may vary substantially from year to year. Unfavorable market performance and volatility in the capital markets or in the prices of specific securities may reduce our Affiliates' assets under management, which in turn may adversely affect the fees payable to our Affiliates and, ultimately, our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. Because our assets under management are largely concentrated in equity products, our results are particularly susceptible to downturns in the equity markets, or a decline in the assets invested in the equity markets.

Our growth strategy depends upon continued growth from our existing Affiliates and upon making new investments in boutique investment management firms.

        Our Affiliates may not maintain their respective levels of performance or contribute to our growth at their historical or currently anticipated levels. Also, our Affiliates may be unable to carry out their management succession plans, which may adversely affect their operations and revenue streams and thus our results of operations.

        The success of our investment program will depend upon our ability to find suitable firms in which to invest, our ability to negotiate agreements with such firms on acceptable terms, and our ability to raise the capital necessary to finance such transactions. We cannot be certain that we will be successful in finding or investing in such firms or that they will have favorable operating results following our investment, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial results could be adversely affected by the financial stability of other financial institutions.

        We and our Affiliates routinely execute transactions with various counterparties in the financial services industry. Historical market volatility highlights the interconnection of the global markets and demonstrates how the deteriorating financial condition of one institution may materially and adversely impact the performance of other institutions. We and our Affiliates may be exposed to such risk in the event that a counterparty with whom we transact defaults on its obligations, or if there are other unrelated systemic failures in the markets.

Historically, equity markets and our common stock have been volatile.

        The market price of our common stock historically has experienced and may continue to experience volatility, and the broader equity markets have experienced and may again experience significant price and volume fluctuations. In addition, our announcements of our quarterly operating results, changes in general conditions in the economy or the financial markets and other developments affecting us, our Affiliates or our competitors could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially.

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Our Affiliates' businesses are highly regulated.

        Our Affiliates' businesses are subject to extensive regulation by various regulatory authorities in jurisdictions around the world. If we or any of our Affiliates were to fail to comply with those regulations or be named as a subject of an investigation or other regulatory action, the public announcement and potential publicity surrounding any such investigation or action could have a material adverse effect on our stock price and result in increased costs even if we (or our Affiliates) were found not to have violated the regulations or the law. The failure of AMG or any Affiliate to satisfy regulatory requirements could subject it to sanctions that might materially impact our business and the Affiliate's business. Changes in laws or regulatory requirements, or the interpretation or application of such laws and regulatory requirements by regulatory authorities, can occur without notice and could have a material adverse impact on our profitability and mode of operations. Proposals in the United States and the European Union have called for more stringent regulation and additional taxation of the financial services industry in which we and our Affiliates operate, which may make it more likely that changes will occur that could adversely affect our business, our access to capital and the market for our common stock.

        In the U.S., the 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act represents a comprehensive overhaul of the financial services regulatory environment and will require federal agencies to implement numerous new rules, the extent of which is not yet known and many of which may not be implemented for months or even years. In the United Kingdom and Europe, our business may be impacted by financial services reform initiatives enacted or under consideration in the European Union. Compliance with these new laws and regulations may result in increased compliance costs and expenses.

Our international operations are subject to foreign risks, including political, regulatory, economic and currency risks.

        We and some of our Affiliates operate offices or advise clients outside of the United States, and several Affiliates are based outside the United States. Accordingly, we and our current and any prospective Affiliates that have foreign operations are subject to risks inherent in doing business internationally, in addition to the risks our business faces more generally. These risks may include changes in applicable laws and regulatory requirements, difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, longer payment cycles, difficulties in collecting investment advisory fees receivable, different, and in some cases, less stringent legal, regulatory and accounting regimes, political instability, fluctuations in currency exchange rates, expatriation controls, expropriation risks and potential adverse tax consequences. These or other risks related to our international operations may have an adverse effect both on our Affiliates and on our consolidated business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Affiliates' autonomy limits our ability to alter their management practices and policies, and we may be held responsible for liabilities incurred by them.

        Although our agreements with our Affiliates typically give us the authority to control and/or vote with respect to certain of their business activities, we generally are not directly involved in managing our Affiliates' day-to-day activities, including investment management policies and procedures, fee levels, marketing and product development, client relationships, employment and compensation programs and compliance activities. As a consequence, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by problems stemming from the day-to-day operations of our Affiliates.

        Some of our Affiliates are partnerships or limited liability companies of which we, or entities controlled by us, are the general partner or managing member. Consequently, to the extent that any of these Affiliates incur liabilities or expenses that exceed its ability to pay for them, we may be directly or

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indirectly liable for their payment. In addition, with respect to each of our Affiliates, we may be held liable in some circumstances as a control person for the acts of the Affiliate or its employees. While we and our Affiliates maintain errors and omissions and general liability insurance in amounts believed to be adequate to cover certain potential liabilities, we cannot be certain that we will not have claims that exceed the limits of available insurance coverage, that the insurers will remain solvent and will meet their obligations to provide coverage or that insurance coverage will continue to be available to us and our Affiliates with sufficient limits and at a reasonable cost. A judgment in excess of available insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

We depend on regular distributions from our Affiliates to fund our operations. In addition, our structure results in substantial structural subordination that may affect our ability to make payments on our obligations.

        We receive cash distributions from our Affiliates. An Affiliate's payment of distributions to us may be subject to claims by the Affiliate's creditors and to limitations applicable to the Affiliate under federal and state laws, including securities and bankruptcy laws, and any applicable non-U.S. laws. Additionally, an Affiliate may default on some or all of the distributions that are payable to us. If we do not receive the distributions to which we are entitled under our agreements with our Affiliates, it would adversely affect us, and may affect our ability to make payments on our obligations.

        Our right to receive any assets of our Affiliates or subsidiaries upon their liquidation or reorganization, and thus the right of the holders of our securities to benefit from those assets, typically would be subordinated to the claims of that entity's creditors. In addition, even if we were a creditor of any of our Affiliates or subsidiaries, our rights as a creditor would be subordinate to any security interest and indebtedness that is senior to us.

The agreed-upon expense allocation under our revenue sharing arrangements with our Affiliates may not be large enough to pay for all of the respective Affiliate's operating expenses.

        Our Affiliates have generally entered into agreements with us under which they have agreed to pay us a specified percentage of their respective gross revenue, while retaining a percentage of revenue for use in paying that Affiliate's operating expenses. We may not anticipate and reflect in those agreements possible changes in the revenue and expense base of any Affiliate, and the agreed-upon expense allocation may not be large enough to pay for all of an Affiliate's operating expenses. We may elect to defer the receipt of our share of an Affiliate's revenue to permit the Affiliate to fund such operating expenses, or we may restructure our relationship with an Affiliate with the aim of maximizing the long-term benefits to us, but we cannot be certain that any such deferral or restructured relationship would be of any greater benefit to us. Such a deferral or restructured relationship may have an adverse effect on our near-term or long-term profitability and financial condition.

The sale or issuance of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely impact the price of our common stock.

        The sale of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market could adversely impact its price. In connection with our financing activities, we issued securities and entered into contracts that may result in the issuance of our common stock upon the occurrence of certain events. As of December 31, 2011, approximately 7.8 million shares remain issuable under the terms of our convertible securities. Moreover, in connection with future financing activities, we may issue additional convertible securities or shares of our common stock. Any such issuance of shares of our common stock could have the effect of substantially diluting the interests of our current equity holders. In the event that a large number of shares of our common stock are sold in the public market, the price of our common stock may fall.

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The failure to consummate announced investments in new investment management firms could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

        Consummation of our acquisition transactions is generally subject to a number of closing conditions, contingencies and approvals, including but not limited to obtaining certain consents of the investment management firms' clients. In the event that an announced transaction is not consummated, we may experience a decline in the price of our common stock to the extent that the then-current market price reflects a market assumption that we will complete the announced transaction. In addition, the fact that a transaction did not close after we announced it publicly may negatively affect our ability and prospects to consummate transactions in the future. Finally, we must pay costs related to these transactions, including legal and accounting fees, even if the transactions are not completed, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We expect that we will need to raise additional capital in the future, and existing or future resources may not be available to us in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms.

        While we believe that our existing cash resources and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs for normal operations for the foreseeable future, our continuing acquisitions of interests in new affiliated investment management firms may require additional capital. We may also need to repurchase some or all of our $460.0 million of outstanding 3.95% convertible senior notes in the third quarter of 2013. We are contingently liable to make additional purchase payments upon the achievement of specified financial targets in connection with certain of our prior acquisitions and we have obligations to purchase additional equity in existing Affiliates, which obligations may be triggered from time to time. These obligations may require more cash than is then available from operations. Thus, we may need to raise capital by making additional borrowings or by selling shares of our common stock or other equity or debt securities, or to otherwise refinance a portion of these obligations. As of December 31, 2011, we are in compliance with the terms of our credit facility, which matures in 2016.

        Our level of indebtedness may increase if we fund one or more future acquisitions through borrowings under our credit facility. This additional indebtedness could increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and will require us to dedicate a greater portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness.

        The financing activities described above could increase our interest expense, decrease our Net income and dilute the interests of our existing stockholders. In addition, our access to further capital, and the cost of capital we are able to access, is influenced by our credit rating. A reduction in our credit rating could increase our borrowing costs and may limit our access to the capital markets.

We have substantial intangibles on our balance sheet, and any impairment of our intangibles could adversely affect our results of operations.

        At December 31, 2011, our total assets were approximately $5.2 billion, of which approximately $3.4 billion were intangible assets, and approximately $0.6 billion were Equity investments in Affiliates, an amount comprised primarily of intangible assets. We cannot be certain that we will ever realize the value of such intangible assets. An impairment of our intangible assets or an other than temporary decline in the value of our equity investments could adversely affect our results of operations.

We and our Affiliates rely on certain key personnel and cannot guarantee their continued service.

        We depend on the efforts of our executive officers and our other officers and employees. Our executive officers, in particular, play an important role in the stability and growth of our existing Affiliates and in identifying potential investment opportunities for us. We do not have employment

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agreements with our officers, although each of them has a significant equity interest, including stock options.

        In addition, our Affiliates depend heavily on the services of key principals, who in many cases have managed their firms for many years. These principals often are primarily responsible for their firm's investment decisions. Although we use a combination of economic incentives, transfer restrictions and, in some instances, non-solicitation agreements and employment agreements in an effort to retain key management personnel, there is no guarantee that these principals will remain with their firms. Since certain Affiliates contribute significantly to our revenue, the loss of key management personnel at these Affiliates could have a disproportionate adverse impact on our business.

Our Affiliates' investment management contracts are subject to termination on short notice.

        Our Affiliates derive almost all of their revenue from their clients based upon their investment management contracts with those clients. These contracts are typically terminable by the client without penalty upon relatively short notice (typically not longer than 60 days) and may not be assignable without consent. We cannot be certain that our Affiliates will be able to retain their existing clients or attract new clients. If our Affiliates' clients withdraw a substantial amount of funds, it is likely to harm our results. In addition, investment management contracts with mutual funds are subject to annual approval by each fund's board of directors.

Our industry is highly competitive.

        Through our Affiliates, we compete with a broad range of investment managers, including public and private investment advisors, firms associated with securities broker-dealers, financial institutions, insurance companies, private equity firms, sovereign wealth funds and other entities that serve our three principal distribution channels, many of whom have greater resources. This competition may reduce the fees that our Affiliates can obtain for their services. We believe that our Affiliates' ability to compete effectively with other firms in our three distribution channels depends upon our Affiliates' products, investment performance and client-servicing capabilities, and the marketing and distribution of their investment products. Our Affiliates may not compare favorably with their competitors in any or all of these categories. From time to time, our Affiliates also compete with each other for clients.

        The market for acquisitions of interests in investment management firms is highly competitive. Many other public and private financial services companies, including commercial and investment banks, insurance companies and investment management firms, which may have significantly greater resources than we do, also invest in or buy investment management firms. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to compete effectively with such companies, that new competitors will not enter the market or that such competition will not make it more difficult or not feasible for us to make new investments in investment management firms.

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Item 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments

        There are no unresolved written comments that were received from the Securities and Exchange Commission staff 180 days or more before the end of our fiscal year relating to our periodic or current reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Item 2.    Properties

        Our headquarters and principal offices are located at 600 Hale Street, Prides Crossing, Massachusetts 01965; we believe that the property is suitable for the foreseeable future. We also lease offices in Palm Beach, Florida, Sydney, Australia, London, England, Hong Kong and Dubai, United Arab Emirates. In addition, each of our Affiliates leases office space in the city or cities in which it conducts business.

Item 3.    Legal Proceedings

        From time to time, we and our Affiliates may be parties to various claims, suits and complaints. Currently, there are no such claims, suits or complaints that, in our opinion, would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures

        Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5.    Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

        Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (symbol: AMG). The following table sets forth the high and low prices as reported on the New York Stock Exchange composite tape since January 1, 2010 for the periods indicated.

        The closing price for a share of our common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange composite tape on February 16, 2012 was $106.95. As of February 16, 2012, there were 25 stockholders of record.

        We have not declared a cash dividend with respect to the periods presented. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock as we intend to retain earnings to finance investments in new Affiliates, repay indebtedness, pay interest and income taxes, repurchase debt securities and shares of our common stock when appropriate, and develop our existing business. Furthermore, our credit facility contains limitations on cash dividends.

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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

        We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock during the first and second quarters of 2011. Our share repurchase activity during the third and fourth quarters is presented in the table below.

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        The following graph compares the cumulative stockholder return on our common stock from November 21, 1997, the date of our initial public offering, through December 31, 2011, with the cumulative total return, during the same period, on the Standard & Poor's 500 Index, the Standard & Poor's 500 Financial Sector Index and a peer group comprised of AllianceBernstein Holding L.P., Ameriprise Financial, Inc., BlackRock, Inc., Eaton Vance Corp., Federated Investors, Inc., Franklin Resources, Inc., Invesco Ltd., Janus Capital Group Inc., Legg Mason, Inc., T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. and Waddell & Reed Financial, Inc. ("New Peer Group"). Previously our peer group also included GAMCO Investors, Inc. and did not include AllianceBernstein Holding L.P., Ameriprise Financial, Inc., Invesco Ltd. and Legg Mason, Inc. The comparison assumes the investment of $100 on November 21, 1997 in our common stock and each of the comparison indices and, in each case, assumes reinvestment of all dividends.

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Item 6.    Selected Financial Data

        Set forth below are selected financial data for the last five years. This data should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Item 7.    Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Statements

        When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in our press releases and in oral statements made with the approval of an executive officer, the words or phrases "will likely result," "are expected to," "will continue," "is anticipated," "may," "intends," "believes," "estimate," "project" or similar expressions are intended to identify "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including, among others, the following:

•

our performance is directly affected by changing conditions in global financial markets generally and in the equity markets particularly, and a decline or a lack of sustained growth in these markets may result in decreased advisory fees or performance fees and a corresponding decline (or lack of growth) in our operating results and in the cash flow distributable to us from our Affiliates;



•

we cannot be certain that we will be successful in finding or investing in additional investment management firms on favorable terms, that we will be able to consummate announced investments in new investment management firms, or that existing and new Affiliates will have favorable operating results;



•

we may need to raise capital by making long-term or short-term borrowings or by selling shares of our common stock or other securities in order to finance investments in additional investment management firms or additional investments in our existing Affiliates, and we cannot be sure that such capital will be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all; and



•

those certain other factors discussed under the caption "Risk Factors."

        These factors could affect our financial performance and cause actual results to differ materially from historical earnings and those presently anticipated and projected. We will not undertake and we specifically disclaim any obligation to release publicly the result of any revisions which may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect the occurrence of events, whether or not anticipated. In that respect, we wish to caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made.

Executive Overview

        The following executive overview summarizes the significant trends affecting our results of operations and financial condition. This overview and the remainder of this Management's Discussion and Analysis supplements, and should be read in conjunction with, the Consolidated Financial Statements of AMG and its subsidiaries (collectively, the "Company" or "AMG") and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

        We are a global asset management company with equity investments in a diverse group of boutique investment management firms (our "Affiliates"). We pursue a growth strategy designed to generate shareholder value through the internal growth of our existing business, additional investments in boutique investment management firms and strategic transactions and relationships designed to enhance our Affiliates' businesses and growth prospects.

        Our global distribution strategy combines the resources and scale of a global asset management company with the investment expertise of our boutique Affiliates. We are continuing to invest in our distribution platform worldwide with the addition of new personnel and geographic regions.

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        The table below shows our financial highlights for each of the past three years:

        During the year ended December 31, 2011, the MSCI EAFE decreased 11.7% and the MSCI Emerging Markets decreased 18.2%, while the S&P 500 increased 2.1%. Our total assets under management grew to $327.5 billion at December 31, 2011, an increase of approximately 2% over December 31, 2010. The growth in our assets under management was the result of organic growth of our Affiliates from net client cash flows ($22.9 billion), partially offset by negative investment performance ($15.2 billion).

Diversification of Assets under Management

        The following table provides information regarding the composition of our assets under management:

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        Our strategic focus on global and emerging market equity and alternative products continues to drive the growth of our business. During the year ended December 31, 2011 we experienced strong organic growth from net client cash flows in our Alternative ($12.8 billion) and Equity asset classes ($7.9 billion). Moderately positive investment performance in the Alternative and Fixed Income asset classes contributed to the growth in 2011, while negative investment performance in the Equity asset class resulted in a 6% decline from 2010.

        As mentioned above, our Global/International products benefited from net client cash flows of $14.7 billion and the Emerging Markets products benefited from net client cash flows of $6.7 billion, partially offset by negative investment performance across all geographic regions.

        Our assets under management increased significantly during the year ended December 31, 2010, in large part, as a result of new Affiliate investments in Artemis, Aston, Pantheon and Trilogy. The investments in Pantheon, Artemis and Trilogy further diversified our business by increasing our exposure to Alternative, Global/International and Emerging Market product offerings.

Assets under Management by Operating Segment

        The following tables present a rollforward of our assets under management by operating segment (which are also referred to as distribution channels in this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

Statement of Changes

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        As shown in the assets under management table above, client cash inflows totaled $81.3 billion while client cash outflows totaled $58.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2011. The net flows for the year ended December 31, 2011 occurred across a broad range of product offerings in each of our distribution channels, with no individual cash inflow or outflow having a material impact on our revenue or expenses.

        The operating segment analysis presented in the following table is based on average assets under management. For the Mutual Fund distribution channel, average assets under management represent an average of the daily net assets under management. For the Institutional and High Net Worth distribution channels, average assets under management reflect the billing patterns of particular client accounts. For example, assets under management for an account that bills in advance is presented in the table on the basis of beginning of period assets under management while an account that bills in arrears is reflected on the basis of end of period assets under management. We believe that this analysis more closely correlates to the billing cycle of each distribution channel and, as such, provides a more meaningful relationship to revenue.

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Results of Operations

Revenue

        Our revenue is generally determined by the level of our average assets under management, the portion of our assets across our products and three operating segments, which realize different fee rates, and the recognition of any performance fees. Performance fees are generally measured on absolute or relative investment performance against a benchmark. As a result, the level of performance fees earned can vary significantly from period to period and these fees may not necessarily be correlated to changes in assets under management.

        Our revenue increased $346.6 million (or 26%) in 2011 from 2010, primarily from a 31% increase in average assets under management, partially offset by a decline in performance fees from our consolidated Affiliates. This increase in average assets under management resulted from our 2010 investments in new Affiliates and net client cash flows, partially offset by a decline in global equity markets during 2011. Unrelated to the change in assets under management, consolidated performance fees declined $27.5 million to $30.9 million (or 47%) in 2011, as compared to 2010.

        Our revenue increased $516.4 million (or 61%) in 2010 from 2009, primarily as a result of a 40% increase in average assets under management and our investments in new Affiliates that realize comparatively higher fee rates. The increase in average assets under management resulted principally from our new Affiliate investments, strong investment performance and positive net client cash flows. Unrelated to the change in assets under management, consolidated performance fee revenue increased $35.4 million to $58.4 million (or 154%) for the year ended December 31, 2010 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2009.

        The following discusses the changes in our revenue by operating segments.

Mutual Fund Distribution Channel

        The increase in revenue of $144.9 million (or 25%) in the Mutual Fund distribution channel in 2011 from 2010 resulted primarily from a 33% increase in average assets under management. The increase in average assets under management resulted principally from our 2010 investments in new Affiliates and net client cash flows, partially offset by a decline in global equity markets during 2011.

        The increase in revenue of $265.6 million (or 85%) in the Mutual Fund distribution channel in 2010 from 2009 resulted from a 75% increase in average assets under management. The increase in average assets under management resulted principally from our investments in new Affiliates, strong investment performance and positive net client cash flows.

Institutional Distribution Channel

        The increase in revenue of $192.2 million (or 30%) in the Institutional distribution channel in 2011 from 2010 resulted primarily from a 33% increase in average assets under management, partially offset by a decline in performance fees from our consolidated Affiliates. The increase in average assets under management resulted principally from our 2010 investments in new Affiliates and net client cash flows, partially offset by a decline in global equity markets during 2011. Unrelated to the change in assets

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under management, consolidated performance fee revenue decreased $25.9 million to $30.7 million (or 46%) for the year ended December 31, 2011 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2010.

        The increase in revenue of $233.6 million (or 56%) in the Institutional distribution channel in 2010 from 2009 resulted principally from a 35% increase in average assets under management and our investments in new Affiliates that realize comparatively higher fee rates. The increase in average assets under management resulted principally from our new Affiliate investments, strong investment performance and positive net client cash flows. Unrelated to the change in assets under management, consolidated performance fee revenue increased $34.2 million to $56.6 million (or 153%) for the year ended December 31, 2010 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2009.

High Net Worth Distribution Channel

        The increase in revenue of $9.5 million (or 7%) in the High Net Worth distribution channel in 2011 from 2010 resulted principally from a 15% increase in average assets under management. The increase in average assets under management resulted principally from 2010 investment performance and net client cash flows in both 2010 and 2011.

        The increase in revenue of $17.2 million (or 15%) in the High Net Worth distribution channel in 2010 from 2009 resulted principally from a 17% increase in average assets under management. The increase in average assets under management resulted principally from investment performance.

Operating Expenses

        The following table summarizes our consolidated operating expenses:

        The substantial portion of our operating expenses is incurred by our Affiliates, the majority of which is incurred by Affiliates with revenue sharing arrangements. For Affiliates with revenue sharing arrangements, an Affiliate's Operating Allocation percentage generally determines its operating expenses. Accordingly, our compensation expense is generally impacted by increases or decreases in each Affiliate's revenue and the corresponding increases or decreases in their respective Operating Allocations. During 2011, approximately $359.6 million, or about 50.0% of our consolidated compensation expense, was attributable to our Affiliate partners from their Operating Allocations. The percentage of revenue allocated to operating expenses varies from one Affiliate to another and may vary within an Affiliate depending on the source or amount of revenue. As a result, changes in our aggregate revenue may not impact our consolidated operating expenses to the same degree.

        Compensation and related expenses increased $124.3 million (or 21%) in 2011, as compared to 2010. This increase was attributable to increases in aggregate Affiliate expenses of $74.4 million from new Affiliate investments in 2010, and also a result of the relationship between revenue and operating expenses at extant Affiliates which experienced increases in revenue, and accordingly, reported higher compensation expenses.

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        Compensation and related expenses increased $191.9 million (or 48%) in 2010. The increase was attributable to increases in aggregate Affiliate expenses of $84.9 million from new Affiliate investments, and $81.2 million from the relationship between revenue and operating expenses at extant Affiliates, which experienced increases in revenue, and accordingly, reported higher compensation expenses. This increase was also attributable to increases in holding company incentive and share-based compensation, as compared to 2009.

        Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $66.2 million (or 23%) in 2011. This increase was a result of increases in Affiliate expenses of $48.9 million in 2011 from new Affiliate investments in 2010. This increase was also attributable to increases in sub-advisory and distribution expenses attributable to increases in assets under management at our Affiliates in the Mutual Fund distribution channel. These increases were partially offset by a $13.5 million decrease in acquisition-related professional fees, as compared to 2010.

        Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $157.8 million (or 124%) in 2010. This increase resulted principally from increases in aggregate Affiliate expenses of $119.2 million from new Affiliate investments. This increase also resulted from a $10.3 million increase in acquisition-related professional fees, as compared to 2009.

        Amortization of intangible assets increased $37.7 million (or 63%) in 2011 and $27.1 million (or 82%) in 2010, principally attributable to increases in definite-lived intangible assets resulting from new Affiliate investments in 2010. The increase in 2011 is also the result of a $9.2 million expense associated with the revaluation of Indefinite-lived intangible assets at one of our Affiliates.

        Depreciation and other amortization increased $0.9 million (or 6%) in 2011, as compared to 2010, principally attributable to a $1.3 million increase in aggregate Affiliate expenses from new Affiliate investments in 2010. Depreciation and other amortization increased $1.4 million (or 11%) in 2010, principally attributable to a $2.1 million increase in aggregate Affiliate expenses from new Affiliate investments. This increase was partially offset by decreases in spending on depreciable assets in recent periods.

        Other operating expenses increased $5.4 million (or 17%) in 2011, as compared to 2010, principally attributable to an increase in aggregate Affiliate expenses of $5.5 million from new Affiliate investments in 2010, as well as an increase in costs associated with our global distribution initiatives. These increases were partially offset by a $2.5 million loss realized on the transfer of Affiliate interests in 2010, which did not recur in 2011. Other operating expenses increased $4.1 million (or 15%) in 2010, principally attributable to a $6.1 million increase in aggregate Affiliate expenses from new Affiliate investments, partially offset by a decrease in losses realized on transfers of Affiliate interests in 2010, as compared to 2009.

Other Income Statement Data

        The following table summarizes non-operating income and expense data:

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        Income from equity method investments consists of our share of income from Affiliates that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting, net of any related intangible amortization. Income from equity method investments decreased $4.8 million (or 6%) in 2011, principally as a result of a $101.8 million decrease in performance fees (to $177.1 million). This decrease was partially offset by increases in revenue resulting from higher assets under management. Income from equity method investments increased $45.9 million (or 145%) in 2010, principally as a result of a $158.4 million increase in performance fees (to $278.9 million).

        Investment and other income (loss) decreased $27.9 million (or 122%) in 2011, as compared to 2010, principally as a result of increases in Affiliate investment losses. This decrease also resulted from the write-off of a cost method investment during 2011 ($12.8 million). Investment and other income (loss) decreased $2.0 million (or 8%) in 2010, principally as a result of a $7.5 million gain on the settlement of a contingent payment in 2009, partially offset by a $4.0 million increase in Investment and other income (loss) from new Affiliates, as well as increases in investment earnings.

        Investment income (loss) from Affiliate investments in partnerships relates to the consolidation of certain investment partnerships in which our Affiliates are the general partner. In the third quarter of 2010, we deconsolidated these partnerships. For 2010, the loss from Affiliate investments in partnerships was $4.5 million. This loss was principally attributable to investors who are unrelated to us.

        Interest expense increased $7.6 million (or 11%) in 2011, principally as a result of an increase in the cost of borrowings under our revolving credit facility. This increase was also attributable to a $0.8 million increase in issuance costs related to the credit facility amendment that occurred in the first quarter of 2011. Interest expense increased $1.6 million (or 2%) in 2010, principally as a result of increased borrowings under our revolving credit facility.

        Imputed interest expense and contingent payment arrangements consists of interest accretion on our senior convertible securities and our junior convertible trust preferred securities, as well as the accretion and revaluation of our contingent payment arrangements. Imputed interest expense and contingent payment arrangements increased $2.4 million (or 10%) in 2011 as compared to 2010, principally as a result of a $6.7 million increase in accretion related to our contingent payment arrangements partially offset by a $4.8 million gain on revaluation. Imputed interest expense and contingent payment arrangements increased $11.4 million (or 84%) in 2010, principally as a result of a $9.9 million increase in accretion related to our contingent payment arrangements.

        Income taxes increased $1.6 million (or 2%) in 2011, as the result of an increase in Income before income taxes, partially offset by a $7.6 million benefit from revaluing certain deferred tax liabilities as a result of a change to corporate tax rates in the United Kingdom.

        Income taxes increased $58.7 million (or 179%) in 2010, as the result of an increase in Income before income taxes and approximately $11.2 million of taxes attributable to non-controlling interests from our 2010 new Affiliate investments. This increase was partially offset by a $4.1 million benefit from revaluing certain deferred tax liabilities as a result of a change to corporate tax rates in the United Kingdom.

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Net Income

        The following table summarizes Net income for the past three years:

        Net income attributable to non-controlling interests increased $41.6 million (or 27%) in 2011. This change resulted principally from the previously discussed changes in revenue. Affiliate equity issuances had the effect of increasing Affiliate equity ownership, and therefore increasing net income attributable to non-controlling interests. These increases were partially offset by increases in amortization, interest expenses, tax expenses and investment losses attributable to non-controlling interests, as compared to 2010. In 2010, Net income attributable to non-controlling interests increased $26.4 million (or 21%). This increase was proportionately less than the increase in revenue as a result of the previously discussed increases in tax expenses. Additionally, Affiliate equity repurchases had the effect of decreasing Affiliate equity ownership, and therefore decreasing the income attributable to non-controlling interests.

        Net income (loss) (non-controlling interests in partnerships) relates to the consolidation of certain investment partnerships in which our Affiliates are the general partner. In the third quarter of 2010, we deconsolidated these partnerships. For 2010, the loss from Affiliate investment partnerships attributable to the non-controlling interests was $4.4 million.

        Net income (controlling interest) increased $26.3 million (or 19%) in 2011 as a result of the previously discussed increases in revenue, partially offset by increases in reported operating expenses. Net income (controlling interest) increased $79.1 million (or 133%) in 2010 as a result of the previously discussed increases in revenue and income from equity method investments, partially offset by increases in reported operating and income tax expenses and income attributable to non-controlling interests.

Supplemental Performance Measures

        As supplemental information, we provide non-GAAP performance measures that we refer to as Economic net income and Economic earnings per share. We consider Economic net income an important measure of our financial performance, as we believe it best represents our operating performance before non-cash expenses relating to our acquisition of interests in our investment management firms. Economic net income and Economic earnings per share are used by our management and Board of Directors as our principal performance benchmarks, including as measures for aligning executive compensation with stockholder value. These measures are provided in addition to, but not as a substitute for, Net income (controlling interest) and Earnings per share. Economic net income and Economic earnings per share are not liquidity measures and should not be used in place of any liquidity measure calculated under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP").

        Under our Economic net income definition, we add to Net income (controlling interest) amortization (including equity method amortization), deferred taxes related to intangible assets, non-cash imputed interest expense (principally related to the accounting for convertible securities and contingent payment arrangements) and Affiliate equity expense. We add back amortization attributable to acquired client relationships because this expense does not correspond to the changes in value of these assets, which do not diminish predictably over time. The portion of deferred taxes generally attributable to intangible assets (including goodwill) that we no longer amortize but which continues to

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generate tax deductions is added back, because we believe it is unlikely these accruals will be used to settle material tax obligations. We add back non-cash expenses relating to certain transfers of equity between Affiliate management partners, when these transfers have no dilutive effect to our shareholders.

        Economic earnings per share represents Economic net income divided by the adjusted diluted average shares outstanding, which measures the potential share issuance from our senior convertible securities and junior convertible securities (each further described in Liquidity and Capital Resources) using a "treasury stock" method. Under this method, only the net number of shares of common stock equal to the value of these securities in excess of par, if any, are deemed to be outstanding. We believe the inclusion of net shares under a treasury stock method best reflects the benefit of the increase in available capital resources (which could be used to repurchase shares of common stock) that occurs when these securities are converted and we are relieved of our debt obligation. This method does not take into account any increase or decrease in our cost of capital in an assumed conversion.

        The following table provides a reconciliation of Net income (controlling interest) to Economic net income: