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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP INC - Quarter Report: 2022 June (Form 10-Q)


UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2022
or
Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from ____ to ____

Commission File No. 1-13653

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC.
Incorporated under the Laws of Ohio                                                                IRS Employer I.D. No. 31-1544320
301 East Fourth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
(513) 579-2121
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each ClassTrading Symbol(s)Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common StockAFGNew York Stock Exchange
5.875% Subordinated Debentures due March 30, 2059AFGBNew York Stock Exchange
5.625% Subordinated Debentures due June 1, 2060AFGDNew York Stock Exchange
5.125% Subordinated Debentures due December 15, 2059AFGCNew York Stock Exchange
4.50% Subordinated Debentures due September 15, 2060AFGENew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months. Yes  No 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer                          Accelerated filer                           Non-accelerated filer  
Smaller reporting company                     Emerging growth company  
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. 
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  No 
As of August 1, 2022, there were 85,162,303 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding, excluding 14.9 million shares owned by subsidiaries.


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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
PART I
ITEM 1. — FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (UNAUDITED)
(Dollars in Millions)
June 30,
2022
December 31,
2021
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$967 $2,131 
Investments:
Fixed maturities, available for sale at fair value (amortized cost — $10,213 and $10,193; allowance for expected credit losses of $7 and $9)
9,793 10,357 
Fixed maturities, trading at fair value29 28 
Equity securities, at fair value1,029 1,042 
Investments accounted for using the equity method1,626 1,517 
Mortgage loans692 520 
Real estate and other investments132 150 
Total cash and investments14,268 15,745 
Recoverables from reinsurers3,567 3,519 
Prepaid reinsurance premiums1,006 834 
Agents’ balances and premiums receivable1,623 1,265 
Deferred policy acquisition costs293 267 
Assets of managed investment entities5,218 5,296 
Other receivables740 857 
Other assets1,123 902 
Goodwill246 246 
Total assets$28,084 $28,931 
Liabilities and Equity:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses$11,201 $11,074 
Unearned premiums3,397 3,041 
Payable to reinsurers971 920 
Liabilities of managed investment entities5,133 5,220 
Long-term debt1,542 1,964 
Other liabilities1,773 1,700 
Total liabilities24,017 23,919 
Shareholders’ equity:
Common Stock, no par value
       — 200,000,000 shares authorized
       — 85,154,263 and 84,920,965 shares outstanding
85 85 
Capital surplus1,351 1,330 
Retained earnings2,979 3,478 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(348)119 
Total shareholders’ equity4,067 5,012 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$28,084 $28,931 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EARNINGS (UNAUDITED)
(In Millions, Except Per Share Data)
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2022202120222021
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums$1,393 $1,250 $2,695 $2,423 
Net investment income168 164 398 352 
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities(93)43 (108)120 
Subsidiaries— — 
Income of managed investment entities:
Investment income54 44 100 90 
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities
(15)(20)
Other income32 20 62 43 
Total revenues1,539 1,531 3,127 3,040 
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses774 714 1,467 1,381 
Commissions and other underwriting expenses432 390 846 770 
Interest charges on borrowed money23 23 46 47 
Expenses of managed investment entities47 39 86 78 
Other expenses57 77 115 141 
Total costs and expenses1,333 1,243 2,560 2,417 
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes
206 288 567 623 
Provision for income taxes
39 48 110 116 
Net earnings from continuing operations
167 240 457 507 
Net earnings from discontinued operations
— 762 — 914 
Net Earnings
$167 $1,002 $457 $1,421 
Earnings per Basic Common Share:
Continuing operations$1.97 $2.83 $5.37 $5.94 
Discontinued operations— 8.95 — 10.69 
Total basic earnings$1.97 $11.78 $5.37 $16.63 
Earnings per Diluted Common Share:
Continuing operations$1.96 $2.81 $5.36 $5.90 
Discontinued operations— 8.89 — 10.61 
Total diluted earnings$1.96 $11.70 $5.36 $16.51 
Average number of Common Shares:
Basic85.1 85.0 85.1 85.5 
Diluted85.3 85.6 85.3 86.1 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In Millions)
 
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2022202120222021
Net earnings$167 $1,002 $457 $1,421 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax:
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities arising during the period
(225)133 (472)(148)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings
(7)10 (18)
Reclassification adjustment for unrealized gains of subsidiaries sold— (884)— (884)
Total net unrealized losses on securities
(217)(758)(462)(1,050)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on cash flow hedges arising during the period(2)(6)(1)
Reclassification adjustment for investment income included in net earnings(2)(4)(2)(11)
Reclassification adjustment for unrealized gains on cash flow hedges of subsidiaries sold— (29)— (29)
Total net unrealized losses on cash flow hedges
(4)(27)(8)(41)
Foreign currency translation adjustments— — 
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments (“OPRP”):
Unrealized holding losses on pension and OPRP arising during the period— (1)— (1)
Reclassification adjustment for pension settlement loss included in net earnings— — 
Total pension and OPRP adjustments— — 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
(217)(777)(467)(1,083)
Comprehensive income (loss)
$(50)$225 $(10)$338 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(Dollars in Millions)
Shareholders’ Equity
CommonCommon Stock
and Capital
RetainedAccumulated
Other Comp.
SharesSurplusEarningsIncome (Loss)Total
Balance at March 31, 202285,102,829 $1,425 $3,541 $(131)$4,835 
Net earnings
— — 167 — 167 
Other comprehensive loss
— — — (217)(217)
Dividends ($8.56 per share)
— — (728)— (728)
Shares issued:
Exercise of stock options18,541 — — 
Restricted stock awards— — — — — 
Other benefit plans24,344 — — 
Dividend reinvestment plan19,908 — — 
Stock-based compensation expense— — — 
Shares acquired and retired— — — — — 
Shares exchanged — benefit plans(8,400)— (1)— (1)
Forfeitures of restricted stock(2,959)— — — — 
Balance at June 30, 202285,154,263 $1,436 $2,979 $(348)$4,067 
Balance at March 31, 202185,126,062 $1,364 $4,354 $967 $6,685 
Net earnings— — 1,002 — 1,002 
Other comprehensive loss
— — — (777)(777)
Dividends ($14.50 per share)
— — (1,232)— (1,232)
Shares issued:
Exercise of stock options561,732 30 — — 30 
Restricted stock awards— — — — — 
Other benefit plans27,833 — — 
Dividend reinvestment plan34,348 — — 
Stock-based compensation expense— — — 
Shares acquired and retired(916,520)(15)(99)— (114)
Shares exchanged — benefit plans(14,380)— (2)— (2)
Forfeitures of restricted stock(105,148)— — — — 
Balance at June 30, 202184,713,927 $1,388 $4,023 $190 $5,601 

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (UNAUDITED) — CONTINUED
(Dollars in Millions)
 Shareholders’ Equity
CommonCommon Stock
and Capital
RetainedAccumulated
Other Comp.
 
SharesSurplusEarningsIncome (Loss)Total
Balance at December 31, 202184,920,965 $1,415 $3,478 $119 $5,012 
Net earnings
— — 457 — 457 
Other comprehensive loss
— — — (467)(467)
Dividends ($11.12 per share)
— — (945)— (945)
Shares issued:
Exercise of stock options123,945 — — 
Restricted stock awards151,080 — — — — 
Other benefit plans34,951 — — 
Dividend reinvestment plan26,190 — — 
Stock-based compensation expense— 10 — — 10 
Shares acquired and retired(35,201)(1)(4)— (5)
Shares exchanged — benefit plans(56,309)(1)(7)— (8)
Forfeitures of restricted stock(11,358)— — — — 
Balance at June 30, 202285,154,263 $1,436 $2,979 $(348)$4,067 
Balance at December 31, 202086,345,246 $1,367 $4,149 $1,273 $6,789 
Net earnings
— — 1,421 — 1,421 
Other comprehensive loss
— — — (1,083)(1,083)
Dividends ($15.00 per share)
— — (1,275)— (1,275)
Shares issued:
Exercise of stock options964,744 49 — — 49 
Restricted stock awards207,020 — — — — 
Other benefit plans43,465 — — 
Dividend reinvestment plan36,654 — — 
Stock-based compensation expense— — — 
Shares acquired and retired(2,674,222)(43)(263)— (306)
Shares exchanged — benefit plans(91,364)(1)(9)— (10)
Forfeitures of restricted stock(117,616)— — — — 
Balance at June 30, 202184,713,927 $1,388 $4,023 $190 $5,601 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(In Millions)
Six months ended June 30,
20222021
Operating Activities:
Net earnings$457 $1,421 
Adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization53 133 
Annuity benefits— 377 
Realized (gains) losses on investing activities105 (1,141)
Net purchases of trading securities— (1)
Deferred annuity and life policy acquisition costs— (98)
Change in:
Reinsurance and other receivables(462)(147)
Other assets(100)250 
Insurance claims and reserves483 349 
Payable to reinsurers51 22 
Other liabilities13 123 
Managed investment entities’ assets/liabilities42 (22)
Other operating activities, net(128)(296)
Net cash provided by operating activities
514 970 
Investing Activities:
Purchases of:
Fixed maturities(2,673)(5,573)
Equity securities(147)(66)
Mortgage loans(271)(90)
Equity index options and other investments(68)(294)
Real estate, property and equipment(58)(26)
Proceeds from:
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities1,677 3,466 
Repayments of mortgage loans99 14 
Sales of fixed maturities986 665 
Sales of equity securities63 452 
Sales and settlements of equity index options and other investments
116 530 
Sales of real estate, property and equipment24 
Sales of businesses— 3,547 
Cash and cash equivalents of businesses sold— (2,060)
Managed investment entities:
Purchases of investments(813)(987)
Proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments568 1,061 
Other investing activities, net(4)21 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
(501)661 
Financing Activities:
Reductions of long-term debt(433)— 
Issuances of Common Stock52 
Repurchases of Common Stock(5)(306)
Cash dividends paid on Common Stock(942)(1,271)
Annuity receipts— 2,403 
Ceded annuity receipts— (311)
Annuity surrenders, benefits and withdrawals— (1,931)
Ceded annuity surrenders, benefits and withdrawals— 282 
Net transfers from variable annuity assets— 34 
Issuances of managed investment entities’ liabilities619 1,017 
Retirements of managed investment entities’ liabilities(425)(1,045)
Net cash used in financing activities
(1,177)(1,076)
Net Change in Cash and Cash Equivalents(1,164)555 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period2,131 2,810 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$967 $3,365 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 
INDEX TO NOTES
A.
Accounting Policies
H.
Goodwill and Other Intangibles
B.Discontinued OperationsI.
Long-Term Debt
C.
Acquisition and Sale of Businesses
J.
Shareholders’ Equity
D.
Segments of Operations
K.
Income Taxes
E.
Fair Value Measurements
L.
Contingencies
F.
Investments
M.
Insurance
G.
Managed Investment Entities

A.    Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation   The accompanying consolidated financial statements for American Financial Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“AFG”) are unaudited; however, management believes that all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals unless otherwise disclosed herein) necessary for fair presentation have been made. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all information and footnotes necessary to be in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods to conform to the current year’s presentation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The results of operations of companies since their formation or acquisition are included in the consolidated financial statements. Events or transactions occurring subsequent to June 30, 2022, and prior to the filing of this Form 10-Q, have been evaluated for potential recognition or disclosure herein.

Unless otherwise stated, the information in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements relates to AFG’s continuing operations.

The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Changes in circumstances could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimates.

Discontinued Operations   Disposals of components of an entity that represent a strategic shift and that have a major effect on a reporting entity’s operations and financial results are reported as discontinued operations.

Fair Value Measurements   Accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The standards establish a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (“inputs”) are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect AFG’s assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. AFG did not have any material nonrecurring fair value measurements in the first six months of 2022.

Investments   Equity securities other than those accounted for under the equity method are reported at fair value with holding gains and losses generally recorded in realized gains (losses) on securities. However, AFG records holding gains and losses on its portfolio of limited partnerships and similar investments, which do not qualify for equity method accounting and are carried at fair value, and certain other securities classified at purchase as “fair value through net investment income” in net investment income.

Fixed maturity securities classified as “available for sale” are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Fixed maturity securities classified as “trading” are reported at fair value with changes in unrealized holding gains or losses during the period included in net investment income. Mortgage loans (net of any allowance) are carried primarily at the aggregate unpaid balance.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Premiums and discounts on fixed maturity securities are amortized using the effective interest method. Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are amortized over a period based on estimated future principal payments, including prepayments. Prepayment assumptions are reviewed periodically and adjusted to reflect actual prepayments and changes in expectations.

Limited partnerships and similar investments are generally accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, AFG records its share of the earnings or losses of the investee based on when it is reported by the investee in its financial statements rather than in the period in which the investee declares a dividend. AFG’s share of the earnings or losses from equity method investments is generally recorded on a quarter lag due to the timing of the receipt of the investee’s financial statements. AFG’s equity in the earnings (losses) of limited partnerships and similar investments is included in net investment income.

Realized gains or losses on the disposal of fixed maturity securities are determined on the specific identification basis. When a decline in the value of an available for sale fixed maturity is considered to be other-than-temporary at the balance sheet date, an allowance for credit losses (impairment), including any write-off of accrued interest, is charged to earnings (included in realized gains (losses) on securities). If management can assert that it does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that it will have to sell it before recovery of its amortized cost basis (net of allowance), then the impairment is separated into two components: (i) the allowance related to credit losses (recorded in earnings) and (ii) the amount related to all other factors (recorded in other comprehensive income). The credit-related portion is measured by comparing a security’s amortized cost to the present value of its current expected cash flows discounted at its effective yield prior to the charge. The allowance is limited to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. Subsequent increases or decreases in expected credit losses are recorded immediately in net earnings through realized gains (losses). If management intends to sell an impaired security, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, an impairment is recorded in earnings to reduce the amortized cost (net of allowance) of that security to fair value.

Credit Losses on Financial Instruments Measured at Amortized Cost   Credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost (mortgage loans, premiums receivable and reinsurance recoverables) reflect estimated credit losses expected over the life of an exposure or pool of exposures. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical information, current information, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts, including estimates of prepayments. Expected credit losses, and subsequent increases or decreases in such expected losses, are recorded immediately through net earnings as an allowance that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, with the net carrying value of the financial asset presented on the balance sheet at the amount expected to be collected.

Derivatives   Derivatives included in AFG’s Balance Sheet are recorded at fair value. Changes in fair value of derivatives are included in earnings unless the derivatives are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges.

To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of a derivative contract, AFG formally documents the relationship between the terms of the hedge and the hedged items and its risk management objective. This documentation includes defining how hedge effectiveness is evaluated at the inception date and over the life of the derivative.

Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI and are reclassified into earnings when the variability of the cash flows from the hedged items impacts earnings. When the change in the fair value of a qualifying cash flow hedge is included in earnings, it is included in the same line item in the statement of earnings as the cash flows from the hedged item. AFG uses interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to mitigate interest rate risk related to certain floating-rate securities.

Goodwill   Goodwill represents the excess of cost of subsidiaries over AFG’s equity in their underlying net assets at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to an impairment test at least annually. An entity is not required to complete the quantitative annual goodwill impairment test on a reporting unit if the entity elects to perform a qualitative analysis and determines that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value exceeds its carrying amount.

Reinsurance   Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability associated with the reinsured policies. AFG reports as assets (i) the estimated reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, including an estimate for losses incurred but not reported, and (ii) amounts paid or due to reinsurers
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force. Payable to reinsurers includes ceded premiums due to reinsurers, as well as ceded premiums retained by AFG under contracts to fund ceded losses as they become due. AFG also assumes reinsurance from other companies. Earnings on reinsurance assumed is recognized based on information received from ceding companies.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs (“DPAC”)   Policy acquisition costs (principally commissions, premium taxes and certain underwriting and policy issuance costs) directly related to the successful acquisition or renewal of an insurance contract are deferred. DPAC is limited based upon recoverability without any consideration for anticipated investment income and is charged against income ratably over the terms of the related policies. A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of expected claims costs, claims adjustment expenses and unamortized acquisition costs exceed the related unearned premiums. A premium deficiency is first recognized by charging any unamortized acquisition costs to expense to the extent required to eliminate the deficiency. If the premium deficiency is greater than unamortized acquisition costs, a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency and reported with unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses.

Managed Investment Entities   A company is considered the primary beneficiary of, and therefore must consolidate, a variable interest entity (“VIE”) based primarily on its ability to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact that entity’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of, or receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

AFG manages, and has investments in, collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”) that are VIEs (see Note G — “Managed Investment Entities”). AFG has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of these CLOs because (i) its role as asset manager gives it the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the CLOs and (ii) through its investment in the CLO debt tranches, it has exposure to CLO losses (limited to the amount AFG invested) and the right to receive CLO benefits that could potentially be significant to the CLOs.

Because AFG has no right to use the CLO assets and no obligation to pay the CLO liabilities, the assets and liabilities of the CLOs are shown separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. AFG has elected the fair value option for reporting on the CLO assets and liabilities to improve the transparency of financial reporting related to the CLOs. The net gain or loss from accounting for the CLO assets and liabilities at fair value is presented separately in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.

The fair values of a CLO’s assets may differ from the separately measured fair values of its liabilities even though the CLO liabilities only have recourse to the CLO assets. AFG has set the carrying value of the CLO liabilities equal to the fair value of the CLO assets (which have more observable fair values) as an alternative to reporting those liabilities at a separately measured fair value. CLO earnings attributable to AFG’s shareholders are measured by the change in the fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs and management fees earned.

At June 30, 2022, assets and liabilities of managed investment entities included $40 million in assets and liabilities of a temporary warehousing entity that was established to provide AFG the ability to form a new CLO when management believes market conditions are favorable. At closing, all warehoused assets will be transferred to the new CLO and the liabilities will be repaid.

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses   The net liabilities stated for unpaid claims and for expenses of investigation and adjustment of unpaid claims represent management’s best estimate and are based upon (i) the accumulation of case estimates for losses reported prior to the close of the accounting period on direct business written; (ii) estimates received from ceding reinsurers and insurance pools and associations; (iii) estimates of unreported losses (including possible development on known claims) based on past experience; (iv) estimates based on experience of expenses for investigating and adjusting claims; and (v) the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Establishing reserves for asbestos, environmental and other mass tort claims involves considerably more judgment than other types of claims due to, among other things, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos-related liabilities, novel theories of coverage, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage.

Loss reserve liabilities are subject to the impact of changes in claim amounts and frequency and other factors. Changes in estimates of the liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses are reflected in the statement of earnings in the period in which determined. Despite the variability inherent in such estimates, management believes that the liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are adequate and reasonable.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Debt Issuance Costs   Debt issuance costs related to AFG’s outstanding debt are presented in its Balance Sheet as a direct reduction in the carrying value of long-term debt and are amortized over the life of the related debt using the effective interest method as a component of interest expense. Debt issuance costs related to AFG’s revolving credit facilities are included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet.

Leases   Leases for terms of longer than one year are recognized as assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases on the balance sheet based on the present value of contractual cash flows.

At June 30, 2022 AFG has a $124 million lease liability included in other liabilities and a lease right-of-use asset of $108 million included in other assets compared to $136 million and $118 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021.

Premium Recognition   Property and casualty premiums are earned generally over the terms of the policies on a pro rata basis. Unearned premiums represent that portion of premiums written, which is applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force. On reinsurance assumed from other insurance companies or written through various underwriting organizations, unearned premiums are based on information received from such companies and organizations.

Income Taxes   Deferred income taxes are calculated using the liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases and are measured using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is established to reduce total deferred tax assets to an amount that will more likely than not be realized. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recorded in net earnings in the period that includes the enactment date.

AFG recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only when the position is more likely than not to be sustained under examination by the appropriate taxing authority. Interest and penalties on AFG’s reserve for uncertain tax positions are recognized as a component of tax expense.

Stock-Based Compensation   All share-based grants are recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over their vesting periods based on their calculated fair value at the date of grant.

AFG records excess tax benefits or deficiencies for share-based payments through income tax expense in the statement of earnings. In addition, AFG accounts for forfeitures of awards when they occur.

Benefit Plans   AFG provides retirement benefits to qualified employees of participating companies through the AFG 401(k) Retirement and Savings Plan, a defined contribution plan. AFG makes all contributions to the retirement fund portion of the plan and matches a percentage of employee contributions to the savings fund. Company contributions are expensed in the year for which they are declared. AFG and many of its subsidiaries provide health care and life insurance benefits to eligible retirees. AFG also provides postemployment benefits to former or inactive employees (primarily those on disability) who were not deemed retired under other company plans. The projected future cost of providing these benefits is expensed over the period employees earn such benefits.

Earnings Per Share   Although basic earnings per share only considers shares of common stock outstanding during the period, the calculation of diluted earnings per share includes the following adjustments to weighted average common shares related to stock-based compensation plans: second quarter and first six months of 2022 and 2021 — 0.2 million and 0.6 million, respectively.

There were no anti-dilutive potential common shares for the second quarter or the first six months of 2022 and 2021.

Statement of Cash Flows   For cash flow purposes, “investing activities” are defined as making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt or equity instruments, property and equipment and businesses. “Financing activities” include obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on their investments, borrowing money and repaying amounts borrowed. All other activities are considered “operating.” Short-term investments having original maturities of three months or less when purchased are considered to be cash equivalents for purposes of the financial statements.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
B.    Discontinued Operations

Annuity Business   Effective May 31, 2021, AFG completed the sale of its Annuity business to Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (“MassMutual”). MassMutual acquired Great American Life Insurance Company and its two insurance subsidiaries, Annuity Investors Life Insurance Company and Manhattan National Life Insurance Company. In addition to AFG’s annuity operations, these subsidiaries included AFG’s run-off life and long-term care operations. Proceeds from the sale were $3.57 billion (including $34 million in post-closing adjustments) and AFG realized a $656 million net gain on the sale in the first six months of 2021. The sale continues to be subject to tax-related post-closing adjustments, which are not expected to be material and are expected to be completed in 2022.

Details of the assets and liabilities of the Annuity subsidiaries sold were as follows (in millions):
May 31, 2021
Assets of businesses sold:
Cash and cash equivalents$2,060 
Investments38,323 
Recoverables from reinsurers6,748 
Other assets
2,152 
Total assets of discontinued annuity operations49,283 
Liabilities of businesses sold:
Annuity benefits accumulated43,690 
Other liabilities1,813 
Total liabilities of discontinued annuity operations45,503 
Reclassify AOCI(913)
Net investment in annuity businesses sold, excluding AOCI$2,867 

Details of the results of operations for the discontinued annuity operations were (in millions):
Three months ended June 30, 2021 (*)Six months ended June 30, 2021 (*)
Net investment income$299 $746 
Realized gains on securities31 112 
Other income20 52 
Total revenues350 910 
Annuity benefits216 377 
Annuity and supplemental insurance acquisition expenses24 136 
Other expenses27 73 
Total costs and expenses267 586 
Earnings before income taxes from discontinued operations83 324 
Provision for income taxes on discontinued operations18 66 
Net earnings from operations, net of tax65 258 
Gain on sale, net of tax697 656 
Net earnings from discontinued operations$762 $914 
(*)Results through the May 31, 2021 effective date of the sale.


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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
The impact of the sale of the annuity business is shown below (in millions):
May 31, 2021
Cash proceeds$3,571 
Sale related expenses(8)
Total net proceeds3,563 
Net investment in annuity businesses sold, excluding AOCI2,867 
Reclassify net deferred tax asset(199)
Pretax gain on sale895 
Income tax expense:
Reclassify net deferred tax asset199 
Tax liabilities triggered by the sale41 
Other(1)
Total income tax expense239 
Net gain on sale$656 

Summarized cash flows for the discontinued annuity operations were (in millions):
Six months ended June 30, 2021
Net cash provided by operating activities$87 
Net cash used in investing activities(1,709)
Net cash provided by financing activities477 

Derivatives   The vast majority of AFG’s derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting were held by the sold annuity subsidiaries. The following table summarizes the gains (losses) included in net earnings from discontinued operations for changes in the fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting for the second quarter and first six months of 2021 (in millions):
DerivativeThree months ended June 30, 2021 (*)Six months ended June 30, 2021 (*)
MBS with embedded derivatives$(1)$(1)
Fixed-indexed and variable-indexed annuities (embedded derivative)(182)(222)
Equity index call options123 237 
Equity index put options
Reinsurance contract (embedded derivative)— 
$(57)$20 
(*)Results through the May 31, 2021 effective date of the sale.

C.    Acquisition and Sale of Businesses

Verikai   In December 2021, AFG acquired Verikai, Inc., a machine learning and artificial intelligence company that utilizes predictive risk tools to assess insurance risk, for $120 million using cash on hand at the parent. Verikai continues to operate as a stand-alone company to service its insurance clients. AFG expects to benefit from Verikai’s predictive risk tool and unique Marketplace solution as it enters the medical stop loss insurance business, with a primary focus on small and underserved risks. AFG may pay up to $50 million in contingent consideration based on performance measures over a multiple year period.

Expenses related to the acquisition were approximately $1 million and were expensed as incurred. The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities of Verikai based on management’s best estimate of fair value as of the acquisition date. While no adjustments were made during the first six months of 2022 and management does not expect significant adjustments, the purchase price allocation continues to be subject to refinement during 2022.

Annuity Operations   See Note B — “Discontinued Operations,” for information on the 2021 sale of AFG’s annuity operations.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
D.    Segments of Operations

Subsequent to the sale of its annuity operations, see Note B — “Discontinued Operations,” AFG manages its business as two segments: Property and casualty insurance and Other, which includes holding company costs and operations attributable to the noncontrolling interests of the managed investment entities.

AFG reports its property and casualty insurance business in the following Specialty sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, which includes physical damage and liability coverage for buses and trucks and other specialty transportation niches, inland and ocean marine, agricultural-related products and other commercial property coverages, (ii) Specialty casualty, which includes primarily excess and surplus, executive and professional liability, general liability, umbrella and excess liability, specialty coverages in targeted markets, customized programs for small to mid-sized businesses and workers’ compensation insurance, and (iii) Specialty financial, which includes risk management insurance programs for lending and leasing institutions (including equipment leasing and collateral and lender-placed mortgage property insurance), fidelity and surety products and trade credit insurance. Premiums and underwriting profit included under Other specialty represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty sub-segments and amortization of deferred gains on retroactive reinsurance transactions related to the sales of businesses in prior years. AFG’s reportable segments and their components were determined based primarily upon similar economic characteristics, products and services.

The following tables (in millions) show AFG’s revenues and earnings from continuing operations before income taxes by segment and sub-segment.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2022202120222021
Revenues
Property and casualty insurance:
Premiums earned:
Specialty
Property and transportation$505 $453 $948 $847 
Specialty casualty657 588 1,296 1,159 
Specialty financial171 157 334 314 
Other specialty60 52 117 103 
Total premiums earned1,393 1,250 2,695 2,423 
Net investment income156 143 379 302 
Other income10 
Total property and casualty insurance1,555 1,394 3,084 2,730 
Other77 68 151 135 
Real estate-related entities (*)— 22 — 51 
Total revenues before realized gains (losses)1,632 1,484 3,235 2,916 
Realized gains (losses) on securities
(93)43 (108)120 
Realized gain on subsidiaries— — 
Total revenues$1,539 $1,531 $3,127 $3,040 
(*)Represents investment income from the real estate and real estate-related entities acquired from AFG’s discontinued annuity operations while they were held by the annuity operations. Subsequent to the sale of the annuity operations, income from these investments is included in the segment of the acquirer.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2022202120222021
Earnings From Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes
Property and casualty insurance:
Underwriting:
Specialty
Property and transportation$39 $62 $101 $118 
Specialty casualty130 71 254 127 
Specialty financial37 21 66 46 
Other specialty(9)(1)(16)(4)
Other lines(1)(1)(2)(1)
Total underwriting196 152 403 286 
Investment and other income, net149 136 364 290 
Total property and casualty insurance345 288 767 576 
Other (a)(46)(69)(92)(128)
Real estate-related entities (b)— 22 — 51 
Total earnings from continuing operations before realized gains (losses) and income taxes
299 241 675 499 
Realized gains (losses) on securities
(93)43 (108)120 
Realized gain on subsidiaries— — 
Total earnings from continuing operations before income taxes
$206 $288 $567 $623 
(a)Includes holding company interest and expenses, including losses of $9 million and $11 million on retirement of debt in the second quarter and first six months of 2022, respectively.
(b)Represents investment income from the real estate and real estate-related entities acquired from AFG’s discontinued annuity operations while they were held by the annuity operations. Subsequent to the sale of the annuity operations, income from these investments is included in the segment of the acquirer.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
E.    Fair Value Measurements

Accounting standards for measuring fair value are based on inputs used in estimating fair value. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 — Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (markets in which transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis). AFG’s Level 1 financial instruments consist primarily of publicly traded equity securities, highly liquid government bonds for which quoted market prices in active markets are available and short-term investments of managed investment entities.

Level 2 — Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets (markets in which there are few transactions, the prices are not current, price quotations vary substantially over time or among market makers, or in which little information is released publicly); and valuations based on other significant inputs that are observable in active markets. AFG’s Level 2 financial instruments include corporate and municipal fixed maturity securities, asset-backed securities (“ABS”), mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), certain non-affiliated common stocks and investments of managed investment entities priced using observable inputs. Level 2 inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, corroborated broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads and benchmark securities. When non-binding broker quotes can be corroborated by comparison to similar securities priced using observable inputs, they are classified as Level 2.

Level 3 — Valuations derived from market valuation techniques generally consistent with those used to estimate the fair values of Level 2 financial instruments in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable or when the market for a security exhibits significantly less liquidity relative to markets supporting Level 2 fair value measurements. The unobservable inputs may include management’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use based on the best information available at the valuation date. Financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on non-binding broker quotes or internally developed using significant inputs not based on, or corroborated by, observable market information are classified as Level 3.

The contingent consideration liability (included in other liabilities in AFG’s Balance Sheet) relates to AFG’s December 2021 acquisition of Verikai discussed in Note C — “Acquisition and Sale of Businesses.” The liability is remeasured at fair value at each balance sheet date with changes in fair value recognized in net earnings. To estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration liability, AFG uses a weighted probability-based income approach which includes significant unobservable inputs and is classified as Level 3. There was no change to the estimated fair value of this liability during the second quarter or first six months of 2022.

As discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities,” AFG has set the carrying value of its CLO liabilities equal to the fair value of the CLO assets (which have more observable fair values) as an alternative to reporting those liabilities at separately measured fair values. As a result, the CLO liabilities are categorized within the fair value hierarchy on the same basis (proportionally) as the related CLO assets. Since the portion of the CLO liabilities allocated to Level 3 is derived from the fair value of the CLO assets, these amounts are excluded from the progression of Level 3 financial instruments.

AFG’s management is responsible for the valuation process and uses data from outside sources (including nationally recognized pricing services and broker/dealers) in establishing fair value. AFG’s internal investment professionals are a group of approximately 20 investment professionals whose primary responsibility is to manage AFG’s investment portfolio. These professionals monitor individual investments as well as overall industries and are active in the financial markets on a daily basis. The group is led by AFG’s chief investment officer, who reports directly to one of AFG’s Co-CEOs. Valuation techniques utilized by pricing services and prices obtained from external sources are reviewed by AFG’s internal investment professionals who are familiar with the securities being priced and the markets in which they trade to ensure the fair value determination is representative of an exit price. To validate the appropriateness of the prices obtained, these investment managers consider widely published indices (as benchmarks), recent trades, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions and the credit quality of the specific issuers. In addition, the Company communicates directly with the pricing services regarding the methods and assumptions used in pricing, including verifying, on a test basis, the inputs used by the service to value specific securities.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value in the financial statements are summarized below (in millions):
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
June 30, 2022
Assets:
Available for sale (“AFS”) fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies$215 $$— $216 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions— 1,401 1,402 
Foreign government— 246 — 246 
Residential MBS— 1,547 1,555 
Commercial MBS— 92 — 92 
Collateralized loan obligations— 1,605 1,607 
Other asset-backed securities— 1,945 313 2,258 
Corporate and other10 2,138 269 2,417 
Total AFS fixed maturities225 8,975 593 9,793 
Trading fixed maturities— 29 — 29 
Equity securities609 42 378 1,029 
Assets of managed investment entities (“MIE”)344 4,862 12 5,218 
Other assets — derivatives— — 
Total assets accounted for at fair value$1,178 $13,909 $983 $16,070 
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration — acquisitions$— $— $23 $23 
Liabilities of managed investment entities339 4,783 11 5,133 
Other liabilities — derivatives— 13 — 13 
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value$339 $4,796 $34 $5,169 
December 31, 2021
Assets:
Available for sale fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies$215 $$— $216 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions— 1,791 41 1,832 
Foreign government— 246 — 246 
Residential MBS— 946 14 960 
Commercial MBS— 104 — 104 
Collateralized loan obligations— 1,643 — 1,643 
Other asset-backed securities— 2,398 278 2,676 
Corporate and other11 2,402 267 2,680 
Total AFS fixed maturities226 9,531 600 10,357 
Trading fixed maturities— 28 — 28 
Equity securities679 50 313 1,042 
Assets of managed investment entities390 4,893 13 5,296 
Total assets accounted for at fair value$1,295 $14,502 $926 $16,723 
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration — acquisitions$— $— $23 $23 
Liabilities of managed investment entities384 4,823 13 5,220 
Total liabilities accounted for at fair value$384 $4,823 $36 $5,243 

Approximately 6% of the total assets carried at fair value at June 30, 2022, were Level 3 assets. Approximately 15% ($148 million) of those Level 3 assets were priced using non-binding broker quotes, for which there is a lack of transparency as to the inputs used to determine fair value. Details as to the quantitative inputs are neither provided by the brokers nor otherwise reasonably obtainable by AFG. Approximately $23 million (2%) of the Level 3 assets were priced by pricing services where either a single price was not corroborated, prices varied enough among the providers, or other market factors led management to determine these securities be classified as Level 3 assets. Approximately 22% ($213 million) of the Level 3 assets were equity investments in limited partnerships and similar investments that do not
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
qualify for equity method accounting whose prices were determined based on financial information provided by the limited partnerships.

Internally developed fixed maturities are priced using a variety of inputs, including appropriate credit spreads over the treasury yield (of a similar duration), trade information and prices of comparable securities and other security specific features (such as optional early redemption). Internally developed Level 3 asset fair values represent approximately $599 million (61%) of the total fair value of Level 3 assets at June 30, 2022. Approximately 62% ($373 million) of these internally developed Level 3 assets are priced using a pricing model that uses a discounted cash flow approach to estimate the fair value of fixed maturity securities. The credit spread applied by management is the significant unobservable input of the pricing model. In instances where the pricing model suggests a price in excess of 100% and the security is currently callable at 100%, management caps the fair value at 100%. Approximately 27% ($161 million) of the internally developed Level 3 assets are equity securities which are priced primarily using broker quotes and internal models with some inputs that are not market observable. Management believes that any justifiable changes in unobservable inputs used to determine internally developed fair values would not have resulted in a material change in AFG’s financial position.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Changes in balances of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value during the first six months of 2022 and 2021 are presented below (in millions). The transfers into and out of Level 3 were due to changes in the availability of market observable inputs. All transfers are reflected in the table at fair value as of the end of the reporting period.
Total realized/unrealized
gains (losses) included in
Balance at March 31, 2022Net
earnings (loss)
OCIPurchases
and
issuances
Sales and
settlements
Transfer
into
Level 3
Transfer
out of
Level 3
Balance at June 30, 2022
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency
$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
State and municipal33 — (1)— — — (31)
Residential MBS11 — — — — — (3)
Commercial MBS— — — — — — — — 
Collateralized loan obligations— — — — — — 
Other asset-backed securities
337 — (7)10 (27)— — 313 
Corporate and other244 — (4)32 (3)— — 269 
Total AFS fixed maturities625 — (12)42 (30)(34)593 
Equity securities361 — — 21 (2)— (2)378 
Assets of MIE12 (1)— — — — 12 
Total Level 3 assets$998 $(1)$(12)$64 $(32)$$(36)$983 
Contingent consideration — acquisitions$(23)$— $— $— $— $— $— $(23)
Total Level 3 liabilities$(23)$— $— $— $— $— $— $(23)
Total realized/unrealized
gains (losses) included in
Balance at March 31, 2021Net
earnings (loss)
OCIPurchases
and
issuances
Sales and
settlements
Transfer
into
Level 3
Transfer
out of
Level 3
Sale of Annuity BusinessBalance at June 30, 2021
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency
$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
State and municipal39 — — — (3)— — — 36 
Residential MBS27 — — — (1)(1)— 28 
Commercial MBS— — — — — — — — — 
Collateralized loan obligations— — — — — — — 
Other asset-backed securities
326 — 38 (49)— (1)— 315 
Corporate and other204 (2)— 22 (2)(3)— 220 
Total AFS fixed maturities
602 (2)60 (55)(5)— 605 
Equity securities227 18 — 12 (5)— (7)— 245 
Assets of MIE14 (1)— — — — 15 
Assets of discontinued annuity operations2,806 15 21 13 (136)— — (2,719)— 
Total Level 3 assets$3,649 $30 $22 $86 $(196)$$(12)$(2,719)$865 
Liabilities of discontinued annuity operations$(3,954)$(183)$— $(72)$66 $— $— $4,143 $— 
Total Level 3 liabilities$(3,954)$(183)$— $(72)$66 $— $— $4,143 $— 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Total realized/unrealized
gains (losses) included in
Balance at December 31, 2021Net
earnings (loss)
OCIPurchases
and
issuances
Sales and
settlements
Transfer
into
Level 3
Transfer
out of
Level 3
Balance at June 30, 2022
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency
$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
State and municipal41 — (3)— (1)— (36)
Residential MBS14 — — — (1)— (5)
Commercial MBS— — — — — — — — 
Collateralized loan obligations— — — — — — 
Other asset-backed securities
278 (16)57 (42)34 — 313 
Corporate and other267 — (14)60 (10)— (34)269 
Total AFS fixed maturities600 (33)117 (54)36 (75)593 
Equity securities313 22 — 51 (5)(6)378 
Assets of MIE13 (2)— — — — 12 
Total Level 3 assets$926 $22 $(33)$169 $(59)$39 $(81)$983 
Contingent consideration — acquisitions$(23)$— $— $— $— $— $— $(23)
Total Level 3 liabilities$(23)$— $— $— $— $— $— $(23)
Total realized/unrealized
gains (losses) included in
Balance at December 31, 2020Net
earnings (loss)
OCIPurchases
and
issuances
Sales and
settlements
Transfer
into
Level 3
Transfer
out of
Level 3
Sale of Annuity BusinessBalance at June 30, 2021
AFS fixed maturities:
U.S. government agency
$— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
State and municipal39 — — — (3)— — — 36 
Residential MBS38 (3)— (1)(18)— 28 
Commercial MBS— — — — — (2)— — 
Collateralized loan obligations16 (1)— (1)— (9)— 
Other asset-backed securities
305 — 90 (72)14 (23)— 315 
Corporate and other138 (1)(1)106 (20)(5)— 220 
Total AFS fixed maturities
538 (3)(1)202 (97)23 (57)— 605 
Equity securities176 71 — 24 (19)— (7)— 245 
Assets of MIE21 — — (12)— 15 
Assets of discontinued annuity operations2,971 85 (21)209 (328)32 (229)(2,719)— 
Total Level 3 assets$3,706 $156 $(22)$437 $(444)$56 $(305)$(2,719)$865 
Liabilities of discontinued annuity operations$(3,933)$(222)$— $(146)$158 $— $— $4,143 $— 
Total Level 3 liabilities$(3,933)$(222)$— $(146)$158 $— $— $4,143 $— 

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Fair Value of Financial Instruments   The carrying value and fair value of financial instruments that are not carried at fair value in the financial statements are summarized below (in millions):
CarryingFair Value
ValueTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
June 30, 2022
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$967 $967 $967 $— $— 
Mortgage loans692 650 — — 650 
Total financial assets not accounted for at fair value
$1,659 $1,617 $967 $— $650 
Long-term debt$1,542 $1,396 $— $1,393 $
Total financial liabilities not accounted for at fair value
$1,542 $1,396 $— $1,393 $
December 31, 2021
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$2,131 $2,131 $2,131 $— $— 
Mortgage loans520 533 — — 533 
Total financial assets not accounted for at fair value
$2,651 $2,664 $2,131 $— $533 
Long-term debt$1,964 $2,261 $— $2,258 $
Total financial liabilities not accounted for at fair value
$1,964 $2,261 $— $2,258 $

F.    Investments

Available for sale fixed maturities at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, consisted of the following (in millions):
Amortized
Cost
Allowance for Expected Credit LossesGross UnrealizedNet
Unrealized
Fair
Value
GainsLosses
June 30, 2022
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies
$226 $— $— $(10)$(10)$216 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
1,440 — (44)(38)1,402 
Foreign government
257 — — (11)(11)246 
Residential MBS
1,645 — 28 (118)(90)1,555 
Commercial MBS
94 — — (2)(2)92 
Collateralized loan obligations
1,649 (42)(41)1,607 
Other asset-backed securities
2,383 (120)(119)2,258 
Corporate and other
2,519 — (107)(102)2,417 
Total fixed maturities$10,213 $$41 $(454)$(413)$9,793 
December 31, 2021
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies
$216 $— $$(2)$— $216 
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
1,758 — 74 — 74 1,832 
Foreign government
248 — — (2)(2)246 
Residential MBS
915 — 48 (3)45 960 
Commercial MBS
102 — — 104 
Collateralized loan obligations
1,643 (2)1,643 
Other asset-backed securities
2,677 17 (11)2,676 
Corporate and other
2,634 55 (8)47 2,680 
Total fixed maturities$10,193 $$201 $(28)$173 $10,357 

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Equity securities which are reported at fair value with holding gains and losses recognized in net earnings, consisted of the following at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in millions):
June 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Actual CostFair ValueActual CostFair Value
Fair Valueover CostFair Valueover Cost
Common stocks$547 $569 $22 $491 $586 $95 
Perpetual preferred stocks452 460 403 456 53 
Total equity securities carried at fair value
$999 $1,029 $30 $894 $1,042 $148 

Investments accounted for using the equity method held by AFG’s continuing operations, by category, carrying value and net investment income are as follows (in millions):
Net Investment Income
Carrying ValueThree months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
June 30, 2022December 31, 20212022202120222021
Real estate-related investments (*)$1,193 $1,130 $69 $45 $169 $99 
Private equity402 352 24 38 45 
Private debt31 35 
Total investments accounted for using the equity method$1,626 $1,517 $76 $71 $209 $149 
(*)Includes 91% with underlying investments in multi-family properties, 1% in single family properties and 8% in other property types as of June 30, 2022 and 88% with underlying investments in multi-family properties, 1% in single family properties and 11% in other property types as of December 31, 2021.

The earnings (losses) from these investments are generally reported on a quarter lag due to the timing required to obtain the necessary information from the funds. AFG regularly reviews and discusses fund performance with the fund managers to corroborate the reasonableness of the underlying reported asset values and to assess whether any events have occurred within the lag period that may materially affect the valuation of these investments.

With respect to partnerships and similar investments, AFG had unfunded commitments of $369 million and $366 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
The following table shows gross unrealized losses (dollars in millions) on available for sale fixed maturities by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at the following balance sheet dates.
Less Than Twelve MonthsTwelve Months or More
Unrealized
Loss
Fair
Value
Fair Value as
% of Cost
Unrealized
Loss
Fair
Value
Fair Value as
% of Cost
June 30, 2022
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies
$(5)$145 97 %$(5)$60 92 %
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
(43)963 96 %(1)10 91 %
Foreign government(10)210 95 %(1)20 95 %
Residential MBS(117)1,279 92 %(1)16 94 %
Commercial MBS(2)71 97 %— — — %
Collateralized loan obligations(40)1,432 97 %(2)99 98 %
Other asset-backed securities(110)1,930 95 %(10)122 92 %
Corporate and other(99)1,803 95 %(8)82 91 %
Total fixed maturities$(426)$7,833 95 %$(28)$409 94 %
December 31, 2021
Fixed maturities:
U.S. Government and government agencies
$(1)$92 99 %$(1)$22 96 %
States, municipalities and political subdivisions
— 100 %— 13 100 %
Foreign government(2)160 99 %— — — %
Residential MBS(3)419 99 %— 100 %
Commercial MBS— 34 100 %— — — %
Collateralized loan obligations(1)806 100 %(1)77 99 %
Other asset-backed securities(8)1,250 99 %(3)81 96 %
Corporate and other(8)500 98 %— 26 100 %
Total fixed maturities$(23)$3,270 99 %$(5)$226 98 %

At June 30, 2022, the gross unrealized losses on fixed maturities of $454 million relate to approximately 1,600 securities. Investment grade securities (as determined by nationally recognized rating agencies) represented approximately 93% of the gross unrealized loss and 94% of the fair value.

To evaluate fixed maturities for expected credit losses (impairment), management considers whether the unrealized loss is credit-driven or a result of changes in market interest rates, the extent to which fair value is less than cost basis, historical operating, balance sheet and cash flow data from the issuer, third party research and communications with industry specialists and discussions with issuer management.

AFG analyzes its MBS for expected credit losses (impairment) each quarter based upon expected future cash flows. Management estimates expected future cash flows based upon its knowledge of the MBS market, cash flow projections (which reflect loan to collateral values, subordination, vintage and geographic concentration) received from independent sources, implied cash flows inherent in security ratings and analysis of historical payment data.

Management believes AFG will recover its cost basis (net of any allowance) in the securities with unrealized losses and that AFG has the ability to hold the securities until they recover in value and had no intent to sell them at June 30, 2022.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Credit losses on available for sale fixed maturities are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows compared to amortized cost. Impairment losses are recognized through an allowance and recoveries of previously impaired amounts are recorded as an immediate reversal of all or a portion of the allowance. In addition, the allowance on available for sale fixed maturities cannot cause the amortized cost net of the allowance to be below fair value. Accordingly, future changes in the fair value of an impaired security (when the allowance was limited by the fair value) due to reasons other than issuer credit (e.g. changes in market interest rates) result in increases or decreases in the allowance, which are recorded through realized gains (losses) on securities. A progression of the allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities held by AFG’s continuing operations is shown below (in millions):
Structured
Securities (*)
Corporate and OtherTotal
Balance at March 31, 2022$$$
Initial allowance for purchased securities with credit deterioration— — — 
Provision for expected credit losses on securities with no previous allowance— 
Additions (reductions) to previously recognized expected credit losses— — — 
Reductions due to sales or redemptions— (1)(1)
Balance at June 30, 2022$$— $
Balance at March 31, 2021$$$10 
Initial allowance for purchased securities with credit deterioration— — — 
Provision for expected credit losses on securities with no previous allowance— — — 
Additions (reductions) to previously recognized expected credit losses(1)— 
Reductions due to sales or redemptions— (1)(1)
Balance at June 30, 2021$$$
Balance at January 1, 2022$$$
Initial allowance for purchased securities with credit deterioration— — — 
Provision for expected credit losses on securities with no previous allowance— 
Additions (reductions) to previously recognized expected credit losses(2)— (2)
Reductions due to sales or redemptions— (1)(1)
Balance at June 30, 2022$$— $
Balance at January 1, 2021$10 $$12 
Initial allowance for purchased securities with credit deterioration— — — 
Provision for expected credit losses on securities with no previous allowance— — — 
Additions (reductions) to previously recognized expected credit losses(2)(1)
Reductions due to sales or redemptions— (2)(2)
Balance at June 30, 2021$$$
(*)Includes mortgage-backed securities, collateralized loan obligations and other asset-backed securities.

In the second quarter and first six months of 2022 and 2021, AFG did not purchase any securities with expected credit losses.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED

The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of AFG’s available for sale fixed maturities as of June 30, 2022 (dollars in millions). Securities with sinking funds are reported at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.
AmortizedFair Value
Cost, net (*)Amount%
Maturity
One year or less$617 $618 %
After one year through five years2,615 2,511 26 %
After five years through ten years926 880 %
After ten years284 272 %
4,442 4,281 44 %
Collateralized loan obligations and other ABS (average life of approximately 3.5 years)
4,025 3,865 39 %
MBS (average life of approximately 5.5 years)
1,739 1,647 17 %
Total$10,206 $9,793 100 %
(*)Amortized cost, net of allowance for expected credit losses.

Certain risks are inherent in fixed maturity securities, including loss upon default, price volatility in reaction to changes in interest rates, and general market factors and risks associated with reinvestment of proceeds due to prepayments or redemptions in a period of declining interest rates.
There were no investments in individual issuers that exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

Net Investment Income   The following table shows (in millions) investment income earned and investment expenses incurred in AFG’s continuing operations.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2022202120222021
Investment income:
Fixed maturities$85 $72 $165 $144 
Equity securities:
Dividends15 15 
Change in fair value (*)(9)(2)34 
Equity in earnings of partnerships and similar investments
76 71 209 149 
Other13 20 14 
Gross investment income173 166 407 356 
Investment expenses(5)(2)(9)(4)
Net investment income$168 $164 $398 $352 
(*)Although the change in the fair value of the majority of AFG’s equity securities is recorded in realized gains (losses) on securities, AFG records holding gains and losses in net investment income on its portfolio of limited partnerships and similar investments that do not qualify for equity method accounting and certain other securities classified at purchase as “fair value through net investment income.”
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Realized gains (losses) and changes in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) from continuing operations included in AOCI related to fixed maturity securities are summarized as follows (in millions):
Three months ended June 30, 2022Three months ended June 30, 2021
Realized gains (losses)Realized gains (losses)
Before ImpairmentsImpairment AllowanceTotalChange in UnrealizedBefore ImpairmentsImpairment AllowanceTotalChange in Unrealized
Fixed maturities$(10)$(1)$(11)$(275)$$— $$20 
Equity securities(82)— (82)— 42 — 42 — 
Mortgage loans and other investments
— — — — — — — — 
Total pretax(92)(1)(93)(275)43 — 43 20 
Tax effects20 — 20 58 (9)— (9)(4)
Net of tax
$(72)$(1)$(73)$(217)$34 $— $34 $16 
Six months ended June 30, 2022Six months ended June 30, 2021
Realized gains (losses)Realized gains (losses)
Before ImpairmentsImpairment AllowanceTotalChange in UnrealizedBefore ImpairmentsImpairment AllowanceTotalChange in Unrealized
Fixed maturities$(14)$$(13)$(586)$— $$$(24)
Equity securities(95)— (95)— 119 — 119 — 
Mortgage loans and other investments
— — — — — — — — 
Total pretax(109)(108)(586)119 120 (24)
Tax effects23 — 23 124 (25)— (25)
Net of tax
$(86)$$(85)$(462)$94 $$95 $(19)

All equity securities other than those accounted for under the equity method are carried at fair value through net earnings. AFG recorded net holding gains (losses) on equity securities from continuing operations during the second quarter and first six months of 2022 and 2021 on securities that were still owned at June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021 as follows (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2022202120222021
Included in realized gains (losses)$(82)$36 $(96)$98 
Included in net investment income(9)(4)34 
$(91)$44 $(100)$132 

Gross realized gains and losses (excluding changes in impairment allowance and mark-to-market of derivatives) on available for sale fixed maturity investment transactions from continuing operations consisted of the following (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021
Gross gains$$
Gross losses(9)(1)

Derivatives Designated and Qualifying as Cash Flow Hedges   As of June 30, 2022, AFG has eleven active interest rate swaps that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to mitigate interest rate risk related to certain floating-rate securities included in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities. The purpose of each of these swaps is to effectively convert a portion of AFG’s floating-rate fixed maturity securities to fixed rates by offsetting the variability in cash flows attributable to changes in short-term reference rates (LIBOR or SOFR).

Under the terms of the swaps, AFG receives fixed-rate interest payments in exchange for variable interest payments based on short-term LIBOR or SOFR. The notional amounts of the interest rate swaps generally decline over each swap’s respective life (the swaps expire between December 2024 and July 2028) in anticipation of the expected decline in AFG’s portfolio of fixed maturity securities with floating interest rates based on short-term LIBOR or SOFR. The total outstanding notional amount of AFG’s interest rate swaps was $658 million at June 30, 2022, all of which were entered into in the first six months of 2022. The fair value of the interest rate swaps in an asset position and included in other assets at June 30,
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
2022 was $1 million. The fair value of the interest rate swaps in a liability position and included in other liabilities at June 30, 2022 was $11 million. The net unrealized gain or loss on cash flow hedges is included in AOCI, net of deferred taxes. The amount reclassified from AOCI (before taxes) to net earnings was income of $1 million and $2 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, respectively. A collateral receivable supporting these swaps of $30 million at June 30, 2022 is included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet.

G.    Managed Investment Entities

AFG is the investment manager and it has investments ranging from 7.4% to 82.7% of the most subordinate debt tranche of fourteen active collateralized loan obligation entities (“CLOs”), which are considered variable interest entities. AFG also owns portions of the senior debt tranches of certain of these CLOs. Upon formation between 2012 and 2022, these entities issued securities in various senior and subordinate classes and invested the proceeds primarily in secured bank loans, which serve as collateral for the debt securities issued by each CLO. None of the collateral was purchased from AFG. AFG’s investments in the subordinate debt tranches of these entities receive residual income from the CLOs only after the CLOs pay expenses (including management fees to AFG) and interest on and returns of capital to senior levels of debt securities. There are no contractual requirements for AFG to provide additional funding for these entities. AFG has not provided and does not intend to provide any financial support to these entities.

AFG’s maximum exposure to economic loss on the CLOs that it manages is limited to its investment in those CLOs, which had an aggregate fair value of $85 million (including $61 million invested in the most subordinate tranches) at June 30, 2022, and $76 million at December 31, 2021.

In May 2022, AFG formed one new CLO, which issued $404 million face amount of liabilities (including $13 million face amount purchased by AFG).

The following table shows a progression of the fair value of AFG's investment in CLO tranches held by continuing operations (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2022202120222021
Balance at beginning of period$89 $57 $76 $57 
Purchases15 — 33 — 
Sales— — — — 
Distributions(6)(7)(9)(12)
Change in fair value(13)7(15)12
Balance at end of period$85 $57 $85 $57 

The revenues and expenses of the CLOs are separately identified in AFG’s Statement of Earnings, after the elimination of management fees and earnings attributable to AFG as measured by the change in the fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs. Selected financial information related to the CLOs is shown below (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2022202120222021
Gains (losses) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities (*):
Assets$(247)$21 $(304)$67 
Liabilities232 (15)284 (59)
Management fees paid to AFG
CLO earnings (losses) attributable to AFG:
From continuing operations$(12)$$(14)$12 
From discontinued annuity operations— — 20 
Total$(12)$14 $(14)$32 
(*)Included in revenues in AFG’s Statement of Earnings.

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of the CLOs’ fixed maturity investments exceeded the fair value of the investments by $381 million and $72 million at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The aggregate unpaid principal balance of the CLOs’ debt exceeded its carrying value by $460 million and $187 million at those dates. The CLO assets include loans with an aggregate fair value of $2 million at June 30, 2022 and $9 million at December 31,
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
2021, for which the CLOs are not accruing interest because the loans are in default (aggregate unpaid principal balance of $8 million at June 30, 2022 and $18 million at December 31, 2021).

In addition to the CLOs that it manages, AFG had investments in CLOs that are managed by third parties (therefore not consolidated), which are included in available for sale fixed maturity securities and had a fair value of $1.61 billion at June 30, 2022 and $1.64 billion at December 31, 2021.

H.    Goodwill and Other Intangibles

There were no changes in the goodwill balance of $246 million during the first six months of 2022.

Included in other assets in AFG’s Balance Sheet is $101 million at June 30, 2022 and $106 million at December 31, 2021 in amortizable intangible assets related to property and casualty insurance acquisitions. These amounts are net of accumulated amortization of $18 million and $67 million, respectively. Amortization of intangibles was $3 million and $1 million in the second quarter of 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $5 million and $4 million in the first six months of 2022 and 2021, respectively.

I.    Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consisted of the following (in millions):
June 30, 2022December 31, 2021
PrincipalDiscount and Issue CostsCarrying ValuePrincipalDiscount and Issue CostsCarrying Value
Direct Senior Obligations of AFG:
4.50% Senior Notes due June 2047
$590 $(2)$588 $590 $(2)$588 
3.50% Senior Notes due August 2026
— — — 425 (3)422 
5.25% Senior Notes due April 2030
300 (5)295 300 (5)295 
Other— — 
893 (7)886 1,318 (10)1,308 
Direct Subordinated Obligations of AFG:
4.50% Subordinated Debentures due September 2060
200 (5)195 200 (5)195 
5.125% Subordinated Debentures due December 2059
200 (6)194 200 (6)194 
5.625% Subordinated Debentures due June 2060
150 (4)146 150 (4)146 
5.875% Subordinated Debentures due March 2059
125 (4)121 125 (4)121 
675 (19)656 675 (19)656 
$1,568 $(26)$1,542 $1,993 $(29)$1,964 

Scheduled principal payments on debt for the balance of 2022, the subsequent five years and thereafter are as follows: 2022 — none; 2023 — none; 2024 — none; 2025 — none; 2026 — none; 2027 — none and thereafter — $1.57 billion.

In the first six months of 2022, AFG repurchased $49 million principal amount of its 3.50% Senior Notes due in August 2026 in open market transactions for $51 million. In June 2022, AFG redeemed the remaining $376 million of outstanding 3.50% Senior Notes due August 2026 for $382 million (including a $6 million make-whole premium).

AFG can borrow up to $500 million under its revolving credit facility, which expires in December 2025. Amounts borrowed under this agreement bear interest at rates ranging from 1.00% to 1.875% (currently 1.375%) over LIBOR based on AFG’s credit rating. No amounts were borrowed under this facility at June 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
J.    Shareholders’ Equity

AFG is authorized to issue 12.5 million shares of Voting Preferred Stock and 12.5 million shares of Nonvoting Preferred Stock, each without par value.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax (“AOCI”)   Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in shareholders’ equity except those arising from transactions with shareholders. Comprehensive income includes net earnings and other comprehensive income (loss), which consists primarily of changes in net unrealized gains or losses on available for sale fixed maturity securities.

The progression of the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) follows (in millions):
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
AOCI Beginning BalancePretaxTaxNet of taxAOCI Ending Balance
Quarter ended June 30, 2022
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding losses on securities arising during the period$(286)$61 $(225)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (*)11 (3)
Total net unrealized losses on securities
$(109)(275)58 (217)$(326)
Total net unrealized losses on cash flow hedges
(4)(5)(4)(8)
Foreign currency translation adjustments(19)(1)(15)
Pension and other postretirement plans adjustments (“OPRP”)— — — 
Total$(131)$(275)$58 $(217)$(348)
Quarter ended June 30, 2021
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities arising during the period$168 $(35)$133 
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (*)(9)(7)
Reclassification for unrealized gains on securities of subsidiaries sold
(1,119)235 (884)
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities$963 (960)202 (758)$205 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized holding gains on cash flow hedges arising during the period(1)
Reclassification adjustment for investment income included in net earnings from discontinued operations(5)(4)
Reclassification for unrealized gains on cash flow hedges of subsidiaries sold
(37)(29)
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges27 (35)(27)— 
Foreign currency translation adjustments(16)— — — (16)
Pension and OPRP adjustments:
Unrealized holding losses on pension and OPRP arising during the period(1)— (1)
Reclassification adjustment for pension settlement loss included in other expense in net earnings11 (2)
Total pension and OPRP adjustments(7)10 (2)
Total$967 $(985)$208 $(777)$190 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
AOCI Beginning BalancePretaxTaxNet of taxAOCI Ending Balance
Six months ended June 30, 2022
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities arising during the period$(599)$127 $(472)
Reclassification adjustment for realized losses included in net earnings (*)13 (3)10 
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities
$136 (586)124 (462)$(326)
Net unrealized losses on cash flow hedges
— (10)(8)(8)
Foreign currency translation adjustments
(18)— (15)
Pension and other postretirement plan adjustments— — — 
Total$119 $(593)$126 $(467)$(348)
Six months ended June 30, 2021
Net unrealized gains (losses) on securities:
Unrealized holding gains on securities arising during the period
$(187)$39 $(148)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains) losses included in net earnings (*)(23)(18)
Reclassification for unrealized gains on securities of subsidiaries sold(1,119)235 (884)
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on securities$1,255 (1,329)279 (1,050)$205 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges:
Unrealized holding losses on cash flow hedges arising during the period(1)— (1)
Reclassification adjustment for investment income included in net earnings from discontinued operations(14)(11)
Reclassification for unrealized gains on cash flow hedges of subsidiaries sold
(37)(29)
Total net unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges41 (52)11 (41)— 
Foreign currency translation adjustments(16)— — — (16)
Pension and OPRP adjustments:
Unrealized holding losses on pension and OPRP arising during the period(1)— (1)
Reclassification adjustment for pension settlement loss included in other expense in net earnings11 (2)
Total pension and OPRP adjustments(7)10 (2)
Total$1,273 $(1,371)$288 $(1,083)$190 
(*)The reclassification adjustment out of net unrealized gains (losses) on securities affected the following lines in AFG’s Statement of Earnings:
OCI componentAffected line in the statement of earnings
Pretax
Realized gains (losses) on securities
TaxProvision for income taxes

Stock Incentive Plans   Under AFG’s stock incentive plans, employees of AFG and its subsidiaries are eligible to receive equity awards in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and stock awards. In the first six months of 2022, AFG issued 151,080 shares of restricted Common Stock (fair value of $133.94 per share) under the Stock Incentive Plan.

Total compensation expense related to stock incentive plans of AFG and its subsidiaries was $4 million and $2 million in the second quarter of 2022 and 2021 and $10 million and $7 million in the first six months of 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
K.    Income Taxes

The following is a reconciliation of income taxes on continuing operations at the statutory rate of 21% to the provision for income taxes as shown in AFG’s Statement of Earnings (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2022202120222021
Amount% of EBTAmount% of EBTAmount% of EBTAmount% of EBT
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes (“EBT”)
$206 $288 $567 $623 
Income taxes at statutory rate$43 21 %$61 21 %$119 21 %$131 21 %
Effect of:
Employee stock ownership plan dividend paid deduction(4)(2 %)(8)(3 %)(6)(1 %)(8)(1 %)
Stock-based compensation(2)(1 %)(8)(3 %)(4)(1 %)(10)(2 %)
Tax exempt interest(2)(1 %)(2)(1 %)(4)(1 %)(4)(1 %)
Change in valuation allowance— %%(1)— %— %
Dividends received deduction— — %(1)— %(1)— %(1)— %
Foreign operations— — %(1)— %%(2)— %
Nondeductible expenses
— %%%%
Other%%(1)(1 %)%
Provision for income taxes as shown in the statement of earnings
$39 19 %$48 17 %$110 19 %$116 19 %

AFG’s net operating loss carryforwards (“NOL”) subject to separate return limitation year (“SRLY”) tax rules of $43 million will expire unutilized at December 31, 2022. Since AFG maintains a full valuation allowance against its SRLY NOLs, the expiration of these loss carryforwards will be offset by a corresponding reduction in the valuation allowance and will have no overall impact on AFG’s income tax expense or results of operations.

L.    Contingencies

There have been no significant changes to the matters discussed and referred to in Note M — “Contingencies” of AFG’s 2021 Form 10-K, which covers property and casualty insurance reserves for claims related to environmental exposures, asbestos and other mass tort claims and environmental and occupational injury and disease claims of subsidiaries’ former railroad and manufacturing operations.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
M.    Insurance

Property and Casualty Insurance Reserves The following table provides an analysis of changes in the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses during the first six months of 2022 and 2021 (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021
Balance at beginning of year$11,074 $10,392 
Less reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance3,419 3,117 
Net liability at beginning of year7,655 7,275 
Provision for losses and LAE occurring in the current period1,640 1,507 
Net decrease in the provision for claims of prior years
(173)(126)
Total losses and LAE incurred1,467 1,381 
Payments for losses and LAE of:
Current year(290)(258)
Prior years(1,102)(1,083)
Total payments(1,392)(1,341)
Foreign currency translation and other— 
Net liability at end of period7,730 7,316 
Add back reinsurance recoverables, net of allowance3,471 3,182 
Gross unpaid losses and LAE included in the balance sheet at end of period$11,201 $10,498 

The net decrease in the provision for claims of prior years during the first six months of 2022 reflects (i) lower than anticipated losses in the crop business, lower than expected claim frequency in the trucking and ocean marine businesses and at the Singapore branch, lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the aviation business and lower than anticipated claim severity in the property and inland marine business (within the Property and transportation sub-segment), (ii) lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses, lower than expected claim frequency in the executive liability business and lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the excess and surplus business (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment) and (iii) lower than anticipated claim frequency in the surety, trade credit and financial institutions businesses (within the Specialty financial sub-segment). This favorable development was partially offset by higher than anticipated claim severity in the targeted markets and excess liability businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment).

The net decrease in the provision for claims of prior years during the first six months of 2021 reflects (i) lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the transportation businesses, lower than expected losses in the crop business and lower than expected claim severity in the property and inland marine business (within the Property and transportation sub-segment), (ii) lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment) and (iii) lower than anticipated claim frequency in the surety business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the financial institutions business (within the Specialty financial sub-segment). This favorable development was partially offset by (i) higher than expected claim frequency and severity in equine business (within the Property and transportation sub-segment) and (ii) higher than anticipated claim severity in the general liability, targeted markets and professional liability businesses (within the Specialty casualty sub-segment).

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — CONTINUED
Recoverables from Reinsurers and Premiums Receivable Progressions of the 2022 and 2021 allowance for expected credit losses on recoverables from reinsurers and premiums receivable related to continuing operations are shown below (in millions):
Recoverables from ReinsurersPremiums Receivable
2022202120222021
Balance at March 31$$$$11 
Provision (credit) for expected credit losses— (2)
Write-offs charged against the allowance— — — — 
Balance at June 30$$$$
Balance at January 1$$$$10 
Provision (credit) for expected credit losses(1)(1)
Write-offs charged against the allowance— — — — 
Balance at June 30$$$$

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
INDEX TO MD&A
PagePage

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements. Some of the forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “anticipates”, “believes”, “expects”, “projects”, “estimates”, “intends”, “plans”, “seeks”, “could”, “may”, “should”, “will” or the negative version of those words or other comparable terminology. Such forward-looking statements include statements relating to: expectations concerning market and other conditions and their effect on future premiums, revenues, earnings, investment activities, and the amount and timing of share repurchases; recoverability of asset values; expected losses and the adequacy of reserves for asbestos, environmental pollution and mass tort claims; rate changes; and improved loss experience.

Actual results and/or financial condition could differ materially from those contained in or implied by such forward-looking statements for a variety of reasons including but not limited to:
changes in financial, political and economic conditions, including changes in interest and inflation rates, currency fluctuations and extended economic recessions or expansions in the U.S. and/or abroad;
performance of securities markets;
new legislation or declines in credit quality or credit ratings that could have a material impact on the valuation of securities in AFG’s investment portfolio;
the availability of capital;
changes in insurance law or regulation, including changes in statutory accounting rules, including modifications to capital requirements;
the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic;
changes in the legal environment affecting AFG or its customers;
tax law and accounting changes;
levels of natural catastrophes and severe weather, terrorist activities (including any nuclear, biological, chemical or radiological events), incidents of war or losses resulting from pandemics, civil unrest and other major losses;
disruption caused by cyber-attacks or other technology breaches or failures by AFG or its business partners and service providers, which could negatively impact AFG’s business and/or expose AFG to litigation;
development of insurance loss reserves and establishment of other reserves, particularly with respect to amounts associated with asbestos and environmental claims;
availability of reinsurance and ability of reinsurers to pay their obligations;
competitive pressures;
the ability to obtain adequate rates and policy terms;
changes in AFG’s credit ratings or the financial strength ratings assigned by major ratings agencies to AFG’s operating subsidiaries; and
the impact of the conditions in the international financial markets and the global economy relating to AFG’s international operations.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The forward-looking statements herein are made only as of the date of this report. The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of Management’s Discussion and Analysis is to provide a discussion and analysis of the financial statements and other statistical data that management believes will enhance the understanding of AFG’s financial condition, changes in financial condition and results of operations. The tables and narrative that follow are presented in a manner that is consistent with the information that AFG’s management uses to make operational decisions and allocate capital resources. They are provided to demonstrate the nature of the transactions and events that could impact AFG’s financial results. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements beginning on page 2.
OVERVIEW

Financial Condition
AFG is organized as a holding company with almost all of its operations being conducted by subsidiaries. AFG, however, has continuing cash needs for administrative expenses, the payment of principal and interest on borrowings, shareholder dividends, and taxes. Therefore, certain analyses are most meaningfully presented on a parent only basis while others are best done on a total enterprise basis. In addition, because its businesses are financial in nature, AFG does not prepare its consolidated financial statements using a current-noncurrent format. Consequently, certain traditional ratios and financial analysis tests are not meaningful.

Results of Operations
Through the operations of its subsidiaries, AFG is engaged primarily in property and casualty insurance, focusing on specialized commercial products for businesses. AFG’s former annuity operations are reported as discontinued operations.

AFG reported net earnings from continuing operations of $167 million ($1.96 per share, diluted) for the second quarter of 2022 compared to $240 million ($2.81 per share, diluted) for the second quarter of 2021. Higher underwriting profit and lower holding company expenses in 2022 compared to 2021 were more than offset by net realized losses on securities in the second quarter of 2022 compared to net realized gains on securities in the second quarter of 2021.

AFG reported net earnings from continuing operations of $457 million ($5.36 per share, diluted) for the first six months of 2022 compared to $507 million ($5.90 per share, diluted) for the first six months of 2021. Higher underwriting profit, higher net investment income and lower holding company expenses in 2022 compared to 2021 were more than offset by net realized losses on securities in the first six months of 2022 compared to net realized gains on securities in the first six months of 2021.

Sale of the Annuity Business
In May 2021, AFG sold its annuity business, including Great American Life Insurance Company and its two insurance subsidiaries, Annuity Investors Life Insurance Company and Manhattan National Life Insurance Company to Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (“MassMutual”). Total proceeds from the sale were $3.57 billion and AFG realized an after-tax gain on the sale of $656 million in the first six months of 2021.

Outlook
AFG’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows are impacted by the economic, legal and regulatory environment. Inflation, supply chain disruption, labor shortages and other economic conditions may impact premium levels, loss cost trends and investment returns. Management believes that AFG’s strong financial position and current liquidity and capital at its subsidiaries will give AFG the flexibility to continue to effectively address and respond to the ongoing uncertainties presented by the macro-economic environment, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic. AFG’s insurance subsidiaries continue to have capital at or in excess of the levels required by ratings agencies in order to maintain their current ratings, and the parent company does not have any near-term debt maturities.

Management expects continued premium growth and strong underwriting results in the ongoing favorable property and casualty insurance market. In addition, the deployment of cash in a rising interest rate environment is expected to result in improved investment returns in 2022 compared to 2021.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Significant accounting policies are summarized in Note A — “Accounting Policies” to the financial statements. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts reported in the financial statements. As more information becomes known, these estimates and assumptions change and, thus, impact amounts reported in the future. The areas where management believes the degree of judgment required to determine amounts recorded in the financial statements is most significant are as follows:
the establishment of insurance reserves, especially asbestos and environmental-related reserves,
the recoverability of reinsurance,
the establishment of asbestos and environmental liabilities of former railroad and manufacturing operations, and
the valuation of investments, including the determination of impairment allowances.

For a discussion of these policies, see Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Critical Accounting Policies” in AFG’s 2021 Form 10-K.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Ratios
AFG’s debt to total capital ratio on a consolidated basis is shown below (dollars in millions):
December 31,
June 30, 202220212020
Principal amount of long-term debt$1,568 $1,993 $1,993 
Total capital5,969 6,869 7,486 
Ratio of debt to total capital:
Including subordinated debt26.3 %29.0 %26.6 %
Excluding subordinated debt15.0 %19.2 %17.6 %

The ratio of debt to total capital is a non-GAAP measure that management believes is useful for investors, analysts and ratings agencies to evaluate AFG’s financial strength and liquidity and to provide insight into how AFG finances its operations. In addition, maintaining a ratio of debt, excluding subordinated debt and debt secured by real estate (if any), to total capital of 35% or lower is a financial covenant in AFG’s bank credit facility. The ratio is calculated by dividing the principal amount of AFG’s long-term debt by its total capital, which includes long-term debt and shareholders’ equity (excluding unrealized gains (losses) related to fixed maturity investments).

Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows
AFG’s principal sources of cash include insurance premiums, income from its investment portfolio and proceeds from the maturities, redemptions and sales of investments. Insurance premiums in excess of acquisition expenses and operating costs are invested until they are needed to meet policyholder obligations or made available to the parent company through dividends to cover debt obligations and corporate expenses, and to provide returns to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends. Cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities as detailed in AFG’s Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows are shown below (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021
Net cash provided by operating activities$514 $970 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(501)661 
Net cash used in financing activities(1,177)(1,076)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents$(1,164)$555 

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities   AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations typically produce positive net operating cash flows as premiums collected and investment income exceed policy acquisition costs, claims
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
payments and operating expenses. AFG’s net cash provided by operating activities is impacted by the level and timing of property and casualty premiums, claim and expense payments and recoveries from reinsurers. AFG’s discontinued annuity operations, which were sold in May 2021, typically produced positive net operating cash flows as investment income exceeded acquisition costs and operating expenses. Interest credited on annuity policyholder funds is a non-cash increase in AFG’s annuity benefits accumulated liability and annuity premiums, benefits and withdrawals are considered financing activities due to the deposit-type nature of annuities. Cash flows provided by operating activities also include the activity of AFG’s managed investment entities (collateralized loan obligations (“CLO”)) other than those activities included in investing or financing activities. The changes in the assets and liabilities of the managed investment entities included in operating activities increased cash flows from operating activities by $42 million during the first six months of 2022 and reduced cash flows from operating activities by $22 million in the first six months of 2021, accounting for a $64 million increase in cash flows from operating activities in the 2022 period compared to the 2021 period. As discussed in Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements, AFG has no right to use the CLO assets and no obligation to pay the CLO liabilities and such assets and liabilities are shown separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Excluding the impact of the managed investment entities, net cash provided by operating activities was $472 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $992 million in the first six months of 2021, a decrease of $520 million reflecting the sale of the annuity operations.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities   AFG’s investing activities consist primarily of the investment of funds provided by its property and casualty businesses and, prior to the May 2021 sale, its discontinued annuity operations. Cash proceeds from the sale of the annuity operations in excess of cash and cash equivalents held in the annuity subsidiaries that were sold was a $1.49 billion source of cash provided by investing activities in the first six months of 2021. Investing activities also include the purchase and disposal of managed investment entity investments, which are presented separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Net investment activity in the managed investment entities was a $245 million use of cash in the first six months of 2022 compared to a $74 million source of cash in the comparable 2021 period, accounting for a $319 million increase in net cash used in investing activities in the first six months of 2022 compared to the same 2021 period. See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note G — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements. Excluding the impact of the sale of the annuity operations and the activity of the managed investment entities, net cash used in investing activities was $256 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $900 million in the first six months of 2021, a decrease of $644 million as the opportunistic investment of cash on hand in the property and casualty operations during the rising interest rate environment in the first six months of 2022 was more than offset by the absence of investing activities from the disposed annuity operations.

Net Cash Used in Financing Activities   AFG’s financing activities consist primarily of issuances and retirements of long-term debt, issuances and repurchases of common stock, dividend payments and, prior to the sale of the annuity business, transactions with annuity policyholders. Net cash used in financing activities was $1.18 billion for the first six months of 2022 compared to $1.08 billion in the first six months of 2021, an increase of $101 million. The retirement of AFG’s 3.50% Senior Notes was a $433 million use of cash in the first six months of 2022. During the first six months of 2022, AFG repurchased $5 million of its Common Stock compared to $306 million in the comparable 2021 period, resulting in a $301 million decrease in net cash used in financing activities in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021. AFG paid cash dividends totaling $942 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $1.27 billion in the first six months of 2021, resulting in a net $329 million decrease in cash used in financing activities in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021. Net annuity receipts exceeded annuity surrenders, benefits, withdrawals and transfers by $477 million in 2021 through the May 31, 2021 effective date of the sale, accounting for a $477 million increase in net cash used in financing activities in the 2022 period compared to the 2021 period. Financing activities also include issuances and retirements of managed investment entity liabilities, which are nonrecourse to AFG and presented separately in AFG’s Balance Sheet. Issuances of managed investment entity liabilities exceeded retirements by $194 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to retirements exceeding issuances by $28 million in the first six months of 2021, accounting for a $222 million decrease in net cash used in financing activities in the 2022 period compared to the 2021 period. See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note G — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements.

Parent and Subsidiary Liquidity

Parent Holding Company Liquidity   Management believes AFG has sufficient resources to meet its liquidity requirements. If funds generated from operations, including dividends, tax payments and borrowings from subsidiaries, are insufficient to meet fixed charges in any period, AFG would be required to utilize parent company cash and investments or to generate cash through borrowings, sales of other assets, or similar transactions.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
AFG’s capital and liquidity was significantly enhanced as a result of the 2021 sale of its annuity business to MassMutual for proceeds of $3.57 billion. As of the end of the second quarter of 2022, AFG has deployed the proceeds from this sale primarily through special cash dividends, share repurchases, debt retirements and the purchase of Verikai. Nevertheless, AFG continues to have significant excess capital available for future returns of capital to shareholders in the form of regular and special cash dividends and through opportunistic share repurchases or to be deployed into its property and casualty businesses as management identifies the potential for healthy, profitable organic growth, and opportunities to expand through acquisitions and start-ups that meet target return thresholds.

During the first six months of 2022, AFG repurchased 35,201 shares of its Common Stock for $5 million and paid special cash dividends totaling $850 million ($2.00 per share in March and $8.00 per share in May).

AFG may, at any time and from time to time, seek to retire or purchase its outstanding debt through cash purchases or exchanges for equity or debt, in open-market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will be upon such terms and at such prices as management may determine, and will depend on prevailing market conditions, AFG’s liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. During the first six months of 2022, AFG retired $425 million principal amount of its 3.50% Senior Notes for $433 million cash (including a make-whole premium of $6 million), which resulted in an $11 million pretax loss on retirement of debt (included in other expenses).

During 2021, AFG repurchased 2,777,684 shares of its Common Stock for $319 million and paid special cash dividends of $26.00 per share of AFG Common Stock ($14.00 per share in June, $2.00 per share in August, $4.00 per share in October, $4.00 per share in November and $2.00 per share in December) totaling $2.21 billion.

In December 2021, AFG acquired Verikai, Inc., a machine learning and artificial intelligence company that utilizes predictive risk tools to assess insurance risk, for $120 million using cash on hand at the parent.

AFG can borrow up to $500 million under its revolving credit facility, which expires in December 2025. Amounts borrowed under this agreement bear interest at rates ranging from 1.00% to 1.875% (currently 1.375%) over LIBOR based on AFG’s credit rating. The credit facility also includes provisions relating to the replacement of LIBOR with different floating rates in the event of the discontinuance of LIBOR. There were no borrowings under this agreement, or under any other parent company short-term borrowing arrangements, during 2021 or the first six months of 2022.

Under a tax allocation agreement with AFG, all 80% (or more) owned U.S. subsidiaries generally pay taxes to (or recover taxes from) AFG based on each subsidiary’s contribution to amounts due under AFG’s consolidated tax return.

Subsidiary Liquidity   The liquidity requirements of AFG’s insurance subsidiaries relate primarily to the policyholder claims and underwriting expenses and payments of dividends and taxes to AFG. Historically, cash flows from premiums and investment income have generally provided more than sufficient funds to meet these requirements. Funds received in excess of cash requirements are generally invested in marketable securities. In addition, the insurance subsidiaries generally hold a significant amount of highly liquid, short duration investments.
AFG believes its insurance subsidiaries maintain sufficient liquidity to pay claims and underwriting expenses. In addition, these subsidiaries have sufficient capital to meet commitments in the event of unforeseen events such as reserve deficiencies, inadequate premium rates or reinsurer insolvencies. Even in the current uncertain economic environment, management believes that the capital levels in AFG’s insurance subsidiaries are adequate to maintain its business and rating agency ratings. Nonetheless, changes in statutory accounting rules, significant declines in the fair value of the insurance subsidiaries’ investment portfolios or significant ratings downgrades on these investments, could create a need for additional capital.

Investments
At June 30, 2022, AFG’s investment portfolio contained $9.79 billion in fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale and carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income and $29 million in fixed maturities classified as trading with holding gains and losses included in net investment income. In addition, AFG’s investment portfolio includes $704 million in equity securities carried at fair value with holding gains and losses included in realized gains (losses) on securities and $325 million in equity securities carried at fair value with holding gains and losses included in net investment income.

Fair values for AFG’s portfolio are determined by AFG’s internal investment professionals using data from nationally recognized pricing services, non-binding broker quotes and other market information. Fair values of equity securities are
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
generally based on published closing prices. At June 30, 2022, approximately 83% of AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio was priced using pricing services and 12% was priced using non-binding broker quotes. When prices obtained for the same security vary, AFG’s internal investment professionals select the price they believe is most indicative of an exit price.

The pricing services use a variety of observable inputs to estimate fair value of fixed maturities that do not trade on a daily basis. Based upon information provided by the pricing services, these inputs include, but are not limited to, recent reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids or offers, reference data, and measures of volatility. Included in the pricing of mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) are estimates of the rate of future prepayments and defaults of principal over the remaining life of the underlying collateral. Due to the lack of transparency in the process that brokers use to develop prices, valuations that are based on brokers’ prices are classified as Level 3 in the GAAP hierarchy unless the price can be corroborated, for example, by comparison to similar securities priced using observable inputs.

Valuation techniques utilized by pricing services and prices obtained from external sources are reviewed by AFG’s internal investment professionals who are familiar with the securities being priced and the markets in which they trade to ensure the fair value determination is representative of an exit price. To validate the appropriateness of the prices obtained, these investment managers consider widely published indices (as benchmarks), recent trades, changes in interest rates, general economic conditions and the credit quality of the specific issuers. In addition, AFG communicates directly with pricing services regarding the methods and assumptions used in pricing, including verifying, on a test basis, the inputs used by the services to value specific securities.

In general, the fair value of AFG’s fixed maturity investments is inversely correlated to changes in interest rates. The following table demonstrates the sensitivity of such fair values to reasonably likely changes in interest rates by illustrating the estimated effect on AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio that an immediate increase of 100 basis points in the interest rate yield curve would have had at June 30, 2022 (dollars in millions). Effects of increases or decreases from the 100 basis points illustrated would be approximately proportional.

Fair value of fixed maturity portfolio$9,822 
Percentage impact on fair value of 100 bps increase in interest rates(3.0 %)
Pretax impact on fair value of fixed maturity portfolio$(295)
At June 30, 2022, approximately 91% of the fixed maturities held by AFG were rated “investment grade” (credit rating of AAA to BBB) by nationally recognized rating agencies, 4% were rated “non-investment grade” and 5% were not rated. Investment grade securities generally bear lower yields and lower degrees of risk than those that are unrated and non-investment grade. Management believes that the high-quality investment portfolio should generate a stable and predictable investment return.
Municipal bonds represented approximately 14% of AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio at June 30, 2022. AFG’s municipal bond portfolio is high quality, with more than 99% of the securities rated investment grade at that date. The portfolio is well diversified across the states of issuance and individual issuers. At June 30, 2022, approximately 92% of the municipal bond portfolio was held in revenue bonds, with the remaining 8% held in general obligation bonds.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Summarized information for the unrealized gains and losses recorded in AFG’s Balance Sheet at June 30, 2022, is shown in the following table (dollars in millions). Approximately $394 million of available for sale fixed maturity securities had no unrealized gains or losses at June 30, 2022.
Securities
With
Unrealized
Gains
Securities
With
Unrealized
Losses
Available for Sale Fixed Maturities
Fair value of securities$1,157 $8,242 
Amortized cost of securities, net of allowance for expected credit losses$1,116 $8,696 
Gross unrealized gain (loss)$41 $(454)
Fair value as % of amortized cost104 %95 %
Number of security positions488 1,609 
Number individually exceeding $2 million gain or loss38 
Concentration of gains (losses) by type or industry (exceeding 5% of unrealized):
Mortgage-backed securities$28 $(120)
States and municipalities(44)
Media(4)
Other asset-backed securities(120)
Collateralized loan obligations(42)
Asset managers— (34)
Percentage rated investment grade83 %94 %

The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of AFG’s available for sale fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2022, based on their fair values. Securities with sinking funds are reported at average maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain securities may be called or prepaid by the issuers.
Securities
With
Unrealized
Gains
Securities
With
Unrealized
Losses
Maturity
One year or less17 %%
After one year through five years38 %22 %
After five years through ten years%%
After ten years%%
68 %40 %
Collateralized loan obligations and other asset-backed securities (average life of approximately 3.5 years)
13 %43 %
Mortgage-backed securities (average life of approximately 5.5 years)
19 %17 %
100 %100 %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The table below (dollars in millions) summarizes the unrealized gains and losses on fixed maturity securities by dollar amount:
Aggregate
Fair
Value
Aggregate
Unrealized
Gain (Loss)
Fair
Value as
% of Cost
Fixed Maturities at June 30, 2022
Securities with unrealized gains:
Exceeding $500,000 (16 securities)
$79 $15 123 %
$500,000 or less (472 securities)
1,078 26 102 %
$1,157 $41 104 %
Securities with unrealized losses:
Exceeding $500,000 (249 securities)
$3,469 $(314)92 %
$500,000 or less (1,360 securities)
4,773 (140)97 %
$8,242 $(454)95 %

The following table (dollars in millions) summarizes the unrealized losses for all securities with unrealized losses by issuer quality and the length of time those securities have been in an unrealized loss position:
Aggregate
Fair
Value
Aggregate
Unrealized
Loss
Fair
Value as
% of Cost
Securities with Unrealized Losses at June 30, 2022
Investment grade fixed maturities with losses for:
Less than one year (1,305 securities)
$7,341 $(400)95 %
One year or longer (86 securities)
377 (24)94 %
$7,718 $(424)95 %
Non-investment grade fixed maturities with losses for:
Less than one year (163 securities)
$492 $(26)95 %
One year or longer (55 securities)
32 (4)89 %
$524 $(30)95 %

When a decline in the value of a specific investment is considered to be other-than-temporary, an allowance for credit losses (impairment) is charged to earnings (accounted for as a realized loss). The determination of whether unrealized losses are other-than-temporary requires judgment based on subjective as well as objective factors as detailed in AFG’s 2021 Form 10-K under Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Investments.”

Based on its analysis, management believes AFG will recover its cost basis (net of any allowance) in the fixed maturity securities with unrealized losses and that AFG has the ability to hold the securities until they recover in value and had no intent to sell them at June 30, 2022. Although AFG has the ability to continue holding its fixed maturity investments with unrealized losses, its intent to hold them may change due to deterioration in the issuers’ creditworthiness, decisions to lessen exposure to a particular issuer or industry, asset/liability management decisions, market movements, changes in views about appropriate asset allocation or the desire to offset taxable realized gains. Should AFG’s ability or intent change regarding a particular security, a charge for impairment would likely be required. While it is not possible to accurately predict if or when a specific security will become impaired, increases in the allowance for credit losses could be material to results of operations in future periods. Significant declines in the fair value of AFG’s investment portfolio could have a significant adverse effect on AFG’s liquidity. For information on AFG’s realized gains (losses) on securities, see “Results of Operations — Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities.”

Uncertainties
Management believes that the areas posing the greatest risk of material loss are the adequacy of its insurance reserves and contingencies arising out of its former railroad and manufacturing operations. See Management’s Discussion and Analysis — “Uncertainties — Asbestos and Environmental-related (“A&E”) Insurance Reserves” in AFG’s 2021 Form 10–K.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
MANAGED INVESTMENT ENTITIES

Accounting standards require AFG to consolidate its investments in collateralized loan obligation (“CLO”) entities that it manages and owns an interest in (in the form of debt). See Note A — “Accounting Policies — Managed Investment Entities” and Note G — “Managed Investment Entities” to the financial statements. The effect of consolidating these entities is shown in the tables below (in millions). The “Before CLO Consolidation” columns include AFG’s investment and earnings in the CLOs on an unconsolidated basis.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET
Before CLO
Consolidation
Managed
Investment
Entities
Consol.
Entries
Consolidated
As Reported
June 30, 2022
Assets:
Cash and investments$14,353 $— $(85)(*)$14,268 
Assets of managed investment entities— 5,218 — 5,218 
Other assets8,598 — — (*)8,598 
Total assets$22,951 $5,218 $(85)$28,084 
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums
$14,598 $— $— $14,598 
Liabilities of managed investment entities— 5,218 (85)(*)5,133 
Long-term debt and other liabilities4,286 — — 4,286 
Total liabilities18,884 5,218 (85)24,017 
Shareholders’ equity:
Common Stock and Capital surplus1,436 — — 1,436 
Retained earnings2,979 — — 2,979 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(348)— — (348)
Total shareholders’ equity4,067 — — 4,067 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$22,951 $5,218 $(85)$28,084 
December 31, 2021
Assets:
Cash and investments$15,821 $— $(76)(*)$15,745 
Assets of managed investment entities— 5,296 — 5,296 
Other assets7,890 — — (*)7,890 
Total assets$23,711 $5,296 $(76)$28,931 
Liabilities:
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums
$14,115 $— $— $14,115 
Liabilities of managed investment entities
— 5,296 (76)(*)5,220 
Long-term debt and other liabilities
4,584 — — 4,584 
Total liabilities18,699 5,296 (76)23,919 
Shareholders’ equity:
Common Stock and Capital surplus1,415 — — 1,415 
Retained earnings3,478 — — 3,478 
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax119 — — 119 
Total shareholders’ equity5,012 — — 5,012 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$23,711 $5,296 $(76)$28,931 
(*)Elimination of the fair value of AFG’s investment in CLOs and related accrued interest.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS
Before CLO
Consol. (a)
Managed
Investment
Entities
Consol.
Entries
Consolidated
As Reported
Three months ended June 30, 2022
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums$1,393 $— $— $1,393 
Net investment income156 — 12 (b)168 
Realized gains (losses) on securities(93)— — (93)
Income of managed investment entities:
Investment income— 54 — 54 
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities— (19)(b)(15)
Other income36 — (4)(c)32 
Total revenues1,492 58 (11)1,539 
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses1,206 — — 1,206 
Expenses of managed investment entities— 57 (10)(b)(c)47 
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses80 — — 80 
Total costs and expenses1,286 57 (10)1,333 
Earnings before income taxes206 (1)206 
Provision for income taxes39 — — 39 
Net earnings$167 $$(1)$167 
Three months ended June 30, 2021
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums$1,250 $— $— $1,250 
Net investment income171 — (7)(b)164 
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities43 — — 43 
Subsidiaries— — 
Income of managed investment entities:
Investment income— 44 — 44 
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities— (b)
Other income24 — (4)(c)20 
Total revenues1,492 47 (8)1,531 
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses1,104 — — 1,104 
Expenses of managed investment entities— 47 (8)(b)(c)39 
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses100 — — 100 
Total costs and expenses1,204 47 (8)1,243 
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes288 — — 288 
Provision for income taxes48 — — 48 
Net earnings from continuing operations240 — — 240 
Net earnings from discontinued operations762 — — 762 
Net earnings$1,002 $— $— $1,002 
(a)Includes a loss of $12 million in the second quarter of 2022 and income of $7 million in the second quarter of 2021, representing the change in fair value of AFG’s CLO investments and $4 million of income in both the second quarter of 2022 and 2021, in CLO management fees earned.
(b)Elimination of the change in fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs, including $6 million and $4 million in the second quarter of 2022 and 2021, respectively, in distributions recorded as interest expense by the CLOs.
(c)Elimination of management fees earned by AFG.


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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF EARNINGS
Before CLO
Consol. (a)
Managed
Investment
Entities
Consol.
Entries
Consolidated
As Reported
Six months ended June 30, 2022
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums$2,695 $— $— $2,695 
Net investment income384 — 14 (b)398 
Realized gains (losses) on securities(108)— — (108)
Income of managed investment entities:
Investment income— 100 — 100 
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities— (24)(b)(20)
Other income70 — (8)(c)62 
Total revenues3,041 104 (18)3,127 
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses2,313 — — 2,313 
Expenses of managed investment entities— 103 (17)(b)(c)86 
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses161 — — 161 
Total costs and expenses2,474 103 (17)2,560 
Earnings before income taxes567 (1)567 
Provision for income taxes110 — — 110 
Net earnings$457 $$(1)$457 
Six months ended June 30, 2021
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums$2,423 $— $— $2,423 
Net investment income364 — (12)(b)352 
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities120 — — 120 
Subsidiaries— — 
Income of managed investment entities:
Investment income— 90 — 90 
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities— (b)
Other income51 — (8)(c)43 
Total revenues2,962 92 (14)3,040 
Costs and Expenses:
Insurance benefits and expenses2,151 — — 2,151 
Expenses of managed investment entities— 92 (14)(b)(c)78 
Interest charges on borrowed money and other expenses188 — — 188 
Total costs and expenses2,339 92 (14)2,417 
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes623 — — 623 
Provision for income taxes116 — — 116 
Net earnings from continuing operations507 — — 507 
Net earnings from discontinued operations914 — — 914 
Net earnings$1,421 $— $— $1,421 
(a)Includes a loss of $14 million in the first six months of 2022 and income of $12 million in the first six months of 2021, representing the change in fair value of AFG’s CLO investments and $8 million of income in both the first six months of 2022 and 2021, in CLO management fees earned.
(b)Elimination of the change in fair value of AFG’s investments in the CLOs, including $9 million and $6 million in the first six months of 2022 and 2021, respectively, in distributions recorded as interest expense by the CLOs.
(c)Elimination of management fees earned by AFG.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

General
AFG’s net earnings, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. In addition to discontinued operations, core net operating earnings excludes realized gains (losses) on securities because such gains and losses are influenced significantly by financial markets, interest rates and the timing of sales. In addition, special charges related to coverage that AFG no longer writes, such as asbestos and environmental exposures, are excluded from core earnings.

AFG recorded $762 million in non-core net earnings from its discontinued annuity operations (sold in May 2021) in the second quarter of 2021, which includes a $697 million after tax gain on the sale. The first six months of 2021 include $914 million in non-core net earnings from the discontinued annuity operations.

In the second quarter of 2021, AFG recognized a non-core after tax gain of $3 million related to contingent consideration received from the December 2020 sale of AFG’s Lloyd’s of London insurer, Neon Underwriting Ltd (‘Neon”).

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The following table (in millions, except per share amounts) identifies non-core items and reconciles net earnings to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure. AFG believes core net operating earnings is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends and for management to evaluate financial performance against historical results because it believes this provides a more comparable measure of its continuing business.
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
2022202120222021
Components of net earnings:
Core operating earnings before income taxes$308 $252 $686 $510 
Pretax non-core items:
Realized gains (losses) on securities(93)43 (108)120 
Neon exited lines (*)— — 
Loss on retirement of debt(9)— (11)— 
Other— (11)— (11)
Earnings before income taxes206 288 567 623 
Provision for income taxes:
Core operating earnings65 47 140 99 
Non-core items:
Realized gains (losses) on securities(20)(23)25 
Neon exited lines (*)— — 
Loss on retirement of debt(2)— (3)— 
Other(4)(9)(4)(9)
Total provision for income taxes39 48 110 116 
Net earnings from continuing operations167 240 457 507 
Net earnings from discontinued annuity operations— 762 — 914 
Net earnings$167 $1,002 $457 $1,421 
Net earnings:
Core net operating earnings$243 $205 $546 $411 
Realized gains (losses) on securities(73)34 (85)95 
Neon exited lines (*)— — 
Loss on retirement of debt(7)— (8)— 
Other(2)(2)
Net earnings from continuing operations167 240 457 507 
Discontinued annuity operations— 762 — 914 
Net earnings$167 $1,002 $457 $1,421 
Diluted per share amounts:
Core net operating earnings$2.85 $2.39 $6.41 $4.78 
Realized gains (losses) on securities(0.86)0.40 (1.00)1.10 
Neon exited lines (*)— 0.04 — 0.04 
Loss on retirement of debt(0.08)— (0.10)— 
Other0.05 (0.02)0.05 (0.02)
Diluted per share amounts, continuing operations1.96 2.81 5.36 5.90 
Discontinued annuity operations— 8.89 — 10.61 
Net earnings$1.96 $11.70 $5.36 $16.51 
(*)In the second quarter of 2021, AFG recognized a non-core after tax gain of $3 million related to contingent consideration received on the sale of Neon.

Net earnings were $167 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $1.00 billion in the second quarter of 2021. The decrease in results reflects net earnings from the discontinued annuity operations in the second quarter of 2021 and net realized losses on securities in the second quarter of 2022 compared to net realized gains on securities in the second quarter of 2021, partially offset by higher core net operating earnings. The discontinued annuity operations includes an after tax gain from the sale of the annuity subsidiaries of $697 million in the second quarter of 2021. Core net operating
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
earnings for the second quarter of 2022 increased $38 million compared to the second quarter of 2021 reflecting higher underwriting profit and lower holding company expenses. Realized gains (losses) on securities in the second quarter of 2022 and 2021 resulted primarily from the change in fair value of equity securities that were still held at the balance sheet date.

Net earnings were $457 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $1.42 billion in the first six months of 2021. The decrease in results reflects net earnings from the discontinued annuity operations in the first six months 2021 and net realized losses on securities in the first six months of 2022 compared to net realized gains on securities in the first six months of 2021, partially offset by higher core net operating earnings. The discontinued annuity operations includes an after tax gain from the sale of the annuity subsidiaries of $656 million in 2021 period (including $41 million in tax liabilities triggered by the pending sale in the first quarter of 2021). Core net operating earnings for the first six months of 2022 increased $135 million compared to the first six months of 2021 reflecting higher underwriting profit, higher net investment income and lower holding company expenses. Realized gains (losses) on securities in the first six months of 2022 and 2021 resulted primarily from the change in fair value of equity securities that were still held at the balance sheet date.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — THREE MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2021

Segmented Statement of Earnings
Subsequent to the sale of its annuity operations, AFG reports its operations as two segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance (“P&C”) and (ii) Other, which includes holding company costs and income and expenses related to the managed investment entities (“MIEs”).
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

AFG’s net earnings, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. The following tables for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 identify such items by segment and reconcile net earnings to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that AFG believes is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends (in millions):
Other
P&CConsol. MIEsHolding Co., other and unallocatedTotalNon-core reclassGAAP Total
Three months ended June 30, 2022
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums
$1,393 $— $— $1,393 $— $1,393 
Net investment income156 12 — 168 — 168 
Realized gains (losses) on securities— — — — (93)(93)
Income of MIEs:
Investment income— 54 — 54 — 54 
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities
— (15)— (15)— (15)
Other income(4)30 32 — 32 
Total revenues1,555 47 30 1,632 (93)1,539 
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses774 — — 774 — 774 
Commissions and other underwriting expenses
423 — 432 — 432 
Interest charges on borrowed money— — 23 23 — 23 
Expenses of MIEs— 47 — 47 — 47 
Other expenses13 — 35 48 57 
Total costs and expenses1,210 47 67 1,324 1,333 
Earnings before income taxes345 — (37)308 (102)206 
Provision for income taxes74 — (9)65 (26)39 
Core Net Operating Earnings271 — (28)243 
Non-core earnings (loss) (*):
Realized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax
— — (73)(73)73 — 
Loss on retirement of debt, net of tax— — (7)(7)— 
Other, net of tax— — (4)— 
Net Earnings$271 $— $(104)$167 $— $167 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Other
P&CAnnuityConsol. MIEsHolding Co., other and unallocatedTotalNon-core reclassGAAP Total
Three months ended June 30, 2021
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums
$1,250 $— $— $— $1,250 $— $1,250 
Net investment income143 22 (7)164 — 164 
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities— — — — — 43 43 
Subsidiaries— — — — — 
Income of MIEs:
Investment income— — 44 — 44 — 44 
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities
— — — — 
Other income— (4)23 20 — 20 
Total revenues1,394 22 39 29 1,484 47 1,531 
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses714 — — — 714 — 714 
Commissions and other underwriting expenses
384 — — 390 — 390 
Interest charges on borrowed money— — — 23 23 — 23 
Expenses of MIEs— — 39 — 39 — 39 
Other expenses— — 58 66 11 77 
Total costs and expenses1,106 — 39 87 1,232 11 1,243 
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes288 22 — (58)252 36 288 
Provision for income taxes57 — (15)47 48 
Core Net Operating Earnings231 17 — (43)205 
Non-core earnings (loss) (*):
Realized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax
— — — 34 34 (34)— 
Discontinued operations, net of tax— 762 — — 762 — 762 
Neon exited lines— — — (3)— 
Other, net of tax
— — — (2)(2)— 
Net Earnings$234 $779 $— $(11)$1,002 $— $1,002 
(*)See the reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP net earnings under “Results of Operations — General” for details on the tax impacts of these reconciling items.

Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations
Performance measures such as underwriting profit or loss and related combined ratios are often used by property and casualty insurers to help users of their financial statements better understand the company’s performance. Underwriting profitability is measured by the combined ratio, which is a sum of the ratios of losses and loss adjustment expenses, and commissions and other underwriting expenses to premiums. A combined ratio under 100% indicates an underwriting profit. The combined ratio does not reflect net investment income, other income, other expenses or federal income taxes.

AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations contributed $345 million in GAAP pretax earnings in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $292 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $53 million (18%). Property and casualty core pretax earnings were $345 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $288 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $57 million (20%). The increase in GAAP and core pretax earnings reflects higher underwriting profit and higher net investment income in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings before income taxes from its property and casualty insurance operations for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20222021% Change
Gross written premiums$2,123 $1,937 10 %
Reinsurance premiums ceded(607)(568)%
Net written premiums1,516 1,369 11 %
Change in unearned premiums(123)(119)%
Net earned premiums1,393 1,250 11 %
Loss and loss adjustment expenses774 714 %
Commissions and other underwriting expenses423 384 10 %
Core underwriting gain196 152 29 %
Net investment income156 143 %
Other income and expenses, net(7)(7)— %
Core earnings before income taxes345 288 20 %
Pretax non-core Neon exited lines (*)— (100 %)
GAAP earnings before income taxes$345 $292 18 %
(*)In the second quarter of 2021, AFG recognized a non-core pretax gain of $4 million related to contingent consideration received on the sale of Neon.
Three months ended June 30,
20222021Change
Combined Ratios:
Specialty lines
Loss and LAE ratio55.4 %57.2 %(1.8 %)
Underwriting expense ratio30.4 %30.7 %(0.3 %)
Combined ratio85.8 %87.9 %(2.1 %)
Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio55.6 %57.2 %(1.6 %)
Underwriting expense ratio30.4 %30.7 %(0.3 %)
Combined ratio86.0 %87.9 %(1.9 %)

AFG reports the underwriting performance of its Specialty property and casualty insurance business in the following sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, (ii) Specialty casualty and (iii) Specialty financial.

To understand the overall profitability of particular lines, the timing of claims payments and the related impact of investment income must be considered. Certain “short-tail” lines of business (primarily property coverages) generally have quick loss payouts, which reduce the time funds are held, thereby limiting investment income earned thereon. In contrast, “long-tail” lines of business (primarily liability coverages and workers’ compensation) generally have payouts that are either structured over many years or take many years to settle, thereby significantly increasing investment income earned on related premiums received.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Gross Written Premiums
Gross written premiums (“GWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $2.12 billion for the second quarter of 2022 compared to $1.94 billion for the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $186 million (10%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty gross written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20222021
GWP%GWP%% Change
Property and transportation$962 45 %$851 44 %13 %
Specialty casualty948 45 %897 46 %%
Specialty financial213 10 %189 10 %13 %
$2,123 100 %$1,937 100 %10 %

Reinsurance Premiums Ceded
Reinsurance premiums ceded (“Ceded”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were 29% of gross written premiums for both the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2021. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty reinsurance premiums ceded is shown below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20222021Change in
Ceded% of GWPCeded% of GWP% of GWP
Property and transportation$(330)34 %$(287)34 %— %
Specialty casualty(302)32 %(305)34 %(2 %)
Specialty financial(36)17 %(30)16 %%
Other specialty61 54 
$(607)29 %$(568)29 %— %

Net Written Premiums
Net written premiums (“NWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.52 billion for the second quarter of 2022 compared to $1.37 billion for the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $147 million (11%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20222021
NWP%NWP%% Change
Property and transportation$632 42 %$564 41 %12 %
Specialty casualty646 42 %592 43 %%
Specialty financial177 12 %159 12 %11 %
Other specialty61 %54 %13 %
$1,516 100 %$1,369 100 %11 %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Net Earned Premiums
Net earned premiums (“NEP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $1.39 billion for the second quarter of 2022 compared to $1.25 billion for the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $143 million (11%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net earned premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20222021
NEP%NEP%% Change
Property and transportation$505 36 %$453 36 %11 %
Specialty casualty657 47 %588 47 %12 %
Specialty financial171 12 %157 13 %%
Other specialty60 %52 %15 %
$1,393 100 %$1,250 100 %11 %

Gross written premiums for the second quarter of 2022 increased $186 million (10%) compared to the second quarter of 2021 reflecting new business opportunities, increased exposures and renewal rate increases. Overall average renewal rates increased approximately 4% in the second quarter of 2022. Excluding rate decreases in the workers’ compensation business, renewal rates increased approximately 6%.

Property and transportation Gross written premiums increased $111 million (13%) in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021 due primarily to increased exposures and higher rates in the transportation businesses and growth in the crop insurance business. Average renewal rates increased approximately 5% for this group in the second quarter of 2022. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums were comparable in the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2021 reflecting growth in the crop insurance operations (which cede a larger percentage of premiums than the other businesses in the Property and transportation sub-segment) and higher cessions in the ocean marine business, offset by the impact of $3 million in reinsurance reinstatement premiums recorded in the second quarter of 2021 related to a large property loss.

Specialty casualty Gross written premiums increased $51 million (6%) in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021 due primarily to increased exposures in the excess and surplus business, rate increases and new business opportunities in the targeted markets businesses and payroll growth in the workers’ compensation business. This premium growth was partially offset by lower year-over-year premiums in the mergers and acquisition liability business. Average renewal rates increased approximately 4% for this group in the second quarter of 2022. Excluding overall rate decreases in the workers’ compensation businesses, renewal rates for this group increased approximately 7%. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums decreased 2 percentage points in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021 reflecting lower cessions in the environmental, excess liability, mergers and acquisitions and targeted markets businesses.

Specialty financial Gross written premiums increased $24 million (13%) in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021 due primarily to new business opportunities in the lender services business, and exposure growth and new business opportunities in the trade credit and surety businesses. Average renewal rates increased approximately 2% for this group in the second quarter of 2022. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 1 percentage point in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021 reflecting higher cessions in the innovative markets business.

Other specialty The amounts shown as reinsurance premiums ceded represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty property and casualty insurance sub-segments. Reinsurance premiums assumed increased $7 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021 reflecting an increase in premiums retained, primarily from businesses in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Combined Ratio
The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the combined ratio and underwriting profit for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment:
Three months ended June 30,Three months ended June 30,
20222021Change20222021
Property and transportation
Loss and LAE ratio64.7 %58.2 %6.5 %
Underwriting expense ratio27.7 %28.4 %(0.7 %)
Combined ratio92.4 %86.6 %5.8 %
Underwriting profit$39 $62 
Specialty casualty
Loss and LAE ratio53.9 %61.9 %(8.0 %)
Underwriting expense ratio26.2 %26.0 %0.2 %
Combined ratio80.1 %87.9 %(7.8 %)
Underwriting profit$130 $71 
Specialty financial
Loss and LAE ratio25.7 %33.0 %(7.3 %)
Underwriting expense ratio52.7 %53.4 %(0.7 %)
Combined ratio78.4 %86.4 %(8.0 %)
Underwriting profit$37 $21 
Total Specialty
Loss and LAE ratio55.4 %57.2 %(1.8 %)
Underwriting expense ratio30.4 %30.7 %(0.3 %)
Combined ratio85.8 %87.9 %(2.1 %)
Underwriting profit$197 $153 
Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio55.6 %57.2 %(1.6 %)
Underwriting expense ratio30.4 %30.7 %(0.3 %)
Combined ratio86.0 %87.9 %(1.9 %)
Underwriting profit$196 $152 

The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $197 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $153 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $44 million (29%). This increase reflects higher underwriting profit in the Specialty casualty and Specialty financial sub-segments, partially offset by lower underwriting profit in the Specialty property and transportation sub-segment. Overall catastrophe losses were $22 million (1.6 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2022 compared to catastrophe losses of $10 million (0.9 points) and related net reinstatement premiums of $1 million in the second quarter of 2021. Underwriting results for the Specialty property and casualty insurance operations include $2 million (0.2 points on the combined ratio) in COVID-19 related losses in the second quarter of 2021.

Property and transportation Underwriting profit for this group was $39 million for the second quarter of 2022 compared to $62 million for the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of $23 million (37%). This decrease reflects higher large loss activity and higher catastrophe losses in the property and inland marine business and lower levels of favorable prior period reserve development when compared to an elevated level of favorable reserve development in the second quarter of 2021. Catastrophe losses were $19 million (3.8 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2022 compared to catastrophe losses of $6 million (1.4 points) and related net reinstatement premiums of $1 million in the second quarter of 2021.

Specialty casualty Underwriting profit for this group was $130 million for the second quarter of 2022 compared to $71 million for the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $59 million (83%). This increase reflects higher year-over-year underwriting profit in the workers’ compensation, excess and surplus and executive liability businesses. Catastrophe
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
losses were less than $1 million (0.1 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $2 million (0.3 points) in the second quarter of 2021.

Specialty financial Underwriting profit for this group was $37 million for the second quarter of 2022 compared to $21 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $16 million (76%). This increase reflects higher year-over-year underwriting profit in the trade credit and fidelity businesses. Catastrophe losses were $3 million (1.5 points on the combined ratio) in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $2 million (1.8 points) in the second quarter of 2021. Underwriting results for the Specialty financial sub-segment include $2 million (1.3 points on the combined ratio) in COVID-19 related losses in the second quarter of 2021.

Other specialty This group reported an underwriting loss of $9 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $1 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $8 million (800%). This increase reflects higher losses in the business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty sub-segments in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021.

Aggregate Aggregate underwriting results for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes adverse prior year reserve development of $1 million in both the second quarter of 2022 and 2021 related to business outside the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
AFG’s overall loss and LAE ratio was 55.6% for the second quarter of 2022 compared to 57.2% for the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of 1.6 percentage points. The components of AFG’s property and casualty losses and LAE amounts and ratio are detailed below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
AmountRatioChange in
2022202120222021Ratio
Property and transportation
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$338 $297 66.9 %65.6 %1.3 %
Prior accident years development(30)(40)(6.0 %)(8.8 %)2.8 %
Current year COVID-19 related losses— — — %— %— %
Current year catastrophe losses19 3.8 %1.4 %2.4 %
Property and transportation losses and LAE and ratio$327 $263 64.7 %58.2 %6.5 %
Specialty casualty
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$403 $381 61.3 %64.9 %(3.6 %)
Prior accident years development(49)(20)(7.5 %)(3.4 %)(4.1 %)
Current year COVID-19 related losses— — — %0.1 %(0.1 %)
Current year catastrophe losses— 0.1 %0.3 %(0.2 %)
Specialty casualty losses and LAE and ratio$354 $363 53.9 %61.9 %(8.0 %)
Specialty financial
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$56 $60 33.0 %37.2 %(4.2 %)
Prior accident years development(15)(12)(8.8 %)(7.3 %)(1.5 %)
Current year COVID-19 related losses— — %1.3 %(1.3 %)
Current year catastrophe losses1.5 %1.8 %(0.3 %)
Specialty financial losses and LAE and ratio$44 $52 25.7 %33.0 %(7.3 %)
Total Specialty
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$837 $769 60.1 %61.5 %(1.4 %)
Prior accident years development(86)(68)(6.3 %)(5.4 %)(0.9 %)
Current year COVID-19 related losses— — %0.2 %(0.2 %)
Current year catastrophe losses22 10 1.6 %0.9 %0.7 %
Total Specialty losses and LAE and ratio$773 $713 55.4 %57.2 %(1.8 %)
Aggregate — including exited lines
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$837 $769 60.1 %61.5 %(1.4 %)
Prior accident years development(85)(67)(6.1 %)(5.4 %)(0.7 %)
Current year COVID-19 related losses— — %0.2 %(0.2 %)
Current year catastrophe losses22 10 1.6 %0.9 %0.7 %
Aggregate losses and LAE and ratio$774 $714 55.6 %57.2 %(1.6 %)

Current accident year losses and LAE, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses
The current accident year loss and LAE ratio, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations was 60.1% for the second quarter of 2022 compared to 61.5% for the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of 1.4 percentage points.

Property and transportation   The 1.3 percentage point increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses reflects an increase in the loss and LAE ratio in the property and inland marine business due primarily to higher reported large losses in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Specialty casualty   The 3.6 percentage point decrease in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses reflects improved results in the workers’ compensation and executive liability businesses.

Specialty financial The 4.2 percentage point decrease in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses reflects improved results in the financial institutions and trade credit businesses.

Net prior year reserve development
AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded net favorable reserve development related to prior accident years of $86 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $68 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $18 million (26%).

Property and transportation Net favorable reserve development of $30 million in the second quarter of 2022 reflects lower than anticipated losses in the crop business, lower than expected claim frequency in the trucking business, lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the aviation business and lower than anticipated claim severity in the property and inland marine business. Net favorable reserve development of $40 million in the second quarter of 2021 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the transportation and agricultural businesses and lower than expected claim severity in the property and inland marine business.

Specialty casualty Net favorable reserve development of $49 million in the second quarter of 2022 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses and lower than expected claim frequency in the executive liability and excess and surplus businesses, partially offset by higher than anticipated claim severity in the excess liability businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $20 million in the second quarter of 2021 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the excess and surplus lines businesses, partially offset by higher than anticipated claim severity in general liability claims.

Specialty financial Net favorable reserve development of $15 million in the second quarter of 2022 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency in the surety and trade credit businesses and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the fidelity business. Net favorable reserve development of $12 million in the second quarter of 2021 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency in the surety business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the financial institutions business.

Other specialty In addition to the development discussed above, total Specialty prior year reserve development includes net adverse reserve development of $8 million in the second quarter of 2022 and $4 million in the second quarter of 2021, reflecting net adverse reserve development associated with AFG’s internal reinsurance program, partially offset by the amortization of the deferred gains on the retroactive reinsurance transactions entered into in connection with the sale of businesses in 1998 and 2001.

Aggregate Aggregate net prior accident years reserve development for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes net adverse reserve development of $1 million in both the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2021 related to business outside the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

COVID-19 related losses
In the second quarter of 2022, AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations released $4 million of prior accident year COVID-19 reserves based on improved loss experience in the trade credit and workers’ compensation businesses. In the second quarter of 2021, AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded $2 million in reserve charges related to COVID-19, primarily related to the economic slowdown impacting the trade credit business, and released approximately $4 million of accident year 2020 reserves based on loss experience. Given the uncertainties surrounding the ultimate number and scope of claims relating to the pandemic, approximately 57% of the $86 million in COVID-19 related losses are held as incurred but not reported reserves at June 30, 2022.

Catastrophe losses
AFG generally seeks to reduce its exposure to catastrophes through individual risk selection, including minimizing coastal and known fault-line exposures, and the purchase of reinsurance. Based on data available at December 31, 2021, AFG’s
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
exposure to a catastrophic earthquake or windstorm that industry models indicate should statistically occur once in every 100, 250 or 500 years as a percentage of AFG’s Shareholders’ Equity is shown below:
Approximate impact of modeled loss
Industry Modelon AFG’s Shareholders’ Equity
100-year event1%
250-year event1%
500-year event2%
AFG maintains comprehensive property catastrophe reinsurance coverage for its property and casualty insurance operations, including a $20 million per occurrence net retention, for losses up to $125 million in the vast majority of circumstances. In certain unlikely events, AFG’s ultimate loss under this coverage could be as high as $39 million for a single occurrence. AFG further maintains supplemental fully collateralized reinsurance coverage up to 94% of $325 million for catastrophe losses in excess of $125 million of traditional catastrophe reinsurance through a catastrophe bond.

Catastrophe losses of $22 million in the second quarter of 2022 and $10 million in the second quarter of 2021 resulted primarily from storms in multiple regions of the United States.

Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses
AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses (“U/W Exp”) were $423 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $384 million for the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $39 million (10%). AFG’s underwriting expense ratio, calculated as commissions and other underwriting expenses divided by net premiums earned, was 30.4% for the second quarter of 2022 compared to 30.7% for the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of 0.3 percentage points. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios is shown below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20222021Change in
U/W Exp% of NEPU/W Exp% of NEP% of NEP
Property and transportation$139 27.7 %$128 28.4 %(0.7 %)
Specialty casualty173 26.2 %154 26.0 %0.2 %
Specialty financial90 52.7 %84 53.4 %(0.7 %)
Other specialty21 35.0 %18 35.7 %(0.7 %)
$423 30.4 %$384 30.7 %(0.3 %)

Property and transportation   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 0.7 percentage points in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021 reflecting the impact of higher premiums in the trucking business on the ratio in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021.

Specialty casualty   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums are comparable in the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2021.

Specialty financial   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 0.7 percentage points in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021 reflecting the impact of higher premiums in the surety business on the ratio in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021, partially offset by higher profit-based commissions to reinsurers in the financial institutions business in the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Property and Casualty Net Investment Income
Net investment income in AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was $156 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $143 million in the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $13 million (9%). The average invested assets and overall yield earned on investments held by AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations are provided below (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20222021Change% Change
Net investment income:
Net investment income, excluding alternative investments$94 $80 $14 18 %
Alternative investments62 63 (1)(2 %)
Total net investment income$156 $143 $13 %
Average invested assets (at amortized cost)$13,983 $12,630 $1,353 11 %
Yield (net investment income as a % of average invested assets)4.46 %4.53 %(0.07 %)
Tax equivalent yield (*)4.56 %4.67 %(0.11 %)
(*)Adjusts the yield on equity securities and tax-exempt bonds to the fully taxable equivalent yield.

The property and casualty insurance segment’s increase in net investment income for the second quarter of 2022 compared to the second quarter of 2021 reflects higher average investments and higher fixed maturity yields. The property and casualty insurance segment’s overall yield on investments (net investment income as a percentage of average invested assets) was 4.46% for the second quarter of 2022 compared to 4.53% for the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of 0.07 percentage points as higher yields on fixed maturity investments were more than offset by lower yields on alternative investments. The annualized return earned on alternative investments was 12.4% in the second quarter of 2022 compared to 22.9% in the comparable prior year period.

Property and Casualty Other Income and Expenses, Net
Other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was a net expense of $7 million for both the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2021. The table below details the items included in other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20222021
Other income:
Income (loss) related to the sale of real estate$$(1)
Other
Total other income
Other expenses:
Amortization of intangibles
Interest expense on funds withheld
Other
Total other expenses13 
Other income and expenses, net$(7)$(7)

Holding Company, Other and Unallocated — Results of Operations
AFG’s net GAAP pretax loss outside of its property and casualty insurance segment (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $46 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $69 million in the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of $23 million (33%). AFG’s net core pretax loss outside of its property and casualty insurance segment (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $37 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $58 million in the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of $21 million (36%).
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core loss before income taxes from operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20222021% Change
Revenues:
Net investment income (loss)$— $(100 %)
Other income — P&C fees
21 18 17 %
Other income
80 %
Total revenues
30 29 %
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance — loss adjustment and underwriting expenses50 %
Other expense — expenses associated with P&C fees
12 12 — %
Other expenses (*)23 46 (50 %)
Costs and expenses, excluding interest charges on borrowed money
44 64 (31 %)
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses and interest charges on borrowed money(14)(35)(60 %)
Interest charges on borrowed money
23 23 — %
Core loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses
(37)(58)(36 %)
Pretax non-core loss on retirement of debt(9)— — %
Pretax non-core loss on pension settlement— (11)(100 %)
GAAP loss from continuing operations before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses$(46)$(69)(33 %)
(*)Excludes a pretax non-core loss on retirement of debt of $9 million in the second quarter of 2022 and a pretax non-core loss of $11 million related to the settlement of pension liabilities of a small former manufacturing operation in the second quarter of 2021.

Holding Company and Other — Net Investment Income (Loss)
AFG recorded a net loss on investments held outside of its property and casualty insurance segment of less than $1 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to net investment income of $6 million in the second quarter of 2021, a change of $6 million (100%). The small portfolio of equity securities held at the holding company that are carried at fair value through net investment income declined in value by $7 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to increasing in value by $3 million in the second quarter of 2021. Excluding the change in fair value of these equity securities, net investment income outside of AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment improved to $7 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $3 million in the second quarter of 2021 reflecting higher average investment balances and income from directly owned real estate investments acquired from the annuity subsidiaries in conjunction with the sale of the annuity business in May 2021.

Holding Company and Other — P&C Fees and Related Expenses
Summit, a workers’ compensation insurance subsidiary, collects fees from a small group of unaffiliated insurers for providing underwriting, policy administration and claims services. In addition, certain of AFG’s property and casualty insurance businesses collect fees from customers for ancillary services such as workplace safety programs and premium financing. In the second quarter of 2022, AFG collected $18 million for these services compared to $17 million in the second quarter of 2021. Management views this fee income, net of the $12 million in both the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2021 in expenses incurred to generate such fees, as a reduction in the cost of underwriting its property and casualty insurance policies. In addition, AFG’s property and casualty insurance businesses collected $3 million and $1 million in fees from AFG’s disposed annuity operations during the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2021, respectively, as compensation for certain services provided under a transition services agreement. The expenses related to providing such services are embedded in property and casualty underwriting expenses. Consistent with internal management reporting, all of these fees and the related expenses are netted and recorded as a reduction of loss adjustment expenses and underwriting expenses in AFG’s segmented results.

Holding Company and Other — Other Income
Other income in the table above includes $4 million in both the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2021, in management fees paid to AFG by the AFG-managed CLOs (AFG’s consolidated managed investment entities). The
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
management fees are eliminated in consolidation — see the other income line in the Consolidate MIEs column under “Results of Operations — Segmented Statement of Earnings.” Excluding amounts eliminated in consolidation, AFG recorded other income outside of its property and casualty insurance segment of $5 million in the second quarter of 2022 and $1 million the second quarter of 2021, an increase of $4 million (400%), due primarily to income from the sale of real estate.

Holding Company and Other — Other Expenses
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment recorded other expenses of $23 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $46 million in the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of $23 million (50%), reflecting lower holding company expenses related to employee benefit plans that are tied to stock market performance.

Holding Company and Other — Interest Charges on Borrowed Money
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment recorded interest expense of $23 million in both the second quarter of 2022 and the second quarter of 2021.

Holding Company and Other — Loss on Retirement of Debt
During the second quarter of 2022, AFG retired its $377 million outstanding principal amount of 3.50% Senior Notes for $383 million cash (including a make-whole premium of $6 million), which resulted in a $9 million pretax non-core loss on retirement of debt.

Holding Company and Other — Loss on Pension Settlement
In the second quarter of 2021, AFG settled pension liabilities related to a small former manufacturing operation resulting in a pretax non-core loss of $11 million.

Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities
AFG’s realized gains (losses) on securities were net losses of $93 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to net gains of $43 million in the second quarter of 2021, a change of $136 million (316%). Realized gains (losses) on securities consisted of the following (in millions):
Three months ended June 30,
20222021
Realized gains (losses) before impairment allowances:
Disposals$(7)$
Change in the fair value of equity securities(82)42 
Change in the fair value of derivatives(3)— 
(92)43 
Change in allowance for impairments on securities(1)— 
Realized gains (losses) on securities$(93)$43 

The $82 million net realized loss from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the second quarter of 2022 includes losses of $27 million on investments in banks and financing companies, $19 million on investments in media companies, $9 million on investments in retail companies and $8 million on investments in healthcare companies. The $42 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the second quarter of 2021 includes gains of $16 million on investments in energy and natural gas companies, $9 million on investments in banks and financing companies, $7 million on investments in healthcare companies and $6 million on investments in media companies.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Realized Gain on Subsidiary
In the second quarter of 2021, AFG recognized a pretax gain on sale of subsidiary of $4 million related to contingent consideration received on the sale of Neon.

Consolidated Income Taxes on Continuing Operations
AFG’s consolidated provision for income taxes on continuing operations was $39 million for the second quarter of 2022 compared to $48 million for the second quarter of 2021, a decrease of $9 million (19%). See Note K — “Income Taxes” to the financial statements for an analysis of items affecting AFG’s effective tax rate on continuing operations.

Real Estate Entities Acquired from the Annuity Operations
Prior to the completion of the sale of its annuity operations in May 2021, AFG parent and its property and casualty insurance operations acquired certain real estate-related partnerships and directly owned real estate from those operations. GAAP pretax earnings from continuing operations for the second quarter of 2021 includes the earnings from these entities and certain other expenses that were retained from the annuity operations.

Discontinued Annuity Operations
AFG’s discontinued annuity operations, which were sold in May 2021, contributed $762 million in GAAP net earnings in the second quarter of 2021, which includes a $697 million after tax gain on the sale.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS — SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2022 AND 2021

Segmented Statement of Earnings
Subsequent to the sale of its annuity operations, AFG reports its operations as two segments: (i) Property and casualty insurance (“P&C”) and (ii) Other, which includes holding company costs and income and expenses related to the managed investment entities (“MIEs”).

AFG’s net earnings, determined in accordance with GAAP, include certain items that may not be indicative of its ongoing core operations. The following tables for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 identify such items by segment and reconcile net earnings to core net operating earnings, a non-GAAP financial measure that AFG believes is a useful tool for investors and analysts in analyzing ongoing operating trends (in millions):
Other
P&CConsol. MIEsHolding Co., other and unallocatedTotalNon-core reclassGAAP Total
Six months ended June 30, 2022
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums
$2,695 $— $— $2,695 $— $2,695 
Net investment income379 14 398 — 398 
Realized gains (losses) on securities— — — — (108)(108)
Income of MIEs:
Investment income— 100 — 100 — 100 
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities
— (20)— (20)— (20)
Other income10 (8)60 62 — 62 
Total revenues3,084 86 65 3,235 (108)3,127 
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses1,467 — — 1,467 — 1,467 
Commissions and other underwriting expenses
825 — 21 846 — 846 
Interest charges on borrowed money— — 46 46 — 46 
Expenses of MIEs— 86 — 86 — 86 
Other expenses25 — 79 104 11 115 
Total costs and expenses2,317 86 146 2,549 11 2,560 
Earnings before income taxes767 — (81)686 (119)567 
Provision for income taxes160 — (20)140 (30)110 
Core Net Operating Earnings607 — (61)546 
Non-core earnings (loss) (*):
Realized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax
— — (85)(85)85 — 
Loss on retirement of debt, net of tax— — (8)(8)— 
Other, net of tax— — (4)— 
Net Earnings$607 $— $(150)$457 $— $457 
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Other
P&CAnnuityConsol. MIEsHolding Co., other and unallocatedTotalNon-core reclassGAAP Total
Six months ended June 30, 2021
Revenues:
Property and casualty insurance net earned premiums
$2,423 $— $— $— $2,423 $— $2,423 
Net investment income302 51 (12)11 352 — 352 
Realized gains (losses) on:
Securities— — — — — 120 120 
Subsidiaries— — — — — 
Income of MIEs:
Investment income— — 90 — 90 — 90 
Gain (loss) on change in fair value of assets/liabilities
— — — — 
Other income— (8)46 43 — 43 
Total revenues2,730 51 78 57 2,916 124 3,040 
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses1,381 — — — 1,381 — 1,381 
Commissions and other underwriting expenses
756 — — 14 770 — 770 
Interest charges on borrowed money— — — 47 47 — 47 
Expenses of MIEs— — 78 — 78 — 78 
Other expenses17 — 112 130 11 141 
Total costs and expenses2,154 78 173 2,406 11 2,417 
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes576 50 — (116)510 113 623 
Provision for income taxes113 11 — (25)99 17 116 
Core Net Operating Earnings463 39 — (91)411 
Non-core earnings (loss) (*):
Realized gains (losses) on securities, net of tax
— — — 95 95 (95)— 
Discontinued operations, net of tax— 914 — — 914 — 914 
Neon exited lines— — — (3)— 
Other, net of tax— — — (2)(2)— 
Net Earnings$466 $953 $— $$1,421 $— $1,421 
(*)See the reconciliation of core earnings to GAAP net earnings under “Results of Operations — General” for details on the tax impacts of these reconciling items.

Property and Casualty Insurance Segment — Results of Operations
AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations contributed $767 million in GAAP pretax earnings in the first six months of 2022 compared to $580 million in the first six months of 2021, an increase of $187 million (32%). Property and casualty core pretax earnings were $767 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $576 million in the first six months of 2021, an increase of $191 million (33%). The increase in GAAP and core pretax earnings reflects higher underwriting profit and higher net investment income primarily from alternative investments (partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs) in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core earnings before income taxes from its property and casualty insurance operations for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021% Change
Gross written premiums$4,059 $3,553 14 %
Reinsurance premiums ceded(1,175)(979)20 %
Net written premiums2,884 2,574 12 %
Change in unearned premiums(189)(151)25 %
Net earned premiums2,695 2,423 11 %
Loss and loss adjustment expenses1,467 1,381 %
Commissions and other underwriting expenses825 756 %
Core underwriting gain403 286 41 %
Net investment income379 302 25 %
Other income and expenses, net(15)(12)25 %
Core earnings before income taxes767 576 33 %
Pretax non-core Neon exited lines (*)— (100 %)
GAAP earnings before income taxes$767 $580 32 %
(*)In the second quarter of 2021, AFG recognized a non-core pretax gain of $4 million related to contingent consideration received on the sale of Neon.
Six months ended June 30,
20222021Change
Combined Ratios:
Specialty lines
Loss and LAE ratio54.3 %57.0 %(2.7 %)
Underwriting expense ratio30.6 %31.2 %(0.6 %)
Combined ratio84.9 %88.2 %(3.3 %)
Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio54.4 %57.0 %(2.6 %)
Underwriting expense ratio30.6 %31.2 %(0.6 %)
Combined ratio85.0 %88.2 %(3.2 %)

AFG reports the underwriting performance of its Specialty property and casualty insurance business in the following sub-segments: (i) Property and transportation, (ii) Specialty casualty and (iii) Specialty financial.

Gross Written Premiums
Gross written premiums (“GWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $4.06 billion for the first six months of 2022 compared to $3.55 billion for the first six months of 2021, an increase of $506 million (14%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty gross written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021
GWP%GWP%% Change
Property and transportation$1,722 42 %$1,371 38 %26 %
Specialty casualty1,924 48 %1,801 51 %%
Specialty financial413 10 %381 11 %%
$4,059 100 %$3,553 100 %14 %

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Reinsurance Premiums Ceded
Reinsurance premiums ceded (“Ceded”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were 29% of gross written premiums for the first six months of 2022 compared to 28% of gross written premiums for the first six months of 2021, an increase of 1 percentage point. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty reinsurance premiums ceded is shown below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021Change in
Ceded% of GWPCeded% of GWP% of GWP
Property and transportation$(589)34 %$(404)29 %%
Specialty casualty(628)33 %(621)34 %(1 %)
Specialty financial(77)19 %(61)16 %%
Other specialty119 107 
$(1,175)29 %$(979)28 %%

Net Written Premiums
Net written premiums (“NWP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $2.88 billion for the first six months of 2022 compared to $2.57 billion for the first six months of 2021, an increase of $310 million (12%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net written premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021
NWP%NWP%% Change
Property and transportation$1,133 39 %$967 38 %17 %
Specialty casualty1,296 45 %1,180 46 %10 %
Specialty financial336 12 %320 12 %%
Other specialty119 %107 %11 %
$2,884 100 %$2,574 100 %12 %

Net Earned Premiums
Net earned premiums (“NEP”) for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment were $2.70 billion for the first six months of 2022 compared to $2.42 billion for the first six months of 2021, an increase of $272 million (11%). Detail of AFG’s property and casualty net earned premiums is shown below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021
NEP%NEP%% Change
Property and transportation$948 35 %$847 35 %12 %
Specialty casualty1,296 48 %1,159 48 %12 %
Specialty financial334 12 %314 13 %%
Other specialty117 %103 %14 %
$2,695 100 %$2,423 100 %11 %

The $506 million (14%) increase in gross written premiums for the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 reflects the favorable impact of timing differences in the recording of premiums in the Property and transportation sub-segment. Excluding that impact, gross and net written premiums increased 9% and 10%, respectively, compared to the first six months of 2021 as a result of new business opportunities, increased exposures and renewal rate increases. Overall average renewal rates increased approximately 5% in the first six months of 2022. Excluding the workers’ compensation business, renewal pricing increased approximately 7%.

Property and transportation Gross written premiums increased $351 million (26%) in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 due primarily to the timing of premium recognition between the fourth quarter of 2021 and the first quarter of 2022 in the crop insurance business and the timing of the renewal of a large account in the transportation business. Excluding the impact of these items, gross and net written premiums grew 13% and 12%, respectively, reflecting increased exposures and higher rates in the transportation businesses and growth in the crop insurance business. Average renewal rates increased approximately 6% for this group in the first six months of 2022. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 5 percentage points in the first six
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 reflecting the timing of premium recognition in the crop insurance operations, which cede a larger percentage of premiums than the other businesses in the Property and transportation sub-segment.

Specialty casualty Gross written premiums increased $123 million (7%) in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 due primarily to increased exposures in the excess and surplus business, rate increases and new business opportunities in the targeted markets businesses and payroll growth in the workers’ compensation business. This premium growth was partially offset by lower year-over-year premiums in the mergers and acquisition liability business. Average renewal rates increased approximately 4% for this group in the first six months of 2022. Excluding overall rate decreases in the workers’ compensation business, renewal rates for this group increased approximately 8%. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums decreased 1 percentage point in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 reflecting lower cessions in the environmental, excess and surplus, excess liability and mergers and acquisitions liability businesses.

Specialty financial Gross written premiums increased $32 million (8%) in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 due primarily to rate increases and new business opportunities in the fidelity business and new business opportunities in the innovative markets and lender services businesses. Average renewal rates increased approximately 4% for this group in the first six months of 2022. Reinsurance premiums ceded as a percentage of gross written premiums increased 3 percentage points for the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 reflecting higher cessions in the innovative markets business.

Other specialty The amounts shown as reinsurance premiums ceded represent business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty property and casualty insurance sub-segments. Reinsurance premiums assumed increased $12 million (11%) in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021, reflecting an increase in premiums retained, primarily from businesses in the Specialty casualty sub-segment.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Combined Ratio
The table below (dollars in millions) details the components of the combined ratio and underwriting profit for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment:
Six months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
20222021Change20222021
Property and transportation
Loss and LAE ratio61.4 %57.1 %4.3 %
Underwriting expense ratio27.9 %29.0 %(1.1 %)
Combined ratio89.3 %86.1 %3.2 %
Underwriting profit$101 $118 
Specialty casualty
Loss and LAE ratio53.9 %62.5 %(8.6 %)
Underwriting expense ratio26.5 %26.5 %— %
Combined ratio80.4 %89.0 %(8.6 %)
Underwriting profit$254 $127 
Specialty financial
Loss and LAE ratio27.5 %33.5 %(6.0 %)
Underwriting expense ratio52.6 %51.9 %0.7 %
Combined ratio80.1 %85.4 %(5.3 %)
Underwriting profit$66 $46 
Total Specialty
Loss and LAE ratio54.3 %57.0 %(2.7 %)
Underwriting expense ratio30.6 %31.2 %(0.6 %)
Combined ratio84.9 %88.2 %(3.3 %)
Underwriting profit$405 $287 
Aggregate — including exited lines
Loss and LAE ratio54.4 %57.0 %(2.6 %)
Underwriting expense ratio30.6 %31.2 %(0.6 %)
Combined ratio85.0 %88.2 %(3.2 %)
Underwriting profit$403 $286 

The Specialty property and casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting profit of $405 million for the first six months of 2022 compared to $287 million for the first six months of 2021, an increase of $118 million (41%), reflecting higher underwriting profit in the Specialty casualty and Specialty financial sub-segments, partially offset by lower underwriting profit in the Specialty property and transportation sub-segment. Underwriting results for the Specialty property and casualty insurance operations include $11 million (0.5 points on the combined ratio) in COVID-19 related losses in the first six months of 2021. Overall catastrophe losses were $31 million (1.2 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2022 compared to catastrophe losses of $30 million (1.3 points) and related net reinstatement premiums of $12 million in the first six months of 2021.

Property and transportation Underwriting profit for this group was $101 million for the first six months of 2022 compared to $118 million for the first six months of 2021, a decrease of $17 million (14%). This decrease reflects lower underwriting profit in the transportation businesses, primarily the result of lower favorable prior year reserve development. Catastrophe losses were $25 million (2.7 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2022 compared to catastrophe losses of $20 million (2.4 points) and related net reinstatement premiums of $9 million in the first six months of 2021.

Specialty casualty Underwriting profit for this group was $254 million for the first six months of 2022 compared to $127 million for the first six months of 2021, an increase of $127 million (100%). This increase reflects higher year-over-year underwriting profit in the workers’ compensation, excess and surplus and executive liability businesses. COVID-19 related losses were $7 million (0.6 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2021. Catastrophe losses were $1 million (0.1 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2022 compared to catastrophe losses of $3 million (0.3 points) and related net reinstatement premiums of $1 million in the first six months of 2021.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Specialty financial Underwriting profit for this group was $66 million for the first six months of 2022 compared to $46 million for the first six months of 2021, an increase of $20 million (43%). This increase reflects higher year-over-year underwriting profit in the trade credit and fidelity businesses. COVID-19 related losses were $4 million (1.4 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2021. Catastrophe losses were $5 million (1.4 points on the combined ratio) in the first six months of 2022 compared to catastrophe losses of $6 million (2.0 points) and related net reinstatement premiums of $2 million in the first six months of 2021.

Other specialty This group reported an underwriting loss of $16 million for the first six months of 2022 compared to $4 million in the first six months of 2021, an increase of $12 million (300%). This increase reflects higher losses in the business assumed by AFG’s internal reinsurance program from the operations that make up AFG’s other Specialty sub-segments in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021.

Aggregate Aggregate underwriting results for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes adverse prior year reserve development of $2 million and $1 million in the first six months of 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to business outside of the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
AFG’s overall loss and LAE ratio was 54.4% for the first six months of 2022 compared to 57.0% for the first six months of 2021, a decrease of 2.6 percentage points. The components of AFG’s property and casualty losses and LAE amounts and ratio are detailed below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
AmountRatioChange in
2022202120222021Ratio
Property and transportation
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$622 $547 65.5 %64.5 %1.0 %
Prior accident years development(64)(83)(6.8 %)(9.8 %)3.0 %
Current year COVID-19 related losses— — — %— %— %
Current year catastrophe losses25 20 2.7 %2.4 %0.3 %
Property and transportation losses and LAE and ratio$583 $484 61.4 %57.1 %4.3 %
Specialty casualty
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$795 $743 61.4 %64.1 %(2.7 %)
Prior accident years development(98)(29)(7.6 %)(2.5 %)(5.1 %)
Current year COVID-19 related losses— — %0.6 %(0.6 %)
Current year catastrophe losses0.1 %0.3 %(0.2 %)
Specialty casualty losses and LAE and ratio$698 $724 53.9 %62.5 %(8.6 %)
Specialty financial
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$115 $115 34.6 %36.4 %(1.8 %)
Prior accident years development(28)(20)(8.5 %)(6.3 %)(2.2 %)
Current year COVID-19 related losses— — %1.4 %(1.4 %)
Current year catastrophe losses1.4 %2.0 %(0.6 %)
Specialty financial losses and LAE and ratio$92 $105 27.5 %33.5 %(6.0 %)
Total Specialty
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$1,609 $1,466 59.6 %60.5 %(0.9 %)
Prior accident years development(175)(127)(6.5 %)(5.3 %)(1.2 %)
Current year COVID-19 related losses— 11 — %0.5 %(0.5 %)
Current year catastrophe losses31 30 1.2 %1.3 %(0.1 %)
Total Specialty losses and LAE and ratio$1,465 $1,380 54.3 %57.0 %(2.7 %)
Aggregate — including exited lines
Current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses$1,609 $1,466 59.6 %60.5 %(0.9 %)
Prior accident years development(173)(126)(6.4 %)(5.3 %)(1.1 %)
Current year COVID-19 related losses— 11 — %0.5 %(0.5 %)
Current year catastrophe losses31 30 1.2 %1.3 %(0.1 %)
Aggregate losses and LAE and ratio$1,467 $1,381 54.4 %57.0 %(2.6 %)

Current accident year losses and LAE, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses
The current accident year loss and LAE ratio, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations was 59.6% for the first six months of 2022 compared to 60.5% for the first six months of 2021, a decrease of 0.9 percentage points.

Property and transportation   The 1.0 percentage point increase in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses reflects an increase in the loss and LAE ratio in the property and inland marine business due primarily to higher reported large losses in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021.

Specialty casualty   The 2.7 percentage point decrease in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses reflects improved results in the workers’ compensation and executive liability businesses.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Specialty financial   The 1.8 percentage point decrease in the loss and LAE ratio for the current year, excluding COVID-19 related and catastrophe losses reflects improved results in the financial institutions business.

Net prior year reserve development
AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations recorded net favorable reserve development related to prior accident years of $175 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $127 million in the first six months of 2021, an increase of $48 million (38%).

Property and transportation Net favorable reserve development of $64 million in the first six months of 2022 reflects lower than anticipated losses in the crop business, lower than expected claim frequency in the trucking and ocean marine businesses and at the Singapore branch, lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the aviation business and lower than anticipated claim severity in the property and inland marine business. Net favorable reserve development of $83 million in the first six months of 2021 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the transportation businesses, lower than expected losses in the crop business and lower than expected claim severity in the property and inland marine business, partially offset by higher than expected claim frequency and severity in the equine business.

Specialty casualty Net favorable reserve development of $98 million in the first six months of 2022 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses, lower than expected claim frequency in the executive liability business and lower than anticipated claim frequency and severity in the excess and surplus business, partially offset by higher than anticipated claim severity in the targeted markets and excess liability businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $29 million in the first six months of 2021 reflects lower than anticipated claim severity in the workers’ compensation businesses, partially offset by higher than anticipated claim severity in the general liability, targeted markets and professional liability businesses.

Specialty financial Net favorable reserve development of $28 million in the first six months of 2022 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency in the surety, trade credit and financial institutions businesses. Net favorable reserve development of $20 million in the first six months of 2021 reflects lower than anticipated claim frequency in the surety business and lower than expected claim frequency and severity in the financial institutions business.

Other specialty In addition to the development discussed above, total Specialty prior year reserve development includes net adverse reserve development of $15 million in the first six months of 2022 and $5 million in the first six months of 2021, reflecting net adverse development associated with AFG’s internal reinsurance program, partially offset by the amortization of the deferred gains on the retroactive reinsurance transactions entered into in connection with the sale of businesses in 1998 and 2001.

Aggregate Aggregate net prior accident years reserve development for AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment includes net adverse reserve development of $2 million in the first six months of 2022 and $1 million in the first six months of 2021 related to business outside the Specialty group that AFG no longer writes.

COVID-19 related losses
In the first six months of 2022, AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations released $6 million of prior accident year COVID-19 reserves based on improved loss experience in the trade credit and workers’ compensation businesses. Underwriting results for AFG’s Specialty property and casualty insurance operations in the first six months of 2021 include $11 million in reserve charges related to COVID-19, primarily related to the workers’ compensation and trade credit businesses. AFG released approximately $10 million of accident year 2020 reserves based on loss experience in the first six months of 2021. Given the uncertainties surrounding the ultimate number and scope of claims relating to the pandemic, approximately 57% of the $86 million in COVID-19 related losses are held as incurred but not reported reserves at June 30, 2022.

Catastrophe losses
Catastrophe losses of $31 million in the first six months of 2022 resulted primarily from storms in multiple regions of the United States. Catastrophe losses of $30 million in the first six months of 2021 resulted primarily from storms in multiple regions of the United States, including the winter storms in Texas.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Commissions and Other Underwriting Expenses
AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses (“U/W Exp”) were $825 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $756 million for the first six months of 2021, an increase of $69 million (9%). AFG’s underwriting expense ratio was 30.6% for the first six months of 2022 compared to 31.2% for the first six months of 2021, a decrease of 0.6 percentage points. Detail of AFG’s property and casualty commissions and other underwriting expenses and underwriting expense ratios is shown below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021Change in
U/W Exp% of NEPU/W Exp% of NEP% of NEP
Property and transportation$264 27.9 %$245 29.0 %(1.1 %)
Specialty casualty344 26.5 %308 26.5 %— %
Specialty financial176 52.6 %163 51.9 %0.7 %
Other specialty41 35.4 %40 39.0 %(3.6 %)
$825 30.6 %$756 31.2 %(0.6 %)

Property and transportation   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums decreased 1.1 percentage points in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 reflecting higher profitability-based ceding commissions received from reinsurers in the crop business and the impact of higher premiums in the ocean marine and trucking businesses on the ratio in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021.

Specialty casualty   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums were comparable in the first six months of 2022 and the first six months of 2021.

Specialty financial   Commissions and other underwriting expenses as a percentage of net earned premiums increased 0.7 percentage points in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 reflecting higher profit-based commissions to reinsurers in the financial institutions business in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021, partially offset by the impact of higher premiums in the surety business on the ratio in the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021.

Property and Casualty Net Investment Income
Net investment income in AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was $379 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $302 million in the first six months of 2021, an increase of $77 million (25%). The average invested assets and overall yield earned on investments held by AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations are provided below (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021Change% Change
Net investment income:
Net investment income, excluding alternative investments$178 $162 $16 10 %
Alternative investments201 140 61 44 %
Total net investment income$379 $302 $77 25 %
Average invested assets (at amortized cost)$13,878 $12,539 $1,339 11 %
Yield (net investment income as a % of average invested assets)5.46 %4.82 %0.64 %
Tax equivalent yield (*)5.56 %4.96 %0.60 %
(*)Adjusts the yield on equity securities and tax-exempt bonds to the fully taxable equivalent yield.

The property and casualty insurance segment’s increase in net investment income for the first six months of 2022 compared to the first six months of 2021 reflects higher average investments, a higher percentage of the portfolio invested in alternative investments (partnerships and similar investments and AFG-managed CLOs) and higher fixed maturity yields. The property and casualty insurance segment’s overall yield on investments (net investment income as a percentage of average invested assets) was 5.46% for the first six months of 2022 compared to 4.82% for the first six months of 2021, an increase of 0.64 percentage points. The annualized return earned on alternative investments was 20.7% in the first six months of 2022 compared to 26.3% in the prior year period.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued

Property and Casualty Other Income and Expenses, Net
Other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations was a net expense of $15 million for the first six months of 2022 compared to $12 million for the first six months of 2021, an increase of $3 million (25%). The table below details the items included in other income and expenses, net for AFG’s property and casualty insurance operations (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021
Other income:
Income (loss) related to the sale of real estate$$(1)
Other
Total other income10 
Other expenses:
Amortization of intangibles
Interest expense on funds withheld13 12 
Other
Total other expense25 17 
Other income and expenses, net$(15)$(12)

Holding Company, Other and Unallocated — Results of Operations
AFG’s net GAAP pretax loss outside of its property and casualty insurance segment (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $92 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $127 million in the first six months of 2021, a decrease of $35 million (28%). AFG’s net core pretax loss outside of its property and casualty insurance segment (excluding realized gains and losses) totaled $81 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $116 million in the first six months of 2021, a decrease of $35 million (30%).

The following table details AFG’s GAAP and core loss before income taxes from operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021% Change
Revenues:
Net investment income
$$11 (55 %)
Other income — P&C fees
45 37 22 %
Other income
15 67 %
Total revenues
65 57 14 %
Costs and Expenses:
Property and casualty insurance — loss adjustment and underwriting expenses21 14 50 %
Other expense — expenses associated with P&C fees
24 23 %
Other expenses (*)55 89 (38 %)
Costs and expenses, excluding interest charges on borrowed money
100 126 (21 %)
Loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses and interest charges on borrowed money(35)(69)(49 %)
Interest charges on borrowed money
46 47 (2 %)
Core loss before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses(81)(116)(30 %)
Pretax non-core loss on retirement of debt(11)— 
Pretax non-core loss on pension settlement— (11)(100 %)
GAAP loss from continuing operations before income taxes, excluding realized gains and losses$(92)$(127)(28 %)
(*)Excludes a pretax non-core loss on retirement of debt of $11 million in the first six months of 2022 and a pretax non-core loss of $11 million related to the settlement of pension liabilities of a small former manufacturing operation in the second quarter of 2021.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Holding Company and Other — Net Investment Income
AFG recorded net investment income on investments held outside of its property and casualty insurance segment of $5 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $11 million in the first six months of 2021, a decrease of $6 million (55%). The small portfolio of equity securities held at the holding company that are carried at fair value through net investment income declined in value by $8 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to increasing in value by $6 million in the first six months of 2021. Excluding the change in fair value of these equity securities, net investment income outside of AFG’s property and casualty insurance segment improved to $13 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $5 million in the first six months of 2021 reflecting higher average investment balances and income from directly owned real estate investments acquired from the annuity subsidiaries in conjunction with the sale of the annuity business in May 2021.

Holding Company and Other — P&C Fees and Related Expenses
Summit, a workers’ compensation insurance subsidiary, collects fees from a small group of unaffiliated insurers for providing underwriting, policy administration and claims services. In addition, certain of AFG’s property and casualty insurance businesses collect fees from customers for ancillary services such as workplace safety programs and premium financing. In the first six months of 2022, AFG collected $40 million in fees for these services compared to $36 million in the first six months of 2021. Management views this fee income, net of the $24 million in the first six months of 2022 and $23 million in the first six months of 2021 in expenses incurred to generate such fees, as a reduction in the cost of underwriting its property and casualty insurance policies. In addition, AFG’s property and casualty insurance businesses collected $5 million and $1 million in fees from AFG’s disposed annuity operations in the first six months of 2022 and the first six months of 2021, respectively, as compensation for certain services provided under a transition services agreement. The expenses related to providing such services are embedded in property and casualty underwriting expenses. Consistent with internal management reporting, all of these fees and the related expenses are netted and recorded as a reduction of commissions and other underwriting expenses in AFG’s segmented results.

Holding Company and Other — Other Income
Other income in the table above includes $8 million in both the first six months of 2022 and the first six months of 2021, in management fees paid to AFG by the AFG-managed CLOs (AFG’s consolidated managed investment entities). The management fees are eliminated in consolidation — see the other income line in the Consolidate MIEs column under “Results of Operations — Segmented Statement of Earnings.” Excluding amounts eliminated in consolidation, AFG recorded other income outside of its property and casualty insurance segment of $7 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $1 million in the first six months of 2021, an increase of $6 million (600%) due primarily to income from the sale of real estate.

Holding Company and Other — Other Expenses
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment recorded other expenses of $55 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $89 million the first six months of 2021, a decrease of $34 million (38%) reflecting lower holding company expenses related to employee benefit plans that are tied to stock market performance.

Holding Company and Other — Interest Charges on Borrowed Money
AFG’s holding companies and other operations outside of its property and casualty insurance segment recorded interest expense of $46 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to $47 million in the first six months of 2021, a decrease of $1 million (2%), reflecting the retirement of AFG’s 3.50% Senior Notes in the first and second quarters of 2022.

Holding Company and Other — Loss on Retirement of Debt
During the first six months of 2022, AFG retired its $425 million principal amount of 3.50% Senior Notes for $433 million cash (including a make-whole premium of $6 million), which resulted in an $11 million pretax non-core loss.

Holding Company and Other — Loss on Pension Settlement
In the second quarter of 2021, AFG settled pension liabilities related to a small former manufacturing operation resulting in a pretax non-core loss of $11 million.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Continued
Realized Gains (Losses) on Securities
AFG’s realized gains (losses) on securities were net losses of $108 million in the first six months of 2022 compared to net gains of $120 million in the first six months of 2021, a change of $228 million (190%). Realized gains (losses) on securities consisted of the following (in millions):
Six months ended June 30,
20222021
Realized gains (losses) before impairment allowances:
Disposals$(6)$
Change in the fair value of equity securities(95)119 
Change in the fair value of derivatives(8)(2)
(109)119 
Change in allowance for impairments on securities
Realized gains (losses) on securities$(108)$120 

The $95 million net realized loss from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the first six months of 2022 includes losses of $50 million on investments in banks and financing companies, $13 million on investments in healthcare companies, $8 million on investments in media companies, $6 million on investments in retail companies and $6 million on investments in technology companies, partially offset by gains of $9 million on investments in energy and natural gas companies. The $119 million net realized gain from the change in the fair value of equity securities in the first six months of 2021 includes gains of $31 million on investments in energy and natural gas companies, $24 million on investments in healthcare companies, $19 million on investments in banks and financing companies and $19 million from investments in media companies.

Realized Gain on Subsidiary
In the second quarter of 2021, AFG recognized a pretax gain on sale of subsidiary of $4 million related to contingent consideration received on the sale of Neon.

Consolidated Income Taxes on Continuing Operations
AFG’s consolidated provision for income taxes on continuing operations was $110 million for the first six months of 2022 compared to $116 million for the first six months of 2021, a decrease of $6 million (5%). See Note K — “Income Taxes” to the financial statements for an analysis of items affecting AFG’s effective tax rate on continuing operations.

Real Estate Entities Acquired from the Annuity Operations
Prior to the completion of the sale of its annuity operations in May 2021, AFG parent and its property and casualty insurance operations acquired certain real estate-related partnerships and directly owned real estate from those operations. GAAP pretax earnings from continuing operations for the first six months of 2021 includes the earnings from these entities and certain other expenses that were retained from the annuity operations.

The retained real estate entities contributed $51 million in GAAP pretax earnings through the May 31, 2021 effective date of the sale.

Discontinued Annuity Operations
AFG’s discontinued annuity operations, which were sold in May 2021, contributed $914 million in GAAP net earnings in the first six months of 2021, which includes a $656 million after tax gain on the sale.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

As of June 30, 2022, there were no material changes to the information provided in Item 7A — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk of AFG’s 2021 Form 10-K. The following table demonstrates the sensitivity of fair values to reasonably likely changes in interest rates by illustrating the estimated effect on AFG’s fixed maturity portfolio that an immediate increase of 100 basis points in the interest rate yield curve would have had at June 30, 2022 (dollars in millions). Effects of increases or decreases from the 100 basis points illustrated would be approximately proportional.

Fair value of fixed maturity portfolio$9,822 
Percentage impact on fair value of 100 bps increase in interest rates(3.0 %)
Pretax impact on fair value of fixed maturity portfolio$(295)

ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

AFG’s management, with participation of its Co-Chief Executive Officers and its Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated AFG’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, AFG’s Co-CEOs and CFO concluded that the controls and procedures are effective. There have been no changes in AFG’s internal control over financial reporting during the second fiscal quarter of 2022 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, AFG’s internal control over financial reporting.

In the ordinary course of business, AFG and its subsidiaries routinely enhance their information systems by either upgrading current systems or implementing new systems. During the first quarter of 2022, AFG implemented a new general ledger, accounting and financial reporting system. The new general ledger system was implemented in order to provide a consistent system platform for AFG’s subsidiaries, enhance overall efficiency and streamline management reporting and analysis. This change in systems was subject to thorough testing and review both before and after final implementation. This implementation has not materially affected, and management does not expect it to materially affect, AFG’s internal controls.
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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
PART II
OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities   AFG repurchased shares of its Common Stock during 2022 as follows:
Total
Number
of Shares
Purchased
Average
Price Paid
Per Share
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased as
Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs
Maximum Number
of Shares
that May
Yet be Purchased
Under the Plans
or Programs (b)
First quarter35,201 $131.05 35,201 7,655,721 
Second quarter:
April— $— — 7,655,721 
May— — — 7,655,721 
June— — — 7,655,721 
Total35,201 $131.05 (a)35,201  
(a)AFG declared special dividends of $10.00 per share of its Common Stock in the first six months of 2022. Adjusted for the special dividends, the average price paid per share was $121.05 for the six months ended June 30, 2022.
(b)Represents the remaining shares that may be repurchased until December 31, 2025 under the Plans authorized by AFG’s Board of Directors in October 2020 and May 2021.

In addition, AFG acquired 47,909 shares of its Common Stock (at an average of $135.41 per share) in the first quarter of 2022, 7,822 shares (at an average of $146.60 per share) in April 2022, 491 shares (at an average of $142.53 per share) in May 2022 and 87 shares (at an average of $142.84 per share) in June 2022 in connection with its stock incentive plans.

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AMERICAN FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. 10-Q
ITEM 6. Exhibits
 
NumberExhibit Description
101.INSXBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).


Signature
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
American Financial Group, Inc.
August 5, 2022By: /s/ Brian S. Hertzman
 Brian S. Hertzman
 Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
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