Arcturus Therapeutics Holdings Inc. - Quarter Report: 2021 September (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2021

OR

For the transition period from        to

Commission File Number: 001-38942

ARCTURUS THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (858) 900-2660

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of November 3, 2021, the registrant had 26,360,521 shares of voting common stock outstanding.

ARCTURUS THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or this quarterly report, including the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and the documents incorporated by reference herein may contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth below under Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this quarterly report. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. These statements, which represent our current expectations or beliefs concerning various future events, may contain words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate” or other words indicating future results, though not all forward-looking statements necessarily contain these identifying words. Such statements may include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:

Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results or performance to differ materially from those projected. These statements are only current predictions and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from those anticipated by the forward-looking statements. In addition, historic results of scientific research, preclinical and clinical trials do not guarantee that future research or trials will suggest the same conclusions, nor that historic results referred to herein will be interpreted the same in light of additional research, preclinical and clinical trial results. The forward-looking statements contained in this quarterly report are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those discussed in our other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

ARCTURUS THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except par value information)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ARCTURUS THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(unaudited)

(in thousands except per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ARCTURUS THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

in thousands

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ARCTURUS THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

in thousands

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ARCTURUS THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

in thousands

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ARCTURUS THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS INC. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Description of Business, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Arcturus Therapeutics Holdings Inc. (the “Company”) is a global clinical-stage messenger RNA medicines company focused on development of infectious disease vaccines and significant opportunities within liver and respiratory rare diseases. The Company became a clinical stage company during 2020 when it announced that its Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application for ornithine transcarbamylase (“OTC”) deficiency was deemed allowed to proceed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), and its Clinical Trial Application (“CTA”) candidate LUNAR-COV19 was approved to proceed by the Singapore Health Sciences Authority.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Arcturus Therapeutics Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries and are unaudited. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In management’s opinion, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented.

Interim financial results are not necessarily indicative of results anticipated for the full year. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

These condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions regarding the valuation of debt instruments, the equity-method investment, share-based compensation expense, accruals for liabilities, income taxes, revenue and deferred revenue, leases, and other matters that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Although these estimates are based on management’s knowledge of current events and actions the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may ultimately differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Joint Ventures, Equity Method Investments and Variable Interest Entities

Investments for which the Company exercises significant influence but does not have control are accounted for under the equity method. Equity method investment activity is related to a 49% joint venture with Axcelead, Inc. (see the following paragraph for further details) and a 12% ownership in Vallon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (see “Note 10, Related Party Transactions” for further details). The Company’s share of the investees results is presented as either income or loss from equity method investees in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

In April 2021, Arcturus and Axcelead, Inc., a company existing under the laws of Japan (“Axcelead”), formed a joint venture entity, named Arcalis, Inc. (“JV Entity”), which operates as a corporation under the laws of Japan. Axcelead is an integrated drug discovery solutions provider to the pharmaceutical industry in Japan, having succeeded to a portion of the drug discovery research department of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited on July 1, 2017. The goal of the JV Entity is to be a contract development and manufacturing organization focused on mRNA manufacturing that would provide manufacturing services to the Company and also to third parties. The joint venture includes a shareholders agreement setting forth initial funding of the JV Entity and rights of the shareholders, including certain approval rights of Arcturus. As part of the joint venture, the Company entered into a License and Technology Transfer Agreement with the JV Entity, pursuant to which Arcturus grants to JV Entity a nonexclusive license to certain intellectual property for use at the JV Entity’s facilities, and obligates Arcturus to conduct certain technology transfer activities.

The Company consolidates variable interest entities (“VIEs”) where it has been determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary of those entities’ operations. Management believes that power is shared between Arcturus and Axcelead, as unrelated parties. The consent of each of the parties is substantive and is required to make the decisions about the JV Entity’s significant activities. Management does not believe that Arcturus has the power to direct the activities of the JV Entity that most significantly impact the JV Entity’s economic performance. Therefore, the Company concluded it is not required to consolidate the JV Entity under the VIE model.

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The equity method of accounting is applicable for the JV Entity as the Company does not own more than 50% of voting power, but has influence over the operation and financial policies of the investee. The Company will account for its investment in the JV Entity using the equity method of accounting as specified in ASC 323, Investments — Equity Method and Joint Ventures. Under ASC 323, equity method investments are recorded initially at cost. The Company’s initial investment in the JV Entity totaled $9.2 million. However, Arcalis paid the Company back the initial investment of $9.2 million as an upfront fee/consideration for the License and Technology Transfer Agreement. In substance, there was no cash consideration paid by the Company for its 49% equity interest in the JV Entity. After this initial measurement, an equity method investment is adjusted at each reporting period to recognize the investor’s share of the earnings, losses and/or changes in capital of the investee after the date of acquisition. Losses are only recognized to the extent the value of the investment is greater than zero.

Liquidity

The Company has incurred significant operating losses since its inception. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $308.8 million and $143.8 million, respectively.

The Company’s activities since inception have consisted principally of research and development activities, general and administrative activities, and raising capital. The Company’s activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including failing to secure additional funding before the Company achieves sustainable revenues and profit from operations. From the Company’s inception through September 30, 2021, the Company has funded its operations principally with the sale of capital stock, revenues earned through collaboration agreements, and proceeds from long-term debt. During the third quarter of 2021, the Company entered into an agreement with Vinbiotech Research and Manufacture Joint Stock Company (“Vinbiotech”) in which the Company received a nonrefundable upfront payment of $40.0 million to allow Vinbiotech to establish a manufacturing facility in Vietnam for the manufacture of Arcturus’ investigational COVID-19 vaccines, for sale and use within Vietnam. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company elected to borrow and the Economic Development Board of the Republic of Singapore (the “EDB”) agreed to make a term loan of S$62.1 million (approximately USD$46.6 million) to support the manufacture of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate. Additionally, through underwritten public offerings during fiscal year 2020, the Company raised net proceeds of $423.8 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses.

Management believes that it has sufficient working capital on hand to fund operations through at least the next twelve months from the date these condensed consolidated financial statements were available to be issued. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in securing additional funding, that the Company’s projections of its future working capital needs will prove accurate, or that any additional funding would be sufficient to continue operations in future years.

Segment Information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company and its chief operating decision-maker view the Company’s operations and manage its business in one operating segment, which is the research and development of medical applications for the Company’s nucleic acid-focused technology.

Revenue Recognition

The Company determines revenue recognition for arrangements within the scope of Topic 606 by performing the following five steps: (i) identify the contract; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when, or as, the company satisfies a performance obligation. 

The terms of the Company’s revenue agreements include license fees, upfront payments, milestone payments, and reimbursement for research and development activities, option exercise fees, consulting and related technology transfer fees and royalties on sales of commercialized products. Arrangements that include upfront payments are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due and may require deferral of revenue recognition to a future period until the Company performs obligations under these arrangements. The event-based milestone payments represent variable consideration, and the Company uses the most likely amount method to estimate this variable consideration because the Company will either receive the milestone payment or will not, which makes the potential milestone payment a binary event. The most-likely-amount method requires the Company to determine the likelihood of earning the milestone payment. Given the high degree of uncertainty around achievement of these milestones, the Company determines the milestone amounts to be fully constrained and does not recognize revenue until the uncertainty associated with these payments is resolved. The Company will recognize revenue from sales-based royalty payments when or as the sales occur. The Company will re-evaluate the transaction price in each reporting period as uncertain events are resolved and other changes in circumstances occur.

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A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the collaborative partner and is the unit of account in Topic 606. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation based on relative standalone selling price and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied.

See “Note 2, Collaboration Revenue” for specific details surrounding the Company’s collaboration arrangements.

Leases

See “Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies” for specific details surrounding the Company’s leases.

Research and Development, Net

All research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs consist primarily of salaries, employee benefits, costs associated with preclinical studies and clinical trials (including amounts paid to clinical research organizations and other professional services), in process research and development expenses and license agreement expenses, net of any grants and prelaunch inventory. Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the goods or services are received.

The Company records accruals for estimated research and development costs, comprising payments for work performed by third party contractors, laboratories, participating clinical trial sites, and others. Some of these contractors bill monthly based on actual services performed, while others bill periodically based upon achieving certain contractual milestones. For the latter, the Company accrues the expenses as goods or services are used or rendered. Clinical trial site costs related to patient enrollment are accrued as patients enter and progress through the trial.

Pre-Launch Inventory

Prior to obtaining initial regulatory approval for an investigational product candidate, the Company expenses costs relating to production of inventory as research and development expense in its condensed consolidated statements of operations, in the period incurred. When the Company believes regulatory approval and subsequent commercialization of an investigational product candidate is probable, and the Company also expects future economic benefit from the sales of the investigational product candidate to be realized, it will then capitalize the costs of production as inventory.

Statement of Cash Flows

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheet to the total of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows:

Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock method. Dilutive shares of common stock are comprised of stock options.

No dividends were declared or paid during the reported periods.

Note 2. Revenue

The Company has entered into license agreements and collaborative research and development arrangements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as consulting, related technology transfer and product revenue agreements. Under these arrangements, the Company is entitled to receive license fees, consulting fees, product fees, technological transfer fees, upfront payments, milestone payments if and when certain research and development milestones or technology transfer milestones are achieved, royalties on approved product sales and reimbursement for research and development activities. The Company’s costs of

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performing these services are included within research and development expenses, and within cost of sales for expenses related to revenue that is earned as product sales that have regulatory approval or subsequent commercialization of an investigational product candidate is probable. The Company’s milestone payments are typically defined by achievement of certain preclinical, clinical, and commercial success criteria. Preclinical milestones may include in vivo proof of concept in disease animal models, lead candidate identification, and completion of IND-enabling toxicology studies. Clinical milestones may, for example, include successful enrollment of the first patient in or completion of Phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials, and commercial milestones are often tiered based on net or aggregate sale amounts. The Company cannot guarantee the achievement of these milestones due to risks associated with preclinical and clinical activities required for development of nucleic acid medicine-based therapeutics and vaccines.

The following table presents changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 in the balances of contract assets, including receivables from collaborative partners, consulting and related technology transfer partners, and contract liabilities, including deferred revenue, as compared to what was disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report.

The following table summarizes the Company’s revenues for the periods indicated (in thousands).

The following paragraphs provide information regarding the nature and purpose of the Company’s most significant collaboration arrangements.

Vinbiotech

From June 11, 2021 through August 2, 2021, the Company entered into a series of agreements with Vinbiotech, a member of Vingroup Joint Stock Company (collectively the “Vinbiotech Agreement”), whereby the Company will provide technical expertise and support services to Vinbiotech to assist in the build out of a manufacturing facility in Vietnam. Such expertise shall include a specified level of access to the Company’s personnel and drug substance necessary to validate the successful set up of the facility. Under the terms of the arrangements, the Company will also provide a specified number of doses of ARCT-154 for use by Vinbiotech in a phase 3 clinical study within Vietnam. The Company received an upfront payment in aggregate of $40 million and subsequent to achieving emergency use authorization, the Company will receive low single digit payments per dose for drug substance and related royalties.  

In evaluating the Vinbiotech Agreement in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, the Company concluded that Vinbiotech is a customer. The Company identified all promised goods/services within the Vinbiotech Agreement, and when combining certain promised goods/services, the Company concluded that there are four distinct performance obligations. The four performance obligations include (i) consulting to support the build out of the manufacturing facility and technical transfer, (ii) shipment of 80 grams of drug substance to validate the manufacturing facility, (iii) the sale of 2,500 vials of drug product to support the phase 3 clinical trial and (iv) consulting to support the phase 3 clinical trial. For each performance obligation, the Company estimated the standalone selling price based on cost plus margin for drug substance and drug product as well

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as estimated headcount and full-time equivalent (“FTE”) rates for consulting services to support the phase 3 clinical trial, the build out of the manufacturing facility and the technology transfer.

As of September 30, 2021, the transaction price consists of upfront consideration received and budgeted reimbursable out-of-pocket costs to support the build out of the manufacturing facility and technology transfer. Using the estimated stand-alone selling price for each of the four performance obligations, the Company allocated the transaction price to the performance obligations in proportion to their standalone selling price, the relative standalone selling price basis. The Company recognizes revenue when the performance obligation is transferred, meaning when Vinbiotech obtains control of the promised good or service. The drug substance and drug product performance obligations are recognized at the point in time the goods are transferred. The consulting performance obligations are recognized over a period of time based on the percentage of services rendered, meaning actual costs incurred divided by total costs budgeted to satisfy the performance obligation. Any consideration related to sales-based royalties will be recognized when the drug product is manufactured as they are constrained.

Total deferred revenue as of September 30, 2021 for the Vinbiotech agreement was $39.4 million.   

For Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Janssen”), Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc. (“Ultragenyx”) and CureVac AG (“CureVac”), the Company evaluated the respective agreement in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606. The Company concluded that the contract counterparty is a customer. The Company identified all promised goods/services within each agreement, and concluded that the promised goods/services are incapable of being distinct and consequently do not have any value on a standalone basis. Accordingly, the promised goods/services within each agreement were determined to represent a single performance obligation. Lastly, the Company concluded that any options to select additional collaboration targets and to license rights to selected targets were not priced at a discount and therefore do not represent performance obligations for which the transaction price would be allocated.

Janssen  

In October 2017, the Company entered into a research collaboration and license agreement with Janssen (the “2017 Agreement”) to collaborate on developing candidates for treating HBV with RNA therapeutics. The 2017 Agreement allocated discovery, development, funding obligations, and ownership of related intellectual property among the Company and Janssen. The Company received an upfront payment of $7.7 million and may receive preclinical, development and sales milestone payments of up to $56.5 million, as well as royalty payments on any future licensed product sales. In October, the LUNAR-HBV program reached an incremental milestone based on demonstration of in vivo efficacy and safety for which Janssen will pay the Company $1.0 million. Janssen began reimbursing the Company for research costs during the first quarter of 2019 upon the completion of the first of three research periods. Janssen will pay royalties as a low to mid-single digit percentage of net sales of licensed products, subject to reduction on a country-by-country and licensed-product-by-licensed-product basis and subject to certain events, such as expiration of program patents. In addition, the 2017 Agreement includes an exclusivity period.

As of September 30, 2021, the remaining transaction price consisting of upfront consideration received and budgeted reimbursable out-of-pocket costs, is expected to be recognized using an input method over the remaining research period of 12 months. None of the development and commercialization milestones were included in the transaction price as they are outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the collaborator’s efforts. The development milestone achieved in October 2021 will be included in the transaction price during the fourth quarter of 2021. Any consideration related to sales-based royalties will be recognized when the related sales occur, provided that the reported sales are reliably measurable, and the Company has no remaining promised goods/services, as such sales were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Janssen and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price.

Total deferred revenue as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 for Janssen was $5.7 million and $5.9 million, respectively.

Ultragenyx

In October 2015 the Company entered into a research collaboration and license agreement with Ultragenyx (the “Ultragenyx Agreement”), whereby Arcturus granted to Ultragenyx a co-exclusive license to certain Arcturus technology, which is in effect only during the reserve target exclusivity term as discussed in the following paragraphs. This collaboration agreement was amended in 2017, 2018 and during the second quarter of 2019. During the initial phase of the collaboration, the Company will design and optimize therapeutics for certain rare disease targets. Ultragenyx has the option under the Ultragenyx Agreement to add additional rare disease targets during the collaborative development period. Additionally, during the collaborative development period, the Company will participate with Ultragenyx in a joint steering committee. The Ultragenyx Agreement also includes an initial exclusivity period with an option to extend such period.

As part of the Ultragenyx Agreement and related amendments, Ultragenyx has paid $27.9 million in upfront fees, exclusivity extension fees and additional consideration. Ultragenyx also reimburses the Company for all internal and external development costs incurred. Pursuant to the Ultragenyx Agreement, Ultragenyx is required to make additional payments upon exercise of the Ultragenyx expansion option or exclusivity extension (if any) and if Ultragenyx achieves certain, clinical, regulatory and sales milestones, then the Company is eligible to receive royalty payments. For each development target for which Ultragenyx exercises its option, Ultragenyx will pay the Company a one-time option exercise fee that increases based upon the number of development targets selected by Ultragenyx and ranges from $0.5 million to $1.5 million. During the fourth quarter of 2020, Ultragenyx exercised its option to move forward with Preclinical Candidate Designation for its development target, Glycogen Storage Disease III, and paid an option fee to the Company of $0.5 million.

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The current potential development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments for the existing development targets as of September 30, 2021 are $138.0 million. Ultragenyx will pay royalties as a single-digit percentage of net sales on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis during the applicable royalty term. As of September 30, 2021, Ultragenyx is working to identify and enroll patients in a Phase 1/2 study.

On June 18, 2019, Arcturus and Ultragenyx amended the collaboration agreement for a third time (“Amendment 3”). As part of Amendment 3, the total number of targets was increased from 10 to 12, and reserve targets will be exclusively reserved for Ultragenyx with no fees for four years after execution of the amendment. An equity component was also added as part of Amendment 3 wherein Ultragenyx purchased 2.4 million shares of common stock at a premium price. Along with the equity purchase, Ultragenyx received an option to purchase 0.6 million additional shares of common stock at $16.00 per share. In May 2020, the option was exercised.

The consideration received from Ultragenyx as a result of Amendment 3 was equal to $30.0 million and was comprised of a $24.0 million common stock purchase and a $6.0 million upfront payment. Specifically for Amendment 3, management determined the transaction price to be $14.4 million. See further discussion below regarding determining the transaction price. Management determined the fair value of the premium received by using the opening stock price subsequent to execution of Amendment 3 and applying a lack of marketability discount, as the shares received by Ultragenyx were initially restricted for up to two years. These restrictions have since expired.

As of September 30, 2021, the transaction price included the upfront consideration received, option payments, exclusivity extension payments and additional consideration received pursuant to Amendment 3. The Company recognizes the reimbursement of labor and expenses as costs are incurred and none of the development and commercialization milestones were included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that the consideration is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials, approval from the FDA and the collaborator’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based royalties will be recognized when the related sales occur as they are constrained, provided that the reported sales are reliably measurable and the Company has no remaining promised goods/services, as such sales were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to Ultragenyx and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price.

Amendment 3 was deemed a contract modification and accounted for as part of the original Ultragenyx Agreement. The transaction price is recognized to revenue on a straight-line basis using an input method over the 4-year reserve target exclusivity period. The reserve target exclusivity period represents the timing over which promised goods/services will be provided. Total deferred revenue at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 from Ultragenyx was $6.5 million and $9.2 million, respectively.

CureVac

In January 2018, the Company entered into a Development and Option Agreement (the “Development and Option Agreement”) with CureVac. Under the terms of the Development and Option Agreement, the parties agreed to conduct joint preclinical development programs once CureVac makes a payment to pull down a target on the basis of which CureVac is granted options for taking a license on pre-agreed license terms to develop and commercialize certain products incorporating the Company’s patents and know-how related to LUNAR delivery technology (the “Arcturus Delivery Technology”), and CureVac patents and know-how related to mRNA technology.

Prior to expiration of the initial term of eight years (which was subsequently amended, as discussed below), the Development and Option Agreement also includes an option to extend the term on an annual basis for up to three years, subject to payment by CureVac to Arcturus of a non-refundable annual extension fee. The Development and Option Agreement includes potential milestone payments from CureVac to the Company for selected targets. The current potential milestone payments for the remaining targets as of September 30, 2021 are $14.0 million for rare disease targets and $23.0 million for non-rare disease targets. CureVac will pay royalties as a percentage of net sales on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis during the applicable royalty term in the low single-digit range. As of September 30, 2021, CureVac has not yet reached the clinical phase of the contract. Pursuant to a May 2018 amendment to the Development and Option Agreement (and as amended and restated on September 28, 2018), the Company increased the number of targets available to CureVac under the Development and Option Agreement and agreed upon the license forms to be executed upon selection of the targets by CureVac.

On July 26, 2019, the Company entered into an amendment (“CureVac Amendment”) to its Development and Option Agreement with CureVac (as amended, the “Development and Option Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company and CureVac agreed to shorten the time period during which CureVac may select potential targets to be licensed from the Company from eight years to four years, and to reduce the overall number of maximum targets that may be reserved and licensed. In connection with the

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July 2019 CureVac Amendment, the Company and CureVac also entered into a Termination Agreement (the “Termination Agreement”) terminating the January 1, 2018 Co-Development Agreement between the Company and CureVac.

As of September 30, 2021, the transaction price included the upfront consideration received. The Company recognizes the reimbursement of labor and expenses as costs are incurred and none of the development and commercialization milestones were included in the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained. As part of its evaluation of the constraint, the Company considered numerous factors, including that receipt of the milestones is outside the control of the Company and contingent upon success in future clinical trials and the collaborator’s efforts. Any consideration related to sales-based royalties will be recognized when the related sales occur as they are constrained, provided that the reported sales are reliably measurable and the Company has no remaining promised goods/services, as such sales were determined to relate predominantly to the license granted to CureVac and therefore have also been excluded from the transaction price. As of September 30, 2021, no adjustments were made to the transaction price.

The upfront consideration of $5.0 million was recorded as deferred revenue in the Company’s balance sheet upon receipt and is currently being recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis using an input method over the remaining 22 month contractual term as of September 30, 2021. Total deferred revenue as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 for CureVac was $1.6 million and $2.3 million, respectively.  

Other Agreements

Other Revenue

The remaining revenue from smaller collaboration agreements and material transaction agreements primarily relates to the agreement with Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”). Total deferred revenue as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 for Takeda was $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively. The current agreement was entered into on March 18, 2019 and is expected to be completed during fiscal year 2021.

Israeli Ministry of Health

On August 17, 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with the Israeli Ministry of Health (“MOH”) to supply the Company’s COVID-19 vaccine candidate to Israel (the “Israel Supply Agreement”) subject to certain conditions, including applicable regulatory approvals. In October 2020, and in association with the Israel Supply Agreement, the Company received a non-refundable payment of $12.5 million from the MOH which is included in deferred revenue as of September 30, 2021. This payment of $12.5 million is associated with a specified clinical trial milestone and serves as an initial reserve payment for a specified number of doses of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate pursuant to the Israel Supply Agreement. As a result of the making of this payment, the MOH became bound to purchase an initial quantity of 500,000 reserved vaccine doses, as set forth in and subject to the terms and conditions of the Israel Supply Agreement. The payment is not refundable under any circumstance, including any termination of the Israel Supply Agreement. Furthermore, the Israel Supply Agreement may be terminated immediately by the MOH upon written notice to Arcturus if the Company has not obtained the required regulatory approvals by December 31, 2021.

Note 3. Fair Value Measurements

The Company establishes the fair value of its assets and liabilities using the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value.

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1:  Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2:  Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly.

Level 3:  Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists and are therefore determined using estimates and assumptions developed by the Company, which reflect those that a market participant would use.

The carrying value of cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities approximate their respective fair values due to their relative short maturities. The carrying amounts of long-term debt for the amount drawn on the Company’s debt facility approximates fair value as the interest rate is variable and reflects current market rates.  

As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, all assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis consisted of cash equivalents and money market funds, which were classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of these financial instruments was measured based on quoted prices.

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Note 4. Balance Sheet Details

Property and equipment, net balances consisted of the following:

Depreciation and amortization expense was $0.3 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $0.9 million and $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

Note 5. Debt

Manufacturing Supply Agreement

On November 7, 2020, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc., entered into a Manufacturing Support Agreement (the “Support Agreement”) with the Economic Development Board of the Republic of Singapore (the “EDB”). Pursuant to the Support Agreement, the EDB agreed to make a term loan of S$62.1 million to the Company, subject to the satisfaction of customary deliveries, to support the manufacture of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate (the “Singapore Loan”). The EDB has agreed to an extension of the reconciliation period to March 31, 2022 with unused funds as of such date to be subsequently returned within thirty days, subject to any further agreed upon extension of the reconciliation date. The parties are in continued negotiations with respect to amendments of the Singapore Loan terms. Under current terms, (i) the Company will provide a quarterly reconciliation report within forty-five days of each financial quarter end, (ii) the Company will provide a projection of expenditures through March 31, 2022 followed by an audited statement of actual expenditures through March 31, 2022 by June 30, 2022, (iii) the Company will provide EDB with a right of first refusal on GMP manufacturing slots of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate up to an agreed-upon maximum amount, (iv) and the obligation to repay the Singapore Loan will be secured by an interest in the raw materials and manufacturing equipment purchased by the Company with the funds from the Singapore Loan in form and substance satisfactory to the EDB in its sole discretion. The Company elected to borrow the full amount available under the Support Agreement of S$62.1 million ($46.6 million) on January 29, 2021.

The Singapore Loan accrues interest at a rate of 4.5% per annum calculated on a daily basis. Subject to certain exceptions, the Singapore Loan is intended to be a limited recourse loan that will be repaid solely through a royalty payment of 10% of net sales proceeds of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate, up to the amount of the outstanding principal and interest under the Singapore Loan. However, all unpaid principal and interest under the Singapore Loan will be due and payable five years after draw date, if net sales of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine exceed a certain minimum threshold during this five year period or the Company obtains clearance to sell the vaccine in specified jurisdictions. Unpaid principal and interest under the Singapore Loan will also become due and payable upon an event of default under the Support Agreement. The first vaccine sales, including the amount of net sales, shall be reported to EDB within 10 days of delivery and quarterly reports of aggregate vaccine sales, including net sales proceeds shall be provided within 30 days after quarter end.

The Singapore Loan is forgivable if the Company has not obtained regulatory approval by the final repayment date and net sales of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate are less than $100 million. If, any portion of the Singapore Loan is required to be forgiven pursuant to the terms of the Support Agreement, the EDB has the right to take ownership of certain raw materials and equipment that

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were purchased by the Company with proceeds of the Singapore Loan (the “Specified Assets”). The Company entered into a security agreement (the “Security Agreement”) for the benefit of the EDB to provide that repayment of the Singapore Loan and related obligations are secured by a lien on the Specified Assets.

In connection with the entry into the Support Agreement, the Company entered into a consent agreement with Western Alliance Bank (the “Bank”) and an amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of October 12, 2018, between Western Alliance Bank and the Company (the “Loan Agreement”), to exclude the Specified Assets from Western Alliance Bank’s lien on certain assets of the Company.

The Singapore Loan was initially recorded as long-term debt at $46.6 million, the amount of cash proceeds at the time the Company received the funding. As of September 30, 2021, the debt balance was adjusted to reflect the current exchange rate resulting in a debt balance of $45.7 million and a net foreign currency transaction gain of $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recorded interest expense and a corresponding liability of $0.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Singapore Loan and related commitments.

Long-term debt with Western Alliance Bank

On October 12, 2018, Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. entered into the Loan with the Bank, whereby it received $10.0 million.

The Loan is collateralized by all of the assets of Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc., excluding intellectual property, which is subject to a negative pledge. The Loan contains customary conditions of borrowing, events of default and covenants, including covenants that restrict Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc.’s ability to dispose of assets, merge with or acquire other entities, incur indebtedness and make distributions to holders of its capital stock. In addition, Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. is required to maintain at least 100% of its consolidated, unrestricted cash, or $15.0 million, whichever is lower, with the Bank.

On October 30, 2019, Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. and the Bank entered into a Third Amendment (the “Third Amendment”) to the Loan Agreement and on December 31, 2020 Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. and the Bank entered into a Fourth Amendment (the “Fourth Amendment”) to the Loan Agreement (as amended, the “Loan Agreement”).  

Pursuant to the amendment, the Bank agreed to make a term loan to Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. on October 30, 2019, in the amount of $15.0 million (the “Term Loan”). The resulting net increase in the indebtedness of Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. was $5.0 million. The Term Loan bears interest at a floating rate ranging from 1.25% to 2.75% above the prime rate. The amendment further provides that the Term Loan has a maturity date of October 30, 2023. Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. will make monthly payments of interest only until October 1, 2021. The Fourth Amendment was executed in connection with the Singapore Loan. In October of 2021, the Company and the Bank entered into a Fifth Amendment to Loan Agreement that provides for a six month extension to the interest only period which moves the first principal payment to May 1, 2022.

Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. paid a loan origination fee of $54,000 which was recorded as a debt discount along with the remaining loan origination fee from the Loan and is being accreted over the term of the Term Loan. In addition, Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. is required to pay a fee of $525,000 upon certain change of control events.

The Term Loan may be prepaid in full at any time, subject to a prepayment fee ranging from 0.50% to 2.00% of the prepaid principal amount depending upon the date of the prepayment.

Upon maturity or prepayment (as previously discussed), Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. will be required to pay a 2% fee as a result of the FDA’s approval to proceed with the Company’s LUNAR-OTC program based on its IND submission. Such fee is accreted to the long-term debt balance using the effective interest method over the term of the Loan Agreement.

Should an event of default occur, including the occurrence of a material adverse effect, the Company could be liable for immediate repayment of all obligations under the Loan Agreement. As of September 30, 2021, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Loan Agreement.

Principal payments, including the final payment due at repayment, on the long-term debt are as follows as of September 30, 2021:

The Company recognized interest expense related to its long-term debt of $0.7 million and $0.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $2.0 million and $0.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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Note 6. Stockholders’ Equity

Alexion Pharmaceuticals License Agreement

On February 17, 2021, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Alexion”) pursuant to which Alexion granted to the Company an exclusive, worldwide license to exploit certain specified Alexion patent applications. In accordance with the terms of the license agreement, and in exchange for the license, the Company issued 74,713 shares of its common stock to Alexion on February 19, 2021 valued at approximately $5.0 million. The number of shares issued under the agreement was calculated by dividing (i) five million dollars ($5.0 million) by (ii) the volume-weighted average price per share of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market for the thirty (30) trading days immediately preceding the Effective Date (rounded to the nearest whole share). The Company recorded the transaction as an asset purchase as management concluded that all of the value received was related to a single identifiable asset. Further, the Company concluded that there was no alternative future use for the asset and recorded a charge at the closing of the transaction for the full $5.0 million value assigned to the shares issued in connection with the license agreement. This non-cash charge was recorded as acquired in-process research and development expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Net Loss per Share 

Dilutive securities that were not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 as they were anti-dilutive totaled 1,457,223 and 1,514,023, respectively, and 1,405,378 and 1,129,949 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively.

Note 7. Share-Based Compensation Expense

In June 2020, the stockholders of the Company approved an increase to the number of shares authorized for use in making awards under the 2019 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) by 2,400,000 shares to 5,000,000. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2021, a total of 590,030 shares remain available for future issuance under the 2019 Plan, subject to the terms of the 2019 Plan.

Subsequent to September 30, 2021, the Company adopted the 2021 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan which covers the award of up to 1,000,000 shared of common stock (the “2021 Plan”) effective as of October 15, 2021. Approval of the Company’s stockholders will not be required as a condition to the effectiveness of the 2021 Plan for so long as the plan is in compliance with Nasdaq inducement plan rules. On October 20, 2021, the Company filed a Form S-8 with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission to register 1,000,000 awards.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In June 2020, the stockholders of the Company approved the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2020 Plan”) which provides for 600,000 shares of Company common stock reserved for future issuance. The first accumulation period under the 2020 Plan commenced on August 17, 2020 and ended on the purchase date, August 13, 2021. At which point 12,601 shares of common stock were purchased. The next accumulation period commenced on August 16, 2021.

Under the 2020 Plan, eligible employees may purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount annually, subject to a maximum of $25,000 per year. The discounted purchase price is equal to the lower of 85% of (i) the market value per share of the common stock on the first day of the accumulation period or (ii) the market value per share of common stock on the purchase date. Share-based compensation expense recognized under the 2020 Plan was $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

Stock Options

Share-based compensation expense included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 was:

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Note 8. Income Taxes

The Company is subject to taxation in the United States and various states. The Company computes its quarterly income tax provision by using a forecasted annual effective tax rate and adjusts for any discrete items arising during the quarter. The primary difference between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory tax rate relates to the valuation allowances on the Company’s net operating losses.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded no income tax expense. No tax benefit was provided for losses incurred in United States because those losses are offset by a full valuation allowance.

Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies

COVID-19 Vaccine Development

On March 4, 2020, the Company was awarded a grant (“Grant 1”) from the Singapore EDB to support the co-development of a potential COVID-19 vaccine with the Duke-NUS Medical School. The Grant provides for up to S$14.0 million (approximately US$10.0 million using the exchange rate at the time the grant contract was entered into) in grants to support the development of the vaccine. The Grant has been paid in full by the EDB as a result of the achievement of certain milestones related to the progress of the development of the vaccine, as set forth in the award agreement. The funds received have been recognized as contra research and development expense. The parties are in continued negotiations with respect to amendments of Grant 1. Currently, the Company is liable for certain expenses during the program and is also subject to certain conditions including the requirement to pay an agreed upon royalty rate to Duke-NUS on future net sales of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate developed with Duke-NUS in markets or jurisdictions outside of Singapore. No contra research and development expense was recognized for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and $3.7 million was recognized for the three months ended September 30, 2020. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $1.3 million and $7.9 million, respectively, of contra expense for Grant 1. At September 30, 2021, no amount remained in accrued expenses.

On October 2, 2020, the Company was awarded another grant (“Grant 2”) from the Singapore EDB to support the clinical development of a potential COVID-19 vaccine (ARCT-021). The grant provides for up to S$9.3 million (approximately US$6.7 million) to support the clinical development of the vaccine candidate for costs incurred in Singapore subject to certain conditions. The grant is paid in two installments upon the achievement of certain milestones related to the progress of the development of the vaccine candidate. The Company received the first installment of $3.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2020. The funds received are recognized as contra research and development expense as costs are incurred. As of September 30, 2021, the Company recognized the remaining amount of the first installment as contra expense for Grant 2. The parties are in continued negotiations with respect to amendments of Grant 2 that could include initiation of a clinical trial for a next generation COVID-19 vaccine that has variant coverage.

Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Agreement

On August 1, 2019, the Company amended its Development Program Letter Agreement, dated May 16, 2017 and as amended July 13, 2018, with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (“CFF”). Pursuant to the amendment, (i) CFF increased the amount it will award to advance LUNAR-CF to $15.0 million from approximately $3.2 million, (ii) the Company will provide $5.0 million in matching funds for remaining budgeted costs and (iii) the related disbursement schedule from CFF to Arcturus was modified such that (a) $4.0 million was disbursed upon execution of the CFF Amendment, (b) $2.0 million will be disbursed within 30 days of the first day of each of January, April, July and October 2020 upon Arcturus invoicing CFF to meet project goals, and (c) the last payment of $3.0 million less the prior award previously paid out, equaling approximately $2.3 million, will be disbursed upon the Company invoicing CFF to meet good manufacturing practices and opening an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application. The funds received from CFF will be recognized as contra research and development expense in proportion to the percentage covered by CFF of the overall budget. For the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized contra expense of $1.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized contra expense of $3.1 million and $3.7 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2021, $3.4 million remained in accrued expenses.

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Leases

In October 2017, the Company entered into a non-cancellable operating lease agreement for office space adjacent to its previously occupied headquarters. The commencement of the lease began in March 2018 and the lease extends for approximately 84 months from the commencement date with a remaining lease term through March 2025. Monthly rental payments are due under the lease and there are escalating rent payments during the term of the lease. The Company is also responsible for its proportional share of operating expenses of the building and common areas. In conjunction with the new lease, the Company received free rent for four months and received a tenant improvement allowance of $74,000. The lease may be extended for one five-year period at the then current market rate with annual escalations; however, the Company deemed the extension option not reasonably certain to be exercised and therefore excluded the option from the lease terms. The Company entered into an irrevocable standby letter of credit with the landlord for a security deposit of $96,000 upon executing the lease which is included (along with additional funds required to secure the letter of credit) in the balance of non-current restricted cash.

In February 2020, the Company entered into a non-cancellable operating lease agreement for office space near its current headquarters. The lease extended for 13 months from the commencement date and included a right to extend the lease for one twelve-month period. In February 2021, the Company opted to extend the lease through March 2025 to coincide with the lease term of the Company’s headquarters.

In February 2021, the Company entered into a third non-cancellable operating lease agreement for office space near its current headquarters. The lease extends for 12 months from the commencement date with monthly base rent of approximately $11,000. During the third quarter of 2021, the Company opted to extend the lease for an additional 12 months.

In September 2021, the Company entered into a non-cancellable lease agreement for office, research and development, engineering and laboratory space near its current headquarters. The initial term of the lease will extend ten years and eight months from the date of possession, and the Company will have the right to extend the term of the lease for an additional five-year period. The lease has a monthly base rent ranging from $268,000 to $360,000 which escalates over the lease term. The Company will gain access to the space in the first quarter of 2022.

Operating lease right-of-use asset and liability on the condensed consolidated balance sheets represent the present value of remaining lease payments over the remaining lease terms. The Company does not allocate lease payments to non-lease components; therefore, payments for common-area-maintenance and administrative services are not included in the operating lease right-of-use asset and liability. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of the lease payments, as the implicit rate in the lease is not readily determinable.

As of September 30, 2021, the remaining payments of the operating lease liability were as follows:

Operating lease costs consist of the fixed lease payments included in operating lease liability and are recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Operating lease costs were $0.5 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $1.4 million and $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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Note 10. Related Party Transactions

Ultragenyx

On June 17, 2019, Arcturus and Ultragenyx executed Amendment 3 to the Ultragenyx Agreement. Pursuant to the amended Ultragenyx Agreement, the Company also granted Ultragenyx a two-year option to purchase up to 600,000 additional shares of common stock at a price of $16.00 per share. Ultragenyx exercised the option in May 2020 and sold an additional 800,000 shares of common stock in August 2021. As a result, Ultragenyx owns 5.3% of the outstanding common stock of the Company as of September 30, 2021. For the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized revenue of $0.9 million related to the Ultragenyx Agreement. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized revenue of $2.8 million and $2.7 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2021, the Company holds an accounts receivable balance of a negligible amount related to the Ultragenyx Agreement.

Equity-Method Investment

In June 2018, the Company completed the sale of its intangible asset related to the ADAIR technology. Pursuant to the asset purchase agreement for ADAIR, the Company received a 30% ownership interest in the common stock of Vallon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Vallon”) in consideration for the sale of the ADAIR technology. The Company has no requirement to invest further in Vallon. Vallon completed an initial public offering and began trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker “VLON” in February 2021. Immediately after this offering, Arcturus owned 843,750 shares of Vallon, or approximately 12%. Based on the Company’s ownership and the Vallon board of directors seat held by an executive of Arcturus, the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of Vallon; therefore, the Company accounts for this investment as an equity-method investment. The Company accounts for its share of the earnings or losses of the investee with a reporting lag of three months, as the financial statements of the investee are not completed on a basis that is sufficient for the Company to apply the equity method on a current basis. The offering was at a share price of $8.00, greater than the initial investment which resulted in the Company recording a gain in its equity-method investment. Using a three month lag, the gain has been offset by losses incurred by Vallon through June 30, 2021.

See “Note 2, Joint Ventures, Equity Method Investments and Variable Interest Entities” for specific details surrounding the Company’s agreement with Axcelead to form the joint venture entity, Arcalis, Inc.

Note 11. Subsequent Events

In October of 2021, the Company entered into a Fifth Amendment to the Loan Agreement with Western Alliance Bank to finalize the negotiation for a six month extension to the interest only period which moves the first principal payment to May 1, 2022.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following is a discussion of the financial condition and results of operations of Arcturus Therapeutics Holdings Inc. for the three and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2021. Unless otherwise specified herein, references to the “Company,” “Arcturus,” “we,” “our” and “us” mean Arcturus Therapeutics Holdings Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. You should read the following discussion and analysis together with the interim condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere herein. For additional information relating to our management’s discussion and analysis of financial conditions and results of operations, please see our Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “2020 Annual Report”), which was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on March 1, 2021. Unless otherwise defined herein, capitalized words and expressions used herein shall have the same meanings ascribed to them in the 2020 Annual Report.

This report includes forward-looking statements which, although based on assumptions that we consider reasonable, are subject to risks and uncertainties which could cause actual events or conditions to differ materially from those currently anticipated and expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements.

You should read this report and the documents that we reference in this report and have filed as exhibits to this report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. You should also review the factors and risks we describe in the reports we will file or submit from time to time with the Commission after the date of this report.

Overview

Arcturus is a global clinical-stage messenger RNA medicines company focused on the development of infectious disease vaccines and significant opportunities within liver and respiratory rare diseases. In addition to our mRNA platform, our proprietary lipid nanoparticle delivery system, LUNAR, has the potential to enable multiple nucleic acid medicines, and our proprietary STARR technology has the potential to provide longer-lasting RNA and sustained protein expression, resulting in a six to twenty times lower dose than is needed for other mRNA vaccines. Our platform may provide a lower overall manufacturing cost compared to our competitors.

Our key proprietary technology has the potential to address the major hurdles in RNA development, namely the effective and safe delivery of RNA therapeutics to disease-relevant target tissues. We believe that the versatility of our platform to target multiple tissues, its compatibility with various nucleic acid therapeutics, and our expertise in developing scalable manufacturing processes put us in a good position to deliver on the next generation of nucleic medicines.

In January 2021, we announced completion of the Phase 1 clinical study of our lead LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate (“ARCT-021”). The study was conducted with CTI Clinical Trial and Consulting Services, a global CRO, and in collaboration with Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore. In January 2021, we commenced a Phase 2 clinical study of ARCT-021 in the United States and Singapore. In March 2021, we completed enrollment of the Phase 2 study, with 579 subjects randomized and dosed. We have completed three interim analyses of the Phase 2 safety data, which have been reviewed by the Data and Safety Monitoring Board and support continuation of the Phase 2 trial without amendment. The data demonstrate immunogenicity and an acceptable safety profile after both one and two doses. These favorable safety and single-dose immunogenicity data of ARCT-021 support the rationale to initiate a Phase 3 efficacy study. ARCT-021 has been selected by a global entity for inclusion in a multinational Phase 3 vaccine trial against COVID-19. The placebo-controlled study plans to enroll tens of thousands of participants and may evaluate a 5-µg dose of ARCT-021 administered as a single injection regimen. The Phase 3 study, upon commencement, will be sponsored and funded by the entity. However, the entity may determine at any time not to proceed with ARCT-021, or to delay or halt, the Phase 3 clinical trial.

In August 2021, our strategic partner, Vinbiotech Research and Manufacture Joint Stock Company (“Vinbiotech”) received approval for a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) from the Vietnam Ministry of Health to advance ARCT-154, a next generation self-replicating LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate targeting the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant and other variants of concern, into a Phase 1/2/3 clinical study. The trial is a randomized, observer-blind, placebo and active-controlled design with a target enrollment of approximately 19,000 adults, and is being funded by Vinbiotech, a subsidiary of Vingroup Joint Stock Company, the largest private industry conglomerate in Vietnam. The study is to assess the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of the SARS-CoV-2 self-amplifying mRNA vaccine. Preclinical data demonstrate strong neutralizing immunogenicity in non-human primates to SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants. ARCT-154 elicits 14.4 to 25.9-fold higher neutralizing antibody titers than ARCT-021 in non-human primates, including an observed increase of 17.8-fold higher neutralizing antibody titers against the Delta variant. In October 2021, the Vietnam Ministry of Health approved initiation of the Phase 3b part (randomized, placebo-controlled trial) of the Phase 1/2/3 clinical trial of ARCT-154. In November, the Phase 3b part of the study was modified to approximately 16,120 participants (from 20,000 participants) with a Phase 3c sub-study of approximately 2,000 participants added to evaluate immunogenicity non-inferiority against AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. The Phase 1/2/3a/3b parts of the study have achieved full enrollment and we expect the Phase 3c part of the study to achieve full enrollment imminently. The total study enrollment is expected to reach over 19,000 participants with approximately half of the participants receiving ARCT-154 under a two-dose regimen with injections 28 days apart, while the other half will receive placebo or, in the sub-study, the active comparator vaccine. The Phase 1 part of the trial has

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completed the priming vaccination series with two administrations in 100 participants (75 in ARCT-154 arm). The Phase 2, Phase 3a, and Phase 3b parts of the trial are ongoing with 300 (225 in ARCT-154 arm), 600 (450 in ARCT-154 arm), and approximately 16,000 (8,000 in ARCT-154) participants, respectively. Depending on the outcome of the study, we expect to file an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) application for ARCT-154 in Vietnam in December 2021.

ARCT-154 utilizes an optimized STARR™ mRNA with multiple improvements, including modifications for stability and translation, increased immunogenicity of the spike protein antigen via amino acid substitution, expressing the spike protein in a pre-fusion state, and inactivating the furin cleavage site.

Non-Human Primate (NHP) data collected one month after second dose of 7.5 mcg; analysis of NHP serum was performed using non-replicating vesicular stomatitis virus pseudo-typed with the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern indicated. Titers were determined by calculating the dilution that resulted in 50% inhibition of cells expressing GFP encoded by the pseudovirus, a surrogate of virus infection. No assurances can be given that non-human primate data will be replicated in human subjects, that ARTC-154 will prove to be effective or if effective, will receive regulatory approval in any jurisdiction or be manufactured and commercialized effectively.

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T-cell responses for ARCT-021 and ARCT-154 are robust and similar in non-human primates.  Notably, STARR™ mRNA vaccines elicit T-cell responses consistent against all variants of concern tested. The robust T-cell responses are attributed to the self-amplifying mRNA mechanism of antigen expression.

T-cell responses from non-human primates assessed one month after second dose of 7.5 mcg; SARS-CoV-2 spike specific T-cell responses were analyzed by ELISpot assay using overlapping 15-mer peptides spanning the entire spike antigen from the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strains or the Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants of concern.  Spot Forming Units (SFU) were determined after background subtraction of unstimulated controls.

On August 3, 2021, we announced the approval for a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) from the Singapore Health Sciences Authority (HSA) to enable the advancement of ARCT-154 and ARCT-165 into a Phase ½ clinical trial to evaluate the vaccines both as a primary vaccination series and as a booster following initial vaccination with Comirnaty®. The Comirnaty booster cohorts (with ARCT-021, ARCT-154, ARCT-165) in this study are now fully enrolled.

In November 2020, we completed our Phase 1 dose escalation study in healthy subjects, at doses up to 0.4 mg/kg for ARCT-810, a novel mRNA-based therapeutic candidate for Ornithine Transcarbamylase (“OTC”) Deficiency. On July 28, 2021, we announced that we received approval from the UK Health Research Authority to initiate a Phase 2 clinical study for ARCT-810. The ARCT-810 Phase 2 study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, nested single and multiple ascending dose study designed to enroll 12 adolescents and adults with OTC deficiency.

We anticipate filing a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) for ARCT-032, our mRNA therapeutic candidate for cystic fibrosis, in the first half of 2022.

We anticipate filing a CTA for LUNAR-FLU, our mRNA vaccine candidate targeting influenza, in the second half of 2022.

Our activities since inception have consisted principally of performing research and development activities, conducting clinical trials, manufacturing drug substance and drug product, general and administrative activities and raising capital to fund those efforts. Our activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including failing to secure additional funding before we achieve sustainable revenues and profit from operations. As of September 30, 2021, we had cash of $413.9 million and an accumulated deficit of $308.8 million. 

Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Report and our audited financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2020. Our historical results of operations and the year-to-year comparisons of our results of operations that follow are not necessarily indicative of future results.

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Revenue

We enter into arrangements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology partners and government agencies that may contain upfront payments, license fees for research and development arrangements, research and development funding, milestone payments, option exercise and exclusivity fees, royalties on future sales, consulting fees and payments for technology transfers. The following table summarizes our total revenues for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Revenue increased by $0.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020. The increase in revenue primarily relates to $0.6 million revenue from the new agreement with Vinbiotech. The increase was offset by an overall decrease in revenue of $0.5 million from our existing collaboration partners.

Revenue decreased by $0.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The decrease in revenue primarily relates to (i) a decrease in collaboration revenue from Janssen of $0.2 million due to fewer hours incurred during the first nine months of 2021 as compared to 2020 (ii) a decrease in collaboration revenue from Takeda of $0.5 million due to a slowdown in the program (iii) a decrease in sublicense revenue of approximately $0.3 million that was received during the first nine months of 2020 that did not reoccur in 2021 and (iv) a $0.3 million decrease in revenue from material transfer agreements as we have shifted more resources into the COVID-19 vaccine program. The decrease in revenue was partly offset by $0.6 million of revenue from the new agreements with Vinbiotech.

Our operating expenses consist of research and development and general and administrative expenses.

*  Greater than 100%

The following table presents our total research and development expenses by category:

*  Greater than 100%

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Research and Development Expenses, net

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of external manufacturing costs, in-vivo research studies performed by contract research organizations, clinical and regulatory consultants, personnel related expenses and laboratory supplies related to conducting research and development activities. Costs to acquire and manufacture pre-launch inventory, mRNA supply for preclinical studies and clinical trials are recognized and included in external pipeline development expenses for the specific program.

LUNAR-COVID expenses increased by $23.1 million and $77.0 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, as compared to 2020. The increase is due to the fact that the LUNAR-COV19 program did not commence until late in the first quarter of 2020 and is now in clinical trials. Expenses related to pre-launch inventory represent $17.3 million and $43.6 million of the increase for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, with no expense incurred during the 2020 periods. We expect that the program costs and pre-launch inventory costs will continue to increase as clinical trials progress and we advance program development.

LUNAR-CF expenses were relatively consistent during the three months ended September 30, 2021 when compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020, decreasing by $0.2 million. LUNAR-CF expenses increased by $0.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 when compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Expenses incurred were partially offset with funds awarded by the CFF. The increase in LUNAR-CF expenses was due primarily to increased research and development cost incurred in association with the amendment to the CFF Agreement executed in July 2019, and we expect that our development efforts and associated costs will increase over the next several years as the LUNAR-CF program moves toward expected CTA submission in the first half of 2022.

LUNAR-OTC expenses decreased by $4.0 million and $3.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, as compared to 2020. The decrease is related to slower than expected recruiting for the ARCT-810 clinical trial caused in part by the ongoing Covid environment.

Discovery technologies represents our efforts to expand our product pipeline and are expected to continually increase in the near future. Partnered discovery technologies increased by $2.9 million and $16.2 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, as compared to 2020. The increase is primarily due to the addition of several new development programs during 2020. Further, in the first quarter of 2021 we acquired an exclusive license from Alexion Pharmaceuticals to certain intellectual property for approximately $5.0 million of our common stock, which we expensed in 2021.

Within our platform development expenses, our partnered discovery expenses with our current partners are expected to fluctuate based on the needs of our collaboration partners. Platform development expenses decreased by $0.4 million and $0.5 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 primarily due to the completion and termination of a collaboration agreement with a former collaborator.

Personnel related expenses, net of funds received from CFF and the Singapore EDB, increased by $5.7 million and $16.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, as compared to 2020. The increases were associated with increased headcount costs necessary to advance our external pipeline, platform and clinical trial efforts as well as increased share-based compensation expense.

Facilities and equipment expenses increased by $0.5 million and $1.1 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, as compared to 2020. The increases resulted primarily from higher rent and related costs associated with an additional lease that we entered into in February 2020.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related benefits for our executive, administrative and accounting functions and professional service fees for legal and accounting services as well as other general and administrative expenses.

General and administrative expenses increased by $5.3 million and $16.5 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, as compared to 2020. The increases resulted primarily from personnel expense due to increased headcount and increased share-based compensation expense.

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Finance (expense) income, net

*  Greater than 100%

Interest income is generated on cash and cash equivalents. The increase in interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to the prior year period was a result of increased cash and cash equivalents balances. Interest expense was incurred in conjunction with our Loan and Security Agreement with Western Alliance Bank and the Singapore Loan. The increase in interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to the prior year period was primarily a result of additional accrued interest expense related to the Singapore Loan that was funded in January 2021.

Other income and expense

Other income and expense items relate to gains and losses from foreign currency transactions and from equity-method investments. During the three months ended September 30, 2021 we recorded a loss of $0.2 million in connection with our equity-method investment in Vallon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., of which we hold approximately 12%. However, during the first nine months of 2021 we recorded a total net gain of $0.7 million due to the gain recorded as a result of the Vallon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. initial public offering.

Off-balance sheet arrangements

Through September 30, 2021, we have not entered into and did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial collaborations, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

From the Company’s inception through the quarter ended September 30, 2021, the Company has funded its operations principally with the proceeds from the sale of capital stock, long-term debt and revenues earned through collaboration agreements. At September 30, 2021, we had $413.9 million in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents.

Loan and Security Agreement

On October 12, 2018, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Western Alliance Bank whereby we received gross proceeds of $10.0 million under a long-term debt agreement (the “Loan Agreement”).

On October 30, 2019, we and the Bank entered into a Third Amendment (the “Third Amendment”) to the Loan Agreement and on December 31, 2020 Arcturus Therapeutics, Inc. and the Bank entered into a Fourth Amendment (the “Fourth Amendment”) to the Loan Agreement (as amended, the “Loan Agreement”). The Fourth Amendment was executed in connection with the Singapore Loan. 

Pursuant to the Third Amendment, the Bank agreed to make a term loan to us on October 30, 2019, in the amount of $15.0 million (the “Term Loan”). The resulting net increase in the indebtedness of us was $5.0 million. The Term Loan bears interest at a floating rate ranging from 1.25% to 2.75% above the prime rate. The amendment further provides that the Term Loan has a maturity date of October 30, 2023. We shall make monthly payments of interest only until the interest-only end date of October 1, 2021. However, in October of 2021, we entered into a Fifth Amendment to Loan Agreement which provided for a six month extension to the interest only period which moves the first principal payment to May 1, 2022. 

Grants from the Economic Development Board of the Republic of Singapore

On March 4, 2020, we were awarded a grant (“Grant 1”) from the Economic Development Board of the Republic of Singapore (the “EDB”) to support the co-development of a potential COVID-19 vaccine program with the Duke-NUS Medical School. The Grant provides for up to S$14.0 million (approximately US$10.0 million using the exchange rate at the time the grant contract was entered into) in grants to support the development of the vaccine. The Grant has been paid in full by the EDB as a result of the achievement of certain milestones related to the progress of the development of the vaccine, as set forth in the award agreement. The funds received have been recognized as contra research and development expense. The parties are in continued negotiations with respect to amendments of Grant 1. Currently, are liable for certain expenses during the program and is also subject to certain

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conditions including the requirement to pay an agreed upon royalty rate to Duke-NUS on future net sales of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate developed with Duke-NUS in markets or jurisdictions outside of Singapore.

On October 2, 2020, we were awarded another grant (“Grant 2”) from the Singapore EDB to support the clinical development of a potential COVID-19 vaccine (ARCT-021). The grant provides for up to S$9.3 million (approximately US$6.7 million) to support the clinical development of the vaccine candidate for costs incurred in Singapore subject to certain conditions. The grant is paid in two installments upon the achievement of certain milestones related to the progress of the development of the vaccine candidate. We received the first installment of $3.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2020. The funds received are recognized as contra research and development expense as costs are incurred. As of September 30, 2021, we recognized the remaining amount of the first installment as contra expense for Grant 2. The parties are in continued negotiations with respect to amendments of Grant 2 that could include initiation of a clinical trial for a variant COVID-19 vaccine.

Manufacturing Support Agreement

On November 7, 2020, we entered into a Manufacturing Support Agreement (the “Support Agreement”) with the EDB. Pursuant to the Support Agreement, the EDB agreed to make a term loan of S$62.1 million, subject to the satisfaction of customary deliveries, to support the manufacture of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate (the “Singapore Loan”). The EDB has agreed to an extension of the reconciliation period to March 31, 2022 with unused funds as of such date to be subsequently returned within thirty days, subject to any further agreed upon extension of the reconciliation date. The parties are in continued negotiations with respect to amendments of the Singapore Loan terms. Under current terms, (i) we are to provide a quarterly reconciliation report within forty-five days of each financial quarter end, (ii) we will provide a projection of expenditures through March 31, 2022 followed by an audited statement of actual expenditures through March 31, 2022 by June 30, 2022, (iii) we are to provide EDB with a right of first refusal on GMP manufacturing slots of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate up to an agreed-upon maximum amount, (iv) and the obligation to repay the Singapore Loan will be secured by an interest in the raw materials and manufacturing equipment purchased by us with the funds from the Singapore Loan in form and substance satisfactory to the EDB in its sole discretion. We elected to borrow the full amount available under the Support Agreement of S$62.1 million ($46.6 million) on January 29, 2021.

The Singapore Loan accrues interest at a rate of 4.5% per anum calculated on a daily basis. Subject to certain exceptions, the Singapore Loan is intended to be a limited recourse loan that will be repaid solely through a royalty payment of 10% of net sales proceeds of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine candidate, up to the amount of the outstanding principal and interest under the Singapore Loan. However, all unpaid principal and interest under the Singapore Loan will be due and payable five years after draw date, if net sales of the LUNAR-COV19 vaccine exceed a certain minimum threshold during this five year period or we obtain clearance to sell the vaccine in specified jurisdictions. Unpaid principal and interest under the Singapore Loan will also become due and payable upon an event of default under the Support Agreement. The first vaccine sales, including the amount of net sales, shall be reported to EDB within 10 days of delivery and quarterly reports of aggregate vaccine sales, including net sales proceeds shall be provided within 30 days after quarter end.

The Singapore Loan is forgivable if we have not obtained regulatory approval by the final repayment date and net sales of LUNAR-COV19 are less than $100 million. If, any portion of the Singapore Loan is required to be forgiven pursuant to the terms of the Support Agreement, the EDB has the right to take ownership of certain raw materials and equipment that were purchased by us with proceeds of the Singapore Loan (the “Specified Assets”). We entered into a security agreement (the “Security Agreement”) for the benefit of the EDB to provide that repayment of the Singapore Loan and related obligations are secured by a lien on the Specified Assets.

In connection with the entry into the Support Agreement, we entered into a consent agreement with Western Alliance Bank (the “Bank”) and an amendment to the Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of October 12, 2018, to exclude the Specified Assets from Western Alliance Bank’s lien on certain assets.

Vinbiotech Agreement

On August 2, 2021, we announced an agreement with Vinbiotech, a member of Vingroup Joint Stock Company, to establish a manufacturing facility in Vietnam for the manufacture of our investigational COVID-19 vaccine program, for sale and use within Vietnam.

Under the terms of the arrangement, Vinbiotech is building out a manufacturing facility in Vietnam, and we have provided to Vinbiotech access to proprietary technologies and processes for the manufacture of our investigational COVID-19 vaccine program. We also provided Vinbiotech with an exclusive license to manufacture the vaccines in Vietnam at the facility solely for distribution in Vietnam. The license and technology transfer applies toward drug product manufacturing but not toward mRNA drug substance manufacturing. Vinbiotech made an upfront payment of $40 million and is responsible for costs associated with the technology transfer. Vinbiotech will also pay for mRNA drug substance supplied by us and royalties on vaccines produced at the manufacturing facility.

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General Financial Resources

A significant portion of our current unrestricted cash and cash equivalents balance of $413.9 million is expected to be utilized during fiscal year 2021 and into 2022 to fund (i) clinical and manufacturing costs related to ARCT-154 global activities (ii) the continued Phase 1 trial and anticipated Phase 2 trial of ARCT-810, our LUNAR-OTC candidate, (iii) advancing our new LUNAR-FLU program toward submission of an IND, (iv) and other programs and administrative costs.

If we are unable to maintain sufficient financial resources, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional needed financing on acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, equity or debt financings may have a dilutive effect on the holdings of our existing shareholders. Our future capital requirements are difficult to forecast and will depend on many factors.

We expect to continue to incur additional losses for the foreseeable future, and we will need to raise additional debt or equity financing or enter into additional partnerships to fund development. The ability of our Company to transition to profitability is dependent on identifying and developing successful mRNA drug candidates. If we are not able to achieve planned milestones, incur costs in excess of our forecasts, or do not meet covenant requirements of our debt, we will need to reduce discretionary spending, discontinue the development of some or all of our products, which will delay part of our development programs, all of which will have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our intended business objectives.

Overview

The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

Operating Activities

Our primary use of cash is to fund operating expenses, which consist mainly of research and development, clinical studies, manufacturing drug substance and drug product and general and administrative expenditures. We have incurred significant expenses which have been partially offset by cash collected through our collaboration agreements. Cash collections under the collaboration agreements can vary from year to year depending on the terms of the agreement and work performed. These changes in cash flows primarily relate to the timing of cash receipts for upfront payments, reimbursable expenses and achievement of milestones under these collaborative agreements. 

Net cash used in operating activities was $92.5 million on a net loss of $165.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, compared to net cash used of $36.2 million on a net loss of $41.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Adjustments for non-cash charges were $28.2 million and $5.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Changes in working capital resulted in adjustments to operating net cash inflows of $44.3 million and outflows of $1.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Changes in working capital for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 were primarily driven by increases in deferred revenue and accrued liabilities due to the new agreement with Vinbiotech, partly offset by decreases in accounts payable, prepaid expenses and accounts receivable. Changes in working capital for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were primarily driven by decreases in deferred revenue, prepaid expenses and accounts receivable and was partly offset by an increase to accrued liabilities and accounts payable.   

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities of $2.3 million and $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, reflects cash used to purchase property and equipment.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities of $47.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 consisted of net proceeds from the Singapore Loan of $46.6 million, proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $0.7 million and proceeds from the issuance of common stock related to our employee stock purchase plan of $0.5 million. Net cash provided by financing activities for

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the nine months ended September 30, 2020 reflects proceeds of $9.6 million from the issuance of common stock to Ultragenyx, proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $261.9 million, and proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $1.5 million.

Funding Requirements

We anticipate that we will continue to generate net losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect the losses to increase as we continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, and begin commercialization of our products. As a result, we will require additional capital to fund our operations in order to support our long-term plans. The Company intends to seek additional capital through equity or debt financings, collaborative or other funding arrangements with partners or through other sources of financing. Should we seek additional financing from outside sources, we may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to scale back or discontinue the advancement of product candidates, reduce headcount or merge with another entity. 

Our future funding requirements are difficult to forecast and will depend on many factors, including the following:

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. As such, we make certain estimates, judgements and assumptions that we believe are reasonable, based upon information available to us. These judgements involve making estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may significantly impact our reported results of operations and financial condition. We describe our significant accounting policies more fully in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020.

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from the information provided in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our primary exposure to market risk is interest income and expense sensitivity and foreign currency exchange rates. Interest income and expense sensitivity is affected by changes in the general level of interest rates in the United States. Foreign exchange market risks relate to the grants and loan from the Singapore Economic Development Board which is discussed in this Quarterly Report in “Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 1. Description of Business.” When deemed appropriate, we may manage our exposure to foreign exchange market risks through the use of derivative financial instruments. We may utilize such derivative financial instruments for hedging or risk management purposes. Due to the nature of our cash and cash equivalents and our evaluation of the potential impact of foreign currency exchange rates, we believe that we are not currently subject to any material market risk exposure.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) and Rule 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act, our management, including our principal executive officer, our principal financial officer and our principal accounting officer, conducted an evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, management has concluded that as of September 30, 2021, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level, and we believe the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2021 fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive loss, statements of stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

As required by Rule 13a-15(d) and Rule 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act, our management, including our principal executive officer, our principal financial officer and our principal accounting officer, conducted an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any other changes occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer concluded that there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or were reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may be involved in various legal proceedings and subject to claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although the results of litigation and claims are inherently unpredictable and uncertain, we are not currently a party to any legal proceedings

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Our business is subject to various risks, including those described in Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, which we strongly encourage you to review. Other than as set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the SEC on March 1, 2021.

The recent coronavirus outbreak has caused interruptions or delays of our business plan and may have a significant adverse effect on our business.

In December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, COVID-19, was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China, and on March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic. In an effort to contain and mitigate the spread of COVID-19, many countries, including the United States, Canada and China, have imposed unprecedented restrictions on travel, quarantines, vaccine mandates and other public health safety measures. The extent to which the pandemic may impact our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, but the development of clinical supply materials have been and will continue to be delayed and enrollment of patients in our study for ARCT-810 (LUNAR-OTC) and ARCT-021 (LUNAR-COV19 Vaccine) may be delayed or suspended, as hospitals and clinics in areas where we are conducting trials shift resources to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic and may limit access or close clinical facilities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, if our trial participants are unable to travel to our clinical study sites as a result of quarantines or other restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, we may experience higher drop-out rates or delays in our clinical studies.

Government-imposed quarantines, restrictions and vaccine mandates may also require us to temporarily suspend or terminate activity at our clinical sites. On November 4, 2021, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) issued an emergency temporary standard whereby employers with more than 100 employees, such as us, must begin allowing employees to take time off to get vaccinated, and require unvaccinated employees to wear masks, starting on December 5, 2021. Thereafter, we must ensure all our employees are either fully vaccinated or subject to weekly testing and mask wearing starting on January 4, 2022. In addition, President Biden issued an executive order requiring all on-site and remote federal employees, contractors and sub-contractors to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or receive an approved medical or religious exemption by December 8, 2021, which could apply to us if we receive funding from the U.S. government for any of our research and clinical trials. Failure to comply with the executive order and OSHA’s standard could lead to a loss of funding and substantial monetary fines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if we determine that our trial participants may suffer from exposure to COVID-19 as a result of their participation in our clinical trials, we may voluntarily terminate certain clinical sites as a safety measure until we reasonably believe that the likelihood of exposure has subsided. As a result, our expected development timelines for our product candidates may be negatively impacted. We cannot predict the ultimate continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as consequences of such an event are highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical studies or as a whole; however, the COVID-19 outbreak may materially disrupt or delay our business operations, further divert the attention and efforts of the medical community to coping with COVID-19, disrupt the marketplace in which we operate, and/or have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Notwithstanding the ongoing rollout of vaccines, it will still take a substantial amount of time to produce, distribute and administer the vaccines worldwide and, as a result, to achieve broad protection of the global population. It is also still unclear if the vaccines will enable adequate protection, as (i) some vaccinated individuals may still become ill or transmit the virus, (ii) there are individuals who may refuse to be vaccinated or who cannot be vaccinated due to pre-existing conditions, (iii) it is unclear how long the vaccine protection will last, and (iv) genetic mutations of the virus may have an impact on the efficacy of available vaccines.

Moreover, the various precautionary measures taken by many governmental authorities around the world in order to limit the spread of the coronavirus has had and may continue to have an adverse effect on the global markets and global economy generally, including on the availability and pricing of employees, resources, materials, manufacturing and delivery efforts and other aspects of the global economy. There have been business closures and a substantial reduction in economic activity in countries that have had significant outbreaks of COVID-19. Significant uncertainty remains as to the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy as a whole. It is currently not possible to predict how long the pandemic will last or the time that it will take for economic activity to return to prior levels. The COVID-19 pandemic could materially disrupt our business and operations, interrupt our sources of supply, hamper our ability to raise additional funds or sell our securities, or continue to slow down the overall economy.

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ARCT-021 has been selected by a global entity for inclusion in a Phase 3 trial against COVID-19. The global entity could determine not to proceed with ARCT-021, or to halt or delay the trial. If the Phase 3 clinical trial is not initiated or experiences significant delays in doing so, we may be unable to fund or timely initiate a Phase 3 clinical trial on ARCT-021. If any clinical trial does not generate successful results, we may be unable to market and sell ARCT-021 or any other COVID-19 vaccine.

We have commenced a Phase 2 trial of ARCT-021 and the candidate has been selected by a global entity for inclusion in a Phase 3 clinical trial. However, the entity may determine not to proceed with ARCT-021, or to delay or halt, the Phase 3 clinical trial. If the Phase 3 clinical trial is not initiated or experiences significant delays, we may be unable to fund or to timely initiate a Phase 3 clinical trial of ARCT-021. If we were to determine to initiate an additional or separate Phase 3 clinical trial, we would need to identify additional funding sources to conduct and complete any Phase 3 trial commenced. The data received to date, although providing sufficient information to allow us to proceed further is not complete enough to provide conclusive evidence with respect to safety and potential efficacy of ARCT-021.

Clinical trial results are inherently uncertain, and a significant portion of our success and business prospects depend on the progress of this program. Our failure to demonstrate safety or obtain positive clinical trial results, inability to meet the expected timeline for release of data for this trial, or failure to successfully develop a single-dose vaccine could have an adverse effect on our business operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we will not have a detailed understanding of the efficacy of ARCT-021 until infection of a sufficient number of subjects in a Phase 3 trial, enrollment for which may be delayed or prevented by rollout of competing vaccines for COVID-19, competing clinical trials and the refusal of certain countries’ regulatory authorities to allow placebo-controlled trials for COVID-19 vaccine candidates. We cannot be certain if we will receive approval to proceed with a Phase 3 study, when we will begin enrollment, or the nature of the protocols that may eventually be approved. If the data is not positive or is inconclusive, we may not be able to continue our studies or identify additional funding to continue the studies. No assurance can be given that the results of the trials will produce adequate results to allow us to commence or continue expected trials or that adequate efficacy will be demonstrated such that ARCT-021 will be a viable commercial product.

Our strategic partner, Vinbiotech, has received approval to conduct a Phase 1/2/3 clinical trial for ARCT-154, our next generation COVID-19 vaccine candidate, in Vietnam. If the Phase 1/2/3 clinical trial is halted or experiences significant delays, we may be unable to fund or timely initiate another pivotal clinical trial on ARCT-154 or any other COVID-19 vaccine candidate. If the planned clinical trial does not generate successful results, or the results are not accepted by government authorities outside of Vietnam, then we may be unable to, or be significantly limited in our ability to, market and sell ARCT-154 or any other COVID-19 vaccine.

Our strategic partner may determine to delay or halt the clinical trial. If our strategic partner halts or delays the clinical trial, we may be unable to fund or to timely initiate another pivotal clinical trial of ARCT-154 or any other COVID-19 vaccine programs. If we were to determine to initiate an additional or separate Phase 3 clinical trial, we would need to identify additional funding sources to conduct and complete any Phase 3 trial commenced. If we were to determine to initiate additional or separate clinical trials, we would need to identify additional funding sources to conduct and complete any trial commenced. If the clinical trial does not generate successful results, or if the results are not accepted by government authorities outside of Vietnam, then we may be unable to, or be significantly limited in our ability to, market and sell ARCT-154 or any other COVID-19 vaccine.

If government bodies in the United States or elsewhere implement a waiver on patents on COVID-19 vaccines, there could be a significant adverse effect on our business.

On May 5, 2021, the Biden Administration announced that it supports a waiver for patents on vaccines protecting against the coronavirus. Any action by governments of the United States or other countries, or by global governmental authorities, that limit the ability of companies to enforce their patents or other technology could limit the value of the Company’s intellectual property and revenue potential for the Company’s product candidates.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Index