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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP INC - Quarter Report: 2020 June (Form 10-Q)


____________________________________________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☑ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2020
or
☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission File No. 1-13653

afg-20200630_g1.jpg
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
Incorporated under the Laws of Ohio                                                                IRS Employer I.D. No. 31-1544320
301 East Fourth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
(513) 579-2121
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer  ☑                        Accelerated filer  ☐                         Non-accelerated filer  ☐
Smaller reporting company  ☐                   Emerging growth company  ☐ 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each ClassTrading Symbol(s)Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common StockAFGNew York Stock Exchange
6% Subordinated Debentures due November 15, 2055AFGHNew York Stock Exchange
5.875% Subordinated Debentures due March 30, 2059AFGBNew York Stock Exchange
5.625% Subordinated Debentures due June 1, 2060AFGDNew York Stock Exchange
5.125% Subordinated Debentures due December 15, 2059AFGCNew York Stock Exchange
As of August 1, 2020, there were 88,540,128 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding, excluding 14.9 million shares owned by subsidiaries.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
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Table of Contents
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
PART I
ITEM 1. — FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (UNAUDITED)
(Dollars in Millions)
June 30,
2020		December 31,
2019
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$2,698  $2,314  
Investments:
Fixed maturities, available for sale at fair value (amortized cost — $45,670 and $44,524; allowance for expected credit losses of $61 at June 30, 2020)
48,046  46,505  
Fixed maturities, trading at fair value97  113  
Equity securities, at fair value1,602  1,937  
Investments accounted for using the equity method1,781  1,688  
Mortgage loans1,475  1,329  
Policy loans158  164  
Equity index call options605  924  
Real estate and other investments279  278  
Total cash and investments56,741  55,252  
Recoverables from reinsurers3,476  3,415  
Prepaid reinsurance premiums733  678  
Agents’ balances and premiums receivable1,366  1,335  
Deferred policy acquisition costs818  1,037  
Assets of managed investment entities4,393  4,736  
Other receivables880  975  
Variable annuity assets (separate accounts)577  628  
Other assets1,676  1,867  
Goodwill207  207  
Total assets$70,867  $70,130  
Liabilities and Equity:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses$10,321  $10,232  
Unearned premiums2,778  2,830  
Annuity benefits accumulated41,392  40,406  
Life, accident and health reserves606  612  
Payable to reinsurers746  814  
Liabilities of managed investment entities4,236  4,571  
Long-term debt1,912  1,473  
Variable annuity liabilities (separate accounts)577  628  
Other liabilities2,173  2,295  
Total liabilities64,741  63,861  
Redeemable noncontrolling interests—  —  
Shareholders’ equity:
Common Stock, no par value
       — 200,000,000 shares authorized
       — 88,659,407 and 90,303,686 shares outstanding
89  90  
Capital surplus1,299  1,307  
Retained earnings3,685  4,009  
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax1,053  863  
Total shareholders’ equity6,126  6,269  
Noncontrolling interests—  —  
Total equity6,126  6,269  
Total liabilities and equity$70,867  $70,130  
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EARNINGS (UNAUDITED)
(In Millions, Except Per Share Data)
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020201920202019
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums$1,184  $1,200  $2,393  $2,373  
Net investment income468  580  1,012  1,122  
Realized gains (losses) on securities204  56  (347) 240  
Income (loss) of managed investment entities:
Investment income49  70  108  139  
Loss on change in fair value of assets/liabilities(5) (2) (48) (2) 
Other income51  56  108  112  
Total revenues1,951  1,960  3,226  3,984  
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses771  723  1,478  1,415  
Commissions and other underwriting expenses409  426  829  825  
Annuity benefits426  339  702  650  
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses(35) 33  78  61  
Interest charges on borrowed money23  17  40  33  
Expenses of managed investment entities38  59  86  114  
Other expenses101  104  183  214  
Total costs and expenses1,733  1,701  3,396  3,312  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes218  259  (170) 672  
Provision (credit) for income taxes51  50  (33) 137  
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests167  209  (137) 535  
Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(10) (1) (13) (4) 
Net Earnings (Loss) Attributable to Shareholders$177  $210  $(124) $539  
Earnings (Loss) Attributable to Shareholders per Common Share:
Basic$1.98  $2.34  $(1.38) $6.02  
Diluted$1.97  $2.31  $(1.38) $5.94  
Average number of Common Shares:
Basic89.7  89.7  90.0  89.6  
Diluted90.0  91.0  90.0  90.8  
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In Millions)
 
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020201920202019
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests$167  $209  $(137) $535  
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period
1,021  356  156  740  
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings
(7) (8) 12  (11) 
Total net unrealized gains on securities1,014  348  168  729  
Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges3  18  30  29  
Foreign currency translation adjustments4  —  (6) 4  
Other comprehensive income, net of tax1,021  366  192  762  
Total comprehensive income, net of tax1,188  575  55  1,297  
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
(10) —  (11) (3) 
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders$1,198  $575  $66  $1,300  
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(Dollars in Millions)
 
 Shareholders’ Equity  Redeemable
CommonCommon Stock
and Capital		RetainedAccumulated
Other Comp.		 Noncon-
trolling		TotalNoncon-
trolling
SharesSurplusEarningsInc. (Loss)TotalInterestsEquityInterests
Balance at March 31, 202089,827,336  $1,399  $3,616  $32  $5,047  $—  $5,047  $—  
Net earnings (loss)—  —  177  —  177  —  177  (10) 
Other comprehensive income—  —  —  1,021  1,021  —  1,021  —  
Dividends ($0.45 per share)
—  —  (41) —  (41) —  (41) —  
Shares issued:
Exercise of stock options5,250  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Restricted stock awards—  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Other benefit plans51,955  4  —  —  4  —  4  —  
Dividend reinvestment plan2,733  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Stock-based compensation expense
—  4  —  —  4  —  4  —  
Shares acquired and retired(1,194,236) (19) (57) —  (76) —  (76) —  
Shares exchanged — benefit plans(540) —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Forfeitures of restricted stock
(33,091) —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Other—  —  (10) —  (10) —  (10) 10  
Balance at June 30, 202088,659,407  $1,388  $3,685  $1,053  $6,126  $—  $6,126  $—  
Balance at March 31, 201989,637,713  $1,346  $3,875  $444  $5,665  $—  $5,665  $—  
Net earnings (loss)—  —  210  —  210  —  210  (1) 
Other comprehensive income—  —  —  365  365  —  365  1  
Dividends ($1.90 per share)
—  —  (170) —  (170) —  (170) —  
Shares issued:
Exercise of stock options247,753  11  —  —  11  —  11  —  
Restricted stock awards—  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Other benefit plans30,081  3  —  —  3  —  3  —  
Dividend reinvestment plan7,596  1  —  —  1  —  1  —  
Stock-based compensation expense
—  6  —  —  6  —  6  —  
Shares exchanged — benefit plans(3,519) —  (1) —  (1) —  (1) —  
Forfeitures of restricted stock(2,023) —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Other—  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Balance at June 30, 201989,917,601  $1,367  $3,914  $809  $6,090  $—  $6,090  $—  
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (UNAUDITED) — CONTINUED
(Dollars in Millions)
 
 Shareholders’ Equity  Redeemable
CommonCommon Stock
and Capital		RetainedAccumulated
Other Comp.		 Noncon-
trolling		TotalNoncon-
trolling
SharesSurplusEarningsInc. (Loss)TotalInterestsEquityInterests
Balance at December 31, 201990,303,686  $1,397  $4,009  $863  $6,269  $—  $6,269  $—  
Cumulative effect of accounting change—  —  7  —  7  —  7  —  
Net loss—  —  (124) —  (124) —  (124) (13) 
Other comprehensive income—  —  —  190  190  —  190  2  
Dividends ($0.90 per share)
—  —  (81) —  (81) —  (81) —  
Shares issued:
Exercise of stock options209,343  9  —  —  9  —  9  —  
Restricted stock awards227,867  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Other benefit plans66,496  5  —  —  5  —  5  —  
Dividend reinvestment plan4,350  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Stock-based compensation expense
—  10  —  —  10  —  10  —  
Shares acquired and retired(2,020,519) (31) (106) —  (137) —  (137) —  
Shares exchanged — benefit plans(96,394) (2) (9) —  (11) —  (11) —  
Forfeitures of restricted stock
(35,422) —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Other—  —  (11) —  (11) —  (11) 11  
Balance at June 30, 202088,659,407  $1,388  $3,685  $1,053  $6,126  $—  $6,126  $—  
Balance at December 31, 201889,291,724  $1,334  $3,588  $48  $4,970  $2  $4,972  $—  
Net earnings (loss)—  —  539  —  539  —  539  (4) 
Other comprehensive income—  —  —  761  761  —  761  1  
Dividends ($2.30 per share)
—  —  (206) —  (206) —  (206) —  
Shares issued:
Exercise of stock options400,006  17  —  —  17  —  17  —  
Restricted stock awards232,565  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Other benefit plans41,143  4  —  —  4  —  4  —  
Dividend reinvestment plan9,489  1  —  —  1  —  1  —  
Stock-based compensation expense
—  12  —  —  12  —  12  —  
Shares exchanged — benefit plans(46,989) (1) (4) —  (5) —  (5) —  
Forfeitures of restricted stock(10,337) —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Other—  —  (3) —  (3) (2) (5) 3  
Balance at June 30, 201989,917,601  $1,367  $3,914  $809  $6,090  $—  $6,090  $—  
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(In Millions)
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Operating Activities:
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests$(137) $535  
Adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization79  72  
Annuity benefits702  650  
Realized (gains) losses on investing activities346  (241) 
Net sales of trading securities11  —  
Deferred annuity and life policy acquisition costs(79) (120) 
Change in:
Reinsurance and other receivables46  85  
Other assets211  (298) 
Insurance claims and reserves30  (92) 
Payable to reinsurers(68) 3  
Other liabilities(233) 329  
Managed investment entities’ assets/liabilities116  (3) 
Other operating activities, net63  (43) 
Net cash provided by operating activities1,087  877  
Investing Activities:
Purchases of:
Fixed maturities(6,121) (3,761) 
Equity securities(324) (80) 
Mortgage loans(152) (43) 
Equity index options and other investments(501) (467) 
Real estate, property and equipment(20) (20) 
Proceeds from:
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities2,343  2,347  
Repayments of mortgage loans7  38  
Sales of fixed maturities2,777  459  
Sales of equity securities342  139  
Sales and settlements of equity index options and other investments
404  329  
Sales of real estate, property and equipment4  2  
Managed investment entities:
Purchases of investments(603) (697) 
Proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments540  702  
Other investing activities, net8  —  
Net cash used in investing activities(1,296) (1,052) 
Financing Activities:
Annuity receipts2,097  2,744  
Annuity surrenders, benefits and withdrawals(1,641) (1,668) 
Ceded annuity receipts(78) —  
Net transfers from variable annuity assets28  28  
Additional long-term borrowings439  121  
Retirements of managed investment entities’ liabilities(46) (5) 
Issuances of Common Stock12  19  
Repurchases of Common Stock(137) —  
Cash dividends paid on Common Stock(81) (205) 
Net cash provided by financing activities593  1,034  
Net Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents384  859  
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period2,314  1,515  
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$2,698  $2,374  
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 
INDEX TO NOTES
A.
Accounting Policies
H.
Managed Investment Entities
B.
Acquisition of Businesses
I.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles
C.
Segments of Operations
J.
Long-Term Debt
D.
Fair Value Measurements
K.
Shareholders’ Equity
E.
Investments
L.
Income Taxes
F.
Derivatives
M
Contingencies
G.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
N.
Insurance

A. Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation   The accompanying consolidated financial statements for American Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“AFG”) are unaudited; however, management believes that all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals unless otherwise disclosed herein) necessary for fair presentation have been made. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all information and footnotes necessary to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods to conform to the current year’s presentation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The results of operations of companies since their formation or acquisition are included in the consolidated financial statements. Events or transactions occurring subsequent to June 30, 2020, and prior to the filing of this Form 10-Q, have been evaluated for potential recognition or disclosure herein.

The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Changes in circumstances could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimates.

Fair Value Measurements   Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The standards establish a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (“inputs”) are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect AFG’s assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. AFG did not have any material nonrecurring fair value measurements in the first six months of 2020.

Credit Losses on Financial Instruments   On January 1, 2020, AFG adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which provides a new loss model for determining credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost (mortgage loans, premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverables) and requires an entity to estimate the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure or pool of exposures. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical information, current information, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments. Expected credit losses, and subsequent increases or decreases in such expected losses, are recorded immediately through net earnings as an allowance that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, with the net carrying value of the financial asset presented on the balance sheet at the amount expected to be collected. AFG’s portfolio of mortgage loans crosses a wide variety of commercial properties with very strong loan to value ratios and no credit losses in recent years. In addition, the reinsurance used in AFG’s insurance operations is purchased from financially strong (highly rated) reinsurers and the Company has a long history of collecting premiums receivable through various economic cycles. At the date of adoption, the impact of adjusting AFG’s existing allowances for uncollectable mortgage loans, premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverables to the allowances calculated under the new guidance resulted in a reduction in the net allowance, which was recorded as the cumulative effect of an accounting change ($7 million increase in retained earnings at January 1, 2020).

The updated guidance also amended the current other-than-temporary impairment model for available for sale debt securities by requiring the recognition of impairments relating to credit losses through an allowance and limits the amount
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
of credit loss to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. Subsequent increases or decreases in expected credit losses will be recorded immediately in net earnings through realized gains (losses).

Investments   Equity securities other than those accounted for under the equity method are reported at fair value with holding gains and losses generally recorded in realized gains (losses) on securities. However, AFG records holding gains and losses on securities classified as “trading” under previous guidance, its small portfolio of limited partnerships and similar investments carried at fair value and certain other securities classified at purchase as “fair value through net investment income” in net investment income.

Fixed maturity securities classified as “available for sale” are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Fixed maturity securities classified as “trading” are reported at fair value with changes in unrealized holding gains or losses during the period included in net investment income. Mortgage loans (net of any allowance) and policy loans are carried primarily at the aggregate unpaid balance.

Premiums and discounts on fixed maturity securities are amortized using the effective interest method. Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are amortized over a period based on estimated future principal payments, including prepayments. Prepayment assumptions are reviewed periodically and adjusted to reflect actual prepayments and changes in expectations.

Limited partnerships and similar investments are generally accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, AFG records its share of the earnings or losses of the investee based on when they are reported by the investee in its financial statements rather than in the period in which the investee declares a dividend. AFG’s share of the earnings or losses from equity method investments is generally recorded on a quarter lag due to the timing of the receipt of the investee’s financial statements. AFG’s equity in the earnings (losses) of limited partnerships and similar investments is included in net investment income.

Realized gains or losses on the disposal of fixed maturity securities are determined on the specific identification basis. When a decline in the value of an available for sale fixed maturity is considered to be other-than-temporary at the balance sheet date, an allowance for credit losses (impairment), including any write-off of accrued interest, is charged to earnings (included in realized gains (losses) on securities). If management can assert that it does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that it will have to sell it before recovery of its amortized cost basis (net of allowance), then the impairment allowance is separated into two components: (i) the amount related to credit losses (recorded in earnings) and (ii) the amount related to all other factors (recorded in other comprehensive income). The credit-related portion is measured by comparing a security’s amortized cost to the present value of its current expected cash flows discounted at its effective yield prior to the charge. If management intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, an impairment is recorded in earnings to reduce the amortized cost (net of allowance) of that security to fair value. See “Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” above for a discussion of new guidance adopted on January 1, 2020.

Derivatives   Derivatives included in AFG’s Balance Sheet are recorded at fair value. Changes in fair value of derivatives are included in earnings unless the derivatives are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges. Derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting under GAAP consist primarily of (i) components of certain fixed maturity securities (primarily interest-only and principal-only MBS) and (ii) the equity-based component of certain annuity products (included in annuity benefits accumulated) and related equity index options designed to be consistent with the characteristics of the liabilities and used to mitigate the risk embedded in those annuity products.

To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of a derivative contract, AFG formally documents the relationship between the terms of the hedge and the hedged items and its risk management objective. This documentation includes defining how hedge effectiveness and ineffectiveness will be measured on a retrospective and prospective basis.

Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI and are reclassified into earnings when the variability of the cash flows from the hedged items impacts earnings. When the change in the fair value of a qualifying cash flow hedge is included in earnings, it is included in the same line item in the statement of earnings as the cash flows from the hedged item. AFG uses interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to mitigate interest rate risk related to certain floating-rate securities included in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities.

Goodwill   Goodwill represents the excess of cost of subsidiaries over AFG’s equity in their underlying net assets. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to an impairment test at least annually. An entity is not required to complete the
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
quantitative annual goodwill impairment test on a reporting unit if the entity elects to perform a qualitative analysis and determines that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value exceeds its carrying amount.

Reinsurance   Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability associated with the reinsured policies. AFG’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries report as assets (i) the estimated reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, including an estimate for losses incurred but not reported, and (ii) amounts paid or due to reinsurers applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force. Payable to reinsurers includes ceded premiums due to reinsurers, as well as ceded premiums retained by AFG’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries under contracts to fund ceded losses as they become due. AFG’s insurance subsidiaries also assume reinsurance from other companies. Earnings on reinsurance assumed is recognized based on information received from ceding companies.

An AFG subsidiary cedes life insurance policies to a third party on a funds withheld basis whereby the subsidiary retains the assets (securities) associated with the reinsurance contract. Interest is credited to the reinsurer based on the actual investment performance of the retained assets. This reinsurance contract is considered to contain an embedded derivative (that must be adjusted to fair value) because the yield on the payable is based on a specific block of the ceding company’s assets, rather than the overall creditworthiness of the ceding company. AFG determined that changes in the fair value of the underlying portfolio of fixed maturity securities is an appropriate measure of the value of the embedded derivative. The securities related to this contract are classified as “trading.” The adjustment to fair value on the embedded derivative offsets the investment income recorded on the adjustment to fair value of the related trading portfolio.

Certain reinsurance arrangements in AFG’s annuity operations do not transfer significant insurance risk and are therefore accounted for using the deposit method. This accounting treatment results in amounts paid by AFG to the reinsurer to be recorded as a deposit asset. The reinsurance deposit asset is adjusted as amounts are paid or received under the underlying contracts.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (“DPAC”)   Policy acquisition costs (principally commissions, premium taxes and certain underwriting and policy issuance costs) directly related to the successful acquisition or renewal of an insurance contract are deferred. DPAC also includes capitalized costs associated with sales inducements offered to fixed annuity policyholders such as enhanced interest rates and premium and persistency bonuses.

For the property and casualty companies, DPAC is limited based upon recoverability without any consideration for anticipated investment income and is charged against income ratably over the terms of the related policies. A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of expected claims costs, claims adjustment expenses and unamortized acquisition costs exceed the related unearned premiums. A premium deficiency is first recognized by charging any unamortized acquisition costs to expense to the extent required to eliminate the deficiency. If the premium deficiency is greater than unamortized acquisition costs, a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency and reported with unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses.

DPAC related to annuities is deferred to the extent deemed recoverable and amortized, with interest, in relation to the present value of actual and expected gross profits on the policies. Expected gross profits consist principally of estimated future investment margin (estimated future net investment income less interest credited on policyholder funds) and surrender, mortality, and other life and annuity policy charges, less death, annuitization and guaranteed withdrawal benefits in excess of account balances and estimated future policy administration expenses. To the extent that realized gains and losses result in adjustments to the amortization of DPAC related to annuities, such adjustments are reflected as components of realized gains (losses) on securities.

DPAC related to traditional life and health insurance is amortized over the expected premium paying period of the related policies, in proportion to the ratio of annual premium revenues to total anticipated premium revenues. See “Life, Accident and Health Reserves” below for details on the impact of loss recognition on the accounting for traditional life and health insurance contracts.

DPAC includes the present value of future profits on business in force of annuity and life, accident and health insurance companies acquired (“PVFP”). PVFP represents the portion of the costs to acquire companies that is allocated to the value of the right to receive future cash flows from insurance contracts existing at the date of acquisition. PVFP is amortized with interest in relation to expected gross profits of the acquired policies for annuities and universal life products and in relation to the premium paying period for traditional life and health insurance products.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
DPAC and certain other balance sheet amounts related to annuity and life businesses are also adjusted, net of tax, for the change in expense that would have been recorded if the unrealized gains (losses) from securities had actually been realized. These adjustments are included in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities, a component of AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet.

Managed Investment Entities   A company is considered the primary beneficiary of, and therefore must consolidate, a variable interest entity (“VIE”) based primarily on its ability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact that entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of, or receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

AFG manages, and has investments in, collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) that are VIEs (see Note H — “Managed Investment Entities”). AFG has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of these CLOs because (i) its role as asset manager gives it the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the CLOs and (ii) through its investment in the CLO debt tranches, it has exposure to CLO losses (limited to the amount AFG invested) and the right to receive CLO benefits that could potentially be significant to the CLOs.

Because AFG has no right to use the CLO assets and no obligation to pay the CLO liabilities, the assets and liabilities of the CLOs are shown separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. AFG has elected the fair value option for reporting on the CLO assets and liabilities to improve the transparency of financial reporting related to the CLOs. The net gain or loss from accounting for the CLO assets and liabilities at fair value is presented separately in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.

The fair values of a CLO’s assets may differ from the separately measured fair values of its liabilities even though the CLO liabilities only have recourse to the CLO assets. AFG has set the carrying value of the CLO liabilities equal to the fair value of the CLO assets (which have more observable fair values) as an alternative to reporting those liabilities at a separately measured fair value. CLO earnings attributable to AFG’s shareholders are measured by the change in the fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs and management fees earned.

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses   The net liabilities stated for unpaid claims and for expenses of investigation and adjustment of unpaid claims represent management’s best estimate and are based upon (i) the accumulation of case estimates for losses reported prior to the close of the accounting period on direct business written; (ii) estimates received from ceding reinsurers and insurance pools and associations; (iii) estimates of unreported losses (including possible development on known claims) based on past experience; (iv) estimates based on experience of expenses for investigating and adjusting claims; and (v) the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Establishing reserves for asbestos, environmental and other mass tort claims involves considerably more judgment than other types of claims due to, among other things, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos-related liabilities, novel theories of coverage, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage.

Loss reserve liabilities are subject to the impact of changes in claim amounts and frequency and other factors. Changes in estimates of the liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses are reflected in the statement of earnings in the period in which determined. Despite the variability inherent in such estimates, management believes that the liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are adequate.

Annuity Benefits Accumulated   Annuity receipts and benefit payments are recorded as increases or decreases in annuity benefits accumulated rather than as revenue and expense. Increases in this liability for interest credited are charged to annuity benefits expense and decreases for annuity policy charges are recorded in other income. For traditional fixed annuities, the liability for annuity benefits accumulated represents the account value that had accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date. For fixed-indexed annuities (“FIAs”), the liability for annuity benefits accumulated includes an embedded derivative that represents the estimated fair value of the index participation with the remaining component representing the discounted value of the guaranteed minimum contract benefits.

For certain products, annuity benefits accumulated also includes reserves for accrued persistency and premium bonuses, guaranteed withdrawals and excess benefits expected to be paid on future deaths and annuitizations (“EDAR”). The liabilities for EDAR and guaranteed withdrawals are accrued for and modified using assumptions consistent with those used in determining DPAC and DPAC amortization, except that amounts are determined in relation to the present value of total expected assessments. Total expected assessments consist principally of estimated future investment margin, surrender, mortality, and other life and annuity policy charges, and unearned revenues once they are recognized as income.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Annuity benefits accumulated also includes amounts advanced from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati.

Unearned Revenue   Certain upfront policy charges on annuities are deferred as unearned revenue (included in other liabilities) and recognized in net earnings (included in other income) using the same assumptions and estimated gross profits used to amortize DPAC.

Life, Accident and Health Reserves   Liabilities for future policy benefits under traditional life, accident and health policies are computed using the net level premium method. Computations are based on the original projections of investment yields, mortality, morbidity and surrenders and include provisions for unfavorable deviations unless a loss recognition event (premium deficiency) occurs. Claim reserves and liabilities established for accident and health claims are modified as necessary to reflect actual experience and developing trends.

For long-duration contracts (such as traditional life and long-term care policies), loss recognition occurs when, based on current expectations as of the measurement date, existing contract liabilities plus the present value of future premiums (including reasonably expected rate increases) are not expected to cover the present value of future claims payments and related settlement and maintenance costs (excluding overhead) as well as unamortized acquisition costs. If a block of business is determined to be in loss recognition, a charge is recorded in earnings in an amount equal to the excess of the present value of expected future claims costs and unamortized acquisition costs over existing reserves plus the present value of expected future premiums (with no provision for adverse deviation). The charge is recorded first to reduce unamortized acquisition costs and then as an additional reserve (if unamortized acquisition costs have been reduced to zero).

In addition, reserves for traditional life and long-term care policies are subject to adjustment for loss recognition charges that would have been recorded if the unrealized gains (losses) from securities had actually been realized. This adjustment is included in unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities, a component of AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet.

Debt Issuance Costs   Debt issuance costs related to AFG’s outstanding debt are presented in its Balance Sheet as a direct reduction in the carrying value of long-term debt and are amortized over the life of the related debt using the effective interest method as a component of interest expense. Debt issuance costs related to AFG’s revolving credit facilities are included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet.

Variable Annuity Assets and Liabilities   Separate accounts related to variable annuities represent the fair value of deposits invested in underlying investment funds on which AFG earns a fee. Investment funds are selected and may be changed only by the policyholder, who retains all investment risk.

AFG’s variable annuity contracts contain a guaranteed minimum death benefit (“GMDB”) to be paid if the policyholder dies before the annuity payout period commences. In periods of declining equity markets, the GMDB may exceed the value of the policyholder’s account. A GMDB liability is established for future excess death benefits using assumptions together with a range of reasonably possible scenarios for investment fund performance that are consistent with DPAC capitalization and amortization assumptions.

Leases   On January 1, 2019, AFG adopted ASU 2016-02, which requires entities that lease assets for terms longer than one year to recognize assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases on the balance sheet based on the present value of contractual cash flows. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material effect on AFG’s results of operations or liquidity.

At June 30, 2020 AFG has a $184 million lease liability included in other liabilities and a lease right-of-use asset of $163 million included in other assets compared to $180 million and $158 million, respectively, at December 31, 2019.

Noncontrolling Interests   For balance sheet purposes, noncontrolling interests represent the interests of shareholders other than AFG in consolidated entities. In the statement of earnings, net earnings and losses attributable to noncontrolling interests represents such shareholders’ interest in the earnings and losses of those entities. Noncontrolling interests that are redeemable at the option of the holder are presented separately in the mezzanine section of the balance sheet (between liabilities and equity).

Premium Recognition   Property and casualty premiums are earned generally over the terms of the policies on a pro rata basis. Unearned premiums represent that portion of premiums written, which is applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force. On reinsurance assumed from other insurance companies or written through various underwriting organizations, unearned premiums are based on information received from such companies and organizations. For
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
traditional life, accident and health products, premiums are recognized as revenue when legally collectible from policyholders. For interest-sensitive life and universal life products, premiums are recorded in a policyholder account, which is reflected as a liability. Revenue is recognized as amounts are assessed against the policyholder account for mortality coverage and contract expenses.

Income Taxes   Deferred income taxes are calculated using the liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases and are measured using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is established to reduce total deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recorded in net earnings in the period that includes the enactment date.

AFG recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only when the position is more likely than not to be sustained under examination by the appropriate taxing authority. Interest and penalties on AFG’s reserve for uncertain tax positions are recognized as a component of tax expense.

Stock-Based Compensation   All share-based grants are recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over their vesting periods based on their calculated fair value at the date of grant. AFG uses the Black Scholes pricing model to measure the fair value of employee stock options.

AFG records excess tax benefits or deficiencies for share-based payments through income tax expense in the statement of earnings. In addition, AFG accounts for forfeitures of awards when they occur.

Benefit Plans   AFG provides retirement benefits to qualified employees of participating companies through the AFG 401(k) Retirement and Savings Plan, a defined contribution plan. AFG makes all contributions to the retirement fund portion of the plan and matches a percentage of employee contributions to the savings fund. Company contributions are expensed in the year for which they are declared. AFG and many of its subsidiaries provide health care and life insurance benefits to eligible retirees. AFG also provides postemployment benefits to former or inactive employees (primarily those on disability) who were not deemed retired under other company plans. The projected future cost of providing these benefits is expensed over the period employees earn such benefits.

Earnings Per Share   Although basic earnings per share only considers shares of common stock outstanding during the period, the calculation of diluted earnings per share includes the following adjustments to weighted average common shares related to stock-based compensation plans: second quarter 2020 and 2019 — 0.3 million and 1.3 million; first six months of 2020 and 2019 — none and 1.2 million, respectively.

There were 0.6 million anti-dilutive potential common shares for the first six months of 2020 due to AFG’s net loss and no anti-dilutive potential common shares for the second quarter of 2020 or 2019 or the first six months of 2019.

Statement of Cash Flows   For cash flow purposes, “investing activities” are defined as making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt or equity instruments, property and equipment and businesses. “Financing activities” include obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on their investments, borrowing money and repaying amounts borrowed. Annuity receipts, surrenders, benefits and withdrawals are also reflected as financing activities. All other activities are considered “operating.” Short-term investments having original maturities of three months or less when purchased are considered to be cash equivalents for purposes of the financial statements.

B. Acquisition of Businesses

Effective in June 2019, National Interstate, a property and casualty insurance subsidiary of AFG, entered into an agreement with Atlas Financial Holdings, Inc. (“AFH”) to become the exclusive underwriter of AFH’s paratransit book of business. National Interstate estimates that the majority of AFH’s $110 million paratransit business will be eligible for quotation under this arrangement following inception of the agreement. Under the terms of the agreement (as extended in 2020), AFH will act as an underwriting manager for National Interstate until at least August 2021 for fleets with seven or fewer vehicles and until November 2020 for accounts with eight or more vehicles, after which time National Interstate is entitled to acquire the renewal rights for the business from AFH for a purchase price equal to 15% of the in force gross written premiums at that date. The majority of the purchase price ultimately paid for the renewal rights will be recorded as an intangible renewal rights asset and will be amortized over the estimated life of the business acquired. In connection with the transaction, AFG was granted a five-year warrant to acquire approximately 2.4 million shares of AFH (19.9% at the acquisition date). The estimated fair value of the warrant was approximately $1 million at the date it was received.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

On June 30, 2020, AFG acquired 100% of the indirect noncontrolling interest in Neon, its United Kingdom-based Lloyd’s insurer from certain former and current Neon executives for cash based on the nominal fair value of the interest acquired as determined by a third-party valuation firm.

C. Segments of Operations

AFG manages its business as three segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance, (ii) Annuity and (iii) Other, which includes holding company costs, revenues and costs of AFG’s limited insurance operations outside of property and casualty insurance and annuity segments, and operations attributable to the noncontrolling interests of the managed investment entities.

AFG reports its property and casualty insurance business in the following Specialty sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, which includes physical damage and liability coverage for buses and trucks, inland and ocean marine, agricultural-related products and other commercial property coverages, (ii) Specialty casualty, which includes primarily excess and surplus, executive and professional liability, general liability, umbrella and excess liability, specialty coverages in targeted markets, customized programs for small to mid-sized businesses and workers’ compensation insurance, and (iii) Specialty financial, which includes risk management insurance programs for lending and leasing institutions (including equipment leasing and collateral and lender-placed mortgage property insurance), fidelity and surety products and trade credit insurance. Premiums and underwriting profit included under Other specialty represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty sub-segments and amortization of deferred gains on retroactive reinsurance transactions related to the sales of businesses in prior years. AFG’s annuity business sells traditional fixed and indexed annuities in the retail, financial institutions, broker-dealer and registered investment advisor markets. AFG’s reportable segments and their components were determined based primarily upon similar economic characteristics, products and services.

In December 2019, AFG initiated actions to exit the Lloyd’s of London insurance market, which included placing its Lloyd’s subsidiaries including its Lloyd’s Managing Agency, Neon Underwriting Ltd., into run-off. Neon and its predecessor, Marketform, have failed to achieve AFG’s profitability objectives since AFG’s purchase of Marketform in 2008. Beginning prospectively with the first quarter of 2020, the results for AFG’s Specialty casualty sub-segment exclude the run-off operations of Neon (“Neon exited lines”).

The following tables (in millions) show AFG’s revenues and earnings before income taxes by segment and sub-segment.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020201920202019
Revenues
Property and casualty insurance:
Premiums earned:
Specialty
Property and transportation$390  $379  $776  $740  
Specialty casualty547  634  1,103  1,263  
Specialty financial144  151  300  297  
Other specialty42  36  82  73  
Other lines (a)61  —  132  —  
Total premiums earned1,184  1,200  2,393  2,373  
Net investment income (b)72  124  165  228  
Other income3  2  8  5  
Total property and casualty insurance1,259  1,326  2,566  2,606  
Annuity:
Net investment income384  451  806  886  
Other income30  30  65  58  
Total annuity414  481  871  944  
Other74  97  136  194  
Total revenues before realized gains (losses)1,747  1,904  3,573  3,744  
Realized gains (losses) on securities204  56  (347) 240  
Total revenues$1,951  $1,960  $3,226  $3,984  
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
(a)Represents premiums earned in the Neon exited lines during the second quarter and first six months of 2020. Neon’s $89 million and $177 million in earned premiums during the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively, are included in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.
(b)Includes income of less than $1 million for the second quarter of 2020 and a loss of $6 million in the Neon exited lines in the first six months of 2020 (primarily from the change in fair value of equity securities).
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020201920202019
Earnings (Loss) Before Income Taxes
Property and casualty insurance:
Underwriting:
Specialty
Property and transportation$33  $4  $60  $43  
Specialty casualty27  47  79  83  
Specialty financial—  21  17  34  
Other specialty(6) (12) (13) (12) 
Other lines (a)(45) (1) (47) (2) 
Total underwriting9  59  96  146  
Investment and other income, net (b)65  115  149  210  
Total property and casualty insurance74  174  245  356  
Annuity(17) 71  12  161  
Other (c)(43) (42) (80) (85) 
Total earnings before realized gains (losses) and income taxes
14  203  177  432  
Realized gains (losses) on securities204  56  (347) 240  
Total earnings (loss) before income taxes$218  $259  $(170) $672  
(a)Includes an underwriting loss of $43 million in the second quarter of 2020 and $44 million in the first six months of 2020 in the Neon exited lines. Neon’s $4 million and $14 million underwriting losses in the second quarter and first six months of 2019, respectively, are included in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.
(b)Includes $1 million and $10 million in the second quarter and first six months of 2020, respectively, in net expenses from the Neon exited lines, before noncontrolling interest.
(c)Includes holding company interest and expenses.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
D. Fair Value Measurements

Accounting standards for measuring fair value are based on inputs used in estimating fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 — Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (markets in which transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis). AFG’s Level 1 financial instruments consist primarily of publicly traded equity securities, highly liquid government bonds for which quoted market prices in active markets are available and short-term investments of managed investment entities.

Level 2 — Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets (markets in which there are few transactions, the prices are not current, price quotations vary substantially over time or among market makers, or in which little information is released publicly); and valuations based on other significant inputs that are observable in active markets. AFG’s Level 2 financial instruments include separate account assets, corporate and municipal fixed maturity securities, asset-backed securities (“ABS”), mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), certain non-affiliated common stocks, equity index options and investments of managed investment entities priced using observable inputs. Level 2 inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, corroborated broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads and benchmark securities. When non-binding broker quotes can be corroborated by comparison to similar securities priced using observable inputs, they are classified as Level 2.

Level 3 — Valuations derived from market valuation techniques generally consistent with those used to estimate the fair values of Level 2 financial instruments in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable or when the market for a security exhibits significantly less liquidity relative to markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements. The unobservable inputs may include management’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use based on the best information available at the valuation date. Financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on non-binding broker quotes or internally developed using significant inputs not based on, or corroborated by, observable market information are classified as Level 3.

As discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities,” AFG has set the carrying value of its CLO liabilities equal to the fair value of the CLO assets (which have more observable fair values) as an alternative to reporting those liabilities at separately measured fair values. As a result, the CLO liabilities are categorized within the fair value hierarchy on the same basis (proportionally) as the related CLO assets. Since the portion of the CLO liabilities allocated to Level 3 is derived from the fair value of the CLO assets, these amounts are excluded from the progression of Level 3 financial instruments.

AFG’s management is responsible for the valuation process and uses data from outside sources (including nationally recognized pricing services and broker/dealers) in establishing fair value. AFG’s internal investment professionals are a group of approximately 20 analysts whose primary responsibility is to manage AFG’s investment portfolio. These professionals monitor individual investments as well as overall industries and are active in the financial markets on a daily basis. The group is led by AFG’s chief investment officer, who reports directly to one of AFG’s Co-CEOs. Valuation techniques utilized by pricing services and prices obtained from external sources are reviewed by AFG’s internal investment professionals who are familiar with the securities being priced and the markets in which they trade to ensure the fair value determination is representative of an exit price. To validate the appropriateness of the prices obtained, these investment managers consider widely published indices (as benchmarks), recent trades, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions and the credit quality of the specific issuers. In addition, the Company communicates directly with the pricing services regarding the methods and assumptions used in pricing, including verifying, on a test basis, the inputs used by the service to value specific securities.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value in the financial statements are summarized below (in millions):
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
June 30, 2020
Assets:
Available for sale (“AFS”) fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies$167  $28  $15  $210  
States, municipalities and political subdivisions—  6,844  107  6,951  
Foreign government—  184  —  184  
Residential MBS—  3,066  156  3,222  
Commercial MBS—  856  33  889  
Collateralized loan obligations—  4,300  207  4,507  
Other asset-backed securities—  5,987  1,328  7,315  
Corporate and other28  23,215  1,525  24,768  
Total AFS fixed maturities195  44,480  3,371  48,046  
Trading fixed maturities1  96  —  97  
Equity securities1,075  75  452  1,602  
Equity index call options—  605  —  605  
Assets of managed investment entities (“MIE”)151  4,225  17  4,393  
Variable annuity assets (separate accounts) (*)—  577  —  577  
Other assets — derivatives—  124  —  124  
Total assets accounted for at fair value$1,422  $50,182  $3,840  $55,444  
Liabilities:
Liabilities of managed investment entities$145  $4,074  $17  $4,236  
Derivatives in annuity benefits accumulated—  —  3,675  3,675  
Other liabilities — derivatives—  10  —  10  
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value$145  $4,084  $3,692  $7,921  
December 31, 2019
Assets:
Available for sale fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies$151  $43  $15  $209  
States, municipalities and political subdivisions—  6,858  105  6,963  
Foreign government—  172  —  172  
Residential MBS—  2,987  173  3,160  
Commercial MBS—  892  35  927  
Collateralized loan obligations—  4,265  15  4,280  
Other asset-backed securities—  5,842  1,286  7,128  
Corporate and other29  21,879  1,758  23,666  
Total AFS fixed maturities180  42,938  3,387  46,505  
Trading fixed maturities2  111  —  113  
Equity securities1,433  67  437  1,937  
Equity index call options—  924  —  924  
Assets of managed investment entities213  4,506  17  4,736  
Variable annuity assets (separate accounts) (*)—  628  —  628  
Other assets — derivatives—  50  —  50  
Total assets accounted for at fair value$1,828  $49,224  $3,841  $54,893  
Liabilities:
Liabilities of managed investment entities$206  $4,349  $16  $4,571  
Derivatives in annuity benefits accumulated—  —  3,730  3,730  
Other liabilities — derivatives—  10  —  10  
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value$206  $4,359  $3,746  $8,311  
(*)Variable annuity liabilities equal the fair value of variable annuity assets.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Approximately 7% of the total assets carried at fair value at June 30, 2020, were Level 3 assets. Approximately 37% ($1.40 billion) of the Level 3 assets were priced using non-binding broker quotes, for which there is a lack of transparency as to the inputs used to determine fair value. Details as to the quantitative inputs are neither provided by the brokers nor otherwise reasonably obtainable by AFG.

Internally developed Level 3 asset fair values represent approximately $1.87 billion at June 30, 2020. Of this amount, approximately $736 million relates to fixed maturity securities that were priced using management’s best estimate of an appropriate credit spread over the treasury yield (of a similar duration) to discount future expected cash flows using a third-party model. The credit spread applied by management is the significant unobservable input. For this group of 41 securities, the average spread used was 389 basis points over the reference treasury yield and the spreads ranged from 53 basis points to 1,253 basis points (approximately 70% of the spreads were between 200 and 700 basis points). Had management used higher spreads, the fair value of this group of securities would have been lower. Conversely, if the spreads used were lower, the fair values would have been higher. For the remainder of the internally developed prices, any justifiable changes in unobservable inputs used to determine fair value would not have resulted in a material change in AFG’s financial position.
The derivatives embedded in AFG’s fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuity liabilities are measured using a discounted cash flow approach and had a fair value of $3.68 billion at June 30, 2020. The following table presents information about the unobservable inputs used by management in determining fair value of these Level 3 liabilities. See Note F — “Derivatives.”

Unobservable InputRange
Adjustment for insurance subsidiary’s credit risk
0.2% – 3.5% over the risk-free rate
Risk margin for uncertainty in cash flows
0.80% reduction in the discount rate
Surrenders
4% – 21% of indexed account value
Partial surrenders
2% – 9% of indexed account value
Annuitizations
0.1% – 1% of indexed account value
Deaths
1.9% – 10.7% of indexed account value
Budgeted option costs
2.5% – 3.3% of indexed account value

The range of adjustments for insurance subsidiary’s credit risk is based on the Moody’s corporate A2 bond index and reflects credit spread variations across the yield curve. The range of projected surrender rates reflects the specific surrender charges and other features of AFG’s individual fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuity products with an expected range of 7% to 10% in the majority of future calendar years (4% to 21% over all periods). Increasing the budgeted option cost or risk margin for uncertainty in cash flow assumptions in the table above would increase the fair value of the fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuity embedded derivatives, while increasing any of the other unobservable inputs in the table above would decrease the fair value of the embedded derivatives.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Changes in balances of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value during the second quarter and first six months of 2020 and 2019 are presented below (in millions). The transfers into and out of Level 3 were due to changes in the availability of market observable inputs. All transfers are reflected in the table at fair value as of the end of the reporting period.
Total realized/unrealized
gains (losses) included in
Balance at March 31, 2020Net
earnings (loss)		Other
comprehensive
income (loss)		Purchases
and
issuances		Sales and
settlements		Transfer
into
Level 3		Transfer
out of
Level 3		Balance at June 30, 2020
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency
$15  $1  $(1) $—  $—  $—  $—  $15  
State and municipal105  —  5  —  (1) —  (2) 107  
Residential MBS163  —  4  —  (4) —  (7) 156  
Commercial MBS32  1  —  —  —  —  —  33  
Collateralized loan obligations168  (3) 13  —  —  29  —  207  
Other asset-backed securities
1,030  —  4  198  (25) 121  —  1,328  
Corporate and other1,548  1  47  48  (20) 4  (103) 1,525  
Total AFS fixed maturities3,061  —  72  246  (50) 154  (112) 3,371  
Equity securities436  (1) —  17  —  —  —  452  
Assets of MIE16  (1) —  —  —  2  —  17  
Total Level 3 assets$3,513  $(2) $72  $263  $(50) $156  $(112) $3,840  
Embedded derivatives$(3,099) $(601) $—  $(46) $71  $—  $—  $(3,675) 
Total Level 3 liabilities (*)$(3,099) $(601) $—  $(46) $71  $—  $—  $(3,675) 


Total realized/unrealized
gains (losses) included in
Balance at March 31, 2019Net
earnings (loss)		Other
comprehensive
income (loss)		Purchases
and
issuances		Sales and
settlements		Transfer
into
Level 3		Transfer
out of
Level 3		Balance at June 30, 2019
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency
$8  $—  $—  $—  $—  $—  $—  $8  
State and municipal63  —  2  —  (1) 18  —  82  
Residential MBS169  4  —  —  (4) 2  (32) 139  
Commercial MBS55  2  —  —  (2) —  (5) 50  
Collateralized loan obligations37  —  —  —  —  13  —  50  
Other asset-backed securities
633  —  3  17  (18) —  (268) 367  
Corporate and other2,346  —  20  229  (161) 2  (422) 2,014  
Total AFS fixed maturities
3,311  6  25  246  (186) 35  (727) 2,710  
Equity securities354  (1) —  19  (1) 6  —  377  
Assets of MIE20  (1) —  —  —  —  —  19  
Total Level 3 assets$3,685  $4  $25  $265  $(187) $41  $(727) $3,106  
Embedded derivatives$(3,247) $(251) $—  $(101) $58  $—  $—  $(3,541) 
Total Level 3 liabilities (*)
$(3,247) $(251) $—  $(101) $58  $—  $—  $(3,541) 
(*)As previously discussed, these tables exclude the portion of MIE liabilities allocated to Level 3, which are derived from the fair value of MIE assets.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Total realized/unrealized
gains (losses) included in
Balance at December 31, 2019Net
earnings (loss)		Other
comprehensive
income (loss)		Purchases
and
issuances		Sales and
settlements		Transfer
into
Level 3		Transfer
out of
Level 3		Balance at June 30, 2020
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency
$15  $2  $(2) $—  $—  $—  $—  $15  
State and municipal105  —  6  —  (2) —  (2) 107  
Residential MBS173  5  (8) —  (9) 2  (7) 156  
Commercial MBS35  1  —  —  (3) —  —  33  
Collateralized loan obligations15  (10) 15  —  —  187  —  207  
Other asset-backed securities
1,286  (14) (7) 275  (203) 134  (143) 1,328  
Corporate and other1,758  (2) 20  167  (56) 9  (371) 1,525  
Total AFS fixed maturities3,387  (18) 24  442  (273) 332  (523) 3,371  
Equity securities437  (25) —  23  —  17  —  452  
Assets of MIE17  (2) —  —  —  2  —  17  
Total Level 3 assets$3,841  $(45) $24  $465  $(273) $351  $(523) $3,840  
Embedded derivatives$(3,730) $46  $—  $(124) $133  $—  $—  $(3,675) 
Total Level 3 liabilities (*)$(3,730) $46  $—  $(124) $133  $—  $—  $(3,675) 


Total realized/unrealized
gains (losses) included in
Balance at December 31, 2018Net
earnings (loss)		Other
comprehensive
income (loss)		Purchases
and
issuances		Sales and
settlements		Transfer
into
Level 3		Transfer
out of
Level 3		Balance at June 30, 2019
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency
$9  $—  $—  $—  $(1) $—  $—  $8  
State and municipal59  —  7  —  (2) 18  —  82  
Residential MBS197  9  (5) —  (10) 2  (54) 139  
Commercial MBS56  2  —  —  (3) —  (5) 50  
Collateralized loan obligations116  (3) 6  —  —  13  (82) 50  
Other asset-backed securities
731  —  5  92  (132) —  (329) 367  
Corporate and other1,996  2  51  661  (249) 2  (449) 2,014  
Total AFS fixed maturities
3,164  10  64  753  (397) 35  (919) 2,710  
Equity securities336  —  —  20  (1) 22  —  377  
Assets of MIE21  (2) —  —  —  —  —  19  
Total Level 3 assets$3,521  $8  $64  $773  $(398) $57  $(919) $3,106  
Embedded derivatives$(2,720) $(713) $—  $(213) $105  $—  $—  $(3,541) 
Total Level 3 liabilities (*)
$(2,720) $(713) $—  $(213) $105  $—  $—  $(3,541) 
(*)As previously discussed, these tables exclude the portion of MIE liabilities allocated to Level 3, which are derived from the fair value of the MIE assets.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Fair Value of Financial Instruments   The carrying value and fair value of financial instruments that are not carried at fair value in the financial statements are summarized below (in millions):
CarryingFair Value
ValueTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
June 30, 2020
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$2,698  $2,698  $2,698  $—  $—  
Mortgage loans1,475  1,492  —  —  1,492  
Policy loans158  158  —  —  158  
Total financial assets not accounted for at fair value
$4,331  $4,348  $2,698  $—  $1,650  
Financial liabilities:
Annuity benefits accumulated (*)$41,137  $42,462  $—  $—  $42,462  
Long-term debt1,912  2,060  —  2,057  3  
Total financial liabilities not accounted for at fair value
$43,049  $44,522  $—  $2,057  $42,465  
December 31, 2019
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$2,314  $2,314  $2,314  $—  $—  
Mortgage loans1,329  1,346  —  —  1,346  
Policy loans164  164  —  —  164  
Total financial assets not accounted for at fair value
$3,807  $3,824  $2,314  $—  $1,510  
Financial liabilities:
Annuity benefits accumulated (*)$40,159  $40,182  $—  $—  $40,182  
Long-term debt1,473  1,622  —  1,619  3  
Total financial liabilities not accounted for at fair value
$41,632  $41,804  $—  $1,619  $40,185  
(*)Excludes $255 million and $247 million of life contingent annuities in the payout phase at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
E. Investments

Available for sale fixed maturities at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, consisted of the following (in millions):
Amortized
Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit LossesGross UnrealizedNet
Unrealized		Fair
Value
GainsLosses
June 30, 2020
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies
$196  $—  $14  $—  $14  $210  
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
6,373  —  581  (3) 578  6,951  
Foreign government
176  —  8  —  8  184  
Residential MBS
3,000  5  239  (12) 227  3,222  
Commercial MBS
852  —  39  (2) 37  889  
Collateralized loan obligations
4,625  20  16  (114) (98) 4,507  
Other asset-backed securities
7,400  14  118  (189) (71) 7,315  
Corporate and other
23,048  22  1,879  (137) 1,742  24,768  
Total fixed maturities$45,670  $61  $2,894  $(457) $2,437  $48,046  
December 31, 2019
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies
$199  $—  $10  $—  $10  $209  
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
6,604  —  363  (4) 359  6,963  
Foreign government
170  —  3  (1) 2  172  
Residential MBS
2,900  —  265  (5) 260  3,160  
Commercial MBS
896  —  31  —  31  927  
Collateralized loan obligations
4,307  —  10  (37) (27) 4,280  
Other asset-backed securities
6,992  —  156  (20) 136  7,128  
Corporate and other
22,456  —  1,231  (21) 1,210  23,666  
Total fixed maturities$44,524  $—  $2,069  $(88) $1,981  $46,505  

Equity securities, which are reported at fair value with holding gains and losses recognized in net earnings, consisted of the following at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (in millions):
June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Fair ValueFair Value
Actual Costover (under)Actual Costover (under)
Fair ValueCostFair ValueCost
Common stocks$1,178  $885  $(293) $1,164  $1,283  $119  
Perpetual preferred stocks730  717  (13) 640  654  14  
Total equity securities carried at fair value
$1,908  $1,602  $(306) $1,804  $1,937  $133  

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
The following tables show gross unrealized losses (dollars in millions) on available for sale fixed maturities by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at the following balance sheet dates.
Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or More
Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Fair Value as
% of Cost		Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value		Fair Value as
% of Cost
June 30, 2020
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies
$—  $4  100 %$—  $—  — %
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
(3) 112  97 %—  18  100 %
Foreign government—  2  100 %—  —  — %
Residential MBS(10) 328  97 %(2) 34  94 %
Commercial MBS(2) 57  97 %—  —  — %
Collateralized loan obligations(44) 1,732  98 %(70) 1,510  96 %
Other asset-backed securities(176) 2,918  94 %(13) 133  91 %
Corporate and other(121) 2,826  96 %(16) 204  93 %
Total fixed maturities$(356) $7,979  96 %$(101) $1,899  95 %
December 31, 2019
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies
$—  $16  100 %$—  $11  100 %
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
(3) 254  99 %(1) 82  99 %
Foreign government(1) 70  99 %—  —  — %
Residential MBS(4) 509  99 %(1) 69  99 %
Commercial MBS—  17  100 %—  —  — %
Collateralized loan obligations(11) 1,284  99 %(26) 1,728  99 %
Other asset-backed securities(12) 1,211  99 %(8) 123  94 %
Corporate and other(13) 1,100  99 %(8) 211  96 %
Total fixed maturities$(44) $4,461  99 %$(44) $2,224  98 %

At June 30, 2020, the gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities of $457 million relate to 993 securities. Investment grade securities (as determined by nationally recognized rating agencies) represented approximately 83% of the gross unrealized loss and 86% of the fair value.

To evaluate fixed maturities for expected credit losses (impairment), management considers whether the unrealized loss is credit-driven or a result of changes in market interest rates, the extent to which fair value is less than cost basis, historical operating, balance sheet and cash flow data from the issuer, third party research and communications with industry specialists and discussions with issuer management.

AFG analyzes its MBS securities for expected credit losses (impairment) each quarter based upon expected future cash flows. Management estimates expected future cash flows based upon its knowledge of the MBS market, cash flow projections (which reflect loan to collateral values, subordination, vintage and geographic concentration) received from independent sources, implied cash flows inherent in security ratings and analysis of historical payment data.

Management believes AFG will recover its cost basis (net of any allowance) in the securities with unrealized losses and that AFG has the ability to hold the securities until they recover in value and had no intent to sell them at June 30, 2020.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” for a discussion of new guidance effective January 1, 2020, which impacts the accounting for expected credit losses (impairments) of fixed maturity securities. Under the new guidance, credit losses on available for sale fixed maturities continue to be measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows compared to amortized cost; however, impairment losses are now recognized through an allowance instead of a direct writedown of amortized cost. Under the new guidance, recoveries of previously impaired amounts are recorded as an immediate reversal of all or a portion of the allowance instead of accreted as investment income through a yield adjustment. In addition, the allowance on available for sale fixed maturities cannot cause the amortized cost net of the allowance to be below fair value. Accordingly, future changes in the fair value of an impaired security (when the allowance was limited by the fair value) due to reasons other than issuer credit (e.g. changes in market interest rates) result in increases or decreases in the allowance, which are recorded through realized gains (losses) on securities. A progression of the allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities is shown below (in millions):
Structured
Securities (*)		Corporate and OtherTotal
Balance at March 31$37  $24  $61  
Initial allowance for purchased securities with credit deterioration1  —  1  
Provision for expected credit losses on securities with no previous allowance2  4  6  
Additions (reductions) to previously recognized expected credit losses(1) (6) (7) 
Reductions due to sales or redemptions—  —  —  
Balance at June 30$39  $22  $61  
Balance at January 1$—  $—  $—  
Impact of adoption of new accounting policy—  —  —  
Initial allowance for purchased securities with credit deterioration1  —  1  
Provision for expected credit losses on securities with no previous allowance39  28  67  
Additions (reductions) to previously recognized expected credit losses(1) (6) (7) 
Reductions due to sales or redemptions—  —  —  
Balance at June 30$39  $22  $61  
(*)Includes mortgage-backed securities, collateralized loan obligations and other asset-backed securities.

In the second quarter of 2020, AFG purchased two residential mortgage-backed securities with expected credit losses. In aggregate at the time of purchase, the par value was $8 million, the purchase price was $6 million and both the allowance for credit losses and the discount were $1 million.

The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of available for sale fixed maturities as of June 30, 2020 (dollars in millions). Securities with sinking funds are reported at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.
AmortizedFair Value
Cost, net (*)Amount%
Maturity
One year or less$1,851  $1,874  4 %
After one year through five years10,604  11,212  23 %
After five years through ten years14,125  15,485  32 %
After ten years3,191  3,542  7 %
29,771  32,113  66 %
Collateralized loan obligations and other ABS (average life of approximately 4 years)
11,991  11,822  25 %
MBS (average life of approximately 3-1/2 years)3,847  4,111  9 %
Total$45,609  $48,046  100 %
(*)Amortized cost, net of allowance for expected credit losses.

Certain risks are inherent in fixed maturity securities, including loss upon default, price volatility in reaction to changes in interest rates, and general market factors and risks associated with reinvestment of proceeds due to prepayments or redemptions in a period of declining interest rates.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
There were no investments in individual issuers that exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

Net Unrealized Gain on Marketable Securities   In addition to adjusting fixed maturity securities classified as “available for sale” to fair value, GAAP requires that deferred policy acquisition costs and certain other balance sheet amounts related to annuity, long-term care and life businesses be adjusted to the extent that unrealized gains and losses from securities would result in adjustments to those balances had the unrealized gains or losses actually been realized.

The following table shows (in millions) the components of the net unrealized gain on securities that is included in AOCI in AFG’s Balance Sheet.
PretaxDeferred TaxNet
June 30, 2020
Net unrealized gain on:
Fixed maturities — annuity segment (*)$2,031  $(427) $1,604  
Fixed maturities — all other406  (85) 321  
Total fixed maturities2,437  (512) 1,925  
Deferred policy acquisition costs — annuity segment
(877) 184  (693) 
Annuity benefits accumulated(269) 57  (212) 
Life, accident and health reserves(1) —  (1) 
Unearned revenue14  (3) 11  
Total net unrealized gain on marketable securities
$1,304  $(274) $1,030  
December 31, 2019
Net unrealized gain on:
Fixed maturities — annuity segment (*)$1,611  $(338) $1,273  
Fixed maturities — all other370  (78) 292  
Total fixed maturities1,981  (416) 1,565  
Deferred policy acquisition costs — annuity segment
(681) 143  (538) 
Annuity benefits accumulated(219) 46  (173) 
Life, accident and health reserves(1) —  (1) 
Unearned revenue11  (2) 9  
Total net unrealized gain on marketable securities
$1,091  $(229) $862  
(*)Net unrealized gains on fixed maturity investments supporting AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated.

Net Investment Income   The following table shows (in millions) investment income earned and investment expenses incurred.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020201920202019
Investment income:
Fixed maturities$485  $478  $976  $947  
Equity securities:
Dividends16  22  33  44  
Change in fair value (a) (b)9  7  (3) 18  
Equity in earnings of partnerships and similar investments
(54) 45  (29) 66  
Other18  34  46  59  
Gross investment income474  586  1,023  1,134  
Investment expenses(6) (6) (11) (12) 
Net investment income (b)$468  $580  $1,012  $1,122  
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
(a)Although the change in the fair value of the majority of AFG’s equity securities is recorded in realized gains (losses) on securities, AFG records holding gains and losses in net investment income on equity securities classified as “trading” under previous guidance and on a small portfolio of limited partnership and similar investments that do not qualify for the equity method of accounting.
(b)Net investment income in the second quarter and first six months of 2020 includes income of less than $1 million and losses of $6 million, respectively, on investments held by the companies that comprise the Neon exited lines due primarily to the $7 million loss in first quarter of 2020 recorded on equity securities that are carried at fair value through net investment income.
Realized gains (losses) and changes in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) included in AOCI related to fixed maturity and equity security investments are summarized as follows (in millions): 
Three months ended June 30, 2020Three months ended June 30, 2019
Realized gains (losses)Realized gains (losses)
Before ImpairmentsImpairment AllowanceTotalChange in UnrealizedBefore ImpairmentsImpairmentsTotalChange in Unrealized
Fixed maturities$3  $1  $4  $2,343  $11  $(3) $8  $789  
Equity securities202  —  202  —  44  —  44  —  
Mortgage loans and other investments
—  —  —  —  3  —  3  —  
Other (*)(2) —  (2) (1,059) —  1  1  (349) 
Total pretax203  1  204  1,284  58  (2) 56  440  
Tax effects(43) —  (43) (270) (12) 1  (11) (92) 
Net of tax
$160  $1  $161  $1,014  $46  $(1) $45  $348  
Six months ended June 30, 2020Six months ended June 30, 2019
Realized gains (losses)Realized gains (losses)
Before ImpairmentsImpairment AllowanceTotalChange in UnrealizedBefore ImpairmentsImpairmentsTotalChange in Unrealized
Fixed maturities$32  $(60) $(28) $456  $14  $(6) $8  $1,642  
Equity securities(333) —  (333) —  226  —  226  —  
Mortgage loans and other investments
4  —  4  —  3  —  3  —  
Other (*)(5) 15  10  (243) 1  2  3  (719) 
Total pretax(302) (45) (347) 213  244  (4) 240  923  
Tax effects63  10  73  (45) (51) 1  (50) (194) 
Net of tax
$(239) $(35) $(274) $168  $193  $(3) $190  $729  
(*)Primarily adjustments to deferred policy acquisition costs and reserves related to the annuity business.

All equity securities other than those accounted for under the equity method are carried at fair value through net earnings. AFG recorded net holding gains (losses) on equity securities during the second quarter and first six months of 2020 and 2019 on securities that were still owned at June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 as follows (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020201920202019
Included in realized gains (losses)$161  $38  $(340) $193  
Included in net investment income10  7  4  18  
$171  $45  $(336) $211  

Gross realized gains and losses (excluding impairment write-downs and mark-to-market of derivatives) on available for sale fixed maturity investment transactions consisted of the following (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Gross gains$56  $11  
Gross losses(31) (9) 

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
F. Derivatives

As discussed under “Derivatives” in Note A — “Accounting Policies,” AFG uses derivatives in certain areas of its operations.

Derivatives That Do Not Qualify for Hedge Accounting   The following derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting under GAAP are included in AFG’s Balance Sheet at fair value (in millions):
 June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
DerivativeBalance Sheet LineAssetLiabilityAssetLiability
MBS with embedded derivativesFixed maturities$171  $—  $102  $—  
Fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities (embedded derivative)
Annuity benefits accumulated
—  3,675  —  3,730  
Equity index call optionsEquity index call options605  —  924  —  
Equity index put optionsOther liabilities—  5  —  1  
Reinsurance contracts (embedded derivative)Other liabilities—  5  —  4  
$776  $3,685  $1,026  $3,735  

The MBS with embedded derivatives consist of primarily interest-only and principal-only MBS. AFG records the entire change in the fair value of these securities in earnings. These investments are part of AFG’s overall investment strategy and represent a small component of AFG’s overall investment portfolio.

AFG’s fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities provide policyholders with a crediting rate tied, in part, to the performance of an existing stock market or other financial index. AFG attempts to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of these products through the purchase and sale of call and put options on the appropriate index. AFG receives collateral from certain counterparties to support its purchased call option assets (net of collateral required under put option contracts with the same counterparties). This collateral ($284 million at June 30, 2020 and $577 million at December 31, 2019) is included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet with an offsetting liability to return the collateral, which is included in other liabilities. AFG’s strategy is designed so that the net change in the fair value of the call option assets and put option liabilities will generally offset the economic change in the net liability from the index participation. Both the index-based component of the annuities (an embedded derivative) and the related call and put options are considered derivatives that must be adjusted for changes in fair value through earnings each period. The fair values of these derivatives are impacted by actual and expected stock market performance and interest rates as well as other factors. Fluctuations in certain of these factors, such as changes in interest rates and the performance of the stock market, are not economic in nature for the current reporting period, but rather impact the timing of reported results.

As discussed under “Reinsurance” in Note A, AFG has a reinsurance contract that is considered to contain an embedded derivative.

The following table summarizes the gains (losses) included in AFG’s Statement of Earnings for changes in the fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting for the second quarter and first six months of 2020 and 2019 (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
DerivativeStatement of Earnings Line2020201920202019
MBS with embedded derivatives
Realized gains (losses) on securities
$3  $6  $7  $12  
Fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities (embedded derivative)
Annuity benefits(601) (251) 46  (713) 
Equity index call optionsAnnuity benefits383  148  (245) 514  
Equity index put options
Annuity benefits5  —  (1) 1  
Reinsurance contract (embedded derivative)
Net investment income(3) (1) (1) (2) 
$(213) $(98) $(194) $(188) 

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Derivatives Designated and Qualifying as Cash Flow Hedges   As of June 30, 2020, AFG has nine active interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to mitigate interest rate risk related to certain floating-rate securities included in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities. The purpose of each of these swaps is to effectively convert a portion of AFG’s floating-rate fixed maturity securities to fixed rates by offsetting the variability in cash flows attributable to changes in short-term LIBOR.

Under the terms of the swaps, AFG receives fixed-rate interest payments in exchange for variable interest payments based on short-term LIBOR. The notional amounts of the interest rate swaps generally decline over each swap’s respective life (the swaps expire between December 2023 and June 2030) in anticipation of the expected decline in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities with floating interest rates based on short-term LIBOR. The total outstanding notional amount of AFG’s interest rate swaps was $1.68 billion at June 30, 2020 compared to $1.98 billion at December 31, 2019, reflecting the scheduled amortization discussed above, the termination of a swap with a total notional amount of $83 million in the first quarter of 2020, the termination of two swaps with a total notional amount of $166 million in the second quarter of 2020 and the expiration of a swap with a notional amount of $44 million in the second quarter of 2020. The fair value of the interest rate swaps in an asset position and included in other assets was $124 million at June 30, 2020 and $50 million at December 31, 2019. The fair value of the interest rate swaps in a liability position and included in other liabilities was zero at June 30, 2020 and $5 million at December 31, 2019. The net unrealized gain or loss on cash flow hedges is included in AOCI, net of DPAC and deferred taxes. Amounts reclassified from AOCI (before DPAC and taxes) to net investment income were income of $11 million in the second quarter of 2020 and $1 million in the second quarter of 2019 and income of $23 million and losses of $1 million for the first six months of 2020 and 2019, respectively. AFG had a $13 million liability to return collateral related to these swaps (included in other liabilities) at June 30, 2020 and a $20 million receivable for collateral posted related to these swaps (included in other assets) at December 31, 2019.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
G. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

A progression of deferred policy acquisition costs is presented below (in millions):
P&CAnnuity and Other
DeferredDeferredSalesConsolidated
CostsCostsInducementsPVFPSubtotalUnrealized (*)TotalTotal
Balance at March 31, 2020$310  $1,264  $73  $34  $1,371  $(108) $1,263  $1,573  
Additions148  30  —  —  30  —  30  178  
Amortization:
Periodic amortization
(160) 50  (1) (1) 48  —  48  (112) 
Included in realized gains
—  (2) 1  —  (1) —  (1) (1) 
Foreign currency translation(2) —  —  —  —  —  —  (2) 
Change in unrealized—  —  —  —  —  (818) (818) (818) 
Balance at June 30, 2020$296  $1,342  $73  $33  $1,448  $(926) $522  $818  
Balance at March 31, 2019$312  $1,336  $84  $40  $1,460  $(325) $1,135  $1,447  
Additions194  56  —  —  56  —  56  250  
Amortization:
Periodic amortization(175) (19) (4) (2) (25) —  (25) (200) 
Included in realized gains
—  —  1  —  1  —  1  1  
Foreign currency translation(1) —  —  —  —  —  —  (1) 
Change in unrealized—  —  —  —  —  (294) (294) (294) 
Balance at June 30, 2019$330  $1,373  $81  $38  $1,492  $(619) $873  $1,203  
Balance at December 31, 2019$322  $1,303  $75  $36  $1,414  $(699) $715  $1,037  
Additions306  79  1  —  80  —  80  386  
Amortization:
Periodic amortization(330) (48) (4) (3) (55) —  (55) (385) 
Included in realized gains—  8  1  —  9  —  9  9  
Foreign currency translation
(2) —  —  —  —  —  —  (2) 
Change in unrealized—  —  —  —  —  (227) (227) (227) 
Balance at June 30, 2020$296  $1,342  $73  $33  $1,448  $(926) $522  $818  
Balance at December 31, 2018$299  $1,285  $86  $42  $1,413  $(30) $1,383  $1,682  
Additions381  120  1  —  121  —  121  502  
Amortization:
Periodic amortization(350) (34) (7) (4) (45) —  (45) (395) 
Included in realized gains—  2  1  —  3  —  3  3  
Foreign currency translation
—  —  —  —  —  —  —  —  
Change in unrealized—  —  —  —  —  (589) (589) (589) 
Balance at June 30, 2019$330  $1,373  $81  $38  $1,492  $(619) $873  $1,203  
(*)Adjustments to DPAC related to net unrealized gains/losses on securities and cash flow hedges.

The present value of future profits (“PVFP”) amounts in the table above are net of $157 million and $154 million of accumulated amortization at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
H. Managed Investment Entities

AFG is the investment manager and its subsidiaries have investments ranging from 15.0% to 100.0% of the most subordinate debt tranche of eleven active collateralized loan obligation entities (“CLOs”), which are considered variable interest entities. AFG’s subsidiaries also own portions of the senior debt tranches of certain of these CLOs. Upon formation between 2012 and 2018, these entities issued securities in various senior and subordinate classes and invested the proceeds primarily in secured bank loans, which serve as collateral for the debt securities issued by each CLO. None of the collateral was purchased from AFG. AFG’s investments in the subordinate debt tranches of these entities receive residual income from the CLOs only after the CLOs pay expenses (including management fees to AFG) and interest on and returns of capital to senior levels of debt securities. There are no contractual requirements for AFG to provide additional funding for these entities. AFG has not provided and does not intend to provide any financial support to these entities.

AFG’s maximum exposure to economic loss on the CLOs that it manages is limited to its investment in those CLOs, which had an aggregate fair value of $157 million (including $72 million invested in the most subordinate tranches) at June 30, 2020, and $165 million at December 31, 2019.

During the first six months of 2020, AFG subsidiaries purchased $57 million face amount of senior debt and subordinate tranches of existing CLOs for $39 million. During both the first six months of 2020 and 2019, AFG subsidiaries received less than $1 million in sale and redemption proceeds from its CLO investments.

The revenues and expenses of the CLOs are separately identified in AFG’s Statement of Earnings, after the elimination of management fees and earnings attributable to shareholders of AFG as measured by the change in the fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs. Selected financial information related to the CLOs is shown below (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020201920202019
Investment in CLO tranches at end of period$157  $191  $157  $191  
Gains (losses) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities (a):
Assets363  —  (316) 87  
Liabilities(368) (2) 268  (89) 
Management fees paid to AFG4  4  8  7  
CLO earnings (losses) attributable to AFG shareholders (b)2  5  (34) 16  
(a)Included in revenues in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.
(b)Included in earnings before income taxes in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of the CLOs’ fixed maturity investments exceeded the fair value of the investments by $439 million and $146 million at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The aggregate unpaid principal balance of the CLOs’ debt exceeded its carrying value by $379 million and $129 million at those dates. The CLO assets include loans with an aggregate fair value of $42 million at June 30, 2020 and $10 million at December 31, 2019, for which the CLOs are not accruing interest because the loans are in default (aggregate unpaid principal balance of $92 million at June 30, 2020 and $25 million at December 31, 2019).

In addition to the CLOs that it manages, AFG had investments in CLOs that are managed by third parties (therefore not consolidated), which are included in available for sale fixed maturity securities and had a fair value of $4.51 billion at June 30, 2020 and $4.28 billion at December 31, 2019.

I. Goodwill and Other Intangibles

There were no changes in the goodwill balance of $207 million during the first six months of 2020. Included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet is $37 million at June 30, 2020 and $43 million at December 31, 2019 in amortizable intangible assets related to property and casualty insurance acquisitions. These amounts are net of accumulated amortization of $56 million and $50 million, respectively. Amortization of intangibles was $3 million in both the second quarters of 2020 and 2019, and $6 million in both the first six months of 2020 and 2019.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
J. Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following (in millions):
June 30, 2020December 31, 2019
PrincipalDiscount and Issue CostsCarrying ValuePrincipalDiscount and Issue CostsCarrying Value
Direct Senior Obligations of AFG:
4.50% Senior Notes due June 2047
$590  $(2) $588  $590  $(2) $588  
3.50% Senior Notes due August 2026
425  (3) 422  425  (3) 422  
5.25% Senior Notes due April 2030
300  (7) 293  —  —  —  
Other3  —  3  3  —  3  
1,318  (12) 1,306  1,018  (5) 1,013  
Direct Subordinated Obligations of AFG:
5.125% Subordinate Debentures due December 2059
200  (6) 194  200  (6) 194  
6% Subordinated Debentures due November 2055
150  (5) 145  150  (5) 145  
5.625% Subordinated Debentures due June 2060
150  (4) 146  —  —  —  
5.875% Subordinated Debentures due March 2059
125  (4) 121  125  (4) 121  
625  (19) 606  475  (15) 460  
$1,943  $(31) $1,912  $1,493  $(20) $1,473  

In April and May 2020, AFG issued $300 million in 5.25% Senior Notes due in 2030 and $150 million in 5.625% Subordinated Debentures due in June 2060, respectively. The net proceeds of these offerings will be used for general corporate purposes, which includes repurchases of outstanding common shares.

AFG has no scheduled principal payments on its long-term debt for the balance of 2020 or in the subsequent five years.

AFG can borrow up to $500 million under its revolving credit facility, which expires in June 2021. Amounts borrowed under this agreement bear interest at rates ranging from 1.00% to 1.875% (currently 1.375%) over LIBOR based on AFG’s credit rating. No amounts were borrowed under this facility at June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

K. Shareholders’ Equity

AFG is authorized to issue 12.5 million shares of Voting Preferred Stock and 12.5 million shares of Nonvoting Preferred Stock, each without par value.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax (“AOCI”)   Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in shareholders’ equity except those arising from transactions with shareholders. Comprehensive income includes net earnings and other comprehensive income, which consists primarily of changes in net unrealized gains or losses on available for sale securities.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
The progression of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income follows (in millions):
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
AOCI
Beginning
Balance		PretaxTaxNet
of
tax		Attributable to
noncontrolling
interests 		Attributable to
shareholders 		AOCI
Ending
Balance
Quarter ended June 30, 2020
Net unrealized gains on securities:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period
$1,293  $(272) $1,021  $—  $1,021  
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (*)
(9) 2  (7) —  (7) 
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities
$16  1,284  (270) 1,014  —  1,014  $1,030  
Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges44  4  (1) 3  —  3  47  
Foreign currency translation adjustments(21) 4  —  4  —  4  (17) 
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments(7) —  —  —  —  —  (7) 
Total
$32  $1,292  $(271) $1,021  $—  $1,021  $1,053  
Quarter ended June 30, 2019
Net unrealized gains on securities:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period
$450  $(94) $356  $—  $356  
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (*)
(10) 2  (8) —  (8) 
Total net unrealized gains on securities
$464  440  (92) 348  —  348  $812  
Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges—  23  (5) 18  —  18  18  
Foreign currency translation adjustments(12) (1) 1  —  (1) (1) (13) 
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments(8) —  —  —  —  —  (8) 
Total
$444  $462  $(96) $366  $(1) $365  $809  
Six months ended June 30, 2020
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period
$198  $(42) $156  $—  $156  
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (*)
15  (3) 12  —  12  
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities
$862  213  (45) 168  —  168  $1,030  
Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges
17  38  (8) 30  —  30  47  
Foreign currency translation adjustments
(9) (6) —  (6) (2) (8) (17) 
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments
(7) —  —  —  —  —  (7) 
Total
$863  $245  $(53) $192  $(2) $190  $1,053  
Six months ended June 30, 2019
Net unrealized gains on securities:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period
$937  $(197) $740  $—  $740  
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (*)
(14) 3  (11) —  (11) 
Total net unrealized gains on securities
$83  923  (194) 729  —  729  $812  
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges
(11) 37  (8) 29  —  29  18  
Foreign currency translation adjustments
(16) 3  1  4  (1) 3  (13) 
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments
(8) —  —  —  —  —  (8) 
Total
$48  $963  $(201) $762  $(1) $761  $809  
(*)The reclassification adjustment out of net unrealized gains (losses) on securities affected the following lines in AFG’s Statement of Earnings:
OCI componentAffected line in the statement of earnings
PretaxRealized gains (losses) on securities
TaxProvision (credit) for income taxes
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Stock Incentive Plans   Under AFG’s stock incentive plans, employees of AFG and its subsidiaries are eligible to receive equity awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock awards. In the first six months of 2020, AFG issued 227,867 shares of restricted Common Stock (fair value of $104.15 per share) under the Stock Incentive Plan.

Total compensation expense related to stock incentive plans of AFG and its subsidiaries was $4 million and $6 million in the second quarters of 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $9 million and $12 million in the first six months of 2020 and 2019, respectively.

L. Income Taxes

The following is a reconciliation of income taxes at the statutory rate of 21% to the provision for income taxes as shown in AFG’s Statement of Earnings (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020201920202019
Amount% of EBTAmount% of EBTAmount% of EBTAmount% of EBT
Earnings (loss) before income taxes (“EBT”)
$218  $259  $(170) $672  
Income taxes at statutory rate$45  21 %$54  21 %$(36) 21 %$141  21 %
Effect of:
Tax exempt interest(3) (1 %)(3) (1 %)(6) 4 %(7) (1 %)
Stock-based compensation—  — %(2) (1 %)(4) 2 %(4) (1 %)
Dividends received deduction—  — %(1) — %(1) 1 %(2) — %
Employee Stock Ownership Plan dividends paid deduction
—  — %(1) — %—  — %(1) — %
Change in valuation allowance9  4 %1  — %11  (6 %)3  — %
Nondeductible expenses
—  — %2  1 %2  (1 %)4  1 %
Foreign operations—  — %—  — %1  (1 %)—  — %
Other—  (1 %)—  (1 %)—  (1 %)3  — %
Provision (credit) for income taxes as shown in the statement of earnings
$51  23 %$50  19 %$(33) 19 %$137  20 %

The changes in valuation allowance in the table above are primarily increases in the valuation allowance on tax benefits related to losses in the Neon Lloyd’s insurance business. Approximately $23 million of AFG’s net operating loss carryforwards (“NOL”) subject to separate return limitation year (“SRLY”) tax rules will expire unutilized at December 31, 2020. Since AFG maintains a full valuation allowance against its SRLY NOLs, the expiration of these loss carryforwards will be offset by a corresponding reduction in the valuation allowance and will have no overall impact on AFG’s income tax expense or results of operations.

M. Contingencies

In December 2015, AFG completed the sale of substantially all of its run-off long-term care insurance business to HC2 Holdings, Inc. (“HC2”). As part of the transaction, AFG agreed to provide up to an aggregate of $35 million of capital support for the insurance companies, on an as-needed basis to maintain specified surplus levels, subject to immediate reimbursement by HC2 through a five-year capital maintenance agreement. AFG was released of any obligation to perform under this agreement in the first quarter of 2020.

Other than the matter described above, there have been no significant changes to the matters discussed and referred to in Note N — “Contingencies” of AFG’s 2019 Form 10-K, which covers property and casualty insurance reserves for claims related to environmental exposures, asbestos and other mass tort claims and environmental and occupational injury and disease claims of former subsidiary railroad and manufacturing operations.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
N. Insurance

Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves The following table provides an analysis of changes in the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses during the first six months of 2020 and 2019 (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Balance at beginning of year$10,232  $9,741  
Less reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance3,024  2,942  
Net liability at beginning of year7,208  6,799  
Provision for losses and LAE occurring in the current period1,597  1,501  
Net increase (decrease) in the provision for claims of prior years(119) (86) 
Total losses and LAE incurred (*)1,478  1,415  
Payments for losses and LAE of:
Current year(284) (291) 
Prior years(1,068) (1,079) 
Total payments(1,352) (1,370) 
Foreign currency translation and other(20) 1  
Net liability at end of period7,314  6,845  
Add back reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance3,007  2,732  
Gross unpaid losses and LAE included in the balance sheet at end of period$10,321  $9,577  
(*)Includes $106 million in losses and LAE incurred in the Neon exited lines in the first six months of 2020.

The net decrease in the provision for claims of prior years during the first six months of 2020 reflects (i) lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the agricultural businesses and lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the transportation businesses (within the Property and transportation sub-segment), (ii) lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the workers’ compensation businesses and lower than anticipated claim frequency in the executive liability business (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment) and (iii) lower than anticipated claim frequency in the trade credit and surety businesses (within the Specialty financial sub-segment). This favorable development was partially offset by higher than expected claim frequency and severity in the excess and surplus businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment).

The net decrease in the provision for claims of prior years during the first six months of 2019 reflects (i) lower than expected losses in the crop business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the transportation businesses (all within the Property and transportation sub-segment), (ii) lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment), and (iii) lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety and financial institutions businesses and lower than anticipated claim severity in the fidelity business (all within the Specialty financial sub-segment). This favorable development was partially offset by higher than expected claim severity in the in the excess and surplus lines businesses and higher than expected losses at Neon (all within the Specialty casualty sub-segment).

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Recoverables from Reinsurers and Premiums Receivable See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” for a discussion of new guidance effective January 1, 2020, which impacts the accounting for expected credit losses of recoverables from reinsurers and premiums receivable. Progressions of the 2020 allowance for expected credit losses are shown below (in millions):
Recoverables from ReinsurersPremiums Receivable
Balance at March 31$13  $9  
Provision for expected credit losses—  1  
Write-offs charged against the allowance—  —  
Balance at June 30$13  $10  
Balance at January 1$18  $13  
Impact of adoption of new accounting policy(6) (3) 
Provision (credit) for expected credit losses1  —  
Write-offs charged against the allowance—  —  
Balance at June 30$13  $10  

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
INDEX TO MD&A
PagePage

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements. Some of the forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “anticipates”, “believes”, “expects”, “projects”, “estimates”, “intends”, “plans”, “seeks”, “could”, “may”, “should”, “will” or the negative version of those words or other comparable terminology. Such forward-looking statements include statements relating to: expectations concerning market and other conditions and their effect on future premiums, revenues, earnings, investment activities, and the amount and timing of share repurchases; recoverability of asset values; expected losses and the adequacy of reserves for asbestos, environmental pollution and mass tort claims; rate changes; and improved loss experience.

Actual results and/or financial condition could differ materially from those contained in or implied by such forward-looking statements for a variety of reasons including but not limited to:
•changes in financial, political and economic conditions, including changes in interest and inflation rates, currency fluctuations and extended economic recessions or expansions in the U.S. and/or abroad;
•performance of securities markets, including the cost of equity index options;
•new legislation or declines in credit quality or credit ratings that could have a material impact on the valuation of securities in AFG’s investment portfolio;
•the availability of capital;
•changes in insurance law or regulation, including changes in statutory accounting rules and changes in regulation of the Lloyd’s market, including modifications to capital requirements, changes in costs associated with the exit from the Lloyd’s market and the run-off of AFG’s Lloyd’s based insurer, Neon;
•the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak, including the effects on the international and national economy and credit markets, legislative or regulatory developments affecting the insurance industry, quarantines or other travel or health-related restrictions;
•changes in the legal environment affecting AFG or its customers;
•tax law and accounting changes;
•levels of natural catastrophes and severe weather, terrorist activities (including any nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological events), incidents of war or losses resulting from pandemics, civil unrest and other major losses;
•disruption caused by cyber-attacks or other technology breaches or failures by AFG or its business partners and service providers, which could negatively impact AFG’s business and/or expose AFG to litigation;
•development of insurance loss reserves and establishment of other reserves, particularly with respect to amounts associated with asbestos and environmental claims;
•availability of reinsurance and ability of reinsurers to pay their obligations;
•trends in persistency and mortality;
•competitive pressures;
•the ability to obtain adequate rates and policy terms;
•changes in AFG’s credit ratings or the financial strength ratings assigned by major ratings agencies to AFG’s operating subsidiaries; and
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
•the impact of the conditions in the international financial markets and the global economy relating to AFG’s international operations.

The forward-looking statements herein are made only as of the date of this report. The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements.
OVERVIEW

Financial Condition
AFG is organized as a holding company with almost all of its operations being conducted by subsidiaries. AFG, however, has continuing cash needs for administrative expenses, the payment of principal and interest on borrowings, shareholder dividends, and taxes. Therefore, certain analyses are most meaningfully presented on a parent only basis while others are best done on a total enterprise basis. In addition, because most of its businesses are financial in nature, AFG does not prepare its consolidated financial statements using a current-noncurrent format. Consequently, certain traditional ratios and financial analysis tests are not meaningful.

Results of Operations
Through the operations of its subsidiaries, AFG is engaged primarily in property and casualty insurance, focusing on specialized commercial products for businesses, and in the sale of traditional fixed and indexed annuities in the retail, financial institutions, broker-dealer and registered investment advisor markets.

AFG reported net earnings attributable to shareholders of $177 million ($1.97 per share, diluted) for the second quarter of 2020 and a net loss of $124 million ($1.38 per share, diluted) for the first six months of 2020, compared to net earnings of $210 million ($2.31 per share, diluted) for the second quarter of 2019 and $539 million ($5.94 per share, diluted) for the first six months of 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic has had widespread financial and economic impacts, including a significant decrease in both the equity and credit markets, which adversely impacted returns on AFG’s $3.64 billion of investments that are accounted for using the equity method or carried at fair value through net earnings. AFG’s results reflect:
•higher net realized gains on securities in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 and net realized losses on securities in the first six months of 2020 compared to net realized gains in the first six months of 2019,
•lower earnings in the annuity segment, including losses from investments accounted for using the equity method and lower earnings from AFG-managed CLOs,
•lower net investment income in the property and casualty insurance segment due primarily to losses from investments accounted for using the equity method and AFG-managed CLOs,
•lower underwriting profit in the property and casualty insurance segment,
•higher interest charges on borrowed money due to higher average indebtedness, and
•lower holding company expenses.

Outlook
The COVID-19 pandemic began to have a significant impact on global, social and economic activity during the first quarter of 2020. AFG has taken actions under its business continuity plan to minimize risk to the Company’s employees and to prevent any significant disruption to AFG’s business, agents or policyholders.

Management believes that AFG’s strong financial position coming into 2020 and current liquidity and capital at its subsidiaries will give AFG the flexibility to continue to effectively address and respond to the ongoing uncertainties presented by the pandemic. Even with management’s expectation that the impacts of the pandemic will continue through 2020, AFG’s insurance subsidiaries are projected to have capital at or in excess of the levels required by ratings agencies in order to maintain their current ratings, and the parent company does not have any near-term debt maturities.

The widespread economic impacts of the pandemic, including a significant decrease in both equity and credit markets, adversely affected AFG’s investment returns during the first six months of 2020. Because the majority of AFG’s investments in limited partnerships and similar investments accounted for using the equity method are reported on a quarter lag, second quarter 2020 returns from those investments reflect the financial results and valuations as of March 31, 2020, including the impact of the downturn in financial markets during the first quarter. Management expects there to be continued volatility in the financial markets for the remainder of 2020.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Management anticipates that the pandemic and current recessionary economic conditions will continue to impact premiums and earnings for the remainder of 2020. As a result of the contracted economy, exposures in many of AFG’s property and casualty businesses have changed due to workforce reduction, fewer miles driven and reduced revenue. This may lead to lower frequency in certain lines while there may be COVID-19 related increases in claim frequency in other lines of business. With longer state mandated grace periods for premium payments, AFG’s property and casualty subsidiaries could see a slowdown in cash collections and higher premiums receivable balances throughout the remainder of 2020, which will require management to monitor the reinvestment of cash flows from the property and casualty subsidiaries’ investment portfolios.

There is also uncertainty as to potential government decree or legislation that could alter the coverage landscape, such as the imposition of retroactive business interruption insurance. Like most of the insurance industry, AFG’s business interruption coverages require direct physical damage to covered property for business interruption coverage to apply and the vast majority of AFG’s property policies also contain virus exclusions.

While AFG has not experienced an increase in death claims or surrender activity in the annuity business related to COVID-19, stay at home orders and other restrictions are likely to continue to reduce annuity sales for the remainder of 2020. See Part II, Item 1A — “Risk Factors.”

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Significant accounting policies are summarized in Note A — “Accounting Policies” to the financial statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts reported in the financial statements. As more information becomes known, these estimates and assumptions change and, thus, impact amounts reported in the future. The areas where management believes the degree of judgment required to determine amounts recorded in the financial statements is most significant are as follows:
•the establishment of insurance reserves, especially asbestos and environmental-related reserves,
•the recoverability of reinsurance,
•the amortization of annuity deferred policy acquisition costs,
•the measurement of the derivatives embedded in indexed annuity liabilities,
•the establishment of asbestos and environmental reserves of former railroad and manufacturing operations, and
•the valuation of investments, including the determination of impairment allowances.

For a discussion of these policies, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Critical Accounting Policies” in AFG’s 2019 Form 10-K.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Ratios
AFG’s debt to total capital ratio on a consolidated basis is shown below (dollars in millions):
June 30, 2020December 31,
20192018
Principal amount of long-term debt$1,943  $1,493  $1,318  
Total capital6,992  6,883  6,218  
Ratio of debt to total capital:
Including subordinated debt27.8 %21.7 %21.2 %
Excluding subordinated debt18.9 %14.8 %16.4 %
The ratio of debt to total capital is a non-GAAP measure that management believes is useful for investors, analysts and ratings agencies to evaluate AFG’s financial strength and liquidity and to provide insight into how AFG finances its operations. In addition, maintaining a ratio of debt, excluding subordinated debt and debt secured by real estate (if any), to total capital of 35% or lower is a financial covenant in AFG’s bank credit facility. The ratio is calculated by dividing the principal amount of AFG’s long-term debt by its total capital, which includes long-term debt, noncontrolling interests and shareholders’ equity (excluding unrealized gains (losses) related to fixed maturity investments).

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Fixed charges are computed on a “total enterprise” basis. For purposes of calculating the ratios, “earnings (loss)” have been computed by adding to pretax earnings (loss) the fixed charges and the noncontrolling interests in earnings of subsidiaries having fixed charges and the undistributed equity in earnings or losses of investees. Fixed charges include interest (including annuity benefits as indicated), amortization of debt premium/discount and expense, preferred dividend and distribution requirements of subsidiaries and a portion of rental expense deemed to be representative of the interest factor. The ratio of core earnings to fixed charges excluding annuity benefits and the ratio of earnings (loss) to fixed charges excluding and including annuity benefits are shown in the table below:
Six months ended June 30, 2020Year ended December 31, 2019
Ratio of core earnings to fixed charges excluding annuity benefits
9.56  12.78  
Impact of non-core items
(11.03) 1.83  
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges excluding annuity benefits
*14.61  
Impact of including interest on annuities as a fixed charge
(2.32) (12.76) 
Ratio of earnings to fixed charges including annuity benefits
*1.85  

*Earnings for the six months ended June 30, 2020 were insufficient to cover fixed charges by $111 million.

Although the ratio of earnings to fixed charges excluding annuity benefits is not required or encouraged to be disclosed under Securities and Exchange Commission rules, some investors and lenders may not consider interest credited to annuity policyholders’ accounts a borrowing cost for an insurance company, and accordingly, believe this ratio is meaningful.

Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows
AFG’s principal sources of cash include insurance premiums, income from its investment portfolio and proceeds from the maturities, redemptions and sales of investments. Insurance premiums in excess of acquisition expenses and operating costs are invested until they are needed to meet policyholder obligations or made available to the parent company through dividends to cover debt obligations and corporate expenses, and to provide returns to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends. Cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities as detailed in AFG’s Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows are shown below (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Net cash provided by operating activities$1,087  $877  
Net cash used in investing activities(1,296) (1,052) 
Net cash provided by financing activities593  1,034  
Net change in cash and cash equivalents$384  $859  

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities   AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations typically produce positive net operating cash flows as premiums collected and investment income exceed policy acquisition costs, claims payments and operating expenses. AFG’s net cash provided by operating activities is impacted by the level and timing of property and casualty premiums, claim and expense payments and recoveries from reinsurers. AFG’s annuity operations typically produce positive net operating cash flows as investment income exceeds acquisition costs and operating expenses. Interest credited on annuity policyholder funds is a non-cash increase in AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated liability and annuity premiums, benefits and withdrawals are considered financing activities due to the deposit-type nature of annuities. Cash flows provided by operating activities also include the activity of AFG’s managed investment entities (collateralized loan obligations) other than those activities included in investing or financing activities. The changes in the assets and liabilities of the managed investment entities included in operating activities increased cash flows from operating activities by $116 million during the first six months of 2020 and reduced cash flows from operating activities by $3 million in the first six months of 2019, accounting for a $119 million increase in cash flows from operating activities in the 2020 period compared to the 2019 period. As discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements, AFG has no right to use the CLO assets and no obligation to pay the CLO liabilities and such assets and liabilities are shown separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Excluding the impact of the managed investment entities, net cash provided by operating activities was $971 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $880 million in the first six months of 2019, an increase of $91 million.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities   AFG’s investing activities consist primarily of the investment of funds provided by its property and casualty and annuity businesses. Net cash used in investing activities was $1.30 billion for the first six months of 2020 compared to $1.05 billion in the first six months of 2019, an increase of $244 million. As discussed below (under net cash provided by financing activities), AFG’s annuity segment had net cash flows from annuity policyholders of $406 million in the first six months of 2020 and $1.10 billion in the first six months of 2019. In addition to the investment of funds provided by the insurance operations, investing activities also include the purchase and disposal of managed investment entity investments, which are presented separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Net investment activity in the managed investment entities was a $63 million use of cash in the first six months of 2020 compared to a $5 million source of cash in the 2019 period, accounting for a $68 million increase in net cash used in investing activities in the first six months of 2020 compared to the same 2019 period. See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note H — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities   AFG’s financing activities consist primarily of transactions with annuity policyholders, issuances and retirements of long-term debt, issuances and repurchases of common stock, and dividend payments. Net cash provided by financing activities was $593 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to $1.03 billion in the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $441 million. Net annuity receipts exceeded annuity surrenders, benefits, withdrawals and transfers by $406 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $1.10 billion in the first six months of 2019, accounting for a $698 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities in the 2020 period compared to the 2019 period. In May 2020, AFG issued $150 million of 5.625% Subordinated Debentures due in 2060 and in April 2020, AFG issued $300 million of 5.25% Senior Notes due in 2030. The net proceeds of these offerings contributed $439 million to net cash provided by financing activities in the first six month of 2020. In March 2019, AFG issued $125 million of 5.875% Subordinated Debentures due in 2059, the net proceeds of which contributed $121 million to net cash provided by financing activities in the first six months of 2019. During the first six months of 2020, AFG repurchased $137 million of its Common Stock compared to no share repurchases in the 2019 period. In addition to its regular quarterly cash dividends, AFG paid a special cash dividend of $1.50 per share in May 2019 totaling $135 million, which resulted in total cash dividends of $205 million in the first six months of 2019 compared to $81 million in the first six months of 2020. Financing activities also include issuances and retirements of managed investment entity liabilities, which are nonrecourse to AFG and presented separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Retirements of managed investment entity liabilities were $46 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $5 million in the first six months of 2019, accounting for a $41 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities in the 2020 period compared to the 2019 period. See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note H — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements.

Parent and Subsidiary Liquidity

Parent Holding Company Liquidity   Management believes AFG has sufficient resources to meet its liquidity requirements. If funds generated from operations, including dividends, tax payments and borrowings from subsidiaries, are insufficient to meet fixed charges in any period, AFG would be required to utilize parent company cash and marketable securities or to generate cash through borrowings, sales of other assets, or similar transactions.

AFG can borrow up to $500 million under its revolving credit facility which expires in June 2021. Amounts borrowed under this agreement bear interest at rates ranging from 1.00% to 1.875% (currently 1.375%) over LIBOR based on AFG’s credit rating. There were no borrowings under this agreement, or under any other parent company short-term borrowing arrangements, during 2019 or the first six months of 2020.

In April and May 2020, AFG issued $300 million of 5.25% Senior Notes due in April 2030 and $150 million of 5.625% Subordinated Debentures due in June 2060 to increase liquidity and provide flexibility at the parent holding company in its response to the uncertainties of the current economic environment. The net proceeds of the offerings will be used for general corporate purposes.

During the first six months of 2020, AFG repurchased 2,020,519 shares of its Common Stock for $137 million.

In December 2019, AFG issued $200 million of 5.125% Subordinated Debentures due in December 2059. A portion of the net proceeds of the offering were used to redeem AFG’s $150 million outstanding principal amount of 6-1/4% Subordinated Debentures due in September 2054, at par value, with the remainder used for general corporate purposes.

In March 2019, AFG issued $125 million of 5.875% Subordinated Debentures due in March 2059. The net proceeds of the offering were used for general corporate purposes.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

In 2019, AFG paid special cash dividends of $3.30 per share of AFG Common Stock ($1.50 per share in May and $1.80 per share in November) resulting in a total distribution of approximately $297 million.

Under a tax allocation agreement with AFG, its 80%-owned U.S. subsidiaries generally pay taxes to (or recover taxes from) AFG based on each subsidiary’s contribution to amounts due under AFG’s consolidated tax return.

Subsidiary Liquidity   Great American Life Insurance Company (“GALIC”), a wholly-owned annuity subsidiary, is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (“FHLB”). The FHLB makes advances and provides other banking services to member institutions, which provides the annuity operations with an additional source of liquidity. At June 30, 2020, GALIC had $1.26 billion in outstanding advances from the FHLB (included in annuity benefits accumulated), bearing interest at rates ranging from 0.36% to 1.35% (average rate of 0.54% at June 30, 2020). While these advances must be repaid between 2020 and 2025 ($125 million in 2020, $931 million in 2021 and $200 million in 2025), GALIC has the option to prepay all or a portion on the majority of the advances. GALIC has invested the proceeds from the advances in fixed maturity securities with similar expected lives as the advances for the purpose of earning a spread over the interest payments due to the FHLB. At June 30, 2020, GALIC estimated that it had additional borrowing capacity of approximately $740 million from the FHLB.

The liquidity requirements of AFG’s insurance subsidiaries relate primarily to the liabilities associated with their products as well as operating costs and expenses, payments of dividends and taxes to AFG and contributions of capital to their subsidiaries. Historically, cash flows from premiums and investment income have generally provided more than sufficient funds to meet these requirements. Funds received in excess of cash requirements are generally invested in additional marketable securities. In addition, the insurance subsidiaries generally hold a significant amount of highly liquid, short-term investments.

The excess cash flow of AFG’s property and casualty group allows it to extend the duration of its investment portfolio somewhat beyond that of its claim reserves. Due to the anticipated slowdown in cash collections from the state mandated increases in grace periods for premium payments, AFG’s property and casualty insurance subsidiaries have maintained higher than typical cash balances since March 2020. AFG has not experienced a material increase in uncollectable premiums receivable as policyholders continue to make payments in accordance with the agreed upon terms.

In the annuity business, where profitability is largely dependent on earning a spread between invested assets and annuity liabilities, the duration of investments is generally maintained close to that of liabilities. In a rising interest rate environment, significant protection from withdrawals exists in the form of temporary and permanent surrender charges on AFG’s annuity products. With declining rates, AFG receives some protection (from spread compression) due to the ability to lower crediting rates, subject to contractually guaranteed minimum interest rates (“GMIRs”). With interest rates at historic lows, AFG began to lower crediting rates on existing policies in the first six months of 2020, particularly on policies near or after the end of the surrender charge period. At June 30, 2020, AFG could reduce the average crediting rate on approximately $32 billion of traditional fixed, fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities without guaranteed withdrawal benefits by approximately 114 basis points (on a weighted average basis). The table below shows the breakdown of annuity reserves by GMIR. The current interest crediting rates on substantially all of AFG’s annuities with a GMIR of 3% or higher are at their minimum.
% of Reserves
June 30,December 31,
GMIR202020192018
1 — 1.99%85%84%81%
2 — 2.99%3%3%4%
3 — 3.99%6%7%8%
4.00% and above6%6%7%
Annuity benefits accumulated (in millions)$41,392$40,406$36,616

AFG believes its insurance subsidiaries maintain sufficient liquidity to pay claims and benefits and operating expenses. In addition, these subsidiaries have sufficient capital to meet commitments in the event of unforeseen events such as reserve deficiencies, inadequate premium rates or reinsurer insolvencies. Even in the current uncertain COVID-19 environment, management believes that the capital levels in AFG’s insurance subsidiaries are adequate to maintain its businesses and rating agency ratings. Should the current adverse financial conditions continue through 2020, AFG’s insurance subsidiaries will reduce dividend payments to AFG parent as needed to maintain sufficient capital at the
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
insurance companies. Nonetheless, changes in statutory accounting rules, significant declines in the fair value of the insurance subsidiaries’ investment portfolios or significant ratings downgrades on these investments, could create a need for additional capital.

Investments
AFG’s investment portfolio at June 30, 2020, contained $48.05 billion in fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale and carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income and $97 million in fixed maturities classified as trading with holding gains and losses included in net investment income. In addition, AFG’s investment portfolio includes $1.27 billion in equity securities carried at fair value with holding gains and losses included in realized gains (losses) on securities and $330 million in equity securities carried at fair value with holding gains and losses included in net investment income.

Fair values for AFG’s portfolio are determined by AFG’s internal investment professionals using data from nationally recognized pricing services as well as non-binding broker quotes. Fair values of equity securities are generally based on published closing prices. For AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio, approximately 90% was priced using pricing services at June 30, 2020 and the balance was priced primarily by using non-binding broker quotes. When prices obtained for the same security vary, AFG’s internal investment professionals select the price they believe is most indicative of an exit price.

The pricing services use a variety of observable inputs to estimate fair value of fixed maturities that do not trade on a daily basis. Based upon information provided by the pricing services, these inputs include, but are not limited to, recent reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids or offers, reference data, and measures of volatility. Included in the pricing of mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are estimates of the rate of future prepayments and defaults of principal over the remaining life of the underlying collateral. Due to the lack of transparency in the process that brokers use to develop prices, valuations that are based on brokers’ prices are classified as Level 3 in the GAAP hierarchy unless the price can be corroborated, for example, by comparison to similar securities priced using observable inputs.

Valuation techniques utilized by pricing services and prices obtained from external sources are reviewed by AFG’s internal investment professionals who are familiar with the securities being priced and the markets in which they trade to ensure the fair value determination is representative of an exit price. To validate the appropriateness of the prices obtained, these investment managers consider widely published indices (as benchmarks), recent trades, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions and the credit quality of the specific issuers. In addition, AFG communicates directly with pricing services regarding the methods and assumptions used in pricing, including verifying, on a test basis, the inputs used by the services to value specific securities.

In general, the fair value of AFG’s fixed maturity investments is inversely correlated to changes in interest rates. The following table demonstrates the sensitivity of such fair values to reasonably likely changes in interest rates by illustrating the estimated effect on AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio and accumulated other comprehensive income that an immediate increase of 100 basis points in the interest rate yield curve would have at June 30, 2020 (dollars in millions). Effects of increases or decreases from the 100 basis points illustrated would be approximately proportional.
Fair value of fixed maturity portfolio$48,143  
Percentage impact on fair value of 100 bps increase in interest rates(4.0 %)
Pretax impact on fair value of fixed maturity portfolio$(1,926) 
Offsetting adjustments to deferred policy acquisition costs and other balance sheet amounts
850  
Estimated pretax impact on accumulated other comprehensive income(1,076) 
Deferred income tax226  
Estimated after-tax impact on accumulated other comprehensive income$(850) 

Approximately 91% of the fixed maturities held by AFG at June 30, 2020, were rated “investment grade” (credit rating of AAA to BBB) by nationally recognized rating agencies. Investment grade securities generally bear lower yields and lower degrees of risk than those that are unrated and non-investment grade. Management believes that the high-quality investment portfolio should generate a stable and predictable investment return.

MBS are subject to significant prepayment risk because, in periods of declining interest rates, mortgages may be repaid more rapidly than scheduled as borrowers refinance higher rate mortgages to take advantage of lower rates.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Summarized information for AFG’s MBS (including those classified as trading) at June 30, 2020, is shown in the table below (dollars in millions). Agency-backed securities are those issued by a U.S. government-backed agency; Alt-A mortgages are those with risk profiles between prime and subprime. The average life of the residential and commercial MBS is approximately 4 years and 3 years, respectively.
Amortized
Cost, net (*)		Fair ValueFair Value as
% of Cost		Unrealized
Gain (Loss)		% Rated
Investment
Grade
Collateral type
Residential:
Agency-backed$437  $445  102 %$8  100 %
Non-agency prime1,330  1,435  108 %105  60 %
Alt-A843  929  110 %86  36 %
Subprime386  414  107 %28  36 %
Commercial852  889  104 %37  94 %
$3,848  $4,112  107 %$264  64 %
(*)Amortized cost, net of allowance for expected credit losses.

The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) assigns creditworthiness designations on a scale of 1 to 6 with 1 being the highest quality and 6 being the lowest quality. The NAIC retains third-party investment management firms to assist in the determination of appropriate NAIC designations for MBS based not only on the probability of loss (which is the primary basis of ratings by the major ratings firms), but also on the severity of loss and statutory carrying value. At June 30, 2020, 97% (based on statutory carrying value of $3.80 billion) of AFG’s MBS had an NAIC designation of 1.

Municipal bonds represented approximately 14% of AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio at June 30, 2020. AFG’s municipal bond portfolio is high quality, with 99% of the securities rated investment grade at that date. The portfolio is well diversified across the states of issuance and individual issuers. At June 30, 2020, approximately 78% of the municipal bond portfolio was held in revenue bonds, with the remaining 22% held in general obligation bonds.

Summarized information for the unrealized gains and losses recorded in AFG’s Balance Sheet at June 30, 2020, is shown in the following table (dollars in millions). Approximately $1.54 billion of available for sale fixed maturity securities had no unrealized gains or losses at June 30, 2020.
Securities
With
Unrealized
Gains		Securities
With
Unrealized
Losses
Available for Sale Fixed Maturities
Fair value of securities$36,628  $9,878  
Amortized cost of securities, net of allowance for expected credit losses$33,734  $10,335  
Gross unrealized gain (loss)$2,894  $(457) 
Fair value as % of amortized cost109 %96 %
Number of security positions4,322  993  
Number individually exceeding $2 million gain or loss331  43  
Concentration of gains (losses) by type or industry (exceeding 5% of unrealized):
States and municipalities$581  $(3) 
Banks, savings and credit institutions404  (15) 
Mortgage-backed securities278  (14) 
Insurance200  (3) 
Technology175  (2) 
Other asset-backed securities118  (189) 
Collateralized loan obligations16  (114) 
Percentage rated investment grade94 %86 %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of AFG’s available for sale fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2020, based on their fair values. Securities with sinking funds are reported at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.
Securities
With
Unrealized
Gains		Securities
With
Unrealized
Losses
Maturity
One year or less4 %4 %
After one year through five years27 %11 %
After five years through ten years38 %14 %
After ten years9 %3 %
78 %32 %
Collateralized loan obligations and other asset-backed securities (average life of approximately 4 years)
12 %64 %
Mortgage-backed securities (average life of approximately 3-1/2 years)10 %4 %
100 %100 %

The table below (dollars in millions) summarizes the unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities by dollar amount:
Aggregate
Fair
Value		Aggregate
Unrealized
Gain (Loss)		Fair
Value as
% of Cost
Fixed Maturities at June 30, 2020
Securities with unrealized gains:
Exceeding $500,000 (1,617 securities)$24,210  $2,467  111 %
$500,000 or less (2,705 securities)12,418  427  104 %
$36,628  $2,894  109 %
Securities with unrealized losses:
Exceeding $500,000 (288 securities)$5,397  $(381) 93 %
$500,000 or less (705 securities)4,481  (76) 98 %
$9,878  $(457) 96 %

The following table (dollars in millions) summarizes the unrealized losses for all securities with unrealized losses by issuer quality and the length of time those securities have been in an unrealized loss position:
Aggregate
Fair
Value		Aggregate
Unrealized
Loss		Fair
Value as
% of Cost
Securities with Unrealized Losses at June 30, 2020
Investment grade fixed maturities with losses for:
Less than one year (531 securities)$6,704  $(292) 96 %
One year or longer (131 securities)1,824  (88) 95 %
$8,528  $(380) 96 %
Non-investment grade fixed maturities with losses for:
Less than one year (296 securities)$1,275  $(64) 95 %
One year or longer (35 securities)75  (13) 85 %
$1,350  $(77) 95 %

When a decline in the value of a specific investment is considered to be other-than-temporary, an allowance for credit losses (impairment) is charged to earnings (accounted for as a realized loss). The determination of whether unrealized losses are other-than-temporary requires judgment based on subjective as well as objective factors as detailed in AFG’s 2019 Form 10-K under Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Investments.”
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Based on its analysis, management believes AFG will recover its cost basis (net of any allowance) in the fixed maturity securities with unrealized losses and that AFG has the ability to hold the securities until they recover in value and had no intent to sell them at June 30, 2020. Although AFG has the ability to continue holding its fixed maturity investments with unrealized losses, its intent to hold them may change due to deterioration in the issuers’ creditworthiness, decisions to lessen exposure to a particular issuer or industry, asset/liability management decisions, market movements, changes in views about appropriate asset allocation or the desire to offset taxable realized gains. Should AFG’s ability or intent change regarding a particular security, a charge for impairment would likely be required. While it is not possible to accurately predict if or when a specific security will become impaired, charges for other-than-temporary impairment could be material to results of operations in future periods. Significant declines in the fair value of AFG’s investment portfolio could have a significant adverse effect on AFG’s liquidity. For information on AFG’s realized gains (losses) on securities, including charges for other-than-temporary impairment, see “Results of Operations — Consolidated Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities.”

Uncertainties
Management believes that the areas posing the greatest risk of material loss are the adequacy of its insurance reserves and contingencies arising out of its former railroad and manufacturing operations. See Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Uncertainties — Asbestos and Environmental-related (“A&E”) Insurance Reserves” in AFG’s 2019 Form 10-K. In the third quarter of 2020, AFG expects to complete a comprehensive external study of its asbestos and environmental exposures relating to the run-off operations of its property and casualty insurance segment and exposures related to its former railroad and manufacturing operations with the aid of specialty actuarial, engineering and consulting firms and outside counsel. AFG generally conducts an external study of these exposures every few years with an in-depth internal review during the intervening years.

MANAGED INVESTMENT ENTITIES

Accounting standards require AFG to consolidate its investments in collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) entities that it manages and owns an interest in (in the form of debt). See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note H — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements. The effect of consolidating these entities is shown in the tables below (in millions). The “Before CLO Consolidation” columns include AFG’s investment and earnings in the CLOs on an unconsolidated basis.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET
Before CLO
Consolidation		Managed
Investment
Entities		Consol.
Entries		Consolidated
As Reported
June 30, 2020
Assets:
Cash and investments$56,898  $—  $(157) (a)$56,741  
Assets of managed investment entities—  4,393  —  4,393  
Other assets9,733  —  —  (a)9,733  
Total assets$66,631  $4,393  $(157) $70,867  
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums
$13,099  $—  $—  $13,099  
Annuity, life, accident and health benefits and reserves41,998  —  —  41,998  
Liabilities of managed investment entities—  4,393  (157) (a)4,236  
Long-term debt and other liabilities5,408  —  —  5,408  
Total liabilities60,505  4,393  (157) 64,741  
Redeemable noncontrolling interests—  —  —  —  
Shareholders’ equity:
Common Stock and Capital surplus1,388  —  —  1,388  
Retained earnings3,685  —  —  3,685  
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax1,053  —  —  1,053  
Total shareholders’ equity6,126  —  —  6,126  
Noncontrolling interests—  —  —  —  
Total equity6,126  —  —  6,126  
Total liabilities and equity$66,631  $4,393  $(157) $70,867  
December 31, 2019
Assets:
Cash and investments$55,416  $—  $(164) (a)$55,252  
Assets of managed investment entities—  4,736  —  4,736  
Other assets10,143  —  (1) (a)10,142  
Total assets$65,559  $4,736  $(165) $70,130  
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums
$13,062  $—  $—  $13,062  
Annuity, life, accident and health benefits and reserves
41,018  —  —  41,018  
Liabilities of managed investment entities
—  4,736  (165) (a)4,571  
Long-term debt and other liabilities
5,210  —  —  5,210  
Total liabilities59,290  4,736  (165) 63,861  
Redeemable noncontrolling interests—  —  —  —  
Shareholders’ equity:
Common Stock and Capital surplus1,397  —  —  1,397  
Retained earnings4,009  —  —  4,009  
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax863  —  —  863  
Total shareholders’ equity6,269  —  —  6,269  
Noncontrolling interests—  —  —  —  
Total equity6,269  —  —  6,269  
Total liabilities and equity$65,559  $4,736  $(165) $70,130  
(a)Elimination of the fair value of AFG’s investment in CLOs and related accrued interest.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS
Before CLO
Consolidation (a)		Managed
Investment
Entities		Consol.
Entries		Consolidated
As Reported
Three months ended June 30, 2020
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums$1,184  $—  $—  $1,184  
Net investment income470  —  (2) (b)468  
Realized gains (losses) on securities204  —  —  204  
Income (loss) of managed investment entities:
Investment income—  49  —  49  
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities—  (2) (3) (b)(5) 
Other income55  —  (4) (c)51  
Total revenues1,913  47  (9) 1,951  
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses1,571  —  —  1,571  
Expenses of managed investment entities—  47  (9) (b)(c)38  
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses124  —  —  124  
Total costs and expenses1,695  47  (9) 1,733  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes218  —  —  218  
Provision (credit) for income taxes51  —  —  51  
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests167  —  —  167  
Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(10) —  —  (10) 
Net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders$177  $—  $—  $177  
Three months ended June 30, 2019
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums$1,200  $—  $—  $1,200  
Net investment income585  —  (5) (b)580  
Realized gains (losses) on securities56  —  —  56  
Income (loss) of managed investment entities:
Investment income—  70  —  70  
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities—  (1) (1) (b)(2) 
Other income60  —  (4) (c)56  
Total revenues1,901  69  (10) 1,960  
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses1,521  —  —  1,521  
Expenses of managed investment entities—  69  (10) (b)(c)59  
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses121  —  —  121  
Total costs and expenses1,642  69  (10) 1,701  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes259  —  —  259  
Provision (credit) for income taxes50  —  —  50  
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests209  —  —  209  
Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(1) —  —  (1) 
Net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders$210  $—  $—  $210  
(a)Includes income of $2 million in the second quarter of 2020 and $5 million in the second quarter of 2019, representing the change in fair value of AFG’s CLO investments plus $4 million in both the second quarter of 2020 and 2019 in CLO management fees earned.
(b)Elimination of the change in fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs, including $5 million and $6 million in the second quarter of 2020 and 2019, respectively, in distributions recorded as interest expense by the CLOs.
(c)Elimination of management fees earned by AFG.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS
Before CLO
Consolidation (a)		Managed
Investment
Entities		Consol.
Entries		Consolidated
As Reported
Six months ended June 30, 2020
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums$2,393  $—  $—  $2,393  
Net investment income978  —  34  (b)1,012  
Realized gains (losses) on securities(347) —  —  (347) 
Income (loss) of managed investment entities:
Investment income—  108  —  108  
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities—  (2) (46) (b)(48) 
Other income116  —  (8) (c)108  
Total revenues3,140  106  (20) 3,226  
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses3,087  —  —  3,087  
Expenses of managed investment entities—  106  (20) (b)(c)86  
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses223  —  —  223  
Total costs and expenses3,310  106  (20) 3,396  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes(170) —  —  (170) 
Provision (credit) for income taxes(33) —  —  (33) 
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests(137) —  —  (137) 
Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(13) —  —  (13) 
Net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders$(124) $—  $—  $(124) 
Six months ended June 30, 2019
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums$2,373  $—  $—  $2,373  
Net investment income1,138  —  (16) (b)1,122  
Realized gains (losses) on securities240  —  —  240  
Income (loss) of managed investment entities:
Investment income—  139  —  139  
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities—  (6) 4  (b)(2) 
Other income119  —  (7) (c)112  
Total revenues3,870  133  (19) 3,984  
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses2,951  —  —  2,951  
Expenses of managed investment entities—  133  (19) (b)(c)114  
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses247  —  —  247  
Total costs and expenses3,198  133  (19) 3,312  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes672  —  —  672  
Provision (credit) for income taxes137  —  —  137  
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests535  —  —  535  
Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests(4) —  —  (4) 
Net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders$539  $—  $—  $539  
(a)Includes a loss of $34 million in the first six months of 2020 and income of $16 million in the first six months of 2019, representing the change in fair value of AFG’s CLO investments plus $8 million and $7 million in the first six months of 2020 and 2019, respectively, in CLO management fees earned.
(b)Elimination of the change in fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs, including $12 million in both the first six months of 2020 and 2019, in distributions recorded as interest expense by the CLOs.
(c)Elimination of management fees earned by AFG.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

General
AFG’s net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. For example, core net operating earnings excludes realized gains (losses) on securities because such gains and losses are influenced significantly by financial markets, interest rates and the timing of sales. Similarly, significant gains and losses from the sale of real estate are excluded from core earnings as they are influenced by the timing of sales and realized gains (losses) and significant tax benefits (charges) related to subsidiaries are excluded because such gains and losses are largely the result of the changing business strategy and market opportunities. In addition, special charges related to coverage that AFG no longer writes, such as the Neon exited lines discussed below and for asbestos and environmental exposures, are excluded from core earnings.

Beginning prospectively with the second quarter of 2019, AFG’s core net operating earnings for its annuity segment excludes unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities (“FIAs”), and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs (“annuity non-core earnings (losses)”). Fluctuations in interest rates and the stock market, among other factors, can cause volatility in the periodic measurement of FIA liabilities that management believes can be inconsistent with the long-term economics of this growing portion of AFG’s annuity business. Management believes that separating these impacts as “non-core” will provide investors with a better view of the fundamental performance of the business, and a more comparable measure of the annuity segment’s business compared to the results identified as “core” by its peers. Core net operating earnings for the annuity segment for the first quarter of 2019 and prior periods were not adjusted, so results for the six months ended June 30, 2020 are not directly comparable to the six months ended June 30, 2019. The impact of the items now considered annuity non-core earnings (losses) on prior periods is highlighted in the discussion following the reconciliation of net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings.

In December 2019, AFG initiated actions to exit the Lloyd’s of London insurance market, which included placing its Lloyd’s subsidiaries including its Lloyd’s Managing Agency, Neon Underwriting Ltd., into run-off. Neon and its predecessor, Marketform, have failed to achieve AFG’s profitability objectives since AFG’s purchase of Marketform in 2008. Consistent with the treatment of other items that are not indicative of AFG’s ongoing operations (both favorable and unfavorable), beginning prospectively with the first quarter of 2020, AFG’s core net operating earnings for its property and casualty insurance segment excludes the run-off operations of Neon (“Neon exited lines”). The Neon exited lines impact is highlighted in the discussion following the reconciliation of net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The following table (in millions, except per share amounts) identifies non-core items and reconciles net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure. AFG believes core net operating earnings is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends and for management to evaluate financial performance against historical results because it believes this provides a more comparable measure of its continuing business.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2020201920202019
Components of net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders:
Core operating earnings before income taxes$115  $236  $326  $465  
Pretax non-core items:
Realized gains (losses) on securities204  56  (347) 240  
Annuity non-core earnings (losses) (a)(59) (33) (97) (33) 
Neon exited lines (b)(42) —  (52) —  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes218  259  (170) 672  
Provision (credit) for income taxes:
Core operating earnings20  45  60  93  
Non-core items:
Realized gains (losses) on securities43  11  (73) 50  
Annuity non-core earnings (losses) (a)(12) (6) (20) (6) 
Total provision for income taxes
51  50  (33) 137  
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests167  209  (137) 535  
Less net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Core operating earnings (loss)—  (1) —  (4) 
Neon exited lines (b)(10) —  (13) —  
Total net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
(10) (1) (13) (4) 
Net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders$177  $210  $(124) $539  
Net earnings (loss):
Core net operating earnings$95  $192  $266  $376  
Realized gains (losses) on securities161  45  (274) 190  
Annuity non-core earnings (losses) (a)(47) (27) (77) (27) 
Neon exited lines (b)(32) —  (39) —  
Net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders$177  $210  $(124) $539  
Diluted per share amounts:
Core net operating earnings$1.05  $2.12  $2.94  $4.14  
Realized gains (losses) on securities1.80  0.48  (3.03) 2.09  
Annuity non-core earnings (losses) (a)(0.52) (0.29) (0.86) (0.29) 
Neon exited lines (b)(0.36) —  (0.43) —  
Net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders$1.97  $2.31  $(1.38) $5.94  
(a)As discussed above, beginning prospectively with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered annuity non-core earnings (losses).
(b)As discussed above, beginning prospectively with the first quarter of 2020, the Neon run-off operations are considered property and casualty insurance non-core earnings (losses).

Because AFG’s limited partnerships and similar investments accounted for using the equity method are reported on a quarter lag, the second quarter returns reflect March 31, 2020 results provided by third party sources and incorporate the downturn in financial markets during the first quarter.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Net earnings attributable to shareholders was $177 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $210 million in the second quarter of 2019 reflecting lower core net operating earnings, higher losses from the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs, and non-core losses from the Neon exited lines, partially offset by higher net realized gains on securities. Core net operating earnings for the second quarter of 2020 decreased $97 million compared to the second quarter of 2019 reflecting the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs in both the property and casualty insurance and annuity segments. Realized gains (losses) on securities in the second quarter of 2020 and 2019 resulted primarily from the change in fair value of equity securities that were still held at the balance sheet date.

Net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders was a net loss of $124 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to net earnings of $539 million for the first six months of 2019 reflecting net realized losses on securities in the 2020 period compared to net realized gains in the 2019 period, lower core net operating earnings and non-core losses from the Neon exited lines. In addition, net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders includes after-tax losses of $77 million in the first six months of 2020 and $36 million in the first six months of 2019 ($9 million in the first quarter and $27 million in the second quarter) from the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs. As discussed above, this impact on the accounting for FIAs is considered non-core earnings (losses) beginning prospectively with the second quarter of 2019. Excluding the $9 million after-tax negative impact of these items on results for the first quarter of 2019, core net operating earnings for the first six months of 2020 decreased $119 million compared to the first six months of 2019 reflecting the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs in both the property and casualty insurance and annuity segments, partially offset by lower holding company expenses. Realized gains (losses) on securities in the first six months of 2020 and 2019 resulted primarily from the change in fair value of equity securities that were still held at the balance sheet date.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019

Segmented Statement of Earnings
AFG reports its business as three segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance (“P&C”), (ii) Annuity and (iii) Other, which includes run-off long-term care and life, holding company costs and income and expenses related to the managed investment entities (“MIEs”).

AFG’s net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. The following tables for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 identify such items by segment and reconcile net earnings attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that AFG believes is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends (in millions):
Other
P&CAnnuityConsol. MIEsHolding Co., other and unallocatedTotalNon-core reclassNeon exited lines (c)GAAP Total
Three months ended June 30, 2020
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums
$1,123  $—  $—  $—  $1,123  $—  $61  $1,184  
Net investment income72  384  (2) 14  468  —  —  468  
Realized gains (losses) on securities
—  —  —  —  —  204  —  204  
Income (loss) of MIEs:
Investment income—  —  49  —  49  —  —  49  
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities
—  —  (5) —  (5) —  —  (5) 
Other income3  30  (4) 22  51  —  —  51  
Total revenues1,198  414  38  36  1,686  204  61  1,951  
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses705  —  —  —  705  —  66  771  
Commissions and other underwriting expenses
366  —  —  5  371  —  38  409  
Annuity benefits—  274  —  (5) 269  157  —  426  
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses
—  62  —  1  63  (98) —  (35) 
Interest charges on borrowed money—  —  —  23  23  —  —  23  
Expenses of MIEs—  —  38  —  38  —  —  38  
Other expenses11  36  —  55  102  —  (1) 101  
Total costs and expenses1,082  372  38  79  1,571  59  103  1,733  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes116  42  —  (43) 115  145  (42) 218  
Provision (credit) for income taxes22  6  —  (8) 20  31  —  51  
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests94  36  —  (35) 95  114  (42) 167  
Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
—  —  —  —  —  —  (10) (10) 
Core Net Operating Earnings (Loss)
94  36  —  (35) 95  
Non-core earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders (a):
Realized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax
—  —  —  161  161  (161) —  —  
Annuity non-core earnings (losses), net of tax (b)
—  (47) —  —  (47) 47  —  —  
Neon exited lines (c)
(32) —  —  —  (32) —  32  —  
Net Earnings (Loss) Attributable to Shareholders
$62  $(11) $—  $126  $177  $—  $—  $177  
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Other
P&CAnnuityConsol. MIEsHolding Co., other and unallocatedTotalNon-core reclassGAAP Total
Three months ended June 30, 2019
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums
$1,200  $—  $—  $—  $1,200  $—  $1,200  
Net investment income124  451  (5) 10  580  —  580  
Realized gains (losses) on securities
—  —  —  —  —  56  56  
Income (loss) of MIEs:
Investment income—  —  70  —  70  —  70  
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities
—  —  (2) —  (2) —  (2) 
Other income2  30  (4) 28  56  —  56  
Total revenues1,326  481  59  38  1,904  56  1,960  
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses723  —  —  —  723  —  723  
Commissions and other underwriting expenses
418  —  —  8  426  —  426  
Annuity benefits—  275  —  (3) 272  67  339  
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses
—  67  —  —  67  (34) 33  
Interest charges on borrowed money—  —  —  17  17  —  17  
Expenses of MIEs—  —  59  —  59  —  59  
Other expenses11  35  —  58  104  —  104  
Total costs and expenses1,152  377  59  80  1,668  33  1,701  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes174  104  —  (42) 236  23  259  
Provision (credit) for income taxes35  20  —  (10) 45  5  50  
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests139  84  —  (32) 191  18  209  
Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
(1) —  —  —  (1) —  (1) 
Core Net Operating Earnings (Loss)
140  84  —  (32) 192  
Non-core earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders (a):
Realized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax
—  —  —  45  45  (45) —  
Annuity non-core earnings (losses), net of tax (b)
—  (27) —  —  (27) 27  —  
Net Earnings (Loss) Attributable to Shareholders
$140  $57  $—  $13  $210  $—  $210  
(a)See the reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP net earnings under “Results of Operations — General” for details on the tax and noncontrolling interest impacts of these reconciling items.
(b)As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered annuity non-core earnings (losses).
(c)As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning with the first quarter of 2020, the Neon run-off operations are considered property and casualty insurance non-core earnings (losses).

Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations
Performance measures such as underwriting profit or loss and related combined ratios are often used by property and casualty insurers to help users of their financial statements better understand the company’s performance. Underwriting profitability is measured by the combined ratio, which is a sum of the ratios of losses and loss adjustment expenses, and commissions and other underwriting expenses to premiums. A combined ratio under 100% indicates an underwriting profit. The combined ratio does not reflect net investment income, other income, other expenses or federal income taxes.

AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations contributed $74 million in GAAP pretax earnings in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $174 million in the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $100 million (57%). Property and casualty core pretax earnings were $116 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $174 million in the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $58 million (33%). The decrease in both GAAP and core pretax earnings reflects lower net investment income in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 due primarily to the impact of financial market disruption on earnings (losses) from partnerships and similar investments.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings before income taxes from its property and casualty insurance operations for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Gross written premiums$1,539  $1,664  (8 %)
Reinsurance premiums ceded(416) (400) 4 %
Net written premiums1,123  1,264  (11 %)
Change in unearned premiums—  (64) (100 %)
Net earned premiums1,123  1,200  (6 %)
Loss and loss adjustment expenses705  723  (2 %)
Commissions and other underwriting expenses366  418  (12 %)
Core underwriting gain52  59  (12 %)
Net investment income72  124  (42 %)
Other income and expenses, net(8) (9) (11 %)
Core earnings before income taxes116  174  (33 %)
Pretax non-core Neon exited lines (*)(42) —  — %
GAAP earnings before income taxes$74  $174  (57 %)
(*)   In December 2019, AFG initiated actions to exit the Lloyd’s of London insurance market, which included placing its Lloyd’s subsidiaries including its Lloyd’s Managing Agency, Neon Underwriting Ltd. (“Neon”), into run-off. As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” following the December 2019 decision to exit the Lloyd’s of London insurance market, the results from the Neon exited lines are being treated as non-core earnings (losses) prospectively beginning in 2020. Each line item in the table above has been adjusted to remove the impact from the Neon run-off operations in 2020. The following table details the impact of the Neon exited lines to each component of earnings (loss) before income taxes in the property and casualty insurance operations for the three months ended June 30, 2020 (in millions):
Three months ended June 30, 2020
Excluding Neon
exited lines
Neon
exited lines
Total
Gross written premiums
$1,539  $14  $1,553  
Reinsurance premiums ceded
(416) (6) (422) 
Net written premiums
1,123  8  1,131  
Change in unearned premiums
—  53  53  
Net earned premiums
1,123  61  1,184  
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
705  66  771  
Commissions and other underwriting expenses
366  38  404  
Underwriting gain (loss)
52  (43) 9  
Net investment income
72  —  72  
Other income and expenses, net
(8) 1  (7) 
Earnings (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interests
$116  $(42) $74  
Three months ended June 30,
20202019Change
Combined Ratios:
Specialty lines
Loss and LAE ratio62.6 %60.2 %2.4 %
Underwriting expense ratio32.6 %34.8 %(2.2 %)
Combined ratio95.2 %95.0 %0.2 %
Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio65.1 %60.3 %4.8 %
Underwriting expense ratio34.1 %34.8 %(0.7 %)
Combined ratio99.2 %95.1 %4.1 %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
AFG reports the underwriting performance of its Specialty property and casualty insurance business in the following sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, (ii) Specialty casualty and (iii) Specialty financial.

To understand the overall profitability of particular lines, the timing of claims payments and the related impact of investment income must be considered. Certain “short-tail” lines of business (primarily property coverages) generally have quick loss payouts, which reduce the time funds are held, thereby limiting investment income earned thereon. In contrast, “long-tail” lines of business (primarily liability coverages and workers’ compensation) generally have payouts that are either structured over many years or take many years to settle, thereby significantly increasing investment income earned on related premiums received.

Gross Written Premiums
Gross written premiums (“GWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.55 billion for the second quarter of 2020 compared to $1.66 billion for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $111 million (7%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty gross written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
GWP%GWP%% Change
Property and transportation$611  39 %$579  35 %6 %
Specialty casualty752  49 %896  54 %(16 %)
Specialty financial176  11 %189  11 %(7 %)
Total specialty1,539  99 %1,664  100 %(8 %)
Neon exited lines14  1 %—  — %— %
Aggregate$1,553  100 %$1,664  100 %(7 %)

Reinsurance Premiums Ceded
Reinsurance premiums ceded (“Ceded”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were 27% of gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2020 compared to 24% of gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2019, an increase of 3 percentage points. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty reinsurance premiums ceded is shown below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019Change in
Ceded% of GWPCeded% of GWP% of GWP
Property and transportation$(185) 30 %$(157) 27 %3 %
Specialty casualty(241) 32 %(234) 26 %6 %
Specialty financial(37) 21 %(40) 21 %— %
Other specialty47  31  
Total specialty(416) 27 %(400) 24 %3 %
Neon exited lines(6) 43 %—  — %43 %
Aggregate$(422) 27 %$(400) 24 %3 %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Net Written Premiums
Net written premiums (“NWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.13 billion for the second quarter of 2020 compared to $1.26 billion for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $133 million (11%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
NWP%NWP%% Change
Property and transportation$426  38 %$422  33 %1 %
Specialty casualty511  45 %662  52 %(23 %)
Specialty financial139  12 %149  12 %(7 %)
Other specialty47  4 %31  3 %52 %
Total specialty1,123  99 %1,264  100 %(11 %)
Neon exited lines8  1 %—  — %— %
Aggregate$1,131  100 %$1,264  100 %(11 %)

Net Earned Premiums
Net earned premiums (“NEP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.18 billion for the second quarter of 2020 compared to $1.20 billion for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $16 million (1%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net earned premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
NEP%NEP%% Change
Property and transportation$390  33 %$379  32 %3 %
Specialty casualty547  46 %634  53 %(14 %)
Specialty financial144  12 %151  13 %(5 %)
Other specialty42  4 %36  2 %17 %
Total specialty1,123  95 %1,200  100 %(6 %)
Neon exited lines61  5 %—  — %— %
Aggregate$1,184  100 %$1,200  100 %(1 %)

Gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2020 decreased $111 million (7%) compared to the second quarter of 2019 reflecting a decrease in the Specialty casualty and Specialty financial sub-segments, partially offset by an increase in the Specialty property and transportation sub-segment. Overall average renewal rates increased approximately 9% in the second quarter of 2020. Excluding rate decreases in the workers’ compensation business, renewal pricing increased approximately 13%.

Property and transportation Gross written premiums increased $32 million (6%) in the second quarter of 2020 when compared to the second quarter of 2019, which was impacted by delayed acreage reporting from insureds as a result of excess moisture and late planting of corn and soybean crops. Excluding crop insurance, gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2020 decreased by 3% in this group when compared to the 2019 second quarter. Decreases in premiums due to return of premiums and reduced exposures as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic were partially offset by new business opportunities in the transportation, property and inland marine and ocean marine businesses. Average renewal rates increased approximately 7% for this group in the second quarter of 2020. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 3 percentage points in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 reflecting growth in crop and certain ocean marine business, which cede a larger percentage of premiums than the other businesses in the Specialty property and transportation sub-segment.

Specialty casualty Gross written premiums decreased $144 million (16%) in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 due primarily to the run-off of Neon. Excluding the impact of $159 million in gross written premiums from the Neon exited lines in the second quarter of 2019, gross written premiums increased 2% in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019. This increase reflects significant renewal rate increases, coupled with new business opportunities in the excess and surplus and excess liability businesses, partially offset by lower premiums due to reduced exposures in the workers’ compensation businesses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Average renewal rates increased approximately 12% for this group in the second quarter of 2020. Excluding rate decreases in the workers’ compensation business, renewal rates for this group increased approximately 21%. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 6 percentage points in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 reflecting growth in the excess and surplus and excess liability businesses, which cede a larger percentage of premiums than the other businesses in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.

Specialty financial Gross written premiums decreased $13 million (7%) in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 due primarily to lower premiums from the impact of various state regulations regarding policy cancellations and the placement of forced coverage in the financial institutions business. Average renewal rates increased approximately 6% for this group in the second quarter of 2020. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums were comparable for the second quarter of 2020 and the second quarter of 2019.

Other specialty The amounts shown as reinsurance premiums ceded represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty property and casualty insurance sub-segments. Reinsurance premiums assumed increased $16 million (52%) in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019, reflecting an increase in premiums retained, primarily from businesses in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.

Combined Ratio
The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the combined ratio for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment:
Three months ended June 30,Three months ended June 30,
20202019Change20202019
Property and transportation
Loss and LAE ratio61.3 %68.4 %(7.1 %)
Underwriting expense ratio30.4 %30.7 %(0.3 %)
Combined ratio91.7 %99.1 %(7.4 %)
Underwriting profit$33  $4  
Specialty casualty
Loss and LAE ratio67.1 %60.0 %7.1 %
Underwriting expense ratio27.8 %32.5 %(4.7 %)
Combined ratio94.9 %92.5 %2.4 %
Underwriting profit$27  $47  
Specialty financial
Loss and LAE ratio44.9 %32.3 %12.6 %
Underwriting expense ratio55.5 %53.3 %2.2 %
Combined ratio100.4 %85.6 %14.8 %
Underwriting profit (loss)$—  $21  
Total Specialty
Loss and LAE ratio62.6 %60.2 %2.4 %
Underwriting expense ratio32.6 %34.8 %(2.2 %)
Combined ratio95.2 %95.0 %0.2 %
Underwriting profit$54  $60  
Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio65.1 %60.3 %4.8 %
Underwriting expense ratio34.1 %34.8 %(0.7 %)
Combined ratio99.2 %95.1 %4.1 %
Underwriting profit$9  $59  

The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $54 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $60 million in the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $6 million (10%). The lower
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
underwriting profit in the second quarter of 2020 reflects lower underwriting profits in the Specialty casualty and Specialty financial sub-segments, partially offset by higher underwriting profit in the Property and transportation sub-segment. Underwriting results for the Specialty property and casualty insurance operations includes $85 million in COVID-19 related losses (7.6 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2020.

Property and transportation Underwriting profit for this group was $33 million for the second quarter of 2020 compared to $4 million for the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $29 million (725%). This increase reflects higher favorable prior year reserve development of $22 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019, primarily in the transportation businesses. COVID-19 related losses for this group were $3 million (0.8 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2020. Catastrophe losses were $15 million (3.8 points) in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $8 million (2.0 points) in the second quarter of 2019.

Specialty casualty Underwriting profit for this group was $27 million for the second quarter of 2020 compared to $47 million for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $20 million (43%). COVID-19 related losses for this group were $52 million (9.5 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2020, primarily in the workers’ compensation and executive liability businesses. These losses, in addition to lower year-over-year underwriting profitability in the alternative markets and social services businesses were partially offset by higher favorable prior year reserve development of $20 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019, primarily in the workers’ compensation businesses, higher profitability in the excess and surplus and excess liability businesses, and the impact of $4 million of underwriting losses at Neon in the second quarter of 2019.

Specialty financial This group reported an underwriting loss of less than $1 million for the second quarter of 2020 compared to an underwriting profit of $21 million in the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $21 million (100%). COVID-19 related losses for this group were $30 million (21.1 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2020, primarily related to trade credit insurance.

Other specialty This group reported an underwriting loss of $6 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $12 million in the second quarter of 2019, reflecting lower losses in the business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty sub-segments in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019.

Aggregate Aggregate underwriting results for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes an underwriting loss of $43 million at Neon in the second quarter of 2020, due primarily to losses related to the COVID-19 pandemic. AFG also recorded adverse prior year reserve development of $2 million and $1 million in the second quarter of 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to business outside of the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
AFG’s overall loss and LAE ratio was 65.1% for the second quarter of 2020 compared to 60.3% for the second quarter of 2019, an increase of 4.8 percentage points. The components of AFG’s property and casualty losses and LAE amounts and ratio are detailed below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
AmountRatioChange in
2020201920202019Ratio
Property and transportation
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$249  $257  63.9 %68.0 %(4.1 %)
Prior accident years development(28) (6) (7.2 %)(1.6 %)(5.6 %)
COVID-19 related losses3  —  0.8 %— %0.8 %
Current year catastrophe losses15  8  3.8 %2.0 %1.8 %
Property and transportation losses and LAE and ratio$239  $259  61.3 %68.4 %(7.1 %)
Specialty casualty
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$360  $410  66.0 %64.6 %1.4 %
Prior accident years development(51) (31) (9.3 %)(4.7 %)(4.6 %)
COVID-19 related losses52  —  9.5 %— %9.5 %
Current year catastrophe losses6  1  0.9 %0.1 %0.8 %
Specialty casualty losses and LAE and ratio$367  $380  67.1 %60.0 %7.1 %
Specialty financial
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$41  $55  28.2 %36.4 %(8.2 %)
Prior accident years development(11) (9) (8.0 %)(5.9 %)(2.1 %)
COVID-19 related losses30  —  21.1 %— %21.1 %
Current year catastrophe losses5  3  3.6 %1.8 %1.8 %
Specialty financial losses and LAE and ratio$65  $49  44.9 %32.3 %12.6 %
Total Specialty
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$677  $752  60.3 %62.7 %(2.4 %)
Prior accident years development(85) (42) (7.6 %)(3.4 %)(4.2 %)
COVID-19 related losses85  —  7.6 %— %7.6 %
Current year catastrophe losses26  12  2.3 %0.9 %1.4 %
Total Specialty losses and LAE and ratio$703  $722  62.6 %60.2 %2.4 %
Aggregate — including exited lines
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$717  $752  60.7 %62.7 %(2.0 %)
Prior accident years development(77) (41) (6.5 %)(3.3 %)(3.2 %)
COVID-19 related losses105  —  8.8 %— %8.8 %
Current year catastrophe losses26  12  2.1 %0.9 %1.2 %
Aggregate losses and LAE and ratio$771  $723  65.1 %60.3 %4.8 %

Current accident year losses and LAE, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses
The current accident year loss and LAE ratio, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations was 60.3% for the second quarter of 2020 compared to 62.7% for the second quarter of 2019, an improvement of 2.4 percentage points.

Property and transportation   The 4.1 percentage point improvement in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses reflects a decrease in the loss and LAE ratio at National Interstate,
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
due primarily to rate increases and lower claim frequency in the second quarter of 2020, and lower loss and LAE ratios in the Singapore branch and equine mortality business in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019.

Specialty casualty   The 1.4 percentage point increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses reflects the impact of the Neon exited lines in the second quarter of 2019, which have a lower loss and LAE ratio than many of the other businesses in the Specialty casualty group. Excluding the impact of the Neon exited lines, the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses increased 0.4 percentage points in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019.

Specialty financial The 8.2 percentage point improvement in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses reflects a decrease in the loss and LAE ratio of the financial institutions business.

Net prior year reserve development
AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded net favorable reserve development related to prior accident years of $85 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $42 million in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $43 million (102%).

Property and transportation Net favorable reserve development of $28 million in the second quarter of 2020 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the transportation businesses and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the agricultural businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $6 million in the second quarter of 2019 reflects lower than expected losses in the crop business.

Specialty casualty Net favorable reserve development of $51 million in the second quarter of 2020 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the workers’ compensation businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $31 million in the second quarter of 2019 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses, partially offset by higher than expected claim severity in the excess and surplus lines businesses.

Specialty financial Net favorable reserve development of $11 million in the second quarter of 2020 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency in the trade credit and surety businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $9 million in the second quarter of 2019 reflects lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety and financial institutions businesses.

Other specialty In addition to the development discussed above, total Specialty prior year reserve development includes net adverse reserve development of $5 million in the second quarter of 2020 and $4 million in the second quarter of 2019, reflecting adverse development of $7 million and $6 million in the second quarter of 2020 and the second quarter of 2019, respectively, associated with AFG’s internal reinsurance program, partially offset by the amortization of the deferred gain on the retroactive reinsurance transactions entered into in connection with the sale of businesses in 1998 and 2001.

Aggregate Aggregate net prior accident years reserve development for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes net adverse reserve development of $6 million in the second quarter of 2020 from the Neon exited lines and net adverse reserve development of $2 million and $1 million in the second quarter of 2020 and the second quarter of 2019, respectively, related to other business outside of the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

COVID-19 related losses
Underwriting results for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations for the second quarter of 2020 included $85 million in COVID-19 related losses. Given the uncertainties surrounding the ultimate number or scope of claims relating to the pandemic, these charges, approximately 90% of which establish reserves for claims that have been incurred but not reported, represent the Company’s current best estimate of losses from the pandemic and related economic disruption incurred through June 30, 2020. Approximately 70% of AFG’s COVID-19 related losses were reported in the workers’ compensation, executive liability and trade credit businesses, with the remainder spread across numerous other businesses.

In addition, COVID related losses were the primary driver of the increased underwriting loss recorded in the Neon exited lines for the second quarter of 2020.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Catastrophe losses
AFG generally seeks to reduce its exposure to catastrophes through individual risk selection, including minimizing coastal and known fault-line exposures, and the purchase of reinsurance. Based on data available at December 31, 2019, AFG’s exposure to a catastrophic earthquake or windstorm that industry models indicate should statistically occur once in every 100, 250 or 500 years as a percentage of AFG’s Shareholders’ Equity is shown below:
Approximate impact of modeled loss
Industry Modelon AFG’s Shareholders’ Equity
100-year event1%
250-year event2%
500-year event6%

AFG maintains comprehensive catastrophe reinsurance coverage, including a $15 million per occurrence net retention for its U.S.-based property and casualty insurance operations for losses up to $109 million. Neon’s excess of loss catastrophe reinsurance limits the maximum retained loss per event to $15 million for losses up to $145 million on direct business and $15 million for losses up to $45 million on assumed business. AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations further maintain supplemental fully collateralized reinsurance coverage up to 95% of $200 million for catastrophe losses in excess of $109 million of traditional catastrophe reinsurance through a catastrophe bond. Effective July 1, 2020, AFG purchased an additional $50 million of reinsurance coverage for losses in excess of $100 million. Recoveries from the catastrophe bond apply before calculating losses recoverable from this catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance.

Catastrophe losses of $26 million in the second quarter of 2020 resulted primarily from storms and tornadoes in multiple regions of the United States and included $4 million related to civil unrest. Catastrophe losses of $12 million in the second quarter of 2019 resulted primarily from storms and tornadoes in multiple regions of the United States.

Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses
AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses (“U/W Exp”) were $404 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $418 million for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $14 million (3%). AFG’s underwriting expense ratio, calculated as commissions and other underwriting expenses divided by net premiums earned, was 34.1% for the second quarter of 2020 compared to 34.8% for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of 0.7 percentage points. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios is shown below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019Change in
U/W Exp% of NEPU/W Exp% of NEP% of NEP
Property and transportation$118  30.4 %$116  30.7 %(0.3 %)
Specialty casualty153  27.8 %207  32.5 %(4.7 %)
Specialty financial79  55.5 %81  53.3 %2.2 %
Other specialty16  37.3 %14  39.1 %(1.8 %)
Total specialty366  32.6 %418  34.8 %(2.2 %)
Neon exited lines38  —  
Aggregate$404  34.1 %$418  34.8 %(0.7 %)

Property and transportation   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 0.3 percentage points in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 reflecting the impact of higher premiums on the ratio in the property and inland marine business, partially offset by lower profitability-based ceding commissions received from reinsurers in the crop business in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019.

Specialty casualty   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 4.7 percentage points in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 due to the runoff of Neon. Neon has a higher expense ratio than many of the other businesses in the Specialty casualty sub-segment. Excluding Neon exited lines, the underwriting expense ratio decreased 2.2 percentage points in the second quarter of
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 reflecting the impact of higher premiums on the ratio in the excess and surplus and excess liability businesses.

Specialty financial   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 2.2 percentage points in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 reflecting the impact of lower premiums on the ratio.

Property and Casualty Net Investment Income
Excluding the Neon exited lines, net investment income in AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was $72 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $124 million in the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $52 million (42%). The average invested assets and overall yield earned on investments held by AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations are provided below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019Change% Change
Net investment income$72  $124  $(52) (42 %)
Average invested assets (at amortized cost)$11,454  $11,193  $261  2 %
Yield (net investment income as a % of average invested assets)2.51 %4.43 %(1.92 %)
Tax equivalent yield (*)2.64 %4.60 %(1.96 %)
(*)Adjusts the yield on equity securities and tax-exempt bonds to the fully taxable equivalent yield.

The property and casualty insurance segment’s decrease in net investment income for the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 reflects lower earnings from partnerships and similar investments in the second quarter of 2020, higher average cash balances and lower short-term interest rates, partially offset by the impact of growth in the property and casualty insurance segment. The property and casualty insurance segment’s overall yield on investments (net investment income as a percentage of average invested assets) was 2.51% for the second quarter of 2020 compared to 4.43% for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of 1.92 percentage points. AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations recorded $13 million in losses from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $23 million in earnings in the second quarter of 2019, a $36 million (157%) decrease in earnings. The annualized yield earned on these partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs was a negative yield of 5.9% in the second quarter of 2020 compared to a positive yield of 13.3% in the prior year period. Because the property and casualty segment’s partnerships and similar investments accounted for using the equity method are reported on a quarter lag, the second quarter 2020 returns on those investments reflect the financial results and valuations for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, including the impact of the downturn in financial markets during the first quarter.

Property and Casualty Other Income and Expenses, Net
Other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was a net expense of $8 million for the second quarter of 2020 compared to $9 million for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $1 million (11%). The table below details the items included in other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
Other income$3  $2  
Other expenses
Amortization of intangibles3  3  
Other8  8  
Total other expenses11  11  
Other income and expenses, net$(8) $(9) 

In addition to the property and casualty segment’s other income and expenses, net from ongoing operations discussed above, the Neon exited lines incurred net income of $1 million in other income and expenses, net during the second quarter of 2020.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Segment — Results of Operations
AFG’s annuity operations incurred a GAAP pretax loss of $17 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to pretax earnings of $71 million in the second quarter of 2019, a change of $88 million (124%) due primarily to the losses from partnerships and similar investments and the unfavorable impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates in the second quarter of 2020, partially offset by the positive impact of strong stock market performance in the 2020 quarter.

The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings (loss) before income taxes from its annuity operations for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Revenues:
Net investment income
$384  $451  (15 %)
Other income:
Guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees17  17  — %
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income (a)13  13  — %
Total revenues414  481  (14 %)
Costs and Expenses:
Annuity benefits (a)(b)
274  275  — %
Acquisition expenses (a)
62  67  (7 %)
Other expenses
36  35  3 %
Total costs and expenses372  377  (1 %)
Core earnings before income taxes42  104  (60 %)
Pretax non-core earnings (losses) (a)(59) (33) 79 %
GAAP earnings (loss) before income taxes$(17) $71  (124 %)
(a)As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning prospectively with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered non-core earnings (losses). For the second quarter of 2020 and 2019, annuity benefits exclude the $157 million and $67 million unfavorable impact, respectively, of these items and acquisition expenses exclude the related $98 million and $34 million favorable impact, respectively, on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs.
(b)Details of the components of annuity benefits are provided below.

Annuity core earnings before income taxes were $42 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $104 million in the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $62 million (60%), reflecting losses from partnerships and similar investments in the 2020 quarter and the impact of lower interest rates, partially offset by growth in the business, higher than expected persistency, lower than expected expenses related to guaranteed withdrawal benefits, strong stock market performance and a reduction in the cost of funds as a percentage of average annuity benefits accumulated. The table below highlights the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the changes in the stock market and interest rates on annuity segment results (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Earnings before income taxes — before the impact of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of stock market performance and interest rates on FIAs
$42  $104  (60 %)
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs over or under option costs:
Change in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs(213) (103) 107 %
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits(106) (102) 4 %
Other annuity benefits14  (8) (275 %)
Less cost of equity options148  146  1 %
Related impact on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs98  34  188 %
Earnings (loss) before income taxes
$(17) $71  (124 %)
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Annuity benefits consisted of the following (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019Total
CoreNon-coreTotalCoreNon-coreTotal% Change
Interest credited — fixed
$103  $—  $103  $98  $—  $98  5 %
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits
—  106  106  —  102  102  4 %
Interest credited — fixed component of variable annuities
1  —  1  1  —  1  — %
Cost of equity options
148  (148) —  146  (146) —  — %
Other annuity benefits:
Amortization of sales inducements
2  (1) 1  4  —  4  (75 %)
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve:
Impact of change in the stock market and interest rates
—  (24) (24) —  (4) (4) 500 %
Accretion of benefits and other17  —  17  20  —  20  (15 %)
Change in expected death and annuitization reserves and other
3  —  3  6  —  6  (50 %)
Change in other benefit reserves — impact of changes in interest rates and the stock market
—  11  11  —  12  12  (8 %)
Derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities:
Embedded derivative mark-to-market
—  601  601  —  251  251  139 %
Equity option mark-to-market
—  (388) (388) —  (148) (148) 162 %
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs—  213  213  —  103  103  107 %
Total annuity benefits
$274  $157  $431  $275  $67  $342  26 %

Because fluctuations in interest rates and the stock market, among other factors, can cause volatility in annuity benefits expense related to FIAs that can be inconsistent with the long-term economics of the FIA business, management believes that including the actual cost of the equity options purchased in the FIA business and excluding unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs provides investors with a better view of the true cost of funds in the business and a more comparable measure compared to the cost of funds reported by its peers. The cost of the equity options included in AFG’s cost of funds is the net purchase price of the option contracts amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the contracts, which is generally one year. The following table reconciles AFG’s non-GAAP cost of funds measure to total annuity benefits expense (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
Interest credited — fixed
$103  $98  
Include cost of equity options
148  146  
Cost of funds251  244  
Interest credited — fixed component of variable annuities
1  1  
Other annuity benefits, excluding the impact of interest rates and the stock market on FIAs
22  30  
274  275  
Changes in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates over or under option costs:
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs213  103  
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits106  102  
Other annuity benefits — impact of the stock market and interest rates on FIAs(14) 8  
Less cost of equity options (included in cost of funds)(148) (146) 
Total annuity benefits expense$431  $342  

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Net Spread on Fixed Annuities (excludes variable annuity earnings)
The profitability of a fixed annuity business is largely dependent on the ability of a company to earn income on the assets supporting the business in excess of the amounts credited to policyholder accounts plus expenses incurred (earning a “spread”). Performance measures such as net interest spread and net spread earned are often presented by annuity businesses to help users of their financial statements better understand the company’s performance.

The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of these spreads for AFG’s fixed annuity operations (including fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost)$40,570  $37,907  7 %
Average fixed annuity benefits accumulated40,601  38,202  6 %
As % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (except as noted):
Net investment income (as % of fixed annuity investments)
3.77 %4.73 %
Cost of funds
(2.47 %)(2.55 %)
Other annuity benefit expenses, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees (*)
(0.06 %)(0.13 %)
Net interest spread1.24 %2.05 %
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income (*)
0.11 %0.11 %
Acquisition expenses (*)
(0.61 %)(0.68 %)
Other expenses
(0.35 %)(0.37 %)
Net spread earned on fixed annuities excluding the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs
0.39 %1.11 %
Changes in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates under (over) option costs
(0.58 %)(0.35 %)
Net spread earned on fixed annuities(0.19 %)0.76 %
(*)Excluding the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on annuity benefits and the related impact on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs.

Annuity Net Investment Income
Net investment income for the second quarter of 2020 was $384 million compared to $451 million for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $67 million (15%), reflecting lower earnings from partnerships and similar investments, partially offset by growth in AFG’s annuity business. The overall yield earned on investments in AFG’s fixed annuity operations, calculated as net investment income divided by average investment balances (at amortized cost), decreased by 0.96 percentage points to 3.77% from 4.73% in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019. The decrease in the net investment yield between periods reflects the negative impact of lower earnings from partnerships and similar investments in the second quarter of 2020, lower short-term interest rates and the impact of the run-off of higher yielding investments. AFG’s annuity segment recorded $37 million in losses from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $31 million in earnings in the second quarter of 2019, a change of $68 million (219%). The annualized yield earned on these partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs was a negative yield of 11.3% in the second quarter of 2020 compared to a positive yield of 11.2% in the prior year period. Because the annuity segment’s partnerships and similar investments accounted for using the equity method are reported on a quarter lag, the second quarter 2020 returns from those investments reflect the financial results and valuations as of March 31, 2020, including the downturn in financial markets during the first quarter.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Cost of Funds
Cost of funds for the second quarter of 2020 was $251 million compared to $244 million for the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $7 million (3%). This increase reflects growth in the annuity business. The average cost of policyholder funds, calculated as cost of funds divided by average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, decreased 0.08 percentage points to 2.47% in the second quarter of 2020 from 2.55% in the second quarter of 2019 reflecting the impact of offering lower renewal crediting rates on option costs.

The following table provides details of AFG’s interest credited and other cost of funds (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
Cost of equity options (FIAs)
$148  $146  
Interest credited:
Traditional fixed annuities64  61  
Fixed component of fixed-indexed annuities26  23  
Immediate annuities6  6  
Pension risk transfer products4  1  
Federal Home Loan Bank advances3  7  
Total cost of funds$251  $244  

Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees
Other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates, for the second quarter of 2020 were $5 million compared to $13 million for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $8 million (62%). As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these net expenses decreased 0.07% to 0.06% from 0.13% in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019. In addition to interest credited to policyholders’ accounts and the change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities, annuity benefits expense also includes the following expenses (in millions, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
Other annuity benefits, excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates on FIAs:
Amortization of sales inducements$2  $4  
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve17  20  
Change in other benefit reserves3  6  
Other annuity benefits22  30  
Offset guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees(17) (17) 
Other annuity benefits excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates, net5  13  
Other annuity benefits — impact of the stock market and interest rates(14) 8  
Other annuity benefits, net$(9) $21  

As discussed under “Annuity Benefits Accumulated” in Note A — “Accounting Policies” to the financial statements, guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserves are accrued for and modified using assumptions similar to those used in establishing and amortizing deferred policy acquisition costs. In addition, the guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve related to FIAs can be inversely impacted by the calculated FIA embedded derivative reserve as the value to policyholders of the guaranteed withdrawal benefits decreases when the benefit of stock market participation increases. As shown in the table above, changes in the stock market and interest rates decreased AFG’s guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve by $14 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to an increase of $8 million in the second quarter of 2019. This $22 million (275%) change was the primary driver of the $30 million overall change in other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal fees in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019.

Annuity Net Interest Spread
AFG’s net interest spread decreased 0.81 percentage points to 1.24% from 2.05% in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 due primarily to the lower earnings from partnerships and similar investments in the second quarter of 2020. Features included in current annuity product offerings allow AFG to achieve its desired profitability at a lower net interest spread than historical product offerings. As a result, AFG expects its net interest spread to narrow in the future.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Annuity Policy Charges and Other Miscellaneous Income
Annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income, which consist primarily of surrender charges, amortization of deferred upfront policy charges (unearned revenue) and equity index call option proceeds received at maturity that are not passed to policyholders through index credits due to surrenders, were $13 million for both the second quarter of 2020 and the second quarter of 2019. Annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated were 0.11% in both the second quarter of 2020 and the second quarter of 2019.

Annuity Acquisition Expenses
The following table illustrates the acceleration/deceleration of the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DPAC”) resulting from changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under option costs (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
Annuity acquisition expenses before the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates
$62  $67  
Impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates
(98) (34) 
Annuity acquisition expenses$(36) $33  

Annuity acquisitions expenses before the acceleration/deceleration of the amortization resulting from changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under option costs were $62 million for the second quarter of 2020 compared to $67 million for the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $5 million (7%), reflecting higher than expected persistency and the positive impact of the significant increase in stock market performance on variable annuities in the second quarter of 2020.

The negative impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates in the second quarter of 2020 on the fair value of derivatives and other liabilities related to FIAs resulted in a partially offsetting deceleration of the amortization of DPAC. This deceleration of the amortization of DPAC in the second quarter of 2020 was partially offset by the positive impact of strong stock market performance in the 2020 period. The negative impact of lower than anticipated interest rates during the second quarter of 2019 on the fair value of derivatives and other liabilities related to FIAs resulted in a partially offsetting deceleration of the amortization of DPAC.

The table below illustrates the estimated impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs on annuity acquisition expenses as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated:
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
Before the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates
0.61 %0.68 %
Impact of changes in fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates
(0.97 %)(0.36 %)
Annuity acquisition expenses as a % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated
(0.36 %)0.32 %

Annuity Other Expenses
Annuity other expenses were $36 million for the second quarter of 2020 compared to $35 million for the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $1 million (3%). Annuity other expenses represent primarily general and administrative expenses, as well as selling and issuance expenses that are not deferred. As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these expenses decreased 0.02 percentage points to 0.35% for the second quarter of 2020 from 0.37% in the second quarter of 2019 due primarily to growth in the annuity business.

Change in Fair Value of Derivatives Related to Fixed-Indexed (Including Variable-Indexed) Annuities and Other Impacts of Changes in the Stock Market and Interest Rates on FIAs
AFG’s fixed-indexed (including variable-indexed) annuities provide policyholders with a crediting rate tied, in part, to the performance of an existing stock market or other financial index. AFG attempts to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of these products through the purchase and sale of call and put options on the appropriate index. AFG’s
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
strategy is designed so that the net change in the fair value of the call option assets and put option liabilities will generally offset the economic change in the net liability from the index participation. Both the index-based component of the annuities (an embedded derivative) and the related call and put options are considered derivatives that must be adjusted for changes in fair value through earnings each period. The fair values of these derivatives are impacted by actual and expected stock market performance and interest rates as well as other factors. For a list of other factors impacting the fair value of the embedded derivative component of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated, see Note D — “Fair Value Measurements” to the financial statements. Fluctuations in certain of these factors, such as changes in interest rates and the performance of the stock market, are not economic in nature for the current reporting period, but rather impact the timing of reported results.

As discussed above under “Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees” and “Annuity Acquisition Expenses,” the periodic accounting for DPAC and guaranteed withdrawal benefits related to FIAs is also impacted by changes in the stock market and interest rates. These impacts may be temporary in nature and not necessarily indicative of the long-term performance of the FIA business. The table below highlights the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and the other impacts of the stock market and interest rates over or under the cost of the equity index options (discussed above) on earnings before income taxes for the annuity segment (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Change in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs
$(213) $(103) 107 %
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits(106) (102) 4 %
Other annuity benefits14  (8) (275 %)
Less cost of equity options148  146  1 %
Related impact on the amortization of DPAC98  34  188 %
Impact on annuity segment earnings before income taxes
$(59) $(33) 79 %

During the second quarter of 2020, the negative impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates, partially offset by the positive impact of strong stock market performance, reduced earnings before income taxes for the annuity segment by $59 million compared to the $33 million impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates, partially offset by the favorable impact of positive stock market performance on annuity earnings before income taxes for the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $26 million (79%). As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the indexed-based component of those FIAs was a net expense of 0.58% in the second quarter of 2020 compared to 0.35% in the second quarter of 2019.

The following table provides analysis of the primary factors impacting the change in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and the other impacts of the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options discussed above. Each factor is presented net of the estimated related impact on amortization of DPAC (dollars in millions).
Three months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Changes in the stock market, including volatility$38  $7  443 %
Changes in interest rates higher (lower) than expected(100) (38) 163 %
Other3  (2) (250 %)
Impact on annuity segment earnings before income taxes$(59) $(33) 79 %

Annuity Net Spread Earned on Fixed Annuities
AFG’s net spread earned on fixed annuities excluding the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates over or under option costs decreased 0.72 percentage points to 0.39% in the second quarter of 2020 from 1.11% in the second quarter of 2019 due primarily to the 0.81 percentage points decrease in AFG’s net interest spread discussed above. AFG’s overall net spread earned on fixed annuities changed 0.95 percentage points to a net loss of 0.19% in the second quarter of 2020 from net earnings of 0.76% in the second quarter of 2019 due to the decrease in AFG’s net interest spread, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs discussed above.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Benefits Accumulated
Annuity premiums received and benefit payments are recorded as increases or decreases in annuity benefits accumulated rather than as revenue and expense. Increases in this liability for interest credited and other benefits are charged to expense and decreases for surrender and other policy charges are credited to other income.

For certain products, annuity benefits accumulated also includes reserves for accrued persistency and premium bonuses, excess benefits expected to be paid on future deaths and annuitizations (“EDAR”) and guaranteed withdrawal benefits. Annuity benefits accumulated also includes amounts advanced from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati. The following table is a progression of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated liability for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
Beginning fixed annuity reserves$40,260  $37,724  
Fixed annuity premiums (receipts)682  1,343  
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and repayments(40) —  
Surrenders, benefits and other withdrawals(768) (862) 
Interest and other annuity benefit expenses:
Cost of funds
251  244  
Embedded derivative mark-to-market
601  251  
Change in other benefit reserves
(44) (20) 
Ending fixed annuity reserves$40,942  $38,680  
Reconciliation to annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet:
Ending fixed annuity reserves (from above)
$40,942  $38,680  
Impact of unrealized investment related gains
285  192  
Fixed component of variable annuities
165  172  
Annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet
$41,392  $39,044  

Annuity benefits accumulated includes a liability of $680 million at June 30, 2020 and $491 million at June 30, 2019 for guaranteed withdrawal benefits on annuities with features that allow the policyholder to take fixed periodic lifetime benefit payments that could exceed account value. As discussed above under “Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees” and “Annuity Acquisition Expenses,” the periodic accounting for DPAC and guaranteed withdrawal benefits related to FIAs is also impacted by changes in the stock market and interest rates.

Statutory Annuity Premiums
AFG’s annuity operations generated gross statutory premiums of $687 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $1.35 billion in the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $662 million (49%). The following table summarizes AFG’s annuity sales (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Financial institutions single premium annuities — indexed$258  $429  (40 %)
Financial institutions single premium annuities — fixed98  313  (69 %)
Retail single premium annuities — indexed138  274  (50 %)
Retail single premium annuities — fixed31  36  (14 %)
Broker dealer single premium annuities — indexed100  189  (47 %)
Broker dealer single premium annuities — fixed2  8  (75 %)
Pension risk transfer23  50  (54 %)
Education market — fixed and indexed annuities32  44  (27 %)
Total fixed annuity premiums
682  1,343  (49 %)
Variable annuities5  6  (17 %)
Total gross fixed annuity premiums
687  1,349  (49 %)
Ceded premiums(78) —  — %
Total net annuity premiums
$609  $1,349  (55 %)

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Management attributes the 49% decrease in total gross fixed annuity premiums in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the second quarter of 2019 to the lower market interest rate environment. In response to the continued drop in market interest rates during 2019 and 2020, AFG lowered crediting rates on several products, which has slowed annuity sales compared to 2019 levels. In addition, many of the restrictions from the COVID-19 pandemic impact the ability of agents to conduct business in the same manner as usual. As a result, management expects annuity premiums to be negatively impacted during the remainder of 2020.

Annuity Earnings before Income Taxes Reconciliation
The following table reconciles the net spread earned on AFG’s fixed annuities to overall annuity pretax earnings for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
Earnings (loss) on fixed annuity benefits accumulated$(19) $73  
Earnings impact of investments in excess of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (*)
—  (3) 
Variable annuity earnings2  1  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes$(17) $71  
(*)Net investment income (as a % of investments) of 3.77% and 4.73% for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, multiplied by the difference between average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost) and average fixed annuity benefits accumulated in each period.

Holding Company, Other and Unallocated — Results of Operations
AFG’s net pretax loss outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $43 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $42 million in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $1 million (2%).

The following table details AFG’s loss before income taxes from operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Revenues:
Life, accident and health net earned premiums
$5  $5  — %
Net investment income
14  10  40 %
Other income — P&C fees
16  20  (20 %)
Reclassify annuity segment option gains
(5) (3) 67 %
Other income
6  6  — %
Total revenues
36  38  (5 %)
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance — commissions and other underwriting expenses
5  8  (38 %)
Annuity — annuity benefits
(5) (3) 67 %
Life, accident and health benefits
9  8  13 %
Life, accident and health acquisition expenses
1  —  — %
Other expense — expenses associated with P&C fees
11  12  (8 %)
Other expenses
35  38  (8 %)
Costs and expenses, excluding interest charges on borrowed money
56  63  (11 %)
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses and interest charges on borrowed money
(20) (25) (20 %)
Interest charges on borrowed money
23  17  35 %
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses$(43) $(42) 2 %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Holding Company and Other — Life, Accident and Health Premiums, Benefits and Acquisition Expenses
AFG’s run-off long-term care and life insurance operations recorded net earned premiums of $5 million and related benefits and acquisition expenses of $10 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to net earned premiums of $5 million and related benefits and acquisition expenses of $8 million in the second quarter of 2019. The $1 million (13%) increase in life, accident and health benefits reflects higher claims in the run-off life insurance business.

Holding Company and Other — Net Investment Income
AFG recorded net investment income on investments held outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments of $14 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $10 million in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $4 million (40%). The parent company holds a small portfolio of securities that are carried at fair value through net investment income. These securities increased in value by $7 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to an increase in value of $3 million in the second quarter of 2019.

Holding Company and Other — P&C Fees and Related Expenses
Summit, a workers’ compensation insurance subsidiary, collects fees from a small group of unaffiliated insurers for providing underwriting, policy administration and claims services. In addition, certain of AFG’s property and casualty insurance businesses collect fees from customers for ancillary services such as workplace safety programs and premium financing. In the second quarter of 2020, AFG collected $16 million in fees for these services compared to $20 million in the second quarter of 2019. Management views this fee income, net of the $11 million in the second quarter of 2020 and $12 million the second quarter of 2019, in expenses incurred to generate such fees, as a reduction in the cost of underwriting its property and casualty insurance policies. Consistent with internal management reporting, these fees and the related expenses are netted and recorded as a reduction of commissions and other underwriting expenses in AFG’s segmented results.

Holding Company and Other — Annuity Segment Option Gains
As discussed under “Annuity Segment — Results of Operations,” AFG purchases and sells equity index options to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of its FIAs. In evaluating the performance of the annuity business, management views the cost of the equity options as a better measurement of the true expenses of the Annuity segment as compared to the GAAP accounting for these options as derivatives because any proceeds at expiration from the options generally are passed to policyholders through index credits. On occasion, policyholders surrender their annuity prior to receiving the index credit, which results in any option exercise proceeds being retained by AFG. For internal management reporting, AFG views these “option gains” as miscellaneous (other) income rather than as a component of annuity benefits expense. Consistent with internal management reporting, these option gains are reclassified from annuity benefits to other income in AFG’s segmented results. In the second quarter of 2020 and 2019, AFG had $5 million and $3 million, respectively, in such option gains. 

Holding Company and Other — Other Income
Other income in the table above includes $4 million in both the second quarter of 2020 and the second quarter of 2019, in management fees paid to AFG by the AFG-managed CLOs (AFG’s consolidated managed investment entities). The management fees are eliminated in consolidation — see the other income line in the Consolidate MIEs column under “Results of Operations — Segmented Statement of Earnings.” Excluding amounts eliminated in consolidation, AFG recorded other income outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments of $2 million in both the second quarter of 2020 and the second quarter of 2019.

Holding Company and Other — Other Expenses
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments recorded other expenses of $35 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $38 million in the second quarter of 2019, a decrease of $3 million (8%). This decrease reflects lower expenses associated with certain incentive compensation plans.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Holding Company and Other — Interest Charges on Borrowed Money
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments recorded interest expense of $23 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $17 million in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $6 million (35%). The following table details the principal amount of AFG’s long-term debt balances as of June 30, 2020 compared to June 30, 2019 (dollars in millions):
June 30,
2020		June 30,
2019
Direct obligations of AFG:
4.50% Senior Notes due June 2047$590  $590  
3.50% Senior Notes due August 2026425  425  
5.25% Senior Notes due April 2030300  —  
5.125% Subordinated Debentures due December 2059200  —  
6% Subordinated Debentures due November 2055150  150  
5.625% Subordinated Debentures due June 2060150  —  
5.875% Subordinated Debentures due March 2059125  125  
6-1/4% Subordinated Debentures due September 2054—  150  
Other3  3  
Total principal amount of Holding Company Debt$1,943  $1,443  
Weighted Average Interest Rate4.8 %4.7 %

The increase in interest expense for the second quarter of 2020 as compared to the second quarter of 2019 reflects the following financial transactions completed by AFG between March 31, 2019 and June 30, 2020:
•Issued $200 million of 5.125% Subordinated Debentures in December 2019
•Redeemed $150 million of 6-1/4% Subordinated Debentures in December 2019
•Issued $300 million of 5.25% Senior Notes in April 2020
•Issued $150 million of 5.625% Subordinated Debentures in May 2020

Consolidated Realized Gains on Securities
AFG’s consolidated realized gains on securities, which are not allocated to segments, were $204 million in the second quarter of 2020 compared to $56 million in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $148 million (264%). Realized gains on securities consisted of the following (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20202019
Realized gains before impairments:
Disposals$—  $8  
Change in the fair value of equity securities202  44  
Change in the fair value of derivatives3  6  
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items
(2) —  
203  58  
Change in allowance for impairments:
Securities1  (3) 
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items
—  1  
1  (2) 
Realized gains (losses) on securities$204  $56  

The $202 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the second quarter of 2020 includes gains of $63 million on investments in banks and financing companies, $34 million on investments in media companies, $21 million on investments in natural gas companies, $10 million on investments in energy companies and $13 million on real estate investment trusts. The $44 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the second quarter of 2019 includes gains of $18 million on investments in banks and financing companies, $13 million from investments in communications companies and $10 million on investments in asset management companies.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The $1 million reduction of previously recognized expected credit losses in the second quarter of 2020 includes $2 million in income related to corporate bonds and other fixed maturities and $1 million in expense related to structured securities.

Consolidated Income Taxes
AFG’s consolidated provision for income taxes was $51 million for the second quarter of 2020 compared to $50 million for the second quarter of 2019, an increase of $1 million (2%). See Note L — “Income Taxes” to the financial statements for an analysis of items affecting AFG’s effective tax rate.

Consolidated Noncontrolling Interests
AFG’s consolidated net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests was a net loss of $10 million for the second quarter of 2020 compared to $1 million for the second quarter of 2019. Both periods reflect losses at Neon, AFG’s United Kingdom-based Lloyd’s insurer.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019

Segmented Statement of Earnings
AFG reports its business as three segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance (“P&C”), (ii) Annuity and (iii) Other, which includes run-off long-term care and life, holding company costs and income and expenses related to the managed investment entities (“MIEs”).

AFG’s net earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. The following tables for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 identify such items by segment and reconcile net earnings attributable to shareholders to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that AFG believes is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends (in millions):
Other
P&CAnnuityConsol. MIEsHolding Co., other and unallocatedTotalNon-core reclassNeon exited lines (c)GAAP Total
Six months ended June 30, 2020
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums
$2,261  $—  $—  $—  $2,261  $—  $132  $2,393  
Net investment income171  806  34  7  1,018  —  (6) 1,012  
Realized gains (losses) on securities—  —  —  —  —  (347) —  (347) 
Income (loss) of MIEs:
Investment income—  —  108  —  108  —  —  108  
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities
—  —  (48) —  (48) —  —  (48) 
Other income8  65  (8) 43  108  —  —  108  
Total revenues2,440  871  86  50  3,447  (347) 126  3,226  
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses1,372  —  —  —  1,372  —  106  1,478  
Commissions and other underwriting expenses
749  —  —  10  759  —  70  829  
Annuity benefits—  561  —  (13) 548  154  —  702  
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses
—  133  —  2  135  (57) —  78  
Interest charges on borrowed money—  —  —  40  40  —  —  40  
Expenses of MIEs—  —  86  —  86  —  —  86  
Other expenses22  68  —  91  181  —  2  183  
Total costs and expenses2,143  762  86  130  3,121  97  178  3,396  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes297  109  —  (80) 326  (444) (52) (170) 
Provision (credit) for income taxes60  20  —  (20) 60  (93) —  (33) 
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests237  89  —  (60) 266  (351) (52) (137) 
Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
—  —  —  —  —  —  (13) (13) 
Core Net Operating Earnings (Loss)
237  89  —  (60) 266  
Non-core earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders (a):
Realized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax
—  —  —  (274) (274) 274  —  —  
Annuity non-core earnings (losses), net of tax (b)
—  (77) —  —  (77) 77  —  —  
Neon exited lines (c)
(39) —  —  —  (39) —  39  —  
Net Earnings (Loss) Attributable to Shareholders
$198  $12  $—  $(334) $(124) $—  $—  $(124) 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Other
P&CAnnuityConsol. MIEsHolding Co., other and unallocatedTotalNon-core reclassGAAP Total
Six months ended June 30, 2019
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums
$2,373  $—  $—  $—  $2,373  $—  $2,373  
Net investment income228  886  (16) 24  1,122  —  1,122  
Realized gains (losses) on securities—  —  —  —  —  240  240  
Income (loss) of MIEs:
Investment income—  —  139  —  139  —  139  
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities
—  —  (2) —  (2) —  (2) 
Other income5  58  (7) 56  112  —  112  
Total revenues2,606  944  114  80  3,744  240  3,984  
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses1,415  —  —  —  1,415  —  1,415  
Commissions and other underwriting expenses
812  —  —  13  825  —  825  
Annuity benefits—  587  —  (4) 583  67  650  
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses
—  93  —  2  95  (34) 61  
Interest charges on borrowed money—  —  —  33  33  —  33  
Expenses of MIEs—  —  114  —  114  —  114  
Other expenses23  70  —  121  214  —  214  
Total costs and expenses2,250  750  114  165  3,279  33  3,312  
Earnings (loss) before income taxes356  194  —  (85) 465  207  672  
Provision (credit) for income taxes72  39  —  (18) 93  44  137  
Net earnings (loss), including noncontrolling interests284  155  —  (67) 372  163  535  
Less: Net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
(4) —  —  —  (4) —  (4) 
Core Net Operating Earnings (Loss)
288  155  —  (67) 376  
Non-core earnings (loss) attributable to shareholders (a):
Realized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax
—  —  —  190  190  (190) —  
Annuity non-core earnings (losses), net of tax (b)
—  (27) —  —  (27) 27  —  
Net Earnings (Loss) Attributable to Shareholders
$288  $128  $—  $123  $539  $—  $539  
(a)See the reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP net earnings under “Results of Operations — General” for details on the tax and noncontrolling interest impacts of these reconciling items.
(b)As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning prospectively with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered non-core earnings (losses).
(c)As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning with the first quarter of 2020, the Neon run-off operations are considered property and casualty insurance non-core earnings (losses).

Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations
AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations contributed $245 million in GAAP pretax earnings in the first six months of 2020 compared to $356 million in the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $111 million (31%). Property and casualty core pretax earnings were $297 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $356 million in the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $59 million (17%). The decrease in GAAP and core pretax earnings reflects lower net investment income in the first six months of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 due primarily to the impact of financial market disruption on earnings (losses) from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs.

The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings before income taxes from its property and casualty insurance operations for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions):
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Six months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Gross written premiums$3,065  $3,199  (4 %)
Reinsurance premiums ceded(777) (788) (1 %)
Net written premiums2,288  2,411  (5 %)
Change in unearned premiums(27) (38) (29 %)
Net earned premiums2,261  2,373  (5 %)
Loss and loss adjustment expenses1,372  1,415  (3 %)
Commissions and other underwriting expenses749  812  (8 %)
Core underwriting gain140  146  (4 %)
Net investment income171  228  (25 %)
Other income and expenses, net(14) (18) (22 %)
Core earnings before income taxes297  356  (17 %)
Pretax non-core Neon exited lines (*)(52) —  — %
GAAP earnings before income taxes and noncontrolling interests$245  $356  (31 %)
(*)   In December 2019, AFG initiated actions to exit the Lloyd’s of London insurance market, which included placing its Lloyd’s subsidiaries including its Lloyd’s Managing Agency, Neon Underwriting Ltd. (“Neon”), into run-off. As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” following the December 2019 decision to exit the Lloyd’s of London insurance market, the results from the Neon exited lines are being treated as non-core earnings (losses) prospectively beginning in 2020. Each line item in the table above has been adjusted to remove the impact from the Neon run-off operations in 2020. The following table details the impact of the Neon exited lines to each component of earnings (loss) before income taxes in the property and casualty insurance operations for the six months ended June 30, 2020 (in millions):
Six months ended June 30, 2020
Excluding Neon
exited lines
Neon
exited lines
Total
Gross written premiums
$3,065  $70  $3,135  
Reinsurance premiums ceded
(777) (63) (840) 
Net written premiums
2,288  7  2,295  
Change in unearned premiums
(27) 125  98  
Net earned premiums
2,261  132  2,393  
Loss and loss adjustment expenses
1,372  106  1,478  
Commissions and other underwriting expenses
749  70  819  
Underwriting gain (loss)
140  (44) 96  
Net investment income
171  (6) 165  
Other income and expenses, net
(14) (2) (16) 
Earnings (loss) before income taxes
$297  $(52) $245  
Six months ended June 30,
20202019Change
Combined Ratios:
Specialty lines
Loss and LAE ratio60.5 %59.6 %0.9 %
Underwriting expense ratio33.2 %34.2 %(1.0 %)
Combined ratio93.7 %93.8 %(0.1 %)
Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio61.8 %59.7 %2.1 %
Underwriting expense ratio34.2 %34.2 %— %
Combined ratio96.0 %93.9 %2.1 %

AFG reports the underwriting performance of its Specialty property and casualty insurance business in the following sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, (ii) Specialty casualty and (iii) Specialty financial.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Gross Written Premiums
Gross written premiums (“GWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $3.14 billion for the first six months of 2020 compared to $3.20 billion for the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $64 million (2%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty gross written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
GWP%GWP%% Change
Property and transportation$1,105  35 %$1,018  32 %9 %
Specialty casualty1,601  51 %1,808  57 %(11 %)
Specialty financial359  12 %373  11 %(4 %)
Total specialty3,065  98 %3,199  100 %(4 %)
Neon exited lines70  2 %—  — %— %
Aggregate$3,135  100 %$3,199  100 %(2 %)

Reinsurance Premiums Ceded
Reinsurance premiums ceded (“Ceded”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were 27% of gross written premiums for the first six months of 2020 compared to 25% of gross written premiums for the first six months of 2019, an increase of 2 percentage points. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty reinsurance premiums ceded is shown below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019Change in
Ceded% of GWPCeded% of GWP% of GWP
Property and transportation$(293) 27 %$(252) 25 %2 %
Specialty casualty(504) 31 %(520) 29 %2 %
Specialty financial(71) 20 %(79) 21 %(1 %)
Other specialty91  63  
Total specialty(777) 25 %(788) 25 %— %
Neon exited lines(63) 90 %—  — %90 %
Aggregate$(840) 27 %$(788) 25 %2 %

Net Written Premiums
Net written premiums (“NWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $2.30 billion for the first six months of 2020 compared to $2.41 billion for the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $116 million (5%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
NWP%NWP%% Change
Property and transportation$812  35 %$766  32 %6 %
Specialty casualty1,097  48 %1,288  53 %(15 %)
Specialty financial288  13 %294  12 %(2 %)
Other specialty91  4 %63  3 %44 %
Total specialty2,288  100 %2,411  100 %(5 %)
Neon exited lines7  — %—  — %— %
Aggregate$2,295  100 %$2,411  100 %(5 %)

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Net Earned Premiums
Net earned premiums (“NEP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $2.39 billion for the first six months of 2020 compared to $2.37 billion for the first six months of 2019, an increase of $20 million (1%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net earned premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
NEP%NEP%% Change
Property and transportation$776  32 %$740  31 %5 %
Specialty casualty1,103  46 %1,263  53 %(13 %)
Specialty financial300  13 %297  13 %1 %
Other specialty82  3 %73  3 %12 %
Total specialty2,261  94 %2,373  100 %(5 %)
Neon exited lines132  6 %—  — %— %
Aggregate$2,393  100 %$2,373  100 %1 %

The $64 million (2%) decrease in gross written premiums for the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019 reflects a decrease in the Specialty casualty and Specialty financial sub-segments, partially offset by an increase in the Specialty property and transportation sub-segment . Overall average renewal rates increased approximately 8% in the first six months of 2020. Excluding the workers’ compensation business, renewal pricing increased approximately 12%.

Property and transportation Gross written premiums increased $87 million (9%) in the first six months of 2020 when compared to the first six months of 2019, which was impacted by delayed acreage reporting from insureds as a result of excess moisture and late planting of corn and soybean crops. Excluding crop insurance, gross written premiums for the first six months of 2020 increased by 5% in this group when compared to the first six months of 2019. Decreases in premiums due to return of premiums and reduced exposures as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic were more than offset by new business opportunities in the transportation, property and inland marine and ocean marine businesses. Average renewal rates increased approximately 7% for this group in the first six months of 2020. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 2 percentage points in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019, reflecting growth in crop and certain ocean marine business, which cede a larger percentage of premiums than the other businesses in the Specialty property and transportation sub-segment.

Specialty casualty Gross written premiums decreased $207 million (11%) in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019 due primarily to the run-off of Neon. Excluding the $318 million in gross written premiums from the Neon exited lines in the first six months of 2019, gross written premiums increased 7% in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019. This increase reflects growth in the excess and surplus and excess liability businesses, primarily the result of significant renewal rate increases, new business opportunities and higher retentions on renewal business. This growth was partially offset by lower premiums due to reduced exposures in the workers’ compensation businesses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Average renewal rates increased approximately 10% for this group in the first six months of 2020. Excluding rate decreases in the workers’ compensation businesses, renewal rates for this group increased approximately 19%. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 2 percentage points in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019, reflecting growth in the excess and surplus and excess liability businesses, which cede a larger percentage of premiums than the other businesses in the Specialty casualty sub-segment, partially offset by the impact of the Neon exited lines.

Specialty financial Gross written premiums decreased $14 million (4%) in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019 due primarily to lower premiums from the impact of various state regulations regarding policy cancellations and the placement of forced coverage in the financial institutions business, partially offset by higher premiums in the fidelity business. Average renewal rates for this group increased approximately 6% in the first six months of 2020. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums decreased 1 percentage point for the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019, reflecting lower cessions in the financial institutions business.

Other specialty The amounts shown as reinsurance premiums ceded represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty property and casualty insurance sub-segments. Reinsurance premiums assumed increased $28 million (44%) in the first six months of 2020 compared to the
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
first six months of 2019, reflecting an increase in premiums retained, primarily from businesses in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.

Combined Ratio
The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the combined ratio for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment:
Six months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20202019Change20202019
Property and transportation
Loss and LAE ratio61.4 %65.4 %(4.0 %)
Underwriting expense ratio30.9 %28.8 %2.1 %
Combined ratio92.3 %94.2 %(1.9 %)
Underwriting profit$60  $43  
Specialty casualty
Loss and LAE ratio64.1 %60.8 %3.3 %
Underwriting expense ratio28.7 %32.6 %(3.9 %)
Combined ratio92.8 %93.4 %(0.6 %)
Underwriting profit$79  $83  
Specialty financial
Loss and LAE ratio41.2 %35.3 %5.9 %
Underwriting expense ratio53.2 %53.3 %(0.1 %)
Combined ratio94.4 %88.6 %5.8 %
Underwriting profit$17  $34  
Total Specialty
Loss and LAE ratio60.5 %59.6 %0.9 %
Underwriting expense ratio33.2 %34.2 %(1.0 %)
Combined ratio93.7 %93.8 %(0.1 %)
Underwriting profit$143  $148  
Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio61.8 %59.7 %2.1 %
Underwriting expense ratio34.2 %34.2 %— %
Combined ratio96.0 %93.9 %2.1 %
Underwriting profit$96  $146  

The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $143 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to $148 million for the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $5 million (3%). The lower underwriting profit in the first six months of 2020 reflects lower underwriting profits in the Specialty casualty and Specialty financial sub-segments, partially offset by higher underwriting profit in the Property and transportation sub-segment. Underwriting results for the Specialty property and casualty insurance operations include $95 million in COVID-19 related losses (4.2 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2020.

Property and transportation Underwriting profit for this group was $60 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to $43 million for the first six months of 2019, an increase of $17 million (40%), This increase reflects higher favorable prior year reserve development in the transportation businesses and higher underwriting profits at the Singapore branch, partially offset by lower underwriting profit in the crop business. COVID-19 related losses for this group were $6 million (0.7 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2020. Catastrophe losses were $23 million (3.0 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2020 compared to $17 million (2.3 points) in the first six months of 2019.

Specialty casualty Underwriting profit for this group was $79 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to $83 million for the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $4 million (5%). COVID-19 related losses were $59 million (5.3 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2020, primarily in the workers’ compensation and executive liability businesses. These losses, in addition to lower year-over-year underwriting profitability in the alternative markets and public sector businesses were partially offset by higher favorable prior year reserve development of $31 million in the first
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019, primarily in the workers’ compensation and executive liability businesses, higher profitability in the excess and surplus and excess liability businesses, and the impact of $14 million of underwriting losses at Neon in the first six months of 2019.

Specialty financial Underwriting profit for this group was $17 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to $34 million for the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $17 million (50%). COVID-19 related losses were $30 million (10.2 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2020 primarily related to trade credit insurance. Lower underwriting profitability in the trade credit, surety and fidelity businesses was partially offset by higher underwriting profit in the financial institutions business.

Other specialty This group reported an underwriting loss of $13 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to $12 million in the first six months of 2019, an increase of $1 million (8%). This increase reflects higher losses in the business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty sub-segments in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019.

Aggregate Aggregate underwriting results for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes an underwriting loss of $44 million at Neon in the second quarter of 2020, due primarily to losses related to the COVID-19 pandemic. AFG also recorded adverse prior year reserve development of $3 million and $2 million in the second quarter of 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to business outside of the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
AFG’s overall loss and LAE ratio was 61.8% for the first six months of 2020 compared to 59.7% for the first six months of 2019, an increase of 2.1 percentage points. The components of AFG’s property and casualty losses and LAE amounts and ratio are detailed below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
AmountRatioChange in
2020201920202019Ratio
Property and transportation
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$499  $499  64.4 %67.5 %(3.1 %)
Prior accident years development(52) (32) (6.7 %)(4.4 %)(2.3 %)
COVID-19 related losses6  —  0.7 %— %0.7 %
Current year catastrophe losses23  17  3.0 %2.3 %0.7 %
Property and transportation losses and LAE and ratio$476  $484  61.4 %65.4 %(4.0 %)
Specialty casualty
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$717  $810  65.0 %64.2 %0.8 %
Prior accident years development(75) (44) (6.7 %)(3.5 %)(3.2 %)
COVID-19 related losses59  —  5.3 %— %5.3 %
Current year catastrophe losses6  2  0.5 %0.1 %0.4 %
Specialty casualty losses and LAE and ratio$707  $768  64.1 %60.8 %3.3 %
Specialty financial
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$101  $115  33.5 %38.8 %(5.3 %)
Prior accident years development(13) (15) (4.5 %)(5.1 %)0.6 %
COVID-19 related losses30  —  10.2 %— %10.2 %
Current year catastrophe losses6  5  2.0 %1.6 %0.4 %
Specialty financial losses and LAE and ratio$124  $105  41.2 %35.3 %5.9 %
Total Specialty
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$1,372  $1,477  60.6 %62.3 %(1.7 %)
Prior accident years development(133) (88) (5.8 %)(3.7 %)(2.1 %)
COVID-19 related losses95  —  4.2 %— %4.2 %
Current year catastrophe losses35  24  1.5 %1.0 %0.5 %
Total Specialty losses and LAE and ratio$1,369  $1,413  60.5 %59.6 %0.9 %
Aggregate — including exited lines
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$1,447  $1,477  60.5 %62.3 %(1.8 %)
Prior accident years development(119) (86) (5.0 %)(3.6 %)(1.4 %)
COVID-19 related losses115  —  4.8 %— %4.8 %
Current year catastrophe losses35  24  1.5 %1.0 %0.5 %
Aggregate losses and LAE and ratio$1,478  $1,415  61.8 %59.7 %2.1 %

Current accident year losses and LAE, excluding COVID-19 and catastrophe losses
The current accident year loss and LAE ratio, excluding COVID-19 and catastrophe losses for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations was 60.6% for the first six months of 2020 compared to 62.3% for the first six months of 2019, an improvement of 1.7 percentage points.

Property and transportation   The 3.1 percentage point improvement in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 and catastrophe losses reflects a decrease in the loss and LAE ratio at National Interstate, due primarily to rate increases and lower claim frequency in the first six months of 2020, and lower loss and LAE ratios in the Singapore branch and equine mortality business in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019, partially offset by an increase in the loss and LAE ratio of the aviation business in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019.

Specialty casualty  The 0.8 percentage point increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 and catastrophe losses reflects the impact of the Neon exited lines in the first six months of 2019, which have a
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
lower loss and LAE ratio than many of the other businesses in the Specialty casualty group. Excluding the impact of the Neon exited lines, the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses decreased 0.4 percentage points in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019.

Specialty financial   The 5.3 percentage point improvement in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding catastrophe losses reflects a decrease in the loss and LAE ratio of the financial institutions business in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019.

Net prior year reserve development
AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded net favorable reserve development related to prior accident years of $133 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $88 million in the first six months of 2019, an increase of $45 million (51%).

Property and transportation Net favorable reserve development of $52 million in the first six months of 2020 reflects lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the agricultural businesses and lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the transportation businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $32 million in the first six months of 2019 reflects lower than expected losses in the crop business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the transportation businesses.

Specialty casualty Net favorable reserve development of $75 million in the first six months of 2020 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the workers’ compensation businesses and lower than anticipated claim frequency in the executive liability business, partially offset by higher than expected claim frequency and severity in the excess and surplus businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $44 million in the first six months of 2019 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses, partially offset by higher than expected claim severity in the excess and surplus lines businesses and higher than expected losses at Neon.

Specialty financial Net favorable reserve development of $13 million in the first six months of 2020 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency in the trade credit and surety businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $15 million in the first six months of 2019 reflects lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the surety business and lower than expected claim severity in the fidelity business.

Other specialty In addition to the development discussed above, total Specialty prior year reserve development includes net adverse reserve development of $7 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $3 million in the first six months of 2019. The net adverse reserve development reflects adverse development of $10 million and $6 million in the first six months of 2020 and the first six months of 2019, respectively, associated with AFG’s internal reinsurance program. Both periods include the amortization of the deferred gain on the retroactive reinsurance transactions entered into in connection with the sale of businesses in 1998 and 2001.

Aggregate Aggregate net prior accident years reserve development for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes net adverse reserve development of $11 million from the Neon exited lines in the first six months of 2020 and net adverse reserve development of $3 million and $2 million in the first six months of 2020 and the first six months of 2019, respectively, related to business outside the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

Covid-19 related losses
Underwriting results for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations for the first six months of 2020 included $95 million in COVID-19 related losses. Given the uncertainties surrounding the ultimate number or scope of claims relating to the pandemic, these charges, approximately 90% of which establish reserves for claims that have been incurred but not reported, represent the Company’s current best estimate of losses from the pandemic and related economic disruption incurred through June 30, 2020. Approximately 70% of AFG’s COVID-19 related losses were reported in the workers’ compensation, executive liability and trade credit businesses, with the remainder spread across numerous other businesses.

In addition, COVID-19 related losses were the primary driver of the underwriting loss recorded in the Neon exited lines for the first six months of 2020.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Catastrophe losses
Catastrophe losses of $35 million in the first six months of 2020 resulted primarily from storms and tornadoes in multiple regions of the United States and included $4 million related to civil unrest. Catastrophe losses of $24 million in the first six months of 2019 resulted primarily from storms and tornadoes in multiple regions of the United States.

Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses
AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses (“U/W Exp”) were $819 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $812 million for the first six months of 2019, an increase of $7 million (1%). AFG’s underwriting expense ratio was 34.2% for both the first six months of 2020 and the first six months of 2019. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios is shown below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019Change in
U/W Exp% of NEPU/W Exp% of NEP% of NEP
Property and transportation$240  30.9 %$213  28.8 %2.1 %
Specialty casualty317  28.7 %412  32.6 %(3.9 %)
Specialty financial159  53.2 %158  53.3 %(0.1 %)
Other specialty33  40.4 %29  39.1 %1.3 %
Total Specialty749  33.2 %812  34.2 %(1.0 %)
Neon exited lines70  —  
Aggregate$819  34.2 %$812  34.2 %— %

Property and transportation   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 2.1 percentage points in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019, reflecting lower profitability-based ceding commissions received from reinsurers in the crop business in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019, partially offset by the impact of higher premiums on the ratio in the property and inland marine business.

Specialty casualty   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 3.9 percentage points in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019, due to the run-off of Neon. Neon has a higher expense ratio than many of the other businesses in the Specialty casualty sub-segment. Excluding the Neon exited lines, the underwriting expense ratio decreased 1.3 percentage points in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019 reflecting the impact of higher premiums on the ratio in the excess and surplus business.

Specialty financial   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums is comparable in the first six months of 2020 and the first six months of 2019.

Property and Casualty Net Investment Income
Excluding the Neon exited lines, net investment income in AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was $171 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $228 million in the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $57 million (25%). The average invested assets and overall yield earned on investments held by AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations are provided below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019Change% Change
Net investment income$171  $228  $(57) (25 %)
Average invested assets (at amortized cost)$11,509  $11,084  $425  4 %
Yield (net investment income as a % of average invested assets)2.97 %4.11 %(1.14 %)
Tax equivalent yield (*)3.10 %4.29 %(1.19 %)
(*)Adjusts the yield on equity securities and tax-exempt bonds to the fully taxable equivalent yield.

The property and casualty insurance segment’s decrease in net investment income for the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019 reflects losses from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
CLOs in the first six months of 2020 as a result of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on financial markets, partially offset by the impact of growth in the property and casualty insurance segment. The property and casualty insurance segment’s overall yield on investments (net investment income as a percentage of average invested assets) was 2.97% for the first six months of 2020 compared to 4.11% for the first six months of 2019, a decrease of 1.14 percentage points. AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations recorded $10 million in losses from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs in the first six months of 2020 compared to $31 million in earnings in the first six months of 2019, a $41 million (132%) decrease in earnings. The annualized yield earned on these partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs was a negative yield of 2.3% in the first six months of 2020 compared to a positive yield of 9.1% in the prior year period.

In addition to the property and casualty segment’s net investment income from ongoing operations discussed above, the Neon exited lines reported a $6 million loss in the first six months of 2020 in net investment income, primarily from changes in the fair value of equity securities.

Property and Casualty Other Income and Expenses, Net
Other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was a net expense of $14 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to $18 million for the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $4 million (22%). The table below details the items included in other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Other income$8  $5  
Other expenses
Amortization of intangibles6  6  
Other16  17  
Total other expense22  23  
Other income and expenses, net$(14) $(18) 

In addition to the property and casualty segment’s other income and expenses, net from ongoing operations discussed above, the Neon exited lines incurred $2 million in other expenses during the first six months of 2020.

Annuity Segment — Results of Operations
AFG’s annuity operations contributed $12 million in GAAP pretax earnings in the first six months of 2020 compared to $161 million in the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $149 million (93%) due primarily to losses from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs. The decrease in the financial markets during the first six months of 2020 had a negative impact on liabilities for annuities with guaranteed withdrawal benefits and on the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs in the first six months of 2020 compared to the favorable impact of strong stock market performance in the 2019 period.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings before income taxes from its annuity operations for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Revenues:
Net investment income
$806  $886  (9 %)
Other income:
Guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees34  33  3 %
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income (a)31  25  24 %
Total revenues871  944  (8 %)
Costs and Expenses:
Annuity benefits (a)(b)
561  587  (4 %)
Acquisition expenses (a)
133  93  43 %
Other expenses
68  70  (3 %)
Total costs and expenses762  750  2 %
Core earnings before income taxes109  194  (44 %)
Pretax non-core losses (a)(97) (33) 194 %
GAAP earnings before income taxes$12  $161  (93 %)
(a)As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning prospectively with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered non-core earnings (losses). For the first six months of 2020 and 2019, annuity benefits exclude the $154 million and $67 million unfavorable impact, respectively, of these items and acquisition expenses exclude the $57 million and $34 million favorable impact, respectively, on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs.
(b)Details of the components of annuity benefits are provided below.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity core earnings before income taxes were $109 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $194 million in the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $85 million (44%). As discussed under “Results of Operations — General,” beginning with the second quarter of 2019, unlocking, changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of those FIAs are considered non-core earnings (losses). For the first six months of 2020, the annuity segment’s core earnings before income taxes includes $97 million in pretax losses related to these items. Since annuity core earnings for the first quarter of 2019 and prior periods were not adjusted, the annuity segment’s core earnings before income taxes for the first six months of 2019 includes the $11 million negative impact from these items in first quarter of 2019. Excluding the $11 million unfavorable impact in the first quarter of 2019, annuity core net operating earnings for the first six months of 2020 decreased $96 million compared to the first six months of 2019 reflecting the losses from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs and the impact of lower short-term interest rates in the first six months of 2020, partially offset by growth in the business, higher than expected persistency and a reduction in the cost of funds as a percentage of average annuity benefits accumulated. The table below highlights the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the changes in the stock market and interest rates on annuity segment results (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Earnings before income taxes — before the impact of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of stock market performance and interest rates on FIAs
$109  $205  (47 %)
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs over or under option costs:
Change in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs(200) (198) 1 %
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits(211) (201) 5 %
Other annuity benefits(41) —  — %
Less cost of equity options298  287  4 %
Related impact on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs57  68  (16 %)
Earnings before income taxes
$12  $161  (93 %)

Annuity benefits consisted of the following (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019Total
CoreNon-coreTotalCoreNon-coreTotal% Change
Interest credited — fixed
$206  $—  $206  $193  $—  $193  7 %
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits
—  211  211  99  102  201  5 %
Interest credited — fixed component of variable annuities
2  —  2  2  —  2  — %
Cost of equity options
298  (298) —  146  (146) —  — %
Other annuity benefits:
Amortization of sales inducements
4  —  4  8  —  8  (50 %)
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve:
Impact of change in the stock market and interest rates—  20  20  (1) (4) (5) (500 %)
Accretion of benefits and other42  —  42  39  —  39  8 %
Change in expected death and annuitization reserves and other
9  —  9  13  —  13  (31 %)
Change in other benefit reserves — impact of changes in interest rates and the stock market
—  21  21  (7) 12  5  320 %
Derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities:
Embedded derivative mark-to-market
—  (46) (46) 462  251  713  (106 %)
Equity option mark-to-market
—  246  246  (367) (148) (515) (148 %)
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs—  200  200  95  103  198  1 %
Total annuity benefits
$561  $154  $715  $587  $67  $654  9 %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Because fluctuations in interest rates and the stock market, among other factors, can cause volatility in annuity benefits expense related to FIAs that can be inconsistent with the long-term economics of the FIA business, management believes that including the actual cost of the equity options purchased in the FIA business and excluding unlocking, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs provides investors with a better view of the true cost of funds in the business and a more comparable measure compared to the cost of funds reported by its peers. The cost of the equity options included in AFG’s cost of funds is the net purchase price of the option contracts amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the contracts, which is generally one year. The following table reconciles AFG’s non-GAAP cost of funds measure to total annuity benefits expense (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Interest credited — fixed
$206  $193  
Include cost of equity options
298  287  
Cost of funds504  480  
Interest credited — fixed component of variable annuities
2  2  
Other annuity benefits, excluding the impact of interest rates and the stock market on FIAs
55  60  
561  542  
Changes in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates over or under option costs:
Impact of derivatives related to FIAs200  198  
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits211  201  
Other annuity benefits — impact of the stock market and interest rates on FIAs41  —  
Less cost of equity options (included in cost of funds)(298) (287) 
Total annuity benefits expense$715  $654  

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Net Spread on Fixed Annuities (excludes variable annuity earnings)
The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the spreads for AFG’s fixed annuity operations (including fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost)$40,322  $37,449  8 %
Average fixed annuity benefits accumulated40,370  37,640  7 %
As % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (except as noted):
Net investment income (as % of fixed annuity investments)
3.98 %4.71 %
Cost of funds
(2.50 %)(2.55 %)
Other annuity benefit expenses, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees (*)
(0.10 %)(0.13 %)
Net interest spread
1.38 %2.03 %
Policy charges and other miscellaneous income (*)
0.13 %0.10 %
Acquisition expenses (*)
(0.64 %)(0.66 %)
Other expenses
(0.33 %)(0.37 %)
Net spread earned on fixed annuities excluding the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs, and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs
0.54 %1.10 %
Changes in fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates under (over) option costs:
Included in core
— %(0.06 %)
Annuity non-core earnings (losses)
(0.48 %)(0.18 %)
Net spread earned on fixed annuities
0.06 %0.86 %
(*)Excluding the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on annuity benefits and the related impact on the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs.

Annuity Net Investment Income
Net investment income for the first six months of 2020 was $806 million compared to $886 million for the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $80 million (9%). This decrease reflects losses from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs, partially offset by growth in AFG’s annuity business. The overall yield earned on investments in AFG’s fixed annuity operations, calculated as net investment income divided by average investment balances (at amortized cost), decreased by 0.73 percentage points to 3.98% from 4.71% for the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019. The decrease in the net investment yield between periods reflects the negative impact of lower earnings from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs in the first six months of 2020, along with the impact of the run-off of higher yielding investments and lower short-term interest rates. AFG’s annuity segment recorded $43 million in losses from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs in the first six months of 2020 compared to $60 million in earnings in the first six months of 2019, a change of $103 million (172%). The annualized yield earned on these partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs was a negative yield of 6.7% in the first six months of 2020 compared to a positive yield of 11.1% in the prior year period.

Annuity Cost of Funds
Cost of funds for the first six months of 2020 was $504 million compared to $480 million for the first six months of 2019, an increase of $24 million (5%). This increase reflects growth in the annuity business. The average cost of policyholder funds, calculated as cost of funds divided by average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, decreased 0.05 percentage points to 2.50% from 2.55% in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019 reflecting the impact of offering lower renewal crediting rates on option costs.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The following table provides details of AFG’s interest credited and other cost of funds (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Cost of equity options (FIAs)
$298  $287  
Interest credited:
Traditional fixed annuities127  120  
Fixed component of fixed-indexed annuities51  45  
Immediate annuities12  12  
Pension risk transfer products8  2  
Federal Home Loan Bank advances8  14  
Total cost of funds$504  $480  

Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees
Other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates for the first six months of 2020 were $21 million compared to $27 million for the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $6 million (22%). As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these net expenses decreased 0.03 percentage points to 0.10% from 0.13% in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019. In addition to interest credited to policyholders’ accounts and the change in fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities, annuity benefits expense also includes the following expenses (in millions, net of guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Other annuity benefits, excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates on FIAs:
Amortization of sales inducements$4  $8  
Change in guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve42  39  
Change in other benefit reserves9  13  
Other annuity benefits55  60  
Offset guaranteed withdrawal benefit fees(34) (33) 
Other annuity benefits excluding the impact of the stock market and interest rates, net21  27  
Other annuity benefits — impact of the stock market and interest rates41  —  
Other annuity benefits, net$62  $27  

As discussed under “Annuity Benefits Accumulated” in Note A — “Accounting Policies” to the financial statements, guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserves are accrued for and modified using assumptions similar to those used in establishing and amortizing deferred policy acquisition costs. In addition, the guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve related to FIAs can be inversely impacted by the calculated FIA embedded derivative reserve as the value to policyholders of the guaranteed withdrawal benefits decreases when the benefit of stock market participation increases. As shown in the table above, changes in the stock market and interest rates increased AFG’s guaranteed withdrawal benefit reserve by $41 million in the first six months of 2020. This $41 million increase compared to the 2019 period was the primary driver of the $35 million (130%) overall increase in other annuity benefits, net of guaranteed withdrawal fees in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019.

Annuity Net Interest Spread
AFG’s net interest spread decreased 0.65 percentage points to 1.38% from 2.03% in the first six months of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 due primarily to the negative impact of losses from partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs in the first six months of 2020. Features included in current annuity product offerings allow AFG to achieve its desired profitability at a lower net interest spread than historical product offerings. As a result, AFG expects its net interest spread to narrow in the future.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Policy Charges and Other Miscellaneous Income
Annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income, which consist primarily of surrender charges, amortization of deferred upfront policy charges (unearned revenue) and equity index call option proceeds received at maturity that are not passed to policyholders through index credits due to surrenders, were $31 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $25 million in the first six months of 2019, an increase of $6 million (24%), reflecting higher gains on equity index options in excess of policyholder index credits in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019. Annuity policy charges and other miscellaneous income as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated increased 0.03 percentage points to 0.13% from 0.10% in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019, reflecting the higher gains on equity index call options.

Annuity Acquisition Expenses
The following table illustrates the acceleration/deceleration of the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs (“DPAC”) resulting from changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under option costs (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Annuity acquisition expenses before the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates
$133  $127  
Impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates:
Included in core—  (34) 
Annuity non-core earnings (losses)(57) (34) 
Annuity acquisition expenses
$76  $59  

Annuity acquisitions expenses before the acceleration/deceleration of the amortization resulting from changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under option costs were $133 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to $127 million for the first six months of 2019, an increase of $6 million (5%).

The negative impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates in both the first six months of 2020 and the first six months of 2019 on the fair value of derivatives and other liabilities related to FIAs resulted in a partially offsetting deceleration of the amortization of DPAC. The offsetting deceleration of the amortization of DPAC in the 2019 period was partially offset by the positive impact of strong stock market performance on the fair value of derivatives and other liabilities related to FIAs.

The table below illustrates the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to fixed-indexed annuities and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on FIAs on annuity acquisition expenses as a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated:
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Before the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates
0.64 %0.66 %
Impact of changes in fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates
(0.28 %)(0.36 %)
Annuity acquisition expenses as a % of fixed annuity benefits accumulated
0.36 %0.30 %

Annuity Other Expenses
Annuity other expenses were $68 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to $70 million for the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $2 million (3%). Annuity other expenses represent primarily general and administrative expenses, as well as selling and issuance expenses that are not deferred. As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, these expenses decreased 0.04 percentage points to 0.33% from 0.37% for the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019 due primarily to growth in the annuity business.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Change in Fair Value of Derivatives Related to Fixed-Indexed (Including Variable-Indexed) Annuities and Other Impacts of Changes in the Stock Market and Interest Rates on FIAs
AFG’s fixed-indexed (including variable-indexed) annuities provide policyholders with a crediting rate tied, in part, to the performance of an existing stock market or other financial index. AFG attempts to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of these products through the purchase and sale of call and put options on the appropriate index. AFG’s strategy is designed so that the net change in the fair value of the call option assets and put option liabilities will generally offset the economic change in the net liability from the index participation. Both the index-based component of the annuities (an embedded derivative) and the related call and put options are considered derivatives that must be adjusted for changes in fair value through earnings each period. The fair values of these derivatives are impacted by actual and expected stock market performance and interest rates as well as other factors. For a list of other factors impacting the fair value of the embedded derivative component of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated, see Note D — “Fair Value Measurements” to the financial statements. Fluctuations in certain of these factors, such as changes in interest rates and the performance of the stock market, are not economic in nature for the current reporting period, but rather impact the timing of reported results.

As discussed above under “Other Annuity Benefits, Net of Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefit Fees” and “Annuity Acquisition Expenses,” the periodic accounting for DPAC and guaranteed withdrawal benefits related to FIAs is also impacted by changes in the stock market and interest rates. These impacts may be temporary in nature and not necessarily indicative of the long-term performance of the FIA business. The table below highlights the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and the other impacts of the stock market and interest rates over or under the cost of the equity index options (discussed above) on earnings before income taxes for the annuity segment (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Change in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs
$(200) $(198) 1 %
Accretion of guaranteed minimum FIA benefits(211) (201) 5 %
Other annuity benefits(41) —  — %
Less cost of equity options298  287  4 %
Related impact on the amortization of DPAC57  68  (16 %)
Impact on annuity segment earnings before income taxes$(97) $(44) 120 %

During the first six months of 2020, the negative impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates and the decrease in stock market performance reduced the annuity segments’ earnings before income taxes by $97 million compared to the $44 million negative impact of interest rates and the stock market on annuity earnings before income taxes for the first six months of 2019, an increase of $53 million (120%). In the first six months of 2019, the negative impact of significantly lower than anticipated interest rates was partially offset by the positive impact of strong stock market performance. As a percentage of average fixed annuity benefits accumulated, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options purchased to mitigate the risk in the indexed-based component of those FIAs was a net expense of 0.48% in the first six months of 2020 compared to 0.24% in the first six months of 2019.

The following table provides analysis of the primary factors impacting the change in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and the other impacts of the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs over or under the cost of the equity index options discussed above. Each factor is presented net of the estimated related impact on amortization of DPAC (dollars in millions).
Six months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Change in the stock market, including volatility
$(26) $40  (165 %)
Changes in interest rates higher (lower) than expected(71) (83) (14 %)
Other—  (1) (100 %)
Impact on annuity segment earnings before income taxes$(97) $(44) 120 %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Annuity Net Spread Earned on Fixed Annuities
AFG’s net spread earned on fixed annuities excluding the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives related to FIAs and other impacts of changes in the stock market and interest rates over or under option costs decreased 0.56 percentage points to 0.54% in the first six months of 2020 from 1.10% in the first six months of 2019 due primarily to the 0.65 percentage point decrease in AFG’s net interest spread discussed above. AFG’s overall net spread earned on fixed annuities decreased 0.80 percentage points to 0.06% in the first six months of 2020 from 0.86% in the first six months of 2019 due to the decrease in AFG’s net interest spread, the impact of changes in the fair value of derivatives and other impacts of the stock market and interest rates on the accounting for FIAs discussed above.

Annuity Benefits Accumulated
Annuity premiums received and benefit payments are recorded as increases or decreases in annuity benefits accumulated rather than as revenue and expense. Increases in this liability for interest credited and other benefits are charged to expense and decreases for surrender and other policy charges are credited to other income.

For certain products, annuity benefits accumulated also includes reserves for accrued persistency and premium bonuses, excess benefits expected to be paid on future deaths and annuitizations (“EDAR”) and guaranteed withdrawal benefits. Annuity benefits accumulated also includes amounts advanced from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati. The following table is a progression of AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated liability for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Beginning fixed annuity reserves$40,018  $36,431  
Fixed annuity premiums (receipts)1,887  2,733  
Federal Home Loan Bank advances, net160  —  
Surrenders, benefits and other withdrawals(1,562) (1,623) 
Interest and other annuity benefit expenses:
Cost of funds
504  480  
Embedded derivative mark-to-market
(46) 713  
Change in other benefit reserves
(19) (54) 
Ending fixed annuity reserves$40,942  $38,680  
Reconciliation to annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet:
Ending fixed annuity reserves (from above)
$40,942  $38,680  
Impact of unrealized investment gains
285  192  
Fixed component of variable annuities
165  172  
Annuity benefits accumulated per balance sheet
$41,392  $39,044  

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Statutory Annuity Premiums
AFG’s annuity operations generated gross statutory premiums of $1.90 billion in the first six months of 2020 compared to $2.74 billion in the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $847 million (31%). The following table summarizes AFG’s annuity sales (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Financial institutions single premium annuities — indexed$682  $853  (20 %)
Financial institutions single premium annuities — fixed385  657  (41 %)
Retail single premium annuities — indexed310  575  (46 %)
Retail single premium annuities — fixed56  65  (14 %)
Broker dealer single premium annuities — indexed238  416  (43 %)
Broker dealer single premium annuities — fixed19  14  36 %
Pension risk transfer126  60  110 %
Education market — fixed and indexed annuities71  93  (24 %)
Total fixed annuity premiums
1,887  2,733  (31 %)
Variable annuities10  11  (9 %)
Total gross fixed annuity premiums
1,897  2,744  (31 %)
Ceded premiums(78) —  — %
Total net annuity premiums
$1,819  $2,744  (34 %)

Management attributes the 31% decrease in gross fixed annuity premiums in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019 to the lower market interest rate environment. In response to the continued drop in market interest rates during 2019 and 2020, AFG lowered crediting rates on several products, which has slowed annuity sales compared to 2019 levels. In addition, many of the restrictions from the COVID-19 pandemic impact the ability of agents to conduct business in the same manner as usual. As a result, management expects annuity premiums to be negatively impacted during the remainder of 2020.

Annuity Earnings before Income Taxes Reconciliation
The following table reconciles the net spread earned on AFG’s fixed annuities to overall annuity pretax earnings for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Earnings on fixed annuity benefits accumulated$12  $162  
Earnings impact of investments in excess of fixed annuity benefits accumulated (*)
(1) (4) 
Variable annuity earnings1  3  
Earnings before income taxes$12  $161  
(*)Net investment income (as a % of investments) of 3.98% and 4.71% for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, multiplied by the difference between average fixed annuity investments (at amortized cost) and average fixed annuity benefits accumulated in each period.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Holding Company, Other and Unallocated — Results of Operations
AFG’s net pretax loss outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $80 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $85 million in the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $5 million (6%).

The following table details AFG’s loss before income taxes from operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019% Change
Revenues:
Life, accident and health net earned premiums
$10  $11  (9 %)
Net investment income
7  24  (71 %)
Other income — P&C fees
33  35  (6 %)
 Reclassify annuity segment option gains(13) (4) 225 %
Other income
13  14  (7 %)
Total revenues
50  80  (38 %)
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance — commissions and other underwriting expenses
10  13  (23 %)
Annuity - annuity benefits
(13) (4) 225 %
Life, accident and health benefits
19  17  12 %
Life, accident and health acquisition expenses
2  2  — %
Other expense — expenses associated with P&C fees
23  22  5 %
Other expenses
49  82  (40 %)
Costs and expenses, excluding interest charges on borrowed money
90  132  (32 %)
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses and interest charges on borrowed money
(40) (52) (23 %)
Interest charges on borrowed money
40  33  21 %
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses$(80) $(85) (6 %)

Holding Company and Other — Life, Accident and Health Premiums, Benefits and Acquisition Expenses
AFG’s run-off long-term care and life insurance operations recorded net earned premiums of $10 million and related benefits and acquisition expenses of $21 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to net earned premiums of $11 million and related benefits and acquisition expenses of $19 million in the first six months of 2019. The $2 million (12%) increase in life, accident and health benefits reflects higher claims in the run-off life insurance business.

Holding Company and Other — Net Investment Income
AFG recorded net investment income on investments held outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments of $7 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $24 million in the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $17 million (71%). The parent company holds a small portfolio of securities that are carried at fair value through net investment income. These securities decreased in value by $6 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to an increase in value of $9 million in the first six months of 2019.

Holding Company and Other — P&C Fees and Related Expenses
Summit, a workers’ compensation insurance subsidiary, collects fees from a small group of unaffiliated insurers for providing underwriting, policy administration and claims services. In addition, certain of AFG’s property and casualty insurance businesses collect fees from customers for ancillary services such as workplace safety programs and premium financing. In the first six months of 2020, AFG collected $33 million in fees for these services compared to $35 million in the first six months of 2019. Management views this fee income, net of the $23 million in the first six months of 2020 and $22 million the first six months of 2019, in expenses incurred to generate such fees, as a reduction in the cost of underwriting its property and casualty insurance policies. Consistent with internal management reporting, these fees and the related expenses are netted and recorded as a reduction of commissions and other underwriting expenses in AFG’s segmented results.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Holding Company and Other — Annuity Segment Option Gains
As discussed under “Annuity Segment — Results of Operations,” AFG purchases and sells equity index options to mitigate the risk in the index-based component of its FIAs. In evaluating the performance of the annuity business, management views the cost of the equity options as a better measurement of the true expenses of the Annuity segment as compared to the GAAP accounting for these options as derivatives because any proceeds at expiration from the options generally are passed to policyholders through index credits. On occasion, policyholders surrender their annuity prior to receiving the index credit, which results in any option exercise proceeds being retained by AFG. For internal management reporting, AFG views these “option gains” as miscellaneous (other) income rather than as a component of annuity benefits expense. Consistent with internal management reporting, these option gains are reclassified from annuity benefits to other income in AFG’s segmented results. In the first six months of 2020 and 2019, AFG had $13 million and $4 million, respectively, in such option gains.

Holding Company and Other — Other Income
Other income in the table above includes $8 million and $7 million in the first six months of 2020 and 2019, respectively, in management fees paid to AFG by the AFG-managed CLOs (AFG’s consolidated managed investment entities). The management fees are eliminated in consolidation — see the other income line in the Consolidate MIEs column under “Results of Operations — Segmented Statement of Earnings.” Excluding amounts eliminated in consolidation, AFG recorded other income outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity operations of $5 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $7 million the first six months of 2019.

Holding Company and Other — Other Expenses
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments recorded other expenses of $49 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $82 million the first six months of 2019, a decrease of $33 million (40%). This decrease reflects lower holding company expenses related to employee benefit plans that are tied to stock market performance and lower expenses associated with certain incentive compensation plans in the first six months of 2020 compared to the first six months of 2019 and a $3 million charitable donation in the first six months of 2019.

Holding Company and Other — Interest Charges on Borrowed Money
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance and annuity segments recorded interest expense of $40 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to $33 million in the first six months of 2019, an increase of $7 million (21%).

The increase in interest expense for the first six months of 2020 as compared to the first six months of 2019 reflects the following financial transactions completed by AFG between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020:
•Issued $125 million of 5.875% Subordinated Debentures in March 2019
•Issued $200 million of 5.125% Subordinated Debentures in December 2019
•Redeemed $150 million of 6-1/4% Subordinated Debentures in December 2019
•Issued $300 million of 5.25% Senior Notes in April 2020
•Issued $150 million of 5.625% Subordinated Debentures in May 2020

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Consolidated Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities
AFG’s consolidated realized gains (losses) on securities, which are not allocated to segments, were net losses of $347 million in the first six months of 2020 compared to net gains of $240 million in the first six months of 2019, a change of $587 million (245%). Realized gains (losses) on securities consisted of the following (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20202019
Realized gains (losses) before impairments:
Disposals$29  $5  
Change in the fair value of equity securities(333) 226  
Change in the fair value of derivatives7  12  
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items
(5) 1  
(302) 244  
Change in allowance for impairments:
Securities(60) (6) 
Adjustments to annuity deferred policy acquisition costs and related items
15  2  
(45) (4) 
Realized gains (losses) on securities$(347) $240  

The $333 million net realized loss from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the first six months of 2020 includes losses of $76 million on investments in banks and financing companies, $76 million on investments in media companies, $62 million on investments in natural gas companies, $36 million on investments in energy companies and $29 million on real estate investment trusts. The $226 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the first six months of 2019 includes gains of $70 million on investments in banks and financing companies, $35 million from investments in media companies, $23 million on investments in asset management companies and $17 million on insurance companies.

The $60 million of impairment allowance expense in the first six months of 2020 include $38 million in charges related to structured securities and $22 million in charges related to corporate bonds and other fixed maturities.

Consolidated Income Taxes
AFG’s consolidated provision (credit) for income taxes was a credit of $33 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to a provision of $137 million for the first six months of 2019, a change of $170 million (124%). See Note L — “Income Taxes” to the financial statements for an analysis of items affecting AFG’s effective tax rate.

Consolidated Noncontrolling Interests
AFG’s consolidated net earnings (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests was a net loss of $13 million for the first six months of 2020 compared to $4 million for the first six months of 2019, an increase of $9 million (225%). Both periods reflect losses at Neon, AFG’s United Kingdom-based Lloyd’s insurer.

RECENTLY ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” to the financial statements for a discussion of accounting guidance adopted on January 1, 2020, which provides a new credit loss model for determining credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost (mortgage loans, premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverables) and requires an entity to estimate the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure or pool of exposures.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
ACCOUNTING STANDARDS TO BE ADOPTED

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-12, Financial Services – Insurance: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, which changes the assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits for traditional and limited pay contracts (e.g. life, accident and health benefits) from being locked in at inception to being updated at least annually and standardizes the liability discount rate to be used and updated each reporting period, requires the measurement of market risk benefits associated with deposit contracts (e.g. annuities) to be recorded at fair value, simplifies the amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs to a constant level basis over the expected life of the related contracts and requires enhanced disclosures. AFG will be required to adopt this guidance effective January 1, 2022. In July 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board voted to expose a proposal to delay the effective date for public companies by one year. AFG cannot estimate the impact that the updated guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity until the updated guidance is closer to adoption.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

As of June 30, 2020, there were no material changes to the information provided in Item 7A — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk of AFG’s 2019 Form 10-K.

ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

AFG’s management, with participation of its Co-Chief Executive Officers and its Interim Principal Financial Officer, has evaluated AFG’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, AFG’s Co-CEOs and interim principal financial and accounting officer concluded that the controls and procedures are effective. There have been no changes in AFG’s internal control over financial reporting during the second fiscal quarter of 2020 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, AFG’s internal control over financial reporting.

In the ordinary course of business, AFG and its subsidiaries routinely enhance their information systems by either upgrading current systems or implementing new systems. There has been no change in AFG’s business processes and procedures during the second fiscal quarter of 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, AFG’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II
OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
For a discussion of AFG’s potential risks or uncertainties, please see “Part I — Item 1A — Risk Factors” and “Part II — Item 7 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in AFG’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC, and “Part I — Item 2 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in each case as updated by AFG’s periodic filings with the SEC. Other than as described below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I — Item 1A of the Company’s 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The impact of COVID-19 and related risks could materially affect AFG’s results of operations, financial position and liquidity.
The global COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in, and is expected to continue to result in, significant disruptions in economic activity and financial markets. COVID-19 has directly and indirectly adversely affected AFG and will likely continue to do so for an uncertain period of time. The cumulative effects of COVID-19 on AFG cannot be predicted at this time, but could include (or continue to include), without limitation:
•Continued volatility and further disruption in financial markets which could result in additional significant declines in the fair value of AFG’s investments and could lead to investment losses due to creditor defaults and bankruptcies;
•Continued low or declining interest rates which could reduce future investment results;
•Continued negative impact on premium volumes and annuity sales due to the impact of COVID-19 on general economic activity;
•Negative impact on the global economy or the economies of particular countries or regions, including travel, trade, tourism, the health system, food supply, consumption and overall economic output;
•Reduced cash flows from policyholders delaying premium payments and increased surrenders and annuitizations of in-force annuities;
•Increased claims, including annuity and life insurance death claims, losses, litigation and related expenses;
•Legislative, regulatory, and judicial actions in response to COVID-19, including, but not limited to: actions prohibiting AFG from canceling insurance policies in accordance with policy terms; requiring AFG to cover losses when its policies specifically excluded coverage or did not provide coverage; ordering AFG to provide premium refunds; granting extended grace periods for payment of premiums; and providing for extended periods of time to pay past due premiums; and
•Policyholder losses from COVID-19-related claims could be greater than AFG’s reserves for those losses.

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AFG’s results of operations could be adversely impacted by catastrophes, both natural and man-made, pandemics or severe weather conditions or climate change.
Catastrophes can be caused by unpredictable natural events such as hurricanes, windstorms, severe storms, tornadoes, floods, hailstorms, severe winter weather, earthquakes, explosions and fire, and by other events, such as terrorist attacks, as well as pandemics and other similar outbreaks in many parts of the world, including the recent outbreak of COVID-19. These events may have a material adverse effect on AFG’s workforce and business operations as well as the workforce and operations of AFG’s customers and independent agents. Some of the assets in AFG’s investment portfolio may be adversely affected by declines in the financial markets, changes in interest rates, reduced liquidity and economic activity caused by large-scale catastrophes, pandemics, terrorist attacks or similar events which could have a material adverse effect on AFG’s revenue, liquidity and operating results.

While not considered a catastrophe by insurance industry standards, droughts can have a significant adverse impact on AFG’s crop insurance results. In addition, extreme weather events that are linked to rising temperatures, changing global weather patterns and fluctuating rain, snow and sea levels (climate change) could result in increased occurrence and severity of catastrophes. The extent of gross losses for AFG’s insurance operations from a catastrophe event is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event, potentially mitigated by any reinsurance coverage purchased by AFG’s insurance subsidiaries. In addition, certain catastrophes could result in both property and non-property claims from the same event. A severe catastrophe or a series of catastrophes could result in losses exceeding AFG’s reinsurance protection and may have a material adverse impact on its results of operations or financial condition.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities   AFG repurchased shares of its Common Stock during 2020 as follows:
Total
Number
of Shares
Purchased
Average
Price Paid
Per Share		Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs		Maximum Number
of Shares
that May
Yet be Purchased
Under the Plans
or Programs (*)
First quarter826,283  $74.28  826,283  4,173,717  
Second quarter:
April—  —  —  4,173,717  
May85,000  $62.77  85,000  4,088,717  
June1,109,236  63.78  1,109,236  2,979,481  
Total2,020,519  $68.04  2,020,519  
(*)Represents the remaining shares that may be repurchased under the Plans authorized by AFG’s Board of Directors in February 2016 and February 2019.

In addition, AFG acquired 95,854 shares of its Common Stock (at an average of $110.80 per share) in the first quarter of 2020, 421 shares (at an average of $62.22 per share) in May 2020 and 119 shares (at $62.38 per share) in June 2020 in connection with its stock incentive plans.

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ITEM 6. Exhibits
 
NumberExhibit Description
101.INSXBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).


Signature
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
American Financial Group, Inc.
August 6, 2020By: /s/ Brian Hertzman
 Brian Hertzman
 Vice President and Controller
(interim principal financial and accounting officer)
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