ARCBEST CORP /DE/ - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

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for the fiscal year December 31, 2022.

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for the transition period from to .

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Commission file number 0-19969

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ARCBEST CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code 479-785-6000

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

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None

(Title of Class)

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

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If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

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The aggregate market value of the Common Stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of Common Stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market as of June 30, 2022, was $1,689,914,269.

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The number of shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding as of February 20, 2023, was 24,258,338.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

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Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in connection with the registrant’s Annual Stockholders’ Meeting to be held April 26, 2023, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

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ARCBEST CORPORATION

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FORM 10-K

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PART I

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Forward-Looking Statements

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This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including, but not limited to, those in Item 1 (Business), Item 1A (Risk Factors), Item 3 (Legal Proceedings), and Item 7 (Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations), are forward-looking statements. Terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “foresee,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “scheduled,” “should,” “would,” and similar expressions and the negatives of such terms are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on management’s beliefs, assumptions, and expectations based on currently available information, are not guarantees of future performance, and involve certain risks and uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control). Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as and when made, we cannot provide assurance that our expectations will prove to be correct. Actual outcomes and results could materially differ from what is expressed, implied, or forecasted in these statements due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to:

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For additional information regarding known material factors that could cause our actual results to differ from those expressed in these forward-looking statements, please see Item 1A (Risk Factors). All forward-looking statements included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and all subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made and, other than as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

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ITEM 1.BUSINESS

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ArcBest Corporation

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ArcBest Corporation^™ (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company,” “ArcBest,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) is a multibillion-dollar logistics company that leverages our technology and a full suite of shipping and logistics solutions to meet our customers’ supply chain needs and help keep the global supply chain moving. With the ability to optimize, connect and deliver across various modes of transportation, we serve as a single logistics resource. This integrated approach, combined with our technology and expertise, helps ensure our customers have the right solutions and capacity to meet their constantly changing needs.

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We started 100 years ago as a local Arkansas freight hauler. Through organic growth, strategic acquisitions, visionary leadership and a mindset focused on the future, ArcBest^® has evolved into a $5 billion logistics powerhouse. With approximately 15,700 employees across 250 campuses and service centers, we serve as a trusted advisor to some of the world’s biggest and most recognizable brands. Our customers are at the center of our strategy. We listen, thoughtfully analyze how our processes, services, and technologies impact their business, and customize solutions that align with their goals. Our long history of innovation enriches these deep customer relationships. With a meaningful investment in strategic initiatives aimed at transformation and a strong emphasis on disruptive technology and advanced analytics, we enable more sustainable supply chains and deliver intelligent solutions that meet our customers’ needs. In pursuit of our mission to connect and positively impact the world through solving logistics challenges, and aligned with our values-driven culture, we also are focused on conducting business in a way that helps create a safer, more sustainable, and inclusive company and world. This approach includes our commitment to a workplace that respects all cultures, perspectives, and experiences, so that we may provide the best atmosphere for our employees and the best service to our customers.

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United as ArcBest, we offer ground, air, and ocean transportation through a variety of capacity providers, including our less-than-truckload (“LTL”) carrier – ABF Freight^®, our truckload brokerage service – MoLo Solutions, LLC (“MoLo”), and our ground expedite fleet – Panther Premium Logistics^® (“Panther”). Through our managed transportation solutions, we partner with customers to create and execute a logistics strategy designed to increase operational efficiencies, reduce costs, and give customers better insights into their supply chains. We also offer fleet maintenance and repair services through FleetNet America^® (“FleetNet”) and household goods moving through U-Pack^®. Our innovative tech company, ArcBest Technologies, provides custom-built solutions, leading-edge technologies, and advanced analytics that help support our customers and optimize supply chains.

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Our operations are conducted through our three reportable operating segments, which are described in the Business Description section below:

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The ArcBest and FleetNet reportable segments, combined, represent our Asset-Light operations.

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Vision and Values

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“We’ll Find a Way” is our vision. It is a testament to what our customers say about us – that we’re the kind of company that partners with them to solve problems and make things happen. Our integrated logistics approach and innovative technology enable our vision, but it’s our people who ensure our customers’ solutions and capacity needs are met. Our people are at the heart of our success. They are fueled by the simple notion of finding a way to get the job done, no matter

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what. We support our employees by providing an exceptional workplace where people with diverse experiences, needs and perspectives can grow and make a lasting impact.

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We carry out our vision by exemplifying our corporate values:

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Strategy

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Our customer-led strategy is to produce long-term value with our creative problem solvers by growing informed, trusted, and innovative relationships with shippers and capacity providers and delivering a best-in-class experience efficiently through their desired channels.

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We work to build long-term value for our customers, employees and shareholders by:

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Business Description

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ArcBest is a growth-oriented, digitally-enabled integrated logistics company that delivers reliable, innovative solutions for various supply chain challenges — meeting our customers’ critical supply chain needs and helping keep the global supply chain moving. We offer LTL freight transportation through the ABF Freight network; truckload freight transportation, including brokerage services offered through MoLo; specialized transportation and premium logistics services, including ground expedite solutions through the Panther brand and household goods moving services under the U-Pack brand; managed transportation solutions; and commercial vehicle maintenance and repair through FleetNet. ArcBest Technologies provides leading-edge technologies that help support our customers and optimize supply chains. From Fortune 100 companies to small businesses, our customers trust ArcBest for their transportation and logistics needs.

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With a relentless focus on customer needs and unique access to assured transportation capacity, which includes more than 40,000 owned and operated assets, we create solutions for even the most complex and demanding supply chains. We strive to help customers solve their logistics challenges by efficiently providing a best-in-class experience with easy access to our integrated solutions.  

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For the year ended December 31, 2022, no single customer accounted for more than 2% of our consolidated revenues, and the ten largest customers, on a combined basis, accounted for approximately 12% of our consolidated revenues. The Company was incorporated in Delaware in 1966 and is headquartered in Fort Smith, Arkansas.

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Asset-Based Segment

Our Asset-Based segment provides LTL services through ABF Freight’s motor carrier operations. Asset-Based revenues accounted for approximately 55% of our total revenues before other revenues and intercompany eliminations in 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2022, no single customer accounted for more than 3% of revenues in the Asset-Based segment, and the segment’s ten largest customers, on a combined basis, accounted for approximately 12% of its revenues. Note N to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K contains additional segment financial information, including revenues and operating income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

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Our Asset-Based carrier, ABF Freight, has been in continuous service since 1923. ABF Freight System, Inc. is the successor to Arkansas Motor Freight, a business formed in 1935 that was the successor to a local transfer and storage carrier established in 1923. ABF Freight expanded operations through several strategic acquisitions and organic growth and is now one of North America’s largest LTL motor carriers, providing direct service to more than 98% of U.S. cities with a population of 30,000 or more. ABF Freight offers interstate and intrastate services to approximately 51,000 communities in all 50 states, Canada, and Puerto Rico through 239 service centers. ABF Freight also provides motor carrier freight transportation services to customers in Mexico through arrangements with trucking companies in that country.

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Our Asset-Based segment offers transportation of general commodities through standard, time-critical, and guaranteed LTL services. General commodities include all freight except hazardous waste, dangerous explosives, commodities of exceptionally high value, commodities in bulk, and those requiring special equipment. Shipments of general commodities differ from shipments of bulk raw materials, commonly transported by railroad, truckload tank car, pipeline, and water carrier. General commodities transported by our Asset-Based operations include, among other things, food, textiles, apparel, furniture, appliances, chemicals, non-bulk petroleum products, rubber, plastics, metal and metal products, wood, glass, automotive parts, machinery, and miscellaneous manufactured products.

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The LTL transportation industry, which requires networks of local pickup and delivery service centers combined with larger distribution facilities, is significantly more infrastructure-intensive than truckload operations and, as such, has higher barriers to entry. Costs associated with an expansive LTL network, including investments in or costs associated with real estate and labor costs related to local pickup, delivery, and cross-docking of shipments, are primarily fixed unless service levels are significantly changed.

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ArcBest Technologies, Inc., our wholly owned subsidiary focused on advancing supply chain execution technologies, began a pilot test program (the “pilot”) in 2019 to improve freight-handling at ABF Freight. The pilot utilizes patented handling equipment, patented software, and a patented process to load and unload trailers more rapidly and safely, with full freight loads pulled out of the trailer onto the facility floor and accessible from multiple points. The pilot operates in a limited number of locations, including a distribution center in Kansas City, Missouri. ABF Freight signed a lease for a new pilot location in Salt Lake City, Utah, which is set to open in early 2023. The pilot allows ABF Freight to evaluate the potential for improving safety and working conditions for employees and for providing a better experience for customers. Potential benefits include improved transit performance, reduced cargo claims, reduced injuries and workers’ compensation claims, and faster employee training. While we believe the pilot has the potential to provide safer and improved freight handling, a number of factors will be involved in determining proof of concept, and there can be no assurances that pilot testing will be successful.

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Labor costs, which amounted to 43.0% of Asset-Based revenues for 2022, are the largest component of the segment’s operating expenses. As of December 2022, approximately 82% of the Asset-Based segment’s employees were covered under a collective bargaining agreement, the ABF National Master Freight Agreement (the “2018 ABF NMFA”), with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (the “IBT”), which was ratified on May 10, 2018, by a majority of ABF Freight’s IBT member employees who voted. Following ratification of the supplements to the collective bargaining agreement, the 2018 ABF NMFA was implemented on July 29, 2018, with certain components effective retroactively to April 1, 2018, and will remain in effect through June 30, 2023. The major economic provisions of the 2018 ABF NMFA include the restoration of one week of vacation that was previously reduced in the prior collective bargaining agreement, with the new vacation eligibility schedule being the same as the applicable 2008 to 2013 supplemental agreements; wage rate increases in each year of the contract, beginning July 1, 2018; ratification bonuses for qualifying employees; profit-sharing bonuses upon the Asset-Based segment’s achievement of certain annual operating ratios calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for any full calendar year under the contract; and changes to purchased transportation provisions with certain protections for road drivers as specified in the contract. The 2018 ABF NMFA and

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the related supplemental agreements provide for contributions to multiemployer pension plans frozen at the current rates for each fund, continuation of existing health coverage, and annual contribution rate increases to multiemployer health and welfare plans maintained for the benefit of ABF Freight’s employees who are members of the IBT. Under the 2018 ABF NMFA, the contractual wage and benefits costs, including the ratification bonuses and vacation restoration, are estimated to increase approximately 2.0% on a compounded annual basis through the end of the agreement. Profit-sharing bonuses based on the Asset-Based segment’s annual operating ratios for any full calendar year under the contract represent an additional increase in costs under the 2018 ABF NMFA. The profit-sharing bonus under the 2018 ABF NMFA was earned for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 upon the Asset-Based segment achieving an annual GAAP operating ratio of 87.3% for 2022, 89.9% for 2021, and 95.3% for 2020. ABF Freight paid the profit-sharing bonus to qualified union-represented employees at the 3% maximum amount provided in the 2018 ABF NMFA as a result of the operating ratios achieved in 2022 and 2021.  

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ABF Freight contributes to multiemployer pension and health and welfare plans, which have been established pursuant to the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 (the “Taft-Hartley Act”), to provide benefits for its contractual employees. Amendments to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), pursuant to the Multiemployer Pension Plan Amendments Act of 1980 (the “MPPA Act”), substantially expanded the potential liabilities of employers who participate in multiemployer pension plans. Under ERISA, as amended by the MPPA Act, an employer who contributes to a multiemployer pension plan and the members of such employer’s controlled group are jointly and severally liable for their share of the plan’s unfunded vested benefits in the event the employer ceases to have an obligation to contribute to the plan or substantially reduces its contributions to the plan (i.e., in the event of a complete or partial withdrawal from the multiemployer plans). ABF Freight’s funding obligations to the multiemployer pension plans to which it contributes are intended to satisfy the requirements imposed by the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (the “PPA”), which was permanently extended by the Multiemployer Pension Reform Act of 2014 (the “Reform Act”) included in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2015. Through the term of its current collective bargaining agreement, ABF Freight’s multiemployer pension plan contribution obligations generally will be satisfied by making the specified contributions when due. However, we cannot determine with any certainty the contributions that will be required under future collective bargaining agreements for ABF Freight’s contractual employees. See Note J to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more specific disclosures regarding the multiemployer pension plans to which ABF Freight contributes, and see the discussion of recent legislation impacting  funding for multiemployer pension plans within “Asset-Based Operations” in the “Results of Operations” section of Item 7 (Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ABF Freight operates in a highly competitive industry comprised primarily of nonunion motor carriers. Nonunion competitors have a lower fringe benefit cost structure and less stringent labor work rules, and certain carriers also have lower wage rates for their freight-handling and driving personnel. Wage and benefit concessions granted to certain union competitors also allow for a lower cost structure. ABF Freight has continued to address with the IBT the effect of the wage and benefit cost structure on its operating results. Lower cost increases throughout the 2018 ABF NMFA contract period and increased flexibility in labor work rules are essential factors in bringing ABF Freight’s labor cost structure closer in line with that of its competitors; however, ABF Freight continues to pay some of the highest benefit contribution rates in the industry. These rates include ABF Freight’s multiemployer plan contributions, a portion of which are used to fund benefits for individuals who were never employed by ABF Freight.

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ABF Freight will commence negotiations with the IBT in late first quarter or early second quarter 2023 for its new collective bargaining agreement for the period subsequent to June 30, 2023. The negotiation of terms of the collective bargaining agreement is a very complex process, and there can be no assurances regarding the terms of the new agreement and the related impact on ABF Freight’s operations and its wage and benefit cost structure for the new period. The risks related to negotiations for the new collective bargaining agreement are further discussed in Part I, Item 1A (Risk Factors) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Asset-Light Operations

The ArcBest and FleetNet reportable segments, combined, represent our Asset-Light operations. Our Asset-Light operations are a key component of our strategy to offer customers a single source of integrated logistics solutions, designed to satisfy the complex supply chain and unique shipping requirements customers encounter. Through unique methods and processes, including technology solutions and the use of third-party service providers, our Asset-Light operations provide various logistics and maintenance services without significant investment in revenue equipment or real estate.

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For the year ended December 31, 2022, the combined revenues of our Asset-Light operations have increased to approximately 45% of our total revenues before other revenues and intercompany eliminations, versus 38% for 2021, indicating strong momentum in our efforts to align our revenue mix with that of our customers’ logistics spend, accelerated by the acquisition of MoLo in November 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2022, no single customer accounted for more than 4% of the ArcBest segment’s revenues, and the segment’s ten largest customers, on a combined basis, accounted for approximately 20% of its revenues. Note N to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K contains additional segment financial information, including revenues and operating income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

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ArcBest Segment

Our ArcBest segment originated with the formation of ABF Logistics in July 2013, when we aligned the sales and operations functions of our organically developed logistics businesses. We have continued to strategically invest in our Asset-Light operations to ensure we are positioned to serve the changing marketplace and meet our customers’ expanding needs by providing a comprehensive suite of transportation and logistics services. The ArcBest segment includes the acquired ground expedite services of Panther; our acquired truckload and dedicated operations, including the truckload brokerage services of MoLo described below; household goods moving services under the U-Pack brand, for which the majority of the moves are provided with our Asset-Based operations; and our managed transportation solutions. Under our enhanced market approach to offer customers a single source of integrated logistics solutions, the service offerings of the ArcBest segment have become more integrated. Management’s operating decisions are focused on the ArcBest segment’s combined operations, rather than individual service offerings within the segment’s operations. The ArcBest segment offers the following solutions:

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Truckload and Dedicated

Our truckload and dedicated services provide third-party transportation brokerage services by sourcing various capacity solutions, including dry van over-the-road, temperature-controlled and refrigerated, flatbed, intermodal or container shipping, and specialized equipment, coupled with strong technology and carrier- and customer-based Web tools.

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Our November 1, 2021 acquisition of MoLo, one of the fastest-growing truckload brokers in North America, provided additional truckload capacity in our Asset-Light operations and has improved our ability to serve larger customers – better meeting their critical needs through comprehensive supply chain solutions. With the addition of MoLo, we offer a growing network of more than 95,000 approved contract carriers, with service to all 50 states, Canada, and Mexico. Additional value is created for customers through seamless access to the ABF Freight network.

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Expedite

Leveraging our best-in-class Panther fleet, we offer expedite freight transportation services to commercial and government customers. We also offer premium logistics services that involve the rapid deployment of highly specialized equipment to meet precise linehaul requirements, such as temperature control, hazardous materials, geofencing (routing a shipment across a mandatory, defined route with satellite monitoring and automated alerts concerning any deviation from the route), specialized government cargo, security services, and life sciences. Through these services, ArcBest solves the toughest shipping and logistics challenges customers face through a global network of owner operators and contract carriers.

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Substantially all of the network capacity for our expedite operations is provided by third-party carriers, including owner operators, ground linehaul providers, cartage agents, and other transportation asset providers, which are selected based on their ability to serve our customers effectively concerning price, technology capabilities, geographic coverage, and quality of service. Third-party-owned vehicles are driven by independent contract drivers and drivers engaged directly by independent owners of multiple pieces of equipment, commonly referred to as fleet owners. Our expedite operations own a fleet of trailers, the communication devices used by its owner operators, and certain highly specialized equipment, primarily temperature-controlled and temperature-validated trailers, to meet the service requirements of certain customers.

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Managed Transportation

Through our managed transportation solutions, we partner with customers to create and execute a logistics strategy designed to increase operational efficiencies, reduce costs, and give our customers better insight into their supply chains. ArcBest seeks to offer value by identifying specific challenges relating to customers’ supply chain needs and providing customized solutions utilizing technology, both internally to manage our business processes and externally to provide shipment and inventory visibility to our customers. Additional value is created for customers through seamless access to the ABF Freight network, the Panther fleet, the MoLo truckload brokerage operation, our dedicated truckload division, and an extensive carrier network, offering strategic supply chain solutions with unique access to assured capacity.

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International

Our international shipping and logistics services provide international ocean and air shipping solutions by partnering with ocean shipping lines and air freight carriers worldwide, as well as cross-border shipping and ground transportation to and from ports. As a non-vessel operating common carrier, we provide less-than-container load and full container load service, offering ocean transport to approximately 90% of the total ocean international market to and from the United States. We also offer warehousing and distribution services to and from major global ports to streamline our customers’ ocean shipping processes.

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Moving

Our moving services offer flexibility and convenience for how people move through targeted service offerings for the “do-it-yourself” consumer. We offer these targeted services at competitive prices that reflect the additional value customers find in our convenient, reliable moving service offerings. Industry-leading technology, customer-friendly interfaces, and supply chain solutions are combined to provide a wide range of options customized to meet unique customer needs.

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Other Logistics Services

We also provide other services to meet our customers’ logistics needs, such as final mile, time-critical, product launch, warehousing and distribution, retail logistics, supply chain optimization, brokered LTL, and trade show shipping services. Our Retail+ compliance solution is designed to help vendors better meet large retailers’ stringent shipping and delivery requirements by combining innovative software solutions with enhanced operations processes.

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FleetNet Segment

The FleetNet segment includes the results of operations of FleetNet America, Inc. (“FleetNet”), our subsidiary that provides vehicle maintenance and repair solutions, including emergency roadside services, for commercial and private fleets through a network of third-party service providers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. FleetNet began in 1953 as the internal breakdown department for Carolina Freight Carriers Corp. and was incorporated in 1993 as Carolina Breakdown Service, Inc. In 1995, we purchased WorldWay Corporation, which operated various subsidiaries, including Carolina Freight Carriers Corp. and Carolina Breakdown Service, Inc. The name of Carolina Breakdown Service, Inc. was changed to FleetNet America, Inc. in 1997.

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Competition, Pricing, and Industry Factors

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Competition

Our Asset-Based segment actively competes for freight business with other national, regional, and local motor carriers and, to a lesser extent, with private carriage, domestic and international freight forwarders, railroads, and airlines. The segment competes most directly with nonunion and union LTL carriers, including FedEx Freight Corporation, the LTL reporting segment of FedEx Corporation; the LTL segment of Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.; Old Dominion Freight Line, Inc.; Saia, Inc.; the LTL reporting segment of TFI International Inc.; XPO Logistics, Inc.; and Yellow Corporation. The segment’s U-Pack business also competes with self-move businesses who offer moving and storage container service. Competition is based primarily on price, service, and availability of flexible shipping options to customers. The Asset-Based segment’s careful cargo handling, access to other ArcBest logistics solutions, and use of technology, both internally to manage its business processes and externally to provide shipment visibility to its customers, are examples of how we add value to our services.

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Our ArcBest segment operates in a very competitive asset-light logistics market that includes approximately 17,000 active brokerage authorities, as well as asset-based truckload carriers; logistics companies including large and small expedite carriers; foreign and U.S.-based non-vessel-operating common carriers; freight forwarders; internal shipping departments at companies that have substantial transportation requirements; smaller niche service providers; and a wide variety of solution providers, including large integrated transportation companies as well as regional warehouse and transportation management firms. The segment competes most directly with logistics companies, including the North American Surface Transportation segment of C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.; Covenant Logistics Group, Inc.; Hub Group, Inc.; the Integrated Capacity Solutions segment of J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc.; the Logistics segment of Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.; Landstar System, Inc.; RXO, Inc., after its spin-off from XPO Logistics, Inc.; and the Freight segment of Uber Technologies, Inc. ArcBest’s moving services compete with truck rental, self-move, and van line service providers, and several emerging self-move competitors who offer moving and storage container service. Quality of service, technological capabilities, and industry expertise are critical differentiators among the competition. In particular, companies with advanced systems that offer optimized shipping solutions, reliable access to capacity, real-time visibility

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of shipments, verification of chain of custody procedures, and advanced security have significant operational advantages and create enhanced customer value.

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FleetNet competes in the commercial vehicle maintenance and repair industry in two major sectors: emergency roadside and preventive maintenance. FleetNet competes directly against other third-party service providers, automotive fleet managers, leasing companies, and companies handling repairs in-house via individual service providers. Market competition for FleetNet is based primarily on maintenance solutions service offerings. In partnership with best-in-class third-party vendors, FleetNet offers flexible, customized solutions and utilizes technology to provide valuable information and data to minimize fleet downtime, reduce maintenance events, and lower total maintenance costs for its customers.

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Pricing

Approximately 20% to 25% of our Asset-Based business is subject to base LTL tariffs, which are affected by general rate increases, combined with individually negotiated discounts. Rates on the remaining Asset-Based business, including business priced in the spot market, are subject to individual pricing arrangements negotiated at various times throughout the year. The majority of the business that is subject to negotiated pricing arrangements is associated with larger customer accounts with annually negotiated pricing arrangements. The remaining business is priced on an individual shipment basis considering each shipment’s unique profile, the value we provide to the customer, and current market conditions.

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We allow shippers without negotiated published rates to obtain competitive LTL rates for their shipping needs with ABF Freight’s reliable service and capacity options. This innovative pricing mechanism enables customers to instantly access LTL rates online, by phone, or through application programming interface (“API”) technology for shipments within the United States, Canadian cross-border, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. We can offer customers the best price on each shipment by leveraging available capacity within the ABF Freight network at the time of the shipment. The market has been receptive to this dynamic pricing option for transactional LTL shipments, and the program has been beneficial in optimizing our business levels.

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We also utilize a space-based pricing approach for shipments subject to LTL tariffs to better reflect freight shipping trends, including the overall growth and ongoing profile shift to bulkier shipments across the entire supply chain, the acceleration in e-commerce, and the unique requirements of many shipping and logistics solutions. We are experienced in handling complicated freight and offer logistics solutions that respond to the unique shipment characteristics of our customers’ various products and commodities. An increasing percentage of freight is taking up more space in trailers without a corresponding increase in weight. Space-based pricing involves the use of freight dimensions (length, width, and height) to determine applicable cubic minimum charges (“CMC”) that supplement weight-based metrics when appropriate. Traditional LTL pricing is generally weight-based, while our linehaul costs are generally space-based (i.e., costs are impacted by the volume of space required for each shipment). We believe space-based pricing better aligns our pricing mechanisms with the metrics which affect our resources and, therefore, our costs to provide logistics services. The CMC is an additional pricing mechanism to better capture the value we provide in transporting these shipments.

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Our Asset-Based and certain operations within our ArcBest segment assess a fuel surcharge based on the index of national on-highway average diesel fuel prices published weekly by the U.S. Department of Energy. While the fuel surcharge is one of several components in our overall rate structure, the actual rate paid by customers is governed by market forces and the overall value of services provided to the customer.

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Industry Factors

According to management’s estimates, and market studies by Armstrong & Associates, Inc. and the U.S. Department of Commerce, the total market potential in the industry segments we serve is approximately $479 billion, with $53 billion of market spend in the LTL segment, $383 billion in the markets served by our ArcBest segment, and $43 billion in the maintenance and repair market served by our FleetNet segment. The LTL industry has significant barriers to entry and is highly competitive, as previously discussed in “Asset-Based Segment” within this Business section. Our Asset-Light operations represent a minor portion of the total market, which evidences the significant growth opportunity for us in the outsourced logistics market, a growth position already strengthened with the addition of MoLo in November 2021. More sophisticated supply chain practices are required as supply chains expand and become more complex, product and service needs continue to evolve, and companies look for solutions to their logistics challenges and lower-cost supply chain alternatives.

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The transportation industry is subject to numerous laws, rules, and regulations, as further discussed below within “Environmental and Other Government Regulations,” and carriers are required to obtain and maintain various licenses and

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permits, some of which are difficult to obtain. The trucking industry faces rising costs of compliance with government regulations on safety, equipment design and maintenance, driver utilization, and fuel economy, as well as increasing costs in certain areas, which are not industry-specific, including health care and retirement benefits. Higher compliance costs will continue to impair the competitiveness of smaller carriers in the logistics market, which may lead to tighter capacity or consolidation within certain sectors. In addition, disruptions from unexpected events such as natural disasters and the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in further utilization of expedited shipping and premium logistics services and have caused companies to focus on risk management within their supply chains.

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Seasonality

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Our operations are impacted by seasonal fluctuations that affect tonnage, shipment or service event levels, and demand for our services, which in turn may impact our revenues and operating results. In recent periods, including the year ended December 31, 2022, our operations have not been as heavily impacted by seasonal fluctuations, due in part to strategic initiatives we have undertaken to enable profitable growth through seasons and cycles.

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Inclement weather conditions can adversely affect freight shipments and operating costs of our Asset-Based and ArcBest segments. Historically, the second and third calendar quarters of each year usually have the highest tonnage levels, while the first quarter generally has the lowest, although other factors, including the state of the U.S. and global economies, available capacity in the market, the impact of yield initiatives; and the impact of adverse external events or conditions may influence quarterly business levels. Our yield initiatives, along with the overall increase in demand, have allowed us to add shipments in non-peak times, making us less susceptible to seasonal fluctuations in recent years. In the future, we do not expect seasonality to impact our business as significantly as it has in the past.

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ArcBest segment operations are influenced by seasonal fluctuations that impact customers’ supply chains. Shipments of the ArcBest segment may decline during winter months because of post-holiday slowdowns; however, expedite shipments can be subject to short-term increases depending on the impact of weather or other disruptions to customers’ supply chains. Plant shutdowns during summer months may affect shipments for automotive and manufacturing customers of the ArcBest segment, but disruptive events can result in higher demand for expedite services. Moving services of the ArcBest segment are impacted by seasonal fluctuations, generally resulting in higher business levels in the second and third quarters, as the demand for moving services is typically stronger in the summer months.

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Emergency roadside service events of the FleetNet segment are favorably impacted by extreme weather conditions that affect commercial vehicle operations, and the segment’s results of operations are influenced by seasonal variations in service event volume and the impact of other external events or conditions.

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Technology

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As a multibillion integrated logistics company focused on making it easier for our customers to do business, ArcBest is building the future of logistics. Rooted in a strong history of innovation, technology is a key enabler of our strategy — it differentiates us in the marketplace and allows us to continuously evolve. Most of the technology applications used at ArcBest have been developed internally by our ArcBest Technologies subsidiary and are tailored specifically for customers, capacity suppliers and internal business processing needs. Our teams of highly engaged and creative technology, analytics and innovation professionals are proactive surveyors of emerging technology — constantly analyzing and creating intelligent solutions that deliver value and drive the supply chain industry forward. Through implementing custom-built solutions and leading-edge technologies, we help our customers successfully navigate the complex logistics landscape so they can use their supply chain as their competitive advantage.

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ArcBest internal product owners, architects, developers, data scientists, and others, who have a deep understanding of the transportation and logistics industry and our strategy and execution models, supplemented by expert external contractor services, work together to rapidly deliver superior solutions throughout our organization for customers and carrier capacity.

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Directly addressing our customers’ supply chain challenges is a natural extension of our mission. We work to build efficiencies and sustainable best practices within our own business and the supply chain as a whole. We have made additional technology investments to improve both customer experience and carrier capacity experience while continuing to optimize costs. Some examples of these investments include:

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Typically, freight transportation customers communicate their freight needs, on a shipment-by-shipment basis, by using telephone, email, web, mobile applications, through electronic data interchange (“EDI”) or by API. In the ArcBest segment, the information about each shipment is entered into an operating system that facilitates the selection of a contracted carrier or carriers based on the carrier’s service capability, equipment availability, freight rates, and other relevant factors. Once the carrier is selected, the cost for the transportation has been agreed upon, and the carrier has committed to providing the transportation, we are in contact with the carrier through numerous means of communication (i.e., mobile apps, satellite tracking, electronic logging device (“ELD”), and other communication units on the vehicles) to continually update the position of equipment in order to meet customers’ requirements to track the status of the shipment from origin to delivery. The various tracking methods automatically update our fully integrated internal software and provide customers with real-time electronic updates.

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We make information readily accessible to our customers through various electronic pricing, billing, and tracking services, including mobile-responsive websites that allow customers to access information about their shipments, request shipment pickup, and utilize various other digital tools. Online functions tailored to the services requested by customers include bill of lading generation, pickup planning, customer-specific price quotations, proactive tracking, customized email notification, logistics reporting, dynamic rerouting, and other connectivity tools. This technology allows customers to incorporate data from our systems directly into their own website, transportation management systems, or other information systems using EDI standards and secure API. As a result, our customers can provide shipping information and support directly to their own customers.

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ArcBest has an Innovation Ambassador Program to encourage new, transformative ideas. This program includes a team of employees from across the organization who work closely with executive leadership to identify opportunities for disruptive innovation within our company and to evaluate potential external innovation partners. Additionally, during 2022, ArcBest Technologies sponsored its third annual Imagine 2022 competition, which allows teams to collaborate and

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work on innovative ideas related to both technology and business systems innovation. The 2022 competition asked teams of employees across the organization to present ideas and solutions focused on reducing our industry’s impact on the environment.

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In May 2021, ArcBest announced a $1 million investment in the Peak Innovation Center, a state-of-the-art career and technical education center that is available to approximately 43,000 students from 22 regional school districts. The Peak Innovation Center opened in March 2022 and has created a pipeline of local talent to fill existing jobs and support further economic growth in the Fort Smith, Arkansas community.

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Insurance

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Generally, claims exposure in the freight transportation and logistics industry consists of workers’ compensation, third-party casualty liability, and cargo loss and damage. We are effectively self-insured for $1.0 million of each workers’ compensation loss. For each third-party general liability loss, we are generally self-insured for $1.0 million. We are also self-insured for each cargo loss up to a $0.3 million deductible for our Asset-Based segment and a $0.1 million deductible for our ArcBest segment, with a $2.0 million retention limit for each auto accident or loss. We maintain insurance that we believe is adequate to cover losses in excess of such self-insured amounts or deductibles. However, we cannot provide assurance that our insurance coverage will provide adequate protection under all circumstances or against all potential losses. We have experienced situations where excess insurance carriers have become insolvent. We pay assessments and fees to state guaranty funds in states where we have workers’ compensation self-insurance authority. In some of these states, depending on the specific state’s rules, the guaranty funds may pay excess claims if the insurer cannot pay due to insolvency. However, there can be no certainty of the solvency of individual state guaranty funds.

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We have been able to obtain what we believe to be adequate insurance coverage for 2023 and are not aware of any matters which would significantly impair our ability to obtain adequate insurance coverage at market rates for our operations in the foreseeable future. A material increase in the frequency or severity of accidents, cargo claims, or workers’ compensation claims or the material unfavorable development of existing claims could have a material adverse effect on our cost of insurance and results of operations.

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We also maintain property and cyber insurance which would offset losses up to certain coverage limits in the event of a catastrophe or certain cyber incidents, including certain business interruption events related to these incidents; however, losses arising from a catastrophe or significant cyber incident may exceed our insurance coverage and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. We do not have insurance coverage specific to losses resulting from a pandemic or geopolitical conflict.

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Environmental and Other Government Regulations

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Various international, federal, state and local agencies exercise broad regulatory powers over the transportation industry, generally governing such activities as operations of and authorization to engage in motor carrier freight transportation, operations of non-vessel-operating common carriers, operations of ocean freight forwarders and ocean transportation intermediaries, indirect air carriage, safety, contract compliance, insurance and bonding requirements, tariff and trade policies, customs, import and export, food safety, employment practices, licensing and registration, taxation, environmental matters, data privacy and security, and financial reporting. Compliance with future modifications to the regulations impacting the transportation industry may impact our operating practices and costs, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Other carriers would be similarly affected by changes in industry regulations; therefore, the impact of such changes on our competitive position cannot be determined.

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Environmental Regulations

We are subject to federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations relating to, among other things: emissions control, transportation or handling of hazardous materials, underground and aboveground storage tanks, stormwater pollution prevention, contingency planning for spills of petroleum products, and disposal of waste oil.

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In August 2016, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (the “NHTSA”) jointly finalized a national program establishing a second phase of greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions (“EPA/NHTSA Phase 2”), through their authorities under the Clean Air Act, as amended, imposing new fuel efficiency standards for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles and engines, such as those operated by our Asset-

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Based segment, for model years 2021-2027 and also instituting fuel efficiency improvement technology requirements for trailer model years 2018-2027. In September 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia stayed the portion of the EPA/NHTSA Phase 2 Final Rule regarding the trailer regulations, and the review of the Final Rule has an indefinite date of final ruling.

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In September 2019, the state of California signed legislation which directs the California Air Resources Board (the “CARB”) and other state agencies to develop and implement a comprehensive inspection and maintenance program for heavy-duty vehicles. A number of states have individually enacted, and California and certain other states may continue to enact, legislation relating to engine emissions, trailer regulations, fuel economy, and/or fuel formulation, such as regulations enacted by the CARB. In December 2021, the CARB approved plans to enforce certain provisions of the EPA/NHSTA Phase 2 Final Rule that would regulate glider kits and trailers with implementation to be phased in starting in January 2023. At the present time, management believes that these regulations will likely not result in significant net additional overall costs should the technologies developed for tractors, as required in the EPA/NHTSA Phase 2 rulemaking, prove to be as cost-effective as forecasted by the EPA and the NHTSA.

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In November 2018, the EPA launched the “Cleaner Trucks Initiative” (the “CTI”) which includes plans for future rulemaking to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. In January 2020, the EPA published an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to solicit pre-proposal comments on the CTI. One planned feature of the initiative is to coordinate emissions standards nationwide in an effort to make compliance easier for the industry by preventing a further patchwork of state and local emissions regulations. In August 2021, the EPA announced the “Clean Truck Plan,” a series of rulemakings over the next three years, the first of which was proposed in March 2022, to set new emissions standards to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from heavy-duty vehicles beginning with model year 2027. The passage of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 in August 2022 also seeks to update GHG standards. The EPA announced it will consider more stringent greenhouse gas standards for heavy-duty vehicles for model years 2027-2029.

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While fuel consumption and emissions may be reduced under the new standards, emission-related regulatory actions have historically resulted in increased costs of revenue equipment, diesel fuel, and equipment maintenance, and future legislation, if enacted, could result in increases in these and other costs for which the amounts cannot be determined at this time. The future of “cap and trade” programs or measures is unknown, and the potential costs of such programs or similar future legislative or regulatory measures are uncertain. We are unable to determine with any certainty the effects of any future climate change legislation beyond the currently enacted regulations, and there can be no assurance that more restrictive regulations than those previously described will not be enacted either federally or locally.

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At certain facilities of our Asset-Based operations, we store fuel and oil in underground and aboveground tanks for use in tractors and trucks. Maintenance of our tanks is regulated by the EPA and, in most cases, by state agencies. Management believes we are in substantial compliance with all such regulations. The underground storage tanks are required to have leak detection systems, and we are not aware of any leaks from such tanks that could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Notwithstanding current compliance, we are subject to on-going environmental remediation obligations concerning historical underground storage tank releases, for which the resolutions are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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Certain of our Asset-Based service center facilities operate with no exposure certifications or stormwater permits under the federal Clean Water Act (the “CWA”), as amended. The no-exposure certification and stormwater permits may require periodic facility inspections and monitoring and reporting of stormwater sampling results. Management believes we are in substantial compliance with all such regulations. Notwithstanding current compliance, we previously determined that certain procedures regarding sampling, documentation, and reporting were not appropriately being performed in accordance with the CWA. As such, we self-reported the matter to the EPA. An estimated settlement expense for this matter is reserved within accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. Resolution of this matter is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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We have received notices from the EPA and others that we have been identified as a potentially responsible party under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, or other federal or state environmental statutes, at several hazardous waste sites. After investigating our subsidiaries’ involvement in waste disposal or waste generation at such sites, we have either agreed to de minimis settlements or determined that our obligations, other than those specifically accrued with respect to such sites, would involve immaterial monetary liability, although there can be no assurance in this regard.

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It is anticipated that the resolution of our environmental matters could take place over several years. Our reserves for environmental compliance matters and cleanup costs are estimated based on management’s experience with similar environmental matters and testing performed at certain sites.

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Other Government Regulations

We operate in the United States, and from the United States for international transportation, pursuant to federal operating authority granted by the U.S. Department of Transportation (the “DOT”) and the U.S. Federal Maritime Commission. Our operations are subject to cargo security and transportation regulations issued by the Transportation Security Administration and regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.

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We operate under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (the “OSH Act”). Under the OSH Act, ArcBest has a responsibility to provide employees a safe workplace. This includes, but is not limited to:

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Our Asset-Based operations and our ArcBest segment’s network of third-party contract carriers must comply with industry regulations, including the ELD mandate of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (the “FMCSA”) for interstate commercial trucks and hours of service, safety and fitness, and other regulations of the DOT, including requirements related to drug and alcohol testing. We are subject to the hazardous materials regulations of the FMCSA for our transportation and arrangement for transportation of hazardous materials and explosives, as well as our disposal of hazardous waste.

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We provide transportation and logistics services to and from a number of international locations and are, therefore, subject to a wide variety of domestic and international laws and regulations, including export and import laws. We are also subject to compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended and hold Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism status for businesses within our Asset-Based and ArcBest segments.

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If we were to violate the government regulations under which we operate, we may be subject to substantial fines or penalties or our business operations could be restricted, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

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Human Capital Resources

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Our people are at the heart of our success, and we provide a workplace that respects all cultures, perspectives, and experiences, so that we can provide the best atmosphere for our employees and the best service to our customers. As of December 2022, we had approximately 15,700 employees, of which approximately 55% were members of labor unions. As previously described in the “Asset-Based Segment” within this Business section, as of December 2022, approximately 82% of our Asset-Based segment’s employees were covered under the 2018 ABF NMFA, the collective bargaining agreement with the IBT, which will remain in effect through June 30, 2023.

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Employee Attraction, Development, and Retention

Our business results and future growth opportunities depend on our ability to successfully manage our human capital resources, including attracting, developing, retaining, and upskilling our personnel. We strive to recruit values-aligned people who are the right individuals for each position and maintain a culture of continuous growth and development of our employees. Our data-enriched, real-time linkage between forecasted demand and diverse talent pools, along with hiring for character, enable our unified recruiting team to attract and onboard the right candidates for the right roles faster than ever before. We then have intentional training and development plans throughout each stage of career progression that accelerate job mastery and development for future roles. Our comprehensive learning program offers classroom, virtual, and web-based training options. We also offer a tuition reimbursement program, and we partner with a private university to provide onsite and virtual classes for employees to further their education.

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We utilize a customized performance management system that incorporates goals and development planning to better position employees in their career paths. Employees participate in annual career conversations with their direct supervisor.

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We also have a succession planning program to ensure continuity in critical roles, allowing leaders to identify and develop employees for specific career paths. We evaluate compensation to ensure it remains competitive, including insurance and retirement benefits, and we offer programs to support the four pillars of wellness for our employees – physical, financial, emotional/social, and developmental. We conduct an annual survey as well as pulse surveys to request employee feedback to help us assess and improve engagement and implement changes to enhance our work environment.

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Attracting, retaining, and upskilling qualified truck drivers is crucial to our business. To address the driver shortage that continues to impact the freight transportation industry, we have strong hiring partnerships with the IBT and the military that allow us to hire and train potential drivers before they leave military service. We also conduct an in-house training through our Driver Development Program and host frequent onsite hiring events at critical locations.

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Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

We embrace and encourage diverse experiences, needs, and perspectives which, in turn, help us create an environment where our employees feel welcome, safe, and valued. Such diversity helps us better serve our customers around the globe. We partnered with a consulting firm specializing in diversity, equity, and inclusion (“DEI”) to measure and develop these areas of human capital management in our organization. Our three-year DEI roadmap is divided into the following four main areas — workforce, workplace, community, and marketplace — each focusing on a different aspect of corporate diversity.

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We continue to invest in personnel to lead and execute ArcBest’s DEI strategy. We engage leaders in the organization to advance our people and community programs. In September 2022, we developed a framework to establish ArcBest’s first Employee Resource Groups (“ERGs”). ERGs are voluntary, employee-led groups that help create an open and welcoming space to foster community building for employees’ shared identities, experiences, or interest in supporting underrepresented talent.  

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In October 2022, we announced our partnership with Integrate Autism Employment Advisors (“Integrate”), a non-profit organization that collaborates with companies to identify, recruit, and retain professionals on the autism spectrum, to foster a neuro-inclusive workforce and continue attracting the best talent with unique skill sets. Our partnership with Integrate demonstrates ArcBest's commitment to advancing DEI initiatives to create a workplace where we embrace and encourage diverse experiences and perspectives. We are intentional in our efforts to attract, hire, retain, and upskill diverse and historically excluded talent. Our 2022 new hires represented a variety of backgrounds and experiences, with over 60% of them being diverse as categorized by gender, race, ethnicity, or military status.

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Our corporate Code of Conduct sets forth our general principles of business conduct and ethics. Our nonunion employees are required to participate in annual Code of Conduct training, which also covers our anti-discrimination and anti-harassment policies to further educate our employees about prohibited behaviors that undermine diversity. Our new hires complete anti-harassment training, and our management employees are provided with DEI training.

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Health, Safety, and Security

We are focused on the health and well-being of our employees, and we have numerous programs to support our people in embracing total health. In addition to health benefits and voluntary insurance options, we also offer a wellness program through which employees may receive reduced premiums, deductibles, and out-of-pocket expenses for their insurance by completing certain preventative health requirements. We offer a digital health platform and weight loss program, and we encourage healthy behaviors throughout the year through regular communications, educational sessions, wellness challenges, and other incentives. We added life coaching services in 2021 as well-being support became even more important during the COVID-19 pandemic, and we continued offering these services during 2022.

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Safety is critical to our business. We have safety procedures and guidelines, as well as required training and certification programs, for our drivers and freight-handling personnel to promote safety on and off the road. We also have safety measures and policies that apply to all independent contractors, owner operators, and fleet owners in our Panther fleet, for whom we have provided safety programs to heighten awareness, promote safe driving behaviors, and reduce violations and accidents. Additionally, all of our company campuses, including corporate offices, are subject to safety and security policies and procedures to ensure the health, safety, and welfare of all employees. Based on employee feedback, several ArcBest teams collaborated to create new, more durable forklift attachments, designed to make freight handling safer and

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easier and to reduce damage. During 2021, every service center received some or all of the attachments and completed training on the new equipment in 2022.

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We expect all employees to obey and respect human rights laws, and we will not tolerate conduct that violates these laws. We set the same expectations for our vendors, suppliers, and service providers through our Supplier Code of Conduct. Given the nature of our industry, we are in a critical position to help raise awareness of human trafficking to potentially disrupt these networks. Through partnerships with Truckers Against Trafficking^® and Polaris, we educate our employees and drivers on the realities of modern-day slavery and how they can play a role in the fight against human trafficking.

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Reputation and Responsibility

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Our Company and our brands are consistently recognized for best-in-class performance.

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Brands

The value of our brands is critical to our success. ArcBest is recognized as a leading integrated logistics company with creative problem solvers who deliver innovative logistics solutions. Beyond this fundamental marketplace recognition of our collective brand identity, our other key brands represent additional unique value in their target markets.

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We have registered or are pursuing registration of various marks or designs as trademarks in the United States, including, but not limited to “ArcBest,” “ABF Freight,” “FleetNet America,” “Panther,” “MoLo,” “U-Pack,” and “More Than Logistics.” For some marks, we also have registered or are pursuing registration in certain other countries.

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Other Intellectual Property

Additionally, our business and operations utilize and depend upon both internally developed and purchased technology. We have obtained or are pursuing patent protection on internally developed and certain purchased technology, including equipment and process patents in connection with the previously disclosed pilot test program at ABF Freight.  

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Commitment to Social and Environmental Responsibility

We are focused on understanding the potential impact and related risks of ESG issues on our business and the impact of our operations on the environment. In recent years, we have invested in personnel and resources to develop our ESG program. We are integrating ESG factors into our strategy as we seek more sustainable approaches across our business and partner with customers to meet sustainability needs in their supply chains. Beginning with our 2019 report, we have voluntarily published an annual ESG report that details our ESG focal points, including DEI efforts, sustainability approaches, investments in operational efficiencies and innovation, safety standards, and community-based partnerships. We have aligned our ESG framework with pertinent Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards, which connect businesses and investors to the financial impacts of sustainability and identify the subset of ESG issues most relevant to financial performance. In 2022, we continued to collaborate with a third-party consultant to help identify and prioritize our ESG initiatives. As mentioned previously, we continue to develop our ESG dashboard, which is used to track quantitative metrics related to the environmental impact of our operations, including emissions. This dashboard will be utilized, along with qualitative analysis, to identify areas for improvement, track our Scope 1 (direct) and Scope 2 (indirect) GHG emissions and, in future phases of the ESG dashboard project, provide insights to our customers regarding their supply chains. Preliminary information regarding our Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions based on this dashboard can be found on the Company’s website.

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We actively promote a cleaner environment by reducing both fuel consumption and emissions. In 2021, we established a GHG emissions measurement task force to better understand the impact of our business on the environment and opportunities for improvement. ABF Freight participates in the EPA’s SmartWay Transport Partnership, a collaboration between the EPA and the freight transportation industry that helps freight shippers, carriers, and logistics companies reduce GHGs and diesel emissions. ABF Freight has also participated in opportunities to address environmental issues in association with the Sustainability Task Force of the American Trucking Associations. For many years, our Asset-Based segment has voluntarily limited the maximum speed of its trucks, thereby reducing fuel consumption and emissions and contributing to ABF Freight’s excellent safety record. Our Asset-Based segment utilizes engine idle management programming to automatically shut down engines of parked tractors. Fuel consumption and emissions have also been minimized through a strict equipment maintenance schedule. To further enhance fuel economy and reduce emissions, ABF Freight voluntarily installs aerodynamic aids on its fleet of over-the-road trailers. We continue to research and pursue more sustainable equipment, including replacing aging equipment models with clean, fuel-efficient equipment. In our dock operations, we utilize forklifts with engines powered by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is recognized by the EPA

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as a clean, alternative fuel, and we have two electric forklifts in our Kansas City, Missouri pilot location. In 2022, we purchased four electric yard tractors and two electric Class 6 straight trucks to replace diesel-burning equipment. Additionally, in 2022, our ArcBest segment began leasing an LEED Gold certified office facility in Chicago, which was constructed to include a green roof, smart lighting, and energy-efficient HVAC units, as well as additional environmentally preferred features.

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Contributions & Awards

Our culture is focused on quality service and responsibility, and our employees are committed to the communities in which they live and work. We make financial contributions to a number of charitable organizations, many of which are supported by our employees. These employees volunteer their time and expertise, and many serve as officers or board members of various philanthropic organizations. In November 2022, to help guide our actions in our giving efforts, we announced our three philanthropic pillars — Community, Education and People. In the local community of our corporate headquarters, we have been a long-time supporter of the United Way of Fort Smith Area and its partner organizations. In 2022, with employee support, we again earned the United Way’s coveted Pacesetter award by setting the standard for leadership and community support. ArcBest holds an A+ culture rating by employees via Comparably, and we support our employees as they carry out our wellness value by participating in healthy workplace initiatives and representing our company in wellness events in their local communities.

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In addition to the recognition noted above, ArcBest has been recognized with the following awards since 2021:

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Our Chairman of the Board, President and CEO, Judy R. McReynolds, was named 2022 Arkansas Business Executive of the Year by Arkansas Business. She was also named to the Arkansas Business Hall of Fame class of 2023, included on the prestigious 2022 Forbes 50 over 50, recognized as a Power Player in leading top logistics companies for 2021 by Business Insider, named a Gartner CEO Talent Champion in 2022, and named to the following lists: the “2021 Best CEOs” by Comparably, and the “Arkansas 250” list of Arkansas’ most influential leaders by Arkansas Business in 2021 and 2022. During 2021, ArcBest was also recognized by 50/50 Women on Boards as a “3+” corporation for having three or more women on our Board of Directors.

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Asset-Based Segment

Our Asset-Based carrier ABF Freight has received the following awards since 2021:

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Our Asset-Based segment is dedicated to safety and security in providing transportation and freight-handling services to its customers. ABF Freight is a ten-time winner of the Excellence in Security Award and a seven-time winner of the President’s Trophy for Safety from the American Trucking Associations. In January 2022, two ABF Freight drivers were named by the American Trucking Associations as captains of the 2022-2023 “America’s Road Team,” continuing the long-time tradition of ABF Freight’s representation in this select program based on the drivers’ exceptional safety records and their strong commitment to safety and professionalism.

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ABF Freight also partners with the IBT and the U.S. Army in the Teamsters Military Assistance Program, a joint training program to help soldiers transition from military service to civilian careers as professional truck drivers. ABF Freight earned the designation as a 2021 Military Friendly^® Employer for its support of veterans by providing training and employment opportunities in the freight and logistics industry. ABF Freight has a partnership with the U.S. Military to train transitioning service members for our management roles through the Department of Defense SkillBridge program. ABF Freight also participates in the U.S. Army Partnership for Youth Success program. This initiative connects first-term regular Army and Army Reserve soldiers to the civilian workforce by providing two guaranteed job interviews and possible employment after their service in the Army.

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ArcBest Segment

ArcBest received the following recognition for our Asset-Light operations since 2021:

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Available Information

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We file our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports, proxy and information statements, and other information electronically with the SEC. All reports and financial information filed with, or furnished to, the SEC can be obtained, free of charge, through our website located at www.arcb.com or through the SEC’s website located at www.sec.gov as soon as reasonably practical after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The Annual Report on Form 10-K and other information may also be obtained without charge in writing to ArcBest Corporation, Attention: Investor Relations, 8401 McClure Drive, Fort Smith, AR 72916; or by telephone at 479-785-6000. The information contained on our website does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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In addition to its reports filed or furnished with the SEC, the Company publicly discloses material information from time to time in our press releases, at annual meetings of shareholders, in publicly accessible conferences and investor presentations, and through our website (principally in its News and Events and Investor Relations pages).

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ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS

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Our business is subject to a variety of material risks about which we are aware. We could also be affected by additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial. This Risk Factors section discusses the material risks relating to our business activities, including business risks affecting the transportation industry and our Company that are largely out of our control. If any of these risks or circumstances actually occur, it could materially harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows; impair our ability to implement business plans or complete development activities as scheduled; and/or result in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

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Risks Related to Union Relations

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If ABF Freight is unable to reach agreement on future collective bargaining agreements, we could be faced with labor inefficiencies, disruptions, or stoppages, or delayed growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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As of December 2022, approximately 82% of our Asset-Based segment’s employees were covered under the 2018 ABF NMFA, the collective bargaining agreement with the IBT that will remain in effect through June 30, 2023. Contract negotiations for the period subsequent to June 30, 2023 are expected to begin in late first quarter or early second quarter 2023. The negotiation of terms of the collective bargaining agreement is a very complex process. There can be no assurance that our future collective bargaining agreements will be renewed on terms favorable to us.  The terms of any future collective bargaining agreements or the inability to agree on acceptable terms for the next contract period may also result in higher labor costs, insufficient operational flexibility, which may increase our operating costs, a work stoppage, the loss of customers, or other events that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. We could also experience a loss of customers or a reduction in our potential share of business in the markets we serve if shippers limit their use of unionized freight transportation service providers because of the risk of work stoppages.

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Risks Related to Significant Unusual Events

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The effects of a widespread outbreak of an illness or disease, including the COVID-19 pandemic, or any other public health crisis, as well as regulatory measures implemented in response to such events, could negatively impact the health and safety of our employees and/or adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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Our business has been and, in the future, may be negatively impacted by the widespread outbreak of illness, disease, or emergence of another public health crisis, as we experienced with the COVID-19 pandemic. Measures intended to prevent the spread of a health epidemic, including regulatory measures and our efforts and costs incurred to comply with them, could negatively impact our operational efficiency and our customers’ demand for our services in the future and, therefore, have an adverse effect on our business.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted, and may continue to adversely impact, economic activity and conditions worldwide, creating significant volatility and disruption to financial markets. Efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 led governments and other authorities to impose restrictions that have resulted in business closures and disrupted supply chains worldwide. Our operations and those of our customers and third-party capacity providers were subject to these supply chain disruptions to varying degrees due to pandemic-related plant and port shutdowns, transportation delays, government actions, and other factors. The global shortage of certain components, strains on production or extraction of raw materials, record cost inflation, and labor and equipment shortages could escalate in future periods. If a high number of our employees were to contract COVID-19 or another disease or illness or were quarantined, our operations and customer service levels, and, consequently, our results of operations, could be adversely impacted. We do not have insurance coverage specific to losses resulting from a pandemic.

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In the event of worsening conditions in the severity and spread of COVID-19 or another pandemic or other public health crisis that adversely affects the U.S. and global economies, our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows could be adversely impacted, and many of the other risks discussed in this Risk Factors section may be heightened.

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We, or the third parties who provide services for us, may be adversely affected by external events for which our business continuity plans may not adequately prepare us.

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The occurrence of severe weather, natural disasters, health epidemics, acts of war or terrorism, military conflicts (such as the war between Russia and Ukraine), and other adverse external events or conditions that impact us or the operations of third parties who provide services for us have the potential to significantly impact our ability to conduct business. Although we have business continuity plans in place, including an emergency succession plan, there is no guarantee that our plans have adequately addressed each risk and can be successfully implemented. Even if we were to successfully implement our continuity plans, we may incur substantial expenses and there is no guarantee that our business, financial condition, and results of operations will not be materially impacted.

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Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Data Privacy, and Information Technology

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We are dependent on our information technology systems, and a systems failure, perceived or actual data privacy breach, or cybersecurity incident could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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We depend on the proper functioning, availability, and security of our information technology (“IT”) systems, including communications, data processing, financial, and operating systems, as well as proprietary software programs that are integral to the efficient operation of our business. Our IT systems are vulnerable to interruption by adverse weather conditions or natural disasters; power loss; telecommunications failures; terrorist attacks; internet failures and other disruptions to technology, including computer viruses; and other events beyond our control, including cybersecurity attacks and other cyber incidents such as denial of service, system failure, security breach, intentional or inadvertent acts by employees or vendors with access to our systems or data, or disruption by malware. Any significant failure or other disruption in our critical IT systems that impacts the availability, reliability, speed, accuracy, or other proper functioning of these systems or that results in proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data, including personal information of customers, employees and others, being compromised could have a significant impact on our business, interrupt or delay our operations, damage our reputation, cause a loss of customers, cause errors or delays in financial reporting, result in violation of privacy laws, expose us to a risk of loss or litigation, and/or cause us to incur significant time and expense to remedy such an event, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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New or enhanced technology that we develop and implement may also be subject to cybersecurity attacks and may be more prone to related incidents. We also utilize certain third-party software applications; provide underlying data to third parties; grant access to certain of our systems to third parties who provide certain services; and increasingly store and transmit data with our customers and third parties by means of connected IT systems, any of which may increase the risk of a data privacy breach or other cybersecurity incident. Any problems caused by or impacting these third parties, including cyberattacks and security breaches at a vendor, could result in claims, litigation, losses and/or liabilities and materially adversely affect our ability to provide service to our customers and otherwise conduct our business.

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A significant portion of our employee population operates under remote and hybrid work arrangements, which may increase demand for IT resources and our exposure to cybersecurity risks, including an increased risk of phishing, unauthorized access to proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data, and other cybersecurity attacks. Although we have implemented measures to mitigate our exposure to the heightened risks associated with working remotely through our technology security programs, we cannot be certain that such measures will be effective to prevent a cybersecurity incident from materializing. While we maintain property and cyber insurance, losses arising from a significant disaster or cyber incident may exceed our insurance coverage and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

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We have experienced incidents involving attempted denial of service attacks, malware attacks, and other events intended to disrupt information systems, wrongfully obtain valuable information, or cause other types of malicious events that could have resulted in harm to our business. To our knowledge, the various protections we have employed have been effective to date in identifying these types of events at points when the impact on our business could be minimized. Despite our efforts to monitor and develop our IT networks and infrastructure, due to the increasing sophistication of cyber criminals and the development of new techniques for attack, we may be unable to anticipate or promptly detect, or implement adequate protective or remedial measures against, cybersecurity attacks.

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We engage third parties to provide certain information technology needs, including licensed software, and the inability to maintain these third-party systems or licenses, or any interruptions or failures thereof, could adversely affect our business.

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Certain of our IT needs are provided or supported by third parties, and we have limited control over the operation, quality, or maintenance of services provided by our vendors or whether they will continue to provide services that are essential to our business. The efficient and uninterrupted operation of our IT systems depends upon the internet, electric utility providers, and telecommunications providers. The IT systems of our third-party service providers are vulnerable to interruption by adverse weather conditions or natural disasters, power loss, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, internet failures, computer viruses, and other events beyond our control. Disruptions or failures in the services upon which our IT platforms rely, or in other third-party services upon which we rely to operate our business and report financial results, may adversely affect our operations and the services we provide. Such disruptions or failures could increase our costs or result in a loss of customers that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, we license a variety of software that provide critical support for our operations. There is no guarantee that we will be able to continue these licensing arrangements with the current licensors, or that we can replace the functions provided by these licenses, on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

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If we are unable to timely and effectively develop and implement new or enhanced technology or processes, or if we fail to realize the potential benefits thereof, including the pilot test program at ABF Freight and our investment in human-centered remote operation software, we may suffer competitive disadvantage, loss of customers, or other consequences that could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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The industry has experienced, and will likely continue to experience, rapid changes in technology, including the development of new technology and enhancements in existing technology. As technology improves, our customers may find alternatives to our services to meet their freight transportation and logistics needs. New entrants to the market, including start-ups and emerging business models which are often technology-centric or technology-enabled, have also expanded the field of competition and driven an increased pressure for innovation in the industry.  

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Technology and new market entrants may also disrupt the way we, and our competitors, operate to provide freight logistics services. We expect our customers will continue to demand more sophisticated technology-driven solutions from their suppliers, including advancements in processes, equipment, and facilities to address concerns over business efficiency, supply chain effectiveness, and climate change. To improve efficiencies and meet our customers’ needs, we have made, and continue to make, significant investments in the enhancement of existing technology and in the development of new and innovative solutions, such as software and physical assets that are in various stages of development and implementation. We began investing in human-centered remote operation software in 2021 as further described in “Technology” within Part I, Item 1 (Business) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our investments in technology also include a pilot test program we began in 2019 to improve freight handling at ABF Freight as further described in “Asset-Based Segment” within Part I, Item 1 (Business) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A number of factors will be involved in determining proof of concept for the pilot test program, and there can be no assurance that our technology implementations, including the pilot and our remote operation software implementation, will be successful.

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Our efforts and investments in technology innovation may continue to require significant ongoing research and development costs and implementation costs and may involve new or unforeseen risks and challenges associated with the technology. The success of our approach to technology innovation is dependent upon market acceptance of our solutions and a number of other factors, including our ability to:

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If we do not pursue technological advances or engage in innovation, if we fail to successfully or timely develop and deploy enhanced or new technology, or if any enhanced or new technology does not yield the results we expect, or is developed by others, we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage; lose customers; incur higher than anticipated costs, including the possible impact of asset impairment or the write-off of software development costs; or fail to meet the goals of our internal growth strategy, any one of which could materially adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Our Business

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The loss of or reduction in business from one or more large customers, or an overall reduction in our customer base, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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Although we do not have a significant customer concentration, the growth of our business could be materially impacted, and our results of operations and cash flows would be adversely affected if we were to lose all or a portion of the business of some of our large customers. Such loss may occur if our customers choose to divert all or a portion of their business with us to one of our competitors; demand pricing concessions for our services; require us to provide enhanced services that increase our costs; or develop their own shipping and distribution capabilities. Our customer relationships are generally not subject to long-term contractual obligations or minimum volume commitments, and we cannot ensure that our current customer relationships will continue at the same business levels or at all. A reduction in our customer base or difficulty in collecting, or the inability to collect, payments from our customers due to changes in pricing, economic hardship or other factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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Our initiatives to grow our business operations or to manage our cost structure to business levels may take longer than anticipated or may not be successful.

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Developing our service offerings requires ongoing investment in personnel and infrastructure, including operating and management information systems. Depending upon the timing and level of revenues generated from our growth initiatives, including the acquired operations of MoLo, the related results of operations and cash flows we anticipate from these initiatives and additional service offerings may not be achieved. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

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Our growth plans place significant demands on our management and operating personnel, and we may not be able to hire, train, upskill, and retain the appropriate personnel to manage and grow these services. Hiring new employees has resulted in an increase in our training costs and caused temporary labor inefficiencies, which may continue with future hiring initiatives. We have incurred increased costs associated with long-term investment in the development of our owner operator fleet and contract carrier capacity for our ArcBest segment. As we focus on growing our ArcBest segment, we may also encounter difficulties in adapting our corporate structure or in developing and maintaining effective partnerships among our operating segments, which could hinder our operational, financial, and strategic objectives. Furthermore, we may invest significant resources to enter or expand our services in markets with established competitors and in which we will encounter new competitive challenges, and we may not be able to successfully gain market share, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

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We also face challenges and risks in implementing initiatives to manage our cost structure to business levels or changing market demands, as portions of salaries, wages, and benefits are fixed in nature and the adjustments that would otherwise be necessary to align the labor cost structure to corresponding business levels are limited as we strive to maintain customer service. It is more difficult to match our staffing levels to our business needs in periods of rapid or unexpected change, such as those we experienced in 2022. Our Asset-Based segment has incurred higher purchased transportation costs and experienced labor inefficiencies due to labor shortages and the training of newly hired employees during 2021 and 2022. We may, in the future, incur additional costs related to purchased transportation and/or experience labor inefficiencies in training new employees who are hired in response to growth. If such additional costs are disproportionate to our business levels, they may adversely impact our operating results. A prolonged labor shortage or significant labor inefficiencies could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows as a result of lower levels of service, including timeliness, productivity and/or quality of service. We regularly evaluate and modify the network of our Asset-Based operations to reflect changes in customer demands and to reconcile the segment’s infrastructure with tonnage levels and the proximity of customer freight, and there can be no assurance that any given network change will result in a material improvement in our Asset-Based segment’s results of operations.

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We may be unsuccessful in realizing all or any part of the anticipated benefits of any recent or future acquisitions within the expected time period or at all. The cost, integration, and performance of any such acquisition may adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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As part of our strategy to expand our revenue opportunities and achieve a more balanced business mix, we acquired MoLo on November 1, 2021. The acquired truckload brokerage operation of MoLo has been included in our ArcBest operating segment and resulted in growth of our Asset-Light operations. We may be unable to generate sufficient revenue or earnings from the operations of MoLo, or any future acquired business, to offset our acquisition or investment costs, and the acquired business may otherwise fail to meet our operational or strategic expectations. Difficulties encountered in combining operations, including underestimation of the resources required to support an acquisition, could prevent us from realizing the full anticipated benefits, and within the anticipated timeframe, and could adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition. If acquired operations fail to generate sufficient cash flows, we may incur impairments of goodwill, intangibles, and other assets in the future.

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The possible risks involved in recent or future acquisitions include, among others:

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We continue to evaluate acquisition candidates and may acquire assets and businesses that we believe complement our existing assets and business or enhance our service offerings. The complex and time-consuming processes of evaluating acquisitions and performing due diligence procedures include risks that may adversely impact the success of our selection of candidates, pricing of the transaction, and ability to integrate critical functional areas of the acquired business. Future acquisitions, if any, may require substantial capital or the incurrence of substantial indebtedness or may involve the dilutive issuance of equity securities, which may negatively impact our capitalization and financial position. Further, we may not be able to acquire any additional companies at all or on terms favorable to us, even though we may have incurred expenses in evaluating and pursuing strategic transactions.

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Damage to our corporate reputation may cause our business to suffer.

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Our business depends, in part, on our ability to maintain the image of our brands. Service, performance, and safety issues, whether actual or perceived and whether as a result of our actions or those of our third-party service providers, could adversely impact our customers’ image of our brands, including ArcBest, ABF Freight, FleetNet America, Panther, MoLo, and U-Pack, and result in the loss of business or impede our growth initiatives. Adverse publicity regarding labor relations, legal matters, cybersecurity and data privacy concerns, ESG issues, and similar matters, whether or not justified, could have a negative impact on our reputation and may result in the loss of customers and our inability to secure new customer relationships. Despite our efforts to adapt to and address these concerns, our efforts may be insufficient, and our industry may be generally disfavored by the investing community at large. Additionally, the implementation of initiatives, including our ESG initiatives, which are detailed on our website, may increase our costs. It is difficult to predict how our efforts with respect to social and sustainability matters will be evaluated by current and prospective investors or by our customers or business partners.

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Our business, including the self-service moving offerings provided under our U-Pack brand, is increasingly dependent on the internet for attracting and securing customers, and the possibility that fraudulent behavior may confuse or deceive customers heightens the risk of damage to our reputation and increases the time and expense required to protect and maintain the integrity of our brands. With the increased use of social media outlets, adverse publicity, even when based upon incorrect information or false statements, can be disseminated quickly and broadly, making it increasingly difficult for us to effectively respond. Damage to our reputation and loss of brand equity could reduce demand for our services and, thus, have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition, as well as require additional resources to rebuild our reputation and restore the value of our brands.

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Our corporate reputation and business depend on a variety of intellectual property rights, and the costs and resources expended to enforce or protect our rights or to defend against infringement claims could adversely impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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We have registered or are pursuing registration of various marks and designs as trademarks in the United States, including, but not limited to, “ArcBest,” “ABF Freight,” “FleetNet America,” “Panther,” “MoLo,” “U-Pack,” and “More Than Logistics.” For some marks, we also have registered or are pursuing registration in certain other countries. At times, competitors may adopt service or trade names or logos or designs similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. We have obtained or are pursuing patent protection on internally developed and certain purchased technology, including equipment and process patents in connection with the previously disclosed pilot test program at ABF Freight. Competitors or other third parties could attempt to reproduce or reverse-engineer our patented technologies, or we could be subject to third-party claims of infringement. Any of our intellectual property rights related to trademarks, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights, patents, or other intellectual property, whether owned or licensed, could be challenged or invalidated, or misappropriated or infringed upon, by third parties. Our efforts to obtain, enforce, or protect our proprietary rights, or to defend against third-party infringement claims, may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely impact our corporate reputation, business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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Risks Related to Our Industry

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A nationwide or global disruption in the supply chain could increase volatility in freight volumes and materially impact our business.

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Our business may be materially impacted by the cyclical nature of the supply chain industry which has been exacerbated due to an ongoing shortage of truck drivers, material scarcity, port and rail congestion, digital transformation, and changes in consumer spending due to record inflation and rising interest rates, among other challenges following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, an inability to obtain, or delays in the delivery of, equipment necessary for operations, including tractors, trailers, and other equipment, as a result of manufacturing delays, supply chain disruptions, and parts shortages. The extent to which we are vulnerable to and may be negatively impacted by supply chain disruptions is uncertain and dependent upon the duration and severity of labor and supply shortages as well as other factors beyond our control, such as extreme weather events, natural disasters, cybersecurity breaches or government shutdowns. Supply chain disruptions have and may continue to have a significant impact on consumer prices, demand, and bottlenecks in production, which may negatively impact our freight volume, operating costs, and ability to serve our customers.

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We operate in a highly competitive and fragmented industry, and our business could suffer if we are unable to adequately address factors that could affect our profitability, growth prospects, and ability to compete in the transportation and logistics market.

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We face significant competition in local, regional, national, and, to a lesser extent, international markets. We compete with LTL carriers of varying sizes, including both union and nonunion LTL carriers and, to a lesser extent, with truckload carriers and railroads. We also compete with domestic and global logistics service providers, including asset-light logistics companies, integrated logistics companies, and third-party freight brokers that compete in one or more segments of the transportation industry. Numerous factors could adversely impact our ability to compete effectively in the transportation and logistics industry, retain our existing customers, or attract new customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. The competitive factors material to our business are the following:

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Additionally, as the retail industry continues its trend toward increases in e-commerce, the manner in which our customers source or utilize our services will continue to evolve. If we are unable to successfully adapt and implement appropriate measures in response to these changes, our operating results could be adversely affected.

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Increased prices for, or decreases in the availability of, new revenue equipment, as well as higher costs of equipment-related operating expenses, could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.

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In recent years, manufacturers have raised the prices of new revenue equipment significantly due to inflation, increased demand for or decreased supply of such equipment, parts shortages, manufacturing disruptions, and increased costs of materials and labor. Manufacturers have also raised prices, in part, to offset their costs of compliance with new tractor engine and emissions system design requirements intended to reduce emissions, which have been mandated by the EPA, the NHTSA, and various state agencies such as those described in “Environmental and Other Government Regulations” within Part I, Item 1 (Business) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. GHG emissions regulations are likely to continue to impact the design and cost of equipment utilized in our operations as well as fuel costs. Additional state-mandated emission-control requirements could increase equipment and fuel costs for entire fleets that operate in interstate commerce. If new equipment prices increase more than anticipated, we could incur higher depreciation and rental expenses than anticipated. Our third-party capacity providers, including owner operators for portions of our ArcBest segment operations, are also subject to increased regulations and higher equipment and fuel prices, which will, in turn, increase our costs for utilizing their services or may cause certain providers to exit the industry, which could lead to or exacerbate a capacity shortage and further increase our costs of securing third-party services. If we are unable to fully offset any such increases in expenses with freight rate increases and/or improved fuel economy, our results of operations could be adversely affected.  

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We depend on suppliers for equipment, parts, and services that are critical to our operations, which may be difficult to procure in the event of decreased supply or other supply chain disruptions. From time to time, some original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) of tractors and trailers may reduce their manufacturing output due to, for example, lower demand for their products in economic downturns or a shortage of component parts. For example, significant shortages of semiconductor chips and other component parts and supplies, including steel, have forced and may continue to force manufacturers to curtail or suspend their production, leading to a lower supply of tractors and trailers, higher prices, and lengthened trade cycles. Component suppliers may either reduce production or be unable to increase production to meet OEM demand, creating periodic difficulty for OEMs to react in a timely manner to increased demand for new equipment and/or increased demand for replacement components as economic conditions change. Our total capital expenditures for

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2021 and, to a lesser extent, 2022 were reduced due to parts shortages and manufacturing disruptions of OEMs. As a result, a portion of our previously planned capital expenditures for 2021 and 2022 carried over into our 2022 and 2023 investment plans, respectively. When market forces result in demand outstripping supply, we have and may continue to face reduced supply levels and/or increased acquisition costs for new tractors or trailers, as well as related parts and services, for our Asset-Based operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and growth initiatives, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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Fuel shortages, changes in fuel prices, and the inability to collect fuel surcharges could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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The transportation industry is dependent upon the availability of adequate fuel supplies. A disruption in our fuel supply resulting from natural or man-made disasters; armed conflicts; terrorist attacks; actions by producers, including a decrease in drilling activity or the use of crude oil and oil reserves for purposes other than fuel production; legislation or regulations that require or result in new or alternate uses or other increases in the demand for fuel traditionally used by trucks; or other political, economic, and market factors that are beyond our control could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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Fuel represents a significant operating expense for us, and we do not have any long-term fuel purchase contracts or any hedging arrangements to protect against fuel price increases. Fuel prices fluctuate greatly due to factors beyond our control, such as global supply and demand for crude oil and diesel, political events, military conflicts, price and supply decisions by oil producing countries and cartels, terrorist activities, and hurricanes and other natural or man-made disasters. Significant increases in fuel prices or fuel taxes resulting from these or other economic or regulatory changes that are not offset by base freight rate increases or fuel surcharges could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

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Our Asset-Based segment and certain operations of our ArcBest segment assess a fuel surcharge based on an index of national diesel fuel prices. When fuel surcharges constitute a higher proportion of the total freight rate paid, our customers are less receptive to increases in base freight rates. Prolonged periods of inadequate base rate improvements could adversely impact operating results as elements of costs, including contractual wage rates, continue to increase. In periods of declining fuel prices, fuel surcharge percentages also decrease, which negatively impacts the total billed revenue per hundredweight or revenue per shipment measure and, consequently, our revenues, and the revenue decline may be disproportionate to the corresponding decline in our fuel costs.

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Risks Related to Employees and Benefits

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If we have difficulty attracting, retaining and upskilling employees throughout the Company, we could be faced with labor inefficiencies or delayed growth, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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During recent years, we experienced, and continue to experience in certain markets, challenges with hiring an adequate number of qualified drivers, freight-handlers, and professional personnel to meet increases in demand due to numerous factors, including the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, prevailing wage rates, health and other insurance costs, and inflation. The available pool of drivers has been declining, which has caused and may continue to cause us more difficulty in retaining and hiring qualified drivers and other personnel. The expansion of flexible work options triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic has also provided more employment opportunities for those in professional roles, including our IT roles, making attraction and retention more complex. Both our profitability and our ability to grow could be adversely affected if we encounter difficulty in attracting, retaining, and upskilling employees, including qualified drivers, freight-handlers and professional personnel, if we become subject to contractually required increases in compensation or fringe benefit costs, or if wage inflation continues for noncontractual professional roles. Government regulations or the adverse impact of certain legislative actions that result in shortages of qualified drivers could also impact our ability to grow the Company. If we are unable to continue to attract, retain, and upskill qualified employees, including drivers, we could incur higher recruiting expenses or a loss of business.

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We could be obligated to make additional significant contributions to multiemployer pension plans.

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ABF Freight contributes to multiemployer pension and health and welfare plans to provide benefits for its contractual employees. These multiemployer plans, established pursuant to the Taft-Hartley Act, are jointly-trusteed and cover collectively bargained employees of multiple unrelated employers. Due to the inherent nature of multiemployer pension

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plans, there are risks associated with participation in these plans that differ from single-employer plans. Assets received by the plans are not segregated by employer, and contributions made by one employer can be and are used to provide benefits to current and former employees of other employers. If a participating employer in a multiemployer pension plan no longer contributes to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers. If a participating employer in a multiemployer pension plan completely withdraws from the plan, it owes to the plan its proportionate share of the plan’s unfunded vested benefits, referred to as a withdrawal liability. A complete withdrawal generally occurs when the employer permanently ceases to have an obligation to contribute to the plan. Withdrawal liability is also owed in the event the employer withdraws from a plan in connection with a mass withdrawal, which generally occurs when all or substantially all employers withdraw from the plan in a relatively short period of time pursuant to an agreement. Were ABF Freight to completely withdraw from certain multiemployer pension plans, whether in connection with a mass withdrawal or otherwise, under current law, we would have material liabilities for our share of the unfunded vested liabilities of each such plan.

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The multiemployer pension plans to which ABF Freight contributes vary greatly in size and in funded status. Many of the multiemployer pension plans to which ABF Freight contributes are underfunded and, in some cases, significantly underfunded, as further discussed in Note J to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such underfunding could increase the size of our potential withdrawal liability. ABF Freight’s obligations to these plans are generally specified in the 2018 ABF NMFA and other related supplemental agreements. These pension plans provide the best retirement benefits in the industry. However, when compared to competitors, ABF Freight pays some of the highest benefit contribution rates in the industry and continues to address the effect of the Asset-Based segment’s wage and benefit cost structure on its operating results in discussions with the IBT. Through the term of its current collective bargaining agreement, ABF Freight’s multiemployer pension obligations generally will be satisfied by making the specified contributions when due. Future contribution rates will be determined through the negotiation process for contract periods following the term of the current collective bargaining agreement.

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Certain legislative actions which include provisions to improve funding for multiemployer pension plans became effective during 2021 and 2022, as further discussed in Note J to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. However, despite such legislative actions, we may still trigger withdrawal liability through, among other things, mergers and other fundamental corporate transactions and, as a result of operational changes, site closures and job losses. We continue to monitor the impact these legislative actions have on the funding status of the multiemployer pension plans to which ABF Freight contributes; however, we cannot determine with any certainty the minimum contributions that will be required under future collective bargaining agreements or the impact they will have on our results of operations and financial condition.  

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Risks Related to Third Parties

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We depend on services provided by third parties, and increased costs or disruption of these services, and claims arising from these services, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows, and customer relationships.

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A reduction in the availability of rail services or services provided by third-party capacity providers to meet customer requirements, as well as higher utilization of third-party agents to maintain service levels in periods of tonnage growth or higher shipment levels, could increase purchased transportation costs which we may be unable to pass along to our customers. If a disruption or reduction in transportation services from our rail or other third-party service providers were to occur, we could be faced with business interruptions that could cause us to fail to meet the needs of our customers. In addition, third-party providers can be expected to increase their prices based on market conditions or to cover increases in operating expenses. If we are unable to correspondingly increase the prices we charge to our customers, or if we are unable to secure sufficient third-party services to expand our capacity, add additional routes, or meet our commitments to our customers, there could be a material adverse impact on our operations, revenues, profitability and customer relationships.

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Our ability to secure the services of third-party service providers is affected by many risks beyond our control, including unfavorable pricing conditions; the shortage of quality third-party providers, including owner operators and drivers of contracted carriers for our ArcBest segment; shortages in available cargo capacity of third parties; equipment shortages in the transportation industry, particularly among contracted truckload carriers; changes in government regulations affecting the transportation industry and their related impact on operations, such as hours-of-service rules and the ELD mandate; labor disputes; or a significant interruption in service or stoppage in third-party transportation services. Each of these risks could have a material adverse effect on the operating results of our ArcBest segment.

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In addition, we may be subject to claims arising from services provided by third parties, particularly in connection with the operations of our ArcBest segment, which are dependent on third-party contract carriers. From time to time, the drivers who are owner operators, independent contractors, or employees working for third-party carriers that we contract with are involved in accidents or incidents that may result in cargo loss or damage, other property damage, or serious personal injuries including death. As a result, claims may be asserted against us for actions by such drivers or for our actions in contracting with them initially or retaining them over time. We or our subsidiaries could be held directly responsible for these third-party claims and, regardless of ultimate liability, may incur significant costs and expenses in defending these claims or through settlements, even in cases where we believe we have meritorious claims or defenses. We may also incur claims in connection with third-party vendors utilized in FleetNet’s operations. Our third-party contract carriers and other vendors may not agree to bear responsibility for such claims, or we may become responsible if they are unable to pay the claims, for example, due to bankruptcy proceedings, and such claims may exceed the amount of our insurance coverage or may not be covered by insurance at all.

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Our engagement of independent contractor drivers to provide a portion of the capacity for our ArcBest segment exposes us to different risks than we face with our employee drivers. If we have difficulty in securing independent owner operators, or if we incur increased costs to utilize independent owner operators, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be adversely affected.

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The driver fleet for portions of our ArcBest segment is made up of independent owner operators and individuals. We face intense competition in attracting and retaining qualified owner operators from the available pool of drivers and fleets, and we may be required to increase owner operator compensation or take other measures to remain an attractive option for owner operators, which may negatively impact our results of operations. If we are not able to maintain our delivery schedules due to a shortage of drivers or if we are required to increase our rates to offset increases in owner operator compensation, our services may be less competitive, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Furthermore, as these independent owner operators and individuals are third-party service providers, rather than our employees, they may decline loads of freight from time to time, which may impede our ability to deliver freight in a timely manner. If we fail to meet certain customer needs or incur increased expenses to do so, this could adversely affect the business, financial condition, and results of operations of our ArcBest segment.

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Additionally, we pay independent contractor drivers a fuel surcharge that increases with the increase in fuel prices. A significant increase or rapid fluctuation in fuel prices could cause the fuel surcharge we pay to independent contractors to be higher than the revenue we receive under our customer fuel surcharge programs, which could adversely impact the results of operations of our ArcBest segment.

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If the independent contractors with which we contract are deemed by regulators or judicial process to be employees, or if we experience operational or regulatory issues related to our use of these contract drivers, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be adversely affected.

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Class actions and other lawsuits have arisen in the transportation and logistics industry seeking to reclassify independent contractor drivers as employees for a variety of purposes, including workers’ compensation, wage-and-hour, and health care coverage. Many states have enacted restrictive laws that make it difficult to successfully prove independent-contractor status, and all states have enforcement programs to evaluate the classification of independent contractors. In the event of such reclassification of our owner operators, we could be exposed to various liabilities and additional costs, for both future and prior periods, under federal, state, and local tax laws, and workers’ compensation, unemployment benefits, labor, and employment laws, as well as potential liability for penalties and interest and under vicarious liability principles. Such liabilities and costs, to the extent they arise, could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition of our ArcBest segment.

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Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters

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We are subject to litigation risks, and at times may need to initiate litigation, which could result in significant costs and have other material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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The nature of our business exposes us to the potential for various claims and litigation, including class-action litigation and other legal proceedings brought by customers, suppliers, employees, or other parties, related to labor and employment, competitive matters, personal injury, property damage, cargo claims, safety and contract compliance, environmental

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liability, and other matters. We are subject to risk and uncertainties related to liabilities, including damages, fines, penalties, and substantial legal and related costs, that may result from these claims and litigation. Some or all of our expenditures to defend, settle, or litigate these matters may not be covered by insurance or could impact our cost of, and ability to obtain, insurance in the future. Also, litigation can be disruptive to normal business operations and could require a substantial amount of time and effort from our management team. Further, because of the potential risks, expenses, and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we believe that we have meritorious claims or defenses. Any material litigation or a catastrophic accident or series of accidents could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Our business reputation and our relationship with our customers, suppliers, and employees may also be adversely impacted by our involvement in legal proceedings.

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We establish reserves based on our assessment of known legal matters and contingencies. New legal claims, or subsequent developments related to known legal claims, asserted against us may affect our assessment and estimates of our recorded legal reserves and may require us to make payments in excess of our reserves, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Also see Item 3 (Legal Proceedings) included in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for disclosure of a legal matter for which we believe a loss, that could be material to our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows, is reasonably possible.

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Our business operations are subject to numerous governmental regulations in the transportation industry, and costs of compliance with, or liability for violations of, existing or future regulations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Various international, federal, state and local agencies exercise broad regulatory powers over the transportation industry, such as those described in “Environmental and Other Government Regulations” within Part I, Item 1 (Business) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We could become subject to new or more restrictive regulations, and the costs to comply with such regulations could increase our operating expenses or otherwise have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations. Such regulations could also influence the demand for transportation services. Failure to comply with laws and regulations can result in penalties, revocation of our permits or licenses, or both civil and criminal actions against us. In addition to the potential harm to our reputation and brands, the financial burdens resulting from such actions could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Failures by us, or our contracted owner operators and third-party carriers, to comply with the various applicable federal safety laws and regulations, or downgrades in our safety rating, could have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial condition, and could cause us to lose customers, as well as the ability to self-insure. The loss of our ability to self-insure for any significant period of time could materially increase insurance costs, or we could experience difficulty in obtaining adequate levels of insurance coverage.

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Our ArcBest segment utilizes third-party service providers who are subject to similar regulatory requirements. If the operations of these providers are impacted to the extent that a shortage of quality third-party service providers occurs, or if we experience a shortage of quality third-party vendors utilized in FleetNet’s operations, there could be a material adverse effect on the business and results of operations of our ArcBest and FleetNet segments. Also, activities by these providers that violate applicable laws or regulations could result in governmental or third-party actions against us. Although third-party service providers with whom we contract agree to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may not be aware of, and may therefore be unable to address or remedy, violations by them.

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We are also subject to stringent and changing privacy laws, regulations and standards as well as policies, contracts and other obligations related to data privacy, including customer and employee data. As a provider of worldwide transportation and logistics services, we collect and process significant amounts of customer data on a daily basis. In recent years, there have been global efforts by governments and consumer groups for increased transparency in how customer data is utilized and how customers and employees can control the use and storage of their data. Complying with existing or new data protection laws and regulations may increase our compliance costs or require us to modify our data handling practices. Non-compliance could result in governmental or consumer actions against us and even perceived non-compliance may otherwise adversely impact our reputation, operating results and financial condition. The uncertainty of the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, and their increasing scope and complexity, create regulatory risks that will likely increase over time. Additionally, if third parties or others violate obligations and restrictions with respect to data privacy and security, such violations may also put our customers’ or employees’ information at risk and could in turn have a material and adverse effect on our business.

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Our operations are subject to various environmental laws and regulations, the violation of which could result in substantial fines or penalties. The costs of compliance with current and future environmental laws and regulations may be significant and could adversely impact our results of operations.

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We routinely transport or arrange for the transportation of hazardous materials and explosives, and, at certain facilities of our Asset-Based operations, we store fuel and oil in underground and aboveground tanks and other containers. In connection with these operations, we are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations relating to, among other areas: emission controls, transportation of hazardous materials, underground and aboveground storage tanks, stormwater pollution prevention, contingency planning for spills of petroleum products, and disposal of waste oil. We may be subject to substantial fines, civil penalties, or third-party initiated lawsuits if we fail to obtain proper certifications or permits or if we do not comply with required environmental inspections and testing provisions. Under certain environmental laws, we could be subject to strict liability for any clean-up costs relating to contamination at our past or present facilities and at third-party waste disposal sites, as well as costs associated with the cleanup of accidents involving our vehicles.

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The transportation of hazardous materials or explosives also involves the risks of, among others, fuel spillage or leakage, environmental damage, a spill or accident involving hazardous substances, and hazardous waste disposal. In addition, if any damage or injury occurs as a result of these operations, we may be subject to claims from third parties and bear liability for such damage or injury.

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Although we have instituted programs to monitor and control environmental risks and promote and maintain compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations, violations of applicable laws or regulations may subject us to clean-up costs and liabilities not covered by insurance or in excess of our applicable insurance coverage, including substantial fines, civil penalties, or civil and criminal liability, as well as bans on making future shipments in particular geographic areas, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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Concern over climate change, including the impact of global warming, has led to significant legislative and regulatory efforts to limit carbon and other GHG emissions, and some form of federal, state, and/or regional climate change legislation is possible in the future. Emission-related regulatory actions have historically resulted in increased costs of revenue equipment, diesel fuel, and equipment maintenance, and future legislation, if enacted, could impose substantial costs on us that may adversely impact our results of operations. Such regulatory actions may require changes in our operating practices, impair equipment productivity, or require additional reporting disclosures. Compliance with laws and regulations related to climate risk may also increase our exposure to litigation or governmental investigations or proceedings. We may also incur significant costs to comply with increased regulation regarding environmental monitoring and reporting requirements. We are subject to increasing investor and customer sensitivity to sustainability issues, and we may be subject to additional requirements related to shareholder proposals, customer-led initiatives, or our customers’ efforts to comply with environmental programs. Until the timing, scope, and extent of any future regulation or customer requirements become known, we cannot predict their effect on our cost structure, business, or results of operations.

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Risks Related to Financial Considerations

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We are subject to interest rate risk and certain covenants under our financing arrangements. A default under these financing arrangements or changes in regulations that impact the availability of funds, or our borrowing costs could cause a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.

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We are affected by the instability in the financial and credit markets that from time to time has created volatility in various interest rates and returns on invested assets. We are subject to market risk due to variable interest rates on our borrowings on the accounts receivable securitization program (“A/R Securitization”) and the revolving credit facility (“Credit Facility”) under our Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”). Although we have an interest rate swap agreement to mitigate a portion of our interest rate risk by effectively converting $50.0 million of borrowings under our Credit Facility, of which $50.0 million remains outstanding at the end of February 2023, from variable-rate interest to fixed-rate interest, changes in interest rates may increase our financing costs related to our Credit Facility, future borrowings against our A/R Securitization, new notes payable or finance lease arrangements, or additional sources of financing. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including inflation, governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control. Furthermore, future financial market disruptions may adversely affect our ability to refinance, maintain our letter of credit arrangements or, if needed, secure alternative sources of financing. If any of the financial institutions that have extended credit

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commitments to us are adversely affected by economic conditions, disruption to the capital and credit markets, or increased regulation, they may become unable to fund borrowings under their credit commitments or otherwise fulfill their obligations to us, which could have an adverse impact on our ability to borrow additional funds, and thus have an adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. See Note G to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of our financing arrangements.

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Our Credit Agreement and A/R Securitization contain customary financial covenants and other customary restrictive covenants that may limit our future operations. Failing to achieve certain required financial ratios could adversely affect our ability to finance our operations, make strategic acquisitions or investments, or plan for or react to market conditions or otherwise execute our business strategies.

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If we default under the terms of the Credit Agreement or our A/R Securitization and fail to obtain appropriate amendments to or waivers under the applicable financing arrangement, our borrowings under such facilities could be immediately declared due and payable. An event of default under either of these facilities could constitute automatic default on the other facility and could trigger cross-default provisions in our outstanding notes payable and other financing agreements, unless the lenders to these facilities choose not to exercise remedies or to otherwise allow us to cure the default. If we fail to pay the amount due under our Credit Facility or A/R Securitization, the lender of the A/R Securitization could proceed against the collateral by which that facility is secured, our borrowing capacity may be limited, or one or both of the facilities could be terminated. If acceleration of outstanding borrowings occurs or if one or both of the facilities is terminated, we may have difficulty borrowing additional funds sufficient to refinance the accelerated debt or entering into new credit or debt arrangements, and, if available, the terms of the financing may not be favorable or acceptable. A default under the Credit Agreement or A/R Securitization, changes in regulations that impact the availability of funds or our borrowing costs, or our inability to renew our financing arrangements with terms that are acceptable to us, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

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Our business is capital intensive. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash from operations, our growth and profitability could be limited due to significant ongoing capital expenditure requirements.

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We depend on cash flows from operations, borrowings under our Credit Facility or our A/R Securitization, and operating and financing leases to fund our capital expenditures. We continue to invest significantly in our revenue equipment fleet, which helps us reduce our maintenance costs and has resulted in the Company having one of the newest fleets on the road. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash over an extended period of time from operations to fund our capital requirements, we may have to limit our growth, including our ability to invest in technological initiatives that drive business efficiencies; utilize our existing liquidity or enter into additional financing arrangements, including leasing arrangements; or operate our revenue equipment for longer periods resulting in increased maintenance costs, any of which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

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Claims expenses or the cost of maintaining our insurance, including medical plans, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

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Claims may be asserted against us for cargo loss or damage, property damage, personal injury, and workers’ compensation related to accidents or events occurring in our operations. Claims may also be asserted against us for accidents involving the operations of third-party service providers that we utilize, for our actions in retaining their services, for loss or damage to our customers’ goods or other damages for which we are alleged or may be determined to be responsible. Such claims against us and associated costs and legal expenses may not be covered by insurance policies or may exceed the amount of insurance coverage or our established reserves, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. If the frequency and/or severity of claims increase, our operating results could be adversely affected. The timing of the incurrence of these costs could significantly and adversely impact our operating results.

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We are primarily self-insured for workers’ compensation, third-party casualty loss, and cargo loss and damage claims for the operations of our Asset-Based segment and certain of our other subsidiaries. We also self-insure for medical benefits for our eligible nonunion personnel. Because we self-insure for a significant portion of our claims exposure and related expenses, our insurance and claims expense may be volatile. If we lose our ability to self-insure for any significant period of time, insurance costs could materially increase, and we could experience difficulty in obtaining adequate levels of insurance coverage. Our self-insurance program for third-party casualty claims is conducted under a federal program administered by a government agency. If the government were to terminate the program or if we were to be excluded from the program, our insurance costs could increase. Additionally, if our third-party insurance carriers or underwriters leave

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the trucking sector, our insurance costs or collateral requirements could materially increase, or we could experience difficulties in finding insurance in excess of our self-insured retention limits. In recent years, several insurance companies have completely stopped offering coverage to trucking companies or have significantly reduced the amount of coverage they offer or have significantly raised premiums as a result of increases in the severity of automobile liability claims and sharply higher costs of settlements and verdicts. Our insurance premiums or deductibles could increase in the future due to market conditions or if our claims experience worsens. The impact of climate change, including its effect on weather-related events which may disrupt our operations or damage our property and equipment, may increase our claims liabilities and the cost to obtain adequate insurance coverage for our business. If our insurance or claims expense increases, or if we decide to increase our insurance coverage in the future, and we are unable to offset any increase in expense with higher revenues, our earnings could be adversely affected. In some instances, certain insurance could become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. If we were to incur a significant liability for which we were not fully insured, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

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We have programs in place with multiple surety companies for the issuance of unsecured surety bonds in support of our self-insurance program for workers’ compensation and third-party casualty liability. Estimates made by the states and the surety companies of our future exposure for our self-insurance liabilities could influence the amount and cost of additional letters of credit and surety bonds required to support our self-insurance program, and we may be required to maintain secured surety bonds in the future, which could increase the amount of our cash equivalents and short-term investments restricted for use and unavailable for operational or capital requirements.

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Future impairment, if any, of our goodwill and intangibles could adversely affect our earnings.

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Our goodwill and intangible assets are primarily associated with acquisitions in the ArcBest segment. As of December 31, 2022, we had recorded goodwill of $305.4 million and intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, of $113.8 million. Our annual impairment evaluations for goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets in 2022, 2021, and 2020 produced no indication of impairment of the recorded balances; however, there can be no assurance that an impairment will not occur in the future.

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Given the uncertainties regarding the economic environment, there can be no assurance that our estimates and assumptions made for purposes of impairment evaluations and accounting estimates will prove to be accurate. Significant declines in business levels or other changes in cash flow assumptions, including insufficient cash flows from acquired operations, or other factors that negatively impact the fair value of the operations of our reporting units, could result in impairment and noncash write-off of a significant portion of our goodwill and intangible assets, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Other External Conditions

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We are subject to general economic factors and instability in financial and credit markets that are largely beyond our control, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Our business is cyclical in nature and tends to reflect general economic conditions, which can be impacted by government actions, including suspension of government operations and imposition of trade tariffs. Our performance is affected by recessionary economic cycles, inflation, labor and supply shortages, downturns in customers’ business cycles, and changes in their business practices. Our tonnage and shipment levels are directly affected by industrial production and manufacturing, distribution, residential and commercial construction, and consumer spending, in each case primarily in the North American economy, and capacity in the trucking industry as well as our customers’ inventory levels and freight profile characteristics. We are also subject to risks related to disruption of world markets that could affect shipments between countries and could adversely affect the volume of freight and related pricing in the markets we serve. Further changes to U.S. or international trade policy or other global trade impacts could result in increased cost for goods transported globally, which may lead to reduced consumer demand, or trading partners could limit trades with countries that impose anti-trade measures, which may lead to a lower volume of global economic trading activity. International security concerns, including the war in Ukraine and other geopolitical tensions, and potential actions or retaliatory measures taken in respect thereof, could continue to have a material adverse effect on global trade and economic activity.

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Recessionary economic conditions may result in a general decline in demand for freight transportation and logistics services. The pricing environment generally becomes more competitive during periods of slow economic growth and economic recessions, which may adversely affect the profit margin for our services. Our operations and the rates we obtain

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for our services may also be negatively impacted when economic conditions lead to a decrease in shipping demand, which in turn results in excess equipment capacity in the industry. In certain market conditions, we may have to accept more freight from freight brokers, where freight rates are typically lower, or we may be forced to incur more non-revenue miles to obtain loads. Conversely, during times of higher shipping demand, tight market capacity may negatively impact the service levels we are able to provide to our customers. Demand for our roadside assistance and fleet maintenance management services may also decline in a weaker economic environment when customers of our FleetNet segment experience declines in their equipment utilization or delay maintenance needs.  

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Economic conditions could adversely affect our customers’ business levels, the amount of transportation services they require, and their ability to pay for our services, which could negatively impact our working capital and our ability to satisfy our financial obligations and covenants of our financing arrangements. Customers encountering adverse economic conditions or facing credit issues could experience cash flow difficulties and, thus, represent a greater potential for payment delays or uncollectible accounts receivable, and, as a result, we may be required to increase our allowances for uncollectible accounts receivable. Our obligation to pay third-party service providers is not contingent upon payment from our customers, and we extend unsecured credit to these customers, which increases our exposure to uncollectible receivables.

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Inflation and rising interest rates may adversely affect us by increasing costs beyond what we can recover through price increases.

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Inflation in the United States was at its highest level in 40 years by the end of June 2022 and although the inflation rate slowed slightly during the second half of 2022, it remains above market forecasts as of January 2023. Significant inflation can adversely impact our financial condition by increasing interest rates and the cost of equipment. Most of our operating expenses are sensitive to increases in inflation, including fuel, insurance, employee wages and benefits, purchased transportation, and depreciation due to higher equipment prices. Further, inflation may generally increase costs for materials, supplies, services, and capital. In a highly inflationary environment, we may be unable to secure adequate price increases for our services to offset the increases in our operating costs, which could reduce our operating margins.

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Our business and results of operations could be impacted by seasonal fluctuations, adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, and climate change.

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Our operations are, and may in the future be, impacted by seasonal fluctuations and, at times, inclement weather conditions that affect tonnage and shipment levels, service events, demand for our services, and operating costs, which in turn may impact our revenues and operating results, as further described in “Seasonality” within Part I, Item 1 (Business) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Climate change may have an influence on the severity of weather conditions. Severe weather events and natural disasters could disrupt our operations or the operations of our customers or third-party service providers, damage existing infrastructure, destroy our assets, affect regional economies, or disrupt fuel supplies or increase fuel costs, any of which could adversely affect our business levels and operating results.

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ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

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None.

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ITEM 2.PROPERTIES

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The Company believes that its facilities, including owned and leased properties, are suitable and adequate and that the facilities have sufficient capacity to meet current business requirements. The Company owns an office facility in Fort Smith, Arkansas, which provides space for corporate and certain subsidiary functions. The Company also leases an office building in Fort Smith, Arkansas for certain subsidiary functions.

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Asset-Based Segment

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The Asset-Based segment operates out of its general office building located in Fort Smith, Arkansas and 239 revenue producing facilities, 10 of which also serve as distribution centers. The Company owns 110 of these Asset-Based segment facilities and leases the remainder from nonaffiliates. Asset-Based distribution centers are as follows:

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Asset-Light Operations

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The ArcBest segment owns a general office building and service bay in Medina, Ohio and leases six additional office and warehouse locations, including an office and warehouse location in Sparks, Nevada and an office location in Chicago, Illinois. The FleetNet segment owns its office located in Cherryville, North Carolina.

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ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

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Various legal actions, the majority of which arise in the normal course of business, are pending. The Company maintains liability insurance against certain risks arising out of the normal course of business, subject to certain self-insured retention limits. The Company has amounts accrued for certain legal, environmental, and self-insurance exposures. These exposures and legal actions which arise in the normal course of business are not expected to have a material adverse effect, individually or in the aggregate, on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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In January 2023, ArcBest Corporation and MoLo Solutions, LLC were added as defendants in five separate lawsuits all arising from a single multi-fatality auto accident involving one of MoLo’s contract carriers. The accident occurred in June 2021 in Baxter County, Alabama, and the cases are pending in the state and federal courts therein situated. The accident occurred prior to the Company’s acquisition of MoLo. The lawsuits allege that MoLo was negligent in the selection of the motor carrier involved in the accident. The Company intends to vigorously defend against these lawsuits. Although a range of reasonably possible losses for this matter cannot be estimated at this time, it is reasonably possible that such amounts could be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. The Company will pursue recovery for its losses, if any, against all available sources, including, but not limited to, insurance and any potentially responsible third parties.

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For additional information related to our environmental and legal matters, see Note O to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

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Not applicable.

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PART II

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ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

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Market Information, Dividends and Holders

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The common stock of ArcBest Corporation trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ARCB.” As of February 20, 2023, there were 24,258,338 shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding, which were held by 182 stockholders of record. A substantially greater number of holders of ArcBest Corporation common stock are "street name" or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.

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On January 30, 2023, the board of directors of the Company (the “Board of Directors”) declared a quarterly dividend of $0.12 per share to stockholders of record as of February 14, 2023. The Company expects to continue to pay quarterly dividends in the foreseeable future, although there can be no assurance in this regard since future dividends will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend upon the Company’s future earnings, capital requirements, and financial condition, contractual restrictions applying to the payment of dividends under the Company’s Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, and other factors.

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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

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The Company has a program to repurchase its common stock in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The program has no expiration date but may be terminated at any time at the Board of Directors’ discretion. In January 2003, the Board of Directors authorized a $25.0 million common stock repurchase program and authorized extensions of the share repurchase program in 2005, 2015, and 2021. In April 2022, the Board of Directors increased the total amount available for purchases of the Company’s common stock under the share repurchase program to $75.0 million.

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On November 1, 2021, the Board of Directors authorized the Company to enter into an accelerated share repurchase program (“ASR”). The fixed-dollar ASR, which was executed on November 2, 2021 with a third-party financial institution to effect an accelerated repurchase of $100.0 million of the Company’s common stock, was settled in January 2022.

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During 2022, the Company purchased 822,106 shares of its common stock for an aggregate cost of $65.0 million and purchased 214,763 shares to settle the remaining $25.0 million under the ASR. During the three months ended December 31, 2022, the Company purchased 188,547 shares, leaving $26.5 million remaining under the Company’s share repurchase programs.

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ITEM 6.RESERVED

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ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

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ArcBest Corporation^™ (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company,” “ArcBest^®,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) is a multibillion-dollar integrated logistics company that leverages technology and a full suite of shipping and logistics solutions to meet our customers’ supply chain needs. Our operations are conducted through three reportable operating segments:

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The ArcBest and the FleetNet reportable segments combined represent our Asset-Light operations. For more information, see additional segment descriptions in Part I, Item 1 (Business) and in Note N to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. References to the Company, including “we,” “us,” and “our,” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, are primarily to the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

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ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is provided to assist readers in understanding our financial performance during the periods presented and significant trends which may impact our future performance, including the principal factors affecting our results of operations, liquidity and capital resources, and critical accounting policies. MD&A includes additional information about significant accounting policies, practices, and the transactions that underlie our financial results. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. MD&A includes forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from the statements made in this section due to a number of factors that are discussed in Part I (Forward-Looking Statements) and Part I, Item 1A (Risk Factors) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. MD&A is comprised of the following:

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

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This Results of Operations section of MD&A generally discusses 2022 and 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021. Discussions of 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in the Results of Operations section of MD&A in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

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Consolidated Results

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Our consolidated revenues, which totaled $5.3 billion for 2022, increased 33.8% compared to 2021, reflecting increased customer demand and higher pricing for our broad service offerings, primarily during the first half of 2022, as well as revenues from the acquired operations of MoLo. Our annual revenue growth was partially offset by the impact of weakening economic conditions during the second half of 2022, compared to the strong market environment in the same prior-year period. The year-over-year increase in consolidated revenues for 2022 reflects a 17.0% increase in our Asset-Based revenues and a 59.7% increase in revenues of our Asset-Light operations. The increased elimination of revenues reported in the “Other and eliminations” line of consolidated revenues in 2022, compared to 2021, includes the impact of increased intersegment business levels among our operating segments, reflecting continued integration of our logistics services.

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Our Asset-Based revenue improvement reflects a 14.5% increase in billed revenue per hundredweight, including fuel surcharges, a 1.6% increase in tonnage per day, and a 1.5% increase in shipments per day in 2022, compared to 2021, reflecting solid customer demand in a rational pricing environment. The increase in revenues of our Asset-Light operations for 2022, compared to 2021, reflects a 58.3% increase in shipments per day due to increased customer demand and the addition of MoLo and a 3.8% increase in revenue per shipment associated with higher market pricing in a tighter truckload capacity environment in the first half of 2022 (with metrics excluding managed transportation shipments). Increased market demand and improved pricing for managed transportation services within our ArcBest segment and increases in revenue per event and service event volume for our FleetNet segment also contributed to our revenue improvement for 2022. Our 2022 revenue improvement was partially offset by the impact of a softening market environment in the second half of the year, including decelerating demand trends in our Asset-Based business and a slowdown in customer shipping volumes, combined with an increase in available truckload capacity which lowered market rates, in our ArcBest segment. Our Asset-Light operations, on a combined basis, generated approximately 45% and 38% of total revenues before other revenues and intercompany eliminations for 2022 and 2021, respectively, as we advanced toward our goal of achieving a more balanced revenue mix and ultimately toward a revenue mix that is more reflective of our customers’ needs for logistic services.

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Consolidated operating income increased $118.3 million in 2022, compared to 2021, primarily due to the improved operating results of our operating segments (further described within the Asset-Based Segment Results and the Asset-

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Light Results sections). The year-over-year comparison of consolidated operating income was also impacted by items described in the following paragraphs, including costs related to investments in innovative technology, costs related to the MoLo acquisition, gains on the sale of a subsidiary, and costs associated with enhancements to our nonunion vacation policy.

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Innovative technology costs related to our freight handling pilot test program at ABF Freight are discussed in the Asset-Based Segment Results section. Initiatives to optimize our performance through technological innovation, including certain costs related to the pilot program at ABF Freight and costs related to our investment in human-centered remote operation software, are reported in the “Other and eliminations” line of consolidated operating income. These combined costs impacted consolidated results by $40.8 million (pre-tax), or $30.8 million (after-tax) and $1.21 per diluted share, for 2022, compared to $32.8 million (pre-tax), or $24.9 million (after-tax) and $0.93 per diluted share, for 2021.

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The MoLo acquisition impacted consolidated operating results in 2022 and 2021, including the change in the liability for contingent earnout consideration, the amortization of acquired intangible assets related to the acquisition, and, in 2021, transaction costs associated with the acquisition. The liability for contingent consideration recorded for the MoLo acquisition is remeasured at each quarterly reporting date, and any change in fair value as a result of the recurring assessments is recognized in operating income. The quarterly remeasurement of the contingent consideration reduced the consolidated results for 2022, by a total of $18.3 million (pre-tax), or $13.6 million (after-tax) and $0.54 per diluted share. (The contingent earnout consideration is further discussed in Note D to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.) Transaction costs associated with the MoLo acquisition impacted consolidated results by $6.0 million (pre-tax), or $4.4 million (after-tax) and $0.16 per diluted share, for 2021. The amortization of acquired intangible assets related to the acquisition of MoLo and previously acquired businesses in the ArcBest segment impacted consolidated operating results for 2022 by $12.9 million (pre-tax), or $9.6 million (after-tax) and $0.38 per diluted share. For 2021, these costs impacted consolidated results by $5.3 million (pre-tax), or $3.9 million (after-tax) and $0.15 per diluted share.

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Consolidated operating results benefited from the sale of a portion of our ArcBest segment’s moving labor services business in second quarter 2021, for which a gain of $0.4 million (pre-tax), or $0.3 million (after-tax) and $0.01 per diluted share, was recognized for 2022 upon release of the funds related to the sale from escrow in second quarter 2022, compared to the gain of $6.9 million (pre-tax), or $5.4 million (after-tax) and $0.20 per diluted share, in 2021. Consolidated operating results for 2022 were also impacted by a one-time, noncash charge of $2.1 million (pre-tax), or $1.5 million (after-tax) and $0.06 per diluted share, for enhancements to our nonunion vacation policy which were effective in third quarter 2022.

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In addition to the above items, consolidated net income and earnings per share were impacted by changes in the cash surrender value of variable life insurance policies, tax benefits from the vesting of share-based compensation awards, tax credits, and other changes in the effective tax rate as described within the Income Taxes section of MD&A. A portion of our variable life insurance policies have investments, through separate accounts, in equity and fixed income securities and, therefore, are subject to market volatility. Changes in the cash surrender value of life insurance policies, which are reported below the operating income line in the consolidated statements of operations, increased consolidated net income by $2.7 million and $0.11 per diluted share in 2022, and decreased consolidated net income by $4.1 million and $0.15 per diluted share in 2021.

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The vesting of restricted stock units resulted in a tax benefit of $8.1 million and $0.32 per diluted share for 2022, compared to a tax benefit of $7.6 million and $0.29 per diluted share in 2021. The year-over-year comparisons of consolidated net income and earnings per share for 2022 and 2021 were also impacted by tax benefits and credits, as well as other changes in the effective tax rates, which are further described within the Income Taxes section of MD&A and in Note F to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Consolidated Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”)

We report our financial results in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). However, management believes that certain non-GAAP performance measures and ratios, such as Adjusted EBITDA, utilized for internal analysis provide analysts, investors, and others the same information that we use internally for purposes of assessing our core operating performance and provides meaningful comparisons between current and prior period results, as well as important information regarding performance trends. Accordingly, using these measures improves comparability in analyzing our performance because it removes the impact of items from operating results that, in management’s opinion, do not reflect our core operating performance. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA as a key measure of performance and for business planning. The measure is particularly meaningful for analysis of our operating performance, because it excludes amortization of acquired intangibles and software of the Asset-Light businesses, changes in the fair value of contingent earnout consideration, gain on sale of subsidiary, and transaction costs, which are significant expenses or gains resulting from strategic decisions rather than core daily operations. Additionally, Adjusted EBITDA is a primary component of the financial covenants contained in our Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (see Note H to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). Other companies may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently; therefore, our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Non-GAAP financial measures should be viewed in addition to, and not as an alternative for, our reported results. Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as a better measurement than operating income, operating cash flow, net income, or earnings per share, as determined under GAAP. The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to our net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure for the periods presented.

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Asset-Based Operations

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Asset-Based Segment Overview

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The Asset-Based segment consists of ABF Freight System, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of ArcBest Corporation, and certain other subsidiaries. Our Asset-Based segment operates one of North America’s largest less-than-truckload (“LTL”) networks providing freight transportation services. Our customers trust the LTL solutions ABF Freight has provided for 100 years and rely on us to solve their transportation challenges. We are strategically investing in our Asset-Based operations to utilize technology to improve freight handling processes and provide better experiences for our customers.

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Our Asset-Based operations are affected by general economic conditions, as well as a number of other competitive factors that are more fully described in Item 1 (Business) and in Item 1A (Risk Factors) of Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. See Note N to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of the Asset-Based segment and additional segment information, including revenues, operating expenses, and operating income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

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The key indicators necessary to understand the operating results of our Asset-Based segment are outlined below. These key indicators are used by management to evaluate segment operating performance and measure the effectiveness of strategic initiatives in the results of our Asset-Based segment. We quantify certain key indicators using key operating statistics, which are important measures in analyzing segment operating results from period to period. These statistics are defined within the key indicators below and referred to throughout the discussion of the results of our Asset-Based segment:

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Pounds or Tonnage – total weight of shipments processed during the period in U.S. pounds or U.S. tons.

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Pounds per day or Tonnage per day (average daily shipment weight) – pounds or tonnage divided by the number of workdays in the period.

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Shipments per day – total number of shipments moving through the Asset-Based freight network during the period divided by the number of workdays in the period.

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Pounds per shipment (weight per shipment) – total pounds divided by the number of shipments during the period.

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Average length of haul (miles) – total miles between origin and destination service centers for all shipments (including shipments moved with purchased transportation) during the period, with miles based on the size of shipments.

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Billed revenue per hundredweight, including fuel surcharges (yield) – revenue per 100 pounds of shipment weight, including fuel surcharges, systematically calculated as shipments are processed in the Asset-Based freight network. Revenue for undelivered freight is deferred for financial statement purposes in accordance with our revenue recognition policy. Billed revenue used for calculating revenue per hundredweight measurements is not adjusted for the portion of revenue deferred for financial statement purposes.

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Operating ratio – the percent of operating expenses to revenue levels.

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We also quantify certain key operating statistics which are used by management to evaluate productivity of operations within the Asset-Based freight network and to measure the effectiveness of strategic initiatives to manage the segment’s cost structure from period to period. These measures are defined below and further discussed in the Asset-Based Operating Expenses section within Asset-Based Segment Results:

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Other companies within our industry may present different key performance indicators or operating statistics, or they may calculate their measures differently; therefore, our key performance indicators or operating statistics may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Key performance indicators or operating statistics should

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be viewed in addition to, and not as an alternative for, our reported results. Our key performance indicators or operating statistics should not be construed as better measurements of our results than operating income, operating cash flow, net income, or earnings per share, as determined under GAAP.

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As of December 2022, approximately 82% of our Asset-Based segment’s employees were covered under the ABF National Master Freight Agreement (the “2018 ABF NMFA”), the collective bargaining agreement with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (the “IBT”), which will remain in effect through June 30, 2023. Under the 2018 ABF NMFA, the contractual wage and benefits costs, including the ratification bonuses and vacation restoration, are estimated to increase approximately 2.0% on a compounded annual basis through the end of the agreement. Profit-sharing bonuses based on the Asset-Based segment’s annual GAAP operating ratios for any full calendar year under the contract represent an additional increase in costs under the 2018 ABF NMFA. A profit-sharing bonus totaling $16.2 million and $15.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, was earned by qualifying union-represented employees under the 2018 ABF NMFA upon the Asset-Based segment achieving an annual GAAP operating ratio of 87.3% for 2022 and 89.9% for 2021.

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The major economic provisions of the 2018 ABF NMFA include:

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Tonnage

The level of freight tonnage managed by the Asset-Based segment is directly affected by industrial production and manufacturing; distribution; residential and commercial construction; consumer spending, primarily in the North American economy; and capacity in the trucking industry. Operating results are affected by economic cycles and conditions, customers’ business cycles, and changes in customers’ business practices. The Asset-Based segment actively competes for freight business based primarily on price, service, and availability of flexible shipping options to customers. ArcBest seeks to offer value through identifying specific customer needs and providing operational flexibility and seamless access to the services of our Asset-Based segment and our Asset-Light operations in order to respond with customized solutions.

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Pricing

The industry pricing environment, another key factor impacting our Asset-Based results, influences the ability to obtain appropriate margins and price increases on customer accounts. Generally, freight is rated by a class system, which is established by the National Motor Freight Traffic Association, Inc. Light, bulky freight typically has a higher class and is priced at a higher revenue per hundredweight than dense, heavy freight. Changes in the rated class and packaging of the freight, along with changes in other freight profile factors, such as average shipment size; average length of haul; freight density; and customer and geographic mix, can affect the average billed revenue per hundredweight measure.

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Approximately 20% to 25% of our Asset-Based business is subject to base LTL tariffs, which are affected by general rate increases, combined with individually negotiated discounts. Rates on the remaining Asset-Based business, including business priced in the spot market, are subject to individual pricing arrangements negotiated at various times throughout the year. The majority of the business that is subject to negotiated pricing arrangements is associated with larger customer accounts with annually negotiated pricing arrangements. The remaining business is priced on an individual shipment basis considering each shipment’s unique profile, value provided to the customer, and current market conditions. Since pricing is established individually by account, the Asset-Based segment focuses on individual account profitability rather than a single measure of billed revenue per hundredweight when considering customer account or market evaluations. This is

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due to the difficulty of quantifying, with sufficient accuracy, the impact of changes in freight profile characteristics, which is necessary in estimating true price changes.

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We allow shippers without negotiated published rates to instantly access competitive LTL rates through an online portal, matching their shipping needs with capacity available in the ABF Freight network at the time of the shipment. The market has been receptive to this dynamic pricing option for transactional LTL shipments, and this program has been beneficial in optimizing our business levels by improving capacity utilization in the Asset-Based network. In a softer market environment, such as the conditions we experienced in the second half of 2022, our dynamic pricing option allows us to strategically fill empty capacity, enabling us to avoid furloughs or layoffs and be better positioned for a market rebound of higher freight demand, as well as provide a more sustainable service offering by reducing “empty miles” (or the number of miles we move empty or near-empty equipment for repositioning purposes).

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We also utilize a space-based pricing approach for shipments subject to LTL tariffs to align our pricing with freight shipping trends in the industry, including the overall growth and ongoing profile shift to bulkier, yet often lighter, shipments across the supply chain, the acceleration in e-commerce, and the unique requirements of many shipping and logistics solutions. Space-based pricing involves the use of freight dimensions (length, width, and height) to determine applicable cubic minimum charges (“CMC”) that supplement weight-based metrics when appropriate. Traditional LTL pricing is generally weight-based, while our linehaul costs are generally space-based (i.e., costs are impacted by the volume of space required for each shipment). We believe space-based pricing better aligns our pricing mechanisms with the metrics which affect our resources and, therefore, our costs to provide logistics services. We seek to provide logistics solutions to our customers’ businesses and the unique shipment characteristics of their various products and commodities, and we believe that we are particularly experienced in handling complicated freight. The CMC is an additional pricing mechanism to better capture the value we provide in transporting these shipments.

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Fuel

The transportation industry is dependent upon the availability of adequate fuel supplies. The Asset-Based segment assesses a fuel surcharge based on the index of national on-highway average diesel fuel prices published weekly by the U.S. Department of Energy. To better align fuel surcharges to fuel- and energy-related expenses and provide more stability to account profitability as fuel prices change, we may, from time to time, revise our standard fuel surcharge program, which impacts approximately one-third of Asset-Based shipments and primarily affects noncontractual customers. While fuel surcharge revenue generally more than offsets the increase in direct diesel fuel costs when applied, the total impact of energy prices on other nonfuel-related expenses is difficult to ascertain. Management cannot predict, with reasonable certainty, future fuel price fluctuations, the impact of energy prices on other cost elements, recoverability of fuel costs through fuel surcharges, and the effect of fuel surcharges on the overall rate structure or the total price that the segment will receive from its customers. While the fuel surcharge is one of several components in the overall rate structure, the actual rate paid by customers is governed by market forces and the overall value of services provided to the customer.

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During periods of changing diesel fuel prices, the fuel surcharge and associated direct diesel fuel costs also vary by different degrees. Depending upon the rates of these changes and the impact on costs in other fuel- and energy-related areas, operating margins could be impacted. Fuel prices have fluctuated significantly in recent years. Whether fuel prices fluctuate or remain constant, operating results may be adversely affected if competitive pressures limit our ability to recover fuel surcharges. Throughout 2022, the fuel surcharge mechanism generally continued to have market acceptance among customers; however, certain nonstandard pricing arrangements have limited the amount of fuel surcharge recovered. The negative impact on operating margins of capped fuel surcharge revenue during periods of increasing fuel costs is more evident when fuel prices remain above the maximum levels recovered through the fuel surcharge mechanism on certain accounts. In periods of declining fuel prices, fuel surcharge percentages also decrease, which negatively impacts the total billed revenue per hundredweight measure and, consequently, revenues. The revenue decline may be disproportionate to our fuel costs. Asset-Based revenues for 2022, compared to 2021, were positively impacted by higher fuel surcharge revenue due to an increase in the nominal fuel surcharge rate, while total fuel costs also increased. The segment’s operating results will continue to be impacted by further changes in fuel prices and the related fuel surcharges.

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Labor Costs

Our Asset-Based labor costs, including retirement and healthcare benefits for contractual employees that are provided by a number of multiemployer plans (see Note J to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K), are impacted by contractual obligations under the 2018 ABF NMFA and other related supplemental agreements. Total salaries, wages, and benefits, amounted to 43.0% and 46.6% of revenues for 2022 and 2021, respectively. Changes in salaries, wages, and benefits expense and shared services expenses, which include labor

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costs related to ABF Freight’s portion of company-wide functions, as a percentage of revenues are discussed in the following Asset-Based Segment Results section.

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ABF Freight operates in a highly competitive industry comprised primarily of nonunion motor carriers. Nonunion competitors have a lower fringe benefit cost structure and less stringent labor work rules, and certain carriers also have lower wage rates for their freight-handling and driving personnel. Wage and benefit concessions granted to certain union competitors also allow for a lower cost structure. ABF Freight has continued to address with the IBT the effect of the segment’s wage and benefit cost structure on its operating results. Lower cost increases throughout the 2018 ABF NMFA contract period and increased flexibility in labor work rules are essential factors in bringing ABF Freight’s labor cost structure closer in line with that of its competitors. However, under its current labor agreement, ABF Freight continues to pay some of the highest benefit contribution rates in the industry. The terms of the 2018 ABF NMFA allowed the Asset-Based segment to maintain low-cost inflation in the current tight labor market while providing some of the best wages and benefits in the industry to our employees.

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ABF Freight’s benefit contributions for its contractual employees include contributions to multiemployer plans, a portion of which are used to fund benefits for individuals who were never employed by ABF Freight. ABF Freight’s multiemployer pension contributions totaled $154.6 million and $146.9 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively. As previously outlined, the 2018 ABF NMFA provided for ABF Freight’s contributions to multiemployer pension plans to remain at the rates that were paid under the prior labor agreement with the IBT, while wage rates and health and welfare contribution rates for most plans increased annually in accordance with the terms of the 2018 ABF NMFA. The contractual wage rate increased 1.9% and 1.7% effective July 1, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The average health, welfare, and pension benefit contribution rate increased approximately 2.5% and 2.4% effective primarily on August 1, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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On March 11, 2021, H.R.1319, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (the “American Rescue Plan Act”) was signed into law. The American Rescue Plan Act includes the Butch Lewis Emergency Pension Plan Relief Act of 2021 (the “Pension Relief Act”). The Pension Relief Act includes provisions to improve funding for multiemployer pension plans, including financial assistance provided through the Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation (the “PBGC”) to qualifying underfunded plans to secure pension benefits for plan participants. Without the funding to be provided by the Pension Relief Act, many of the multiemployer pension funds to which we contribute could become insolvent in the near future.

On July 9, 2021, the PBGC announced an interim final rule implementing a Special Financial Assistance Program (the “SFA Program”) to administer funds to severely underfunded eligible multiemployer pension plans under the Pension Relief Act. Certain multiemployer pension plans to which ABF Freight contributes have applied for or received funds under the SFA Program which will allow them to avoid insolvency and improve their funded status. Under the American Rescue Plan Act and in accordance with regulations of the PBGC, the plans receiving funding under the SFA Program are not permitted to reduce employer contributions to their funds. We will continue to evaluate the impact of the assistance provided by the SFA Program on ABF Freight’s multiemployer pension plan contributions. Through the term of the 2018 ABF NMFA, which extends through June 30, 2023, ABF Freight’s multiemployer pension contribution obligations generally will be satisfied by making the specified contributions when due. Future contribution rates will be determined through the negotiation process for contract periods following the term of the current collective bargaining agreement. While we cannot determine with any certainty the contributions that will be required under future collective bargaining agreements for ABF Freight’s contractual employees, our future contribution rates to multiemployer pension plans may be less likely to increase as a result of the provisions of the Pension Relief Act. If ABF Freight were to completely withdraw from certain multiemployer pension plans, under current law, ABF Freight would have material liabilities for its share of the unfunded vested liabilities of each such plan. Further, ABF Freight could also trigger complete or partial withdrawal liability from certain multiemployer pension plans through, among other things, mergers and other fundamental corporate transactions and as a result of operational changes, site closures and job losses, which could result in material liabilities.

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Asset-Based Segment Results

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The following table sets forth a summary of operating expenses and operating income as a percentage of revenue for the Asset-Based segment:

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The following table provides a comparison of key operating statistics for the Asset-Based segment, as previously defined in the Asset-Based Segment Overview:

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Asset-Based Revenues

Asset-Based segment revenues totaled $3.0 billion and $2.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Billed revenue (as described in the Asset-Based Segment Overview) increased 16.2% on a per-day basis in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily reflecting a 14.5% increase in total billed revenue per hundredweight, including fuel surcharges, and a 1.6% increase in tonnage per day.

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The 14.5% increase in total billed revenue per hundredweight for 2022, including fuel surcharges, compared to 2021, was primarily due to a solid pricing environment and changes in freight profile and business mix to optimize revenue on shipments in the Asset-Based network. Higher fuel surcharge revenues associated with increased fuel prices also positively impacted the total billed revenue per hundredweight measure in 2022, compared to 2021. The Asset-Based segment’s average nominal fuel surcharge rate for 2022 increased approximately 16 percentage points from 2021 levels. On-going yield management initiatives, including general rate increases, also contributed to the year-over-year improvement in billed revenue per hundredweight. Excluding the impact of fuel surcharges, the percentage increase in billed revenue per hundredweight on our traditional core LTL-rated freight was in the low-double digits for 2022, compared to 2021. Prices on accounts subject to deferred pricing agreements and annually negotiated contracts that were renewed during 2022 increased an average of 7.3%, compared to the prior year. Pricing on contractual business reflected the second highest

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average increase we have secured in company history, following the highest average increase in 2021, primarily due to tight market capacity which continued through the first half of 2022. The Asset-Based segment implemented nominal general rate increases on its LTL base rate tariffs of 5.9%, 6.9% and 5.95% effective on November 7, 2022, November 15, 2021, and January 25, 2021, respectively, although the rate changes vary by lane and shipment characteristics.

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The 1.6% increase in tonnage per day for 2022, compared to 2021, reflects higher daily shipment levels due to customer demand. Total shipments increased 1.5% on a per-day basis, reflecting an increase in LTL-rated shipments, partially offset by a decrease in truckload-rated shipments. Year-over-year tonnage and shipment growth is attributable to an emphasis on allocating network resources to serving core LTL customers, from which we experienced solid demand in 2022, despite softening market conditions in the second half of 2022.  The reduction in truckload-rated shipments reflects the intentional moderation of spot-quoted truckload-rated shipments in order to better serve core LTL customers in 2022. We began to experience a deceleration in demand trends during third quarter 2022 which continued through the end of the year. In this softer market environment, our dynamic pricing option for LTL-rated shipments allowed us to strategically fill empty network capacity, which contributed to the increase in LTL-rated shipments for 2022.

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Current economic conditions and the Asset-Based segment’s pricing approach, as previously discussed in the Pricing section of the Asset-Based Segment Overview within Results of Operations, will continue to impact the segment’s tonnage levels and the prices it receives for its services and, as such, there can be no assurance that our Asset-Based segment will maintain or achieve improvements in its current operating results. The marketplace pricing environment has been positive and rational in support of our efforts to secure needed price increases; however, the competitive environment could limit the Asset-Based segment from securing adequate increases in base LTL freight rates and could limit the amount of fuel surcharge revenue recovered in future periods.

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Asset-Based Operating Income

The Asset-Based segment generated operating income of $381.1 million in 2022, compared to $260.7 million in 2021, with an operating ratio of 87.3% and 89.9%, respectively. The 2.6 percentage point improvement in the Asset-Based segment’s operating ratio for 2022, compared to 2021, primarily reflects the increased revenues and effective capacity utilization in the Asset-Based network.

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Innovative technology costs related to the freight handling pilot test program (the “pilot”) at ABF Freight impacted operating results of the Asset-Based segment by $27.2 million and $27.6 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively. The pilot test program, which began in 2019, is operating in various stages in a limited number of locations. While ArcBest believes the pilot has potential to provide safer and improved freight-handling, a number of factors will be involved in determining proof of concept and there can be no assurances that pilot testing will be successful.

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The segment’s operating ratio was also impacted by changes in operating expenses as discussed in the following paragraphs.

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Asset-Based Operating Expenses

Labor costs, which are reported in operating expenses as salaries, wages, and benefits, amounted to 43.0% and 46.6% of Asset-Based segment revenues for 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease in salaries, wages, and benefits as a percentage of revenue was partially offset by higher utilization of purchased transportation to meet customer demand for increased shipment levels. The improvement in salaries, wages, and benefits as a percentage of revenue was also influenced by the effect of higher revenues, including fuel surcharges, as a portion of operating costs are fixed in nature and decrease as a percent of revenue with increases in revenue levels. Salaries, wages, and benefits increased $95.2 million for 2022, compared to 2021, primarily reflecting higher headcount as additional drivers and service center personnel were hired to service increased business levels. The increase in labor costs also reflects year-over-year increases in contractual wage and benefit contribution rates under the 2018 ABF NMFA, as previously discussed in the Labor Costs section of the Asset-Based Segment overview; higher expenses for certain performance-based incentive plans, including long-term nonunion incentive plans impacted by shareholder returns relative to peers; and higher workers’ compensation expense reflecting an increase in the average number of claims and the severity of claims experience. As a result of the Asset-Based segment operating ratio achieved for 2022, salaries, wages, and benefits included the accrual of a 3% union profit-sharing bonus, which is the maximum amount provided in the collective bargaining agreement. The union profit-sharing bonus, which was paid to qualifying union-represented employees in February 2023, represents the fourth year in a row ABF Freight paid the bonus under the 2018 ABF NMFA, the maximum number of years allowed by the current labor contract.

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The Asset-Based segment manages costs with shipment levels; however, a number of factors pressured the efficiency of DSY tasks during 2022. Shipments per DSY hour declined 4.3% for 2022, compared to 2021, primarily due to personnel inefficiencies, including training a record number of new hires, and the effect of freight profile and mix changes, which contributed to the improved revenue per shipment. While the Asset-Based segment has added employees to service the business growth, the segment had to supplement resources with increased utilization of higher-cost purchased transportation in certain locations to manage service levels during 2022.

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Fuel, supplies, and expenses as a percentage of revenue increased 2.3 percentage points in 2022, for a $112.4 million increase, compared to 2021, primarily due to higher fuel costs and higher repairs and maintenance costs. The Asset-Based segment’s average fuel price per gallon (excluding taxes) increased approximately 68% during 2022, compared to 2021. More miles driven as a result of the increase in business levels from 2021 also contributed to the year-over-year increase in fuel, supplies, and expenses. The increase in repairs and maintenance costs reflects the impact of an increasing city fleet age due, in part, to delays in receiving new revenue equipment, combined with higher market-driven costs to repair and maintain revenue equipment units.

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Rents and purchased transportation as a percentage of revenue increased 0.4 percentage points in 2022, compared to 2021, primarily due to higher rates and increased utilization of local delivery agents and linehaul purchased transportation necessary to serve the needs of our customers. The year-over-year increase in purchased transportation costs was also impacted by higher fuel surcharges related to these services due to higher fuel costs. Rail miles decreased approximately 2% in 2022, compared to 2021, driven by the focused reduction of rail usage during the fourth quarter of 2022 as market conditions continued to soften.

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Shared services as a percentage of revenue decreased 0.8 percentage points in 2022, compared to 2021. The decrease in shared services as a percentage of revenue was influenced by the effect of higher revenues. These costs increased $18.2 million in 2022, compared to the prior year, due to the impact of higher business levels and higher expense accruals for certain performance-based incentive plans, including long-term incentive plans impacted by shareholder returns relative to peers.

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Asset-Light Operations

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Asset-Light Overview

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The ArcBest and FleetNet reportable segments, combined, represent our Asset-Light operations. Our Asset-Light operations are a key component of our strategy to offer a single source of integrated logistics solutions, designed to satisfy customers’ complex supply chain needs and unique shipping requirements. We are focused on growing and making strategic investments in our Asset-Light operations that enhance our service offerings and strengthen our customer relationships. Our acquisition of MoLo, which was completed on November 1, 2021, demonstrates our commitment to grow our Asset-Light operations as we work to align our overall revenue mix with our customers’ transportation spend. Throughout our operations, we are seeking opportunities to expand our revenues by deepening existing customer relationships, securing new customers, and adding capacity options for our customers. In recent years, we have experienced significant growth in shipment levels and revenues of our managed transportation solutions reflecting results of our strategic efforts to cross-sell our service offerings and the increasing demand for these services that include supply chain optimization. We expect to benefit from these and other strategic initiatives as we continue to deliver innovative solutions to customers.

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Our acquisition of MoLo accelerates the growth of our company by increasing the scale of truckload brokerage services offered within our ArcBest segment and by advancing our position in the large and growing domestic transportation management market. The addition of MoLo’s significant capabilities and talent to our truckload brokerage service offering allows us to better respond to the critical needs of our customers with comprehensive supply chain solutions, improves our ability to serve larger customers, and expands our access to truckload capacity partners. Our acquisition of MoLo, including detail regarding the initial consideration payment and provision for certain additional cash consideration based on the achievement of certain targets, is discussed further in Note D to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Our Asset-Light operations are affected by general economic conditions, as well as several other competitive factors that are more fully described in Part I, Item 1 (Business) and in Part I, Item 1A (Risk Factors) of this Annual Report on

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Form 10-K. See Note N to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for descriptions of the ArcBest and FleetNet segments and additional segment information, including revenues, operating expenses, and operating income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

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The key indicators necessary to understand our Asset-Light operating results are outlined below. These key indicators are used by management to evaluate segment operating performance and measure the effectiveness of strategic initiatives in the results of our Asset-Light segments. We quantify certain key indicators using key operating statistics which are important measures in analyzing segment operating results from period to period. These statistics are defined within the key indicators below and referred to throughout the discussion of the results of our Asset-Light operations:

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Shipments per day – total shipments (excluding managed transportation solutions as discussed below) divided by the number of working days during the period, compared to the same prior-year period, for the ArcBest segment.

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Service events – roadside, preventative maintenance, or total service events during the period, compared to the same prior-year period, for the FleetNet segment.

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Revenue per shipment or event – total segment revenue divided by total segment shipments or events during the period (excluding managed transportation solutions for the ArcBest segment as discussed below), compared to the same prior-year period.

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Purchased transportation costs as a percentage of revenue – the expense incurred for third-party transportation providers to haul or deliver freight during the period, divided by segment revenues for the period, expressed as a percentage.

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Operating ratio – the percent of operating expenses to revenue levels.

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Presentation and discussion of the key operating statistics of revenue per shipment and shipments per day for the ArcBest segment exclude statistical data of our managed transportation solutions transactions. Growth in managed transportation solutions has increased the number of shipments for these services to approximately 40% of the ArcBest segment’s total shipments, while the business represents approximately 15% of segment revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022. Due to the nature of our managed transportation solutions which typically involve a larger number of shipments at a significantly lower revenue per shipment level than the segment’s other service offerings, inclusion of the managed transportation solutions data would result in key operating statistics which are not representative of the operating results of the segment as a whole. As such, the key operating statistics management uses to evaluate performance of the ArcBest segment exclude managed transportation services transactions.

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Other companies within our industry may present different key performance indicators or they may calculate their key performance indicators differently; therefore, our key performance indicators may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Key performance indicators should be viewed in addition to, and not as an alternative for, our reported results. Our key performance indicators should not be construed as better measurements of our results than operating income, operating cash flow, net income, or earnings per share, as determined under GAAP.

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Asset-Light Results

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For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the combined revenues of our Asset-Light operations totaled $2.5 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively, accounting for approximately 45% and 38% of our total revenues before other revenues and

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intercompany eliminations in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our Asset-Light results for 2022, compared to 2021, reflect the acquired operations of MoLo combined with strong customer demand and higher market rates, primarily during the first half of 2022. The ArcBest segment has been impacted by market softening in the second half of 2022, which, combined with changes in business mix, led to a decline in revenue per shipment in the fourth quarter of 2022 versus the same prior-year period. Our Asset-Light combined operating income improved to $58.6 million in 2022, compared to $50.9 million in 2021, primarily reflecting revenue growth and changes in costs as described in the following paragraphs.

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ArcBest Segment

The following table sets forth a summary of operating expenses and operating income as a percentage of revenue for the ArcBest segment:

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A comparison of key operating statistics for the ArcBest segment, as previously defined in the Asset-Light Overview section, is presented in the following table:

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ArcBest segment revenues totaled $2.1 billion and $1.3 billion in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The 64.5% increase in 2022 revenues, compared to 2021, primarily reflects the addition of business from the MoLo acquisition and improved market demand for our managed transportation services. The acquired operations of MoLo drove the 58.3% increase in shipments per day (metric excludes managed transportation shipments). Revenue per shipment increased 3.8% due to higher market prices, including higher fuel, resulting from tighter market capacity experienced in the first half of 2022. Revenue growth moderated throughout the second half of 2022, as customer shipping volumes slowed, and market conditions softened.

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Third-party capacity, particularly for truckload services, has been relatively volatile in recent years. Following the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on demand for transportation and logistics services during the second quarter of 2020, market pricing improvement began in the second half of 2020 and continued through the first half of 2022, due to the impact of capacity constraints in the industry. However, a softer economic environment and an increase in available truckload capacity during the second half of 2022 resulted in a year-over-year decline in market pricing and lower revenue per shipment (excluding managed transportation shipments) as compared to the last six months of 2021.

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Operating income totaled $52.7 million and $46.4 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, with the improvement primarily reflecting the increases in revenues, as previously described. Operating results for 2021 benefited from a $6.9 million gain on the sale of a subsidiary within the segment’s moving business in second quarter 2021, which improved the segment’s operating ratio for 2021 by 0.5 percentage points, compared to 2022. A $0.4 million gain related to the sale of this subsidiary was recognized upon release of the funds from escrow in second quarter 2022, benefiting operating results for 2022. Operating results for 2022 were also impacted by the increase in fair value of the contingent earnout consideration related to the MoLo acquisition, which increased the “other” line of operating expenses by $18.3 million. The segment’s operating income was also impacted by changes in operating expenses as discussed in the following paragraphs.

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Purchased transportation costs as a percentage of revenue decreased by 1.0 percentage point for 2022, compared to 2021.

Changes in market capacity, economic conditions, freight mix, and the prices we charge to our customers, impact the percent of purchased transportation to revenue. During the first half of 2022, purchased transportation as a percentage of revenue benefited from higher contracted revenue rates, while costs of capacity declined. As the market continued to soften during the second half of 2022, overall customer rates decreased at a more rapid pace and resulted in an increase in purchased transportation as a percentage of revenue. Significant changes in market capacity, such as those we experienced in recent years, impact the cost of sourcing such capacity, which may not correspond to the timing of revisions to customer pricing and our revenue per shipment. While the pricing environment remains disciplined, there can be no assurance that we will be able to secure prices from our customers that will allow us to maintain or improve the spread of revenue over the cost of sourcing carrier equipment capacity.

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Operating expenses for 2022 increased due to the MoLo acquisition and growth in our managed logistics solution. Additional personnel and other operating expenses associated with managing higher shipment volumes are reflected in the $86.0 million increase in shared service costs for 2022, compared to 2021. The increase in shared services was also impacted by a noncash charge for enhancements to our nonunion vacation policy, which were effective in the third quarter of 2022. As a percentage of revenue, shared service costs were relatively consistent compared to 2021, due to the corresponding revenue growth in 2022. Although the ArcBest segment manages costs with shipment levels, portions of operating expenses are fixed in nature and cost reductions can be limited as the segment strives to enhance capacity sources and maintain customer service.

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Additional amortization of acquired intangibles due to the MoLo acquisition contributed to the increase in depreciation and amortization expense for 2022, compared to 2021, although these expenses were relatively consistent as a percentage of revenue. Operating expenses reported in the “other” line increased as a percentage of revenue by 1.5 percentage points for 2022, compared to 2021, primarily due to the previously discussed increase in fair value of contingent consideration, the addition of MoLo’s operations, higher accruals for cargo claims, and an increase in office rent expense.

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FleetNet Segment

FleetNet revenues totaled $343.1 million and $254.1 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The 35.0% increase in revenues in 2022, compared to 2021, was driven by increases in revenue per event and higher event volumes for roadside and preventative maintenance services. The increase in service event volume was driven by increased business levels from new and existing customers. Roadside service event growth was also impacted by a higher number of events from customers who experienced an increase in e-commerce business and the effect of multiple severe weather events during the first quarter of 2022.

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FleetNet’s operating income was $5.8 million and $4.5 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in FleetNet’s operating income for 2022, compared to 2021, is primarily due to revenue growth. The operating income improvement was partially offset by higher operating expenses, as headcount and the associated wages and benefits expenses have increased due to growth in events and emphasis on customer service. Labor costs were also impacted by a noncash charge in the third quarter of 2022 for enhancements to our nonunion vacation policy.

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Asset-Light Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”)

We report our financial results in accordance with GAAP. However, management believes that certain non-GAAP performance measures and ratios, such as Adjusted EBITDA, which is utilized for internal analysis, provide analysts, investors, and others the same information that we use internally for purposes of assessing our core operating performance and provides meaningful comparisons between current and prior period results, as well as important information regarding performance trends. The use of certain non-GAAP measures improves comparability in analyzing our performance because it removes the impact of items from operating results that, in management’s opinion, do not reflect our core operating performance. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA as a key measure of performance and for business planning. This measure is particularly meaningful for analysis of our Asset-Light businesses, because it excludes amortization of acquired intangibles and software, changes in the fair value of contingent earnout consideration, and gain on the sale of a subsidiary, which are significant expenses or gains resulting from strategic decisions rather than core daily operations. Management also believes Adjusted EBITDA to be relevant and useful information, as EBITDA is a standard measure commonly reported and widely used by analysts, investors, and others to measure financial performance of asset-light businesses and the ability to service debt obligations. Other companies may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently; therefore, our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies. Non-GAAP financial measures should be viewed in addition to, and not as an alternative for, our reported results. Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as a better measurement than operating income, operating cash flow, net income, or earnings per share, as determined under GAAP.

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Asset-Light Adjusted EBITDA

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Current Economic Conditions

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Economic conditions continue to be challenged by record inflation levels; rising interest rates; supply chain volatility; labor shortages; geopolitical conflicts, including the war in Ukraine; and, in certain areas, the COVID-19 pandemic. In an effort to curb the 40-year high inflation rate, the U.S. Federal Reserve implemented a tighter monetary policy, sharply increasing interest rates since March 2022. The U.S. Federal Reserve’s monetary policy will likely continue to tighten in the near-term. Recession risk remains elevated as manufacturing and home sales began to contract at the end of 2022. Recent economic measures continue to indicate slowing economic activity, which, combined with higher operating costs and rising consumer prices, has created additional uncertainties in the global and U.S. economies and supply chains. According to the second estimate released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis on February 23, 2023, the U.S. real gross domestic product increased at an annual rate of 2.7% for fourth quarter 2022. The Purchasing Managers’ Index (“PMI”), which is a leading indicator for demand in the freight transportation and logistics industry, was 47.4% in January 2023, compared to 57.6% in January 2022. The January 2023 PMI marks the third consecutive month of economic contraction in the manufacturing sector following the 29-month period of growth in factory activity since the COVID-19 pandemic-related contractions in April and May 2020. The Industrial Production Index issued by the Federal Reserve decreased at an annual rate of 1.7% for fourth quarter 2022. Our business has been impacted by the economic conditions indicated by these statistics, as we experienced a softening market environment in the second half of the year which resulted in decelerating demand trends in our Asset-Based business and a slowdown in customer shipping volumes in our ArcBest segment. There can be no assurance that the economic environment, including the impact of rising interest rates on consumer demand, will be favorable for our freight services in future periods.

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Given the uncertainties of current economic conditions, there can be no assurance that our estimates and assumptions regarding the pricing environment and economic conditions, which are made for purposes of impairment tests related to operating assets and deferred tax assets, will prove to be accurate. Extended periods of economic disruption and resulting declines in industrial production and manufacturing and consumer spending could negatively impact demand for our services and have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. A softer economic environment and an increase in available truckload capacity, which we experienced during the second half of 2022, resulted in a year-over-year decline in market pricing for many of our ArcBest Asset-Light services, as compared to the last six months of 2021. There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure adequate prices from our customers to maintain or improve our operating results. Significant declines in our business levels or other changes in cash flow assumptions or other factors that negatively impact the fair value of the operations of our reporting units could result in impairment and a resulting noncash write-off of a significant portion of the goodwill and intangible assets of our ArcBest segment, which would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

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Effects of Inflation

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As previously discussed, inflation remains at record high levels. Global supply chain volatility and labor and energy shortages, in addition to the impact of federal programs and monetary policy, are pushing costs higher across a broad array of consumer goods. The consumer price index (CPI) declined 0.1% in January 2023 and has slowly been falling from the peak reached back in the second quarter of 2022. Inflation is impacted by the decline of energy prices, including petroleum products, and a moderating rise in food prices. Most of our expenses are affected by inflation, which generally results in increased operating costs. As such, there can be no assurances of the potential impact of inflationary conditions on our business.

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Generally, inflationary increases in labor and fuel costs as they relate to our Asset-Based operations have historically been mostly offset through price increases and fuel surcharges. In periods of increasing fuel prices, the effect of higher associated fuel surcharges on the overall price to the customer influences our ability to obtain increases in base freight rates. In addition, certain nonstandard arrangements with some of our customers have limited the amount of fuel surcharge recovered. The timing and extent of base price increases on our Asset-Based revenues may not correspond with contractual increases in wage rates and other inflationary increases in cost elements and, as a result, could adversely impact our operating results.

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Generally, inflationary increases in labor and operating costs related to our Asset-Light operations have historically been offset through price increases. The pricing environment, however, generally becomes more competitive during economic downturns, which may, as it has in the past, affect the ability to obtain price increases from customers both during and following such periods.

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The impact of supply chain disruptions and component shortages has limited the availability and production of certain revenue equipment and certain other equipment used in our business operations. Consequently, the prices for these items have also increased. Partly as a result of inflationary pressures, our revenue equipment (tractors and trailers) has been and will very likely continue to be replaced at higher per unit costs, which could result in higher depreciation charges on a per-unit basis. We consider these costs in setting our pricing policies, although the overall freight rate structure is governed by market forces based on value provided to the customer. The Asset-Based segment’s ability to fully offset inflationary and contractual cost increases can be challenging during periods of recessionary and uncertain economic conditions. In addition to general effects of inflation, the motor carrier freight transportation industry faces rising costs related to compliance with government regulations on safety, equipment design and maintenance, driver utilization, emissions, and fuel economy.

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Environmental and Legal Matters

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We are subject to federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations relating to, among other things: emissions control, transportation or handling of hazardous materials, underground and aboveground storage tanks, stormwater pollution prevention, contingency planning for spills of petroleum products, and disposal of waste oil. We may transport or arrange for the transportation of hazardous materials and explosives, and we operate in industrial areas where truck service centers and other industrial activities are located and where groundwater or other forms of environmental contamination could occur. See Note O to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of the environmental matters to which we are subject.

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Concern over climate change has led to legislative and regulatory efforts to limit carbon and other greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions, and we may incur significant costs to comply with increased regulation related to climate change in the future. Customers are increasingly focused on concerns related to climate change and demand for our services may be adversely impacted if we are less effective than our competitors in reducing or offsetting our GHG emissions. In consideration of the environmental impact of emissions from our operations, we are seeking more sustainable options for our equipment. We purchased a small number of electric forklifts, electric yard tractors, and electric straight trucks during 2022. Electric tractors are significantly more expensive than new diesel tractors, and to comply with more stringent emissions standards, we expect the cost of our equipment, as well as our fuel and maintenance costs, will continue to increase in future periods. We are also investing in upgrades to our facilities, including energy efficient lighting, plumbing updates that lower our water usage, and other sustainability remodels and updates. Physical effects from climate change, including more severe weather events, have the potential to adversely impact our business levels, cause shipping delays or disrupt our operations, increase our operating costs, and cause damage to our property and equipment. Due to the uncertainty of these matters, we cannot estimate the impact of climate-related developments on our operations or financial condition at this time. These and other matters related to climate change and the related risks to our business are further discussed in Part I, Item 1 (Business) and Part I, Item 1A (Risk Factors) of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to our focus on sustainability of our equipment and facilities, we continue our commitment to advance environmental, social and governance initiatives that are critical to our business and our customers’ businesses by investing in innovative technologies, developing our employees, and enhancing our capabilities and services for customers.

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We are involved in various legal actions, the majority of which arise in the ordinary course of business. We maintain liability insurance against certain risks arising out of the normal course of our business, subject to certain self-insured retention limits. We routinely establish and review the adequacy of reserves for estimated legal, environmental, and self-insurance exposures. While management believes that amounts accrued in the consolidated financial statements are adequate, estimates of these liabilities may change as circumstances develop. Considering amounts recorded, routine legal matters are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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In January 2023, we and MoLo were named as defendants in lawsuits related to an auto accident involving one of MoLo’s contract carriers, which occurred prior to our acquisition of MoLo. Although we cannot estimate a range of reasonably possible losses for this matter at this time, it is reasonably possible that such amounts could be material to our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. See Note O to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of the legal matters in which we are currently involved.

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Information Technology and Cybersecurity

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We depend on the proper functioning, availability, and security of our information systems, including communications, data processing, financial, and operating systems, as well as proprietary software programs that are integral to the efficient operation of our business. Any significant failure or other disruption in our critical information systems, including denial

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of service ransomware, and other cybersecurity attacks and incidents that impact the availability, reliability, speed, accuracy, or other proper functioning of these systems or that result in proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data, including personal information of customers, employees and others, being compromised could have a significant impact on our operations. Any new or enhanced technology that we develop and implement may also be subject to cybersecurity attacks and may be more prone to related incidents. We also utilize certain software applications provided by third parties; provide underlying data to third parties; grant access to certain of our systems to third parties who provide certain outsourced administrative functions or other services; and increasingly store and transmit data with our customers and third parties by means of connected information technology systems, any of which may increase the risk of a data privacy breach or other cybersecurity incident. Although we strive to carefully select our third-party vendors, we do not control their actions and any problems caused by or impacting these third parties, including cyberattacks and security breaches at a vendor, could result in claims, litigation, losses, and/or liabilities and materially adversely affect our ability to provide service to our customers and otherwise conduct our business.

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Our information technology systems are protected through physical and software safeguards as well as backup systems considered appropriate by management. However, these systems are vulnerable to interruption by adverse weather conditions or natural disasters; power loss; telecommunications failures; terrorist attacks; internet failures and other disruptions to technology, including computer viruses; and other events beyond our control. It is not practicable to fully protect against the possibility of these events or cybersecurity attacks and other cyber events in every potential circumstance that may arise. To mitigate the potential for such occurrences at our primary data center, we have implemented various systems, including redundant telecommunication facilities; replication of critical data to an offsite location; fire suppression systems to protect our on-site data centers; and electrical power protection and generation facilities. We also have a catastrophic disaster recovery plan and alternate processing capability available for our critical data processes in the event of a catastrophe that renders one of our data centers unusable. A significant portion of our office personnel work remotely through hybrid and remote work arrangements, which may increase the demand for information technology resources and our exposure to cybersecurity risks, including increased risks of phishing, an increased risk of unauthorized access to proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data, and increased risks of other cybersecurity attacks. We continue to implement physical and cybersecurity measures in an attempt to safeguard our systems in order to serve our operational needs in a remote working environment and to provide uninterrupted service to our customers. As a component of our cyber risk management program, we periodically engage a third-party provider to assess our cyber posture and assist us in improving our security profile.

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Our property and cyber insurance would offset losses up to certain coverage limits in the event of a catastrophe or certain cyber incidents, including certain business interruption events related to these incidents; however, losses arising from a catastrophe or significant cyber incident may exceed our insurance coverage and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. We do not have insurance coverage specific to losses resulting from a pandemic or geopolitical conflict. A significant disruption in our information technology systems or a significant cybersecurity incident, including denial of service, system failure, security breach, intentional or inadvertent acts by employees or vendors with access to our systems or data, disruption by malware, or other damage, could interrupt or delay our operations, damage our reputation, cause a loss of customers, cause errors or delays in financial reporting, result in violation of privacy laws, expose us to a risk of loss or litigation, and/or cause us to incur significant time and expense to remedy such an event.

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We have experienced incidents involving attempted denial of service attacks, malware attacks, and other events intended to disrupt information systems, wrongfully obtain valuable information, or cause other types of malicious events that could have resulted in harm to our business. To our knowledge, the various protections we have employed have been effective to date in identifying these types of events at a point when the impact on our business could be minimized. We must continuously monitor and develop our information technology networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, address, and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses, and other events that could have a security impact. We have made and continue to make significant financial investments in technologies and processes to mitigate these risks. We also provide employee awareness training around phishing, malware, and other cyber risks. Despite our efforts, due to the increasing sophistication of cyber criminals and the development of new techniques for attack, we may be unable to anticipate or promptly detect, or implement adequate protective or remedial measures against, the activities of perpetrators of cyberattacks. Management is not aware of any current cybersecurity incident that has had a material effect on our operations, although there can be no assurances that a cyber incident that could have a material impact to our operations could not occur.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

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Our primary sources of liquidity are cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments, cash generated by operations, and borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility or our accounts receivable securitization program.

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This Liquidity and Capital Resources section of MD&A generally discusses 2022 and 2021 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021. Discussions of 2020 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2021 and 2020 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of MD&A in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

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Cash Flow and Short-Term Investments

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Components of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, which are further described in Note C to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, were as follows:

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Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments increased $201.1 million from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022 reflecting solid cashflow generated from operations. Cash provided by operating activities increased $147.3 million during 2022 to $470.8 million, compared to $323.5 million during 2021. Net income increased by $84.7 million in 2022, compared to 2021, primarily due to improved operating performance.

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Changes in operating assets and liabilities, excluding income taxes, contributed $36.2 million to cash provided by operating activities during 2022, while reducing cash provided by operating activities by $17.2 million during 2021. These changes reflect a lower increase in accounts receivable and an increase in other liabilities, partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable and a lower increase in accrued expenses at December 31, 2022 versus December 31, 2021, compared to the same prior-year periods. The lower year-over-year increase in accounts receivable and the decrease in accounts payable, compared to the prior-year periods, were primarily due to a decrease in business levels in December 2022, compared to December 2021, versus an increase in business levels in December 2021, compared to December 2020. The lower increase in accrued expenses at December 31, 2022 versus December 31, 2021, compared to the same prior-year periods, was primarily related to lower year-over-year increases in liabilities for certain union and nonunion performance-based incentive plans earned for 2022, compared to 2021, and the timing of wage and vacation accruals. The increase in other liabilities at December 31, 2022 versus December 31, 2021 was primarily due to the increase in the fair value of the contingent earnout consideration recorded for the MoLo acquisition, further discussed in Other Liquidity and Balance Sheet Changes below (also see Note D to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

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Our capital expenditures more than doubled in 2022, compared to 2021. We funded capital expenditures, net of proceeds from asset sales, of $128.5 million in 2022, including property purchases and the renovation of properties for our Asset-Based network; financed an additional $82.4 million of revenue equipment for our Asset-Based operations; and invested $17.3 million in internally developed software. See Capital Expenditures below for annual expenditure amounts and estimates for 2023.

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We have financed the purchase of certain revenue equipment, other equipment, and software through promissory note arrangements. Cash used to fund these promissory note payments for 2022 was $57.5 million. The obligation for notes payable recognized in our consolidated balance sheet totaled $214.6 million as of December 31, 2022, and we anticipate $72.3 million of payments related to these notes in 2023. During 2022, we repurchased 822,106 shares of our common stock under our share repurchase plan for an aggregate cost of $65.0 million, and we paid dividends on our common stock in each quarter of 2022 for an aggregate payment of $10.8 million.

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Financing Arrangements

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In October 2022, we amended and restated our revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) under our Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”). The amendment, among other things, increased the aggregate amount of the swing line facility from $25.0 million to $40.0 million; extended the scheduled maturity date to October 7, 2027; replaced interest pricing conventions based on the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) with interest pricing based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”); released the liens on the assets of the Company and certain subsidiaries; and released pledges of equity interests in certain subsidiaries. During 2022, we borrowed and repaid $58.0 million under the Credit Facility, and our outstanding obligation under the facility as of December 31, 2022 was $50.0 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had available borrowing capacity of $200.0 million under the initial maximum credit amount of our Credit Facility.

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We amended our accounts receivable securitization program in May 2022 to, among other things, increase certain ratios, including the delinquency, default, and accounts receivable turnover ratios; add language addressing the potential inclusion of receivables originated by MoLo; and replace LIBOR-based interest pricing conventions with interest pricing based on SOFR. The program ratios were adjusted to accommodate revenue growth and customer demand for integrated logistics solutions. Delivering these services, which was accelerated by the November 2021 acquisition of MoLo, has resulted in an increased proportion of total revenues generated by our Asset-Light operations and, as a result, longer collection periods on our accounts receivable, as are typical for Asset-Light businesses. As of December 31, 2022, we had $40.0 million available under our accounts receivable securitization program, as reduced for our standby letters of credit issued under the program.

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See Note H to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of our financing arrangements and presentation of the scheduled maturities of our long-term debt obligations.

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Contractual Obligations

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In the normal course of business, we enter into contracts and commitments that obligate us to make payments in the future. In addition to the obligations discussed within the preceding Financing Arrangements section, we have contractual obligations as described in the following paragraphs. Certain contractual obligations are also further disclosed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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While we own the majority of our larger service centers, distribution centers, and administrative offices, we lease certain facilities and equipment. As of December 31, 2022, contractual obligations for operating lease liabilities, primarily related to our Asset-Based service centers, totaled $232.8 million, including imputed interest, for an increase of $24.7 million from December 31, 2021. Operating lease payments due within one year total $31.9 million. The scheduled maturities of our operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 are disclosed in Note G to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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We sponsor an insured postretirement health benefit plan that provides supplemental medical benefits and dental and vision care to certain executive officers. As of December 31, 2022, estimated projected payments, net of retiree premiums, related to postretirement health benefits total $0.7 million for the next year and $7.3 million for the next 10 years. These projected amounts are subject to change based upon increases and other changes in premiums and medical costs and continuation of the plan for current participants. The accumulated benefit obligation of the postretirement health benefit plan accrued in the consolidated balance sheet totaled $12.5 million as of December 31, 2022.

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We have purchase obligations, consisting of authorizations to purchase and binding agreements with vendors, relating to revenue equipment used in our Asset-Based and Asset-Light operations, other equipment, facility improvements, software, service contracts, and other items for which amounts were not accrued in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. These purchase obligations totaled $100.9 million as of December 31, 2022, with $87.6 million expected to be paid within the next year, provided that vendors complete their commitments to us. As of December 31, 2022, the amount of our purchase obligations has increased $22.1 million from December 31, 2021, primarily related to real estate projects, certain equipment, software, and technology advancements, which are included in our 2023 capital expenditure plan. We have no investments, loans, or any other known contractual arrangements with unconsolidated special-purpose entities, variable interest entities, or financial partnerships and have no outstanding loans with our executive officers or directors.

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ABF Freight has a withdrawal liability that was triggered when its multiemployer pension plan obligation with the New England Teamsters Trucking Industry Pension Fund was restructured under a transition agreement in 2018. As of December 31, 2022, payments due within one year under the withdrawal liability settlement total $1.6 million and total payments, which are due over the next 19 years, total $29.8 million. As of December 31, 2022, the outstanding withdrawal liability recognized in the consolidated balance sheet for this obligation totaled $20.1 million. ABF Freight contributes to other multiemployer health, welfare, and pension plans based generally on the time worked by their contractual employees, as specified in the collective bargaining agreement and other supporting supplemental agreements (see Multiemployer Plans within Note J to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

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Capital Expenditures

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The following table sets forth our capital expenditures for the periods indicated below:

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