Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. - Annual Report: 2015 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015

OR

Commission File Number 001-37383

Arcadia Biosciences, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

(530) 756-7077

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

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Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

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The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2015, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $41,500,000 (based on the closing price of $6.37 on June 30, 2015 on the NASDAQ Global Market).

The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant's common stock on March 1, 2016, was 44,220,620 shares.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.

INTRODUCTION

“Arcadia,” “the Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” are used interchangeably to refer to Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. or to Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. and its subsidiary, as appropriate to the context.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events, our future financial or operating performance, growth strategies, anticipated trends in our industry, and our potential opportunities, plans, and objectives. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as "may," "will," "should," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "could," "intends," "target," "projects," "contemplates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential," or "continue" or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans, or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about:

We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors described in the section titled "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We cannot assure you that the results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR FORM 10-K

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

We are a leading agricultural biotechnology trait company with an extensive and diversified portfolio of late-stage yield and product quality traits addressing multiple crops that supply the global food and feed markets. Our traits are focused on high-value enhancements that increase crop yields by enabling plants to more efficiently manage environmental and nutrient stresses, and that enhance the quality and value of agricultural products. Our traits increase value not only for farmers, but also for users of agricultural products throughout the supply chain. We have a robust pipeline of products in development incorporating our traits, including products that are in advanced stages of development or on the market.

Our crop yield traits are being utilized by our commercial partners to develop higher yielding seeds for the most widely grown global crops, including wheat, rice, soybean, corn, and sugarcane, as well as for other crops such as cotton, turf, and trees. Our business model positions us at the nexus of basic research and commercial product development, as we apply our strong product development and regulatory capabilities to collaborate with, and leverage the skills and investments of, upstream basic research institutions and downstream commercial partners. We believe our approach significantly reduces risk and capital requirements, while simplifying and expediting the product development process. We also believe that our collaboration strategy leverages our internal capabilities, enabling us to capture much higher value than would otherwise be the case, and enabling our commercial partners to develop and commercialize products more cost-effectively.

In recent decades, agricultural biotechnology has been a major driving force for improving farm economics by introducing genetically modified, or GM, seeds, with traits that reduce the cost of managing crop biotic stresses such as weeds, insects, and microbial pests. The first agricultural biotechnology traits, herbicide tolerance and insect resistance, were developed primarily by companies with deep expertise and a long heritage in crop protection chemistry and pest management. Seeds with these traits have achieved rapid growth and strong commercial success, reaching market share in excess of 90% in key crops and countries as of 2013.

We believe the next generation of advancements in agricultural biotechnology involves increasing yields by making crops which perform significantly better under a wide range of abiotic stresses, including drought, heat, salinity, and variable availability of key nutrients such as nitrogen. Our target market is the $40.5 billion global seed market. Our goal is to increase the value of this market significantly by increasing yields in the more than $1.0 trillion market for the five largest global crops, and to capture a portion of the increased value.

Our business model focuses on creating value by leveraging collaborator investments and capabilities upstream in basic research, and downstream in product development and commercialization. We bridge the gap between basic research and commercial development, reducing risk and adding value as a result. We reduce risk and avoid most of the costs associated with basic research by acquiring trait technologies that have already completed initial feasibility screening, thus achieving proof of concept, through basic research carried out elsewhere. We further develop these technologies by optimizing function and validating performance through intensive field trial testing in multiple crops. We then form collaborations with major seed and consumer product companies who develop and commercialize products incorporating our traits. In select instances, we also work with our commercial partners to make any regulatory filings required to support commercial launch of the trait in order to increase our share of the value created by the trait.

By licensing later stage de-risked technologies to our commercial partners, we expect to achieve significantly greater value than generally earned for access to early stage traits. Our license agreements typically include upfront and annual license fees, as well as multiple milestone payments for key product development stages such as demonstration of greenhouse efficacy, demonstration of field efficacy, regulatory submission, regulatory approval, and commercial launch. Following commercialization of a product utilizing one or more of our traits, we share in the value of the traits realized by our commercial partners. We believe that this broad and balanced approach diversifies and reduces risk, allowing us to address multiple end markets through strong established channels.

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We use both GM and non-GM technologies to develop our traits, which enable us to select the approach most suited for the particular trait, crop and market. Our agricultural yield traits are designed to substantially increase crop yields and farmer income. They do so either by improving efficiency in the use of key inputs, such as fertilizer and water, or by increasing tolerance to environmental stresses, such as drought, heat and salinity. Our current portfolio of agricultural yield traits includes Nitrogen Use Efficiency, or NUE, Water Use Efficiency, or WUE, Drought Tolerance, Salinity Tolerance, Heat Tolerance, and Herbicide Tolerance. Field trial results have demonstrated significant yield improvements resulting from our agricultural yield traits in multiple crops and geographies. As one example, field trials in multiple environments conducted by an independent testing organization with our NUE trait in rice resulted in a consistent yield improvement that on average was 30% above the controls over a four-year period from 2012 to 2015. Rice is the world’s most valuable crop, with a harvest value of $316 billion in 2014, and the third most widely grown crop, according to the FAO. Our agricultural product quality traits increase the value of harvested products by improving specific compositional qualities of oilseeds and grains. These traits include Enhanced Nutrition Grains and High Value Nutritional Oils, including Sonova 400 GLA safflower oil and Sonova Ultra GLA safflower oil, which we refer to as our Sonova products.

We have formed strategic partnerships and developed strong relationships with global agricultural leaders for development and commercialization of our traits in major crops and consumer products. Our collaborators include Limagrain (Vilmorin & Cie), Mahyco (Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Limited), Dow AgroSciences, DuPont Pioneer (E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company), SES Vanderhave, Genective (a joint venture between Limagrain and KWS SAAT), Scotts, U.S. Sugar, Abbott, Ardent Mills, Bioceres, and others. Additionally, in order to increase our participation in the value of two major crops, wheat and soybean, we have formed two joint ventures. Limagrain Cereal Seeds LLC is our joint venture with Limagrain for the development and commercialization of wheat products for North America. Limagrain is the world’s fourth-largest seed company. Verdeca LLC is our joint venture with Bioceres for the development and deregulation of soybean traits globally. Bioceres is an agricultural investment and development company owned by approximately 250 shareholders, including some of South America’s largest soybean growers.

The strength of our internal capabilities and collaboration strategy enables us to quickly identify and develop valuable traits and bring them to market, as we have demonstrated through commercializing Sonova 400 GLA safflower oil in less than six years from technology acquisition to commercial launch. Sonova 400 GLA safflower oil is a key ingredient in multiple branded nutritional supplements marketed through GNC stores and other U.S. retailers.

Our Strengths

We believe we are strategically positioned to capitalize on the need to increase crop yields and quality of agricultural products globally. Our competitive strengths include:

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Our Growth Strategy

We believe that there are significant opportunities to grow our business globally by executing the following elements of our strategy:

Our Products and Product Development Pipeline

We currently have a robust pipeline of products in development incorporating our traits, including products that are either in advanced stages of development or on the market. Our use of both GM and non-GM technologies to develop our traits enables us to select the approach most suited for the particular trait, crop, and market. Our agricultural yield traits are designed to substantially increase crop yields and farmer income. They do so either by improving efficiency in the use of key inputs, such as fertilizer and water, or by increasing tolerance to environmental stresses, such as drought, heat, and salinity. Our existing portfolio of agricultural yield traits includes NUE, WUE, Drought Tolerance, Salinity Tolerance, Heat Tolerance, and Herbicide Tolerance as further described below. Our traits are developed as individual offerings and as stacks that incorporate several different traits, and can be designed for use in a variety of crops and end markets.

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The following table summarizes our current commercial product and our pipeline of products in development.

Program Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets    D 1 2 3 4 5  PRODUCTIVITY TRAITS          Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) Wheat Limagrain, Mahyco, CSIRO, ACPFG       Global  Rice Mahyco, AATF       Asia  Soybeans Verdeca       Americas, Asia  Corn Dow AgroSciences       Global  Cotton Mahyco       Americas, Asia  Sugarcane US Sugar, SASRI, Mahyco       Americas, Asia  Turf Scotts       N. America  Tree Crops Arborgen, Futuragene       Brazil, N. America  Vegetables Mahyco       Asia Water Use Efficiency (WUE) Drought Tolerance (DT) Wheat (WUE) Limagrain       Global  Wheat (DT) Bioceres       Global  Rice (WUE) Mahyco       Asia  Soybeans (DT) Verdeca       Americas, Asia   Corn (WUE) Genective       Global  Corn (DT) Dow AgroSciences       Global  Cotton (WUE) Mahyco       Americas, Asia  Sugarcane (WUE) US Sugar, Mahyco       Americas, Asia  Sugarbeets (WUE) SES Vanderhave       N. America  Tree Crops (WUE) Arborgen, Futuragene       Brazil, N. America  Vegetables (WUE) Mahcyo       Asia Salinity Tolerance (ST) Wheat Mahyco       Global  Rice Mahyco       Asia  Cotton Mahyco       Americas, Asia  Africa Sugarcane Mahyco       S. America, Asia  Vegetables Mahyco       Asia Herbicide Tolerance* Wheat Confidential       Global Heat Tolerance Wheat USAID, CIMMYT       Global Yield* Soybeans Verdeca       Global Trait Stacks          NUE/WUE/ST Rice AATF       Asia NUE/DT Wheat Bioceres       Global NUE/WUE Wheat Limagrain       Global NUE Corn Dow AgroSciences       Global           PRODUCT QUALITY TRAITS          GLA Oil Safflower Abbott       N. America, Asia Resistant Starch* Wheat NIH       Global Post Harvest Quality* Tomato Bioseed       Asia, N. America ARA Oil Safflower Abbott, DuPont Pioneer       N. America, Asia Grain Quality* Wheat Ardent Mills       Global Reduced Gluten* Wheat NIH       Global Oil Quality* Soybeans Verdeca       Global Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized          * Non GM           GDM Seeds, TMG

Agricultural Yield Traits

Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)

Our NUE technology enables plants to absorb and utilize nitrogen fertilizer much more efficiently than conventional plants. This allows crops to achieve significantly higher yields under normally applied levels of nitrogen fertilizer, or to achieve the same yields as conventional crops while using 30 to 50% less nitrogen fertilizer.

Nitrogen fertilizer is a primary plant nutrient and key driver of crop yield. Nitrogen fertilizer is a significant component of crop production cost and was a $104.6 billion product within the $183.3 billion market for all fertilizers in 2012, according to an industry-specific report by MarketLine. Research published in Plant Biotechnology Journal reported that only 30 to 50% of added nitrogen fertilizer is taken up by agricultural crops, with the remainder left unutilized and potentially becoming a significant environmental pollutant.

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Our NUE technology platform was initially based on a trait discovered at the University of Alberta (Canada), and we hold an exclusive, global license to the technology for use in all crops, with unlimited sublicense rights. Efficacy of this NUE technology has been demonstrated in field-grown rice, wheat, and canola by multiple groups.  NUE cotton lines will be field tested in the United States in 2016, and related NUE cotton lines are expected to be field tested in India in the near term.

Our research team has also been developing and evaluating a number of different and novel genetic traits to effect NUE in crop plants.  Three of these candidate technologies have been introduced into wheat and were first planted in 2015.  We expect to review the first yield data in the spring of 2016.  These traits also have been engineered into rice, and these materials will be evaluated as well.  

Most recently, we have collaborated with Dow AgroSciences on development of NUE in corn, which we announced in December 2015. Dow AgroSciences is currently evaluating this technology by means of multiple-location U.S. field efficacy tests in hybrid corn.  We anticipate having those results collected and analyzed later this year.  

Positive field test results for our Dow AgroSciences corn collaboration will help our research team determine whether to apply this NUE technology to additional crops like wheat and soybean.  We plan to use a combination of our original and proven NUE technology platform with one or more of the new NUE traits in stacks that will help us maintain and extend our technical and commercial advantage for this important trait area.

The target crops and markets for NUE include all major agricultural crops and markets. Our NUE technology has now been incorporated, or is under development by our commercial partners, in major global crops, including rice, wheat, soybean, cotton, canola, sugarbeets, sugarcane, vegetables, turf grass, and multiple forestry species. Specific crops, collaborators, stages of development, and target markets for our NUE technology are shown in the following table.

Program  Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets     D 1 2 3 4 5  Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)  Wheat Limagrain, Mahyco, CSIRO, ACPFG       Global   Rice Mahyco, AATF       Asia   Soybeans Verdeca       Americas, Asia   Corn Dow AgroSciences       Global   Cotton Mahyco       Americas, Asia   Sugarcane US Sugar, SASRI, Mahyco       Americas, Asia   Turf Scotts       N. America   Tree Crops Arborgen, Futuragene       Brazil, N. America   Vegetables Mahyco       Asia Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized            Africa

Field trial data to date in multiple major commodity crops has shown yield improvements attributable to our NUE trait of greater than 10%. For example, we and Limagrain have independently conducted field trials of NUE in wheat at multiple locations across multiple crop seasons, and the leading NUE wheat line has shown an average yield improvement relative to the control of 10%.

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In another example, multiple research partners including the International Center for Tropical Agriculture, or CIAT, have conducted field trials of NUE in a major type of rice for four years (2012-2015) under both lowland (flood irrigated) and upland (rain irrigated) locations. Of the six NUE rice lines tested, two consistently showed significant yield benefits across all field trials and treatments. The leading line out-yielded the control by an average of 30% over four years for the two locations and for three rates of nitrogen fertilizer in the lowland location. The table below summarizes the average yield increase over four years, relative to the control, for the two lead lines, as reported by CIAT.

NUE Rice Field Trial Results 2012-2015 (increase in grain yield)

We have also created a methodology to quantify and document changes in greenhouse gas emissions resulting from changes in nitrogen use. This methodology, approved by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2012, is the first of its kind to link crop genetics with carbon emissions. We believe this may encourage the adoption of crops with NUE technology by enabling farmers to further increase revenue through the sale of carbon credits.

Water Use Efficiency (WUE)/Drought Tolerance

Our WUE trait technology enables plants to better tolerate two distinct types of stress: reduced or inconsistent water and severe drought. The WUE trait has been demonstrated to improve crop yield under conditions of episodic water stress and to help crops recover from severe drought conditions. A related but distinct technology, Drought Tolerance, helps plants maintain yields under conditions of prolonged water stress.

In 2012, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, or UNESCO, reported that modern agriculture is highly water intensive, using approximately 70% of world water withdrawals. UNESCO also estimates that future global agricultural water consumption will increase by about 19% by 2050 and could be even higher if crop yields and the efficiency of agricultural production do not improve dramatically. The irregular availability of suitable water is one the leading causes of reduced crop yield globally. Loss due to drought in the United States, as reported to the USDA Risk Management Agency, averaged $4.7 billion from 2009 through 2013 and was $12.9 billion in 2012.

Water-limiting conditions can result from prolonged drought, leading to severe reductions in crop yields, or can result from periodic dry conditions, leading to reduced crop yields. Whenever water limitations occur, economic losses and impairment of the food supply result.

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Our WUE trait technology was jointly discovered by researchers at the University of California, Davis and Technion—Israel Institute of Technology. We hold an exclusive, global license to the technology, with sublicense rights, for use in all crops. Target crop markets for WUE technology include most major crops, such as rice, wheat, corn, soybean, sugarcane, cotton, and canola. Target geographies are global, based on regions where water availability can limit productivity in the target crops. Our Drought Tolerance technology was discovered by researchers at National Scientific and Technical Research Council (Argentina), and further developed by Bioceres, S.A. We hold an exclusive license to this technology for use in wheat globally outside of South America. Verdeca, our joint venture with Bioceres, Inc., holds exclusive global rights and is developing and commercializing this technology in soybeans. Our WUE technology has now been incorporated, or is under development by our commercial partners, in major global and secondary crops, including those shown in the following table. Our Drought Tolerance technology is being applied in wheat, and soybeans with this technology are in the regulatory approval process in Argentina. Specific crops, collaborators, stages of development, and target markets for our WUE and Drought Tolerance technologies are shown in the following table.

Program Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets    D 1 2 3 4 5  Water Use Efficiency (WUE) Drought Tolerance (DT) Wheat (WUE) Limagrain       Global  Wheat (DT) Bioceres       Global  Rice (WUE) Mahyco       Asia  Soybeans (DT) Verdeca       Americas, Asia   Corn (WUE) Genective       Global  Corn (DT) Dow AgroSciences       Global  Cotton (WUE) Mahyco       Americas, Asia  Sugarcane (WUE) US Sugar, Mahyco       Americas, Asia  Sugarbeets (WUE) SES Vanderhave       N. America  Tree Crops (WUE) Arborgen, Futuragene       Brazil, N. America  Vegetables Mahyco       Asia Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized           GDM Seeds, TMG

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Greenhouse and field trials of our WUE traits have been completed in agronomic crops such as rice, cotton, peanuts and alfalfa. We are currently working with collaborators in additional crops, including wheat, sugarbeets, sugarcane, and multiple tree species. Recent collaborator results in rice show significant yield improvement under water-limited conditions. Our Drought Tolerance technology is most advanced in soybeans under our Verdeca joint venture. Multiple seasons of field trials under reduced yield conditions that represent the average yield of soybean production in North and South America have shown yield improvements relative to controls of up to 14%, with no decrease in yield under optimal conditions, as illustrated in the following chart. The Early Food Safety Evaluation process has been completed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the plant protein responsible for our Drought Tolerance trait. The trait event has full approval for food safety and international commerce in Argentina from the National Advisory Commission on Agricultural Biotechnology and the Biotechnology Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, in conjunction with the Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agoalimentaria and the Agricultural Market Directorate. Additionally, regulatory approval applications have been submitted in Uruguay and are pending final approval.

Drought Tolerant soybean field trialsDifferent yield environments (average of 28 trials in 2013-2014) Yield difference to control (%) 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 14.6 2.9 2.2 Low <2,500 Medium 2,500-3,500 High >3,500 Average soybean yields in the Americas (kg/ha)

Salinity Tolerance

Our Salinity Tolerance trait allows plants to produce increased yields under conditions of elevated salinity and is applicable to a wide range of crops, including wheat, rice, soybean, cotton, and vegetables. Our salt-tolerant plants have also been demonstrated to bind excess salt from the soil into the plant, potentially providing the benefit of rehabilitating salinized land over time.

The global cost of lost crop yield to salt-induced land degradation is estimated to be $27.3 billion according to the United Nations Natural Resources Forum. Of the current 230.0 million hectares of irrigated land, 45.0 million hectares, or about 20%, are salt-affected. Crops grown under salt-affected conditions may be inhibited in two ways. First, the presence of salt in the soil reduces the ability of the plant to take up water, leading to reductions in growth rate. Second, if excessive amounts of salt enter the plant, there can be injury to the cells, which may cause further reductions in growth. Modern agriculture is highly water intensive and the ability to manage crops in saline environments will reduce agricultural demand on critical fresh water supplies.

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Our most advanced Salinity Tolerance trait technology is being developed based on basic research conducted at the University of Toronto, the University of California, Davis, and the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (Japan), all of which have granted us exclusive licenses for all crops. We are conducting early stage research on additional salinity tolerance genes under a funded research agreement with the United States Agency for International Development, or USAID.

Target markets for the Salinity Tolerance trait are those areas where water or soil salinity decrease crop yield. Such areas occur globally where irrigation is prevalent, where ground water supplies are salinized due to seawater intrusion, and where soils are salinized due to mineral deposits. Such areas are common in North America, India, China, additional countries in Asia, Australia, and other major crop production countries. Our Salinity Tolerance trait has been licensed to partners for use in rice, wheat, corn, cotton, canola, sugarcane, and vegetable crops. Specific crops, collaborators, stages of development, and target markets for our Salinity Tolerance technologies are shown in the following table.

Program Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets    D 1 2 3 4 5  Salinity Tolerance (ST) Wheat Mahyco       Global  Rice Mahyco       Asia  Cotton Mahyco       Americas, Asia  Sugarcane Mahyco       S. America, Asia  Vegetables Mahyco       Asia Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized          

Crops with tolerance to soil and water salinity are in different degrees of development with our primary licensee and partner for the Salinity Tolerance trait technology. Our partner previously had tested the most promising rice lines with our trait in a field in which controlled amounts of salt were applied to the replicated plots. In 2015, a field trial was executed on naturally high saline farmlands in India, where grain yields typically are very low, and we saw results similar to those in prior trials. Our partner has developed wheat lines that show significant salinity tolerance under greenhouse conditions, with some lines outperforming the controls by more than 30%, and additional wheat lines are in development to expand the scope of our partner’s first field evaluations. For salt tolerant cotton, our partner is preparing to conduct outdoor field trials in India, and we are making concurrent preparations in the United States with a U.S. cotton variety.

Heat Tolerance

Our Heat Tolerance technology program is carrying out discovery research funded by USAID in collaboration with the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, or CIMMYT, and the Indian National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, or NBPGR. Our work targets metabolic approaches to reduce the heat sensitivity of starch synthesis in wheat and increase membrane thermostability. We are pyramiding the CIMMYT-identified natural genetic diversity that affects membrane thermostability and induced genetic diversity in starch synthesis, developed by us, in order to improve wheat heat adaptation in a fundamental way.

Among major staple crops, global wheat yields may be the most impacted by climate change, according to a number of climate change models. And while wheat is the most drought-adapted of major crops, improving heat adaptation would make wheat a climate resilient staple. Developing countries are both significant producers and importers of wheat. According to CIMMYT, an estimated 1.2 billion poor people depend on wheat and 81% of wheat in the developing world is produced and consumed in the same country. At the same time, wheat accounts for 43% of food imports in developing countries, underscoring the importance of global wheat trade to food security. CIMMYT estimates that demand for wheat will increase by 60% by 2050 in developing countries. As we saw with the global food price crisis in 2008, poor yields in major wheat exporting countries such as Australia can have a significant impact on global prices.

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Wheat has been shown to lose three to four percent of yield per degree Celsius above the optimum daytime temperature of 15 C. Since the 1980s, global wheat productivity is estimated to have been reduced by as much as five percent due to increasing temperature, and wheat yields in South Asia could decline about 50% by 2050. Recent research in India suggests that most crop models have underestimated the impact of extreme heat on yield losses by as much as 50%.

This technology is being developed in collaboration with CIMMYT and NBPGR, under funding provided by USAID and is currently in the discovery stage. The initial target crop for this technology is wheat, where the impacts from heat stress are among the most severe of all major crops. Target commercial geographies are global. It is expected that discoveries under this program are likely to lead to improvements in heat stability of major crops other than wheat as well.

Program Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets    D 1 2 3 4 5  Heat Tolerance Wheat USAID, CIMMYT       Global Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized          

Herbicide Tolerance

Our Herbicide Tolerance program is currently focused on wheat and we have developed a non-GM source of tolerance to glyphosate, a widely used non-selective herbicide. We believe that the discoveries under this program are likely to result in similar opportunities in other major crops.

According to ISAAA, from 1996 to 2013, herbicide tolerant crops consistently occupied the largest planting area of biotech crops. In 2013 alone, herbicide tolerant crops occupied 99.4 million hectares, or 57%, of the 175.2 million hectares of biotech crops planted globally. For the first 17 years of commercialization (1996 to 2012), benefits from herbicide tolerant crops were valued at $47.7 billion, which accounted for 41% of global biotech crop value. For 2012 alone, herbicide tolerant crops were valued at $6.6 billion or 35% of global biotech crop value.

Our Herbicide Tolerance technology is in Phase 3 of development and was developed using our proprietary non-GM research platform, TILLING, which enabled us to find and further develop valuable rare genes within our wheat genetic diversity collection. This work is fully funded by a collaborator who has the option to obtain a non-exclusive commercial license to this trait in certain countries. We retain the right to further license this technology to additional collaborators in global wheat markets.

Testing results have shown tolerance in multiple wheat lines to levels of glyphosate herbicide, which may be sufficient to control many weed species in wheat production. Individual glyphosate tolerant wheat lines are being combined via plant breeding to combine sources of tolerance and create products with increasing levels of tolerance.

Program Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets    D 1 2 3 4 5  Herbicide Tolerance* Wheat Confidential       Global Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized          * Non GM          

Agronomic Trait Stacks

Trait stacks are combinations of multiple individual traits. Trait stacks can be made by using conventional plant breeding to cross plants with different traits, and can also be made by combining multiple traits in a molecular stack that is then inserted into a target crop. Our collaborators are generally allowed to combine multiple traits of ours either by breeding or molecular stacks. Deep portfolios of agronomic stress tolerance traits are rare in the industry, and the ability to pyramid multiples of such traits is even rarer. In order to validate the efficacy of particular trait stacks, we carry out our own research and field trials.

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We have developed three molecular trait stacks, and have field-tested them in example crops, as shown in the table below. Efficacy of a trait stack in one crop suggests the probability that the stack will also work in other key crops. The history of single traits functioning in multiple crops, along with the evidence of stacked traits working in more than one crop, suggest that stacked traits are likely to function in multiple crops. Thus, we believe that our trait stacks have market opportunities well beyond the specific demonstration crops and geographies shown in the table.

Program Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets    D 1 2 3 4 5  Trait Stacks          NUE/WUE/ST Rice AATF       Asia NUE/DT Wheat Bioceres       Global NUE/WUE Wheat Limagrain       Global NUE Corn Dow AgroSciences       Global Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized          

Our most advanced and tested trait stack—the combination of NUE, WUE, and Salinity Tolerance—has been field tested in rice over multiple seasons. We have tested this trait stack under varying levels of nitrogen, water availability, and salinity. Rice plants with this stack out-yielded control plants by five to 22% under different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, by 19 to 32% under different types of water stress, and by 27 to 42% under high salinity conditions. The table below summarizes the results from a field trial conducted by us in 2012, with similar results obtained in a field trial conducted in 2013.

Nitrogen and Drought Trials Rice Grain Yield [g/plot, total] 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 +21.6% +22.6% +5.6% +19.6% +32.5% Stack Control N50 N75 N100 Late Drought Early Treatment Salinity Trials Panicle weight [g/plant] 25 20 15 5 0 -2.3% +42.7% +27.8% Stack Control 0mM 35mM 70mM

We have a strategic collaboration to develop and commercialize new yield traits and trait stacks in corn with Dow AgroSciences. Under the collaboration, we and Dow AgroSciences will jointly develop and commercialize agronomic yield traits, such as nutrient efficiency and water use efficiency, including several traits that already have completed advanced field trials in corn. These traits would then be combined with Dow AgroSciences’ input traits to create highly competitive trait stacks. As part of the agreement, we can use the agronomic traits in other major crops.

Agricultural Product Quality Traits

Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA) Oil

Under the license agreement we have with Abbott, we developed a new source of vegetable oil with very high levels of gamma linolenic acid, or GLA, an omega-6 fatty acid. Our GLA safflower oil product has the highest concentration of GLA available in any plant oil at 65%; conventional plant oils range from 10 to 22% GLA. We sell the oil in the United States and Canada to manufacturers of nutritional supplements, medical foods, and other products. Our key customers include significant participants in those markets, such as GNC, Lindora Nutrition, and others.

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GLA has multiple clinically-demonstrated nutritional and medical benefits, including anti-inflammation effects, improved skin condition, and healthy weight management. Multiple parties have expressed commercial interest in incorporating an enhanced GLA oil into their foods, dietary supplements, or medical products where conventional sources of GLA are not sufficiently concentrated to deliver amounts that are cost- and performance-effective.

Against a commercial target of 40% GLA concentration, we developed, deregulated, and commercialized GLA safflower oil containing up to 65% GLA concentration in less than six years. This is significantly less than the 13 years it takes, on average, to commercialize a seed using advanced breeding or biotechnology, according to Phillips McDougall. We produce GLA safflower oil by contracting with farmers in Idaho and process the seed under contract with a manufacturer in California to make refined oil. We sell GLA safflower oil under the brand name Sonova with multiple concentrations and formulations.

Program Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets    D 1 2 3 4 5  GLA Oil Safflower Abbott       N. America, Asia Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized          

Arachidonic Acid (ARA) Oil

Our Arachidonic Acid (ARA) Oil has high levels of the fatty acid ARA, which is a key ingredient in more than 90% of U.S. infant nutrition products. ARA contributes to benefits such as fostering infant eye and brain development. We estimate the global market for ARA at $160 million and believe that our ARA product will cost significantly less than currently available sources of ARA.

Our ARA Oil is being developed under agreements with Abbott and DuPont Pioneer, each of which licensed intellectual property to us for this program. In exchange for licenses to intellectual property, these agreements provide product access rights to Abbott and DuPont Pioneer, as well as certain royalty payments on product sales to third parties.

Our ARA Oil is in Phase 3 of development. We have multiple safflower lines with oil compositions that offer the opportunity of being direct replacements for current sources of ARA in infant nutrition products.

Program Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets    D 1 2 3 4 5  ARA Oil Safflower Abbott, DuPont Pioneer       N. America, Asia Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized          

Enhanced Quality Grains

We have multiple programs aimed at developing wheat and other small grains with improved nutritional qualities. One such program generated bread and pasta wheat lines with high levels of resistant starch. Resistant starch increases the total dietary fiber content of wheat and reduces its glycemic index, which are both desirable nutritional qualities that are important in the management of diabetes and healthy blood glucose levels. In 2012, the average American consumed 40% of the recommended level of daily dietary fiber, with whole grain consumption representing only 15% of targeted fiber intake and 80% of teenagers eating no whole grains. A second program increases specific quality targets in wheat, and is funded by Ardent Mills, which combines the operations of ConAgra Mills and Horizon Milling, a Cargill-CHS joint venture. A third program, funded by the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, is aimed at reducing gluten in wheat and other grains. All three of these programs utilize our proprietary TILLING platform, and the resulting products are non-GM.

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Our resistant starch wheat provides a source of wheat with inherently high levels of resistant starch, increasing the total dietary fiber content of resulting food products without the need for fiber additives from other sources such as corn, potato and cassava. Resistant starch is a key product in two market segments: dietary fiber additives and modified starch additives. According to MarketsandMarkets, the fiber additives market was estimated to be $2.2 billion in 2013 and the modified starch market was estimated to be $12.8 billion in 2012, with food and beverage applications accounting for approximately 50% of this market. Major growth in these markets is being driven by the convenience health food sector and functional food sector. Flour from our resistant starch wheat lines has resistant starch levels that are 12 to 20 times higher than the control wheat, and total dietary fiber, or TDF, which is more than eight times higher than the control. Resistant starch wheat flour has been tested in applications in bread, where loaf quality was comparable to bread made with conventional wheat flour, and pasta, where it had the highest consumer preference rankings in tests carried out by a major consumer products company.

Resistant Starch & TDF Content Levels by Wheat Line Refined Flour Resistant Starch Content (% by wt) 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 37.8% 15.1% 16.0% 29.0% 33.0% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Parent RS14 RS83 RS100 Whole Grain Flour Total Dietary Fiber Content (% by wt) Refined Flour Resistant Starch Whole Grain Flour TDF Parent ID 2014 RS14 CA 2013 RS 14 ID 2014 RS18 CA 2013 Bread made with 50% RS Bread Wheat

Resistant starch wheat flour is currently being tested in a range of additional bakery products with industrial partners. We have several resistant starch wheat lines that are being evaluated for optimal quality and agronomic characteristics.

The global gluten-free market was estimated to be $2.1 billion in 2014 by Euromonitor, with the United States representing approximately 24%, or $500.0 million, of this market. This figure only includes products that have been formulated to replace wheat flour and does not include products that are naturally gluten-free or have undergone minor formulation changes. Consumers in this market are composed of people with celiac disease (approximately 1% of the population), people with non-celiac gluten intolerance (approximately 6% of the population) and people who choose to eat less gluten because they are in households with individuals with a gluten-free diet or choose to eat gluten- free food. According to Euromonitor, in 2014 bakery products and pasta represented 78% of all gluten-free sales, with a forecasted CAGR in this category in North America and Australasia of eight to 16%. Our wheat with reduced gluten will provide options for wheat products in the low gluten product category and additional options for blending wheat flour to meet the FDA standard for gluten-free products.

Program Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets    D 1 2 3 4 5  Resistant Starch* Wheat NIH       Global Grain Quality* Wheat Ardent Mills       Global Reduced Gluten* Wheat NIH       Global Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized          * Non GM          

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Post Harvest Quality

Our post harvest quality program for tomatoes has resulted in tomato lines with significantly increased post harvest storage life. These tomato lines were developed using our proprietary TILLING platform and are non-GM. Our early research program was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, due to their interest in being able to procure quantities of fresh fruit with extended storage life for deployment on board ships and submarines and for overseas missions. The global market for fresh tomatoes is estimated by the FAO at $84.5 billion per year. Our initial collaborator for this product is Bioseed, a vegetable seed company based in India, and the product is in Phase 4 of development. Additional collaborations in North America are in development.

Program Crop Collaborator(s) Phase      Key Markets    D 1 2 3 4 5  Post Harvest Quality* Tomato Bioseed       Asia, N. America Phase: D=Discovery; 1=Proof of Concept; 2=Greenhouse / Early Field Trials; 3=Additional Field Trials / Product Development; 4=Regulatory / Pre-Commercial; 5=Commercialized          * Non GM          

Our Product Development Capabilities

The diagram below illustrates the key steps in our technology identification and product development process.

Tilling Create Population (non-GM) ID Target Genes Transform Crop (GM) Plant Transformation Grow Out Controlled Growth Operations Initial Selection Field Trials Data & Analysis Product Selection Regulatory (GM) ASRS Regulatory Management Trait Evaluation & Development and Agricultural Operations Program Team Management Plan Information Management Systems (PIMS)

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Identification of New Technology Programs  

Because our business model is based on leveraging upstream investment in basic research to expand our product development pipeline, we actively seek out and participate in collaborative programs with external partners for the early-stage exploration and identification of promising plant technologies, particularly those related to abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The results of these collaborations directly feed innovation and often drive the progress of our ongoing programs. Some of these key early-stage collaborations include programs with the ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls (Australia), the University of Adelaide (Australia), CIMMYT (Mexico), the University of California, Davis (United States), Tulane University (United States), the University of California, Berkeley (United States), the International Center for Research in Semi-Arid Tropics (India), the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (Bangladesh), and ICABIOGRAD (Indonesia). Many of these collaborative programs are funded by U.S. government grants that we have secured either ourselves or in connection with our collaboration partners, including grants by USAID, the NIH, the National Science Foundation, and the USDA. Other early-stage technologies are introduced to us by commercial entities engaged in basic research who may be seeking to partner with us to advance their discoveries to further validation and product development. In some cases, such commercial entities are technology start-ups, and in other cases they include some of the largest companies involved in agricultural and food technology research. The diagram below illustrates our technology development model.

Public Institutions Activities Gene Targets Probability of success Time Gene Discovery 5% Discovery 24-48 months Proof of Concept  De-risking 25% Phase 1 12-24 months Arcadia Transform into crops Monocot Dicot 25% Phase 2 12-24 months Field trial data Monocot Dicot 50% Phase 2 12-24 months Licensees Transform into target crops Rice Wheat Barley Corn Sugarcane Sugarbeets Cotton Canola Soybeans 50% Product development 75% Phase 3 12-24 months Regulatory approval 90%  Phase 4 12-36 months Seed marketing and sales 100% Commercial Commercial

We have a formal team and process for evaluating new technology opportunities. This team has multi-disciplinary membership, and reviews promising new technologies with regard to mission fit, scientific feasibility, intellectual property, business opportunity, and other considerations. Generally, we accept less than 10% of the potential opportunities we evaluate. Once a promising new trait technology has been accepted, we negotiate an agreement with the technology provider that, at a minimum, enables us to further evaluate the technology for a suitable period of time, or, in some cases, secures rights that enable full research and commercial exploitation of the technology.

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Technology Evaluation  

Our technology program teams include scientists who are leaders in their respective fields. These teams contribute to the initial evaluation of new technologies and are responsible for development of technologies brought onboard. Each of our technology programs involves multiple gene, trait, and crop targets, and our process focuses on rapid development of the most promising combinations. In the development of any particular technology, we carry out a series of steps including the direct evaluation of target gene function, and the specific evaluation of results in key representative crop species. While common core scientific services are provided by specialized groups, the technology program team manages overall progress and remains directly involved throughout the development cycle, internally as well as externally with our collaborators.

GM and Non-GM Product Development Platforms

Transformation—GM Traits. For projects involving GM traits, the genetic construct for insertion into plants is designed and built by the relevant program team, and then the gene transfer step is accomplished by our plant transformation functional group. This group consists of six members with more than 100 years of combined experience in plant transformation. The group has developed a complete physical and methodological infrastructure at our laboratory facility in Davis, California to efficiently transfer genetic materials into key crop species. Our plant transformation team has demonstrated transformation capabilities in all primary and some secondary agricultural crops, including rice (japonica, indica, and NERICA types), wheat, corn, canola, cotton, soybean, safflower, barley, sorghum, alfalfa, tomato, and grapes.

Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes (TILLING)—Non-GM Traits. Our proprietary TILLING platform enables us to develop value-added crops without the use of GM methods. The TILLING platform is primarily managed by a dedicated team of scientists at our laboratory in Seattle, Washington. TILLING technology was originally invented by a member of our science team and utilizes specialized laboratory equipment to carry out high-throughput allele screening of DNA samples from genetic diversity populations created in major crops. Our populations include wheat, rice, soybean, canola, tomato, and lettuce. These populations include numerous native and induced gene function alterations, which can be discovered and exploited rapidly at low cost and with minimal regulatory requirements. While the TILLING approach is also practiced elsewhere, we believe that the combination of our specialized background in the technology, highly refined skills in developing and screening genetic diversity plant populations, and proprietary TILLING software makes us the leader in commercial applications of TILLING.

Controlled Growth Operation. Our controlled growth operations group manages our growth chamber facility, where plants transitioning out of the plant transformation group are grown under precisely controlled conditions, and our greenhouse facility, consisting of approximately 26,000 square feet of high quality greenhouse space, both at our headquarters in Davis, California. The controlled growth operations group uses these facilities to manage plant experiments and grow-outs under rigorously controlled conditions. They also carry out the initial seed increases and first stages of plant breeding for some projects. For certain projects, such as those relating to oil quality and resistant starch wheat, this group also manages crop breeding programs to develop plant varieties for the production of commercial products.

Field Trials and Commercial Production. Our trait evaluation and development group is based in Davis, California and manages remote field operations in American Falls, Idaho and Brawley, California. The group conducts field trials throughout the United States with specialized contractors, and elsewhere globally with our collaborators and joint venture partners. The trait evaluation and development group has extensive field and specialized statistical analytical capabilities that we deploy to support their field trial execution and data analysis internally and with our collaborators.

Our agricultural operations group manages late-stage and regulatory field trials and, in the case of GLA safflower, commercial crop production. Late-stage field trials are intended to develop extensive data on a limited number of potential commercial plant varieties. These trials may be used to test new varieties developed by our collaborators containing our traits, and to test our own commercial varieties for oil quality and grain quality programs. Similarly, regulatory trials develop data for use in submissions for regulatory review and may involve plant varieties developed by our collaborators or our own oil quality and grain quality programs.

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Regulatory Data Generation. Our Analytical Services and Regulatory Science, or ASRS, group is located in Davis, California and provides automated DNA preparations, genomic blot analyses, lipid profiling, metabolomics, and protein purification services and develops data for use in product selection and validation, certification of Sonova product specifications, and regulatory submissions. These data support regulatory submissions and provide core trait regulatory packages to our collaborators for use in their crop-specific regulatory applications.

Biological Materials Inventory and Tracking. Our proprietary Pedigree and Inventory Management System, or PIMS, tracks the genetic, phenotypic, and location information for all of our plant materials. PIMS encompasses genetic elements such as genes and promoters, GM seeds, and plant material received by us, as well as seeds and plants developed by us and used in trait development. The performance of our plant materials is recorded through a variety of laboratory and field observations, and the data are stored within PIMS. The location of all plant materials is tracked throughout the plant life cycle. This includes specific seeds planted within a specific plot of a specific field trial, harvest, seed storage location, and use by, or distribution of plant material to, our collaborators or elsewhere. PIMS interfaces with our Biotechnology Quality Management System, or BQMS, to manage all movement and release of regulated GM plant materials. This ensures that all of our plant materials are accounted for, tracked, and inventoried, which enables us to maintain control over and documentation of all plant materials.

Regulatory Matters

Our regulatory management group provides regulatory services for all of our product development programs, as well as for joint ventures and selected collaborations. These services include establishing protocols, completing regulatory permits as necessary, and monitoring regulatory and stewardship compliance for all products at all stages. Our regulatory group includes key employees who are directly responsible for leading all regulatory agency interactions and providing tactical and strategic regulatory direction. Our group collectively has more than 70 years of regulatory experience, with nearly 60 years of direct involvement in the development and approvals of GM crops. Members of our regulatory group were responsible for completing the first FDA and USDA deregulation of a GM whole food. The interactions and processes associated with these first USDA and FDA processes established benchmarks for the regulation of GM products that remain applicable today.

Our regulatory management and compliance activities encompass three broad categories: stewardship, authorization, and deregulation. In the United States, these activities are regulated by various government agencies, including the USDA, the FDA, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA.

Stewardship

Stewardship, or the careful and responsible management of assets, forms the foundation of our regulatory compliance programs associated with GM plants. Our stewardship framework for GM plants is defined by government regulations and related internal policies. The USDA requirements and internal procedures for regulatory stewardship are embodied in our Biotechnology Quality Management System, or BQMS, which was developed by us and approved by the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Biotechnology Regulatory Service.

Our BQMS program was developed to address all conditions required under USDA authority to ensure containment of regulated plant material. The BQMS includes standard operating procedures, or SOPs, recording and reporting forms, instructions for managing all compliance related activities, and training requirements for all individuals handling GM plant materials. SOPs are highly detailed and consider all elements of each relevant activity or process. Each field trial site is accompanied by a field compliance guide and record containing multiple SOPs and associated forms for each activity. For example, a GM wheat trial requires 19 SOPs and associated verification forms.

Our BQMS is audited annually both internally and independently by an auditor trained and supervised by the USDA. Since our BQMS program was first recognized by the USDA in 2011, each annual independent audit has confirmed that our program is functioning as intended. Our BQMS manager has attended BQMS training programs at the request of the USDA to assist in training personnel at other companies, to share our experience and the SOPs that form the basis of our program.

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Compliance with the specific parameters of regulatory requirements is only one element of stewardship. Additional activities within each functional group throughout the company are integral to the overall stewardship program. Each of our employees is trained on, and must comply with, relevant stewardship guidelines as defined and described in our BQMS.

Authorization

The USDA Biotechnology Regulatory Service, or BRS, has legal and regulatory authority over the movement and release of GM plants and seeds. “Movement” includes movement of regulated GM plant material between states and the importation of regulated GM plant material from outside the United States. “Release” includes field trials of any size and any other use of regulated GM plant material outside of contained greenhouses.

We have obtained more than 200 authorizations from the BRS for the movement, importation or release of GM plants under development. General and specific conditions to maintain containment during all activities associated with the movement or release are a requirement of each authorization. These conditions are defined and applied in the context of the BQMS.

Deregulation

Our business is subject to regulations related to agriculture, food, and the environment. Plant products produced using GM technology are subject to laws and regulations in countries where the plants are grown and in countries where the GM plant-derived food and feed are consumed by humans or animals. Commodity products utilizing our GM traits may require approvals in multiple countries prior to commercialization, whereas our identity-preserved GM products (for example, GLA safflower and resulting Sonova products) may require approvals only in the limited geographies where the products are marketed and sold. Such products must be appropriately channeled in the food and feed markets to ensure that the products are not exported to geographies where necessary approvals have not been obtained.

U.S. Regulatory Agencies

U.S. Department of Agriculture. We must obtain USDA authorizations and permits in order to conduct the field releases of regulated materials that are necessary to advance the development of GM crops. Obtaining such authorizations and permits is generally routine and delays impacting the planned movement or release of GM material are uncommon. The USDA provides detailed regulations and guidance for obtaining a so-called “Determination of Deregulated Status,” which authorizes the commercial and uncontained growing of GM plants. For regulated GM plants, the USDA requires that a company petition the agency to demonstrate that the product is unlikely to pose a risk. Based on the information provided, the USDA prepares an Environmental Assessment, or EA, and/or an Environmental Impact Statement, or EIS, in order to make its determination. These procedures afford the public an opportunity to submit written comments on the draft EA or EIS for consideration by the USDA before the final version of the EA or EIS is published. For any GM plant product, there may be delays or requests for additional information based on the USDA’s review or the public comments. Submissions received by the USDA from all applicants in August 2011 and thereafter averaged 27 months to completion; however, the USDA has announced proposed rules intended to significantly shorten this time period.

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U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA is responsible for food safety under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The FDA recommended in its 1992 Statement of Policy: Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties that developers of GM plant products consult with the agency about the safety of GM products under development. In 1996, the FDA provided additional guidance to the industry on procedures for these consultations. These procedures require a developer intending to commercialize a food or feed product derived from a GM plant to first meet with the agency to identify and discuss relevant safety, nutritional, and other regulatory issues regarding the product. Subsequently, the developer must submit to the FDA a scientific and regulatory assessment supporting proposed product safety. The FDA evaluates the submission and engages with the developer to resolve any questions, requests for additional data, or other informational requirements. Once the FDA has determined that all requirements have been satisfied, the FDA concludes the consultation process by issuing a letter to the developer acknowledging completion of the consultation process with the addition of the product to the list of completed consultations on the FDA website. The completed consultation acknowledges product safety for use as food and feed. To date, over 150 GM products have completed this process. This process may have delays if the FDA requires additional data and information for its consultation and to resolve any questions the FDA may have. The FDA completed nine consultations in 2013 and 2014, with consultation time periods ranging from 13 to 40 months and averaging 21 months from first submission to conclusion.

Environmental Protection Agency. Certain products may also be regulated by the EPA, including plants that contain a plant-incorporated protectant, such as a pesticides or herbicide, or plants engineered to be treated with industrial chemicals.

International Regulation

In certain instances, commercialization of GM crops in the United States may require approvals in those jurisdictions into which crops or derivative materials, such as oil or meal, will be exported. The laws and regulations for GM plant products are well defined in several commercially significant jurisdictions, including Australia, South America, India, and the European Union, and are in various stages of evolution in others, such as Africa and China. Typically, our collaborators are responsible for obtaining all regulatory permits and approvals relevant to product development and commercialization in their licensed countries and for generating crop and transformation event-specific data required by jurisdictions of interest. We provide basic safety data on trait expression products in accordance with generally accepted standards and may serve as a regulatory consultant and participate in the design of regulatory data generation protocols and development of regulatory submissions beyond the basic safety data package. In certain countries, we may develop strategic business relationships or employ independent consultants with geography-specific knowledge and expertise to support and obtain required approvals.

Intellectual Property

We rely on patents and other proprietary right protections, including trade secrets and contractual protection of our proprietary know-how and confidential information, to preserve our competitive position.

As of December 31, 2015, we owned or exclusively controlled 133 issued patents and 42 pending patent applications worldwide. As of this date, we owned seven and exclusively in-licensed 19 U.S. patents and we owned six and exclusively in-licensed one pending non-provisional U.S. patent applications relating to our trait technologies and business methods. Also, as of this date, we owned 11 and exclusively in-licensed 96 foreign patents and owned 14 and exclusively in-licensed 17 pending foreign patent applications. With respect to all of the foregoing patent assets, our exclusive licenses afford us control over the prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patents and patent applications. These numbers do not include in-licensed patents for which we either do not have exclusive rights (such as certain enabling technology licenses), or for which we have exclusive rights only in a limited field of use or do not control prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patents.

As of December 31, 2015, we had eight registered trademarks in the United States. As of this date, we also had eight registered trademarks and had one trademark application pending in various other countries.

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We also have entered into in-license agreements enabling the use and commercialization of our traits, including NUE, WUE, and Salinity Tolerance, and certain products that we have commercialized or are under development, including GLA safflower oil and ARA safflower oil. Under these licensing arrangements, we are obligated to pay royalty fees on sublicense revenue and net product sales ranging between low single digit percentages and percentages in the mid-teens, subject in certain cases to aggregate dollar caps. The exclusivity and royalty provisions of these agreements are generally tied to the expiration of underlying patents. After the termination of these provisions, we and our collaborators may continue to produce and sell products utilizing the technology under the expired patents. While third parties thereafter may develop products using the technology under the expired patents, in many cases, we have incremental patent rights covering our most important technologies, which we believe mitigate the impact of the expiration of these patents, or the related exclusivity provisions, on our business. We also have numerous in-licenses relating to enabling technologies utilized in our development programs, such as transformation methods (e.g., Japan Tobacco, DuPont Pioneer), genome editing tools (e.g., Dow), promoters (e.g., Dow, Louisiana State University) and selectable marker technologies (e.g., Bayer). These in-licenses are non-exclusive and include some combination of upfront and annual license fees, milestone fees, and commercial royalty obligations consisting of low single-digit percentages or a low single-digit dollars per acre fee.

Below is a summary of those in-license agreements that we believe are most significant for our more advanced product development programs.

University of Alberta. We hold an exclusive license from University of Alberta to the patent portfolio that formed the basis of our NUE program, which began in 2002. In exchange for an upfront license fee and royalties on sublicense revenues and net product sales (which are capped at an aggregate amount in the mid-seven figures), and subject to the University’s right to perform academic research using the technology, we exclusively control all research, development, commercialization, and sublicensing of the patented technology globally for all crops.

Blue Horse Labs. In conjunction with a sponsored research and development agreement entered into in 2003, we obtained an exclusive license from Blue Horse Labs, an affiliate entity of our majority stockholder, Moral Compass Corporation, for technology related to several of our development programs. Under the sponsored research and development agreement, Blue Horse Labs has an ownership right in patents covering technology that was developed using Blue Horse Labs funds, including certain NUE and GLA safflower patents. In the corresponding license agreement, in exchange for a single-digit royalty on net revenues and management of all aspects of the patent portfolio, we exclusively control all research, development, commercialization, and sublicensing of the patented technology globally for all crops.

University of California. Our WUE technology was developed under an exclusive option agreement with the University of California, pursuant to which we exercised our right to secure an exclusive license in 2010. In exchange for an upfront license fee, license maintenance fees, and royalties on sublicense revenues and net product sales, we exclusively control all for-profit research, development, commercialization, and sublicensing of the patented technology globally for all crops.

University of Toronto. We hold an exclusive license from University of Toronto to the patent portfolio that forms the basis of our Salinity Tolerance program. In exchange for an upfront license fee, a low single-digit royalty on revenues, and payment of all costs associated with the patent portfolio, and subject to the University’s right to use the technology for research and teaching purposes, we exclusively control all for-profit research, development, commercialization, and sublicensing of the patented technology globally for all crops.

Abbott. We entered into a license and development agreement with Abbott in 2003 under which we have been granted limited exclusive rights to Abbott’s portfolio of U.S. and foreign patents relating to the development of plant-based sources of GLA, ARA, and essential fatty acids. Under this agreement, we provide Abbott with preferential access to commercial products from our GLA and ARA safflower programs, as well as the right to receive low single-digit royalty payments on product sales to third parties, in exchange for the licenses to Abbott’s intellectual property rights.

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Key Collaborations

Since our founding in 2002, we have established numerous trait collaborations and have developed deep relationships with industry-leading seed and consumer product companies. Our partnerships with global strategic seed and consumer product players enable us to further participate in the development and commercialization of innovative products that promise to play significant roles in improving global crop efficiency and enhancing human health. The results of these collaborations directly feed innovation and drive the progress of our ongoing programs. Moreover, the expertise and opportunities created by the collaborations represent important assets to our business. While our collaboration- focused business model has resulted in numerous strategically significant relationships, below is a summary of selected collaborative partnerships that we view as key to the achievement of our near-term and mid-term business objectives.

Mahyco

We have multiple collaborative agreements with Mahyco covering more than 15 programs, using our most advanced traits in multiple major crops, and have been working with Mahyco as a key partner since 2007. Our collaborations in NUE rice and salt tolerant rice are in advanced stages of development.

Under our various agreements relating to our NUE, WUE, and Salinity Tolerance traits, Mahyco has exclusive research and commercial rights in all licensed geographies and must timely meet certain diligence milestones in order to maintain their exclusivity. Each of our collaboration agreements with Mahyco includes an upfront technology access fee, technical and regulatory milestone fees, and, once products utilizing our traits are commercialized, we are entitled to receive a portion of the commercial value of seeds sold by Mahyco incorporating our traits. Rights to new intellectual property developed under a collaboration agreement are owned by the inventing party or parties.

Vilmorin & Cie (Limagrain)

We selected Limagrain as our strategic partner and collaborator in wheat—the world’s largest crop by area grown and the third most valuable at $186.4 billion annual value—due to their position as the leading global breeder and marketer of wheat seeds. In 2009, we executed an agreement with Limagrain under which we partnered to develop and commercialize NUE wheat in all countries of the world except Australia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Under our agreement, Limagrain has exclusive research and commercial rights in all licensed geographies except North America and South America, in which we retained co-exclusive rights, and Limagrain must timely meet diligence milestones to maintain exclusivity. Our agreement with Limagrain includes an upfront technology access fee, annual maintenance fees, and technical and regulatory milestone fees, and once an NUE wheat product is commercialized, we are entitled to receive a portion of the commercial value of the trait in the marketplace. We and Limagrain have since coordinated with collaborators in Australia to align development efforts in NUE wheat on a global basis.

In 2010, we further expanded our relationship with Limagrain from collaborator to stockholder and joint venture partner. Contemporaneously with Limagrain’s $25.0 million equity investment in our company, we formed Limagrain Cereal Seeds LLC, a joint venture company focused on the development and commercialization of improved wheat seed in North America, of which a U.S. wholly owned subsidiary of Limagrain owns 65% and we own 35%. This joint venture strengthens a close strategic relationship between us and Limagrain, and increases the share of net trait value that we will recognize on traits commercialized in wheat.

As a key strategic partner, Limagrain has a right of first offer to license—on an arm’s-length basis—new technologies that we develop or acquire that are applicable to wheat or barley. This right of first offer extends to Limagrain Cereal Seeds for the United States and Canada. Pursuant to the right of first offer, we formed a global collaboration with Limagrain and Limagrain Cereal Seeds in 2011 to develop and commercialize WUE wheat. Our agreement with Limagrain and Limagrain Cereal Seeds includes an upfront technology access fee, technical and regulatory milestone fees, and, once a product is commercialized, we are entitled to receive a portion of the commercial value of the WUE trait in the marketplace.

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Bioceres

In 2012, we partnered with Bioceres, an Argentina-based technology company, to form Verdeca LLC, a U.S.-based joint venture company engaged in the development and deregulation of soybean traits, of which we own 50%. We selected Bioceres as our partner in soybeans—the world’s fourth largest crop by area grown and the fourth most valuable at $119.0 billion annual value—due to their desirable trait portfolio, their presence in key South American markets, and the significant presence of large soybean growers in their ownership structure.

Our joint venture agreement provides for each of the joint venture partners to license its trait technologies to Verdeca for use in soybeans, with product development and regulatory efforts equitably divided and managed by us and Bioceres under standalone service agreements that are executed annually. The first product in the Verdeca pipeline is a drought and abiotic stress tolerance trait that has already completed extensive validation trials and is now in the regulatory phase of development. This trait has been demonstrated to confer a seven to 14% yield advantage over conventional soybeans grown under the same suboptimal conditions. In April 2015, Verdeca received the first regulatory approval of its stress tolerance trait in soybeans in Argentina. This is the world’s first regulatory approval of an abiotic stress tolerance trait in soybeans, which we believe is an important initial step in pursuing additional regulatory approvals that Verdeca intends to seek in multiple geographies globally. Verdeca has successfully negotiated favorable market access in South America through established players and is working on adding market channel partners in the United States, India, and China.

In addition to those agreements with Bioceres directly associated with Verdeca, we also have negotiated exclusive access to Bioceres’ drought and abiotic stress tolerance trait for use globally, outside of South America, in wheat. Our agreement with Bioceres provides for sharing of trait value once a product is commercialized.

In April 2015, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Dow AgroSciences and Bioceres under which our Verdeca joint venture will collaborate with Dow AgroSciences on the development and deregulation of soybean traits on a global basis.

Dow AgroSciences

In December 2015, we announced the entry into a strategic collaboration with Dow AgroSciences to develop and commercialize new yield traits and trait stacks in corn. The collaboration leverages our platform of abiotic stress traits with Dow AgroSciences’ enabling technology platforms, input traits, regulatory capabilities, and commercial channels.

Under the collaboration, we and Dow AgroSciences will jointly develop and commercialize agronomic yield traits, such as nutrient efficiency and water use efficiency, including several traits that already are in advanced field trials in corn. These traits would then be combined with Dow AgroSciences’ input traits to create highly competitive trait stacks that maximize farmer revenue and efficiency.

As part of the strategic partnership, we negotiated non-exclusive access to Dow AgroSciences’ EXZACT™ Precision Technology Platform to enhance and accelerate the development of trait stacks. Dow AgroSciences has developed the EXZACT™ Precision Technology Platform under an exclusive license and collaboration agreement in plants with Sangamo BioSciences, Inc.

Under the collaboration agreement, certain development costs will be co-funded, and commercial value of resulting traits in corn will be shared.

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Scientific Advisory Board

We maintain a scientific advisory board consisting of the members identified below. Our scientific advisory board meets on a quarterly basis and is comprised of industry and academic experts that have extensive experience in the analysis, research and development, and commercialization of biotech plants, including experience relating to discovery, transformation, and field trials. We consult with our scientific advisory board on a variety of matters pertaining to our current and future pipeline of products in development, including, for example, trait selection and development, transformation and TILLING methodologies, field trials, regulatory matters, and intellectual property evaluation.

We currently have a scientific advisory board that consists of six members as follows:

Eduardo Blumwald, Ph.D. is a professor at the University of California, Davis. Dr. Blumwald’s research program is multidisciplinary in nature, combining physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genomics, and proteomics. The general objectives of his work are: (i) the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate ion homeostasis in plants; (ii) the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the responses of plants to abiotic stress (e.g., salt, drought, and heat); (iii) the biochemical and molecular basis of sugar and acid accumulation in fruits; and (iv) the development of genomic and proteomic resources for the improvement of fruit quality. Dr. Blumwald has worked closely with our scientists from the time of his former position with the University of Toronto.

Vicki Chandler, Ph.D. is Chief Program Officer, Science, at the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. She studied biochemistry for her undergraduate and doctoral degrees at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of California, San Francisco, respectively. She then pursued postdoctoral research at Stanford University and was on the faculty at the University of Oregon and the University of Arizona. Dr. Chandler’s research on paramutation, an epigenetic process, has implications not only for corn, which she used for the majority of her research, but also for animal and human genetics and genetic diseases. Dr. Chandler is president of the Genetics Society of America, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a member of the National Science Board. Her many honors include the Presidential Young Investigator Award, Searle Scholar Award, and American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow. She has served on advisory boards and panels for the National Research Council, National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, and National Institutes of Health. Dr. Chandler has chaired numerous conferences and served on the editorial boards of several journals, including Genetics, Plant Physiology, PNAS, and Science.

Luca Comai, Ph.D. is a professor at the Genome Center in University of California, Davis. Dr. Comai’s lab is involved in two areas pertinent to breeding. In the first, they study genome regulation, hybridization, and heterosis responses in chromosome copy number variants and interspecific hybridization. In the second, they develop and make available to the plant community a functional genomic discovery tool called TILLING that allows targeted inactivation of genes in crop plants. The research combines plant genetics and genomics with the use of next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics to identify genes responsible for traits of interest as well as to discover and use natural and induced variation. Dr. Comai is known for his pioneering work creating glyphosate tolerant crops, and as a founding scientist in Calgene Pacific, Targeted Growth, Inc., and Tilligen.

Georges Freyssinet, Ph.D. is recently retired after many years in the plant biotechnology industry in France. He is the former CEO of RhoBio, a joint venture between Rhône-Poulenc Agro and Biogemma, and served as the Scientific Advisor for Life Sciences for the RP Group. Dr. Freyssinet is the former director of plant genomics for Aventis, which was later acquired by BayerCropScience. He joined Biogemma in 2003 to lead their genomic and bioinformatics platform, and in 2006 he joined the Scientific Direction of Groupe Limagrain, serving as Scientific Director from 2008-2011. Dr. Freyssinet is the founder and former CEO of LemnaGene, a biomanufacturing company, and the former CEO of Genective, a joint venture between Groupe Limagrain and KWS. Retired since 2014, he continues his independent consulting activities in plant biotechnology.

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Jim Petersen, Ph.D. is Vice President for Research at Limagrain Cereal Seeds, a U.S. joint venture between Groupe Limagrain and our company, where he currently oversees all U.S. breeding operations. Prior to joining Limagrain, Dr. Peterson spent 27 years in public sector wheat research, including 12 years as the Krondstadt Professor of Wheat Breeding and Genetics at Oregon State University. Dr. Peterson served as Chair of the National Wheat Improvement Committee and is a recipient of the Weatherford Award for Entrepreneurship and Innovation from the College of Business at Oregon State University. He is noted for his fundamental research on wheat end-use quality and GxE interactions impacting quality. Dr. Peterson received his B.S. in agronomy from Washington State University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in agronomy and plant breeding from the University of Nebraska.

Peter Quail, Ph.D. is a professor of Plant and Microbial Biology at the University of California, Berkeley where he also serves as Research Director of the Plant Gene Expression Center (U.S. Department of Agriculture/Albany, California). Dr. Quail has been a pioneer in the study of phytochromes, photoreceptor proteins that play a major regulatory role in plant growth and development. Dr. Quail was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2004, as a Fellow of the American Association of Science in 2004, and was the recipient of the Stephen Hales Prize, American Society of Plant Biologists, 2008. He received a B.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Sydney, Australia.

Competition

The markets for seed traits and agricultural biotechnology products are highly competitive, and we face significant direct and indirect competition in several aspects of our business. Competition for improving plant genetics comes from conventional and advanced plant breeding techniques, as well as from the development of advanced biotechnology traits. Other potentially competitive sources of improvement in crop yields include improvements in crop protection chemicals, fertilizer formulations, farm mechanization, other biotechnology, and information management. Programs to improve genetics and chemistry are generally concentrated within a relatively small number of large companies, while non-genetic approaches are underway with broader set of companies.

In general, we believe that our competitors generally fall into the following categories:

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We believe that we are uniquely positioned at the nexus of basic research and commercial product development. Unlike many companies in our space, we generally do not compete in the area of basic research. Our focus is on development and validation and, therefore, we provide a value-added link by which basic research can be brought to market. Public research institutions provide us with a source of innovative new technologies and traits and while such basic research programs are competitive with in-house programs at the largest seed and technology companies, global public investment in basic research in 2008 at more than $31.0 billion was more than seven times greater than industry spending in 2013. We believe that these public programs are valuable and sustainable sources of new technologies for us and we have earned a reputation in our industry as a trustworthy and effective partner based on our demonstrated ability to manage the development and regulatory processes for GM seeds and capture additional value for ourselves and our basic research collaborators. While internal programs at the largest seed and technology companies are competitive with ours in some cases, we are technology providers to some of these companies, and we have numerous collaborations with many of them. To remain competitive, we plan to pursue multiple strategies, including further building our pipeline of new technologies from basic research programs, increasing the scope and range of our field testing activities, and continuing to protect our intellectual property rights in key jurisdictions globally.

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Research and Development

As of December 31, 2015, we had 48 full-time employees dedicated to research and development, nine of whom are development and field personnel focused on demonstration and research field trials. Our research and development team has technical expertise in molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics and genetic engineering, analytical chemistry, plant physiology, plant virology, molecular pathogenesis, and soil and water science. Our research and development activities are conducted principally at our Davis, California and Seattle, Washington facilities, with ongoing field trials conducted in American Falls, Idaho; Brawley, California; and numerous other locations throughout the United States and at locations managed by our collaborators worldwide. We have made, and will continue to make, substantial investments in research and development. Our research and development expenses were $9.0 million and $10.0 million in the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Employees

As of December 31, 2015, we had 80 full-time employees, of whom 12 hold Ph.D. degrees. Approximately 48 employees are engaged in research and development activities, three in business development, three in regulatory management, and 26 in management, operations, accounting/finance, legal, and administration. We consider our employee relations to be good. None of our employees is represented by a labor union or collective bargaining agreement.

Facilities

Our corporate headquarters are located in Davis, California, in a facility consisting of approximately 20,775 square feet of office, laboratory, and growth chamber space under a lease that expires on June 30, 2018, pursuant to which we have an option to renew the lease for an additional three-year term. This facility accommodates research and development, operations, analytical services, regulatory, and administrative activities. We also lease approximately 4,381 square feet of office and laboratory space in Seattle, Washington, where our team of scientists executes our TILLING technology platform, under a lease that expires on December 31, 2016. Our administrative offices in Phoenix, Arizona consist of 2,976 square feet under a lease that expires on June 30, 2018 and accommodate finance, legal, and other administrative activities, as well as sales and marketing activities for our Sonova products. We also lease greenhouse space and farm land for agricultural use in Northern California as well as farmland in Idaho. We also lease grain bin and office space in Idaho under a lease that expires on March 3, 2019.

We believe that our leased facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and that, if needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations.

Legal Proceedings

We currently are not a party to any material litigation or other material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, in addition to the other information contained in this report on Form 10­K, including the section of this report titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes. If any of the events described in the following risk factors and the risks described elsewhere in this report occurs, our business, operating results and financial condition could be seriously harmed. This report on Form 10­K also contains forward­looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward­looking statements as a result of factors that are described below and elsewhere in this report.

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Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry

We or our collaborators may not be successful in developing commercial products that incorporate our traits.

Our future growth depends on our ability to identify genes that will improve selected crop traits and license these genes to our collaborators to develop and commercialize seeds that contain the genes. Our long­term growth strategy is based on our expectation that revenues related to the sale of seeds containing our traits will comprise a significant portion of our future revenues. Pursuant to our collaboration agreements, we are entitled to share in the revenues from the sale of products that integrate our trait. We expect that it will take several years before the first seeds integrating our agricultural yield traits complete the development process and become commercially available for sale, resulting in revenues for us. However, the development process could take longer than we anticipate or could ultimately fail to succeed in commercialization for any of the following reasons:

If products containing our traits are never commercialized, or are commercialized on a slower timeline than we anticipate, our ability to generate revenues and become profitable, as well as our long­term growth strategy, would be materially and adversely affected.

Even if we or our collaborators are successful in developing commercial products that incorporate our traits, such products may not achieve commercial success.

Our long­term growth strategy is dependent upon our or our collaborators’ ability to incorporate our traits into a wide range of crops with global scope. Even if we or our collaborators are able to develop commercial products that incorporate our traits, any such products may not achieve commercial success as quickly as we project, or at all, for one or more of the following reasons, among others:

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Our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if any of the above were to occur.

Our product development cycle is lengthy and uncertain, and we may never earn revenues from the sale of products containing our traits.

Research and development in the seed, agricultural biotechnology, and larger agriculture industries is expensive and prolonged and entails considerable uncertainty. We and our collaborators may spend many years and dedicate significant financial and other resources, including the proceeds from our recent initial public offering, developing traits that will never be commercialized. The process of discovering, developing, and commercializing a seed trait through either genetic modification or advanced breeding involves multiple phases, and it may require from six to thirteen years or more from discovery to commercialization. The length of the process may vary depending on one or more of the complexity of the trait, the particular crop, and the intended geographical market involved. This long product development cycle is in large part attributable to the nature­driven breeding period for a commercial product, as well as a lengthy regulatory process.

There are currently more than 40 products in development incorporating our traits, each of which consists of the application of a specific seed trait to a specific crop. Although our Sonova products are on the market currently, we expect that it will take several years before the first products containing our agricultural yield traits complete the development process and become commercially available. However, we have little to no certainty as to which, if any, of these products will eventually reach commercialization in this timeframe or at all. Because of the long product development cycle and the complexities and uncertainties associated with agricultural biotechnology research, there is significant uncertainty as to whether we will ever generate revenues from the sale of products containing one of our traits and, even if such products reach commercialization, any resulting revenues may come at a later time than we currently anticipate.

We have a history of significant losses, which we expect to continue, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We have incurred significant net losses since our formation in 2002 and expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. We incurred a net loss of $18.0 million and $18.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $131.9 million. We expect to continue to incur losses until we begin generating revenues from our collaborators’ sale of products containing traits we are currently developing, which we expect will not occur for several years, if at all. Because we have incurred and will continue to incur significant costs and expenses for these efforts before we obtain any incremental revenues from the sale of seeds incorporating our traits, our losses in future periods could be even more significant. In addition, we may find our development efforts are more expensive than we anticipate or that they do not generate revenues in the time period we anticipate, which would further increase our losses. If we are unable to adequately control the costs associated with operating our business, including costs of development and commercialization of our traits, our business, financial condition, operating results, and prospects will suffer.

In addition, our ability to generate meaningful revenues and achieve and maintain profitability depends on our ability, alone or with strategic collaborators, to successfully complete the development of and complete the regulatory process to commercialize our traits. Most of our revenues since inception have consisted of upfront and milestone payments associated with our contract research and license agreements. Additional revenues from these agreements are largely dependent on successful development of our traits by us or our collaborators. To date, we have not generated any significant revenues from product sales other than from our Sonova products, and we do not otherwise anticipate generating revenues from product sales other than from sales of our Sonova products for the next several years. If products containing our traits fail to achieve market acceptance or generate significant revenues, we may never become profitable.

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We may require additional financing in the future and may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, if at all, which could force us to delay, reduce, or eliminate our research and development activities.

We will continue to need capital to fund our research and development projects and to provide working capital to fund other aspects of our business. If our capital resources are insufficient to meet our capital requirements, we will have to raise additional funds. If future financings involve the issuance of equity securities, our existing stockholders would suffer dilution. If we are able to raise additional debt financing, which will require the consent of our current debt holder, we may be subject to additional restrictive covenants that limit our operating flexibility. We may not be able to raise sufficient additional funds on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and continue to incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, develop and commercialize products or technologies, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If this happens, we may be forced to delay or terminate research and development programs or the commercialization of products, or curtail operations. If adequate funds are not available, we will not be able to successfully execute on our business strategy or continue our business.

If ongoing or future field trials by us or our collaborators are unsuccessful, we may be unable to complete the regulatory process for, or commercialize, our products in development on a timely basis.

The successful completion of field trials in United States and foreign locations is critical to the success of product development and marketing efforts for products containing our traits. If our ongoing or future field trials, or those of our collaborators, are unsuccessful or produce inconsistent results or unanticipated adverse effects on crops or on non­target organisms, or if we or our collaborators are unable to collect reliable data, regulatory review of products in development containing our traits could be delayed or commercialization of products in development containing our traits may not be possible. In addition, more than one growing season may be required to collect sufficient data to develop or market a product containing our traits, and it may be necessary to collect data from different geographies to prove performance for customer adoption. Even in cases where field trials are successful, we cannot be certain that additional field trials conducted on a greater number of acres, or in different crops or geographies, will be successful. Generally, our collaborators conduct these field trials or we pay third parties, such as farmers, consultants, contractors, and universities, to conduct field trials on our behalf. Poor trial execution or data collection, failure to follow required agronomic practices, regulatory requirements, or mishandling of products in development by our collaborators or these third parties could impair the success of these field trials.

Many factors that may adversely affect the success of our field trials are beyond our control, including weather and climatic variations, such as drought or floods, severe heat or frost, hail, tornadoes and hurricanes, uncommon pests and diseases, or acts of protest or vandalism. For example, if there was prolonged or permanent disruption to the electricity, climate control, or water supply operating systems in our greenhouses or laboratories, the crops in which we or our collaborators are testing our traits and the samples we or our collaborators store in freezers, both of which are essential to our research and development activities, could be severely damaged or destroyed, adversely affecting these activities and thereby our business and results of operations. Unfavorable weather conditions can also reduce both acreage planted and incidence, or timing of, certain crop diseases or pest infestations, each of which may halt or delay our field trials. We have also experienced crop failures in the past for then­unknown reasons, causing delays in our achievement of milestones and delivery of results and necessitating that we repeat the impacted field trials. Any field test failure we may experience may not be covered by insurance and, therefore, could result in increased cost for the field trials and development of our traits, which may negatively impact our business and results of operations. Additionally, we are subject to U.S. Department of Agriculture, or USDA, regulations, which may require us to abandon a field trial or to purchase and destroy neighboring crops that are planted after our field trials have commenced. For example, while conducting early field trials for GLA safflower oil, we were forced to purchase and destroy an adjacent safflower crop when the placement of bee hives by a third party altered the required isolation distance between our crop and the neighboring crop, requiring us to either purchase and destroy the adjacent crop or abandon our field trial. In order to prevent the significant delays that would result from terminating our field trial, we decided to purchase and destroy the neighboring crop at a cost of approximately $30,000. Similar factors outside of our control can create substantial volatility relating to our business and results of operations.

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Competition in traits and seeds is intense and requires continuous technological development, and, if we are unable to compete effectively, our financial results will suffer.

We face significant competition in the markets in which we operate. The markets for traits and agricultural biotechnology products are intensely competitive and rapidly changing. In most segments of the seed and agricultural biotechnology market, the number of products available to consumers is steadily increasing as new products are introduced. At the same time, the expiration of patents covering existing products reduces the barriers to entry for competitors. We may be unable to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, which may result in price reductions, reduced margins and the inability to achieve market acceptance for products containing our traits. In addition, several of our competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, sales, distribution, research and development, and technical resources than us, and some of our collaborators have more experience in research and development, regulatory matters, manufacturing, and marketing. We anticipate increased competition in the future as new companies enter the market and new technologies become available. Our technologies may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by technological advances or entirely different approaches developed by one or more of our competitors, which will prevent or limit our ability to generate revenues from the commercialization of our traits being developed.

We derive a significant portion of our current revenues from government agencies, which may not continue in the future and which may expose us to government audits and potential penalties.

We historically have derived a significant portion of our revenues from grants from U.S. government agencies. Our ability to obtain grants is subject to the availability of funds under applicable government programs and approval of our applications to participate in such programs. The application process for these grants is highly competitive. We may not be successful in obtaining any additional grants. Once we successfully obtain a grant, the awarding U.S. government agency has the right to discontinue funding on such a grant at any time. The recent political focus on reducing spending at the U.S. federal and state levels may reduce the scope and amount of funds dedicated to seed and agricultural biotechnology innovations, if such funds continue to be available at all. To the extent that we are unsuccessful in obtaining any additional government grants in the future or if funding is discontinued on an existing grant, we would lose a significant source of our current revenues.

To the extent that we do not comply with the specific requirements of a grant, our expenses incurred may not be reimbursed and any of our existing grants or new grants that we may obtain in the future may be terminated or modified. In addition, our activities funded by our government grants may be subject to audits by U.S. government agencies. As part of an audit, these agencies may review our performance, cost structures and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards, and the terms and conditions of the grant. An audit could result in a material adjustment to our results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, if an audit uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may also be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, or fines, and we may be suspended or prohibited from doing business with the government. In addition, serious reputational harm or significant adverse financial effects could occur if allegations of impropriety are made against us, even if we are ultimately found to have done no wrong.

A significant portion of our revenues to date are from a limited number of strategic collaborations, and the termination of these collaborations would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We derive a substantial amount of our revenues from a limited number of strategic collaborations, under which we generate revenues through licensing arrangements such as research and development payments, up­front payments, milestone payments, and, once a product is commercialized, a portion of the commercial value of the trait. A small number of commercial partners are expected to continue to account for a substantial amount of our revenues for the next several years, most notably among them, Mahyco. Our agreements with Mahyco are terminable by Mahyco at will upon 90 days’ notice. The termination or non­renewal of our arrangements with Mahyco or our other commercial partners would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

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We expect to derive a substantial portion of our future revenues from commercial products sold outside the United States, which subjects us to additional business risks.

A significant number of our research and collaboration agreements include products under development for markets outside the United States. Our collaborators’ operations in these regions are subject to a variety of risks, including different regulatory requirements, uncertainty of contract and intellectual property rights, unstable political and regulatory environments, economic and fiscal instability, tariffs and other import and trade restrictions, restrictions on the ability to repatriate funds, business cultures accepting of various levels of corruption, and the impact of anti­corruption laws. These risks could result in additional cost, loss of materials, and delays in our commercialization timeline in international markets and have a negative effect on our operating results.

Revenues generated outside the United States could also be subject to increased difficulty in collecting delinquent or unpaid accounts receivables, adverse tax consequences, currency and exchange rate fluctuations, relatively high inflation, exchange control regulations, and governmental pricing directives. Acts of terror or war may impair our ability to operate in particular countries or regions and may impede the flow of goods and services between countries. Customers in these and other markets may be unable to purchase our products if their economies deteriorate, or it could become more expensive for them to purchase imported products in their local currency or sell their commodities at prevailing international prices, and we may be unable to collect receivables from such customers. If any of these risks materialize, our results of operations and profitability could be harmed.

We or our collaborators may fail to perform our respective obligations under contract research and collaboration agreements.

We are obligated under certain contract research agreements to perform research activities over a particular period of time. If we fail to perform our obligations under these agreements, in some cases our collaborators may terminate our agreements with them and in other cases our collaborators’ obligations may be reduced and, as a result, our anticipated revenues may decrease. In addition, any of our collaborators may fail to perform their obligations under the diligence timelines in our collaboration agreements, which may delay development and commercialization of products containing our traits and materially and adversely affect our future results of operations.

Furthermore, the various payments we receive from our collaborators are a significant source of our current revenues and are expected to be the largest source of our revenues in the future. If our collaborators do not make these payments, either due to financial hardship, disagreement as to whether such payments are owed under the relevant collaboration agreement, or for any other reason, our results of operations and business could be materially and adversely affected. If disagreements with a collaborator arise, any dispute with such collaborator may negatively affect our relationship with one or more of our other collaborators and may hinder our ability to enter into future collaboration agreements, each of which could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

Our prospects for successful development and commercialization of our products are dependent upon the research, development, commercialization, and marketing efforts of our collaborators.

We primarily rely on third parties for research, development, commercialization, and marketing of our products and products in development. Other than as provided for in our collaboration agreements, we have no control over the resources, time and effort that our collaborators may devote to the development of products incorporating our traits, and have limited access to information regarding or resulting from such programs. We are dependent on our third party collaborators to fund and conduct the research and development of product candidates, to complete the regulatory process, and for the successful marketing and commercialization of one or more of such products or products in development. Such success will be subject to significant uncertainty.

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Our ability to recognize revenues from successful collaborations may be impaired by multiple factors including:

If our collaborators do not perform in the manner we expect or fulfill their responsibilities in a timely manner, or at all, the development, regulatory, and commercialization process could be delayed, terminated, or otherwise unsuccessful. Conflicts between us and our collaborators may arise. In the event of termination of one or more of our collaboration agreements, it may become necessary for us to assume the responsibility for any terminated products or products in development at our own expense or seek new collaborators. In that event, we likely would be required to limit the size and scope of one or more of our independent programs or increase our expenditures and seek additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all, and our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on third parties to conduct, monitor, support, and oversee field trials and, in some cases, to maintain regulatory files for those products in development, and any performance issues by third parties, or our inability to engage third parties on acceptable terms, may impact our or our collaborators’ ability to complete the regulatory process for or commercialize such products.

We rely on third parties, including farmers, to conduct, monitor, support, and oversee field trials. As a result, we have less control over the timing and cost of these trials than if we conducted these trials with our own personnel. If we are unable to maintain or enter into agreements with these third parties on acceptable terms, or if any such engagement is terminated prematurely, we may be unable to conduct and complete our trials in the manner we anticipate. In addition, there is no guarantee that these third parties will devote adequate time and resources to our studies or perform as required by our contract or in accordance with regulatory requirements, including maintenance of field trial information regarding our products in development. If these third parties fail to meet expected deadlines, fail to transfer to us any regulatory information in a timely manner, fail to adhere to protocols, or fail to act in accordance with regulatory requirements or our agreements with them, or if they otherwise perform

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in a substandard manner or in a way that compromises the quality or accuracy of their activities or the data they obtain, then field trials of our products in development may be extended or delayed with additional costs incurred, or our data may be rejected by the USDA, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, or other regulatory agencies. Ultimately, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our field trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of our responsibilities.

If our relationship with any of these third parties is terminated, we may be unable to enter into arrangements with alternative parties on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Switching or adding farmers or other suppliers can involve substantial cost and require extensive management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new farmer or other third party commences work. As a result, delays may occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired development timelines. If we are required to seek alternative supply arrangements, the resulting delays and potential inability to find a suitable replacement could materially and adversely impact our business.

In addition, recently there has been an increasing trend towards consolidation in the agricultural biotechnology industry. For example, in April 2015, DuPont acquired Taxon Biosciences. Other potential transactions, such as Syngenta’s proposed takeover by ChemChina and the proposed merger of Dow and DuPont, would further consolidate our industry if consummated. Consolidation among our competitors and third parties upon whom we rely could lead to a changing competitive landscape, capabilities, and market share allocations, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operations.

Most of our collaborators have significant resources and development capabilities and may develop their own products that compete with or negatively impact the advancement or sale of products containing our traits.

Most of our collaborators are significantly larger than us and may have substantially greater resources and development capabilities. As a result, we are subject to competition from many of our collaborators, who could develop or pursue competing products and traits that may ultimately prove more commercially viable than our traits. In addition, former collaborators, by virtue of having had access to our proprietary technology, may utilize this insight for their own development efforts, despite the fact that our collaboration agreements prohibit such use. The development or launch of a competing product by a collaborator may adversely affect the advancement and commercialization of any traits we develop and any associated research and development and milestone payments and value­sharing payments we receive from the sale of products containing our traits.

Our joint venture agreements could present a number of challenges that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We currently participate in two joint ventures, Limagrain Cereal Seeds LLC, which focuses on the development and commercialization of improved wheat seeds, and Verdeca LLC, which focuses on the development and deregulation of soybean traits, and we may enter into additional joint ventures in the future. Our joint venture arrangements may present financial, managerial, and operational challenges, including potential disputes, liabilities, or contingencies and may involve risks not otherwise present when operating independently, including:

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The risks described above or the failure to continue any joint venture or joint development arrangement or to resolve disagreements with our current or future joint venture partners could materially and adversely affect our ability to transact the business that is the subject of such joint venture, which would in turn negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We and our collaborators may disagree over our right to receive payments under our collaboration agreements, potentially resulting in costly litigation and loss of reputation.

Our ability to receive payments under our collaboration agreements depends on our ability to clearly delineate our rights under those agreements. We typically license our intellectual property to our collaborators, who then develop and commercialize seeds with improved traits. However, a collaborator may use our intellectual property without our permission, dispute our ownership of certain intellectual property rights, or argue that our intellectual property does not cover, or add value to, their marketed product. If a dispute arises, it may result in costly patent office procedures and litigation, and our collaborator may refuse to pay us while the dispute is ongoing. Furthermore, regardless of any resort to legal action, a dispute with a collaborator over intellectual property rights may damage our relationship with that collaborator and may also harm our reputation in the industry.

Even if we are entitled to payments from our collaborators, we may not actually receive these payments, or we may experience difficulties in collecting the payments to which we believe we are entitled. After our collaborators launch commercial products containing our licensed traits, we will need to rely on the good faith of our collaborators to report to us the sales they earn from these products and to accurately calculate the payments we are entitled to, a process that will involve complicated and difficult calculations. Although we seek to address these concerns in our collaboration agreements by reserving our right to audit financial records, such provisions may not be effective.

Our business is subject to various government regulations and if we or our collaborators are unable to timely complete the regulatory process for our products in development, our or our collaborators’ ability to market our traits could be delayed, prevented or limited.

Our business is generally subject to two types of regulations: regulations that apply to how we and our collaborators operate and regulations that apply to products containing our traits. We apply for and maintain the regulatory permits necessary for our operations, particularly those covering our field trials, while we or our collaborators apply for and maintain regulatory approvals necessary for the commercialization of products containing our seed traits. The large­scale field trials that our collaborators conduct during advanced stages of product development are subject to regulations similar to those to which we are subject. Even if we and our collaborators make timely and appropriate applications for regulatory permits for our field trials, government delays in issuing such permits can significantly affect the development timelines for our products, particularly if the planting period for a crop growing season expires before the necessary permits are obtained. For example, our collaborator in India has encountered delays in obtaining necessary regulatory permits for field trials, and these delays are expected to negatively impact the commercialization timelines for certain of our products. Pursuant to our collaboration agreements, our collaborators also apply for the requisite regulatory approvals prior to commercialization of products containing our traits. In most of our key target markets, regulatory approvals must be received prior to the importation of genetically modified products. These regulatory processes may be complex; for example, the U.S. federal government’s regulation of biotechnology is divided among the EPA, which regulates activity related to the use of plant pesticides and herbicides, the USDA, which regulates the import, field testing, and interstate movement of specific technologies that may be used in the creation of genetically modified plants, and the FDA, which regulates foods derived from new plant varieties.

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In addition to regulation by the U.S. government, products containing our biotech traits may be subject to regulation in each country in which such products are tested or sold. International regulations may vary from country to country and from those of the United States. The difference in regulations under U.S. law and the laws of foreign countries may be significant and, in order to comply with the laws of foreign countries, we may have to implement global changes to our products or business practices. Such changes may result in additional expense to us and either reduce or delay product development or sales. Additionally, we or our collaborators may be required to obtain certifications or approvals by foreign governments to test and sell the products in foreign countries.

The regulatory process is expensive and time­consuming, and the time required to complete the process is difficult to predict and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. Other than our Sonova products and Stress Tolerant soybeans in Argentina through Verdeca, our joint venture with Bioceres, Inc., neither we nor our collaborators have completed all phases of the regulatory process for any of our products in development. Our traits could require a significantly longer time to complete the regulatory process than expected, or may never gain approval, even if we and our collaborators expend substantial time and resources seeking such approval. A delay or denial of regulatory approval could delay or prevent our ability to generate revenues and to achieve profitability. For example, we are currently awaiting completion of the regulatory process for one of our Sonova products to be used in pet food, which has taken longer than expected. Changes in regulatory review policies during the development period of any of our traits, changes in, or the enactment of, additional regulations or statutes, or changes in regulatory review practices for a submitted product application may cause a delay in obtaining approval or result in the rejection of an application for regulatory approval. Regulatory approval, if obtained, may be made subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which we or our collaborators may market a product. These limitations could adversely affect our potential revenues. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may, among other things, result in fines, suspensions of regulatory approvals, product recalls, product seizures, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecution. We have on certain occasions notified the USDA of instances of noncompliance with regulations. Although these occasions did not result in any enforcement actions, we may have occasions of noncompliance in the future that result in USDA or other governmental agency enforcement action.

Consumer resistance to genetically modified organisms may negatively affect our public image and reduce sales of seeds containing our traits.

We are active in the field of agricultural biotechnology research and development in seeds and crop protection, including GM seeds. Foods made from such seeds are not accepted by many consumers due to concerns over such products’ effects on food safety and the environment. The high public profile of biotechnology in food production and lack of consumer acceptance of products to which we have devoted substantial resources could negatively affect our public image and results of operations. The current resistance from consumer groups, particularly in Europe, to GM crops not only limits our access to such markets, but also has the potential to spread to and influence the acceptance of products developed through biotechnology in other regions of the world. For example, we have temporarily suspended certain initiatives in response to recent legislative requirements in Vermont related to labeling of food products containing GM ingredients until such time as we determine that there is clarity and uniformity in nationwide food labeling requirements. Certain labeling­related initiatives have heightened consumer awareness of GM crops generally and may make consumers less likely to purchase food products containing GM ingredients, which could have a negative impact on the commercial success of products that incorporate our traits and materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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Governmental restrictions on the testing and production of GM crops may negatively affect our business and results of operations.

The production of certain GM crops is effectively prohibited in certain countries, including throughout the European Union, which limits our commercial opportunities and may influence regulators in other countries to limit or ban the testing or production of GM crops. Our GM crops are grown principally in North America, South America, India and Australia, where there are fewer restrictions on the production of GM crops. If these or other countries where our GM crops are grown enact laws or regulations that ban the production of such crops or make regulations more stringent, we could experience a longer product development cycle for our products, encounter difficulty obtaining intellectual property protection, and may even have to abandon projects related to certain crops or geographies, any of which would negatively affect our business and results of operations. Furthermore, any changes in such laws and regulations or consumer acceptance of our GM crops could negatively impact our collaborators, who in turn might terminate or reduce the scope of their collaborations with us or seek to alter the financial terms of our agreements with them.

Changes in laws and regulations to which we are subject, or to which we may become subject in the future, may materially increase our costs of operation, decrease our operating revenues, and disrupt our business.

Laws and regulatory standards and procedures that impact our business are continuously changing. Responding to these changes and meeting existing and new requirements may be costly and burdensome. Changes in laws and regulations could:

Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Legislators and regulators have increased their focus on plant biotechnology in recent years, with particular attention paid to GM crops.

Our future growth relies on the ability of our collaborators to commercialize and market our products in development, and any restrictions on such activities could materially and adversely impact our business and results of operations. Any changes in regulations in countries where GM crops are grown or imported could result in our collaborators being unable or unwilling to develop, commercialize, or sell products that incorporate our traits. Any changes to these existing laws and regulations may also materially increase our costs of operation, decrease our operating revenues, and disrupt our business.

The unintended presence of our traits in other products or plants may negatively affect us.

Trace amounts of our traits may unintentionally be found outside our containment area in the products of third parties, which may result in negative publicity and claims of liability brought by such third parties against us. Furthermore, in the event of an unintended dissemination of our genetically engineered materials to the environment or the presence of unintended but unavoidable trace amounts, sometimes called “adventitious presence,” of our traits in conventional seed, or in the grain or products produced from conventional or organic crops, we could be subject to claims by multiple parties, including environmental advocacy groups, as well as governmental actions such as mandated crop destruction, product recalls, or additional stewardship practices and environmental cleanup or monitoring.

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Loss of or damage to our germplasm collection would significantly slow our product development efforts.

We have developed and maintain a comprehensive collection of germplasm through strategic collaborations with leading institutions, which we utilize in our non­GM programs. Germplasm comprises collections of genetic resources covering the diversity of a crop, the attributes of which are inherited from generation to generation. Germplasm is a key strategic asset since it forms the basis of seed development programs. To the extent that we lose access to such germplasm because of the termination or breach of our collaboration agreements, our product development capabilities would be severely limited. In addition, loss of or damage to these germplasm collections would significantly impair our research and development activities. Although we restrict access to our germplasm at our research facilities to protect this valuable resource, we cannot guarantee that our efforts to protect our germplasm collection will be successful. The destruction or theft of a significant portion of our germplasm collection would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We depend on our key personnel and, if we are not able to attract and retain qualified scientific and business personnel, we may not be able to grow our business or develop and commercialize our products.

Our future performance depends on the continued services and contributions of our management team and other key employees, the loss of whose services might significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our scientific or business objectives. The replacement of any member of our management team would involve significant time and costs and such loss could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives. Many members of our executive team have been our employees for many years and therefore have significant experience and understanding of our business that would be difficult to replace.

Additionally, the vast majority of our workforce is involved in research, development, and regulatory activities. Our business is therefore dependent on our ability to recruit and maintain a highly skilled and educated workforce with expertise in a range of disciplines, including molecular biology, biochemistry, plant genetics, agronomics, mathematics, agribusiness, and other subjects relevant to our operations. All of our current employees are at­will employees, and the failure to retain or hire skilled and highly educated personnel could limit our growth and hinder our research and development efforts.

Many of our employees have become vested in a substantial number of stock options. Our employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares they own or the shares underlying their vested options have significantly appreciated in value relative to the original purchase prices of the shares or the exercise prices of the options.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, flood, and other catastrophic natural events, and security breaches, including cybersecurity incidents.

Our headquarters, certain research and development operations and our seed storage warehouse are located in Davis, California. We also conduct certain research and development operations and store certain biomaterials in Seattle, Washington. The safflower grain used in the production of our Sonova products is grown in several locations throughout Idaho and is stored in a single facility in Idaho. Our production of our Sonova products takes place at a single facility in Northern California, and the inventory is stored in a single cold storage facility in Northern California. We take precautions to safeguard our facilities, including insurance, health and safety protocols, and off­site storage of critical research results and computer data. However, a natural disaster, such as a fire, flood, or earthquake, could cause substantial delays in our operations, damage or destroy our equipment, inventory, or development projects, and cause us to incur additional expenses. The insurance we maintain against natural disasters may not be adequate to cover our losses in any particular case.

We utilize and critically rely upon information technology systems in all aspects of our business, including increasingly large amounts of data to support our products and advance our research and development. Failure to effectively prevent, detect, and recover from the increasing number and sophistication of information security threats could result in theft, misuse, modification, and destruction of information, including trade secrets and confidential business information, and cause business disruptions, delays in research and development, and reputational damage, which could significantly affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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Disruption to our IT system could adversely affect our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our technologies rely on our IT system to collect and analyze our genomic data, including TILLING and other experimental data, and manage our plant inventory system, which tracks every plant that we have ever produced. We can provide no assurance that our current IT system is fully protected against third­party intrusions, viruses, hacker attacks, information, or data theft, or other similar threats. Furthermore, we store significant amounts of data and, though we are developing back­up storage for our stored data, we cannot assure you that our back­up storage arrangements will be effective if it becomes necessary to rely on them.

If our IT system does not function properly or proves incompatible with new technologies, we could experience interruptions in data transmissions and slow response times, preventing us from completing routine research and business activities. Furthermore, disruption or failure of our IT system due to technical reasons, natural disaster, or other unanticipated catastrophic events, including power interruptions, storms, fires, floods, earthquakes, terrorist attacks, and wars could significantly impair our ability to deliver data related to our projects to our collaborators on schedule and materially and adversely affect the outcome of our collaborations, our relationships with our collaborators, our business, and our results of operations.

Our use of hazardous materials exposes us to potential liabilities.

Certain of our operations involve the storage and controlled use of hazardous materials, including herbicides and pesticides. This requires us to conduct our operations in compliance with applicable environmental and safety standards, and we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination from hazardous materials. In the event of such contamination, we may be held liable for significant damages or fines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Most of the licenses we grant to our collaborators to use our proprietary genes in certain crops are exclusive within certain jurisdictions, which limits our licensing opportunities.

Most of the licenses we grant our collaborators to use our proprietary genes in certain crops are exclusive within specified jurisdictions, so long as our collaborators comply with certain diligence requirements. That means that once genes are licensed to a collaborator in a specified crop or crops, we are generally prohibited from licensing those genes to any third party. The limitations imposed by these exclusive licenses could prevent us from expanding our business and increasing our product development initiatives with new collaborators, both of which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our business model for discovery of genes is dependent on licensing patent rights from third parties, and any disruption of this licensing process could adversely affect our competitive position and business prospects.

Our business model involves acquiring technologies that have achieved proof of concept through rigorous development and testing by third­party basic researchers in order to avoid the significant risks and high costs associated with basic research. Only a small number of the genes we evaluate for acquisition are likely to provide viable commercial candidates and an even more limited number, if any, are likely to be commercialized by us or our collaborators. A failure by us to continue identifying genes that improve specific crop traits could make it difficult to grow our business. If we are unable to identify additional genes, we may be unable to develop new traits, which may negatively impact our ability to generate revenues.

If we are unable to enter into licensing arrangements to acquire rights to these potentially viable genes on favorable terms in the future, it may adversely affect our business. In addition, if the owners of the patents we license do not properly maintain or enforce the patents underlying such licenses, our competitive position and business prospects could be harmed. Without protection for the intellectual property we license, other companies might be able to offer substantially similar or identical products for sale, which could adversely affect our competitive business position and harm our business prospects.

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If we fail to comply with our obligations under license agreements, our counterparties may have the right to terminate these agreements, in which event we may not be able to develop, manufacture, register, or market, or may be forced to cease developing, manufacturing, registering, or marketing, any product that is covered by these agreements or may face other penalties under such agreements. Such an occurrence could materially adversely affect the value of the applicable products to us and have an adverse effect on our business and result of operations.

Our success depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies.

Our commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and trade secret protection for our proprietary technologies, our traits, and their uses, as well as our ability to operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, the value of our technology could be materially and adversely affected and our business could be harmed.

We treat our proprietary technologies, including unpatented know­how and other proprietary information, as trade secrets. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by entering into non­disclosure and confidentiality agreements with any third parties who have access to them, such as our consultants, independent contractors, advisors, corporate collaborators, and outside scientific collaborators. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with employees and certain consultants. Any party with whom we have executed such an agreement could breach that agreement and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive, and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent such third party, or those to whom they communicate such technology or information, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, or if we otherwise lose protection for our trade secrets or proprietary know­how, the value of this information may be greatly reduced and our business and competitive position could be harmed.

Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products in development.

As an agricultural biotechnology company, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents involves technological and legal complexity, and is costly, time consuming, and inherently uncertain. In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that may weaken or undermine our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents we might obtain in the future.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, maintaining, and defending patents on products in development in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States are less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. For example, several countries outside the United States prohibit patents on plants and seeds entirely. In addition, we may at times license third­party technologies for which limited international patent protection exists and for which the time period for filing international patent applications has passed. Consequently, we are unable to prevent third parties from using intellectual property we develop or license in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our intellectual property in and into the jurisdictions in which we do not have patent

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protection. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products, and we may be unable to prevent such competitors from importing those infringing products into territories where we have patent protection, but where enforcement is not as strong as in the United States. These products may compete with our products in development and our patents and other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing in those jurisdictions. Moreover, farmers or others in the chain of commerce may raise legal challenges to our intellectual property rights or may infringe upon our intellectual property rights, including through means that may be difficult to prevent or detect, and local regulators may choose to not enforce our intellectual property rights.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions where we have filed patent applications. The legal systems of certain countries have not historically favored the enforcement of patents or other intellectual property rights, which could hinder us from preventing the infringement of our patents or other intellectual property rights and result in substantial risks to us. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in the United States or foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert patent infringement or other claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful or even cover our associated legal costs. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license from third parties.

If we or one of our collaborators are sued for infringing the intellectual property rights of a third party, such litigation could be costly and time consuming and could prevent us or our collaborators from developing or commercializing our products.

Our ability to generate significant revenues from our products depends on our and our collaborators’ ability to develop, market and sell our products and utilize our proprietary technology without infringing the intellectual property and other rights of any third parties. In the United States and abroad there are numerous third­party patents and patent applications that may be applied toward our proprietary technology, business processes, or developed traits, some of which may be construed as containing claims that cover the subject matter of our products or intellectual property. Because of the rapid pace of technological change, the confidentiality of patent applications in some jurisdictions (including U.S. provisional patent applications), and the fact that patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications that are unknown to us that may later result in issued patents upon which our products in development or proprietary technologies infringe. Similarly, there may be issued patents relevant to our products in development of which we are not aware. These patents could reduce the value of the traits we develop or the genetically modified plants containing our traits or, to the extent they cover key technologies on which we have unknowingly relied, require that we seek to obtain licenses or cease using the technology, no matter how valuable to our business. We may not be able to obtain such a license on commercially reasonable terms. If any third party patent or patent application covers our intellectual property or proprietary rights and we are not able to obtain a license to it, we and our collaborators may be prevented from commercializing products containing our traits.

As the agricultural biotechnology industry continues to develop, we may become party to, or threatened with, litigation or other adverse proceedings regarding intellectual property or proprietary rights in our technology, processes, or developed traits. Third parties may assert claims based on existing or future intellectual property rights and the outcome of any proceedings is subject to uncertainties that cannot be adequately quantified in advance. Any litigation proceedings could be costly and time consuming, and negative outcomes could result in liability for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent. There is also no guarantee that we would be able to obtain a license under such infringed intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms or at all. A finding of infringement could prevent us or our collaborators from developing, marketing or selling a product or force us to cease some or all of our business operations. Even if we are successful in these proceedings, we may incur substantial costs and the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel may be diverted as a result of these proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could similarly have a negative impact on our business.

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Our results of operations will be affected by the level of royalty payments that we are required to pay to third parties.

We are a party to license agreements that require us to remit royalty payments and other payments related to in­licensed intellectual property. Under our in­license agreements, we may pay up­front fees and milestone payments and be subject to future royalties. We cannot precisely predict the amount, if any, of royalties we will owe in the future, and if our calculations of royalty payments are incorrect, we may owe additional royalties, which could negatively affect our results of operations. As our product sales increase, we may, from time to time, disagree with our third­party collaborators as to the appropriate royalties owed and the resolution of such disputes may be costly and may consume management’s time. Furthermore, we may enter into additional license agreements in the future, which may also include royalty, milestone and other payments.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets due to licensing requirements and subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws.

Our products and products in development are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls. Exports of our products and technology must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges; fines, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers; and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers.

In addition, changes in our products or solutions or changes in applicable export or import laws and regulations may create delays in the introduction and sale of our products and solutions in international markets, prevent our customers from deploying our products and solutions or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products and solutions to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import laws and regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing laws and regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such laws and regulations, could also result in decreased use of our products and solutions, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products and solutions to existing or potential customers. Any decreased use of our products and solutions or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products and solutions would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to anti­corruption and anti­money laundering laws with respect to both our domestic and international operations, and non­compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal and civil liability and harm our business.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and possibly other anti­bribery and anti­money laundering laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti­corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit us and our collaborators from authorizing, offering, or directly or indirectly providing improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. We or our collaborators may have direct and indirect interactions with government agencies and state­affiliated entities and universities in the course of our business. We may also have certain matters come before public international organizations such as the United Nations. We use third­party collaborators, joint venture and strategic partners, law firms, and other representatives for regulatory compliance, patent registration, lobbying, deregulation advocacy, field testing, and other purposes in a variety of countries, including those that are known to present a high corruption risk such as India, China, and Latin American countries. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third­party collaborators, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. In addition, although we have implemented policies and procedures to ensure compliance with anti­corruption and related laws, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, or agents will comply with these laws at all times. Noncompliance with these laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, other enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, significant fines, damages, other civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension and debarment from contracting with certain governments or other persons, the loss of export privileges, reputational

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harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could further harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Adverse outcomes in future legal proceedings could subject us to substantial damages and adversely affect our results of operations and profitability.

We may become party to legal proceedings, including matters involving personnel and employment issues, personal injury, environmental matters, and other proceedings. Some of these potential proceedings could result in substantial damages or payment awards that exceed our insurance coverage. We will estimate our exposure to any future legal proceedings and establish provisions for the estimated liabilities where it is reasonably possible to estimate and where an adverse outcome is probable. Assessing and predicting the outcome of these matters will involve substantial uncertainties. Furthermore, even if the outcome is ultimately in our favor, our costs associated with such litigation may be material. Adverse outcomes in future legal proceedings or the costs and expenses associated therewith could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We may be required to pay substantial damages as a result of product liability claims for which insurance coverage is not available.

We are subject to product liability claims with respect to our Sonova products, and as additional products integrating our traits reach commercialization, product liability claims will increasingly be a commercial risk for our business, particularly as we are involved in the supply of biotechnological products, some of which may be harmful to humans and the environment. Product liability claims against us or our collaborators selling products that contain our traits, or allegations of product liability relating to seeds containing traits developed by us, could damage our reputation, harm our relationships with our collaborators, and materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects. Furthermore, while our collaboration agreements typically require that our collaborators indemnify us for the cost of product liability claims brought against us as a result of our collaborator’s misconduct, such indemnification provisions may not always be enforced, and we may receive no indemnification if our own misconduct contributed to the claims.

We may seek to expand through acquisitions of and investments in other brands, businesses, and assets. These acquisition activities may be unsuccessful or divert management’s attention.

We may consider strategic and complementary acquisitions of and investments in other agricultural biotechnology brands, businesses or other assets, and such acquisitions or investments are subject to risks that could affect our business, including risks related to:

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We may not be able to identify opportunities or complete transactions on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or actually realize any anticipated benefits from such acquisitions or investments. Similarly, we may not be able to obtain financing for acquisitions or investments on attractive terms. In addition, the success of any acquisitions or investments also will depend, in part, on our ability to integrate the acquisition or investment with our existing operations.

We have recently experienced changes in our management team, which may cause transition problems in our business.

We recently have had significant changes in executive leadership, and more could occur. Effective February 11, 2016, Eric J. Rey resigned as our President and Chief Executive Officer, and as a member of our board of directors. In connection with Mr. Rey’s resignation, Roger Salameh, who was then serving as our Vice President of Business Development, was appointed as our Interim President and Chief Executive Officer. On February 10, 2016, Mark W. Wong resigned a member of our board of directors and as our Acting President and Chief Executive Officer, which he had been serving as effective as of January 12, 2016 while Mr. Rey took a medical leave of absence. Effective October 16, 2015, Steven F. Brandwein, who was then serving as our Vice President of Finance and Administration, was appointed as our Interim Chief Financial Officer.

As a result of the recent changes in our management team, Messrs. Salameh and Brandwein have taken on substantially more responsibility for the management of our business and our financial reporting, which has resulted in greater workload demands and could divert their attention away from certain key areas of our business. For instance, Mr. Salameh has taken on the role of Interim President and Chief Executive Officer in addition to his existing responsibilities as our Vice President of Business Development, positions that were previously filled by two persons. Disruption to our organization as a result of executive management transition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We incur significant costs and devote substantial management time as a result of operating as a public company, and our management team has limited experience managing a public company.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. For example, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and are required to comply with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes­Oxley Act and the Dodd­Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC and The NASDAQ Stock Market, including the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Compliance with these requirements has increased and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and has made and will continue to make some activities more time consuming and costly. Our management and other personnel has had to and will continue to divert attention from operational and other business matters to devote substantial time to these public company requirements, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results. While we have recently increased our resources, we may still need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge.

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Most members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly­traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team’s inexperience in dealing with these complex laws could be a significant disadvantage to us, because it is likely that an increasing amount of their time will be devoted to these activities, which may result in them spending less time on the management and growth of our company. In addition, our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

As a result of being a public company, we are obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting. We may not complete our analysis of our internal control over financial reporting in a timely manner, or these internal controls may not be determined to be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes­Oxley Act and the related rules adopted by the SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, starting with the second annual report that we file with the SEC after the consummation of our public offering, our management will be required to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, once we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act and lose the ability to rely on the exemptions related thereto, our independent registered public accounting firm will also need to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404. We are starting the process of determining whether our existing internal controls over financial reporting systems are compliant with Section 404. This process will require the investment of substantial time and resources, including by members of our senior management. As a result, this process may divert internal resources and take a significant amount of time and effort to complete. In addition, we cannot predict the outcome of this determination and whether we will need to implement remedial actions in order to implement effective internal control over financial reporting.

The magnitude of our recent executive management changes (described above) and the short time interval in which they have occurred could add to the risk of control failures, including a failure in the effective operation of our internal control over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures. Additionally, as we hire new executives, it might take the newly constituted management team some time to become sufficiently familiar with our business and each other to effectively develop and implement our business strategies.

In connection with the preparation of our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we identified certain internal control deficiencies that did not rise to the level of a material weakness, on an individual basis or in the aggregate. For the year ended December 31, 2014, those control deficiencies represented significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. One deficiency related to our information technology access controls and the other related to the timeliness of our accounting and disclosure procedures. We successfully remediated the deficiency relating to the timeliness of our accounting and disclosure procedures during the year ended December 31, 2014. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we did not have any control deficiencies, which on an individual basis or in the aggregate arose to the level of a significant deficiency. We are currently working to improve our internal control environment. As a result, we may experience higher than anticipated operating expenses, as well as higher auditor fees during and after the implementation of these changes. If we are unable to implement any of the required changes to our internal control over financial reporting effectively or efficiently or are required to do so earlier than anticipated, it could adversely affect our operations, financial reporting, and results of operations and could result in an adverse opinion on internal controls from our independent registered public accounting firm.

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Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its NOLs to offset future taxable income. Our existing NOLs may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes, and if we undergo an ownership change in the future, our ability to utilize NOLs could be further limited by Section 382 of the Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. There is also a risk that, due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs, or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. For these reasons, we may not be able to realize a tax benefit from the use of our NOLs, whether or not we obtain profitability.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause our stock price to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. As of December 31, 2015, there were 44,184,195 shares of our common stock outstanding, of which, approximately 6,800,000 shares were freely tradable.

The holders of an aggregate of 9,587,764 shares of our common stock as of December 31, 2015 have rights, subject to certain conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or our stockholders. In addition, we have registered shares of our common stock that we may issue under 2015 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan and 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, and they may be sold freely in the public market upon issuance.

Our stock price has been and may continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The market price of our common stock since our initial public offering has been and may continue to be volatile. Since shares of our common stock were sold in our initial public offering in May 2015 at a price of $8.00 per share, our stock price has ranged from $2.02 to $8.80, through December 31, 2015. The market price of our common stock is subject to wide fluctuations in response to various risk factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance, including:

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Further, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In addition, the stock prices of many seed and agricultural biotechnology companies have experienced wide fluctuations that have often been unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes, or international currency fluctuations, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline. If the market price of our common stock fluctuates or declines, you may not realize any return on your investment and may lose some or all of your investment.

Insiders have substantial control over us, which could limit your ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control.

Our executive officers, directors, and their affiliates, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 72.3% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. As a result, these stockholders, if acting together, would be able to influence or control matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers, acquisitions or other extraordinary transactions. They may have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and that may be adverse to your interests. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change of control of our company, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of our company and might affect the market price of our common stock.

Moral Compass Corporation, our largest stockholder, beneficially owns approximately 51.0% of our outstanding common stock, and Moral Compass Corporation and Mandala Capital together beneficially own approximately 71.5% of our outstanding common stock. For so long as Moral Compass Corporation continues to own a significant percentage of our outstanding shares, they will be able to significantly influence the composition of our board of directors and the approval of actions requiring stockholder approval. Accordingly, for such period of time, Moral Compass Corporation may be able to exercise control over our management, business plans, and policies, including the appointment and removal of our officers, and may be able to cause or prevent a change of control of our company or a change in the composition of our board of directors and could preclude any unsolicited acquisition of our company. This concentration of ownership could deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for your shares as part of a sale of our company and ultimately might affect the market price of our common stock.

We expect our operating results to vary significantly from quarter to quarter, which may cause our stock price to fluctuate widely.

We expect our quarterly operating results to fluctuate widely and unpredictably for the following reasons, among others:

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Further, a large proportion of our costs are fixed, due in part to our significant research and development costs and general and administrative expenses. Thus, even a small decline in revenues could disproportionately affect our quarterly operating results and could cause such results to differ materially from expectations. Any unanticipated change in revenues or operating results is likely to cause our stock price to fluctuate since such changes reflect new information available to investors and analysts.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws and under Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our management and, therefore, depress the trading price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could depress the trading price of our common stock by discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control of our company or changes in our management that the stockholders of our company may believe advantageous. These provisions include:

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover us make adverse changes to their recommendation regarding our stock, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

As an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act, we utilize certain modified disclosure requirements, and we cannot be certain if these reduced requirements will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the rules under the Securities Act and we plan in future filings with the SEC to utilize, the modified disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, including reduced disclosure about our executive compensation and omission of compensation discussion and analysis, and an exemption from the requirement of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation. In addition, we are not subject to certain requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes­Oxley Act, including the additional testing of our internal control over financial reporting as may occur when outside auditors attest as to our

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internal control over financial reporting. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

We could remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, or until the earliest of (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues exceed $1.0 billion, (ii) the date that we become a large accelerated filer as defined in Rule 12b­2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common stock that is held by non­affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non­convertible debt during the preceding three­year period.

Because we do not expect to pay any dividends for the foreseeable future, investors may be forced to sell their stock to realize a return on their investment.

We do not anticipate that we will pay any dividends to holders of our common stock for the foreseeable future. Any payment of cash dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, cash requirements, financial condition, contractual restrictions including compliance with covenants under our debt agreements, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Our ability to pay dividends might be restricted by the terms of any indebtedness that we incur in the future. In addition, certain of our current outstanding debt agreements prohibit us from paying cash dividends on our common stock. Consequently, you should not rely on dividends to receive a return on your investment.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters are located in Davis, California, in a facility consisting of approximately 20,775 square feet of office, laboratory, and growth chamber space under a lease that expires on June 30, 2018. This facility accommodates research and development, operations, analytical services, regulatory, and administrative activities. We also lease approximately 4,381 square feet of office and laboratory space in Seattle, Washington, where our team of scientists executes our TILLING technology platform, under a lease that expires on December 31, 2016. Our administrative offices in Phoenix, Arizona consist of 2,976 square feet under a lease that expires on June 30, 2018 and accommodate finance, legal, and other administrative activities, as well as sales and marketing activities for our Sonova products. We also lease greenhouse space and farm land for agricultural use in Northern California as well as farmland in Idaho. We also lease grain bin and office space in Idaho under a lease that expires on March 3, 2019.

We believe that our leased facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and that, if needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

We currently are not a party to any material litigation or other material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our common stock has been listed on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “RKDA” since May 15, 2015. Prior to May 15, 2015, there was no public trading for our common stock. The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low sales price per share of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market:

Holders of Record

As of March 1, 2016, we had 55 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay cash dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, cash requirements, financial condition, contractual restrictions including compliance with covenants under our debt agreements, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Certain of our current outstanding debt agreements prohibit us from paying cash dividends on our capital stock.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Use of Proceeds

Use of Proceeds from Public Offering of Common Stock

On May 20, 2015, we completed our initial public offering, or IPO, of our common stock, and on June 17, 2015, we completed the sale of additional shares upon exercise of the underwriters’ over­allotment option. In connection with the IPO, we issued and sold 8,528,306 shares of common stock, including the over­allotment shares, at a price to the public of $8.00 per share. As a result of the IPO, we received $68.2 million in gross proceeds, and $58.4 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $4.8 million and offering expenses of $5.0 million payable by us. None of the expenses associated with the IPO were paid to directors, officers, persons owning 10% or more of any class of our equity securities, or to their associates, or to our affiliates. Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC acted as joint lead book­running managers for the IPO, and Piper Jaffray & Co. acted as an additional book­running manager. The offering terminated after all of the shares of common stock were sold.

We registered the shares under the Securities Act of 1933 on a Registration Statement on Form S­1 (Registration No. 333­202124), which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, on February 17, 2015 and declared effective on May 14, 2015.

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There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO as described in our final prospectus filed with the SEC on May 15, 2015 pursuant to Rule 424(b).

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

The following selected Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the Consolidated Balance Sheets data as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included herein, and should be read together with our consolidated financial statements, the notes to our consolidated financial statements and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes to those statements included herein. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under “Risk Factors.”

Overview

We are a leading agricultural biotechnology trait company with an extensive and diversified portfolio of late-stage yield and product quality traits addressing multiple crops that supply the global food and feed markets. Our traits are focused on high-value enhancements that increase crop yields by enabling plants to more efficiently manage environmental and nutrient stresses, and that enhance the quality and value of agricultural products. Our traits increase value not only for farmers, but also for users of agricultural products. Our target market is the $40.5 billion global seed market. Our goal is to increase the value of this market significantly by increasing yields in the more than $1.0 trillion market for the five largest global crops, and to capture a portion of the increased value.

Our crop yield traits are being utilized by our commercial partners to develop higher yielding seeds for the most widely grown global crops, including wheat, rice, soybean, corn, and sugarcane, as well as for other crops such as cotton, turf and trees. Our business model positions us at the nexus of basic research and commercial product development, as we apply our strong product development and regulatory capabilities to collaborate with, and leverage the skills and investments of, upstream basic research institutions and downstream commercial partners. We believe our approach significantly reduces risk and capital requirements, while simplifying and expediting the product development process. We also believe that our collaboration strategy leverages our internal capabilities, enabling us to capture much higher value than would otherwise be the case, and enabling our commercial partners to develop and commercialize products more cost-effectively.

We were incorporated in 2002 to pursue agricultural-based biotechnology business opportunities that improve the environment and human health, and in 2004, we entered into our first collaboration agreement with a potential commercial partner. In 2009, we completed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, regulatory process for our Sonova brand gamma linolenic acid safflower oil, called Sonova 400 GLA safflower oil, just six years after we first began developing the trait under a research and commercial agreement with Abbott. We introduced this product commercially in late 2010, and in 2014, we introduced Sonova Ultra GLA safflower oil, a more concentrated version of our Sonova 400 GLA safflower oil. We refer to these products as our Sonova products.

We have formed strategic partnerships and developed strong relationships with global agricultural leaders for development and commercialization of our traits in major crops and consumer products. Our collaborators include Limagrain (Vilmorin & Cie), Mahyco (Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Limited), Dow AgroSciences, DuPont Pioneer (E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company), SES Vanderhave, Genective (a joint venture between Limagrain and KWS SAAT), Scotts, U.S. Sugar, Abbott, Ardent Mills, Bioceres, and others. Additionally, in order to increase our participation in the value of two major crops, wheat and soybean, we have formed two joint ventures. Limagrain Cereal Seeds LLC is our joint venture with Limagrain for the development and commercialization of wheat products for North America. Verdeca LLC is our joint venture with Bioceres for the development and deregulation of soybean traits globally. In April 2015, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Dow AgroSciences and Bioceres under which our Verdeca joint venture will collaborate with Dow AgroSciences on the development and deregulation of soybean traits on a global basis. In December 2015, we announced a strategic collaboration with Dow AgroSciences to develop traits in corn. We intend to enter into future collaboration agreements and joint ventures depending on our assessment of which structure provides the best ratio of risk to investment return.

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The process of developing and commercializing innovative traits and seed products requires significant time and investment. Our business model focuses on creating value by leveraging collaborator investments and capabilities upstream in basic research, and downstream in product development and commercialization. We bridge the gap between basic research and commercial development, reducing risk and adding value as a result. We reduce risk and avoid most of the costs associated with basic research by acquiring trait technologies that have already completed initial feasibility screening, thus achieving proof of concept, through basic research carried out elsewhere. We further develop these technologies by optimizing function and validating performance through intensive field trial testing in multiple crops. We then form collaborations with major seed and consumer product companies that develop and commercialize products incorporating our traits. As a result of our expertise and this additional development work, we are positioned to capture significantly greater payments in our downstream license and collaboration agreements than we believe is otherwise typical in our industry.

In certain instances, we may also work to complete the regulatory process to support the commercial launch of products containing our traits. We would do this in order to obtain a greater share of the economics of the commercial product. We intend to pace any regulatory investments so that we only make such investments after the performance risk for the seed trait has been significantly reduced through extensive field testing. We may pursue regulatory investments in these instances if we believe that they will result in a highly positive rate of return due to increased payments from our commercial partners or joint ventures.

Our commercial strategy aims to balance our near-term revenue goals with long-term value capture. Our trait license agreements with our commercial partners contain two main types of financial components:

While we seek patent protection on our technologies and traits, we have structured our commercial agreements so that we receive our percentage of additional commercial value whether or not patent protection is in effect at any particular time or place. Nearly all of our agreements provide that access to our traits, and our right to receive a share of commercial value, continue for a set number of years after products containing our traits are commercialized. While the exclusive rights afforded by patents may enable our commercial partners to realize greater commercial value attributable to our traits, our right to receive a portion of that increased commercial value is not dependent on the existence of patent rights in a particular geography.

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Most of our agreements include the grant of exclusive rights to a particular trait for use in a particular crop within a defined geography. To date, we have not granted exclusive rights to all of our traits for use in a particular crop to a single partner and, likewise, we have not granted exclusive rights to utilize a particular trait in all crops to a single partner. Our approach to selecting commercial partners involves careful consideration of their market channels and capabilities to ensure that they are well matched to the trait, crop, and geography that form the foundation of our commercial relationship.

The process of discovering, developing, and commercializing a seed trait through either genetic modification or advanced breeding involves multiple phases and takes an average of 13 years from discovery to commercialization. The length of the process may vary depending on both the complexity of the trait and the type of crop involved. This long product development cycle is in large part attributable to the limitations of natural growing seasons and the impact of this on the time it takes to breed commercial seed products. For genetically modified, or GM, seeds, there is also a rigorous and lengthy regulatory process that operates in parallel to the later stages of the seed breeding process.

Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to research and development activities, including the discovery, development, and testing of our traits and products in development incorporating our traits. To date, we have not generated revenues from sales of commercial products, other than limited revenues from our Sonova products, and we do not anticipate generating any revenues from commercial product sales other than from sales of our Sonova products for at least the next three to five years. We do receive revenues from fees associated with the licensing of our traits to commercial partners. Our long-term business plan and growth strategy is based in part on our expectation that revenues from products that incorporate our traits will comprise a significant portion of our future revenues.

We have never been profitable and had an accumulated deficit of $131.9 million as of December 31, 2015. We incurred net losses of $18.0 million and $18.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We expect to incur substantial costs and expenses before we obtain any revenues from the sale of seeds incorporating our traits. As a result, our losses in future periods could become even more significant, and we may need additional funding to support our operating activities.

Components of Our Statements of Operations Data

Revenues

We derive our revenues from product revenues, licensing agreements, contract research agreements, and government grants. We expect that over the next several years, a substantial majority of our revenues will consist of license revenues and contract research and government grant revenues until our license revenues increase with the introduction of our seed trait products to the market, if and when they are commercially available. Further, we expect that our license revenues will vary as we enter into new license agreements and with the timing of milestone payments and recognition of deferred upfront license fees under existing license agreements.

Product Revenues

Our product revenues to date have consisted solely of sales of our Sonova products. We generally recognize revenue from product sales upon delivery to our third-party distributors or customers. Our revenues will fluctuate depending on the timing of orders from our customers and distributors.

License Revenues

Our license revenues to date consist of up-front, nonrefundable license fees, annual license fees, and subsequent milestone payments that we receive under our research and license agreements. We generally recognize nonrefundable up-front license fees and guaranteed, time-based payments as revenue proportionally over the expected development period. We recognize annual license fees proportionally over the related term subject to cancellation provisions.

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We recognize milestone payments as revenue when the related performance criteria are achieved. Milestones typically consist of significant stages of development for our traits in a potential commercial product, such as achievement of specific technological targets, completion of field trials, filing with regulatory agencies, completion of the regulatory process, and commercial launch of a product containing our traits. Given the seasonality of agriculture and time required to progress from one milestone to the next, achievement of milestones is inherently uneven, and our license revenues are likely to fluctuate significantly from period to period.

Contract Research and Government Grant Revenues

Contract research revenues consist of amounts earned from performing contracted research primarily related to breeding programs or the genetic engineering of plants for third parties. We generally recognize revenue as these services are provided. In addition, we are entitled to receive a portion of the revenues generated from sales of products that incorporate our seed traits. Products expected to result from such contract research are in various stages of the product development cycle and we do not expect to generate any revenues from the sale of any such products for at least the next three to five years.

We receive payments from government entities in the form of government grants. Government grant revenues are recognized as eligible research and development expenses are incurred. Our obligation with respect to these agreements is to perform the research on a best-efforts basis. Given the nature and uncertain timing of receipt of government grants and timing of eligible research and development expenses, such revenues are likely to fluctuate significantly from period to period.

Operating Expenses

Cost of Product Revenues

Cost of product revenues relates to the sale of our Sonova products and consists of in-licensing and royalty fees, any adjustments to inventory reserve, as well as the cost of raw materials, including inventory and third-party services costs related to procuring, processing, formulating, packaging, and shipping our Sonova products.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in the discovery, development, and testing of our products and products in development incorporating our traits. These expenses consist primarily of employee salaries and benefits, fees paid to subcontracted research providers, fees associated with in-licensing technology, land leased for field trials, chemicals and supplies, and other external expenses. These costs are expensed as incurred. Additionally, we are required from time to time to make certain milestone payments in connection with the development of technologies in-licensed from third parties. We expense these milestone payments at the time the milestone is achieved and deemed payable. We expect our research and development expenses to increase on an absolute dollar basis for the foreseeable future, although our research and development expenses may increase significantly if we choose to accelerate certain research and development programs or if we elect to take a greater role in the regulatory and commercialization process with respect to one or more of our seed traits or products in development incorporating our seed traits. Our research and development expenses may also fluctuate from period to period as a result of the timing of various research and development projects.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee costs, professional service fees, and overhead costs. In addition, in the first half of 2014, we also incurred costs of $2.1 million paid to an advisor related to our financing efforts that ultimately resulted in the issuance of our Series D preferred stock. Our selling, general, and administrative expenses may fluctuate from period to period.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of contractual interest and amortization of debt discounts on the borrowings under loan agreements.

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Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net, consists of changes in the fair value of our derivative liabilities related to our convertible promissory notes, the release of warrant and derivative liabilities related to notes payable, interest income and the amortization of investment premiums on our cash and cash equivalents and investments.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

From time to time, the Company may refinance its debts if it is reasonable to do so, which may result in a gain or loss on the extinguishment of debt. Loss on extinguishment of debt is composed of the release of derivative liabilities associated with the convertible promissory notes, as well as amounts related to early payoff fees, end of term fees, deferred issuance costs and unamortized debt discounts.

Equity in Loss of Unconsolidated Entity

We use the equity method to account for our investment in Limagrain Cereal Seeds LLC, or LCS, a joint venture we formed with an affiliate of Limagrain and in which we hold a 35% interest. We account for LCS as an unconsolidated entity, as we exercise significant influence but do not have a controlling interest.

Income Tax Provision

Our income tax provision has not been historically significant, as we have incurred losses since our inception. The provision for income taxes consists of state and foreign income taxes. Due to cumulative losses, we maintain a valuation allowance against our U.S. deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. We consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, including but not limited to, earnings history, projected future outcomes, industry and market trends and the nature of each of the deferred tax assets in assessing the extent to which a valuation allowance should be applied against our U.S. deferred tax assets.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

Revenues

Product revenues accounted for 9% and 5% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The $0.1 million, or 31%, increase in product revenues was primarily driven by the launch of new products by several of our customers.

License revenues accounted for 22% and 33% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The $1.1 million, or 48%, decrease in license revenue was primarily driven by the recognition of a significant milestone during 2014. The remaining decrease in license revenues was attributable to the contractual termination of an annual license fee and the timing of recognition of deferred upfront license fees.

Contract research and government grant revenues comprise a significant portion of our total revenues, accounting for 69% and 62% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The $0.6 million, or 13%, decrease in grant and contract research revenues was primarily driven by a $1.2 million reduction in government grant revenue due to the timing of activities and the winding down of several grants. Partially offsetting this decrease was a $0.6 million increase in contract research revenues generated by new contracts obtained during 2015.

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Cost of Product Revenues

Cost of product revenues decreased by $1.1 million, or 55%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in recorded inventory reserves as a result of changes to conditions of specific customers and regulatory delays related to the use of our Sonova products by certain new industries.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses decreased by $1.0 million, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease in research and development costs was primarily related to a one-time charge of $1.5 million in 2014 related to a surrender of Bioceres S.A. shares. Also contributing to the decrease was a reduction in subcontracting services associated with the winding down of several government grants, partially offset by $0.7 million of additional research services in support of Verdeca in 2015.

Selling, General, and Administrative

Selling, general, and administrative expenses increased by $1.0 million, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase in SG&A costs was primarily driven by additional employee expenses, as well as increased accounting and outside services associated with operating as a public company.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased $1.3 million, or 91%, in 2015 compared to 2014. The increase was primarily related to the contractual interest amount and accretion of debt discount on the $20.0 million term loan borrowings that occurred in April 2015.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net, increased $1.1 million, or 187%, in 2015 compared to 2014. This increase primarily consisted of the $0.4 million gain on expiration of warrant and derivative liabilities associated with the $20.0 million of term loan borrowings, as well as $0.2 million of interest income earned on investments.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

The loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.2 million was related to the debt consolidation activity that occurred in December 2015.

Income Tax Provision

The income tax provision decreased by $0.2 million, or 90%, in 2015 compared to 2014. The decrease was the result of lower revenue generated from India, payments from which require income tax withholding.

Equity in Loss of Unconsolidated Entity

Our share of equity in loss of unconsolidated entity due to Limagrain Cereal Seeds LLC’s net loss was zero in 2015, as our share of cumulative losses exceeded our investments in June 2014. As our investment balance remained at $0 in 2015, no additional losses of LCS were recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Accretion of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock to Redemption Value

Accretion of Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock to redemption value decreased by $1.2 million, or 31%, in 2015 compared to 2014. Our Series D redeemable convertible preferred stock converted into common stock upon the completion of our initial public offering in May 2015.

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Deemed Dividend to Warrant Holder

In March 2015, the Company accounted for the amendment of a warrant as a modification with the incremental increase in fair value of $0.2 million.

Seasonality

We and our commercial partners operate in different geographies around the world and conduct field trials that are used for data generation, which must be conducted during the appropriate growing seasons of particular crops and markets. Often, there is only one crop-growing season per year for certain crops and markets. Similarly, climate conditions and other variables on which development and sales of our products are dependent may vary from season to season and year to year. In particular, weather conditions, including natural disasters such as heavy rains, hurricanes, hail, floods, tornadoes, freezing conditions, drought, or fire, may affect the timing and outcome of field trials, which may delay milestone payments and the commercialization of products incorporating our seed traits. In the future, sales of commercial products that incorporate our seed traits will vary based on crop growing seasons and weather patterns in particular regions. The level of seasonality in our business overall is difficult to evaluate at this time due to our relatively early stage of development, our relatively limited number of commercialized products, our expansion into new geographical markets, and our introduction of new products and traits.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have funded our operations primarily with the net proceeds from our initial public offering and from private placements of equity and debt securities, as well as proceeds from the sale of our Sonova products and payments under license agreements, contract research agreements, and government grants. Our principal use of cash is to fund our operations, which are primarily focused on progressing our agricultural yield and product quality seed traits through the regulatory process and to commercialization. This includes conducting replicated field trials, coordinating with our partners on their development programs, and collecting, analyzing, and submitting field trial data to regulatory authorities. As of December 31, 2015, we had cash and cash equivalents of $24.0 million, short-term investments of $26.3 million, and $19.7 million of long-term investments.

In May 2015, we completed our initial public offering. In connection with this offering, we issued and sold 8,528,306 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $8.00 per share and received $58.4 million in net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $4.8 million and offering expenses of $5.0 million.

In December 2015, we obtained additional debt financing in the form of a $25.0 million senior secured term loan, allowing us to prepay all existing debt with a more favorable interest rate and maturity.

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next 12 months.

We may seek to raise further funds through additional debt or equity financings, if necessary. We may also consider entering into additional partner arrangements or pursuing additional government grants. Our sale of additional equity would result in dilution to our stockholders. Our incurrence of additional debt would result in increased debt service obligations, and the instruments governing our debt could provide for additional operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. If we are not able to secure adequate additional funding, we may be forced to reduce our spending, extend payment terms with our suppliers, liquidate assets, or suspend or curtail planned development programs. Any of these actions could materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Term Note, Related Party

In July 2012, a 36-month $8.0 million term note was executed with Moral Compass Corporation (“MCC”), our largest stockholder, and was subordinate to existing promissory notes and convertible promissory notes. The interest rate on the loan was prime plus 2%, with interest only paid monthly in arrears. The principal was due in full at maturity in July 2015. On November 10, 2014, we and MCC entered into an amendment to the term loan under which the maturity date was extended to the first to occur of the following dates: (i) April 1, 2016, (ii) the date of an Event of Default, or (iii) a date designated by MCC, by notice to us, no earlier than the 20^th day following consummation by us of an equity financing with gross proceeds to us of at least $50 million. In addition, the interest rate remained at prime plus 2% through December 31, 2014, and was amended to increase to 11% per annum thereafter until maturity. The balance of the note, inclusive of accrued interest, was approximately $8.0 million as of December 31, 2014. Accrued interest of $36,000 was recorded in amounts due to related parties on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2014. This term note, including the principal balance of $8.0 million and accrued interest and prepayment fee of $0.1 million, was paid in full in April 2015. The $80,000 prepayment fee was recorded as a loss on extinguishment of debt.

Promissory Notes

Promissory notes were executed with an unrelated party in August 2013 and November 2013 in the amounts of $2.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The interest rate on the notes was 10% with principal and interest due in 36 equal monthly installments over the course of their respective three-year terms. These notes, including the aggregate outstanding principal balance of $1.6 million and accrued interest and prepayment fee of $44,000, were paid in full in April 2015. The $37,000 prepayment fee was recorded as a loss on extinguishment of debt.

Convertible Promissory Notes

In September 2013, we entered into a note and warrant purchase agreement in the amount of $5.0 million with an affiliate of Mahyco, one of our commercial partners with which we have several research and license agreements. We issued a convertible promissory note under this agreement in exchange for $0.5 million in September 2013 and issued a second convertible promissory note in exchange for $4.5 million in December 2013. The interest rate on the notes was prime plus 2%, compounded monthly over the course of the five-year terms ending in September and December 2018, respectively. At any time during the term, Mahyco could convert all or part of the aggregate outstanding balance of the notes (including principal and accrued but unpaid interest) into shares of our common stock at $16.52 per share. Mahyco had the right, at its option, to place another $5.0 million of convertible debt with us during the five-year term. Mahyco, at its option, could offset future fee payments to us due under any license agreements or contract research and development agreements with us against the outstanding balance of the note, including principal and accrued but unpaid interest. With the exception of such offset payments, no principal or interest was due until the end of the term. Under this note and warrant purchase agreement, we also issued Mahyco warrants to purchase 75,666 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $16.52 per share. The warrants were issued in December 2013, vested immediately, and remain exercisable.

In March 2015, the parties amended the warrant to clarify the interpretation of a reorganization event. The Company accounted for the amendment as a modification with the incremental increase in fair value of $0.2 million as of the amendment date, which was accounted for as a deemed dividend to the warrant holder.

Term Loans

In April 2015, we entered into a loan and security agreement with lenders that are affiliates of Tennenbaum Capital Partners, LLC. Obsidian Agency Services, Inc. acted as administrative agent for the lenders under this agreement. Under the agreement, the lenders committed to advance term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $20.0 million, and we borrowed the entire $20.0 million of term loan commitments on the loan closing date.

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Under this loan and security agreement, interest on the term loans accrued at a rate per annum equal to the greater of (i) 9.0% and (ii) a fluctuating rate of interest equal to three-month LIBOR as in effect from time to time plus 8.74%. We were required to make interest-only payments under this agreement from the drawdown dates through April 30, 2016, subject to certain conditions for extension to October 31, 2016. After this date, we would have been required to make equal monthly payments of principal and interest so that all outstanding principal amounts and accrued interest would have been repaid by November 1, 2018. This agreement provided for a right of prepayment with associated prepayment fees and an additional end-of-term payment of $0.6 million due upon maturity or when the terms loans are prepaid whole or in part to the lenders.

In December 2015, we entered into a new loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank (the “Bank”) providing for a senior secured term loan facility in the amount of $25.0 million. Proceeds were used by us to repay all existing debt including the Tennenbaum term loans’ principal balance of $20.0 million and related accrued interest, prepayment and other fees in the amount of $1.3 million and the Mahyco convertible promissory notes’ principal balance of $3.7 million and associated accrued interest of $154,000. The Tennenbaum term loans’ prepayment and end of term fees of $1.2 million were recorded as a loss on extinguishment of debt, along with the $427,000 unamortized debt discount and $58,000 of deferred loan issuance fees. In addition, Mahyco’s option to place another $5.0 million of convertible debt was surrendered with the repayment and the related derivative liabilities totaling $1.6 million were released and recorded as a gain on extinguishment of debt.

Under this new loan and security agreement with the Bank, interest accrues at a floating annual rate equal to nine tenths of one percentage point (0.90%) above the prime rate published from time to time in The Wall Street Journal. The agreement requires us to make monthly interest-only payments through December 2017. After this date, we are required to make thirty-six (36) equal monthly installments of principal, plus accrued interest. Our final payment, due on the maturity date of December 1, 2020, shall include all outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest plus a final end of term payment equal to $0.6 million. Should the loan be repaid prior to the maturity date, a prepayment fee is equal to 3% of the outstanding principal amount if prepayment occurs after December 29, 2016 but on or before December 29, 2017, and 1% of the outstanding principal amount if the prepayment occurs after December 29, 2017.

This loan and security agreement contains customary events of default and covenants, including a financial covenant that requires us to maintain either a liquidity ratio (defined as the ratio of our cash, cash equivalents and net accounts receivable to our obligation owed to the Bank) of at least 1.4:1.0, or to cash collateralize 100% of our obligations to the Bank. Our obligations to the Bank are secured by substantially all of our assets, excluding intellectual property.

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Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $15.1 million. Our net loss of $18.0 million and gain on expiration of warrant and derivative liabilities related to notes payable upon our initial public offering of $0.4 million were partly offset by non-cash charges of $1.4 million for stock-based compensation, $0.8 million for accretion of debt discount, $0.5 million for payment of research and development fees with shares, $0.3 million for depreciation and amortization, $0.2 million of loss on extinguishment of debt, and $0.1 million of net amortization of investment premium.

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 was $14.8 million. Our net loss of $18.3 million and decrease in net operating assets of $1.3 million were partly offset by non-cash charges of $1.5 million relating to the amendment of our Bioceres funding agreement, $1.0 million for stock-based compensation, $0.9 million for equity in loss of unconsolidated entity, $0.6 million change in fair value of derivative liabilities, $0.5 million for accretion of debt discount, and $0.4 million for depreciation and amortization.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 of $46.4 million primarily consisted of $48.7 million of net investments purchased with proceeds generated from our initial public offering and $0.2 million of property and equipment purchases, which were partially offset by $2.5 million of proceeds from sales of investments.

Cash used in investment activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $1.6 million consisted primarily of our investment in Bioceres in accordance with our agreements concerning Verdeca.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 of $68.9 million was primarily from $60.0 million net proceeds in 2015 from our issuance of common stock as a result of the completed initial public offering in May 2015 and our additional sale of shares upon the exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option in June 2015. The increase was also a result of $44.6 million of net proceeds generated from loans executed in April and December 2015, partially offset by $34.8 million of payments on notes payable and convertible promissory notes and $1.3 million of debt extinguishment payments.

Cash from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $30.1 million was related to the $32.8 million of net proceeds from our issuance of Series D preferred stock and common stock warrants in 2014, partially offset by $2.7 million of payments on notes payable, convertible promissory notes, and deferred offering costs.

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Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments

Our future contractual obligations at December 31, 2015 were as follows (in thousands):

We are obligated to make future payments to related and unrelated parties under in-license agreements, including certain license fees, royalties, and milestone fees. In addition, certain royalty payments ranging from the low single digits to mid-teens are payable on net revenue amounts as defined in the in-licensing agreements. Milestone payments under these agreements may also be payable upon the successful development or implementation of various technologies. The amount and timing of these payments are uncertain and have been excluded from the above table.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Since our inception, we have not engaged in any off-balance sheet arrangements, including the use of structured finance, special purpose entities, or variable interest entity other than Verdeca, which is discussed in the footnotes.

Critical Accounting Polices and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenue generated and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates.

Revenue Recognition

We generate revenues through sales of product, license agreements, contract research agreements, and government grants. Revenue generated from our license agreements may include up-front, nonrefundable license fees, annual license fees, milestone payments, and future value-sharing payments subsequent to commercialization by our partners. We recognize revenue when the following criteria have been met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement with the customer exists, price and terms of the arrangement are fixed or determinable, delivery of the product has occurred or the service has been performed in accordance with the terms of the arrangement, and collectability is reasonably assured.

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We generally recognize product revenues once passage of title has occurred. Shipping and handling costs charged to customers are recorded as revenues and included in cost of product revenues at the time the sale is recognized.

For revenue agreements with multiple-element arrangements, such as license and contract research agreements, we evaluate the arrangements to determine whether the deliverables can be separated or whether they must be accounted for as a single unit of accounting. This determination is generally based on whether any deliverable has stand-alone value to the customer. This analysis also establishes a selling price hierarchy for determining how to allocate arrangement consideration to identified units of accounting. When deliverables are separable, consideration received is allocated to the separate units of accounting based on the relative selling price method and the appropriate revenue recognition principles are applied to each unit. The selling price used for each unit of accounting is based on estimated selling price as neither vendor-specific nor third-party evidence is available. When we determine that an arrangement should be accounted for as a single unit of accounting, we must determine the period over which the performance obligations will be performed and revenue will be recognized over the performance period.

We have determined that, at the inception of each license agreement, there is only one deliverable for the license for, access to, and assistance with the development of the specified intellectual property. We recognize revenue from upfront payments proportionally over the term of our estimated period of performance under the agreement. On a quarterly basis, we review our estimated period of performance for our license agreements based on the progress under the arrangement and account for the impact of any changes on a prospective basis. We recognize annual license fees proportionally over the related term subject to cancellation provisions.

We recognize revenue related to milestone payments when the contractually specified performance obligations are achieved. Performance obligations typically consist of significant milestones in the development life cycle of the related technology, such as achievement of specific technological targets, successful results from field trials, filing for approval with regulatory agencies, approvals granted by regulatory agencies and commercial launch of a product utilizing the licensed technology.

Contract research revenue consists of amounts earned from performing contracted research activities for third parties. Activities performed are related to breeding programs or the genetic engineering of plants and are subject to an executed agreement. We generally recognize fees for research activities ratably over the contractually specified performance period.

Grant revenues are recognized as eligible research and development expenses are incurred using a proportional performance recognition methodology.

Deferred revenue represents the portion of payments received that has not been recognized.

Inventories

Inventory costs are tracked on a lot-identified basis, valued at the lower of cost or market and are included as cost of product sales when sold. We compare the cost of inventories with market value and write down inventories to market value, if lower. We provide for inventory reserves when conditions indicate that the selling price may be less than cost due to physical deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price levels, or other factors. Additionally, we provide reserves for excess and slow-moving inventory to its estimated net realizable value. The reserves are based upon estimates about future demand from our customers and distributors and market conditions. Future events that could significantly influence our judgment and related estimates include conditions in target markets, introduction of new products or changes to current or future competitor products.

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Stock Based Compensation

We recognize compensation expense related to the employee stock purchase plan and stock options granted to employees and directors based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant, net of estimated forfeitures. We estimate the grant date fair value, and the resulting stock-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The grant date fair value of the stock-based awards is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective awards.

We recognize compensation expense for equity instruments issued to non-employees based on the estimated fair value of the equity instrument. The fair value of the non-employee awards is subject to re-measurement at each reporting period until services required under the arrangement are completed, which is the vesting date.

We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to equity awards of $1.4 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

In February and March 2015, our Board of Directors granted options to purchase an aggregate of 307,493 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $7.20 per share. In May 2015, our Board of Directors granted options to purchase 45,000 shares of common stock with an exercise price of $8.00 per share.

In determining the fair value of stock-based awards, we use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and assumptions discussed below. Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine.

Expected Term—The expected term represents the period that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and was estimated based on historical and anticipated future exercise activity.

Expected Volatility—Since we were privately held and do not have any trading history for our common stock, the expected volatility was estimated based on the average historical volatilities of common stock of comparable publicly traded entities over a period equal to the expected term of the stock option grants. The comparable companies were chosen based on their similar size, stage in the life cycle, or area of specialty. We will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own stock price becomes available.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of option.

Expected Dividend—We have never paid dividends on our common stock and have no plans to pay dividends on our common stock. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.

In addition to the Black-Scholes assumptions, we estimate our forfeiture rate based on an analysis of our actual forfeitures and will continue to evaluate the adequacy of the forfeiture rate based on actual forfeiture experience, analysis of employee turnover behavior, and other factors. The impact from any forfeiture rate adjustment would be recognized in full in the period of adjustment and if the actual number of future forfeitures differs from our estimates, we might be required to record adjustments to stock-based compensation in future periods.

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Historically, for all periods prior to this initial public offering, the fair value of the shares of common stock underlying our share-based awards were estimated on each grant date by our board of directors, which intended all stock options granted to be exercisable at a price per share not less than the per share fair market value of our common stock underlying those options on the date of grant. Given the previous absence of a public trading market for our common stock, our board of directors exercised reasonable judgment and considered a number of objective and subjective factors to determine the best estimate of the fair value of our common stock, including our stage of development; progress of our research and development efforts; the rights, preferences and privileges of our preferred stock relative to those of our common stock; equity market conditions affecting comparable public companies and the lack of marketability of our common stock. To assist our board of directors in this determination and in order to set the exercise price of each stock option grant, our management team informed them of the most recent available valuation analysis prior to the dates of grant.

For purposes of our February and March 2015 option grants, our board of directors determined the fair market value of our common stock after consideration of the factors listed above, including the third-party valuations as of December 31, 2014 and March 31, 2015. The valuations used the income approach and the market approach. The income approach estimates the fair value of a company based on the present value of the company’s future estimated cash flows. These future cash flows are discounted to their present values using an appropriate discount rate, to reflect the risks inherent in the company achieving these estimated cash flows. The discount rate used in our valuation was based primarily on benchmark venture capital studies of other companies in similar stages of development. The market approach determines the fair value of the company by estimating the value of the business based on projecting a future value under an initial public offering scenario, referencing recent biotechnology initial public offerings, and an estimate of value under a merger and acquisition scenario. The estimated enterprise value is then allocated to the common stock using both the Option Pricing Method, or OPM, and the Probability Weighted Expected Return Method, or PWERM, or the hybrid method. The hybrid method applies the PWERM utilizing the probability of two exit scenarios, an initial public offering or an acquisition, and the OPM was utilized in the continuing as a private company scenario.

For future stock options and other equity awards, our board of directors will determine the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market on the date of grant.

Income Taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. In August 2015, FASB issued ASU 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which defers the effective date by one year. The new standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2018, which is the effective date for public companies. Early application with an effective date of January 1, 2017 is permitted. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2014-09 and ASU 2015-14 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company has not yet selected a transition method nor has it determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.

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In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which provides guidance on determining when and how to disclose going-concern uncertainties in the consolidated financial statements. The new standard requires management to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. An entity must provide certain disclosures if “conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.” The ASU applies to all entities and is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods thereafter, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not anticipate a material change to its consolidated financial statements upon the adoption of this ASU. However, it will be required to evaluate and determine if further disclosure is necessary at each balance sheet date.

In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. The amendments significantly change the consolidation analysis required under U.S. GAAP. Reporting entities will need to reevaluate all their previous consolidation conclusions. ASU 2015-02 will be effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this ASU will materially change the presentation of our consolidated financial statements.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, which requires debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the associated debt liability. ASU 2015-03 will not change the amortization of debt issuance costs, which will continue to follow the existing accounting guidance. ASU 2015-03 will be effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015. Early application is permitted. The reporting entity must retrospectively apply ASU 2015-03. The Company had adopted ASU 2015-03 for the annual reporting period of December 31, 2015. Based on the Company’s analysis to assess the impact on prior periods in accordance with the retrospective application, debt issuance costs were immaterial thus no adjustments were made on the balance sheet classification.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which applies guidance on subsequent measurement of inventory. An entity should measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonable predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. The guidance excludes inventory measured using LIFO or the retail inventory method. ASU 2015-11 will be effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Early application is permitted. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this ASU will materially change the presentation of its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740). Current GAAP requires an entity to separate deferred income tax liabilities and assets into current and noncurrent amounts in a classified statement of financial position. The amendment in this update requires that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. This standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company had prospectively adopted ASU 2015-17 for the annual reporting period of December 31, 2015.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in this update impacts classification, additional fair value measurement, impairment assessment of equity investments and current required disclosures. This standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted if the entity meets certain early application guidance. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2015-03 on its operating results and financial position.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve our capital to fund our operations. We also seek to maximize income from our investments without assuming significant risk. To achieve our objectives, we maintain a portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in a variety of securities of high credit quality. As of December 31, 2015, we had cash and cash equivalents of $24.0 million, short-term investments of $26.3 million and long-term investments of $19.7 million, consisting primarily of cash equivalents and other liquid investments deposited in highly rated financial institutions in the United States. A portion of our investments may be subject to interest rate risk and could fall in value if market interest rates increase. However, because our investments are primarily short­term in duration, we believe that our exposure to interest rate risk is not significant and a 1% movement in market interest rates would not have a significant impact on the total value of our portfolio. We actively monitor changes in interest rates.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Arcadia Biosciences, Inc.

Davis, California

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. and its subsidiary (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, redeemable and convertible preferred stock and stockholders’equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Arcadia Biosciences, Inc. and subsidiary at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

March 8, 2016

Phoenix, Arizona

72

Arcadia Biosciences, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

73

Arcadia Biosciences, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except share and share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

74

Arcadia Biosciences, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Redeemable and Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(In thousands, except share data)