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American Homes 4 Rent - Quarter Report: 2018 September (Form 10-Q)



 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 

 
FORM 10-Q
 
 
 
  
(Mark One)
ý
 
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
or
¨
 
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the transition period from                      to                     
 
Commission File Number: 001-36013 (American Homes 4 Rent)
Commission File Number: 333-221878-02 (American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.)
 
 
 
AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT
AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT, L.P.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) 
 
 
 
Maryland (American Homes 4 Rent)
 
46-1229660
Delaware (American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.)
 
80-0860173
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
30601 Agoura Road, Suite 200
Agoura Hills, California 91301
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
 
(805) 413-5300
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 
 
 
 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
American Homes 4 Rent ý  Yes   ¨  No                American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. ý  Yes   ¨  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
American Homes 4 Rent ý  Yes   ¨  No                American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. ý  Yes   ¨  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
American Homes 4 Rent

Large accelerated filer
ý
 
Accelerated filer
¨
Non-accelerated filer
¨

 
Smaller reporting company
¨
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
¨

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
Large accelerated filer
¨

 
Accelerated filer
¨

Non-accelerated filer
ý
 
Smaller reporting company
¨

 
 
 
Emerging growth company
¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
American Homes 4 Rent  ¨                         American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. ¨ 
 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
American Homes 4 Rent ¨  Yes   ý  No                American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. ¨  Yes   ý  No
There were 295,896,219 shares of American Homes 4 Rent's Class A common shares, $0.01 par value per share, and 635,075 shares of American Homes 4 Rent's Class B common shares, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding on October 31, 2018.
 




EXPLANATORY NOTE

This report combines the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2018, of American Homes 4 Rent and American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. Unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references to “AH4R" or "the General Partner" mean American Homes 4 Rent, a Maryland real estate investment trust (“REIT”), and references to “the Operating Partnership," "our operating partnership" or “the OP” mean American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, and its subsidiaries taken as a whole. References to “the Company,” “we,” "our," and “us” mean collectively AH4R, the Operating Partnership and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by AH4R and/or the Operating Partnership.

AH4R is the general partner of, and as of September 30, 2018, owned an approximate 84.3% common partnership interest in, the Operating Partnership. The remaining 15.7% common partnership interest was owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, AH4R has exclusive control of the Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management. The Company’s management operates AH4R and the Operating Partnership as one business, and the management of AH4R consists of the same members as the management of the Operating Partnership.

The Company believes that combining the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q of the Company and the Operating Partnership into this single report provides the following benefits:

enhances investors' understanding of the Company and the Operating Partnership by enabling investors to view the business as a whole in the same manner as management views and operates the business;

eliminates duplicative disclosure and provides a more streamlined and readable presentation since a substantial portion of the disclosure applies to both the Company and the Operating Partnership; and

creates time and cost efficiencies through the preparation of one combined report instead of two separate reports.

The Company believes it is important to understand the few differences between AH4R and the Operating Partnership in the context of how AH4R and the Operating Partnership operate as a consolidated company. AH4R’s primary function is acting as the general partner of the Operating Partnership. The only material asset of AH4R is its partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. As a result, AH4R generally does not conduct business itself, other than acting as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, issuing equity from time to time and guaranteeing certain debt of the Operating Partnership. AH4R itself is not directly obligated under any indebtedness, but guarantees some of the debt of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership owns substantially all of the assets of the Company, including the Company’s ownership interests in its joint ventures, either directly or through its subsidiaries, conducts the operations of the Company’s business and is structured as a limited partnership with no publicly traded equity. One difference between the Company and the Operating Partnership is $25.7 million of asset-backed securitization certificates issued by the Operating Partnership and purchased by AH4R. The asset-backed securitization certificates are recorded as an asset-backed securitization certificates receivable by the Company and as an amount due from affiliates by the Operating Partnership. AH4R contributes all net proceeds from its various equity offerings to the Operating Partnership. In return for those contributions, AH4R receives Operating Partnership units (“OP units”) equal to the number of shares it has issued in the equity offering. Based on the terms of the Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership, as amended (the "Agreement of Limited Partnership"), OP units can be exchanged for shares on a one-for-one basis. Except for net proceeds from equity issuances by AH4R, the Operating Partnership generates the capital required by the Company’s business through the Operating Partnership’s operations, by the Operating Partnership’s incurrence of indebtedness or through the issuance of OP units.

Shareholders' equity, partners' capital and noncontrolling interests are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of the Company and those of the Operating Partnership. The limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership are accounted for as partners' capital in the Operating Partnership's financial statements and as noncontrolling interests in the Company's financial statements. The noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership's financial statements include an outside ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary of the Company, which was liquidated during the second quarter of 2018. The noncontrolling interests in the Company's financial statements include the same noncontrolling interests at the Operating Partnership level, as well as the limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership. The differences between shareholders' equity and partners' capital result from differences in the equity and capital issued at the Company and Operating Partnership levels.

To help investors understand the differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, this report provides
separate consolidated financial statements for the Company and the Operating Partnership; a single set of consolidated notes to such financial statements that includes separate discussions of each entity's debt, noncontrolling interests and shareholders' equity or partners' capital, as applicable; and a combined Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section that includes discrete information related to each entity.





This report also includes separate Part I, Item 4. Controls and Procedures sections and separate Exhibits 31 and 32 certifications for each of the Company and the Operating Partnership in order to establish that the requisite certifications have been made and that the Company and the Operating Partnership are compliant with Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. §1350.

In order to highlight the differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, the separate sections in this report for the Company and the Operating Partnership specifically refer to the Company and the Operating Partnership. In the sections that combine disclosure of the Company and the Operating Partnership, this report refers to actions or holdings as being actions or holdings of the Company. Although the Operating Partnership is generally the entity that directly or indirectly enters into contracts and joint ventures and holds assets and debt, reference to the Company is appropriate because the Company is one business and the Company operates that business through the Operating Partnership. The separate discussions of the Company and the Operating Partnership in this report should be read in conjunction with each other to understand the results of the Company on a consolidated basis and how management operates the Company.



American Homes 4 Rent
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
Form 10-Q
INDEX
 
 
 
 
Page
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
Various statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of American Homes 4 Rent ("AH4R” or “the General Partner") and of American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. ("the Operating Partnership," "our operating partnership," or “the OP”) including those that express a belief, expectation or intention, as well as those that are not statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements may include projections and estimates concerning the timing and success of specific projects and our future operations, revenues, income and capital spending. Our forward-looking statements are generally accompanied by words such as “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “potential,” “plan,” “goal” or other words that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and assumptions about future events. While our management considers these expectations and assumptions to be reasonable, they are inherently subject to significant business, economic, competitive, regulatory and other risks, contingencies and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. These and other important factors, including those discussed or incorporated by reference under Part II, Item 1A.”Risk Factors”, Part I, Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.
 
While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, assumptions and expectations, they are not guarantees of future performance, and you should not unduly rely on them. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speak only as of the date of this report. We are not obligated to update or revise these statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless required by applicable law.


i


PART I
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
(Unaudited)
 
 
Assets
 

 
 

Single-family properties:
 

 
 

Land
$
1,689,207

 
$
1,665,631

Buildings and improvements
7,385,387

 
7,303,270

Single-family properties held for sale, net
299,551

 
35,803

 
9,374,145

 
9,004,704

Less: accumulated depreciation
(1,115,588
)
 
(939,724
)
Single-family properties, net
8,258,557

 
8,064,980

Cash and cash equivalents
110,138

 
46,156

Restricted cash
156,026

 
136,667

Rent and other receivables, net
36,078

 
30,144

Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets
251,245

 
171,851

Deferred costs and other intangibles, net
13,437

 
13,025

Asset-backed securitization certificates
25,666

 
25,666

Goodwill
120,279

 
120,279

Total assets
$
8,971,426

 
$
8,608,768

 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 

 
 

Revolving credit facility
$

 
$
140,000

Term loan facility, net
99,176

 
198,023

Asset-backed securitizations, net
1,965,417

 
1,977,308

Unsecured senior notes, net
492,603

 

Exchangeable senior notes, net
114,507

 
111,697

Secured note payable

 
48,859

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
305,935

 
222,867

Amounts payable to affiliates
4,784

 
4,720

Participating preferred shares derivative liability

 
29,470

Total liabilities
2,982,422

 
2,732,944

 
 
 
 
Commitments and contingencies


 


 
 
 
 
Equity
 

 
 

Shareholders’ equity:
 

 
 

Class A common shares, $0.01 par value per share, 450,000,000 shares authorized, 295,896,219 and 286,114,637 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively
2,959

 
2,861

Class B common shares, $0.01 par value per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 635,075 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017
6

 
6

Preferred shares, $0.01 par value per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 35,350,000 and 38,350,000 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively
354

 
384

Additional paid-in capital
5,750,309

 
5,600,256

Accumulated deficit
(493,995
)
 
(453,953
)
Accumulated other comprehensive income
9,026

 
75

Total shareholders’ equity
5,268,659

 
5,149,629

Noncontrolling interest
720,345

 
726,195

Total equity
5,989,004

 
5,875,824

 
 
 
 
Total liabilities and equity
$
8,971,426

 
$
8,608,768


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

1


American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Revenues:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Rents from single-family properties
$
231,324

 
$
207,490

 
$
676,558

 
$
613,245

Fees from single-family properties
2,711

 
2,843

 
8,298

 
8,137

Tenant charge-backs
44,152

 
36,094

 
112,876

 
91,849

Other
1,865

 
409

 
4,807

 
4,367

Total revenues
280,052

 
246,836

 
802,539

 
717,598

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expenses:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Property operating expenses
113,600

 
97,944

 
313,430

 
267,203

Property management expenses
18,865

 
17,447

 
56,468

 
52,367

General and administrative expense
9,265

 
8,525

 
28,173

 
26,746

Interest expense
30,930

 
26,592

 
92,209

 
86,873

Acquisition fees and costs expensed
1,055

 
1,306

 
3,687

 
3,814

Depreciation and amortization
79,940

 
74,790

 
237,562

 
221,459

Hurricane-related charges, net

 
10,136

 

 
10,136

Other
1,069

 
1,285

 
3,520

 
4,202

Total expenses
254,724

 
238,025

 
735,049

 
672,800

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net
4,953

 
1,895

 
10,449

 
6,375

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

 

 
(1,447
)
 
(6,555
)
Remeasurement of participating preferred shares

 
8,391

 
1,212

 
1,341

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
30,281

 
19,097

 
77,704

 
45,959

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interest
2,881

 
309

 
845

 
(22
)
Dividends on preferred shares
12,223

 
17,253

 
38,804

 
46,122

Redemption of participating preferred shares

 

 
32,215

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders
$
15,177

 
$
1,535

 
$
5,840

 
$
(141
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
296,214,509

 
266,767,313

 
292,656,914

 
256,768,343

Diluted
296,967,649

 
289,153,060

 
293,319,245

 
256,768,343

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
0.05

 
$
0.01

 
$
0.02

 
$

Diluted
$
0.05

 
$

 
$
0.02

 
$

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends declared per common share
$
0.05

 
$
0.05

 
$
0.15

 
$
0.15

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

2


American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)
 
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Net income
$
30,281

 
$
19,097

 
$
77,704

 
$
45,959

Other comprehensive (loss) income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on cash flow hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on settlement of cash flow hedging instrument

 

 
9,553

 

Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income
(241
)
 

 
(602
)
 
(28
)
Gain on investment in equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 


Reclassification adjustment for realized gain included in net income

 

 

 
(67
)
Other comprehensive (loss) income
(241
)
 

 
8,951

 
(95
)
Comprehensive income
30,040

 
19,097

 
86,655

 
45,864

Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests
2,835

 
309

 
2,269

 
(5
)
Dividends on preferred shares
12,223

 
17,253

 
38,804

 
46,122

Redemption of participating preferred shares

 

 
32,215

 

Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common shareholders
$
14,982

 
$
1,535

 
$
13,367

 
$
(253
)
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.


3


American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Equity
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
(Unaudited)
 
Class A common shares
 
Class B common shares
 
Preferred shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Number
of shares
 
Amount
 
Number
of shares
 
Amount
 
Number
of shares
 
Amount
 
Additional
paid-in
capital
 
Accumulated
deficit
 
Accumulated other
comprehensive
income
 
Shareholders’
equity
 
Noncontrolling
interest
 
Total
equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balances at December 31, 2017
286,114,637

 
$
2,861

 
635,075

 
$
6

 
38,350,000

 
$
384

 
$
5,600,256

 
$
(453,953
)
 
$
75

 
$
5,149,629

 
$
726,195

 
$
5,875,824

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation

 

 

 

 

 

 
2,750

 

 

 
2,750

 

 
2,750

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stock issued under share-based compensation plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes
736,918

 
7

 

 

 

 

 
10,882

 

 

 
10,889

 

 
10,889

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of perpetual preferred shares, net of offering costs of $4,022

 

 

 

 
4,600,000

 
46

 
110,932

 

 

 
110,978

 

 
110,978

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Redemption of Series C participating preferred shares into Class A common shares
10,848,827

 
109

 

 

 
(7,600,000
)
 
(76
)
 
60,440

 
(32,215
)
 

 
28,258

 

 
28,258

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase of Class A common shares
(1,804,163
)
 
(18
)
 

 

 

 

 
(34,951
)
 

 

 
(34,969
)
 

 
(34,969
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liquidation of consolidated joint venture

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
(1,849
)
 

 
(1,849
)
 
1,608

 
(241
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Distributions to equity holders:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred shares

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
(38,804
)
 

 
(38,804
)
 

 
(38,804
)
Noncontrolling interests

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 
(8,303
)
 
(8,303
)
Common shares

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
(44,033
)
 

 
(44,033
)
 

 
(44,033
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
76,859

 

 
76,859

 
845

 
77,704

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total other comprehensive income

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
8,951

 
8,951

 

 
8,951

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balances at September 30, 2018
295,896,219

 
$
2,959

 
635,075

 
$
6

 
35,350,000

 
$
354

 
$
5,750,309

 
$
(493,995
)
 
$
9,026

 
$
5,268,659

 
$
720,345

 
$
5,989,004

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4


American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
Operating activities
 

 
 

Net income
$
77,704

 
$
45,959

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
237,562

 
221,459

Noncash amortization of deferred financing costs
5,838

 
6,285

Noncash amortization of discounts on debt instruments
2,984

 
2,624

Noncash amortization of cash flow hedging instrument
(602
)
 

Noncash share-based compensation
2,750

 
3,175

Provision for bad debt
6,365

 
5,142

Hurricane-related charges, net

 
10,136

Loss on early extinguishment of debt
1,447

 
6,555

Remeasurement of participating preferred shares
(1,212
)
 
(1,341
)
Equity in net earnings of unconsolidated ventures
(423
)
 
(1,367
)
Net gain on sale of single-family properties and other
(10,449
)
 
(6,375
)
Loss on impairment of single-family properties
2,796

 
3,786

Net gain on resolutions of mortgage loans

 
(17
)
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
Rent and other receivables
(16,314
)
 
(11,929
)
Prepaid expenses and other assets
(7,427
)
 
(5,690
)
Deferred leasing costs
(9,556
)
 
(5,361
)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
87,438

 
71,325

Amounts payable to affiliates
(2,438
)
 
5,009

Net cash provided by operating activities
376,463

 
349,375

 
 
 
 
Investing activities
 

 
 

Cash paid for single-family properties
(333,082
)
 
(462,875
)
Change in escrow deposits for purchase of single-family properties
(2,194
)
 
(2,710
)
Net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other
47,757

 
68,618

Proceeds received from hurricane-related insurance claims
4,000

 

Investment in unconsolidated joint venture
(3,800
)
 

Distributions from joint ventures
36,251

 
5,981

Collections from mortgage financing receivables

 
83

Initial renovations to single-family properties
(40,898
)
 
(31,208
)
Recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties
(40,470
)
 
(26,725
)
Other purchases of productive assets
(149,475
)
 
(38,060
)
Net cash used for investing activities
(481,911
)
 
(486,896
)
 
 
 
 
Financing activities
 

 
 

Proceeds from issuance of Class A common shares

 
694,765

Payments of Class A common share issuance costs

 
(10,444
)
Proceeds from issuance of perpetual preferred shares
115,000

 
270,000

Payments of perpetual preferred share issuance costs
(3,750
)
 
(9,229
)
Repurchase of Class A common shares
(34,969
)
 

Share-based compensation proceeds, net
8,871

 
988

Redemptions of Class A units

 
(169
)
Payments on asset-backed securitizations
(15,669
)
 
(472,470
)
Proceeds from revolving credit facility
155,000

 
62,000

Payments on revolving credit facility
(295,000
)
 
(112,000
)
Proceeds from term loan facility

 
25,000

Payments on term loan facility
(100,000
)
 
(100,000
)
Payments on secured note payable
(49,427
)
 
(721
)
Proceeds from unsecured senior notes, net of discount
497,210

 

Settlement of cash flow hedging instrument
9,628

 

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
(8,303
)
 
(8,333
)
Distributions to common shareholders
(43,524
)
 
(38,890
)
Distributions to preferred shareholders
(41,178
)
 
(46,122
)


5


American Homes 4 Rent
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
Financing activities (continued)
 
 
 
Deferred financing costs paid
(5,100
)
 
(3,974
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
188,789

 
250,401

 
 
 
 
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
83,341

 
112,880

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
182,823

 
250,241

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period (see Note 3)
$
266,164

 
$
363,121

 
 
 
 
Supplemental cash flow information
 

 
 

Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized
$
(80,942
)
 
$
(77,964
)
 
 
 
 
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities
 

 
 

Accounts payable and accrued expenses related to property acquisitions, renovations and construction
$
(107
)
 
$
7,151

Transfer of term loan borrowings to revolving credit facility
$

 
$
50,000

Transfer of deferred financing costs from term loan to revolving credit facility
$

 
$
1,524

Transfers of completed homebuilding deliveries to properties
$
64,867

 
$
3,010

Property and land contributions to an unconsolidated joint venture
$
(40,942
)
 
$

Note receivable related to a bulk sale of properties, net of discount
$

 
$
5,635

Redemption of participating preferred shares
$
(28,258
)
 
$

Accrued distributions to affiliates
$
(129
)
 
$

Accrued distributions to non-affiliates
$
(1,773
)
 
$


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

6


American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Amounts in thousands, except unit data)
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
(Unaudited)
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
Single-family properties:
 
 
 
Land
$
1,689,207

 
$
1,665,631

Buildings and improvements
7,385,387

 
7,303,270

Single-family properties held for sale, net
299,551

 
35,803

 
9,374,145

 
9,004,704

Less: accumulated depreciation
(1,115,588
)
 
(939,724
)
Single-family properties, net
8,258,557

 
8,064,980

Cash and cash equivalents
110,138

 
46,156

Restricted cash
156,026

 
136,667

Rent and other receivables, net
36,078

 
30,144

Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets
248,614

 
171,851

Amounts due from affiliates
28,297

 
25,666

Deferred costs and other intangibles, net
13,437

 
13,025

Goodwill
120,279

 
120,279

Total assets
$
8,971,426

 
$
8,608,768

 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
Revolving credit facility
$

 
$
140,000

Term loan facility, net
99,176

 
198,023

Asset-backed securitizations, net
1,965,417

 
1,977,308

Unsecured senior notes, net
492,603

 

Exchangeable senior notes, net
114,507

 
111,697

Secured note payable

 
48,859

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
305,935

 
222,867

Amounts payable to affiliates
4,784

 
4,720

Participating preferred units derivative liability

 
29,470

Total liabilities
2,982,422

 
2,732,944

 
 
 
 
Commitments and contingencies

 

 
 
 
 
Capital
 
 
 
Partners' capital:
 
 
 
General partner:
 
 
 
Common units (296,531,294 and 286,749,712 units issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively)
4,405,198

 
4,248,236

Preferred units (35,350,000 and 38,350,000 units issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively)
854,435

 
901,318

Limited partners:
 
 
 
Common units (55,350,153 units issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017)
720,345

 
727,544

Accumulated other comprehensive income
9,026

 
75

Total partners' capital
5,989,004

 
5,877,173

Noncontrolling interest

 
(1,349
)
            Total capital
5,989,004

 
5,875,824

 
 
 
 
Total liabilities and capital
$
8,971,426

 
$
8,608,768


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.


7


American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Amounts in thousands, except unit and per unit data)
(Unaudited)
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rents from single-family properties
$
231,324

 
$
207,490

 
$
676,558

 
$
613,245

Fees from single-family properties
2,711

 
2,843

 
8,298

 
8,137

Tenant charge-backs
44,152

 
36,094

 
112,876

 
91,849

Other
1,865

 
409

 
4,807

 
4,367

Total revenues
280,052

 
246,836

 
802,539

 
717,598

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property operating expenses
113,600

 
97,944

 
313,430

 
267,203

Property management expenses
18,865

 
17,447

 
56,468

 
52,367

General and administrative expense
9,265

 
8,525

 
28,173

 
26,746

Interest expense
30,930

 
26,592

 
92,209

 
86,873

Acquisition fees and costs expensed
1,055

 
1,306

 
3,687

 
3,814

Depreciation and amortization
79,940

 
74,790

 
237,562

 
221,459

Hurricane-related charges, net

 
10,136

 

 
10,136

Other
1,069

 
1,285

 
3,520

 
4,202

Total expenses
254,724

 
238,025

 
735,049

 
672,800

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net
4,953

 
1,895

 
10,449

 
6,375

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

 

 
(1,447
)
 
(6,555
)
Remeasurement of participating preferred units

 
8,391

 
1,212

 
1,341

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
30,281

 
19,097

 
77,704

 
45,959

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interest

 
(31
)
 
(259
)
 
8

Preferred distributions
12,223

 
17,253

 
38,804

 
46,122

Redemption of participating preferred units

 

 
32,215

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common unitholders
$
18,058

 
$
1,875

 
$
6,944

 
$
(171
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average common units outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
351,564,662

 
322,303,138

 
348,007,067

 
312,315,728

Diluted
352,317,802

 
344,688,885

 
348,669,398

 
312,315,728

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common unitholders per unit:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
0.05

 
$
0.01

 
$
0.02

 
$

Diluted
$
0.05

 
$

 
$
0.02

 
$

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.


8


American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)
 
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Net income
$
30,281

 
$
19,097

 
$
77,704

 
$
45,959

Other comprehensive (loss) income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on cash flow hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on settlement of cash flow hedging instrument

 

 
9,553

 

Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income
(241
)
 

 
(602
)
 
(28
)
Gain on investment in equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reclassification adjustment for realized gain included in net income

 

 

 
(67
)
Other comprehensive (loss) income
(241
)
 

 
8,951

 
(95
)
Comprehensive income
30,040

 
19,097

 
86,655

 
45,864

Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests

 
(31
)
 
(259
)
 
8

Preferred distributions
12,223

 
17,253

 
38,804

 
46,122

Redemption of participating preferred units

 

 
32,215

 

Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common unitholders
$
17,817

 
$
1,875

 
$
15,895

 
$
(266
)
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.


9


American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Capital
(Amounts in thousands, except unit data)
(Unaudited)
 
General Partner
 
Limited Partners
 
Accumulated other comprehensive income
 
Total partners' capital
 
Noncontrolling interest
 
Total capital
 
Common capital
 
Preferred capital amount
 
Common capital
 
 
 
 
 
Units
 
Amount
 
 
Units
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balances at December 31, 2017
286,749,712

 
$
4,248,236

 
$
901,318

 
55,350,153

 
$
727,544

 
$
75

 
$
5,877,173

 
$
(1,349
)
 
$
5,875,824

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Share-based compensation

 
2,750

 

 

 

 

 
2,750

 

 
2,750

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common units issued under share-based compensation plans, net of units withheld for employee taxes
736,918

 
10,889

 

 

 

 

 
10,889

 

 
10,889

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Issuance of perpetual preferred units, net of offering costs of $4,022

 

 
110,978

 

 

 

 
110,978

 

 
110,978

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Redemption of Series C participating preferred units into Class A units
10,848,827

 
186,119

 
(157,861
)
 

 

 

 
28,258

 

 
28,258

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase of Class A units
(1,804,163
)
 
(34,969
)
 

 

 

 

 
(34,969
)
 

 
(34,969
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liquidation of consolidated joint venture

 
(1,849
)
 

 

 

 

 
(1,849
)
 
1,608

 
(241
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Distributions to capital holders:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred units

 

 
(38,804
)
 

 

 

 
(38,804
)
 

 
(38,804
)
Noncontrolling interests

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Common units

 
(44,033
)
 

 

 
(8,303
)
 

 
(52,336
)
 

 
(52,336
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income

 
38,055

 
38,804

 

 
1,104

 

 
77,963

 
(259
)
 
77,704

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total other comprehensive income

 

 

 

 

 
8,951

 
8,951

 

 
8,951

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balances at September 30, 2018
296,531,294

 
$
4,405,198

 
$
854,435

 
55,350,153

 
$
720,345

 
$
9,026

 
$
5,989,004

 
$

 
$
5,989,004

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.


10


American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited) 
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
Operating activities
 
 
 
Net income
$
77,704

 
$
45,959

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
237,562

 
221,459

Noncash amortization of deferred financing costs
5,838

 
6,285

Noncash amortization of discounts on debt instruments
2,984

 
2,624

Noncash amortization of cash flow hedging instrument
(602
)
 

Noncash share-based compensation
2,750

 
3,175

Provision for bad debt
6,365

 
5,142

Hurricane-related charges, net

 
10,136

Loss on early extinguishment of debt
1,447

 
6,555

Remeasurement of participating preferred units
(1,212
)
 
(1,341
)
Equity in net earnings of unconsolidated ventures
(423
)
 
(1,367
)
Net gain on sale of single-family properties and other
(10,449
)
 
(6,375
)
Loss on impairment of single-family properties
2,796

 
3,786

Net gain on resolutions of mortgage loans

 
(17
)
Other changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 
 
 
Rent and other receivables
(16,314
)
 
(11,929
)
Prepaid expenses and other assets
(7,427
)
 
(5,690
)
Deferred leasing costs
(9,556
)
 
(5,361
)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses
87,438

 
71,325

Amounts payable to affiliates
(2,438
)
 
5,009

Net cash provided by operating activities
376,463

 
349,375

 
 
 
 
Investing activities
 
 
 
Cash paid for single-family properties
(333,082
)
 
(462,875
)
Change in escrow deposits for purchase of single-family properties
(2,194
)
 
(2,710
)
Net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other
47,757

 
68,618

Proceeds received from hurricane-related insurance claims
4,000

 

Investment in unconsolidated joint venture
(3,800
)
 

Distributions from joint ventures
36,251

 
5,981

Collections from mortgage financing receivables

 
83

Initial renovations to single-family properties
(40,898
)
 
(31,208
)
Recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties
(40,470
)
 
(26,725
)
Other purchases of productive assets
(149,475
)
 
(38,060
)
Net cash used for investing activities
(481,911
)
 
(486,896
)
 
 
 
 
Financing activities
 
 
 
Proceeds from issuance of Class A units

 
694,765

Payments of Class A unit issuance costs

 
(10,444
)
Proceeds from issuance of perpetual preferred units
115,000

 
270,000

Payments of perpetual preferred unit issuance costs
(3,750
)
 
(9,229
)
Repurchase of Class A units
(34,969
)
 

Share-based compensation proceeds, net
8,871

 
988

Redemptions of Class A units

 
(169
)
Payments on asset-backed securitizations
(15,669
)
 
(472,470
)
Proceeds from revolving credit facility
155,000

 
62,000

Payments on revolving credit facility
(295,000
)
 
(112,000
)
Proceeds from term loan facility

 
25,000

Payments on term loan facility
(100,000
)
 
(100,000
)
Payments on secured note payable
(49,427
)
 
(721
)
Proceeds from unsecured senior notes, net of discount
497,210

 

Settlement of cash flow hedging instrument
9,628

 

Distributions to common unitholders
(51,827
)
 
(47,223
)




11


American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)
(Amounts in thousands)
(Unaudited)
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Financing activities (continued)
2018
 
2017
Distributions to preferred unitholders
(41,178
)
 
(46,122
)
Deferred financing costs paid
(5,100
)
 
(3,974
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
188,789

 
250,401

 
 
 
 
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
83,341

 
112,880

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
182,823

 
250,241

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period (see Note 3)
$
266,164

 
$
363,121

 
 
 
 
Supplemental cash flow information
 
 
 
Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized
$
(80,942
)
 
$
(77,964
)
 
 
 
 
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities
 
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses related to property acquisitions, renovations and construction
$
(107
)
 
$
7,151

Transfer of term loan borrowings to revolving credit facility
$

 
$
50,000

Transfer of deferred financing costs from term loan to revolving credit facility
$

 
$
1,524

Transfers of completed homebuilding deliveries to properties
$
64,867

 
$
3,010

Property and land contributions to an unconsolidated joint venture
$
(40,942
)
 
$

Note receivable related to a bulk sale of properties, net of discount
$

 
$
5,635

Redemption of participating preferred units
$
(28,258
)
 
$

Accrued distributions to affiliates
$
(129
)
 
$

Accrued distributions to non-affiliates
$
(1,773
)
 
$


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.


12


American Homes 4 Rent
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Organization and Operations

American Homes 4 Rent (“AH4R") is a Maryland real estate investment trust (“REIT”) formed on October 19, 2012, for the purpose of acquiring, renovating, leasing and operating single-family homes as rental properties. American Homes 4 Rent, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership formed on October 22, 2012, and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, the "Operating Partnership," our "operating partnership" or the "OP") is the entity through which the Company conducts substantially all of our business and owns, directly or through subsidiaries, substantially all of our assets. References to “the Company,” “we,” "our," and “us” mean collectively, AH4R, the Operating Partnership and those entities/subsidiaries owned or controlled by AH4R and/or the Operating Partnership. As of September 30, 2018, the Company held 52,464 single-family properties in 22 states, including 2,266 properties identified as part of the Company's disposition program, comprised of 1,865 properties classified as held for sale and 401 properties identified for future sale.

AH4R is the general partner of, and as of September 30, 2018, owned an approximate 84.3% common partnership interest in, the Operating Partnership with the remaining 15.7% common partnership interest owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, AH4R has exclusive control of the Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management. The Company’s management operates AH4R and the Operating Partnership as one business, and the management of AH4R consists of the same members as the management of the Operating Partnership. AH4R’s primary function is acting as the general partner of the Operating Partnership. The only material asset of AH4R is its partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. As a result, AH4R generally does not conduct business itself, other than acting as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, issuing equity from time to time and guaranteeing certain debt of the Operating Partnership. AH4R itself is not directly obligated under any indebtedness, but guarantees some of the debt of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership owns substantially all of the assets of the Company, including the Company’s ownership interests in its joint ventures, either directly or through its subsidiaries, conducts the operations of the Company’s business and is structured as a limited partnership with no publicly traded equity. One difference between the Company and the Operating Partnership is $25.7 million of asset-backed securitization certificates issued by the Operating Partnership and purchased by AH4R. The asset-backed securitization certificates are recorded as an asset-backed securitization certificates receivable by the Company and an amount due from affiliates by the Operating Partnership. AH4R contributes all net proceeds from its various equity offerings to the Operating Partnership. In return for those contributions, AH4R receives Operating Partnership units (“OP units”) equal to the number of shares it has issued in the equity offering. Based on the terms of the Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Operating Partnership, OP units can be exchanged for shares on a one-for-one basis. Except for net proceeds from equity issuances by AH4R, the Operating Partnership generates the capital required by the Company’s business through the Operating Partnership’s operations, by the Operating Partnership’s incurrence of indebtedness or through the issuance of OP units.

Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation
 
The condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and include the accounts of AH4R, the Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries. The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Operating Partnership include the accounts of the Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The Company consolidates real estate partnerships and other entities that are not variable interest entities (“VIEs”) when it owns, directly or indirectly, a majority interest in the entity or is otherwise able to control the entity. The Company consolidates VIEs in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 810, Consolidation, if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE as determined by its power to direct the VIE’s activities and the obligation to absorb its losses or the right to receive its benefits, which are potentially significant to the VIE. Entities for which the Company owns an interest, but does not consolidate, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as an investment in unconsolidated subsidiary and are included in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets within the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary of the Company held by outside parties, which was liquidated during the second quarter of 2018, is included in noncontrolling interest within the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures required for annual financial statements have been condensed or excluded pursuant to SEC rules and regulations. Accordingly, the condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Any references in this report to the number of properties is outside the scope of our independent registered public

13


accounting firm’s review of our financial statements, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. In the opinion of management, all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature necessary for a fair presentation of the condensed consolidated financial statements for the interim periods have been made. The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies that have had a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, compared to those policies disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. Therefore, notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements that would substantially duplicate the disclosures contained in our most recent audited consolidated financial statements have been omitted.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce the existing diversity in practice by addressing eight specific cash flow issues related to how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), to amend the accounting for credit losses for certain financial instruments by requiring companies to recognize an estimate of expected credit losses as an allowance in order to recognize such losses more timely than under previous guidance that had allowed companies to wait until it was probable such losses had been incurred. The guidance will be effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and for interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those annual periods. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the guidance on our financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which sets forth principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessors and lessees). Lessor accounting will remain similar to lessor accounting under previous guidance, while aligning with the FASB's new revenue recognition guidance for non-lease components. The new guidance will require lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by all leases with terms of more than one year. The new guidance will also require lessees and lessors to capitalize, as initial direct costs, only those costs that are incurred due to the execution of a lease. Any other costs incurred, including allocated indirect costs, will no longer be capitalized and instead will be expensed as incurred. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842) Targeted Improvements, which provides lessors with a practical expedient, by class of underlying asset, to not separate non-lease components from the associated lease component if the non-lease components would otherwise be accounted for under the new revenue recognition standard and both the timing and pattern of transfer are the same for the non-lease components and associated lease component and, if accounted for separately, the lease component would be classified as an operating lease. As issued, ASU No. 2016-02 required modified retrospective application for all leases existing as of, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the consolidated financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. ASU No. 2018-11 simplifies the transition requirements by providing companies an option to initially apply the new lease requirements as of the date of adoption and recognize a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Company will not need to restate comparative periods if it elects the simplified transition requirements provided by ASU No. 2018-11.

The guidance will be effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and for interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not anticipate significant changes in the accounting for our residential operating leases for which we are the lessor, as our leases generally do not have terms of more than one year. We anticipate the adoption of this guidance will require us to recognize additional property management expenses for costs that were previously capitalizable as deferred leasing costs. As part of our operations, we lease office space for our corporate and property management offices under non-cancelable operating lease agreements for which we are the lessee. We anticipate that the adoption of this guidance will require us to recognize a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability for these office leases. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our policies, internal controls and financial statements.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which amends certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments, including the requirement to measure certain equity investments at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The guidance

14


is effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those annual periods. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which provides guidance on revenue recognition and supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, most industry-specific guidance and some cost guidance included in Subtopic 605-35, “Revenue Recognition-Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts.” The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In doing so, companies will need to use more judgment and make more estimates than under current guidance. These judgments include identifying “distinct” performance obligations in multi-element contracts, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price at contract inception, allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation, and determining at contract inception whether the performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time. Since lease contracts under ASC 840, "Leases", are specifically excluded from ASU No. 2014-09’s scope, most of the Company’s rental contract revenue will continue to follow current leasing guidance. We have reviewed our other sources of revenue and identified that the non-lease components (tenant chargebacks and recovery revenue) in our single-family home and office leases will continue being accounted for under ASC 840 until the adoption of ASU 2016-02 beginning January 1, 2019. Based on our assessment, the Company’s current accounting policies for these non-lease components are aligned with the revenue recognition principles prescribed by the new guidance. Therefore, the new standard did not ultimately change the amount or timing of our revenue recognition. As part of ASU No. 2014-09, the FASB issued consequential amendments to other sections, eliminating ASC 360-20, Real Estate Sales and adding ASU No. 2017-05 Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets, Subtopic 610-20, "Other Income". Real estate sales to noncustomers will follow new guidance from ASC 610-20, while sales to customers will follow the general revenue guidance in ASC 606. While the Company’s property sales are not part of our ordinary customer activity and will fall under ASC 610-20, there is little economic difference in the accounting for real estate sales to customers versus noncustomers, with the exception of the presentation of comprehensive income (revenue and expense when sales to customers or gains and losses when sales to noncustomers). The Company adopted the new revenue recognition guidance using the modified retrospective approach, effective January 1, 2018. We evaluated the revenue recognition for our contracts under existing accounting standards and under the new revenue recognition ASU and determined that there were no differences in the amounts or timing of recognition. Therefore, the adoption of this ASU did not result in an adjustment to our retained earnings on January 1, 2018.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-03, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which retained the current framework for accounting for financial instruments in GAAP but made targeted improvements to address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after June 15, 2018. The Company adopted this guidance effective July 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Companies will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Companies will also be required to disclose the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and for interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the guidance on our financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal use software license). Capitalized implementation costs related to a hosting arrangement that is a service contract will be amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement, beginning when the module or component of the hosting arrangement is ready for its intended use. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and for interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the guidance on our financial statements.

Note 3. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

We consider all demand deposits, cashier's checks, money market accounts and certificates of deposit with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents and escrow deposits at financial institutions. The

15


combined account balances typically exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance coverage, and, as a result, there is a concentration of credit risk related to amounts on deposit. We believe that the risk is not significant.
    
Restricted cash primarily consists of funds held related to resident security deposits, cash reserves in accordance with certain loan agreements and funds held in the custody of our transfer agent for the payment of distributions. Funds held related to resident security deposits are restricted during the term of the related lease agreement, which is generally one year. Cash reserved in connection with lender requirements is restricted during the term of the related debt instrument.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash per the Company's and the Operating Partnership's condensed consolidated statements of cash flows to the corresponding financial statement line items in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):
 
September 30,
 
December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2017
 
2016
Balance Sheet:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
110,138

 
$
243,547

 
$
46,156

 
$
118,799

Restricted cash
156,026

 
119,574

 
136,667

 
131,442

Statement of Cash Flows:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
$
266,164

 
$
363,121

 
$
182,823

 
$
250,241


Note 4. Single-Family Properties
 
Single-family properties, net, consisted of the following as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands, except property data):
 
September 30, 2018
 
Number of
properties
 
Net book
value
Leased single-family properties
47,776

 
$
7,458,840

Single-family properties being renovated
345

 
90,485

Single-family properties being prepared for re-lease
430

 
66,730

Vacant single-family properties available for lease
1,647

 
284,279

Single-family properties held for sale, net
1,865

 
299,551

Single-family properties identified for future sale
401

 
58,672

Total
52,464

 
$
8,258,557

 
December 31, 2017
 
Number of
properties
 
Net book
value
Leased single-family properties
46,996

 
$
7,284,708

Single-family properties being renovated
980

 
225,194

Single-family properties being prepared for re-lease
372

 
47,994

Vacant single-family properties available for lease
2,581

 
471,281

Single-family properties held for sale, net
310

 
35,803

Total
51,239

 
$
8,064,980


Single-family properties, net as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, included $4.0 million and $44.2 million, respectively, related to properties for which the recorded grant deed had not been received. For these properties, the trustee or seller has warranted that all legal rights of ownership have been transferred to us on the date of the sale, but there was a delay for the deeds to be recorded.

Depreciation expense related to single-family properties was $75.2 million and $71.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $224.7 million and $208.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold 95 homes, which generated total net proceeds of $17.4 million and resulted in a net gain on sale of $3.4 million, and sold land which generated total net proceeds of $0.3 million and resulted in a net gain on sale of $0.1 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold 311 homes, which generated total net proceeds of $47.0 million and resulted in a net gain on sale of $8.8 million, and sold land which generated total net

16


proceeds of $0.8 million and resulted in a net gain on sale of $0.2 million. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company sold 107 and 738 homes, respectively, which generated total net proceeds of $14.4 million and $54.2 million, respectively, and resulted in a net gain on sale of $1.9 million and $3.1 million, respectively. Total net proceeds for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, included a $7.0 million note receivable, before a $1.5 million discount, that was recorded during the first quarter of 2017.

Note 5. Rent and Other Receivables, Net
 
Included in rent and other receivables, net is an allowance for doubtful accounts of $8.7 million and $10.4 million as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. Also included in rent and other receivables, net, is $5.4 million of hurricane-related insurance claims receivable and $0.8 million of non-tenant receivables as of September 30, 2018, compared to $8.9 million of hurricane-related insurance claims receivable and $1.2 million of non-tenant receivables as of December 31, 2017.

Note 6. Escrow Deposits, Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets

The following table summarizes escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other
$
40,934

 
$
33,964

Investments in joint ventures
52,747

 
42,341

Commercial real estate, vehicles and FF&E, net
44,187

 
43,608

Land held for development
73,752

 
39,079

Homebuilding construction in progress
39,625

 
12,859

Total
$
251,245

 
$
171,851


In August 2018, the Operating Partnership entered into a $156.3 million joint venture with a leading institutional investor for the purpose of developing, leasing and operating newly constructed single-family rental homes located in select submarkets in the Southeast. The initial term of the joint venture is five years, during which the Company is entitled to a proportionate share of the joint venture’s cash flows based on our 20% ownership interest, along with an opportunity for a promoted interest, and also receives fees for services the Company provides to the joint venture. In evaluating the Company’s 20% ownership interest in the joint venture, we concluded that the joint venture is not a variable interest entity after applying the variable interest model and, therefore, we account for our interest in the joint venture as an investment in an unconsolidated subsidiary after applying the voting interest model using the equity method of accounting. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company contributed $40.9 million of single-family properties and land, as well as $3.8 million of cash, to the joint venture and received $32.8 million in distributions from the joint venture in respect of its contributions. As of September 30, 2018, the balance of the Company’s investment in the joint venture was $13.4 million, which is included in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets within the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Note 7. Deferred Costs and Other Intangibles, Net
 
Deferred costs and other intangibles, net, consisted of the following as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Deferred leasing costs
$
11,069

 
$
7,030

Deferred financing costs
11,244

 
11,244

Intangible assets:
 

 
 

Value of in-place leases
17

 
179

Trademark

 
3,100

Database
2,100

 
2,100

 
24,430

 
23,653

Less: accumulated amortization
(10,993
)
 
(10,628
)
Total
$
13,437

 
$
13,025


Amortization expense related to deferred leasing costs, the value of in-place leases, trademark and database was $2.9 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $7.7 million and $7.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which has been included in depreciation and amortization within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Deferred financing costs that relate to our revolving credit facility are included in deferred costs and other intangibles, net within the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of deferred financing costs

17


that relate to our revolving credit facility was $0.5 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and $1.5 million and $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which has been included in gross interest, prior to interest capitalization (see Note 8).
 
The following table sets forth the estimated annual amortization expense related to deferred costs and other intangibles, net as of September 30, 2018, for future periods (in thousands):
Year
 
Deferred
Leasing Costs
 
Deferred
Financing Costs
 
Value of
In-place Leases
 
Database
 
Total
Remaining 2018
 
$
2,253

 
$
495

 
$
3

 
$
75

 
$
2,826

2019
 
3,315

 
1,964

 

 
300

 
5,579

2020
 

 
1,969

 

 
132

 
2,101

2021
 

 
1,964

 

 

 
1,964

2022
 

 
967

 

 

 
967

Total
 
$
5,568

 
$
7,359

 
$
3

 
$
507

 
$
13,437



18


Note 8. Debt
 
All of the Company's indebtedness is debt of the Operating Partnership. AH4R is not directly obligated under any indebtedness, but guarantees some of the debt of the Operating Partnership. The following table presents the Company’s debt as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding Principal Balance
 
Interest Rate (1)
 
Maturity Date
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
AH4R 2014-SFR2 securitization
4.42%
 
October 9, 2024
 
$
492,478

 
$
496,326

AH4R 2014-SFR3 securitization
4.40%
 
December 9, 2024
 
508,080

 
512,041

AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization (2)
4.14%
 
April 9, 2045
 
533,578

 
537,723

AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization (3)
4.36%
 
October 9, 2045
 
463,552

 
467,267

Total asset-backed securitizations
 
 
 
 
1,997,688

 
2,013,357

Unsecured senior notes (4)
4.08%
 
February 15, 2028
 
500,000

 

Exchangeable senior notes
3.25%
 
November 15, 2018
 
115,000

 
115,000

Secured note payable (5)
N/A
 
N/A
 

 
48,859

Revolving credit facility (6)
3.46%
 
June 30, 2022
 

 
140,000

Term loan facility (7)
3.61%
 
June 30, 2022
 
100,000

 
200,000

Total debt (8)
 
 
 
 
2,712,688

 
2,517,216

Unamortized discounts on unsecured and exchangeable senior notes
 
 
 
 
(2,751
)
 
(895
)
Equity component of exchangeable senior notes
 
 
 
 
(358
)
 
(2,408
)
Deferred financing costs, net (9)
 
 
 
 
(37,876
)
 
(38,026
)
Total debt per balance sheet
 
 
 
 
$
2,671,703

 
$
2,475,887

(1)
Interest rates are as of September 30, 2018. Unless otherwise stated, interest rates are fixed percentages.
(2)
The AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization has a maturity date of April 9, 2045, with an anticipated repayment date of April 9, 2025.
(3)
The AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization has a maturity date of October 9, 2045, with an anticipated repayment date of October 9, 2025.
(4)
The stated interest rate on the unsecured senior notes is 4.25%, which was effectively hedged to yield an interest rate of 4.08%.
(5)
The secured note payable was paid off in full during the second quarter of 2018.
(6)
The revolving credit facility provides for a borrowing capacity of up to $800.0 million, with a fully extended maturity date of June 2022, and bears interest at a LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 0.825% to 1.55% or a base rate (generally determined according to a prime rate or federal funds rate) plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.55%. The interest rate stated represents the applicable spread for LIBOR based borrowings as of September 30, 2018, plus 1-month LIBOR.
(7)
The term loan component of our credit facility matures June 2022, and bears interest at a LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 0.90% to 1.75% or a base rate (generally determined according to a prime rate or federal funds rate) plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.75%. The interest rate stated represents the applicable spread for LIBOR based borrowings as of September 30, 2018, plus 1-month LIBOR.
(8)
The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants associated with its asset-backed securitizations, unsecured senior notes, secured note payable, revolving credit facility and term loan facility as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017.
(9)
Deferred financing costs relate to our asset-backed securitizations, term loan facility and unsecured senior notes. Amortization of deferred financing costs was $1.5 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $4.4 million and $5.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which has been included in gross interest, prior to interest capitalization.
 
Early Extinguishment of Debt

During the second quarter of 2018, the Company paid off the outstanding principal on the secured note payable of approximately $48.4 million, which resulted in $0.5 million of charges that were included in loss on early extinguishment of debt within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The payoff of the secured note payable also resulted in the release of the 572 homes pledged as collateral and $2.1 million of restricted cash for lender requirements. Also during the second quarter of 2018, the Company paid down $100.0 million on our term loan facility, which resulted in $0.9 million of charges related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs that were included in loss on early extinguishment of debt within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the second quarter of 2017, the Company paid off the outstanding principal on the AH4R 2014-SFR1 asset-backed securitization of approximately $455.4 million, which resulted in $6.6 million of charges primarily related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs that were included in loss on early extinguishment of debt within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The payoff of the AH4R 2014-SFR1 asset-backed securitization also resulted in the release of the 3,799 homes pledged as collateral and $9.4 million of restricted cash for lender requirements.


19


Debt Maturities
 
The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of the Company's debt on a fully extended basis as of September 30, 2018 (in thousands):
Remaining 2018
$
120,179

2019
20,714

2020
20,714

2021
20,714

2022
120,714

Thereafter
2,409,653

Total debt
2,712,688

Unamortized discounts and deferred financing costs (1)
(40,985
)
Total debt per balance sheet
$
2,671,703

(1)
Includes the unamortized discounts on the unsecured and exchangeable senior notes, the equity component of the exchangeable senior notes and deferred financing costs, net.
 
Unsecured Senior Notes

In February 2018, the Operating Partnership issued $500.0 million of 4.25% unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of February 15, 2028 (the "2028 Notes"). Interest on the 2028 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, commencing on August 15, 2018. The Operating Partnership received net proceeds of $494.0 million from this issuance, after underwriting fees of approximately $3.2 million and a $2.8 million discount, and before estimated offering costs of $1.9 million. The net proceeds from this issuance were used for general corporate purposes, including, without limitation, acquisitions of additional properties, the repayment of outstanding indebtedness, capital expenditures, the expansion, redevelopment and/or improvement of our properties, working capital and other general purposes, including repurchases of securities. The 2028 Notes are the Operating Partnership's unsecured and unsubordinated obligation and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Operating Partnership’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The Operating Partnership may redeem the 2028 Notes at any time, in whole or in part, at the applicable redemption price specified in the Indenture with respect to the 2028 Notes. If the 2028 Notes are redeemed on or after November 15, 2027 (three months prior to the maturity date), the redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2028 Notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the redemption date. The 2028 Notes have been initially guaranteed by American Residential Properties OP, L.P., (the “Guarantor Subsidiary”), a 100% owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, but such guarantee will be automatically released at the time that the Guarantor Subsidiary no longer guarantees our credit facility. Including the effect of a cash flow hedging instrument settled in February 2018 (see Note 13), the 2028 Notes yield an effective interest rate of 4.08%.

Exchangeable Senior Notes, Net

The exchangeable senior notes, which were assumed in connection with the Company's merger (the "ARPI Merger") with American Residential Properties, Inc. ("ARPI") during 2016, contain an exchange settlement feature, which provides that the exchangeable senior notes may, under certain circumstances, be exchangeable for cash, our Class A common shares or a combination of cash and our Class A common shares, at the option of the Operating Partnership, based on an initial exchange rate of 46.9423 shares of ARPI's common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the notes. The adjusted initial exchange rate would be 53.2795 of our Class A common shares per $1,000 principal amount of the notes, based on the 1.135 exchange ratio of ARPI shares to our shares resulting from the ARPI Merger. The current exchange rate as of September 30, 2018, was 55.6688 of the Company's Class A common shares per $1,000 principal amount of the notes. The exchange rate is adjusted based on the Company's Class A common share price and distributions to common shareholders. In August 2018, the Operating Partnership provided notice to the holders of the exchangeable senior notes that we have elected the cash settlement option for the payoff of the exchangeable senior notes, which mature on November 15, 2018.


20


Interest Expense
 
The following table displays our total gross interest, which includes unused commitment and other fees on our credit facilities and amortization of deferred financing costs, the discounts on senior notes and the fair value of the exchange settlement feature of the exchangeable senior notes, and capitalized interest for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
For the Three Months Ended
 
For the Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2018
 
September 30, 2017
 
September 30, 2018
 
September 30, 2017
Gross interest
$
32,344

 
$
28,125

 
$
97,422

 
$
90,044

Capitalized interest
(1,414
)
 
(1,533
)
 
(5,213
)
 
(3,171
)
Interest expense
$
30,930

 
$
26,592


$
92,209

 
$
86,873


Note 9. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
 
The following table summarizes accounts payable and accrued expenses as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Accounts payable
$
151

 
$
1,726

Accrued property taxes
115,305

 
47,765

Other accrued liabilities
39,011

 
31,788

Accrued distribution payable
25,209

 
26,982

Accrued construction and maintenance liabilities
20,182

 
17,928

Resident security deposits
82,845

 
75,951

Prepaid rent
23,232

 
20,727

Total
$
305,935

 
$
222,867

 
Note 10. Shareholders’ Equity / Partners' Capital

When the Company issues common or preferred shares, the Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of units of partnership interest of a corresponding class to AH4R, with the Operating Partnership receiving the net proceeds from the share issuances.

At-the-Market Common Share Offering Program
In November 2016, the Company established an at-the-market common share offering program under which we were able to issue Class A common shares from time to time through various sales agents up to an aggregate of $400.0 million (the "Original At-the-Market Program"). The program was established in order to use the net proceeds from share issuances to repay borrowings against the Company’s revolving credit and term loan facilities, to acquire and renovate single-family properties and for related activities in accordance with the Company’s business strategy, and for working capital and general corporate purposes. The program may be suspended or terminated by the Company at any time. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company issued and sold 2.0 million Class A common shares under the Original At-the-Market Program for gross proceeds of $46.2 million, or $22.74 per share, and net proceeds of $45.6 million, after commissions and other expenses of approximately $0.6 million. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the share issuances. The Original At-the-Market Program was replaced in August 2017 with an at-the-market common share offering program with a $500.0 million capacity with the same terms (the "At-the-Market Program"). As of September 30, 2018, no shares have been issued under the At-the-Market Program and $500.0 million remained available for future share issuances.

Share Repurchase Program

In February 2018, the Company's board of trustees re-authorized our existing share repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. The Operating Partnership funds the repurchases and constructively retires an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company repurchased and retired 1.8 million of our Class A common shares on a settlement date basis, in accordance with the program, at a weighted-average price of $19.36 per share and a total price of $34.9 million. We did not repurchase and retire any of our shares during the nine months ended September

21


30, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, we had a remaining repurchase authorization of up to $265.1 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares under the program.

Preferred Shares

As of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, the Company had the following series of preferred shares outstanding (in thousands, except share data):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Series
 
Issuance Date
 
Earliest Redemption Date
 
Dividend Rate
 
Outstanding Shares
 
Current Liquidation Value
 
Outstanding Shares
 
Current Liquidation Value (1)
Series C participating preferred shares (2)
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
N/A

 

 
$

 
7,600,000

 
$
218,236

Series D perpetual preferred shares
 
5/24/2016
 
5/24/2021
 
6.500
%
 
10,750,000

 
268,750

 
10,750,000

 
268,750

Series E perpetual preferred shares
 
6/29/2016
 
6/29/2021
 
6.350
%
 
9,200,000

 
230,000

 
9,200,000

 
230,000

Series F perpetual preferred shares
 
4/24/2017
 
4/24/2022
 
5.875
%
 
6,200,000

 
155,000

 
6,200,000

 
155,000

Series G perpetual preferred shares
 
7/17/2017
 
7/17/2022
 
5.875
%
 
4,600,000

 
115,000

 
4,600,000

 
115,000

Series H perpetual preferred shares
 
9/19/2018
 
9/19/2023
 
6.250
%
 
4,600,000

 
115,000

 

 

Total preferred shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
35,350,000

 
$
883,750

 
38,350,000

 
$
986,986

(1)
Liquidation value reflects initial liquidation value of $25.00 per share, which in the case of the Series C participating preferred shares is adjusted by an amount equal to 50% of the cumulative change in value of an index based on the purchase prices of single-family properties located in our top 20 markets.
(2)
All of the outstanding Series C participating preferred shares were converted into 10,848,827 Class A common shares on April 5, 2018, based on a conversion ratio of 1.4275 common shares per preferred share in accordance with the conversion terms in the Articles Supplementary.

Issuance of Perpetual Preferred Shares

During the third quarter of 2018, the Company issued 4,600,000 6.25% Series H cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred shares in an underwritten public offering, raising gross proceeds of $115.0 million before offering costs of approximately $4.0 million, with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of the same class of perpetual preferred units to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the share issuance.

Redemption of Series C Participating Preferred Shares

On April 5, 2018, the Company redeemed all 7,600,000 shares of the outstanding 5.5% Series C participating preferred shares through a conversion of those participating preferred shares into Class A common shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value, in accordance with the conversion terms in the Articles Supplementary. This resulted in 10,848,827 Class A common shares issued from the conversion, based on a conversion ratio of 1.4275 Class A common shares issued per Series C participating preferred share. The Operating Partnership also redeemed its corresponding Series C participating preferred units through a conversion into Class A units on April 5, 2018. The conversion ratio was calculated by dividing (1) the initial liquidation preference on the Series C participating preferred shares, as adjusted by an amount equal to 50% of the cumulative change in value of an index based on the purchase prices of single-family properties located in our top 20 markets (adjusted for a maximum 9.0% internal rate of return), plus unaccrued dividends by (2) the one-day volume weighted-average price (“VWAP”) of the Company’s Class A common shares on March 29, 2018, the date the Company delivered the required notice of redemption. As a result of the redemption, the Company recorded a $32.2 million allocation of income to the Series C participating preferred shareholders in the second quarter of 2018, which represents the initial liquidation value of the Series C participating preferred shares in excess of the original equity carrying value of the Series C participating preferred shares as of the redemption date. The original equity carrying value of the Series C participating preferred shares was net of the initial bifurcated home price appreciation derivative liability and offering costs.

Distributions
 
During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, the Company's board of trustees declared distributions that totaled $0.05 per share on the Company's Class A and Class B common shares, $0.41 on the Company's 6.5% Series D perpetual preferred shares, $0.40 on the Company's 6.35% Series E perpetual preferred shares, $0.37 on the Company's 5.875% Series F perpetual preferred shares and $0.37 on the Company's 5.875% Series G perpetual preferred shares. The initial distribution for the Company's 6.25% Series H perpetual preferred shares was declared on November 1, 2018, and relates to the initial distribution period that commenced on and includes the original issuance date of September 19, 2018, through December 31, 2018. During the quarter ended September 30, 2017, the Company's board of trustees declared distributions that totaled $0.05 per share on the Company's Class A and Class B common

22


shares, $0.31 on the Company's 5.0% Series A participating preferred shares, $0.31 on the Company's 5.0% Series B participating preferred shares, $0.34 on the Company's 5.5% Series C participating preferred shares, $0.41 on the Company's 6.5% Series D perpetual preferred shares, $0.40 on the Company's 6.35% Series E perpetual preferred shares and $0.37 on the Company's 5.875% Series F perpetual preferred shares. Distributions declared on the Company's 5.875% Series G perpetual preferred shares were for a pro-rated amount of $0.30 during the quarter ended September 30, 2017. The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions, and an equivalent amount of distributions were declared on the corresponding Operating Partnership units.

Noncontrolling Interest

Noncontrolling interest as reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets primarily consists of the interests held by former American Homes 4 Rent, LLC ("AH LLC") members in units in the Operating Partnership. Former AH LLC members owned 54,276,644, or approximately 15.4% and 15.9%, of the total 351,881,447 and 342,099,865 Class A units in the Operating Partnership as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. Noncontrolling interest also includes interests held by non-affiliates in Class A units in the Operating Partnership. Non-affiliate Class A unitholders owned 1,073,509, or approximately 0.3% of the total 351,881,447 and 342,099,865 Class A units in the Operating Partnership as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, respectively. Also included in noncontrolling interest as of December 31, 2017, was the outside ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, which was liquidated during the second quarter of 2018.

The following table summarizes the income or loss allocated to noncontrolling interests as reflected in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
For the Three Months Ended
 
For the Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2018
 
September 30, 2017
 
September 30, 2018
 
September 30, 2017

Net income (loss) allocated to Class A units
$
2,881

 
$
340

 
$
1,104

 
$
(30
)
Net (loss) income allocated to noncontrolling interest in a consolidated subsidiary

 
(31
)
 
(259
)
 
8

Total noncontrolling interest
$
2,881

 
$
309

 
$
845

 
$
(22
)
 
Noncontrolling interest as reflected in the Operating Partnership's condensed consolidated balance sheets consisted solely of the outside ownership interest in a consolidated subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, which was liquidated during the second quarter of 2018. Income and loss allocated to the Operating Partnership's noncontrolling interest is reflected in noncontrolling interest within the Operating Partnership's condensed consolidated statements of operations. The Operating Partnership units owned by former AH LLC members and non-affiliates that are reflected as noncontrolling interest in the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets are reflected as limited partner capital in the Operating Partnership's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

2012 Equity Incentive Plan

The Company's employees are compensated through the Operating Partnership, including share-based compensation. When the Company issues Class A common shares under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Plan"), the Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of Class A units to AH4R.
 
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company granted stock options for 140,000 and 385,600 Class A common shares, respectively, and 304,400 and 174,000 restricted stock units, respectively, to certain employees of the Company under the Plan. The options and restricted stock units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, vest over a four-year service period, and the options expire 10 years from the date of grant.
 

23


The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:
 
Shares
 
Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
 
Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual 
Life (in years)
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value (1)
(in thousands)
Options outstanding at January 1, 2017
2,826,500

 
$
15.69

 
7.6
 
$
14,956

Granted
385,600

 
23.38

 
 
 
 

Exercised
(62,655
)
 
15.77

 
 
 
444

Forfeited
(85,250
)
 
16.24

 
 
 
 

Options outstanding at September 30, 2017
3,064,195

 
$
16.64

 
7.1
 
$
16,149

Options exercisable at September 30, 2017
1,681,595

 
$
15.90

 
6.3
 
$
9,764

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Options outstanding at January 1, 2018
3,052,450

 
$
16.65

 
6.9
 
$
16,421

Granted
140,000

 
19.40

 
 
 
 

Exercised
(684,875
)
 
16.04

 
 
 
4,388

Forfeited
(112,750
)
 
17.84

 
 
 
 

Options outstanding at September 30, 2018
2,394,825

 
$
16.92

 
6.4
 
$
12,388

Options exercisable at September 30, 2018
1,659,050

 
$
16.23

 
5.7
 
$
9,521


(1)
Intrinsic value for activities other than exercises is defined as the difference between the grant price and the market value on the last trading day of the period for those stock options where the market value is greater than the exercise price. For exercises, intrinsic value is defined as the difference between the grant price and the market value on the date of exercise.

The following table summarizes the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model inputs used for valuation of the stock options for Class A common shares granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:
 
2018
 
2017
Weighted-average fair value
$
3.03

 
$
3.82

Expected term (years)
 
7.0

 
 
7.0

Dividend yield
 
3.0
%
 
 
3.0
%
Volatility
 
18.9
%
 
 
21.3
%
Risk-free interest rate
 
2.8
%
 
 
2.2
%
  
The following table summarizes the activity that relates to the Company’s restricted stock units under the Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:
 
2018
 
2017
Restricted stock units at beginning of period
243,875

 
130,150

Units awarded
304,400

 
174,000

Units vested
(80,125
)
 
(42,475
)
Units forfeited
(69,100
)
 
(16,200
)
Restricted stock units at end of period
399,050


245,475

 
For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, total non-cash share-based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock units was $0.8 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of which $0.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively, related to corporate administrative employees and was included in general and administrative expense and $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively, related to centralized and field property management employees and was included in property management expenses within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, total non-cash share-based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock units was $2.7 million and $3.2 million, respectively, of which $1.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively, related to corporate administrative employees and was included in general and administrative expense and $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively, related to centralized and field property management employees and was included in property management expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.


24


Note 11. Earnings per Share / Unit
 
American Homes 4 Rent

The following table reflects the Company's computation of net income or loss per common share on a basic and diluted basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except share and per share data): 
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Numerator:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Net income
$
30,281

 
$
19,097

 
$
77,704

 
$
45,959

Less:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interest
2,881

 
309

 
845

 
(22
)
Dividends on preferred shares
12,223

 
17,253

 
38,804

 
46,122

Redemption of participating preferred shares

 

 
32,215

 

Allocation to participating securities (1)
20

 
12

 
66

 

Numerator for basic income (loss) per common share
$
15,157

 
$
1,523

 
$
5,774

 
$
(141
)
Add back:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends on participating preferred shares (2)

 
5,569

 

 

Remeasurement of participating preferred shares (2)

 
(8,391
)
 

 

Numerator for diluted income (loss) per common share
$
15,157

 
$
(1,299
)
 
$
5,774

 
$
(141
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Denominator:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding—basic
296,214,509

 
266,767,313

 
292,656,914

 
256,768,343

Effect of dilutive securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Participating preferred shares (2)

 
22,385,747

 

 

Share-based compensation plan (3)
753,140

 

 
662,331

 

Weighted-average common shares outstanding—diluted (4)
296,967,649

 
289,153,060

 
293,319,245

 
256,768,343

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) per common share:


 


 


 


Basic
$
0.05

 
$
0.01

 
$
0.02

 
$

Diluted
$
0.05

 
$

 
$
0.02

 
$

(1)
Participating securities include unvested restricted stock units that have nonforfeitable rights to participate in dividends declared on common stock.
(2)
Reflects the dilutive effect of the assumed conversion of participating preferred shares into Class A common shares.
(3)
Reflects the effect of potentially dilutive securities issuable upon the assumed vesting / exercise of restricted stock units and stock options.
(4)
The computation of diluted earnings per share for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, excludes an aggregate of zero and 7,078,066 potentially dilutive securities, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, excludes an aggregate of zero and 29,474,000 potentially dilutive securities, respectively, which include a combination of participating preferred shares, exchangeable senior notes, common shares issuable upon exercise of stock options and unvested restricted stock units, because their effect would have been antidilutive to the respective periods. The effect of the potential conversion of OP Units is not reflected in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share, as they are exchangeable for Class A common shares on a one-for-one basis. The income allocable to the OP units is allocated on this same basis and reflected as noncontrolling interest in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. As such, the assumed conversion of the OP units would have no net impact on the determination of diluted earnings per share.


25


American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

The following table reflects the Operating Partnership's computation of net income or loss per common unit on a basic and diluted basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except unit and per unit data): 
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Numerator:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Net income
$
30,281

 
$
19,097

 
$
77,704

 
$
45,959

Less:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interest

 
(31
)
 
(259
)
 
8

Preferred distributions
12,223

 
17,253

 
38,804

 
46,122

Redemption of participating preferred units

 

 
32,215

 

Allocation to participating securities (1)
21

 
12

 
66

 

Numerator for basic income (loss) per common unit
$
18,037

 
$
1,863

 
$
6,878

 
$
(171
)
Add back:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Distributions to participating preferred units (2)

 
5,569

 

 

Remeasurement of participating preferred units (2)

 
(8,391
)
 

 

Numerator for diluted income (loss) per common unit
$
18,037

 
$
(959
)
 
$
6,878

 
$
(171
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Denominator:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average common units outstanding—basic
351,564,662

 
322,303,138

 
348,007,067

 
312,315,728

Effect of dilutive securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Participating preferred units (2)

 
22,385,747

 

 

Share-based compensation plan (3)
753,140

 

 
662,331

 

Weighted-average common units outstanding—diluted (4)
352,317,802

 
344,688,885

 
348,669,398

 
312,315,728

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) per common unit:


 
 
 


 
 
Basic
$
0.05

 
$
0.01

 
$
0.02

 
$

Diluted
$
0.05

 
$

 
$
0.02

 
$

(1)
Participating securities include unvested restricted stock units that have nonforfeitable rights to participate in dividends declared on common stock.
(2)
Reflects the dilutive effect of the assumed conversion of participating preferred units into Class A common units.
(3)
Reflects the effect of potentially dilutive securities issuable upon the assumed vesting / exercise of restricted stock units and stock options.
(4)
The computation of diluted earnings per unit for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, excludes an aggregate of zero and 7,078,066 potentially dilutive securities, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, excludes an aggregate of zero and 29,474,000 potentially dilutive securities, respectively, which include a combination of participating preferred units, exchangeable senior notes, common units issuable upon exercise of stock options and unvested restricted stock units, because their effect would have been antidilutive to the respective periods.

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies
 
As of September 30, 2018, the Company had commitments to acquire 196 single-family properties for an aggregate purchase price of $48.3 million, as well as $67.3 million in purchase commitments that relate to both third party developer agreements and land for our internal construction program. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had commitments to acquire 520 single-family properties for an aggregate purchase price of $128.1 million, as well as $24.0 million in purchase commitments that relate to both third party developer agreements and land for our internal construction program.

As of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017, the Company had sales in escrow for approximately 155 and 69 of our single-family properties, respectively, for aggregate selling prices of $23.9 million and $7.0 million, respectively.

We are involved in various legal and administrative proceedings that are incidental to our business. We do not believe these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations upon resolution.

Radian Group Inc. (“Radian”), the indirect parent company of Green River Capital LLC (“GRC”), which has been a service provider that provided certain broker price opinions (“BPO”) to us, disclosed in its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly

26


period ended March 31, 2017, that GRC had received a letter in March 2017 from the staff of the SEC stating that it is conducting an investigation captioned “In the Matter of Certain Single Family Rental Securitizations” and requesting information from market participants. Radian disclosed that the letter asked GRC to provide information regarding BPOs that GRC provided on properties included in single family rental securitization transactions (“Securitizations”). On September 13, 2017, we received a letter from the staff of the SEC stating that it is conducting an investigation captioned “In the Matter of Certain Single Family Rental Securitizations.” The letter enclosed a subpoena that requests the production of certain documents and communications related to our Securitizations, including, without limitation, those related to BPOs provided by GRC on properties included in Securitizations. The letter does not allege any violation of law and we are cooperating with the SEC. We understand that other transaction parties in Securitizations have received requests in this matter. We do not believe this matter will have a material adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations upon resolution.

On January 16, 2018, we received a letter from the staff of the SEC stating that it is conducting an investigation captioned “Trading in Silver Bay Realty Trust Corp.” The letter enclosed a subpoena that requests us to produce certain documents and communications, including those related to our communications and agreements with Silver Bay Realty Trust Corp. (“Silver Bay”), communications with Silver Bay’s financial advisor, and our purchases, sales and holdings of Silver Bay stock. We purchased Silver Bay stock in 2016 and 2017 and then sold all of our holdings in 2017 for a profit of approximately $3.0 million. We intend to continue to cooperate fully with the SEC in connection with this matter. We do not believe this matter will have a material adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations upon resolution.

Note 13. Fair Value
 
The carrying amount of rents and other receivables, restricted cash, escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets, and accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these amounts.

Our revolving credit facility, term loan facility, asset-backed securitizations and secured note payable are financial instruments, which are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy as they were estimated by using unobservable inputs. We estimated their fair values by modeling the contractual cash flows required under the instruments and discounting them back to their present values using estimates of current market rates. Our unsecured senior notes and exchangeable senior notes are also financial instruments, which are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy as their fair values are estimated using observable inputs, based on the market value of the last trade at the end of the period.


27


The following table displays the carrying values and fair values of our debt instruments as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
AH4R 2014-SFR2 securitization
$
492,478

 
$
498,510

 
$
496,326

 
$
504,730

AH4R 2014-SFR3 securitization
508,080

 
516,519

 
512,041

 
521,252

AH4R 2015-SFR1 securitization
533,578

 
538,414

 
537,723

 
544,592

AH4R 2015-SFR2 securitization
463,552

 
470,844

 
467,267

 
475,832

Total asset-backed securitizations (1)
1,997,688

 
2,024,287

 
2,013,357

 
2,046,406

Unsecured senior notes, net (1) (2)
497,384

 
477,805

 

 

Exchangeable senior notes, net (2)
114,507

 
144,135

 
111,697

 
147,462

Secured note payable (3)

 

 
48,859

 
49,027

Revolving credit facility (1) (4)

 

 
140,000

 
140,000

Term loan facility (1) (5)
100,000

 
100,000

 
200,000

 
200,000

Total debt
$
2,709,579

 
$
2,746,227

 
$
2,513,913

 
$
2,582,895


(1)
The carrying values of the asset-backed securitizations, unsecured senior notes, revolving credit facility and term loan facility exclude $32.3 million, $4.8 million, $7.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of unamortized deferred financing costs as of September 30, 2018, and exclude $36.0 million, zero, $8.8 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of unamortized deferred financing costs as of December 31, 2017.
(2)
The carrying values of the unsecured senior notes, net and exchangeable senior notes, net are presented net of unamortized discounts.
(3)
The secured note payable was paid off in full during the second quarter of 2018.
(4)
As our revolving credit facility bears interest at a floating rate based on an index plus a spread, which is a LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 0.825% to 1.55% or a base rate (generally determined according to a prime rate or federal funds rate) plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.55%, management believes that the carrying value of the revolving credit facility reasonably approximates fair value.
(5)
As our term loan facility bears interest at a floating rate based on an index plus a spread, which is a LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 0.90% to 1.75% or a base rate (generally determined according to a prime rate or federal funds rate) plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.75%, management believes that the carrying value of the term loan facility reasonably approximates fair value.

Valuation of the participating preferred shares derivative liability considered scenarios in which the participating preferred shares would be redeemed or converted into Class A common shares by the Company and the subsequent payoffs under those scenarios. The valuation also considered certain variables such as the risk-free rate matching the assumed timing of either redemption or conversion, volatility of the underlying home price appreciation index, dividend payments, conversion rates, the assumed timing of either redemption or conversion and an assumed drift factor in home price appreciation across certain metropolitan statistical areas, or MSAs, as outlined in the agreement. The Series C participating preferred shares were redeemed through a conversion into Class A common shares on April 5, 2018 (see Note 10).

In October 2017, in anticipation of the issuance of the 2028 Notes and in order to hedge interest rate risk, the Operating Partnership entered into a treasury lock agreement on a notional amount of $350.0 million, based on the 10-year treasury note rate at the time. The treasury lock was designated as a cash flow hedging instrument and had a fair value of $0.1 million as of December 31, 2017, which was included in escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets within the condensed consolidated balance sheets, with a corresponding unrealized gain reflected in other comprehensive income. The treasury lock was settled upon the issuance of the 2028 Notes in February 2018 and resulted in a $9.6 million gain that was recorded in other comprehensive income and will be reclassified into earnings as a reduction of interest expense over the term of the 2028 Notes. The treasury lock is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy as its fair value was estimated using observable inputs, based on the 10-year treasury note rate.

The following table sets forth the fair values of the participating preferred shares derivative liability and treasury lock as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
Description
 
Fair Value Hierarchy
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Assets:
 
 
 
 

 
 

Treasury lock
 
Level 2
 
$

 
$
75

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 

 
 

Participating preferred shares derivative liability
 
Level 3
 
$

 
$
29,470



28


The following tables present changes in the fair values of our Level 3 financial instruments that were measured on a recurring basis with changes in fair value recognized in remeasurement of participating preferred shares within the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
Description
 
January 1, 2018
 
Conversions
 
Remeasurement included in earnings
 
September 30, 2018
Liabilities:
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

Participating preferred shares derivative liability
 
$
29,470

 
$
(28,258
)
 
$
(1,212
)
 
$

Description
 
January 1, 2017
 
Conversions
 
Remeasurement included in earnings
 
September 30, 2017
Liabilities:
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

Participating preferred shares derivative liability
 
$
69,810

 
$

 
$
(1,341
)
 
$
68,469

    
Note 14. Condensed Consolidating Financial Statements

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

The 2028 Notes issued by American Homes 4 Rent, L.P. (the “Parent Company”) have been initially guaranteed by American Residential Properties OP, L.P. (the “Guarantor Subsidiary”), a 100% owned subsidiary of the Parent Company, but such guarantee will be automatically released at the time that the Subsidiary Guarantor no longer guarantees our credit facility. The Parent Company’s other subsidiaries, including, but not limited to, the subsidiaries that own substantially all of our properties (collectively, the “Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”), have not provided a guarantee of the 2028 Notes. Pursuant to Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X, the following condensed consolidating financial information is provided for the Operating Partnership, including the Parent Company, the Guarantor Subsidiary and the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries. This summarized financial information may not necessarily be indicative of the results of operations or financial position had the Parent Company, the Guarantor Subsidiary or the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries operated as independent entities. All intercompany balances and transactions between the Parent Company, the Guarantor Subsidiary and the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries have been eliminated as shown in the “Consolidating Adjustments” column. All assets and liabilities have been allocated to the Parent Company, the Guarantor Subsidiary and the Combined Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries based on legal entity ownership.


29


Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets
(Amounts in thousands)
 
As of September 30, 2018
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Single-family properties, net
$

 
$
656

 
$
8,257,901

 
$

 
$
8,258,557

Cash and cash equivalents
92,343

 

 
17,795

 

 
110,138

Restricted cash
26,935

 
29

 
129,062

 

 
156,026

Rent and other receivables, net

 
56

 
36,022

 

 
36,078

Intercompany receivables
280,514

 

 

 
(280,514
)
 

Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets, including due from affiliates
71,364

 
170

 
205,377

 

 
276,911

Investments in subsidiaries
6,009,862

 
115,619

 

 
(6,125,481
)
 

Deferred costs and other intangibles, net
7,866

 

 
5,571

 

 
13,437

Goodwill
120,279

 

 

 

 
120,279

Total assets
$
6,609,163

 
$
116,530

 
$
8,651,728

 
$
(6,405,995
)
 
$
8,971,426

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revolving credit facility
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

Term loan facility, net
99,176

 

 

 

 
99,176

Asset-backed securitizations, net

 

 
1,965,417

 

 
1,965,417

Unsecured senior notes, net
492,603

 

 

 

 
492,603

Exchangeable senior notes, net

 
114,507

 

 

 
114,507

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
30,566

 
3,524

 
271,845

 

 
305,935

Amounts payable to affiliates
4,784

 

 

 

 
4,784

Intercompany payables

 
9,071

 
271,443

 
(280,514
)
 

Total liabilities
627,129

 
127,102

 
2,508,705

 
(280,514
)
 
2,982,422

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capital
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Partners' capital:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
General partner:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common units
4,398,228

 
(10,572
)
 
6,143,023

 
(6,125,481
)
 
4,405,198

Preferred units
854,435

 

 

 

 
854,435

Limited partner:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common units
720,345

 

 

 

 
720,345

Accumulated other comprehensive income
9,026

 

 

 

 
9,026

Total partners' capital:
5,982,034

 
(10,572
)
 
6,143,023

 
(6,125,481
)
 
5,989,004

Total capital
5,982,034

 
(10,572
)
 
6,143,023

 
(6,125,481
)
 
5,989,004

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total liabilities and capital
$
6,609,163

 
$
116,530

 
$
8,651,728

 
$
(6,405,995
)
 
$
8,971,426



30


Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets (continued)
(Amounts in thousands)
 
As of December 31, 2017
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Single-family properties, net
$

 
$
1,732

 
$
8,063,248

 
$

 
$
8,064,980

Cash and cash equivalents
22,157

 

 
23,999

 

 
46,156

Restricted cash
14,742

 
31

 
121,894

 

 
136,667

Rent and other receivables, net
114

 
57

 
29,973

 

 
30,144

Intercompany receivables
154,621

 

 

 
(154,621
)
 

Escrow deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets, including due from affiliates
59,271

 
164

 
138,082

 

 
197,517

Investments in subsidiaries
5,889,146

 
115,303

 

 
(6,004,449
)
 

Deferred costs and other intangibles, net
9,652

 

 
3,373

 

 
13,025

Goodwill
120,279

 

 

 

 
120,279

Total assets
$
6,269,982

 
$
117,287

 
$
8,380,569

 
$
(6,159,070
)
 
$
8,608,768

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revolving credit facility
$
140,000

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
140,000

Term loan facility, net
198,023

 

 

 

 
198,023

Asset-backed securitizations, net

 

 
1,977,308

 

 
1,977,308

Exchangeable senior notes, net

 
111,697

 

 

 
111,697

Secured note payable

 

 
48,859

 

 
48,859

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
27,566

 
2,757

 
192,544

 

 
222,867

Amounts payable to affiliates
4,720

 

 

 

 
4,720

Intercompany payables

 
8,428

 
146,193

 
(154,621
)
 

Participating preferred units derivative liability
29,470

 

 

 

 
29,470

Total liabilities
399,779

 
122,882

 
2,364,904

 
(154,621
)
 
2,732,944

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Capital
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Partners' capital:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
General partner:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common units
4,241,266

 
(5,595
)
 
6,017,014

 
(6,004,449
)
 
4,248,236

Preferred units
901,318

 

 

 

 
901,318

Limited partner:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common units
727,544

 

 

 

 
727,544

Accumulated other comprehensive income
75

 

 

 

 
75

Total partners' capital:
5,870,203

 
(5,595
)
 
6,017,014

 
(6,004,449
)
 
5,877,173

Noncontrolling interest

 

 
(1,349
)
 

 
(1,349
)
Total capital
5,870,203

 
(5,595
)
 
6,015,665

 
(6,004,449
)
 
5,875,824

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total liabilities and capital
$
6,269,982

 
$
117,287

 
$
8,380,569

 
$
(6,159,070
)
 
$
8,608,768



31


Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations
(Amounts in thousands)
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rents from single-family properties
$

 
$
20

 
$
231,304

 
$

 
$
231,324

Fees from single-family properties

 

 
2,711

 

 
2,711

Tenant charge-backs

 
2

 
44,150

 

 
44,152

Other
380

 

 
1,485

 

 
1,865

Total revenues
380

 
22

 
279,650

 

 
280,052

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property operating expenses

 
12

 
113,588

 

 
113,600

Property management expenses

 

 
18,865

 

 
18,865

General and administrative expense
5,546

 

 
3,719

 

 
9,265

Interest expense
7,355

 
1,908

 
21,667

 

 
30,930

Acquisition fees and costs expensed

 

 
1,055

 

 
1,055

Depreciation and amortization
204

 

 
79,736

 

 
79,940

Other expense
527

 

 
542

 

 
1,069

Total expenses
13,632

 
1,920

 
239,172

 

 
254,724

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intercompany income
38

 

 
253

 
(291
)
 

Intercompany expenses
(253
)
 

 
(38
)
 
291

 

Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net

 
(3
)
 
4,956

 

 
4,953

Equity in income of subsidiaries
43,748

 
11,009

 

 
(54,757
)
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
30,281

 
9,108

 
45,649

 
(54,757
)
 
30,281

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred distributions
12,223

 

 

 

 
12,223

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to common unitholders
$
18,058

 
$
9,108

 
$
45,649

 
$
(54,757
)
 
$
18,058



32


Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations (continued)
(Amounts in thousands)
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rents from single-family properties
$

 
$
48

 
$
207,442

 
$

 
$
207,490

Fees from single-family properties

 

 
2,843

 

 
2,843

Tenant charge-backs

 
3

 
36,091

 

 
36,094

Other
310

 

 
99

 

 
409

Total revenues
310

 
51

 
246,475

 

 
246,836

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property operating expenses

 
27

 
97,917

 

 
97,944

Property management expenses

 
3

 
17,444

 

 
17,447

General and administrative expense
5,170

 

 
3,355

 

 
8,525

Interest expense
2,490

 
1,844

 
22,258

 

 
26,592

Acquisition fees and costs expensed

 

 
1,306

 

 
1,306

Depreciation and amortization
369

 
2

 
74,419

 

 
74,790

Hurricane-related charges, net

 

 
10,136

 

 
10,136

Other
110

 
60

 
1,115

 

 
1,285

Total expenses
8,139

 
1,936

 
227,950

 

 
238,025

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intercompany income
69

 

 
86

 
(155
)
 

Intercompany expenses
(86
)
 

 
(69
)
 
155

 

Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net

 
685

 
1,210

 

 
1,895

Remeasurement of participating preferred units
8,391

 

 

 

 
8,391

Equity in income of subsidiaries
18,583

 
8,655

 

 
(27,238
)
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
19,128

 
7,455

 
19,752

 
(27,238
)
 
19,097

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interest

 

 
(31
)
 

 
(31
)
Preferred distributions
17,253

 

 

 

 
17,253

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to common unitholders
$
1,875

 
$
7,455

 
$
19,783

 
$
(27,238
)
 
$
1,875



33


Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations (continued)
(Amounts in thousands)
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rents from single-family properties
$

 
$
60

 
$
676,498

 
$

 
$
676,558

Fees from single-family properties

 
1

 
8,297

 

 
8,298

Tenant charge-backs

 
6

 
112,870

 

 
112,876

Other
1,114

 

 
3,693

 

 
4,807

Total revenues
1,114

 
67

 
801,358

 

 
802,539

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property operating expenses

 
16

 
313,414

 

 
313,430

Property management expenses

 
3

 
56,465

 

 
56,468

General and administrative expense
17,497

 
2

 
10,674

 

 
28,173

Interest expense
21,584

 
5,613

 
65,012

 

 
92,209

Acquisition fees and costs expensed

 

 
3,687

 

 
3,687

Depreciation and amortization
705

 

 
236,857

 

 
237,562

Other expense
702

 
9

 
2,809

 

 
3,520

Total expenses
40,488

 
5,643

 
688,918

 

 
735,049

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intercompany income
1,064

 

 
395

 
(1,459
)
 

Intercompany expenses
(395
)
 

 
(1,064
)
 
1,459

 

Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net

 
601

 
9,848

 

 
10,449

Loss on early extinguishment of debt
(879
)
 

 
(568
)
 

 
(1,447
)
Remeasurement of participating preferred units
1,212

 

 

 

 
1,212

Equity in income of subsidiaries
116,335

 
32,276

 

 
(148,611
)
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
77,963

 
27,301

 
121,051

 
(148,611
)
 
77,704

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interest

 

 
(259
)
 

 
(259
)
Preferred distributions
38,804

 

 

 

 
38,804

Redemption of participating preferred units
32,215

 

 

 

 
32,215

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to common unitholders
$
6,944

 
$
27,301

 
$
121,310

 
$
(148,611
)
 
$
6,944



34


Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations (continued)
(Amounts in thousands)
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rents from single-family properties
$

 
$
214

 
$
613,031

 
$

 
$
613,245

Fees from single-family properties

 
2

 
8,135

 

 
8,137

Tenant charge-backs

 
17

 
91,832

 

 
91,849

Other
1,029

 

 
3,338

 

 
4,367

Total revenues
1,029

 
233

 
716,336

 

 
717,598

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property operating expenses

 
129

 
267,074

 

 
267,203

Property management expenses

 
14

 
52,353

 

 
52,367

General and administrative expense
15,184

 
2

 
11,560

 

 
26,746

Interest expense
9,005

 
5,427

 
72,441

 

 
86,873

Acquisition fees and costs expensed
358

 

 
3,456

 

 
3,814

Depreciation and amortization
1,147

 
8

 
220,304

 

 
221,459

Hurricane-related charges, net

 

 
10,136

 

 
10,136

Other
290

 
111

 
3,801

 

 
4,202

Total expenses
25,984

 
5,691

 
641,125

 

 
672,800

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intercompany income
190

 

 
413

 
(603
)
 

Intercompany expenses
(413
)
 

 
(190
)
 
603

 

Gain (loss) on sale of single-family properties and other, net
3,031

 
(490
)
 
3,834

 

 
6,375

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

 

 
(6,555
)
 

 
(6,555
)
Remeasurement of participating preferred units
1,341

 

 

 

 
1,341

Equity in income of subsidiaries
66,757

 
27,143

 

 
(93,900
)
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
45,951

 
21,195

 
72,713

 
(93,900
)
 
45,959

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interest

 

 
8

 

 
8

Preferred distributions
46,122

 

 

 

 
46,122

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net (loss) income attributable to common unitholders
$
(171
)
 
$
21,195

 
$
72,705

 
$
(93,900
)
 
$
(171
)



35


Condensed Consolidating Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Amounts in thousands)
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Net income
$
30,281

 
$
9,108

 
$
45,649

 
$
(54,757
)
 
$
30,281

Other comprehensive loss:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on cash flow hedging instrument:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income
(241
)
 

 

 

 
(241
)
Other comprehensive loss
(241
)
 

 

 

 
(241
)
Comprehensive income
30,040

 
9,108

 
45,649

 
(54,757
)
 
30,040

Preferred distributions
12,223

 

 

 

 
12,223

Comprehensive income attributable to common unitholders
$
17,817

 
$
9,108

 
$
45,649

 
$
(54,757
)
 
$
17,817


 
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Net income
$
19,128

 
$
7,201

 
$
20,006

 
$
(27,238
)
 
$
19,097

Comprehensive income
19,128

 
7,201

 
20,006

 
(27,238
)
 
19,097

Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

 
(31
)
 

 
(31
)
Preferred distributions
17,253

 

 

 

 
17,253

Comprehensive income attributable to common unitholders
$
1,875

 
$
7,201

 
$
20,037

 
$
(27,238
)
 
$
1,875



36


Condensed Consolidating Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (continued)
(Amounts in thousands)
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Net income
$
77,963

 
$
27,301

 
$
121,051

 
$
(148,611
)
 
$
77,704

Other comprehensive income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on cash flow hedging instrument:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on settlement of cash flow hedging instrument
9,553

 

 

 

 
9,553

Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income
(602
)
 

 

 

 
(602
)
Other comprehensive income
8,951

 

 

 

 
8,951

Comprehensive income
86,914

 
27,301

 
121,051

 
(148,611
)
 
86,655

Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

 
(259
)
 

 
(259
)
Preferred distributions
38,804

 

 

 

 
38,804

Redemption of participating preferred units
32,215

 

 

 

 
32,215

Comprehensive income attributable to common unitholders
$
15,895

 
$
27,301

 
$
121,310

 
$
(148,611
)
 
$
15,895


 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Net income
$
45,951

 
$
21,195

 
$
72,713

 
$
(93,900
)
 
$
45,959

Other comprehensive loss:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on cash flow hedging instrument:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reclassification adjustment for amortization of interest expense included in net income

 

 
(28
)
 

 
(28
)
Unrealized gain on investment in equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reclassification adjustment for realized gain included in net income
(67
)
 

 

 

 
(67
)
Other comprehensive loss
(67
)
 

 
(28
)
 

 
(95
)
Comprehensive income
45,884

 
21,195

 
72,685

 
(93,900
)
 
45,864

Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests

 

 
8

 

 
8

Preferred distributions
46,122

 

 

 

 
46,122

Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to common unitholders
$
(238
)
 
$
21,195

 
$
72,677

 
$
(93,900
)
 
$
(266
)


37


Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows
(Amounts in thousands)
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Operating activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net cash (used for) provided by operating activities
$
(198,097
)
 
$
(1,345
)
 
$
575,905

 
$

 
$
376,463

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investing activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash paid for single-family properties

 

 
(333,082
)
 

 
(333,082
)
Change in escrow deposits for purchase of single-family properties

 

 
(2,194
)
 

 
(2,194
)
Net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other

 
2,165

 
45,592

 

 
47,757

Proceeds received from hurricane-related insurance claims

 

 
4,000

 

 
4,000

Investment in unconsolidated joint venture
(3,800
)
 

 

 

 
(3,800
)
Distributions from joint ventures
33,680

 

 
2,571

 

 
36,251

Collections from intercompany notes
1,800

 

 

 
(1,800
)
 

(Investment in) return of investment in subsidiaries
(5,089
)
 
31,958

 

 
(26,869
)
 

Initial renovations to single-family properties

 

 
(40,898
)
 

 
(40,898
)
Recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties

 
(504
)
 
(39,966
)
 

 
(40,470
)
Other purchases of productive assets

 

 
(149,475
)
 

 
(149,475
)
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities
26,591

 
33,619

 
(513,452
)
 
(28,669
)
 
(481,911
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financing activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from issuance of perpetual preferred units
115,000

 

 

 

 
115,000

Payments of perpetual preferred unit issuance costs
(3,750
)
 

 

 

 
(3,750
)
Repurchase of Class A units
(34,969
)
 

 

 

 
(34,969
)
Share-based compensation proceeds, net
8,871

 

 

 

 
8,871

Payments on asset-backed securitizations

 

 
(15,669
)
 

 
(15,669
)
Proceeds from revolving credit facility
155,000

 

 

 

 
155,000

Payments on revolving credit facility
(295,000
)
 

 

 

 
(295,000
)
Payments on term loan facility
(100,000
)
 

 

 

 
(100,000
)
Payments on secured note payable

 

 
(49,427
)
 

 
(49,427
)
Proceeds from unsecured senior notes, net of discount
497,210

 

 

 

 
497,210

Settlement of cash flow hedging instrument
9,628

 

 

 

 
9,628

Payments on intercompany notes borrowed

 

 
(1,800
)
 
1,800

 

Intercompany financing and distributions to parent

 
(32,276
)
 
5,407

 
26,869

 

Distributions to common unitholders
(51,827
)
 

 

 

 
(51,827
)
Distributions to preferred unitholders
(41,178
)
 

 

 

 
(41,178
)
Deferred financing costs paid
(5,100
)
 

 

 

 
(5,100
)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities
253,885

 
(32,276
)
 
(61,489
)
 
28,669

 
188,789

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
82,379

 
(2
)
 
964

 

 
83,341

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
36,899

 
31

 
145,893

 

 
182,823

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period
$
119,278

 
$
29

 
$
146,857

 
$

 
$
266,164

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Supplemental cash flow information
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized
$
(17,667
)
 
$
(1,869
)
 
$
(61,406
)
 
$

 
$
(80,942
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses related to property acquisitions, renovations and construction
$

 
$
(12
)
 
$
(95
)
 
$

 
$
(107
)
Transfers of completed homebuilding deliveries to properties
$

 
$

 
$
64,867

 
$

 
$
64,867

Property and land contributions to an unconsolidated joint venture
$

 
$

 
$
(40,942
)
 
$

 
$
(40,942
)
Redemption of participating preferred units
$
(28,258
)
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
(28,258
)
Accrued distributions to affiliates
$
(129
)
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
(129
)
Accrued distributions to non-affiliates
$
(1,773
)
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
(1,773
)


38


Condensed Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows (continued)
(Amounts in thousands)
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.
(Parent Company)
 
American Residential Properties OP, L.P.
(Guarantor Subsidiary)
 
Combined
Non-Guarantor
Subsidiaries
 
Consolidating Adjustments
 
Consolidated Total
Operating activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net cash (used for) provided by operating activities
$
(45,914
)
 
$
(3,563
)
 
$
398,852

 
$

 
$
349,375

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investing activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash paid for single-family properties

 

 
(462,875
)
 

 
(462,875
)
Change in escrow deposits for purchase of single-family properties

 

 
(2,710
)
 

 
(2,710
)
Net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other
14,265

 
2,821

 
51,532

 

 
68,618

Collections from mortgage financing receivables

 

 
83

 

 
83

Distributions from joint ventures
680

 

 
5,301

 

 
5,981

Collections from intercompany notes
9,507

 

 

 
(9,507
)
 

(Investment in) return of investment in subsidiaries
(575,754
)
 
29,453

 

 
546,301

 

Initial renovations to single-family properties

 
(1,591
)
 
(29,617
)
 

 
(31,208
)
Recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties

 

 
(26,725
)
 

 
(26,725
)
Other purchases of productive assets
(6,657
)
 

 
(31,403
)
 

 
(38,060
)
Net cash (used for) provided by investing activities
(557,959
)
 
30,683

 
(496,414
)
 
536,794

 
(486,896
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financing activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from issuance of Class A units
694,765

 

 

 

 
694,765

Payments of Class A unit issuance costs
(10,444
)
 

 

 

 
(10,444
)
Proceeds from issuance of perpetual preferred units
270,000

 

 

 

 
270,000

Payments of perpetual preferred unit issuance costs
(9,229
)
 

 

 

 
(9,229
)
Share-based compensation proceeds, net
988

 

 

 

 
988

Redemptions of Class A units
(169
)
 

 

 

 
(169
)
Payments on asset-backed securitizations

 

 
(472,470
)
 

 
(472,470
)
Proceeds from revolving credit facility
62,000

 

 

 

 
62,000

Payments on revolving credit facility
(112,000
)
 

 

 

 
(112,000
)
Proceeds from term loan facility
25,000

 

 

 

 
25,000

Payments on term loan facility
(100,000
)
 

 

 

 
(100,000
)
Payments on secured note payable

 

 
(721
)
 

 
(721
)
Payments on intercompany notes borrowed

 

 
(9,507
)
 
9,507

 

Intercompany financing and distributions to parent

 
(27,143
)
 
573,444

 
(546,301
)
 

Distributions to common unitholders
(47,223
)
 

 

 

 
(47,223
)
Distributions to preferred unitholders
(46,122
)
 

 

 

 
(46,122
)
Deferred financing costs paid
(3,974
)
 

 

 

 
(3,974
)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities
723,592

 
(27,143
)
 
90,746

 
(536,794
)
 
250,401

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
119,719

 
(23
)
 
(6,816
)
 

 
112,880

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
76,913

 
62

 
173,266

 

 
250,241

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period
$
196,632

 
$
39

 
$
166,450

 
$

 
$
363,121

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Supplemental cash flow information
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized
$
(7,235
)
 
$
(2,803
)
 
$
(67,926
)
 
$

 
$
(77,964
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses related to property acquisitions and renovations
$

 
$
12

 
$
7,139

 
$

 
$
7,151

Transfer of term loan borrowings to revolving credit facility
$
50,000

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
50,000

Transfer of deferred financing costs from term loan to revolving credit facility
$
1,524

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
1,524

Transfers of completed homebuilding deliveries to properties
$

 
$

 
$
3,010

 
$

 
$
3,010

Note receivable related to a bulk sale of properties, net of discount
$
5,635

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
5,635


Note 15. Subsequent Events

Subsequent Acquisitions
 
From October 1, 2018, through October 31, 2018, the Company acquired 221 properties for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $55.1 million, which included 12 homes developed through our internal construction program.

Subsequent Dispositions
 
From October 1, 2018, through October 31, 2018, the Company disposed of 138 properties for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $21.2 million.

Declaration of Dividends
 
On November 1, 2018, the Company's board of trustees declared quarterly dividends of $0.05 per share on the Company's Class A and Class B common shares, $0.41 per share on the Company’s 6.5% Series D perpetual preferred shares, $0.40 per share on the Company’s 6.35% Series E perpetual preferred shares, $0.37 per share on the Company’s 5.875% Series F perpetual preferred shares, $0.37 per share on the Company's 5.875% Series G perpetual preferred shares, and $0.44 per share on the Company's 6.25% Series H perpetual preferred shares, which includes $0.05 per share attributable to the period from the original issuance date of the Series H perpetual preferred shares of September 19, 2018, through September 30, 2018. The quarterly dividends are payable on December 31, 2018, to shareholders of record on December 14, 2018. The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions, and an equivalent amount of distributions were declared on the corresponding Operating Partnership units.

Hurricane Michael

Certain of our properties in the Georgia and the Carolina markets were impacted by Hurricane Michael. The Company is assessing potential damages, which are estimated to be approximately $0.4 million to $0.7 million.


39


Item 2.      Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
 
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. 

Overview
 
We are a Maryland REIT focused on acquiring, renovating, leasing and operating single-family homes as rental properties. The Operating Partnership is the entity through which we conduct substantially all of our business and own, directly or through subsidiaries, substantially all of our assets. We commenced operations in November 2012 to continue the investment activities of AH LLC, which was founded by our chairman, B. Wayne Hughes, in 2011 to take advantage of the dislocation in the single-family home market. Effective August 31, 2016, AH LLC was liquidated and its ownership interests in the Operating Partnership were distributed to its members.
 
As of September 30, 2018, we owned 52,464 single-family properties, in selected sub-markets of MSAs in 22 states, including 2,266 properties to be disposed, compared to 51,239 single-family properties in 22 states, including 310 properties to be disposed, as of December 31, 2017, and 50,015 single-family properties in 22 states, including 469 properties to be disposed, as of September 30, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, we had commitments to acquire an additional 196 single-family properties for an aggregate purchase price of $48.3 million. As of September 30, 2018, 47,776, or 95.2%, of our total properties (excluding properties to be disposed) were leased, compared to 46,996, or 92.3%, of our total properties (excluding properties to be disposed) as of December 31, 2017, and 46,026, or 92.9%, of our total properties (excluding properties to be disposed) as of September 30, 2017. Our portfolio of single-family properties is internally managed through our proprietary property management platform.
 
Our Properties and Key Operating Metrics
 
The following table provides a summary of our single-family properties as of September 30, 2018:
Market
 
Number of Single-Family Properties (1)
 
% of Total Single-Family Properties
 
Avg. Gross Book Value per Property
 
Avg.
Sq. Ft.
 
Avg. Property Age (years)
 
Avg. Year
Purchased
 Atlanta, GA
 
4,710

 
9.4
%
 
$
173,714

 
2,150

 
16.8
 
2015
 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX
 
4,320

 
8.6
%
 
163,595

 
2,119

 
14.8
 
2014
 Charlotte, NC
 
3,538

 
7.0
%
 
188,153

 
2,082

 
15.0
 
2015
 Houston, TX
 
3,100

 
6.2
%
 
161,015

 
2,100

 
12.8
 
2014
 Phoenix, AZ
 
3,008

 
6.0
%
 
170,076

 
1,832

 
15.3
 
2015
 Indianapolis, IN
 
2,889

 
5.8
%
 
152,169

 
1,933

 
16.0
 
2013
 Nashville, TN
 
2,640

 
5.3
%
 
206,821

 
2,116

 
14.2
 
2015
 Jacksonville, FL
 
2,105

 
4.2
%
 
169,570

 
1,940

 
14.0
 
2014
 Tampa, FL
 
2,090

 
4.2
%
 
193,537

 
1,949

 
14.5
 
2014
 Raleigh, NC
 
2,051

 
4.1
%
 
182,467

 
1,874

 
13.8
 
2014
 All Other (2)
 
19,747

 
39.2
%
 
186,486

 
1,907

 
15.6
 
2014
Total / Average
 
50,198

 
100.0
%
 
$
179,391

 
1,982

 
15.2
 
2014

(1)
Excludes 2,266 single-family properties identified as part of the Company's disposition program, comprised of 1,865 properties classified as held for sale and 401 properties identified for future sale, as of September 30, 2018.
(2)
Represents 26 markets in 21 states.



40


The following table summarizes certain key leasing metrics as of September 30, 2018:
 
 
Total Single-Family Properties (1)
Market
 
Leased Percentage (2)
 
Avg. Occupied Days Percentage (3)
 
Avg. Monthly Realized Rent per property (4)
 
Avg. Original Lease Term (months) (2)
 
Avg. Remaining Lease Term (months) (2)
 
Avg. Blended Change in
Rent (5)
Atlanta, GA
 
95.1
%
 
94.9
%
 
$
1,539

 
11.9
 
6.6
 
5.8
%
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX
 
95.2
%
 
93.5
%
 
1,710

 
11.5
 
6.1
 
4.3
%
Charlotte, NC
 
95.3
%
 
94.5
%
 
1,544

 
12.4
 
6.9
 
3.3
%
Houston, TX
 
92.5
%
 
91.2
%
 
1,604

 
11.7
 
6.3
 
2.9
%
Phoenix, AZ
 
94.8
%
 
94.5
%
 
1,339

 
11.6
 
6.2
 
7.8
%
Indianapolis, IN
 
94.5
%
 
94.0
%
 
1,374

 
11.8
 
6.4
 
3.8
%
Nashville, TN
 
95.5
%
 
94.9
%
 
1,688

 
12.4
 
6.8
 
3.0
%
Jacksonville, FL
 
95.1
%
 
94.6
%
 
1,524

 
12.6
 
6.6
 
4.2
%
Tampa, FL
 
95.4
%
 
94.0
%
 
1,698

 
11.7
 
6.1
 
3.4
%
Raleigh, NC
 
95.9
%
 
95.2
%
 
1,493

 
11.8
 
6.4
 
3.3
%
All Other (6)
 
95.6
%
 
94.7
%
 
1,607

 
11.9
 
6.5
 
4.1
%
Total / Average
 
95.2
%
 
94.3
%
 
$
1,575

 
11.9
 
6.5
 
4.2
%

(1) 
Leasing information excludes 2,266 single-family properties identified as part of the Company's disposition program, comprised of 1,865 properties classified as held for sale and 401 properties identified for future sale, as of September 30, 2018.
(2)
Leased percentage, average original lease term and average remaining lease term are reflected as of period end.
(3)
Represents the number of days a property is occupied in the period divided by the total number of days the property is owned during the same period.
(4)
For the three months ended September 30, 2018, Average Monthly Realized Rent is calculated as rents from single-family properties divided by the product of (a) number of properties and (b) Average Occupied Days Percentage, divided by the number of months. For properties partially owned during the period, this is adjusted to reflect the number of days of ownership.
(5)
Represents the percentage change in rent on all non-month-to-month lease renewals and re-leases during the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the annual rent of the previously expired non-month-to-month lease for each property.
(6) 
Represents 26 markets in 21 states.

Factors That Affect Our Results of Operations and Financial Condition
 
Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. Key factors that impact our results of operations and financial condition include our ability to identify and acquire properties; our pace of property acquisitions; the time and cost required to gain access to the properties and then to renovate and lease a newly acquired property at acceptable rental rates; occupancy levels; rates of tenant turnover; the length of vacancy in properties between tenant leases; our expense ratios; our ability to raise capital; and our capital structure.
 
Property Acquisitions and Dispositions
 
Since our formation, we have rapidly but systematically grown our portfolio of single-family homes. Our ability to identify and acquire single-family homes that meet our investment criteria is impacted by home prices in our target markets, the inventory of properties available-for-sale through our acquisition channels, competition for our target assets and our available capital. Additionally, opportunities from new construction acquisition channels are impacted by the availability of vacant developed lots, undeveloped land assets and inventory of homes currently under construction or newly developed. Our level of acquisition activity has fluctuated based on the number of suitable investments and the level of capital available to invest. During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, our total portfolio increased by 415 homes, including 401 homes acquired through broker acquisitions and 168 homes acquired through new construction acquisitions, of which 22 homes were developed through our internal construction program, offset by 154 homes sold, rescinded or contributed to an unconsolidated joint venture. Rescinded properties represent properties for which the sale has been unwound, as in certain jurisdictions, our purchases of single-family properties at foreclosure and judicial auctions are subject to the right of rescission, which is generally caused by the borrower filing for bankruptcy.

As of September 30, 2018, we had 2,266 properties to be disposed, including 1,865 properties classified as held for sale and 401 properties identified for future sale, compared to 310 properties to be disposed as of December 31, 2017, which were all classified as held for sale. During 2018, we expanded our disposition program, which identified approximately 1,500 properties to be disposed from six of our smaller markets that we are fully exiting based on market analysis. Our remaining properties to be disposed were identified based on sub-market analysis, as well as individual property-level operational review. We will continue to evaluate our properties for potential disposition going forward as a normal course of business.


41


Property Operations
 
The acquisition of properties involves expenditures in addition to payment of the purchase price, including property inspections, closing costs, liens, title insurance, transfer taxes, recording fees, broker commissions, property taxes and homeowner association (“HOA”) fees, when applicable. In addition, we typically incur costs between $10,000 and $25,000 to renovate a home to prepare it for rental. Renovation work varies, but may include paint, flooring, carpeting, cabinetry, appliances, plumbing hardware and other items required to prepare the home for rental. The time and cost involved in initially accessing our homes to prepare them for rental can impact our financial performance and varies among properties based on several factors, including the source of acquisition channel, whether the property is located in a judicial or non-judicial foreclosure state, if applicable, and whether or not the home is occupied at the time of acquisition. This process of finalizing the acquisition and gaining initial access to the home can range from immediate access to multiple months and, on average, takes approximately 20 to 30 days. Additionally, after gaining access to the home, the time to renovate a property can vary significantly among properties and is most impacted by the age and condition of the property. On average, it takes approximately 50 to 70 days to complete the renovation process after gaining initial access to the home. Our operating results are also impacted by the amount of time it takes to market and lease a property, which can vary greatly among properties, and is impacted by local demand, our marketing techniques and the size of our available inventory. On average, it takes approximately 20 to 40 days to lease a property after completing the renovation process. Lastly, our operating results are impacted by the length of stay of our tenants and the amount of time it takes to prepare and re-lease a property after a tenant vacates. This process, which we refer to as “turnover,” is impacted by numerous factors, including the condition of the home upon move-out of the previous tenant, and by local demand, our marketing techniques and the size of our available inventory at the time of the turnover. On average, it takes approximately 50 to 60 days to complete the turnover process.
 
Revenue
 
Our revenue is derived primarily from rents collected under lease agreements with tenants for our single-family properties. These include short-term leases that we enter into directly with our tenants, which typically have a term of one year. Our rental rates and occupancy levels are affected by macroeconomic factors and local and property-level factors, including market conditions, seasonality and tenant defaults, and the amount of time it takes to turn properties when tenants vacate. Additionally, our ability to collect revenues and related operating results are impacted by the credit worthiness and quality of our tenants. On average, our tenants have household incomes ranging from $60,000 to $120,000 and primarily consist of families with approximately two adults and one or more children.
 
In addition to rental revenues, we receive fees and other reimbursements, referred to as “tenant charge-backs”, from our tenants, which are primarily designed to recover costs for certain items, such as utilities, damages and maintenance. In accordance with GAAP, these fees and tenant charge-backs are presented gross in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
 
Our ability to maintain and grow revenues from our existing portfolio of homes will be dependent on our ability to retain tenants and increase rental rates. We believe that our platform will allow us to achieve strong tenant retention and rental rate increases. Based on our Same-Home population of properties, the year-over-year increase in Average Monthly Realized Rent per property was 3.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, and we experienced turnover rates of 10.8% and 11.0% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Based on our Same-Home population of properties, the year-over-year increase in Average Monthly Realized Rent per property was 3.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and we experienced turnover rates of 29.9% and 31.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
 
Expenses
 
We monitor the following categories of expenses that we believe most significantly affect our results of operations.
     
Property Operating Expenses
 
Once a property is available for lease, which we refer to as “rent-ready,” we incur ongoing property-related expenses, primarily HOA fees (when applicable); property taxes; insurance; marketing expenses; repairs and maintenance; and turnover costs, which may not be subject to our control.
 
Property Management Expenses
 
As we internally manage our portfolio of single-family properties through our proprietary property management platform, we incur costs such as salary expenses for property management personnel, lease expenses and operating costs for property management offices and technology expenses for maintaining our property management platform. As part of developing our property management platform, we have made significant investments in our infrastructure, systems and technology. We believe that these investments will enable our property management platform to become more efficient over time, especially as our portfolio grows in size. Also included

42


in property management expenses is noncash share-based compensation expense related to centralized and field property management employees.
 
Seasonality
 
We believe that our business and related operating results will be impacted by seasonal factors throughout the year. In particular, we have experienced higher levels of tenant move-outs and move-ins during the late spring and summer months, which impacts both our rental revenues and related turnover costs. Further, our property operating costs are seasonally impacted in certain markets for expenses such as HVAC repairs, turn costs and landscaping expenses during the summer season.
     
General and Administrative Expense
 
General and administrative expense primarily consists of corporate payroll and personnel costs, state taxes, trustees’ and officers’ insurance expenses, audit and tax fees, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions. Also included in general and administrative expense is noncash share-based compensation expense related to corporate administrative employees.
 
Results of Operations
 
Net income totaled $30.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to net income of $19.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Net income totaled $77.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to net income of $46.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. These improvements were primarily attributable to higher revenues resulting from a larger number of leased properties and higher rental rates.

As we continue to grow our portfolio with a portion of our homes still recently acquired and/or renovated, we distinguish our portfolio of homes between Same-Home properties and Non-Same-Home and Other properties in evaluating our operating performance. We classify a property as Same-Home if it has been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to the beginning of the earliest period presented under comparison and if it has not been classified as held for sale, identified for future sale or taken out of service as a result of a casualty loss, which allows the performance of these properties to be compared between periods. Single-family properties that we acquire individually (i.e., not through a bulk purchase) are classified as either stabilized or non-stabilized. A property is classified as stabilized once it has been renovated or newly constructed and then initially leased or available for rent for a period greater than 90 days. Properties acquired through a bulk purchase are first considered non-stabilized, as an entire group, until (1) we have owned them for an adequate period of time to allow for complete on-boarding to our operating platform, and (2) a substantial portion of the properties have experienced tenant turnover at least once under our ownership, providing the opportunity for renovations and improvements to meet our property standards. After such time has passed, properties acquired through a bulk purchase are then evaluated on an individual property basis under our standard stabilization criteria. All other properties, including those classified as held for sale or identified for future sale, are classified as Non-Same-Home and Other.
 
One of the primary financial measures we use in evaluating the operating performance of our single-family properties is Core Net Operating Income (“Core NOI”), which we also present separately for our Same-Home portfolio. Core NOI is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure that we define as core revenues, which is calculated as rents and fees from single-family properties, net of bad debt expense, less core property operating expenses, which is calculated as property operating and property management expenses, excluding noncash share-based compensation expense, expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs and bad debt expense.

Core NOI also excludes (1) noncash fair value adjustments associated with remeasuring our participating preferred shares derivative liability to fair value, (2) noncash gain or loss on conversion of shares or units, (3) gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt, (4) hurricane-related charges, net, (5) gain or loss on sales of single-family properties and other, (6) depreciation and amortization, (7) acquisition fees and costs expensed incurred with business combinations and the acquisition of individual properties, (8) noncash share-based compensation expense, (9) interest expense, (10) general and administrative expense, (11) other expenses and (12) other revenues. We believe Core NOI provides useful information to investors about the operating performance of our single-family properties without the impact of certain operating expenses that are reimbursed through tenant charge-backs. We further adjust Core NOI for our Same-Home portfolio by subtracting recurring capital expenditures to calculate Same-Home Core NOI After Capital Expenditures, which we believe provides useful information to investors because it more fully reflects our operating performance after the impact of all property-level expenditures, regardless of whether they are capitalized or expensed.

Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI After Capital Expenditures should be considered only as supplements to net income or loss as a measure of our performance and should not be used as measures of our liquidity, nor are they indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends or make distributions. Additionally, these metrics should not be used as substitutes for net income or loss or net cash flows from operating activities (as computed in accordance with GAAP).

43


Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018, to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
The following table presents a summary of Core NOI for our Same-Home properties, Non-Same-Home and Other properties, and total properties for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
Same-Home
Properties (1)
 
% of Core
Revenue
 
Non-Same-
Home and Other
Properties
 
% of Core
Revenue
 
Total
Properties
 
% of Core
Revenue
Rents from single-family properties
$
171,991

 
 

 
$
59,333

 
 

 
$
231,324

 
 

Fees from single-family properties
2,013

 
 

 
698

 
 

 
2,711

 
 

Bad debt expense
(1,981
)
 
 

 
(768
)
 
 

 
(2,749
)
 
 

Core revenues
172,023

 
 

 
59,263

 
 

 
231,286

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property tax expense
30,047

 
17.4
%
 
10,560

 
17.9
%
 
40,607

 
17.6
%
HOA fees, net (2)
3,742

 
2.2
%
 
1,556

 
2.6
%
 
5,298

 
2.3
%
R&M and turnover costs, net (2) (3)
14,957

 
8.7
%
 
4,974

 
8.4
%
 
19,931

 
8.6
%
Insurance
1,561

 
0.9
%
 
612

 
1.0
%
 
2,173

 
0.9
%
Property management expenses, net (4)
12,661

 
7.4
%
 
4,553

 
7.7
%
 
17,214

 
7.4
%
Core property operating expenses
62,968

 
36.6
%
 
22,255

 
37.6
%
 
85,223

 
36.8
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Core NOI
$
109,055

 
63.4
%
 
$
37,008

 
62.4
%
 
$
146,063

 
63.2
%
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
Same-Home
Properties (1)
 
% of Core
Revenue
 
Non-Same-
Home and Other
Properties
 
% of Core
Revenue
 
Total
Properties
 
% of Core
Revenue
Rents from single-family properties
$
164,466

 
 

 
$
43,024

 
 

 
$
207,490

 
 

Fees from single-family properties
2,184

 
 

 
659

 
 

 
2,843

 
 

Bad debt expense
(1,813
)
 
 

 
(486
)
 
 

 
(2,299
)
 
 

Core revenues
164,837

 
 

 
43,197

 
 

 
208,034

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property tax expense
28,519

 
17.3
%
 
8,099

 
18.8
%
 
36,618

 
17.6
%
HOA fees, net (2)
3,277

 
2.0
%
 
969

 
2.2
%
 
4,246

 
2.0
%
R&M and turnover costs, net (2)
14,052

 
8.5
%
 
3,914

 
9.1
%
 
17,966

 
8.6
%
Insurance
1,532

 
0.9
%
 
449

 
1.0
%
 
1,981

 
1.0
%
Property management expenses, net (4)
12,368

 
7.5
%
 
3,402

 
7.9
%
 
15,770

 
7.6
%
Core property operating expenses
59,748

 
36.2
%
 
16,833

 
39.0
%
 
76,581

 
36.8
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Core NOI
$
105,089

 
63.8
%
 
$
26,364

 
61.0
%
 
$
131,453

 
63.2
%

(1) 
Includes 38,168 properties that have been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to January 1, 2017.
(2)
Presented net of tenant charge-backs.
(3)
Includes $0.5 million of repair costs related to Hurricane Florence in the third quarter of 2018, of which $0.3 million relates to our Same-Home properties.
(4)
Presented net of tenant charge-backs and excludes noncash share-based compensation expense related to centralized and field property management employees.



44


The following are reconciliations of core revenues, core property operating expenses, Core NOI, Same-Home Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI After Capital Expenditures to their respective GAAP metrics for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (amounts in thousands):
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
Core revenues
 
 
 
Total revenues
$
280,052

 
$
246,836

Tenant charge-backs
(44,152
)
 
(36,094
)
Bad debt expense
(2,749
)
 
(2,299
)
Other revenues
(1,865
)
 
(409
)
Core revenues
$
231,286

 
$
208,034

Core property operating expenses
 
 
 
Property operating expenses
$
113,600

 
$
97,944

Property management expenses
18,865

 
17,447

Noncash share-based compensation - property management
(341
)
 
(417
)
Expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs
(44,152
)
 
(36,094
)
Bad debt expense
(2,749
)
 
(2,299
)
Core property operating expenses
$
85,223

 
$
76,581

Core NOI, Same-Home Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI After Capital Expenditures
 
 
Net income
$
30,281

 
$
19,097

Remeasurement of participating preferred shares

 
(8,391
)
Hurricane-related charges, net

 
10,136

Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net
(4,953
)
 
(1,895
)
Depreciation and amortization
79,940

 
74,790

Acquisition fees and costs expensed
1,055

 
1,306

Noncash share-based compensation - property management
341

 
417

Interest expense
30,930

 
26,592

General and administrative expense
9,265

 
8,525

Other expenses
1,069

 
1,285

Other revenues
(1,865
)
 
(409
)
Core NOI
146,063

 
131,453

Less: Non-Same-Home Core NOI
37,008

 
26,364

Same-Home Core NOI
109,055

 
105,089

Less: Same-Home recurring capital expenditures
8,942

 
8,258

Same-Home Core NOI After Capital Expenditures
$
100,113

 
$
96,831


Total Revenues

Total revenues increased 13.5% to $280.1 million for the third quarter of 2018 from $246.8 million for the third quarter of 2017. Revenue growth was primarily driven by continued strong acquisition and leasing activity, as our average leased portfolio grew to 47,898 homes for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, compared to 46,058 homes for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, as well as higher rental rates.

Property Operating Expenses

Property operating expenses increased 16.0% to $113.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, from $97.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily due to property tax expense timing and higher repairs and maintenance costs, which included $0.5 million of costs to repair damages resulting from Hurricane Florence.

Property Management Expenses

For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, property management expenses were $18.9 million and $17.4 million, respectively, which included $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of noncash share-based compensation expense

45


related to centralized and field property management employees. While property management expenses increased $1.5 million as a result of our growing portfolio, property management expenses as a percentage of total revenues, net of other revenues, decreased to 6.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, from 7.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2017, which was primarily attributable to greater efficiencies within our property management function.

Core Revenues from Same-Home Properties

Core revenues from Same-Home properties for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $7.2 million, or 4.4%, to $172.0 million from $164.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to higher Average Monthly Realized Rent, which increased to $1,578 per month for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $1,526 per month for the three months ended September 30, 2017, as well as a rise in Average Occupied Days Percentage, which increased to 95.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 94.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2017.

Core Property Operating Expenses from Same-Home Properties
 
Core property operating expenses consist of direct property operating expenses, net of tenant charge-backs, and property management costs, net of tenant charge-backs and excluding noncash share-based compensation expense. Core property operating expenses from Same-Home properties for the three months ended September 30, 2018, increased $3.3 million, or 5.4%, to $63.0 million from $59.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Same-Home core property operating expenses as a percentage of total Same-Home core revenues increased to 36.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, from 36.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to property tax expense timing and higher repairs and maintenance costs, which included $0.3 million of costs to repair damages resulting from Hurricane Florence.
  
General and Administrative Expense
 
For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, general and administrative expense, which primarily consists of corporate payroll and personnel costs, state taxes, trustees’ and officers’ insurance expense, audit and tax fees, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions, was $9.3 million and $8.5 million, respectively, which included $0.5 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of noncash share-based compensation expense related to corporate administrative employees. The increase in general and administrative expense was primarily related to higher personnel costs.
 
Interest Expense
 
Interest expense was $30.9 million and $26.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This increase was primarily related to the unsecured senior notes issued in February 2018, partially offset by the payoff of the secured note payable in May 2018 and the $100.0 million paydown on the term loan facility in June 2018.
 
Acquisition Fees and Costs Expensed
 
All costs of our internal acquisition function are expensed in accordance with GAAP. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, acquisition fees and costs expensed totaled $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively, which were related to costs associated with purchases of single-family properties.

Depreciation and Amortization
 
Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of depreciation of buildings and improvements. Depreciation of our assets is calculated over their useful lives on a straight-line basis over 3 to 30 years. Our intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the asset’s estimated economic useful life. Depreciation and amortization expense was $79.9 million and $74.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This increase was primarily attributable to growth in our average number of depreciable properties.

Other Expenses

Other expenses totaled $1.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, which included $0.6 million related to impairments on properties held for sale, $0.4 million of expenses related to a joint venture and $0.1 million of other expenses. Other expenses totaled $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, which included $1.3 million related to impairments on properties held for sale and $0.2 million of expenses related to a joint venture, partially offset by a $0.2 million net recovery of previously accrued expenses.


46


Hurricane-Related Charges, net

Hurricanes Harvey and Irma impacted certain properties in our Houston, Florida and Southeast markets during the third quarter of 2017. Approximately 125 homes sustained major damage and nearly 3,400 homes incurred minor damage, consisting primarily of downed trees and damaged roofs and fences. The Company’s property and casualty insurance policies provide coverage for wind and flood damage, as well as business interruption costs, during the period of remediation and repairs, subject to deductibles and limits. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recognized a $12.6 million impairment charge to write down the net book values of the impacted properties, of which we estimated we would recover $11.0 million through insurance claims, and accrued $8.5 million of additional repair, remediation and other costs. The $10.1 million of net charges were included in hurricane-related charges, net within the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2017. During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company reduced our estimate of hurricane-related charges, net by $2.2 million based on fewer homes that sustained damage than had originally been estimated. Additionally, we collected $4.0 million in proceeds from hurricane-related insurance claims during the first quarter of 2018.


47


Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018, to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
The following table presents a summary of Core NOI for our Same-Home properties, Non-Same-Home and Other properties, and total properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
Same-Home
Properties (1)
 
% of Core
Revenue
 
Non-Same-
Home and Other
Properties
 
% of Core
Revenue
 
 
Total
Properties
 
% of Core
Revenue
Rents from single-family properties
$
510,867

 
 
 
$
165,691

 
 
 
 
$
676,558

 
 
Fees from single-family properties
5,961

 
 
 
2,337

 
 
 
 
8,298

 
 
Bad debt expense
(4,637
)
 
 
 
(1,728
)
 
 
 
 
(6,365
)
 
 
Core revenues
512,191

 
 

 
166,300

 
 

 
 
678,491

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property tax expense
88,940

 
17.3
%
 
30,768

 
18.4
%
 
 
119,708

 
17.6
%
HOA fees, net (2)
10,548

 
2.1
%
 
4,072

 
2.4
%
 
 
14,620

 
2.2
%
R&M and turnover costs, net (2) (3)
42,120

 
8.2
%
 
15,262

 
9.2
%
 
 
57,382

 
8.5
%
Insurance
4,577

 
0.9
%
 
1,589

 
1.0
%
 
 
6,166

 
0.9
%
Property management expenses, net (4)
38,400

 
7.5
%
 
13,240

 
8.0
%
 
 
51,640

 
7.6
%
Core property operating expenses
184,585

 
36.0
%
 
64,931

 
39.0
%
 
 
249,516

 
36.8
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Core NOI
$
327,606

 
64.0
%
 
$
101,369

 
61.0
%
 
 
$
428,975

 
63.2
%
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
Same-Home
Properties (1)
 
% of Core
Revenue
 
Non-Same-
Home and Other
Properties
 
% of Core
Revenue
 
 
Total
Properties
 
% of Core
Revenue
Rents from single-family properties
$
491,392

 
 
 
$
121,853

 
 
 
 
$
613,245

 
 
Fees from single-family properties
6,191

 
 
 
1,946

 
 
 
 
8,137

 
 
Bad debt expense
(4,029
)
 
 
 
(1,113
)
 
 
 
 
(5,142
)
 
 
Core revenues
493,554

 
 

 
122,686

 
 

 
 
616,240

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property tax expense
86,029

 
17.5
%
 
24,023

 
19.6
%
 
 
110,052

 
17.8
%
HOA fees, net (2)
9,523

 
1.9
%
 
2,708

 
2.2
%
 
 
12,231

 
2.0
%
R&M and turnover costs, net (2)
35,706

 
7.2
%
 
10,242

 
8.3
%
 
 
45,948

 
7.5
%
Insurance
4,650

 
0.9
%
 
1,195

 
1.0
%
 
 
5,845

 
0.9
%
Property management expenses, net (4)
37,411

 
7.6
%
 
9,834

 
8.0
%
 
 
47,245

 
7.7
%
Core property operating expenses
173,319

 
35.1
%
 
48,002

 
39.1
%
 
 
221,321

 
35.9
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Core NOI
$
320,235

 
64.9
%
 
$
74,684

 
60.9
%
 
 
$
394,919

 
64.1
%

(1) 
Includes 38,168 properties that have been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to January 1, 2017.
(2)
Presented net of tenant charge-backs.
(3)
Includes $0.5 million of repair costs related to Hurricane Florence in the third quarter of 2018, of which $0.3 million relates to our Same-Home properties.
(4)
Presented net of tenant charge-backs and excludes noncash share-based compensation expense related to centralized and field property management employees.

48


The following are reconciliations of core revenues, core property operating expenses, Core NOI, Same-Home Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI After Capital Expenditures to their respective GAAP metrics for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (amounts in thousands):
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
Core revenues
 
 
 
Total revenues
$
802,539

 
$
717,598

Tenant charge-backs
(112,876
)
 
(91,849
)
Bad debt expense
(6,365
)
 
(5,142
)
Other revenues
(4,807
)
 
(4,367
)
Core revenues
$
678,491

 
$
616,240

Core property operating expenses
 
 
 
Property operating expenses
$
313,430

 
$
267,203

Property management expenses
56,468

 
52,367

Noncash share-based compensation - property management
(1,141
)
 
(1,258
)
Expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs
(112,876
)
 
(91,849
)
Bad debt expense
(6,365
)
 
(5,142
)
Core property operating expenses
$
249,516

 
$
221,321

Core NOI, Same-Home Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI After Capital Expenditures
Net income
$
77,704

 
$
45,959

Remeasurement of participating preferred shares
(1,212
)
 
(1,341
)
Loss on early extinguishment of debt
1,447

 
6,555

Hurricane-related charges, net

 
10,136

Gain on sale of single-family properties and other, net
(10,449
)
 
(6,375
)
Depreciation and amortization
237,562

 
221,459

Acquisition fees and costs expensed
3,687

 
3,814

Noncash share-based compensation - property management
1,141

 
1,258

Interest expense
92,209

 
86,873

General and administrative expense
28,173

 
26,746

Other expenses
3,520

 
4,202

Other revenues
(4,807
)
 
(4,367
)
Core NOI
428,975

 
394,919

Less: Non-Same-Home Core NOI
101,369

 
74,684

Same-Home Core NOI
327,606

 
320,235

Less: Same-Home recurring capital expenditures
21,090

 
20,350

Same-Home Core NOI After Capital Expenditures
$
306,516

 
$
299,885


Total Revenues
    
Total revenues increased 11.8% to $802.5 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2018, from $717.6 million for the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017. Revenue growth was primarily driven by continued strong leasing activity, as our average leased portfolio grew to 47,617 homes for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 45,550 homes for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, as well as higher rental rates.

Property Operating Expenses

Property operating expenses increased 17.3% to $313.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from $267.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to temporarily elevated turnover costs incurred from the beginning of the year through April 2018 as part of the Company's strategic initiative to strengthen occupancy.

Property Management Expenses

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, property management expenses were $56.5 million and $52.4

49


million, respectively, which included $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively, of noncash share-based compensation expense related to centralized and field property management employees. While property management expenses increased $4.1 million as a result of our growing portfolio, property management expenses as a percentage of total revenues, net of other revenues, decreased to 7.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from 7.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which was primarily attributable to greater efficiencies within our property management function.

Core Revenues from Same-Home Properties

Core revenues from Same-Home properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $18.6 million, or 3.8%, to $512.2 million from $493.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This rise was primarily attributable to higher Average Monthly Realized Rent, which increased to $1,564 per month for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $1,509 per month for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Core Property Operating Expenses from Same-Home Properties

Core property operating expenses consist of direct property operating expenses, net of tenant charge-backs, and property management costs, net of tenant charge-backs and excluding noncash share-based compensation expense. Core property operating expenses from Same-Home properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased $11.3 million, or 6.5%, to $184.6 million from $173.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Same-Home core property operating expenses as a percentage of total Same-Home core revenues increased to 36.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from 35.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This increase was primarily attributable to temporarily elevated turnover costs incurred from the beginning of the year through April 2018 as part of the Company's strategic initiative to strengthen occupancy.
 
General and Administrative Expense
 
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, general and administrative expense, which primarily consists of corporate payroll and personnel costs, state taxes, trustees’ and officers’ insurance expense, audit and tax fees, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions, was $28.2 million and $26.7 million, respectively, which included $1.6 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of noncash share-based compensation expense related to corporate administrative employees. The increase in general and administrative expense was primarily attributable to higher legal and personnel costs, partially offset by nonrecurring rating agency fees incurred during 2017 associated with the Company receiving inaugural investment grade corporate ratings.

Interest Expense
 
Interest expense was $92.2 million and $86.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This increase was primarily related to the unsecured senior notes issued in February 2018, partially offset by the payoff of the AH4R 2014-SFR1 asset-backed securitization in April 2017, higher capitalized interest and the $100.0 million paydown on the term loan facility in June 2018.

Acquisition Fees and Costs Expensed
 
All costs of our internal acquisition function are expensed in accordance with GAAP. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, acquisition fees and costs expensed totaled $3.7 million, which were related to costs associated with the purchases of single-family properties. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, acquisition fees and costs expensed totaled $3.8 million, including $3.4 million of costs associated with the purchases of single-family properties and $0.4 million of other acquisition fees and costs expensed.
 
Depreciation and Amortization
 
Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of depreciation of buildings and improvements. Depreciation of our assets is calculated over their useful lives on a straight-line basis over 3 to 30 years. Our intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the asset’s estimated economic useful life. Depreciation and amortization expense was $237.6 million and $221.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This increase was primarily attributable to growth in our average number of depreciable properties.

Other Expenses

Other expenses totaled $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, which included $2.8 million related to impairments on properties held for sale, $0.4 million of expenses related to a joint venture and $0.3 million of other expenses. Other

50


expenses totaled $4.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which included $3.8 million related to impairments on properties held for sale and $1.0 million of expenses related to a joint venture, partially offset by a $0.6 million net recovery of previously accrued expenses.

Hurricane-Related Charges, net

Hurricanes Harvey and Irma impacted certain properties in our Houston, Florida and Southeast markets during the third quarter of 2017. Approximately 125 homes sustained major damage and nearly 3,400 homes incurred minor damage, consisting primarily of downed trees and damaged roofs and fences. The Company’s property and casualty insurance policies provide coverage for wind and flood damage, as well as business interruption costs, during the period of remediation and repairs, subject to deductibles and limits. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recognized a $12.6 million impairment charge to write down the net book values of the impacted properties, of which we estimated we would recover $11.0 million through insurance claims, and accrued $8.5 million of additional repair, remediation and other costs. The $10.1 million of net charges were included in hurricane-related charges, net within the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company reduced our estimate of hurricane-related charges, net by $2.2 million based on fewer homes that sustained damage than had originally been estimated. Additionally, we collected $4.0 million in proceeds from hurricane-related insurance claims during the first quarter of 2018.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 
Our critical accounting policies are included in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. There have been no significant changes to our policies during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 2.
 
Income Taxes
 
AH4R has elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 to 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), which commenced with our taxable year ended December 31, 2012. We believe that we have operated, and continue to operate, in such a manner as to satisfy the requirements for qualification as a REIT. Accordingly, we will not be subject to federal income tax, provided that we qualify as a REIT and our distributions to our shareholders equal or exceed our REIT taxable income.

However, qualification and taxation as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet the various qualification tests imposed under the Code, including tests related to the percentage of income that we earn from specified sources and the percentage of our earnings that we distribute to our shareholders. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that we will continue to be organized or be able to operate in a manner so as to remain qualified as a REIT. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, our income would be subject to U.S. federal income tax and state income tax (including any applicable alternative minimum tax for taxable years beginning before December 31, 2017) on our taxable income at regular corporate tax rates, and we would likely be precluded from qualifying for treatment as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which we fail to qualify. Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to certain state or local income and capital taxes and U.S. federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed taxable income, if any. Our taxable REIT subsidiaries (our "TRSs") will be subject to federal, state and local taxes on their income at regular corporate rates. The tax years from 2013 to present generally remain open to examination by the taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject.

We believe that our Operating Partnership is properly treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, the Operating Partnership is not subject to federal income tax on our income. Instead, each of our partners, including AH4R, is allocated, and may be required to pay tax with respect to, its share of the Operating Partnership’s income. As such, no provision for federal income taxes has been included for the Operating Partnership.

ASC 740-10, Income Taxes, requires recognition of deferred tax assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. We recognize tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained, based solely on its technical merits, with the taxing authority having full knowledge of all relevant information. The measurement of a tax benefit for an uncertain tax position that meets the more likely than not threshold is based on a cumulative probability model under which the largest amount of tax benefit recognized is the amount with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority having full knowledge of all the relevant information. As of September 30, 2018, there were no deferred tax assets and liabilities or unrecognized tax benefits recorded by the Company. We do not anticipate a significant change in unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.
 

51


Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
Our liquidity and capital resources as of September 30, 2018, included cash and cash equivalents of $110.1 million. Additionally, as of September 30, 2018, we had no outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility, which provides for maximum borrowings of $800.0 million.
     
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, maintain our assets, fund our operations, make distributions to our shareholders and OP unitholders, including AH4R, and meet other general requirements of our business. Our liquidity, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for the acquisition, renovation, maintenance and development of our properties, HOA fees (as applicable), real estate taxes, non-recurring capital expenditures, interest and principal payments on our indebtedness, general and administrative expenses, payment of quarterly dividends on our preferred shares and units, and payment of distributions to our common shareholders and unitholders.
 
We seek to satisfy our liquidity needs through cash provided by operations, long-term secured and unsecured borrowings, issuances of debt and equity securities (including OP units), asset-backed securitizations, property dispositions and joint venture transactions. We have financed our operations and acquisitions to date through the issuance of equity securities, borrowings under our credit facilities, asset-backed securitizations and unsecured senior notes. Going forward, we expect to meet our operating liquidity requirements generally through cash on hand and cash provided by operations. We believe our rental income, net of operating expenses and recurring capital expenditures, will generally provide cash flow sufficient to fund our operations and dividend distributions. However, our real estate assets are illiquid in nature. A timely liquidation of assets might not be a viable source of short-term liquidity should a cash flow shortfall arise, and we may need to source liquidity from other financing alternatives.
 
To qualify as a REIT, AH4R is required to distribute annually to our shareholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income. The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions. The Company intends to pay quarterly distributions to our shareholders and to the Operating Partnership's unitholders, including AH4R, which in the aggregate are approximately equal to or exceed AH4R's net taxable income in the relevant year.
 
Cash Flows

The following table summarizes the Company's cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
Net cash provided by operating activities
$
376,463

 
$
349,375

Net cash used for investing activities
(481,911
)
 
(486,896
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
188,789

 
250,401

Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
$
83,341

 
$
112,880

 
Our cash flows provided by operating activities depend on numerous factors, including the occupancy level of our properties, the rental rates achieved on our leases, the collection of rent from our tenants and the level of property operating expenses, property management expenses and general and administrative expenses.
 
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, net cash provided by operating activities was $376.5 million, which included cash from operations of $324.8 million and $51.7 million from other changes in operating assets and liabilities. Net cash used for investing activities was $481.9 million, which primarily consisted of cash outflows of $335.3 million related to the acquisition of properties, $149.5 million related to purchases of productive assets, which primarily consist of land held for development and homebuilding construction in progress, $40.9 million of initial renovation costs to prepare our properties for rental and $40.5 million of recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties, partially offset by cash inflows of $47.8 million in net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other assets and $36.3 million of distributions from joint ventures. Renovation costs typically include paint, flooring, appliances, landscaping and other improvements. Net cash provided by financing activities was $188.8 million, which primarily consisted of cash inflows of $497.2 million in proceeds from the issuance of unsecured senior notes, net of a discount, and $111.3 million of net proceeds from the issuance of perpetual preferred shares, partially offset by cash outflows including $240.0 million of net payments on our revolving and term loan credit facilities, $93.0 million for distributions, $49.4 million for payments on our secured note payable and $35.0 million for Class A common share repurchases. The net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was $83.3 million.


52


During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net cash provided by operating activities was $349.4 million, which included cash from operations of $296.0 million and $53.4 million from other changes in operating assets and liabilities. Net cash used for investing activities was $486.9 million, which primarily consisted of cash outflows of $465.6 million related to the acquisition of properties, $38.1 million related to purchases of productive assets and $31.2 million of initial renovation costs to prepare our properties for rental, partially offset by cash inflows of $68.6 million in net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other assets. Net cash provided by financing activities was $250.4 million, which primarily consisted of cash inflows of $684.3 million of net proceeds from issuances of Class A common shares and $260.8 million of net proceeds from the issuance of perpetual preferred shares, partially offset by cash outflows including $472.5 million for payments on our asset-backed securitizations, $125.0 million of net payments on our revolving and term loan credit facilities and $93.3 million for distributions. The net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, was $112.9 million.

Early Extinguishment of Debt

During the second quarter of 2018, the Company paid off the outstanding principal on the secured note payable of approximately $48.4 million, which resulted in $0.5 million of charges that were included in loss on early extinguishment of debt within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The payoff of the secured note payable also resulted in the release of the 572 homes pledged as collateral and $2.1 million of restricted cash for lender requirements. Also during the second quarter of 2018, the Company paid down $100.0 million on our term loan facility, which resulted in $0.9 million of charges related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs that were included in loss on early extinguishment of debt within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the second quarter of 2017, the Company paid off the outstanding principal on the AH4R 2014-SFR1 asset-backed securitization of approximately $455.4 million, which resulted in $6.6 million of charges primarily related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs that were included in loss on early extinguishment of debt within the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The payoff of the AH4R 2014-SFR1 asset-backed securitization also resulted in the release of the 3,799 homes pledged as collateral and $9.4 million of restricted cash for lender requirements.

Unsecured Senior Notes

In February 2018, the Operating Partnership issued $500.0 million of 4.25% unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of February 15, 2028 (the "2028 Notes"). Interest on the 2028 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, commencing on August 15, 2018. The Operating Partnership received net proceeds of $494.0 million from this issuance, after underwriting fees of approximately $3.2 million and a $2.8 million discount, and before estimated offering costs of $1.9 million. The net proceeds from this issuance were used for general corporate purposes, including, without limitation, acquisitions of additional properties, the repayment of outstanding indebtedness, capital expenditures, the expansion, redevelopment and/or improvement of our properties, working capital and other general purposes, including repurchases of securities. The 2028 Notes are the Operating Partnership's unsecured and unsubordinated obligation and rank equally in right of payment with all of the Operating Partnership’s existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The Operating Partnership may redeem the 2028 Notes at any time, in whole or in part, at the applicable redemption price specified in the Indenture with respect to the 2028 Notes. If the 2028 Notes are redeemed on or after November 15, 2027 (three months prior to the maturity date), the redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2028 Notes being redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to, but not including, the redemption date. The 2028 Notes have been initially guaranteed by American Residential Properties OP, L.P., (the “Guarantor Subsidiary”), a 100% owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, but such guarantee will be automatically released at the time that the Guarantor Subsidiary no longer guarantees our credit facility. Including the effect of a cash flow hedging instrument settled in February 2018 (see Note 13), the 2028 Notes yield an effective interest rate of 4.08%.

Exchangeable Senior Notes, Net

The exchangeable senior notes, which were assumed in connection with the ARPI Merger during 2016, contain an exchange settlement feature, which provides that the exchangeable senior notes may, under certain circumstances, be exchangeable for cash, our Class A common shares or a combination of cash and our Class A common shares, at the option of the Operating Partnership, based on an initial exchange rate of 46.9423 shares of ARPI's common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the notes. The adjusted initial exchange rate would be 53.2795 of our Class A common shares per $1,000 principal amount of the notes, based on the 1.135 exchange ratio of ARPI shares to our shares resulting from the ARPI Merger. The current exchange rate as of September 30, 2018, was 55.6688 of the Company's Class A common shares per $1,000 principal amount of the notes. The exchange rate is adjusted based on the Company's Class A common share price and distributions to common shareholders. In August 2018, the Operating Partnership provided notice to the holders of the exchangeable senior notes that we have elected the cash settlement option for the payoff of the exchangeable senior notes, which mature on November 15, 2018.


53


At-the-Market Common Share Offering Program

In November 2016, the Company established the Original At-the-Market Program under which we were able to issue Class A common shares from time to time through various sales agents up to an aggregate of $400.0 million. The program was established in order to use the net proceeds from share issuances to repay borrowings against the Company’s revolving credit and term loan facilities, to acquire and renovate single-family properties and for related activities in accordance with the Company’s business strategy, and for working capital and general corporate purposes. The program may be suspended or terminated by the Company at any time. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company issued and sold 2.0 million Class A common shares under the Original At-the-Market Program for gross proceeds of $46.2 million, or $22.74 per share, and net proceeds of $45.6 million, after commissions and other expenses of approximately $0.6 million. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the share issuances. The Original At-the-Market Program was replaced in August 2017 with the At-the-Market Program with a $500.0 million capacity and the same terms as the previous program. As of September 30, 2018, no shares have been issued under the At-the-Market Program and $500.0 million remained available for future share issuances.

Share Repurchase Program

In February 2018, the Company's board of trustees re-authorized our existing share repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. The Operating Partnership funds the repurchases and constructively retires an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company repurchased and retired 1.8 million of our Class A common shares on a settlement date basis, in accordance with the program, at a weighted-average price of $19.36 per share and a total price of $34.9 million. We did not repurchase and retire any of our shares during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, we had a remaining repurchase authorization of up to $265.1 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares under the program.

Issuance of Perpetual Preferred Shares

During the third quarter of 2018, the Company issued 4,600,000 6.25% Series H cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred shares in an underwritten public offering, raising gross proceeds of $115.0 million before offering costs of approximately $4.0 million, with a liquidation preference of $25.00 per share. The Operating Partnership issued an equivalent number of the same class of perpetual preferred units to AH4R in exchange for the net proceeds from the share issuance.
    
Redemption of Series C Participating Preferred Shares

On April 5, 2018, the Company redeemed all 7,600,000 shares of the outstanding 5.5% Series C participating preferred shares through a conversion of those participating preferred shares into Class A common shares of beneficial interest, $0.01 par value, in accordance with the conversion terms in the Articles Supplementary. This resulted in 10,848,827 Class A common shares issued from the conversion, based on a conversion ratio of 1.4275 Class A common shares issued per Series C participating preferred share. The Operating Partnership also redeemed its corresponding Series C participating preferred units through a conversion into Class A units on April 5, 2018. As a result of the redemption, the Company recorded a $32.2 million allocation of income to the Series C participating preferred shareholders in the second quarter of 2018, which represents the initial liquidation value of the Series C participating preferred shares in excess of the original equity carrying value of the Series C participating preferred shares as of the redemption date. The original equity carrying value of the Series C participating preferred shares was net of the initial bifurcated home price appreciation derivative liability and offering costs (see Note 10).

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
We have no obligations, assets or liabilities that would be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.

Additional Non-GAAP Measures    

Funds from Operations ("FFO") / Core FFO / Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders
 
FFO attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we calculate in accordance with the White Paper on FFO approved by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”), which defines FFO as net income or loss calculated in accordance with GAAP, excluding extraordinary items, as defined by GAAP, gains and losses from sales or impairment of real estate, plus real estate-related depreciation and amortization

54


(excluding amortization of deferred financing costs and depreciation of non-real estate assets), and after adjustment for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.

Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we use as a supplemental measure of our performance. We compute this metric by adjusting FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for (1) acquisition fees and costs expensed incurred with business combinations and the acquisition of individual properties, (2) noncash share-based compensation expense, (3) noncash interest expense related to acquired debt, (4) hurricane-related charges, net, (5) gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt, (6) noncash gain or loss on redemption or conversion of shares or units and (7) noncash fair value adjustments associated with remeasuring our participating preferred shares derivative liability to fair value.

Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we use as a supplemental measure of our performance. We compute this metric by adjusting Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for (1) recurring capital expenditures that are necessary to help preserve the value and maintain functionality of our properties and (2) actual leasing costs incurred during the period. As a portion of our homes are recently acquired and/or renovated, we estimate recurring capital expenditures for our entire portfolio by multiplying (a) current period actual recurring capital expenditures per Same-Home property by (b) our total number of properties, excluding non-stabilized properties and properties identified as part of our disposition program, which is comprised of properties classified as held for sale and properties identified for future sale.

We present FFO attributable to common share and unit holders because we consider this metric to be an important measure of the performance of real estate companies, as do many investors and analysts in evaluating the Company. We believe that FFO attributable to common share and unit holders provides useful information to investors because this metric excludes depreciation, which is included in computing net income and assumes the value of real estate diminishes predictably over time. We believe that real estate values fluctuate due to market conditions and in response to inflation. We also believe that Core FFO and Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders provide useful information to investors because they allow investors to compare our operating performance to prior reporting periods without the effect of certain items that, by nature, are not comparable from period to period.

FFO, Core FFO and Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders are not a substitute for net cash flow provided by operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP, as a measure of our operating performance, liquidity or ability to pay dividends. These metrics also are not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund future cash needs. Because other REITs may not compute these measures in the same manner, they may not be comparable among REITs.


55


The following is a reconciliation of the Company's net income or loss attributable to common shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, to FFO attributable to common share and unit holders, Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders and Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders
$
15,177

 
$
1,535

 
$
5,840

 
$
(141
)
Adjustments:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership
2,881

 
340

 
1,104

 
(30
)
Net (gain) on sale / impairment of single-family properties and other
(4,393
)
 
(596
)
 
(7,653
)
 
(2,589
)
Depreciation and amortization
79,940

 
74,790

 
237,562

 
221,459

Less: depreciation and amortization of non-real estate assets
(1,845
)
 
(1,753
)
 
(5,462
)
 
(6,050
)
FFO attributable to common share and unit holders
$
91,760

 
$
74,316

 
$
231,391

 
$
212,649

Adjustments:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Acquisition fees and costs expensed
1,055

 
1,306

 
3,687

 
3,814

Noncash share-based compensation - general and administrative
491

 
699

 
1,609

 
1,917

Noncash share-based compensation - property management
341

 
417

 
1,141

 
1,258

Noncash interest expense related to acquired debt
973

 
910

 
2,810

 
2,624

Hurricane-related charges, net

 
10,136

 

 
10,136

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

 

 
1,447

 
6,555

Remeasurement of participating preferred shares

 
(8,391
)
 
(1,212
)
 
(1,341
)
Redemption of participating preferred shares

 

 
32,215

 

Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders
$
94,620

 
$
79,393

 
$
273,088

 
$
237,612

Recurring capital expenditures (1)
(11,467
)
 
(10,316
)
 
(27,342
)
 
(25,055
)
Leasing costs
(3,722
)
 
(1,960
)
 
(9,556
)
 
(5,361
)
Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders
$
79,431

 
$
67,117

 
$
236,190

 
$
207,196

(1)
As a portion of our homes are recently acquired and / or renovated, we estimate recurring capital expenditures for our entire portfolio by multiplying (a) current period actual recurring capital expenditures per Same-Home Property by (b) our total number of properties, excluding non-stabilized properties and properties identified as part of our disposition program, comprised of properties classified as held for sale and properties identified for future sale.

EBITDA / EBITDAre / Adjusted EBITDAre / Adjusted EBITDAre after Capex and Leasing Costs

EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and is used by us and others as a supplemental measure of performance. EBITDAre is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure, which we calculate in accordance with the definition approved by NAREIT in the September 2017 White Paper by adjusting EBITDA for the net gain or loss on sales / impairment of single-family properties and other. Adjusted EBITDAre is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure calculated by adjusting EBITDAre for (1) acquisition fees and costs expensed incurred with business combinations and the acquisition of individual properties, (2) noncash share-based compensation expense, (3) hurricane-related charges, net, (4) gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt, (5) gain or loss on conversion of shares and units and (6) noncash fair value adjustments associated with remeasuring our participating preferred shares derivative liability to fair value. Adjusted EBITDAre after Capex and Leasing Costs is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure calculated by adjusting Adjusted EBITDAre for (1) recurring capital expenditures and (2) leasing costs. We believe these metrics provide useful information to investors because they exclude the impact of various income and expense items that are not indicative of operating performance.


56


The following is a reconciliation of net income or loss, as determined in accordance with GAAP, to EBITDA, EBITDAre, Adjusted EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre after Capex and Leasing Costs, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
Net income
$
30,281

 
$
19,097

 
$
77,704

 
$
45,959

Interest expense
30,930

 
26,592

 
92,209

 
86,873

Depreciation and amortization
79,940

 
74,790

 
237,562

 
221,459

EBITDA
$
141,151

 
$
120,479

 
$
407,475

 
$
354,291

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net (gain) on sale / impairment of single-family properties and other
(4,393
)
 
(596
)
 
(7,653
)
 
(2,589
)
EBITDAre
$
136,758

 
$
119,883

 
$
399,822

 
$
351,702

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncash share-based compensation - general and administrative
491

 
699

 
1,609

 
1,917

Noncash share-based compensation - property management
341

 
417

 
1,141

 
1,258

Acquisition fees and costs expensed
1,055

 
1,306

 
3,687

 
3,814

Hurricane-related charges, net

 
10,136

 

 
10,136

Loss on early extinguishment of debt

 

 
1,447

 
6,555

Remeasurement of participating preferred shares

 
(8,391
)
 
(1,212
)
 
(1,341
)
Adjusted EBITDAre
$
138,645

 
$
124,050

 
$
406,494

 
$
374,041

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Recurring capital expenditures (1)
(11,467
)
 
(10,316
)
 
(27,342
)
 
(25,055
)
Leasing costs
(3,722
)
 
(1,960
)
 
(9,556
)
 
(5,361
)
Adjusted EBITDAre after Capex and Leasing Costs
$
123,456

 
$
111,774

 
$
369,596

 
$
343,625

(1)
As a portion of our homes are recently acquired and / or renovated, we estimate recurring capital expenditures for our entire portfolio by multiplying (a) current period actual recurring capital expenditures per Same-Home Property by (b) our total number of properties, excluding non-stabilized properties and properties identified as part of our disposition program, comprised of properties classified as held for sale and properties identified for future sale.


57


ITEM 3.                         Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
 
Interest Rate Risk
 
The primary market risk to which we believe we are exposed is interest rate risk, which may result from many factors, including government monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors that are beyond our control. We may incur additional variable rate debt in the future, including additional amounts that we may borrow under our revolving credit and term loan facilities. In addition, decreases in interest rates may lead to additional competition for the acquisition of single-family homes, which may lead to future acquisitions being costlier and resulting in lower yields on single-family homes targeted for acquisition. Significant increases in interest rates may also have an adverse impact on our earnings if we are unable to acquire single-family homes with rental rates high enough to offset the increase in interest rates on our borrowings.
 
The Company's variable-rate debt was comprised of borrowings on our term loan facility of $100.0 million as of September 30, 2018, and comprised of borrowings on our revolving credit facility and term loan facility of $140.0 million and $200.0 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2017. All borrowings under our revolving credit facility bear interest at a LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 0.825% to 1.55% or a base rate (generally determined according to a prime rate or federal funds rate) plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.55% until the fully extended maturity date of June 2022. All borrowings under our term loan facility bear interest at a LIBOR rate plus a margin ranging from 0.90% to 1.75% or a base rate (generally determined according to a prime rate or federal funds rate) plus a margin ranging from 0.00% to 0.75% until the maturity date of June 2022. Assuming no change in the outstanding balance of our existing variable-rate debt, the following table illustrates the effect of a 100 basis point increase or decrease in the LIBOR rate on our projected annual interest expense as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Impact to future earnings due to variable rate debt, before the effect of capitalization:
 

 
 

Rate increase of 1%
$
1,000

 
$
3,400

Rate decrease of 1% (1)
$
(1,000
)
 
$
(3,400
)

(1)
Calculation of projected decrease in annual interest expense as a result of a 100 basis point decrease is reflective of any LIBOR floors or minimum interest rates stated in the agreements of respective borrowings.
 
This analysis does not consider the effects of the reduced level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. Further, in the event of a change of such magnitude, we would consider taking actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, because of the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, the sensitivity analysis assumes no changes in our capital structure.
 
ITEM 4.                         Controls and Procedures

American Homes 4 Rent

Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file and submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in accordance with SEC guidelines and that such information is communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure based on the definition of “disclosure controls and procedures” in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures in reaching that level of reasonable assurance.
 
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective, at a reasonable assurance level.

58



Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
There were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2018, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

American Homes 4 Rent, L.P.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Operating Partnership maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in accordance with SEC guidelines and that such information is communicated to the Operating Partnership's management, including the Operating Partnership's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure based on the definition of “disclosure controls and procedures” in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, the Operating Partnership's management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures in reaching that level of reasonable assurance.
 
Under the supervision and with the participation of the Operating Partnership's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Operating Partnership evaluated the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures, as required by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Operating Partnership's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Operating Partnership's disclosure controls and procedures were effective, at a reasonable assurance level.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
There were no changes in the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2018, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Operating Partnership's internal control over financial reporting.

PART II
OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1.                                  Legal Proceedings
 
For a description of the Company's legal proceedings, see Note 12.

Item 1A.                         Risk Factors
 
In addition to the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider the risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2017, in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors and in our other filings with the SEC. These factors may materially affect our business, financial condition and operating results and could cause our actual results to differ materially from expectations.  

There have been no material changes to our risk factors from those disclosed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Item 2.                                 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
    
On February 22, 2018, the Company's board of trustees re-authorized our existing share repurchase program, authorizing the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. The Operating Partnership funds the repurchases and constructively retires an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company did not repurchase any of our common or preferred shares. As of September 30, 2018, we had a remaining repurchase authorization of up to $265.1 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares under the program.

59



Item 3.                                  Defaults upon Senior Securities
 
None.
 
Item 4.                                  Mine Safety Disclosures
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 5.                                 Other Information
 
None.
 
Item 6.                                  Exhibits
 
The exhibits listed below are filed herewith or incorporated herein by reference.


60


Exhibit Index
 
Exhibit
Number
 
Exhibit Document
 
 
 
2.1‡
 
 
 
 
2.2‡
 
 
 
 
2.3‡
 
 
 
 
2.4‡
 
 
 
 
2.5‡
 
 
 
 
2.6‡
 
 
 
 
2.7‡
 
 
 
 
2.8‡
 

 
 
 
2.9‡
 
 
 
 
3.1
 
 
 
 
3.2
 
 
 
 
3.3
 
 
 
 
3.4
 
 
 
 
3.5
 
 
 
 
3.6
 
 
 
 
3.7
 
 
 
 
3.8
 

61


Exhibit
Number
 
Exhibit Document
 
 
 
4.1
 
 
 
 
4.2
 
 
 
 
4.3
 
 
 
 
4.4
 
 
 
 
4.5
 
 
 


4.6
 
 
 
 
4.7
 
 
 
 
10.1
 
 
 
 
31.1
 
 
 
 
31.2
 
 
 
 
31.3
 
 
 
 
31.4
 
 
 
 
32.1
 
 
 
 
32.2
 
 
 
 
101.INS
 
XBRL Instance Document
 
 
 
101.SCH
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
 
 
 
101.CAL
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
 
 
 
101.DEF
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
 
 
 
101.LAB
 
XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
 
 
 
101.PRE
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

The schedules and exhibits to this agreement have been omitted from this filing. The Company will furnish supplementally a copy of any such omitted schedules or exhibits to the SEC upon request.


62


SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT
 
/s/ Christopher C. Lau
 
Christopher C. Lau
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer and duly authorized signatory of registrant)
Date: November 2, 2018
AMERICAN HOMES 4 RENT, L.P.
 
/s/ Christopher C. Lau
 
Christopher C. Lau
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer and duly authorized signatory of registrant)
Date: November 2, 2018



                                


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