ASTROTECH Corp - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

 

☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022

 

or

 

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______________ to _______________    

Commission File Number 001-34426

Astrotech Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Delaware		91-1273737
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
corporation or organization)		Identification No.)

 

2105 Donley Drive, 100, Austin, Texas		78758
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (512) 485-9530

 

Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange
Common Stock	ASTC	on which registered
$0.001 per share		The Nasdaq Capital Market

 

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☐    No ☑

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.  Yes ☐    No ☑

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☑    No ☐

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☑    No ☐

 

 

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer ☐		Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☑		Smaller reporting company ☑
Emerging growth company ☐

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes ☐    No ☑

 

The aggregate market value of the registrants voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of December 31, 2021, based upon the closing price of such stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market on such date of $0.68, was approximately $30,908,524. This calculation excludes shares held by the registrant’s current directors and executive officers and stockholders that the registrant has concluded are affiliates of the registrant.

 

As of September 13, 2022, 50,630,849 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, were outstanding.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

The registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be used in connection with its 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”) is incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after June 30, 2022. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K, the Proxy Statement is not deemed to be filed as a part hereof.

 

 

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of federal and state securities laws. Forward-looking statements may include the words “may,” “will,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends” and other similar expressions. Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in the statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:

These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations. These statements are neither promises nor guarantees, but involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Given these uncertainties, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events.

Although we believe that the assumptions underlying our forward-looking statements are reasonable, any of the assumptions could be inaccurate. Therefore, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements included in this Form 10-K will prove to be accurate. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in our forward-looking statements, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that our objectives and plans will be achieved. Some of these and other risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from such forward-looking statements are more fully described elsewhere in this Form 10-K, or in the documents incorporated by reference herein. Except as may be required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or advise of any change in any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. In making these statements, we disclaim any obligation to address or update each factor in future filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or communications regarding our business or results, and we do not undertake to address how any of these factors may have caused changes to discussions or information contained in previous filings or communications. In addition, any of the matters discussed above may have affected our past results and may affect future results, so that our actual results may differ materially from those expressed in this Form 10-K and in prior or subsequent communications.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Our Company

Astrotech Corporation (Nasdaq: ASTC) (“Astrotech,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), a Delaware corporation organized in 1984, is a mass spectrometry company that launches, manages, and commercializes scalable companies based on its innovative core technology.

Our efforts are focused on commercializing our platform mass spectrometry technology through our wholly-owned subsidiaries:

Business Developments

On August 3, 2021, AgLAB announced that it has hired Joe Levinthal, a hemp and cannabis industry veteran and an expert in mass spectrometry, as its Chief Science Officer, to help lead AgLAB’s product development team. Mr. Levinthal brings an extensive background in applying highly complex scientific instrumentation to develop products derived from hemp and cannabis, and he has worked with some of the leading companies in the industry.

On August 25, 2021, 1^st Detect announced that it secured an important landmark purchase order for the TRACER 1000™, representing the first units to be deployed at an airport security checkpoint.

On November 17, 2021, we announced that we are actively pursuing strategic and accretive acquisition opportunities for Astrotech Corporation and its subsidiaries. Tom Wilkinson, as Lead Independent Director, is focusing on identifying acquisitions that will complement or improve our core technology, accelerate revenue growth, and/or reduce time to market, while being accretive to earnings and therefore shareholder value.

On February 2, 2022, BreathTech announced that it has hired Dr. Karim Sirgi, MD, MBA and FCAP as its Chief Science Officer. Dr. Sirgi is a pathologist, board certified in Anatomic, Clinical and Cytopathology, and has over 30 years of practice and leadership experience in private and academic pathology practices. We expect Dr. Sirgi will be key in the research and development and regulatory efforts at BreathTech and will help lead our partnership with Cleveland Clinic in the development of the BreathTest-1000™.

On June 23, 2022, BreathTech announced that it has amended its Joint Development and Option Agreement with Cleveland Clinic to include additional areas of focus. Under the amended agreement, ongoing work towards development of a rapid breath test for COVID-19 will be expanded to utilize BreathTech’s core mass spectrometry technology to screen for a variety of diseases spanning the entire body. The project will focus on detecting bloodstream infections, respiratory infections such as influenza types A and B and respiratory syncytial virus (“RSV”), carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridioides difficile (“C. diff”) infections.

As of the date of this filing, the TRACER 1000 is deployed in 20 locations across 11 countries throughout Europe and Asia.

Our Business Units

Astrotech Technologies, Inc.

ATI owns and licenses the AMS Technology, the platform mass spectrometry technology originally developed by 1^st Detect. Long recognized as the gold standard in chemical detection, mass spectrometry has historically been considered to be too costly, bulky, and cumbersome. In contrast, the AMS Technology has been designed to be comparatively inexpensive, small, and easy to use. Unlike other technologies, the AMS Technology works under ultra-high vacuum, which eliminates competing molecules, yielding higher resolution and fewer false alarms. The intellectual property includes 23 granted patents and one additional patent in process along with extensive trade secrets. With a number of diverse market opportunities for the core technology, ATI is structured to license the intellectual property for different fields of use. ATI currently licenses the AMS Technology to three wholly-owned subsidiaries of Astrotech on an exclusive basis, including to 1^st Detect for use in the security and detection market, to AgLAB for use in the agriculture market, and to BreathTech for use in breath analysis applications.

ATI has contracted with Sanmina Corporation (“Sanmina”), a leading contract manufacturer with a worldwide presence, to manufacture our mass spectrometer products. Leveraging their expertise, Sanmina has helped to improve the manufacturability and reliability of our systems.

1^st Detect Corporation

1^st Detect, a licensee of ATI for the security and detection market, has developed the TRACER 1000, the world’s first mass spectrometer (“MS”) based explosives trace detector (“ETD”) certified by the European Civil Aviation Conference (“ECAC”), designed to replace the ETDs used at airports, cargo and other secured facilities, and borders worldwide. We believe that ETD customers are unsatisfied with the currently deployed ETD technology, which is driven by ion mobility spectrometry (“IMS”). We further believe that IMS-based ETDs are fraught with false positives, as they often misidentify personal care products and other common household chemicals as explosives, causing facility shutdowns, unnecessary delays, frustration, and significant wasted security resources. In addition, there are hundreds of different types of explosives, but IMS-based ETDs have a very limited threat detection library reserved only for those few explosives of largest concern. Adding additional compounds to the detection library of an IMS-based ETD fundamentally reduces the instrument’s performance, further increasing the likelihood of false alarms. In contrast, adding additional compounds to the TRACER 1000’s detection library does not degrade its detection capabilities, as it has a virtually unlimited and easily expandable threat library.

In order to sell the TRACER 1000 to airport and cargo security customers in the European Union and certain other countries, we obtained ECAC certification. We are currently selling the TRACER 1000 to customers who accept ECAC certification. We have deployed the TRACER 1000 in approximately 20 locations in 11 countries throughout Europe and Asia.

On August 25, 2021, 1^st Detect announced that it secured an important landmark purchase order from a distributor for the TRACER 1000, representing the first units to be deployed at an airport security checkpoint for passenger screening. These systems were sold to the customer during the second quarter of fiscal year 2022.

In the United States, we are working with the U.S. Transportation Security Administration (“TSA”) towards air cargo certification. On March 27, 2018, we announced that the TRACER 1000 was accepted into TSA’s Air Cargo Screening Technology Qualification Test (“ACSQT”) and, on April 4, 2018, we announced that the TRACER 1000 was beginning testing with TSA for passenger screening at airports. On November 14, 2019, we announced that the TRACER 1000 had been selected by the TSA’s Innovation Task Force to conduct live checkpoint screening at Miami International Airport. With similar protocols as ECAC testing, we have received valuable feedback from all programs. Following ECAC certification and our early traction within the cargo market, testing for cargo security continued with the TSA. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, all testing within the TSA was put on hold; however, we resumed cargo testing during the summer of 2020, and we subsequently announced on September 9, 2020, that the TRACER 1000 passed the non-detection testing portion of the TSA’s ACSQT. Due to delays caused by COVID-19, TSA cargo detection testing is ongoing, but has proceeded much more slowly than originally anticipated. As a result, efforts are primarily focused on our other opportunities. TSA cargo detection testing is the final step to be listed on the Air Cargo Screening Technology List (“ACSTL”) as an “approved” device. If approved, the TRACER 1000 will be approved for cargo sales in the United States.

AgLAB Inc.

AgLAB, an exclusive licensee of ATI for the agriculture market, has developed the AgLAB-1000™ series of mass spectrometers for use in the hemp and cannabis market with initial focus on optimizing yields in the extraction and distillation processes. The AgLAB product line is a derivative of our core AMS Technology. The AMS Technology provides a significant competitive advantage due to its small size, rugged design, quick analysis, and ease of use. AgLAB recently completed several successful field trials to demonstrate that the AgLAB-1000-D2™ can be used in the distillation process to significantly boost the potency and weight yields of tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”) and cannabidiol (“CBD”) oil manufacturing. We plan to launch a family of “process control” instruments, methods, and solutions that we believe could be valuable additions to many nutraceutical extraction and distillation laboratories.

BreathTech Corporation

BreathTech, an exclusive licensee of ATI for use in breath analysis, is developing the BreathTest-1000, a breath analysis tool to screen for VOC metabolites found in a person’s breath that could indicate they may have a bacterial or viral infection. While vaccines have been deployed to mitigate the most serious effects of COVID-19, many people remain unvaccinated and new variants continue to pose a significant and evolving threat. New tools to aid in the battle against COVID-19 and other diseases remain of the utmost importance to help more quickly identify that an infection may be present, and BreathTech, in conjunction with Cleveland Clinic, is developing a quick and easy to use device to help determine the presence of infections.

In June 2022, we expanded our existing study that initially focused on COVID-19 with Cleveland Clinic to use the BreathTest-1000 to screen for a variety of diseases spanning the entire body. The project will focus on detecting bloodstream infections, respiratory infections such as influenza types A and B and RSV, carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, and C. diff infections.

Development of the BreathTest-1000 follows our results in pre-clinical trials for the BreathDetect-1000™, a rapid self-serve breathalyzer that was designed to detect bacterial infections in the respiratory tract, including pneumonia. The pre-clinical trials were conducted in collaboration with UT Health San Antonio in 2017.

Trends and Uncertainties - COVID-19

We are subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, we have seen delays with respect to the TSA certification process and parts of our supply chain, particularly the impact of the global semiconductor and electronics shortage, which has now resulted in product pricing inflation. In addition, although passenger demand for air travel has rebounded, the overall recovery of the airline industry and ancillary services remains highly uncertain and is dependent upon, among other things, the number of cases declining around the globe, public health impacts of new COVID-19 variants, the continued administration of vaccines to unvaccinated populations, and the duration of immunity granted by vaccines.

We continue to manage production, to secure alternative supplies where available, and to take other proactive actions. We believe that we will be able to pass the inflation caused by raw materials shortages and increased shipping costs to our customers by increasing the price of our instruments. If supply chain shortages become more severe or longer term in nature, our business and results of operations could be adversely impacted; however, we do not expect this issue to materially adversely affect our liquidity position. The long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business may not be fully reflected until future periods.

We continue to evaluate the current and potential impact of the pandemic on our business, results of operations, and consolidated financial statements. We also continue to actively monitor developments and business conditions, including those that may be related to additional COVID-19 variants and other diseases, that may cause us to take further actions that alter business operations as may be required by applicable authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, suppliers, and stockholders.

Business Strategy

1^st Detect Corporation

There are tens of thousands IMS instruments deployed in the field today, with many nearing their end of life. As the current generation of IMS technology is replaced, we are working to position the Company as the next-generation solution for the ETD market with the introduction of the world’s first ETD driven by a mass spectrometer. With mass spectrometry being the gold standard of chemical detection, an MS-ETD significantly improves detection capabilities, dramatically reduces the number of false positives, decreases delays and the associated costs, and allows for a much more expansive library of compounds of interest, yielding an instrument that we believe is far superior to the currently deployed IMS instruments, at a similar price point and a lower operating cost.

We currently market the TRACER 1000 to countries that accept ECAC certification. If we obtain TSA certification and are listed on the ACSTL as an “approved” device, we plan to also market and sell the TRACER 1000 to those countries that accept TSA certification.

AgLAB Inc.

Initial interest for the AgLAB-1000 series has come from the hemp and cannabis industry. Many derivative hemp and cannabis products are being manufactured using cannabinoids present in the plant, primarily THC for cannabis and CBD for hemp. Extraction and distillation equipment is used to remove the cannabinoids from the raw plant matter to create an oil that is used in many manufactured products. AgLAB has launched the first of several planned products that have been designed to assist in the oil extraction and distillation processes by maximizing the final product quality and yield.

Current efforts are focused on the U.S. market, but international markets present attractive future growth opportunities as the number of countries with legal recreational or medicinal use continues to expand.

BreathTech Corporation

The BreathTest-1000 product that is currently under development is being designed to provide an inexpensive, non-invasive screening device for a variety of diseases, including COVID-19, that can offer results on-site in a very short period of time. We believe there remains a strong market need for a quick, frequent or daily screening test for use in high density and critical locations, especially with additional COVID-19 variants and other diseases continuing to pose new or reemerging threats. Most currently available tests either take too long or are invasive and painful. The market need for a quick and painless test is considered significant in the following target markets:

BreathTech is also working to expand the capabilities of the BreathTest-1000 to detect certain bloodstream and bacterial infections. 

Products and Services

1^st Detect Corporation

The TRACER 1000 is the first MS-ETD certified by ECAC. We believe the TRACER 1000 significantly outperforms currently deployed competitive trace detection solutions based on IMS technology, specifically related to false alarm rate, probability of detection, and unit up-time. The majority of our sales to-date have come from the cargo security industry where false alarms can cause expensive delays and facility shutdowns as the false alarms are cleared, preventing the mission critical continuous flow of time sensitive packages. We have also recently expanded into the airport passenger screening market with sales to a distributor who services a major international airport in Asia in the second quarter of fiscal year 2022.

AgLAB Inc.

Leveraging the platform AMS Technology, AgLAB is currently designing its product line to serve applications in the hemp and cannabis markets. AgLAB has launched the AgLAB-1000-D2 which is designed to optimize yield during the distillation process. With the AgLAB-1000-D2, a sample is manually introduced into the system for analysis. Currently under development is the AgLAB-1000-D1. When completed, this instrument will be an inline process control unit that will increase yields with additional possibilities in solvent and pesticide detection.

BreathTech Corporation

The BreathTest-1000 is being developed, in conjunction with Cleveland Clinic, to provide an inexpensive, non-invasive screening device for a variety of diseases, including COVID-19 and its variants as well as associated lung diseases. The BreathTest-1000 is being designed to detect VOC metabolites in a person’s breath that could indicate they may have an infection using a disposable collection tube.

Customers, Sales, and Marketing

1^st Detect Corporation

Marketing efforts at 1^st Detect are currently focused on foreign airports and commercial companies in aviation and cargo security. We employ both direct sales and channel sales through distributors. We now have units deployed in 20 locations in 11 countries. While we have had some degree of success with sales, much of the pipeline has seen delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

AgLAB Inc.

Currently, AgLAB uses only direct sales. We do plan to engage with various channel partners, largely companies with existing distribution channels in the hemp and cannabis market, to help sell our products to target customers.

BreathTech Corporation

Efforts are currently focused on the development of the BreathTest-1000. We plan to increase marketing activities as the product approaches commercial viability.

Competition

1^st Detect Corporation

Competition for the TRACER 1000 comes primarily from IMS-based ETDs. We have several competitors that sell IMS-based ETDs that are much larger than us, with well-established sales forces and offering a wider range of security products; however, we believe the TRACER 1000 has a number of attributes that are superior to competing products.

These claims have been confirmed in numerous discussions with industry experts and verified in our many field trials.

AgLAB Inc. 

The currently available technology that we believe to be the only direct competition to our MS-based system is high performance liquid chromatography (“HPLC”). We believe the AgLAB-1000 series of products offers a more customer-friendly interface, quicker results, and, once the AgLAB-1000-D1 is launched, the ability to provide closed loop process control, ensuring maximum yield and product quality.

BreathTech Corporation

The BreathTest-1000 product that is currently under development is being designed to screen for VOC metabolites found in a person’s breath that could indicate they may have a bacterial or viral infection. Given that breath samples are quick, inexpensive, and painless, we anticipate that the BreathTest-1000 will be in demand by hospitals, nursing homes, airlines, hotels, cruise lines, military, sporting events, performing arts venues, convention and conference centers, schools, and likely anywhere that has high concentrations of people. This product is not expected to compete with the currently available molecular tests like RT-PCR, but is intended to be a screening device that, upon a positive test, will suggest a more thorough evaluation. Other researchers are working on a breath screening solution for COVID-19, and to the best of our knowledge, only one company in the U.S. has gained Emergency Use Authorization (“EUA”) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for a breath analysis device; however, it remains unclear if this product is commercially available at this time.

Research and Development

Astrotech Technologies, Inc.

We invest considerable resources into our internal research and development (“R&D”) functions. Much of our R&D investment is devoted to the cross-platform AMS Technology as the R&D team continually works to develop new derivative products, improve system functionality and reliability, optimize design, reduce cost, and streamline and simplify the software and user experience. Each market, however, typically requires unique sample introduction technology, library development, and customized adjustments to the user interface. 

1^st Detect Corporation

While 1^st Detect’s TRACER 1000 is fully commercialized, we continue to invest in cross-platform improvements that benefit all of our products, including those that improve system functionality and reliability, optimize design, reduce cost, and streamline and simplify the software and user experience.

AgLAB Inc.

The AgLAB-1000 series uses the core AMS Technology and is continuing its development of its cannabinoid library. In addition, AgLAB continues to invest in and expand its product line to include other valuable products specific to the hemp and cannabis industry.

BreathTech Corporation

The BreathTest-1000 employs the core AMS Technology. BreathTech R&D activities are being devoted to sample introduction and library development, which is needed to identify the specific compounds present in the breath that are indicative of the presence of infections.

We have been in correspondence with the FDA regarding how the FDA will classify the BreathTest-1000 and the classification has not yet been determined. The classification will inform the required FDA premarket submission and review process that will follow. If premarket notification (510(k) submission) is required, we intend to submit a pre-submission request to the FDA. The pre-submission is a formal mechanism for requesting feedback from the FDA prior to submitting a medical device application. The timeframe for receiving feedback from a pre-submission request is approximately 70 calendar days but may be shorter or longer.

Simultaneously, we are exploring how to potentially accelerate our time to market for the BreathTest-1000 via the EUA process, pursuant to the EUA declaration for in vitro diagnostic tests (“IVDs”) that became effective on February 4, 2020, in connection with the public health emergency related to COVID-19. In relevant part, an EUA declaration allows the FDA to temporarily authorize the use of unapproved and uncleared medical countermeasures, such as, IVD tests that have not gone through the FDA’s review process in anticipation of a potential emergency or during an actual emergency involving a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear agent, or an emerging infectious disease where the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) determines that circumstances exist to justify such authorization. Several COVID-19 diagnostic tests have been authorized through the EUA process, and such authorizations generally remain in effect until HHS declares the public health emergency is terminated or the conditions of the given EUA are not fulfilled. We have not submitted a request for an EUA but are hopeful that we will be able to obtain authorization under the EUA to get the BreathTest-1000 to market as quickly as possible. The timeframe for authorization of an EUA is highly variable and depends on, among other things, the complexity of the product, completeness of the submission, and technical requirements of the FDA. Authorization, if granted, may take as little as one month or as long as several months, and there is no guarantee that an EUA will be granted for the BreathTest-1000.

Certain Regulatory Matters

We are subject to United States federal, state, and local laws and regulations designed to protect the environment and to regulate the discharge of materials into the environment. We are also beholden to certain regulations designed to protect our domestic technology from unintended foreign exploitation and regulate certain business practices. We believe that our policies, practices, and procedures are properly designed to prevent unreasonable risk of environmental damage and consequential financial liability. Our operations are also subject to various regulations under federal laws regarding the international transfer of technology, as well as to various federal and state laws related to business operations. In addition, we are subject to federal contracting procedures, audit, and oversight. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations and technology export requirements has not had and, we believe, will not have in the future, material effects on our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position.

Federal regulations that impact our operations include the following:

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act establishes rules for U.S. companies doing business internationally. Compliance with these rules is achieved through established and enforced corporate policies, documented internal procedures, and financial controls.

Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000. This act authorizes the President of the United States to take punitive action against individuals or organizations known to be providing material aid to weapons of mass destruction programs in Iran.

Federal Acquisition Regulations. Goods and services provided by us to U.S. Government agencies are subject to Federal Acquisition Regulations (“FAR”). These regulations provide rules and procedures for invoicing, documenting, and conducting business under contract with such entities. The FAR also subjects us to audit by federal auditors to confirm such compliance.

Truth in Negotiations Act. The Truth in Negotiations Act was enacted for the purpose of providing full and fair disclosure by contractors in the conduct of negotiations with the U.S. Government. The most significant provision included in the Truth in Negotiations Act is the requirement that contractors submit certified cost and pricing data for negotiated procurements above a defined threshold.

Export Administration Act. This act provides authority to regulate exports, to improve the efficiency of export regulation, and to minimize interference with the ability to engage in commerce.

Export Administration Regulations. The Export Administration Regulations govern whether a person or company may export goods from the U.S., re-export goods from a foreign country, or transfer goods from one person or company to another in a foreign country.

Medical Device Regulation

FDA Premarket Clearance and Approval Requirements. Unless an exemption applies, each medical device, to be lawfully commercially distributed in the U.S., requires either FDA clearance of a 510(k) premarket notification submission, granting of a de novo request, or premarket application (“PMA”) approval. Under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”), administered by the FDA, medical devices are classified into one of three classes, Class I, Class II, or Class III, depending on the degree of risk associated with each medical device and the extent of manufacturer and regulatory controls needed to ensure its safety and effectiveness. Class I includes devices with the lowest risk to the patient and are those for which safety and effectiveness can be assured by adherence to the FDA’s general controls for medical devices, which include compliance with the applicable portions of the Quality System Regulation (“QSR”), facility registration and product listing, reporting of adverse medical events, and truthful and non-misleading labeling, advertising, and promotional materials. Some Class I devices may require premarket notification to the FDA.

Class II devices are moderate risk devices and are subject to the FDA’s general controls, and certain special controls as deemed necessary by the FDA to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device. These special controls can include performance standards, post-market surveillance, patient registries, and FDA guidance documents. While most Class I devices are exempt from the 510(k) premarket notification requirement, manufacturers of most Class II devices are required to submit to the FDA a premarket notification under Section 510(k) of the FDCA requesting permission to commercially distribute the device. The FDA’s permission to commercially distribute a device subject to a 510(k) premarket notification is generally known as 510(k) clearance. Under the 510(k) process, the manufacturer must submit to the FDA a premarket notification demonstrating that the device is “substantially equivalent” to either a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976, the date upon which the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 were enacted, or another commercially available device that was cleared to through the 510(k) or de novo process.

Devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risks, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or some implantable devices, or devices that have a new intended use, or use advanced technology that is not substantially equivalent to that of a legally marketed device, are placed in Class III, requiring approval of a PMA. For a device that is Class III by default (because it is a novel device that was not previously classified and has no predicate), the device manufacturer may request that FDA reclassify the device into Class II or Class I via a de novo request.

510(k) Marketing Clearance. To obtain 510(k) clearance, a premarket notification submission must be submitted to the FDA demonstrating that the proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a predicate device. A predicate device is a legally marketed device that is not subject to premarket approval, i.e., a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976 (pre-amendments device) and for which a PMA is not required, a device that has been reclassified from Class III to Class II or I (e.g., via the de novo classification process), or a device that was previously cleared through the 510(k) process. The FDA’s 510(k) review process usually takes from three to six months but may take longer. The FDA may require additional information, including clinical data, to make a determination regarding substantial equivalence. If the FDA agrees that the device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device, it will grant 510(k) clearance to market the device.

After a device receives 510(k) marketing clearance, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change or modification in its intended use, will require a new 510(k) marketing clearance or, depending on the modification, a de novo request or PMA approval. The FDA requires each manufacturer to determine whether the proposed change requires submission of a 510(k), de novo or a PMA in the first instance, but the FDA can review that decision and disagree with a manufacturer’s determination. If the FDA disagrees with a manufacturer’s determination, the FDA may take a wide range of enforcement actions, including, but not limited to, issuing a warning letter, withdrawing existing 510(k) clearance(s), and/or requesting a recall of the modified device. In addition, the manufacturer must cease marketing of the modified device until FDA has cleared or approved a new 510(k), de novo or PMA for the change, if ever. Also, in these circumstances, the manufacturer may be subject to significant regulatory fines or penalties.

De Novo Process. If a previously unclassified new medical device does not qualify for the 510(k) pre-market notification process because no predicate device to which it is substantially equivalent can be identified, the device is automatically classified into Class III. The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 established a new route to market for low to moderate risk medical devices that are automatically placed into Class III due to the absence of a predicate device, called the “Request for Evaluation of Automatic Class III Designation,” or the de novo classification procedure. This procedure allows a manufacturer whose novel device is automatically classified into Class III to request down-classification of its medical device into Class I or Class II on the basis that the device presents low or moderate risk, rather than requiring the submission and approval of a PMA. Prior to the enactment of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (“FDASIA”) in July 2012, a medical device could only be eligible for de novo classification if the manufacturer first submitted a 510(k) pre-market notification and received a determination from the FDA that the device was not substantially equivalent. FDASIA streamlined the de novo classification pathway by permitting (under Section 513(f)(2) of the FDCA) manufacturers to request de novo classification directly without first submitting a 510(k) pre-market notification to the FDA and receiving a not substantially equivalent determination. FDASIA sets a review time for FDA of 120 days following receipt of the de novo application, but FDA does not always meet this timeline and has publicly only committed to a review of 150 days for 50% of applications. If the manufacturer seeks reclassification into Class II, the manufacturer must include a draft proposal for special controls that are necessary to provide a reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the medical device. The FDA may reject the reclassification petition if it identifies a legally marketed predicate device that would be appropriate for a 510(k) or determines that the device is not low to moderate risk or that general controls would be inadequate to control the risks and special controls cannot be developed. If the FDA agrees with the down-classification, the de novo applicant will then receive authorization to market the device, and a classification regulation will be established for the device type. The device can then be used as a predicate device for future 510(k) submissions by the manufacturer or a competitor. In October 2021, FDA enacted regulations implementing the above-referenced FDCA provisions governing the de novo reclassification process.

Premarket Approval Process. Class III devices require submission through the PMA process before they can be marketed. The PMA process is more demanding than the 510(k) premarket notification process. Under the PMA pathway, the manufacturer must demonstrate that the investigational device is safe and effective for the target indication(s) for use, and the PMA must be supported by extensive data, including data from preclinical studies and human clinical trials conducted under a valid investigational device exemption (“IDE”). The PMA must also contain, among other things, a full description of the device and its components, a full description of the methods, facilities and controls used for manufacturing, and proposed labeling. Following receipt of a PMA submission, the FDA determines whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. If the FDA accepts the application for review, it has 180 days under the FDCA to complete its review of a PMA, although in practice, the FDA’s review often takes significantly longer, and can take up to several years. An advisory panel of experts from outside the FDA may be convened to review and evaluate the application and provide recommendations to the FDA as to the approvability of the device. The FDA may or may not accept the panel’s recommendation. In addition, the FDA will generally conduct a preapproval inspection of the applicant or its third-party manufacturers’ or suppliers’ manufacturing facility or facilities to ensure compliance with the QSR.

The FDA will approve the new device for commercial distribution if it determines that the data and information in the PMA application constitute valid scientific evidence and that there is reasonable assurance that the device is safe and effective for its intended use(s). The FDA may approve a PMA application with post-approval conditions intended to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device, including, among other things, restrictions on labeling, promotion, sale and distribution, and collection of long-term follow-up data from patients in the clinical study that supported PMA approval or requirements to conduct additional clinical studies post-approval. The FDA may condition PMA approval on some form of post-market surveillance when deemed necessary to protect the public health or to provide additional safety and efficacy data for the device in a larger population or for a longer period of use. In such cases, the manufacturer might be required to follow certain patient groups for a number of years and to make periodic reports to FDA on the clinical status of those patients. Failure to comply with the conditions of approval can result in material adverse enforcement action, including withdrawal of the approval.

Certain changes to an approved device, such as changes in manufacturing facilities, methods, or quality control procedures, or changes in the design performance specifications, which affect the safety or effectiveness of the device, require submission of a PMA supplement. PMA supplements often require submission of the same type of information as a PMA, except that the supplement is limited to information needed to support any changes from the device covered by the original PMA and may not require as extensive clinical data or the convening of an advisory panel. Certain other changes to an approved device require the submission of a new PMA, such as when the design change causes a different intended use, mode of operation, and technical basis of operation, or when the design change is so significant that a new generation of the device will be developed, and the data that were submitted with the original PMA are not applicable for the change in demonstrating a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness.

Emergency Use Authorization. The Commissioner of the FDA, under delegated authority from HHS may, under certain circumstances, issue an EUA, that would temporarily permit the use of an unapproved medical device or unapproved use of an approved medical device. Before an EUA may be issued, the HHS Secretary must declare that circumstances exist to justify the authorization (referred to as an “EUA declaration”) based on one of the following grounds:

In order for a medical countermeasure, such as an IVD (among others), to be the subject of an EUA, the FDA Commissioner must conclude that, based on the totality of scientific evidence available, it is reasonable to believe that the product may be effective in diagnosing, treating, or preventing a disease attributable to the agents described above, that the product’s potential benefits outweigh its potential risks and that there is no adequate, approved alternative to the product.

Clinical Trials. Clinical trials are almost always required to support de novo or a PMA and are sometimes required to support a 510(k) submission. All clinical investigations of investigational devices to determine safety and effectiveness must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s IDE regulations which govern investigational device labeling, prohibit promotion of the investigational device, and specify an array of recordkeeping, reporting and monitoring responsibilities of study sponsors and study investigators. If the device presents a “significant risk” to human health, as defined by the FDA, the FDA requires the device sponsor to submit an IDE application to the FDA, which must become effective prior to commencing human clinical trials. A significant risk device is one that presents a potential for serious risk to the health, safety or welfare of a patient and either is implanted, used in supporting or sustaining human life, substantially important in diagnosing, curing, mitigating or treating disease or otherwise preventing impairment of human health, or otherwise presents a potential for serious risk to a subject. An IDE application must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory test results, showing that it is safe to test the device in humans and that the testing protocol is scientifically sound. The IDE will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA notifies the manufacturer that the investigation may not begin or is subject to a clinical hold. If the FDA determines that there are deficiencies or other concerns with an IDE for which it requires modification, the FDA may permit a clinical trial to proceed under a conditional approval.

In addition, clinical studies must be approved by, and conducted under the oversight of, an Institutional Review Board ("IRB") for each clinical site. The IRB is responsible for the initial and continuing review of the IDE and may pose additional requirements for the conduct of the trial. If an IDE application is approved by the FDA and one or more IRBs, human clinical trials may begin at a specific number of investigational sites with a specific number of patients, as approved by the FDA. If the device presents a non-significant risk to the patient, a sponsor may begin the clinical trial after obtaining approval for the trial by one or more IRBs without separate approval from the FDA, but must still follow abbreviated IDE requirements, such as monitoring the investigation, ensuring that the investigators obtain informed consent, and labeling and record-keeping requirements. An IDE supplement must be submitted to and approved by the FDA before a sponsor or investigator may make a change to the investigational plan.

During a clinical trial, the sponsor is required to comply with the applicable FDA requirements, including, for example, trial monitoring, selecting clinical investigators and providing them with the investigational plan, ensuring IRB review, adverse event reporting, record keeping, and prohibitions on the promotion of investigational devices or on making safety or effectiveness claims for them. The clinical investigators in the clinical study are also subject to FDA regulations and must obtain patient informed consent, rigorously follow the investigational plan and study protocol, control the disposition of the investigational device, and comply with all reporting and recordkeeping requirements. Additionally, after a trial begins, we, the FDA, or the IRB could suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time for various reasons, including a belief that the risks to study subjects outweigh the anticipated benefits.

Post-market Regulation. After a device is cleared or approved for marketing, numerous and pervasive regulatory requirements continue to apply. These include (among others):

We may be subject to similar foreign laws that may include applicable post-marketing requirements such as safety surveillance. With respect to any medical devices that we may commercialize in the U.S. in the future, our manufacturing processes, or those of any contract manufacturer that we engage, will be required to comply with the applicable portions of the QSR, which cover the methods and the facilities, controls for the design, manufacture, testing, production, processes, controls, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, distribution, installation, and servicing of finished devices intended for human use. The QSR also requires, among other things, maintenance of a device master file, device history file, and complaint files. The discovery of previously unknown problems with any of our products, including unanticipated adverse events or adverse events of increasing severity or frequency, whether resulting from the use of the device within the scope of its clearance or off-label by a physician in the practice of medicine, could result in restrictions on the device, including the removal of the product from the market or voluntary or mandatory device recalls.

The FDA has broad regulatory compliance and enforcement powers. If the FDA determines that we failed to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, it can take a variety of compliance or enforcement actions, which may result in any of the following sanctions:

Regulation of Medical Devices in the EEA

Medical devices placed on the market in the European Economic Area ("EEA") must meet the relevant essential requirements laid down in Annex I of Directive 93/42/EEC concerning medical devices ("the Medical Devices Directive"). The most fundamental essential requirement is that a medical device must be designed and manufactured in such a way that it will not compromise the clinical condition or safety of patients, or the safety and health of users and others. In addition, the device must achieve the performances intended by the manufacturer and be designed, manufactured, and packaged in a suitable manner. The European Commission has adopted various standards applicable to medical devices. These include standards governing common requirements, such as sterilization and safety of medical electrical equipment and product standards for certain types of medical devices. There are also harmonized standards relating to design and manufacture. While not mandatory, compliance with these standards is viewed as the easiest way to satisfy the essential requirements as a practical matter. Compliance with a standard developed to implement an essential requirement also creates a rebuttable presumption that the device satisfies that essential requirement.

To demonstrate compliance with the essential requirements laid down in Annex I to the Medical Devices Directive, medical device manufacturers must undergo a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its classification. Conformity assessment procedures require an assessment of available clinical evidence, literature data for the product, and post-market experience in respect of similar products already marketed. Except for low-risk medical devices (Class I non-sterile, non-measuring devices), where the manufacturer can self-declare the conformity of its products with the essential requirements (except for any parts which relate to sterility or metrology), a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of a Notified Body. Notified bodies are often separate entities and are authorized or licensed to perform such assessments by government authorities. The notified body would typically audit and examine a product’s technical dossiers and the manufacturers’ quality system. If satisfied that the relevant product conforms to the relevant essential requirements, the notified body issues a certificate of conformity, which the manufacturer uses as a basis for its own declaration of conformity. The manufacturer may then apply the CE Mark to the device, which allows the device to be placed on the market throughout the EEA. Once the product has been placed on the market in the EEA, the manufacturer must comply with requirements for reporting incidents and field safety corrective actions associated with the medical device.

In order to demonstrate safety and efficacy for their medical devices, manufacturers must conduct clinical investigations in accordance with the requirements of Annex X to the Medical Devices Directive ("MDD"), Annex 7 of the Active Implantable Medical Devices Directive ("AIMDD"), and applicable European and International Organization for Standardization standards, as implemented or adopted in the EEA member states. Clinical trials for medical devices usually require the approval of an ethics review board and approval by or notification to the national regulatory authorities. Both regulators and ethics committees also require the submission of serious adverse event reports during a study and may request a copy of the final study report.

On April 5, 2017, the European Parliament passed the Medical Devices Regulation (Regulation 2017/745), which repeals and replaces the E.U. Medical Devices Directive and the Active Implantable Medical Devices Directive. Unlike directives, which must be implemented into the national laws of the EEA member States, the regulations would be directly applicable, i.e., without the need for adoption of EEA member State laws implementing them, in all EEA member States and are intended to eliminate current differences in the regulation of medical devices among EEA member States. The Medical Devices Regulation, among other things, is intended to establish a uniform, transparent, predictable, and sustainable regulatory framework across the EEA for medical devices and ensure a high level of safety and health while supporting innovation. The Medical Device Regulation will become applicable in May 2021. The new regulations:

In the European Union, member states are responsible for enforcing the EU’s medical device rules and for ensuring that only compliant medical devices are placed on the market or put into service in their jurisdictions. They have powers to suspend the marketing and use, or demand the recall, of unsafe or non-compliant devices. They also have the power to bring enforcement action against companies or individuals for breaches of the device rules. Non-compliance may also result in Notified Bodies revoking any certificate of conformity that they have issued for a device or the manufacturer’s quality system.

We are subject to regulations and product registration requirements in many foreign countries in which we may sell our products, including in the areas of:

The time required to obtain clearance required by foreign countries may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA clearance, and requirements for licensing a product in a foreign country may differ significantly from FDA requirements.

Federal, State, and Foreign Fraud and Abuse and Physician Payment Transparency Laws. In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing and promotion of drugs and devices, other federal and state laws may restrict our business practices if our products will be reimbursable under federal or state healthcare programs. These laws include, without limitation, foreign, federal, and state anti-kickback and false claims laws, as well as transparency laws regarding payments or other items of value provided to healthcare providers.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any good, facility, item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs.

Violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute may result in civil monetary penalties up to $100,000 for each violation, plus up to three times the remuneration involved. Civil penalties for such conduct can further be assessed under the federal False Claims Act. Violations can also result in criminal penalties, including criminal fines of up to $100,000 and/or imprisonment of up to 10 years. Similarly, violations can result in exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. Liability under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute may also arise because of the intentions or actions of the parties with whom we do business.

The federal civil False Claims Act prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval to the federal government or knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government. A claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. The federal civil False Claims Act also applies to false submissions that cause the government to be paid less than the amount to which it is entitled, such as a rebate. Intent to deceive is not required to establish liability under the federal civil False Claims Act.

In addition, private parties may initiate “qui tam” whistleblower lawsuits against any person or entity under the federal civil False Claims Act in the name of the government and share in the proceeds of the lawsuit. Penalties for federal civil False Claim Act violations include fines for each false claim, plus up to three times the amount of damages sustained by the federal government and, most critically, may provide the basis for exclusion from the federally funded healthcare program The criminal False Claims Act prohibits the making or presenting of a claim to the government knowing such claim to be false, fictitious or fraudulent and, unlike the federal civil False Claims Act, requires proof of intent to submit a false claim. When an entity is determined to have violated the federal civil False Claims Act, the government may impose civil fines and penalties ranging from $11,803 to $23,607 for each false claim, plus treble damages, and exclude the entity from participation in Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal healthcare programs.

The Civil Monetary Penalty Act of 1981 imposes penalties against any person or entity that, among other things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal healthcare program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent, or offering or transferring remuneration to a federal healthcare beneficiary that a person knows or should know is likely to influence the beneficiary’s decision to order or receive items or services reimbursable by the government from a particular provider or supplier.

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”) and including implementing regulations (collectively, “HIPAA”) also created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit among other actions, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.

Many foreign countries have similar laws relating to healthcare fraud and abuse. Foreign laws and regulations may vary greatly from country to country. For example, the advertising and promotion of our products is subject to E.U. directives concerning misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercial practices, as well as other EEA Member State legislation governing the advertising and promotion of medical devices. These laws may limit or restrict the advertising and promotion of our products to the general public and may impose limitations on our promotional activities with healthcare professionals. Also, many U.S. states have similar fraud and abuse statutes or regulations that may be broader in scope and may apply regardless of payor, in addition to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs.

Data Privacy and Security Laws. In the future, we may also be subject to various federal, state, and foreign laws that protect personal information including certain patient health information, such as the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), and restrict the use and disclosure of patient health information, such as HIPAA, and analogous state laws, many of which apply more broadly than HIPAA, in the U.S.

HIPAA established uniform standards governing the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and requires certain entities, called covered entities (as defined under HIPAA), to comply with standards that include the privacy and security of Protected Health Information (“PHI”). HIPAA also requires business associates (as defined under HIPAA), that may include  independent contractors or agents of covered entities that access, use or disclose PHI in connection with providing a service to or on behalf of a covered entity to enter into business associate agreements with the covered entity and to safeguard the covered entity’s PHI against improper use and disclosure.

The HIPAA privacy regulations cover the use and disclosure of PHI by covered entities as well as business associates, which are defined to include subcontractors that create, receive, maintain, or transmit PHI on behalf of a business associate. They also set forth certain rights that an individual has with respect to his or her PHI maintained by a covered entity, including the right to access or amend certain records containing PHI, or to request restrictions on the use or disclosure of PHI. The security regulations establish requirements for safeguarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of PHI that is electronically transmitted or electronically stored. HITECH, among other things, established certain health information security breach notification requirements. A covered entity must notify any individual whose PHI is breached according to the specifications set forth in the breach notification rule. The HIPAA privacy and security regulations establish a uniform federal “floor” and do not supersede state laws that are more stringent or provide individuals with greater rights with respect to the privacy or security of, and access to, their records containing PHI or insofar as such state laws apply to personal information that is broader in scope than PHI as defined under HIPAA.

HIPAA requires the notification of patients, and other compliance actions, in the event of a breach of unsecured PHI. If notification to patients of a breach is required, such notification must be provided without unreasonable delay and in no event later than 60 calendar days after discovery of the breach. In addition, if the PHI of 500 or more individuals is improperly used or disclosed, we would be required to report the improper use or disclosure to HHS which would post the violation on its website, and to the media. Failure to comply with the HIPAA privacy and security standards can result in civil monetary penalties up to $63,973 per violation, not to exceed an aggregate of $1.92 million per calendar year, and, in certain circumstances, criminal penalties with fines up to $250,000 per violation and/or imprisonment.

HIPAA authorizes state attorneys general to file suit on behalf of their residents for violations. Courts are able to award damages, costs and attorneys’ fees related to violations of HIPAA in such cases. While HIPAA does not create a private right of action allowing individuals to file suit against us in civil court for violations of HIPAA, its standards have been used as the basis for duty of care cases in state civil suits such as those for negligence or recklessness in the misuse or breach of PHI. In addition, HIPAA mandates that the Secretary of HHS conduct periodic compliance audits of HIPAA covered entities, and their business associates for compliance with the HIPAA privacy and security standards. It also tasks HHS with establishing a methodology whereby harmed individuals who were the victims of breaches of unsecured PHI may receive a percentage of the civil monetary penalty paid by the violator.

In addition, California enacted the CCPA, effective January 1, 2020, which, among other things, creates new data privacy obligations for covered companies and provides new privacy rights to California residents, including the right to opt out of certain disclosures of their information. The CCPA also creates a private right of action with statutory damages for certain data breaches, thereby potentially increasing risks associated with a data breach. Although the law includes limited exceptions, including for “protected health information” maintained by a covered entity or business associate, it may regulate or impact our processing of personal information depending on the context.

In the EEA, we may become subject to laws which restrict our collection, control, processing, and other use of personal data (i.e., data relating to an identifiable living individual) including the GDPR (and any national laws implementing the GDPR). As part of our operations, we process personal data belonging to data subjects in the EEA, including employees, contractors, suppliers, distributors, service providers, customers, patients, or clinical trial participants. For patients or clinical trial participants, we process special categories of personal data like health and medical information. We need to ensure compliance with the GDPR (and any applicable national laws implementing the GDPR) in each applicable EEA jurisdiction.

Healthcare Reform. The U.S. and some foreign jurisdictions are considering or have enacted a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. Among policy makers and payors in the U.S. and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality or expanding access. Current and future legislative proposals, on both a national and state level, to further reform healthcare or reduce healthcare costs may limit coverage of or lower reimbursement for the procedures associated with the use of our products. The cost containment measures that payors and providers are instituting and the effect of any healthcare reform initiative implemented in the future could impact our revenue from the sale of our medical products, to the extent any are authorized for commercialization in the United States.

We expect additional state and federal healthcare reform measures to be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our products or additional pricing pressure.

Regulatory Compliance and Risk Management

We maintain compliance with regulatory requirements and manage our risks through a program of compliance, awareness, and insurance, which includes maintaining certain insurances and a continued emphasis on safety to mitigate any risks.

Employees Update

As of June 30, 2022, we employed 14 employees, none of which were covered by any collective bargaining agreements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. This annual report will contain a discussion of the risks applicable to an investment in our securities. Prior to making a decision about investing in our securities, you should carefully consider the specific factors discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this annual report. The risks and uncertainties we have described are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our operations. The occurrence of any of these known or unknown risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment in the offered securities.

Summary Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a number of risks, including those described at length below. The following is a summary of some of the principal risks we face:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have incurred significant losses since inception and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.

As of June 30, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $215.7 million and reported a net loss of $8.3 million for the fiscal year 2022. We are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when we will become profitable, if at all. If we are unable to achieve and then maintain profitability, the market value of our common stock will likely experience significant decline.

Our business units are in development stage. They have earned limited revenues and it is uncertain whether they will earn any revenues in the future or whether any of them will ultimately be profitable.

Our business units are in an early stage with a limited operating history. Their future operations are subject to all of the risks inherent in the establishment of a new business including, but not limited to, risks related to capital requirements, failure to establish business relationships, and competitive disadvantages against larger and more established companies. These business units will require substantial amounts of funding to continue to commercialize their products. If such funding comes in the form of equity financing, such equity financing may involve substantial dilution to existing shareholders. Even with funding, our products may fail to be effective or attractive to the market or lack the necessary financial or other resources or relationships to be successful.

These business units can be expected to experience continued operating losses until they can generate sufficient revenues to cover their operating costs. Furthermore, these business units may not be able to develop, manufacture, or market additional products in the future, and there can be no guarantee that future revenues will be significant, that any sales will be profitable, or that the business units will have sufficient funds available to complete their commercialization efforts. Any products and technologies developed and manufactured by our business units may require regulatory approvals prior to being made, marketed, sold, and used. Regulatory approval of any products may not be obtained. In particular, TSA approval is required to begin selling the TRACER 1000 in the United States and FDA clearance or approval is required to market the BreathTest-1000 in the United States. Obtaining approval from both TSA and FDA is a complex and lengthy process, and approvals for the TRACER 1000 and BreathTest-1000 may not be granted on a timely basis or at all, which would have a material adverse affect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We may need to raise additional capital to fund the operations of our business units and commercialize our products.

If our available cash resources and anticipated cash flows from operations are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, including because of lower demand for our products or the realization of other risks discussed in this Item1A. of this Form 10-K, we may be required to raise additional capital through issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, entrance into a credit facility or another form of third party funding or seek other debt financing. There is no assurance we will be able to obtain future financing on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. In any event, we may consider raising additional capital in the future to expand our business, to pursue strategic investments, to take advantage of financing opportunities or for other reasons, including to:

Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

The various ways we could raise additional capital carry potential risks. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our stockholders could result. Any preferred equity securities issued also could provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we raise funds by borrowing debt, such debt would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of such debt could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we raise funds through collaborations or licensing arrangements, we might be required to relinquish significant rights to our platform technologies or products or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us or commit to future payment streams. Market volatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic or other factors may further adversely impact our ability to raise capital as and when needed. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, if we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may not be able to obtain patents, other intellectual property protection or licenses for the technologies contained in the products we develop.

The commercial success of any of our business units will depend, in part, on obtaining patent and other intellectual property protection for the technologies contained in any products it developed. In addition, our business units may need to license intellectual property to commercialize future products or avoid infringement of the intellectual property rights of others. Licenses may not be available on acceptable terms and conditions, if at all. Our business units may suffer if any licenses terminate, if the licensors fail to abide by the terms of the license or fail to prevent infringement by third parties, if the licensed patents or other rights are found to be invalid, or if our respective business unit is unable to enter into necessary licenses on acceptable terms. If such business unit, or any third-party, from whom it licenses intellectual property, fails to obtain adequate patent or other intellectual property protection for intellectual property covering its products, or if any protection is reduced or eliminated, others could use the intellectual property covering the products, resulting in harm to the competitive business position of this business unit. In addition, patent and other intellectual property protection may not provide our business units with a competitive advantage against competitors that devise ways of making competitive products without infringing any patents that this business unit owns or has rights to. Such competition could adversely affect the prices for any products or the market share of any of our business units and could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to successfully develop the BreathTest-1000 or any other new products or services.

Our business strategy outlines the use of the decades of experience we have accumulated to expand the services and products we offer to both U.S. government agencies and commercial industries. These services and products are in the development stage and involve new and untested technologies and business models. These technologies and business models may not be successful, which could result in the loss of any investment we make in developing them, including the development of the BreathTest-1000.

Furthermore, we are subject to risks including, but not limited to, the following with respect to the development of the BreathTest-1000:

Medical-device development involves a high degree of risk and uncertainty, and our potential products may not be successfully developed, achieve their intended benefits, receive full market authorization, or be commercially successful. Moreover, as the COVID-19 pandemic persists and further information continues to develop, we are learning of increased risks and uncertainties in developing and commercializing new products and services in these unprecedented and evolving circumstances.

Our success depends significantly on the establishment and maintenance of successful relationships with our customers.

Our customer base is limited; therefore, we continue to work on diversifying our customer base, while going to great lengths to satisfy the needs of our current customer base. Due to the limited number of customers, if any of our customers terminate their relationship with us, it could materially harm our business and results of operations.

Third parties may claim we are infringing their intellectual property rights, and we could suffer significant litigation or licensing expenses or be prevented from selling products.

As we introduce any new and potentially promising product or service or improve existing products or services with new features or components, companies possessing competing technologies, or other companies owning patents or other intellectual property rights, may be motivated to assert infringement claims in order to generate royalty revenues, delay or diminish potential sales, and challenge our right to market such products or services. Even if successful in defending against such claims, patent and other intellectual property related litigation is costly and time consuming. In addition, we may find it necessary to initiate litigation in order to protect our patent or other intellectual property rights, and even if the claims are well-founded and ultimately successful, such litigation is typically costly and time-consuming and may expose us to counterclaims, including claims for intellectual property infringement, antitrust, or other such claims. Third parties could also obtain patents or other intellectual property rights that may require us to either redesign products or, if possible, negotiate licenses from such third parties. Adverse determinations in any such litigation could result in significant liabilities to third parties or injunctions, or could require us to seek licenses from third parties, and if such licenses are not available on commercially reasonable terms, prevent us from manufacturing, importing, distributing, selling, or using certain products, any one of which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, some licenses may be non-exclusive, which could provide our competitors access to the same technologies. Under any of these circumstances, we may incur significant expenses.

Our ongoing success is dependent upon the continued availability of certain key employees.

We are dependent in our operations on the continued availability of the services of our employees, many of whom are individually key to our current and future success, and the availability of new employees to implement our growth plans. The market for skilled employees is highly competitive, especially for employees in technical fields. While our compensation programs are intended to attract and retain the employees required for us to be successful, ultimately, we may not be able to retain the services of all of our key employees or a sufficient number to execute on our plans. In addition, we may not be able to continue to attract new employees as required.

Our operating results may be adversely affected by increased competition.

We generally sell our products in industries that have increased competition through frequent new product and service introductions, rapid technological changes, and changing industry standards. Without the timely introduction of new products, services, and enhancements, our products and services will become technologically obsolete over time, in which case our revenue and operating results would suffer. The success of our new products and services will depend on several factors, including our ability to:

Our facilities located in Austin are susceptible to damage caused by hurricanes or other natural disasters.

Our ATI facilities in Austin are susceptible to damage caused by hurricanes or other natural disasters. Although we insure our properties and maintain business interruption insurance, there can be no guarantee that the coverage would be sufficient or a claim will be fulfilled. A natural disaster could result in a temporary or permanent closure of some of our business operations, thus impacting our future financial performance.

If we are unable to anticipate technological advances and customer requirements in the commercial and governmental markets, our business and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our business strategy employs our personnel’s decades of experience to expand the services and products we offer to our customers. We believe that our growth and future financial performance depend upon our ability to anticipate technological advances and customer requirements. We may not be able to achieve the necessary technological advances for us to remain competitive. Our failure to anticipate or respond adequately to changes in technological and market requirements, or delays in additional product development or introduction, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial performance. Additionally, the cost of capital to fund these businesses will likely require dilution of shareholders.

We incur substantial upfront, non-reimbursable costs in preparing proposals to bid on contracts or to receive research and development grants that we may not be awarded.

Preparing a proposal to bid on a contract or to receive a research and development grant is labor-intensive and results in the incurrence of substantial costs that are generally not retrievable. Additionally, although we may be awarded a contract or grant, work performance does not commence for several months following completion of the bidding process. If funding problems by the party awarding the contract or grant or other matters further delay our commencement of work, these delays may lower the value of the contract or grant, or possibly render it unprofitable.

A failure of a key information technology system, process, or site could have a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business.

We rely extensively on information technology systems to interact with our employees and our customers. These interactions include, but are not limited to, ordering and managing materials from suppliers, converting materials to finished products, shipping product to customers, processing transactions, summarizing and reporting results of operations, transmitting data used by our service personnel and by and among our personnel and facilities, complying with regulatory, legal, and tax requirements, and other processes necessary to manage our business. If our systems are damaged or cease to function properly due to any number of causes, ranging from the failures of third-party service providers, to catastrophic events, to power outages, to security breaches, and our business continuity plans do not effectively compensate on a timely basis, we may suffer interruptions in our ability to manage operations which may adversely impact our results of operations and/or financial condition.

Our manufacturing operations are dependent upon third party suppliers, including single source suppliers, making us vulnerable to external factors such as supply shortages and price fluctuations, which could harm our business.

We are subject to the risks inherent in the manufacturing of our products, including industrial accidents, environmental events, strikes and other labor disputes, capacity constraints, as well as global shortages, disruptions in supply chain and loss or impairment of key suppliers, as well as natural disasters and other external factors over which we have no control. Our products contain several critical components, including certain electrical components such as specialized cables and specialized pumps. Some of the suppliers of critical components or materials are single source suppliers. Although we believe there are suitable alternative suppliers for these components, the replacement of existing suppliers or the identification and qualification of suitable second sources may require significant time, effort and expense, and could result in delays in production, which could negatively impact our business operations and revenue. We do not have supply agreements with certain suppliers of these critical components and materials beyond purchase orders and, although we maintain a safety stock inventory for certain critical components, forecasted amounts may be inaccurate and we may experience shortages as a result of serious supply problems with these suppliers. There can be no assurance that our supply of components will not be limited, interrupted, or of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices. In addition, loss of any critical component provided by a single source supplier could require us to change the design of our manufacturing process based on the functions, limitations, features and specifications of the replacement components.

In addition, several other non-critical components and materials that comprise our products are currently manufactured by a single supplier or a limited number of suppliers. In certain of these cases, we have not yet qualified alternate suppliers. A supply interruption or an increase in demand beyond our current suppliers’ capabilities could harm our ability to manufacture our products unless and until new sources of supply are identified and qualified. Our reliance on these suppliers subjects us to a number of risks that could harm our business, including:

Any interruption in the supply of components or materials, or our inability to obtain substitute components or materials from alternate sources at acceptable prices in a timely manner, could result in increased costs and impair our ability to meet the demand of our customers, any of which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.

As a result of the scope of our foreign sales and foreign operations, including in connection with the sale of the TRACER 1000 to airport and cargo security customers in the European Union and certain other countries, we face significant exposure to movements in exchange rates for foreign currencies, particularly the Euro. Moreover, certain of our products are sold internationally in U.S. dollars; if the U.S. dollar strengthens, the relative cost of these products and services to customers located in foreign countries would increase, which could adversely affect export sales. In addition, most of our financial obligations must be satisfied in U.S. dollars. Our exposures to changes in foreign currency exchange rates may change over time as our business practices evolve and could result in increased costs or reduced revenue and could adversely affect our cash flow. Changes in the relative values of currencies occur regularly and may have a significant impact on our operating results. We cannot predict with any certainty changes in foreign currency exchange rates or the degree to which we can cost-effectively mitigate this exposure.

Repair or replacement costs due to warranties we provide on our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We provide our customers with warranties on the products we sell. These warranties typically provide for repairs and maintenance of the products if problems arise during a specified time period after original shipment. Existing and future warranties place us at the risk of incurring future repair and/or replacement costs. Concurrent with the sale of products, we record a provision for estimated warranty expenses with a corresponding increase in cost of goods sold. We periodically adjust this provision based on historical experience and anticipated expenses. We charge actual expenses of repairs under warranty, including parts and labor, to this provision when incurred. We exercise judgment in estimating the expected product warranty costs, using data such as the actual and projected product failure rates, estimated repair costs, freight, material, labor and overhead costs. While we believe that historical experience provides a reliable basis for estimating such warranty cost, unforeseen quality issues or component failure rates as well as significantly higher sales and the introduction of new products could result in future costs in excess of such estimates, or alternatively, improved quality and reliability in our products could result in actual expenses that are below those currently estimated. As of June 30, 2022, we had accrued a balance of $50 thousand relating to product warranty provision, representing a surplus of estimated warranty expenses over actual expenses for the fiscal year 2022. Substantial amounts of warranty claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Our products and operations are subject to extensive governmental regulation, and failure to comply with applicable requirements could cause our business to suffer.

The medical technology industry is regulated extensively by governmental authorities, principally the FDA, and state regulatory agencies with oversight of various aspects of drug and device distribution, sale, and use. The regulations are very complex, have become more stringent over time, and are subject to rapid change and varying interpretations. Regulatory restrictions or changes could limit our ability to carry on or expand our operations or result in higher than anticipated costs or lower than anticipated sales. The FDA and other federal and state governmental agencies regulate numerous elements of our business, including:

Before we can market or sell a new medical device, such as the BreathTest-1000, in the United States, we must obtain either clearance under Section 510(k) of the FDCA, grant of a de novo classification request, or approval of a pre‑market approval, or PMA, application from the FDA. In the 510(k) clearance process, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a legally marketed “predicate” device (in most cases Class II devices, with a few exceptions), with respect to intended use, technology and safety and effectiveness, in order to clear the proposed device for marketing. Class III devices approved under the PMA process cannot serve as predicates. Clinical data are sometimes required to support substantial equivalence. In the de novo process, the FDA must determine that general and special controls are sufficient to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of a device, which is low to moderate risk and has no predicate (in other words, the applicant must justify the “down-classification” to Class I or II for a new product type that would otherwise automatically be placed into Class III, but is lower risk). The PMA process requires an applicant to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the device based on extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical, preclinical, clinical trial, manufacturing and labeling data. The PMA process is typically required for devices that are deemed to pose the greatest risk, such as life‑sustaining, life‑supporting or implantable devices. Products that are approved through a PMA application generally need FDA approval before they can be modified. Similarly, some modifications made to products cleared through a 510(k) may require a new 510(k). The 510(k), de novo, and PMA processes can be expensive and lengthy and require the payment of significant fees, unless an exemption applies. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process usually takes from 3 to 12 months, but may take longer. The FDA’s stated goal is to review de novo classification requests within 150 days, 50% of the time, but in reality the process for many applicants generally takes even longer, up to a year or more. The process of obtaining a PMA is much more costly, rigorous, and difficult than the 510(k) clearance process and generally takes from one to three years, or longer, from the time the application is submitted to the FDA until an approval is obtained. The process of obtaining regulatory clearances, approvals, and emergency use authorization to market a medical device can be costly and time‑consuming, and we may not be able to obtain these clearances, approvals, or authorizations on a timely basis, or at all for our proposed products.

We expect that our BreathTest-1000 product candidate will undergo FDA premarket review via the 510(k) process. If the FDA requires us to go through a lengthier, more rigorous examination for marketing authorization of the BreathTest-1000 or future modifications to the BreathTest-1000, if cleared by the FDA, than we had expected, our commercialization plans could be delayed or canceled, which could cause our sales to decline or to not increase in line with our forecasts. In addition, the FDA may determine that future products, as applicable, will require the more costly, lengthy and uncertain PMA process. Although we do not currently intend to develop or market any devices under a PMA, the FDA may demand that we obtain a PMA prior to marketing certain of our future product candidates, if applicable. Further, even where a PMA is not required, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain any 510(k) clearances with respect to the BreathTest-1000 or other future product candidates that we may develop, if any.

The FDA can delay, limit or deny clearance, approval, or authorization of a device for many reasons, including:

In addition, the FDA may change its clearance and approval policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions which may prevent or delay approval or clearance of our products under development. Any delay in, or failure to obtain or maintain, clearance or approval for our products under development could prevent us from generating revenue from these products and adversely affect our business operations and financial results. Additionally, the FDA and other regulatory authorities have broad enforcement powers. Regulatory enforcement or inquiries, or other increased scrutiny on us, could dissuade some customers from using our products and adversely affect our reputation and the perceived safety and efficacy of our product. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could jeopardize our ability to sell our products and result in enforcement actions such as fines, civil penalties, injunctions, warning letters, recalls of products, delays in the introduction of products into the market, refusal of the FDA or other regulators to grant future clearances or approvals, and the suspension or withdrawal of existing clearances or approvals by the FDA or other regulators. Any of these sanctions could result in higher than anticipated costs or lower than anticipated sales and negatively impact our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results. Furthermore, any operations or product applications outside of the United States will subject us to various additional regulatory and legal requirements under the applicable laws and regulations of the international markets we enter. These additional regulatory requirements may involve significant costs and expenditures and, if we are not able to comply with any such requirements, our international expansion and business could be significantly harmed.

Failure to obtain clearance or authorization for the BreathTest-1000, or other delays in the development of the BreathTest-1000, would adversely affect our ability to grow our business.

Commercialization of the BreathTest-1000 may require an EUA, FDA clearance of a 510(k) premarket notification submission, and/or authorization of a de novo submission. The process for submitting and obtaining FDA clearance of a 510(k), authorization of a de novo submission, or EUA can be expensive and lengthy. The FDA’s review process can take several months or longer, and we may not be able to obtain FDA clearance, de novo authorization, or Emergency use Authorization for the BreathTest-1000 on a timely basis, if at all. The FDA’s refusal of, or any significant delays in receiving 510(k) clearance, de novo authorization, or Emergency use Authorization of the BreathTest-1000, would have an adverse effect on our ability to expand our business. Thus far, we have not performed any clinical testing of the BreathTest-1000, which will likely be required before the device can be marketed. Even if a clinical trial is completed, there can be no assurance that the data generated during a clinical trial will meet the safety and effectiveness endpoints or otherwise produce results that will lead the FDA to grant marketing clearance, approval, or authorization. In addition, any other delays in the development of the BreathTest-1000, for example, unforeseen issues during product validation, would have an adverse effect on our ability to commercialize the BreathTest-1000.

FDA’s policy with respect to Emergency Use Authorizations is evolving and may limit the ability for medical products, including the BreathTest-1000, to be eligible for commercialization under an Emergency Use Authorization.

We intend to submit an application with the FDA for EUA for the BreathTest-1000. The FDA has the authority to grant an Emergency Use Authorization to allow unapproved medical products to be used in an emergency to diagnose, treat or prevent serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions when there are no adequate, approved and available alternatives. If we are granted an Emergency Use Authorization for the BreathTest-1000 for the diagnosis of COVID-19, we would be able to temporarily commercialize the BreathTest-1000 for the diagnosis of COVID-19 prior to FDA clearance or authorization of a 510(k) or de novo submission, respectively, provided that we do so in accordance with the specific conditions set forth in the EUA. However, the FDA does not have review deadlines with respect to such submissions and, therefore, the timing of any approval of an EUA submission is uncertain. We cannot guarantee that the FDA will review our data in a timely manner, or that the FDA will accept the data when reviewed. The FDA may decide that our data are insufficient for an EUA and require additional pre-clinical, clinical or other studies and refuse to approve our application. In addition, the FDA may revoke an Emergency Use Authorization where it is determined that the underlying health emergency no longer exists or warrants such authorization, and we cannot predict how long, if ever, an Emergency Use Authorization would remain in place. Further, the FDA’s policy with respect to EUAs related to COVID-19 is continuously evolving and may in the future limit the ability for medical products, including the BreathTest-1000, to be eligible for an EUA. If we are unsuccessful in obtaining an EUA for the BreathTest-1000 in a timely manner or at all, or if any granted EUA is revoked after a short period of time, it could have a material adverse effect on our future business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

We and our suppliers may not meet regulatory quality standards applicable to our device-manufacturing processes, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

As a prospective medical device manufacturer, if BreathTest-1000 or any other device(s) we may successfully develop in the future is approved or cleared for commercialization in the United States, we will need to register with the FDA and will be subject to periodic inspection by the FDA for compliance with the QSR, including requirements pertaining to design controls, product validation and verification, in-process testing, quality control and documentation procedures, labeling, among numerous others. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements is subject to continual review and is rigorously monitored through routine and unannounced inspections by the FDA. Any product and component suppliers we may engage in connection with the manufacture and/or distribution of any medical device(s) for which we obtain FDA clearance or approval, if any, will also be required to meet certain standards applicable to their manufacturing processes, and we may be held responsible for any failure to do so by any such suppliers or vendors.

We cannot assure you that we or our current or future suppliers or vendors will comply with all regulatory requirements. The failure by us or one of our suppliers to achieve or maintain compliance with these requirements or quality standards may disrupt our ability to supply products sufficient to meet demand until compliance is achieved or, until a new supplier has been identified and evaluated. Our failure, or any product or component supplier’s failure, to comply with applicable regulations could result in a wide range of FDA enforcement actions against us, including warning letters, fines, recalls, injunctions, civil penalties, adverse action against marketing applications, product seizure or detention, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecution, any of which could harm our business.

If the BreathTest-1000 or any other device candidates are cleared for commercialization in the United States via the 510(k) process, product modifications may require new 510(k) clearances, de novo submissions, or pre‑market approvals, or may require us to cease marketing or recall the modified products until clearances are obtained.

Any modification to any 510(k)‑cleared device that we may market in the future, including the BreathTest-1000 if we are able to complete development and obtain FDA clearance for any indication(s) for use, as applicable, could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, design, or manufacture, requires a new 510(k) clearance or, possibly, a de novo or PMA. The FDA requires every manufacturer to make this determination in the first instance, and provides some guidance on decision making, but the FDA may review any manufacturer’s decision at any time. The FDA may not agree with our decisions regarding whether new clearances or approvals are necessary. If the FDA disagrees with our determination and requires us to submit new 510(k) notifications, de novo submissions or PMAs for modifications to our previously cleared or approved products for which we have concluded that new clearances or approvals are unnecessary, we may be required to cease marketing or to recall the modified product until we obtain clearance or approval, and we may be subject to significant regulatory fines or penalties.

Once our BreathTest-1000 or any other device candidate we may develop in the future, if any, is cleared or approved by FDA for marketing in the United States, if ever, we may be liable if the FDA or other U.S. enforcement agencies determine we have engaged in the off‑label promotion of such products or have disseminated false or misleading labeling or promotional materials.

If the BreathTest-1000 or any other device candidate we may successfully develop and commercialize in the future, if any, is approved or cleared by FDA for marketing in the United States, the promotional materials, labeling, and related training methods must comply with applicable regulations prohibiting promotional communications that are inconsistent with the approved or cleared marketing submission(s) for the applicable product(s), or “off‑label” promotion, as well as any false or misleading statements, among various other types of promotional claims, depending on the circumstances, content, audience, and other factors. For example, the FDA and/or FTC could conclude that a performance claim about a medical device is misleading if it determines that there is inadequate substantiation for the claim. If the FDA determines that future promotional materials or training promote an off‑label use or make false or misleading claims about our commercial device(s), if any, it could request that we modify our training or promotional materials or subject us to regulatory or enforcement actions, including the issuance of an untitled letter, a warning letter, injunction, seizure, civil fines and criminal penalties. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they determine that our promotional or training materials promote an unapproved use or make false or misleading claims, which could result in significant fines or penalties. Violations of the FDCA may also lead to investigations alleging violations of federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws, as well as state consumer protection laws, which may lead to costly penalties and may adversely impact our business. Recent court decisions have impacted FDA’s enforcement activity regarding off-label promotion in light of First Amendment Considerations; however, there are still significant risks in this area, in part due to the potential for False Claims Act exposure. In addition, the off‑label use of our products may increase the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims are expensive to defend and could result in substantial damage awards against us and harm our reputation. Similarly, until we have one or more commercially available, FDA-cleared or approved devices in the United States, if ever, we are prohibited from promoting or marketing the BreathTest-1000 for any indication(s) for use or any other investigational devices. We could be subject to the same wide range of enforcement actions described above if we are found in violation of FDA’s prohibition on pre-approval promotion of an investigational device.

Legislative or regulatory healthcare reforms may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain reimbursement for our products or regulatory clearance or approval of our future products, if any, and to produce, market and distribute those products after clearance or approval is obtained.

Recent political, economic and regulatory influences are subjecting the healthcare industry to fundamental changes. Both the federal and state governments in the United States and foreign governments continue to propose and pass new legislation and regulations designed to contain or reduce the cost of healthcare. Such legislation and regulations may result in decreased reimbursement for our product, which may further exacerbate industry‑wide pressure to reduce the prices charged for our product. This could harm our ability to market our products and generate sales. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our current products and future products. Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of our products. Delays in receipt of or failure to receive regulatory clearances or approvals for any future products would negatively impact our long‑term business strategy.

In the U.S., there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that restrict or regulate post‑approval activities, which may affect our ability to profitably sell product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval, if any. Such government‑adopted reform measures may adversely impact the pricing of healthcare products and services in the United States or internationally and the amount of reimbursement available from third‑party payors.

Our financial performance may be adversely affected by medical device tax provisions in healthcare reform laws.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “PPACA”) imposed, among other things, an excise tax of 2.3% on any entity that manufactures or imports medical devices offered for sale in the United States. Under these provisions, the Congressional Research Service predicted that the total cost to the medical device industry may be up to $20 billion over a decade. The Internal Revenue Service issued final regulations implementing the tax in December 2012, which required, among other things, bi-monthly payments and quarterly reporting. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (Pub. L. 114-113), signed into law in December 2015, included a two-year moratorium on the medical device excise tax. A second two-year moratorium on the medical device excise tax was signed into law in January 2018 as part of the Extension of Continuing Appropriations Act, 2018 (Pub. L. 115-120), extending the moratorium through December 31, 2019. On December 20, 2019, as part of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 H.R. 1865 (Pub. L. 116-94), President Trump signed into law a permanent repeal of the medical device tax under the PPACA such that sales of taxable medical devices after December 31, 2015 are not subject to the tax; however, there is no guarantee that Congress or the President will not reverse course in the future. If such an excise tax on sales of our products in the United States is enacted, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The AgLAB line of business is subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny and may experience additional uncertainty, difficulties, and risks due to its involvement with cannabis and/or businesses or activities relating to cannabis, particularly to the extent such businesses or activities are found to violate the federal Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”).

The success of AgLAB’s business strategy depends, in large part, on the constantly evolving legal and regulatory landscape of the cannabis industry. The political environment surrounding the cannabis industry in general can be volatile and the regulatory framework remains in flux. To our knowledge, there are approximately 38 states that have legalized cannabis in some form, and additional states have pending legislation regarding the same; however, the risk remains that applicable federal and/or state laws governing cannabis-related activities and products may have a drastic impact on the industry as a whole, adversely impacting our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects. The cannabis industry may come under the scrutiny or further scrutiny by the FDA, SEC, DEA, DOJ, state attorneys general, and various other federal and/or state or non-governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise or regulate the production, distribution, sale or use of cannabis for medical or non-medical purposes in the United States. It is impossible to determine the extent of the impact of any new laws, regulations, or initiatives that may be proposed, or whether any proposals will become law. The regulatory uncertainty surrounding the cannabis industry may adversely affect our business prospects.

Further, there is no guarantee that state laws legalizing and regulating the sale and use of cannabis will protect our relevant current or future endeavors in the cannabis space, given the complex interplay between state and federal laws in this space. Additionally, there can be no assurances that any laws that would potentially protect cannabis-related operations will not be repealed or overturned, or that local governmental authorities will not limit the applicability of state laws within their respective jurisdictions. If the federal government begins to enforce federal laws relating to cannabis in states where the manufacture, sale, and/or use of cannabis is currently legal, or if existing applicable state laws are repealed or curtailed, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects would be materially adversely affected. It is also important to note that local and city ordinances may strictly limit and/or restrict disbursement of cannabis in a manner that will make it extremely difficult or impossible to transact business that is necessary for the continued operation of the cannabis industry. Federal actions against individuals or entities engaged in the cannabis industry or a repeal of applicable cannabis related legislation could adversely affect us and our business prospects.

Due to the nature of AgLAB’s business and the fact that related contracts may involve cannabis and activities that may not be legal or may be subject to substantial uncertainty regarding their legality under U.S. federal law and in certain states and localities, we may face difficulties in enforcing certain contracts in federal courts (as well as courts in states with comparatively stringent or restrictive cannabis laws). The inability to enforce one or more contracts, as applicable, could have a material adverse effect on our business prospects.

Our ancillary participation in the cannabis industry may lead to litigation, formal or informal complaints, enforcement actions, and inquiries by various federal, state, or local governmental authorities against us or our investments. Litigation, complaints, and enforcement actions involving either us or our investments could consume considerable amounts of financial and other corporate resources, which could have an adverse effect on our future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to differing tax rates in several jurisdictions in which we operate, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We are subject to taxes in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates in various jurisdictions, including the United States, may be subject to change. Our future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in tax laws or their interpretation. In addition, we may be subject to income tax audits by federal, state and local tax authorities in the United States and tax authorities outside the United States. Although we believe our income tax liabilities are reasonably estimated and accounted for in accordance with applicable laws and principles, an adverse resolution by one or more taxing authorities could have a material impact on the results of our operations.

Changes in U.S. trade policy, including changes to existing trade agreements and any resulting changes in international trade relations, may have a material adverse effect on us.

The change in U.S. presidential administrations may alter the U.S.’s approach to international trade, which may impact existing bilateral or multi-lateral trade agreements and treaties with foreign countries. The U.S. has imposed tariffs on certain foreign goods and may increase tariffs or impose new ones, and certain foreign governments have retaliated and may continue to do so. We derive a significant portion of our revenues from international sales, which makes us especially vulnerable to increased tariffs. Changes in U.S. trade policy have created ongoing turmoil in international trade relations, and it is unclear what future actions the U.S. government or foreign governments will or will not take with respect to tariffs or other international trade agreements and policies. Current trade negotiations may fail, which may exacerbate these risks. Ongoing or new trade wars or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements or policies could reduce demand for our products and services, increase our costs, reduce our profitability, adversely impact our supply chain or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our stock price has fluctuated in the past, has recently been volatile and may be volatile in the future, and as a result, investors in our common stock could incur substantial losses.

Our stock price has fluctuated in the past, has recently been volatile and may be volatile in the future. On February 2, 2022, the intra-day sales price of our common stock fluctuated between a reported low sale price of $0.62 and a reported high sales price of $0.72. Throughout the fiscal year 2022, the closing sales price of our common stock has fluctuated between a reported low sales price of $0.43 and a reported high sales price of $1.31. We may incur rapid and substantial decreases in our stock price in the foreseeable future that are unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. The stock market in general and the market for companies such as ours in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our common stock. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including the following:

These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. Further, recent increases are significantly inconsistent with any improvements in actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or other indicators of value, including our loss per share of $0.17 for our fiscal year ended June 30, 2022. Since the stock price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past, has been recently volatile and may be volatile in the future, investors in our common stock could incur substantial losses. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. There can be no guarantee that our stock price will remain at current levels or that future sales of our common stock will not be at prices lower than those sold to investors.

Additionally, securities of certain companies have recently experienced significant and extreme volatility in stock price due to short sellers of shares of common stock, known as a “short squeeze.”  These short squeezes have caused extreme volatility in both the stock prices of those companies and in the market, and have led to the price per share of those companies to trade at a significantly inflated rate that is disconnected from the underlying value of the company. Many investors who have purchased shares in those companies at an inflated rate face the risk of losing a significant portion of their original investment, as in many cases the price per share has declined steadily as interest in those stocks have abated. While we have no reason to believe our shares would be the target of a short squeeze, there can be no assurance that we won’t be in the future, and you may lose a significant portion or all of your investment if you purchase our shares at a rate that is significantly disconnected from our underlying value.

We can sell additional shares of common stock without consulting shareholders and without offering shares to existing shareholders, which would result in dilution of shareholders’ interests in the Company and could depress our stock price.

Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes 250,000,000 shares of common stock, of which 50,567,864 were outstanding as of June 30, 2022, and our Board is authorized to issue additional shares of our common stock. In addition, our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes 2,500,000 shares of “blank check preferred stock.” Shares of “blank check preferred stock” may be issued in such series and with such rights, privileges, and limitations as the Board may, in its sole discretion, determine. Our Board has designated 300,000 shares as Series A Junior Preferred Stock, none of which are outstanding. The Board has also designated Series C and Series D Preferred Stock, of which no shares and 280,898 shares are outstanding, respectively, as of June 30, 2022.

Although our Board intends to utilize its reasonable business judgment to fulfill its fiduciary obligations to our then existing shareholders in connection with any future issuance of our capital stock, the future issuance of additional shares of our capital stock would cause immediate, and potentially substantial, dilution to our existing shareholders, which could also have a material effect on the market value of the shares. Furthermore, our Board may authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that would grant to holders the preferred right to our assets upon liquidation, the right to receive dividend payments before dividends are distributed to the holders of common stock, and the right to the redemption of the shares, together with a premium, prior to the redemption of the common stock. In addition, our Board could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that has greater voting power than the common stock or that is convertible into our common stock, which could decrease the relative voting power of the common stock or result in dilution to our existing shareholders.

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for any disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors or officers.

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery for the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for claims brought by a stockholder, including claims in the right of the corporation, (i) that are based upon a violation of a duty by a current or former director or officer or stockholder in such capacity or (ii) as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. The provision indicates that if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, then the Superior Court of the State of Delaware, or, if such other court does not have jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, shall be the exclusive forum for such action.

These provisions of the bylaws are not a waiver of, and do not relieve anyone of duties to comply with, federal securities laws including those specifying the exclusive jurisdiction of federal courts under the Exchange Act and concurrent jurisdiction of federal and state courts under the Securities Act. Section 22 of the Securities Act provides that federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction over lawsuits brought pursuant to the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. To the extent the exclusive forum provision restricts the courts in which claims arising under the Securities Act may be brought, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such a provision. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to these provisions. These provisions may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims, particularly if the stockholders do not reside in or near the State of Delaware, or limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors or officers, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors and officers. Alternatively, if a court were to find our choice of forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

A sale of a substantial number of shares of the common stock may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

If our shareholders sell, or the market perceives that our shareholders intend to sell for various reasons, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate.

We are a smaller reporting company and, as a result of the reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to such companies, our common stock may be less attractive to investors.

We are a smaller reporting company, (i.e., a company with less than $250 million of public float) and we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies. We have elected to adopt these reduced disclosure requirements. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive as a result of our taking advantage of these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result of our choices, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Our failure to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements could result in the delisting of our Common Stock.

Our common stock is currently listed for trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We must satisfy the Nasdaq Capital Market’s continued listing requirements, risk delisting, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. A delisting of our common stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market could materially reduce the liquidity of our common stock and result in a corresponding material reduction in the price of our common stock. In addition, delisting could harm our ability to raise capital through alternative financing sources on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, suppliers, customers and employees and fewer business development opportunities.

On December 21, 2021, we received a deficiency letter from Nasdaq indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of our common stock over the preceding 30 consecutive business days, we did not meet the minimum bid price of $1.00 per share (the “Bid Price Requirement”) required for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The letter indicated that we had a period of 180 calendar days, or until June 20, 2022 (the “First Compliance Period”), in which to regain compliance pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) by having our common stock meet a closing bid price of at least $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days during the First Compliance Period.

We determined that we would not be in compliance with the minimum Bid Price Requirement by June 20, 2022. As a result, we notified Nasdaq and applied for an extension of the compliance period, as permitted under the original notification. In the application, we indicated that we met the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly-held shares and all other initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the minimum closing bid price requirement, and provided written notice of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period of an additional 180 days by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. On June 27, 2022, we received notification from Nasdaq that the date to achieve compliance has been extended an additional 180 days until December 19, 2022 (the “Second Compliance Period”). We plan to carefully assess potential actions to regain compliance during the Second Compliance Period.

To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our common stock must be at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of ten consecutive business days during the Second Compliance Period. If we fail to regain compliance on or prior to December 19, 2022, our stock will be delisted by Nasdaq, unless we timely appeal for a hearing before a Nasdaq Hearings Panel. The request for a hearing will stay any suspension or delisting action pending the issuance of the decision of the Nasdaq Hearings Panel following the hearing and the expiration of any additional extension granted by the Nasdaq Hearings Panel. There continues to be no immediate effect on the listing of our common stock, which continues to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ASTC.” However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2).

If our common stock were delisted from Nasdaq, trading of our common stock would most likely take place on an over-the-counter market established for unlisted securities, such as the OTCQB or the Pink Market maintained by OTC Markets Group Inc. An investor would likely find it less convenient to sell, or to obtain accurate quotations in seeking to buy, our common stock on an over-the-counter market, and many investors would likely not buy or sell our common stock due to difficulty in accessing over-the-counter markets, policies preventing them from trading in securities not listed on a national exchange or other reasons. In addition, as a delisted security, our common stock would be subject to SEC rules as a “penny stock,” which impose additional disclosure requirements on broker-dealers. The regulations relating to penny stocks, coupled with the typically higher cost per trade to the investor of penny stocks due to factors such as broker commissions generally representing a higher percentage of the price of a penny stock than of a higher-priced stock, would further limit the ability of investors to trade in our common stock. In addition, delisting could harm our ability to raise capital through alternative financing sources on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, suppliers, customers and employees and fewer business development opportunities. For these reasons and others, delisting would adversely affect the liquidity, trading volume and price of our common stock, causing the value of an investment in us to decrease and having an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including our ability to attract and retain qualified employees and to raise capital.

General Risks

We face various risks related to health epidemics, pandemics and similar outbreaks, which may have material adverse effects on our business, financial position, results of operations, and/or cash flows.

We face various risks related to health epidemics, pandemics, and similar outbreaks, including the global outbreak of COVID-19 and its multiple variants. The COVID-19 pandemic had numerous negative consequences for our business, including a reduction in demand for certain of our security screening products and services caused by a significant reduction in airline passenger traffic. To slow and limit the transmission of COVID-19, governments across the world imposed air travel restrictions and businesses and individuals canceled air travel plans. These restrictions and cancelations reduced demand for security screening products and related services at airport checkpoints globally as the number of airline passengers requiring screening fell. The pandemic also hampered our ability to meet with our customers and prospective customers and created supply chain challenges as certain components had longer lead times. The continued spread of COVID-19 and COVID variants also led to disruption and volatility in the global capital markets, which increased the cost of capital and adversely impacted access to capital. While such negative impacts to our business have subsided to some degree, there is risk that new strains of COVID-19 may become more prevalent and cause an extension of or additional negative consequences. In addition, if significant portions of our workforce are unable to work effectively, including because of illness, quarantines, government actions, facility closures, or other restrictions in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, our operations will likely be impacted. We may be unable to perform fully on our contracts and our costs may increase as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak. These costs may not be recoverable or adequately covered by insurance.

It is possible that the continued spread of COVID-19 and COVID variants could also further cause delay, or limit the ability of customers to perform, including in making timely payments to us; cause delay in regulatory certification testing of our instruments; and cause other unpredictable events. If any of our supply chain phases were interrupted or terminated, we could experience delays in our product development including the availability of products for clinical testing. The occurrence of one or more of these items could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition, and/or results of operations. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may negatively impact productivity, disrupt our business and delay our clinical programs and timelines, the magnitude of which will depend, in part, on the length and severity of the restrictions and other limitations on our ability to conduct our business in the ordinary course. These and similar, and perhaps more severe, disruptions in our operations could negatively impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

In addition, any future clinical trials may be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical site initiation and patient enrollment may be delayed due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, some patients may not be able to comply with clinical trial protocols if quarantines impede patient movement or interrupt healthcare services. Similarly, our ability to recruit and retain patients and principal investigators and site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19 and adversely impact our clinical trial operations.

Increased cybersecurity requirements, vulnerabilities, threats, and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime could pose a risk to our systems, networks, products, services, and data.

Increased global cybersecurity vulnerabilities, threats, and more sophisticated and targeted cyber-related attacks pose a risk to the security of our and our customers’, suppliers’, and third-party service providers’ products, systems, and networks and the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of our and our customers’ data. Although we have implemented policies, procedures, and controls to protect against, detect, and mitigate these threats, we remain potentially vulnerable to additional known or unknown threats. We also have access to sensitive, confidential, or personal data or information that is subject to privacy and security laws, regulations, and customer-imposed controls. Despite our efforts to protect sensitive, confidential, or personal data or information, we may be vulnerable to material security breaches, theft, misplaced or lost data, programming errors, employee errors, and/or malfeasance that could potentially lead to the compromising of sensitive, confidential, or personal data or information, improper use of our systems or networks, unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, or destruction of information, defective products, production downtimes, and operational disruptions. In addition, a cyber-related attack could result in other negative consequences, including damage to our reputation or competitiveness and remediation or increased protection costs, and could subject us to fines, damages, litigation, and enforcement actions.

Increased costs associated with corporate governance compliance may significantly impact our results of operations.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses due to our compliance with regulations and disclosure obligations applicable to us, including compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC, and Nasdaq. The SEC and other regulators have continued to adopt new rules and regulations and make additional changes to existing regulations that require our compliance. In July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted. There are significant corporate governance and executive compensation related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that have required the SEC to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas. Stockholder activism, the current political environment, and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact, in ways we cannot currently anticipate, the manner in which we operate our business. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance programs and monitoring of public company reporting obligations, and as a result of the new corporate governance and executive compensation related rules, regulations, and guidelines prompted by the Dodd-Frank Act, and further regulations and disclosure obligations expected in the future, we will likely need to devote additional time and costs to comply with such compliance programs and rules. These rules and regulations will cause us to incur significant legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.​The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers. Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate, and weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, which we may be required to include in our periodic reports that we file with the SEC under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and could harm our operating results, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, or result in a restatement of our prior period financial statements. If we are not able to demonstrate compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, that our internal control over financial reporting is perceived as inadequate, or that we are unable to produce timely or accurate financial statements, investors may lose confidence in our operating results, and the price of our common stock could decline. We are required to comply with certain of the SEC rules that implement Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment needs to include the disclosure of any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting identified by our management or our independent registered public accounting firm. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or if we are unable to complete our evaluation, testing, and any required remediation in a timely fashion, we will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. These developments could make it more difficult for us to retain qualified members of our Board of Directors, or qualified executive officers. We are presently evaluating and monitoring regulatory developments and cannot estimate the timing or magnitude of additional costs we may incur as a result. To the extent these costs are significant, our general and administrative expenses are likely to increase. 

Our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all significant risk exposures.

We are exposed to liabilities that are unique to the products and services we provide. We maintain insurance for certain risks, and we believe our insurance coverage is consistent with general practices within our industry. However, the amount of our insurance coverage may not cover all claims or liabilities and we may be forced to bear substantial costs.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Astrotech currently leases a research and development facility of approximately 5,960 square feet in Austin, Texas that includes a laboratory, a small production shop, and offices for staff, although our accounting and administrative employees continue to work remotely. The lease commenced on June 1, 2021 and has a lease term of 36 months.

In May 2013, 1^st Detect completed build-out of a 16,540 square foot leased research and development and production facility in Webster, Texas (the “Webster Lease”). On March 30, 2021, we announced that we engaged Sanmina to manufacture our products. As we transitioned to contract manufacturing, we allowed the Webster Lease to expire on its expiration date of April 30, 2021 and consolidated our entire operations in Austin, Texas.

Astrotech also previously leased corporate office space consisting of 5,219 square feet in Austin, Texas that housed executive management, finance and accounting, sales, and marketing and communications. The lease began in November 2016 and originally expired in December 2023. On August 3, 2020, we decided to terminate the lease as part of an overall plan to optimize our cash flows in the COVID-19 era. We anticipate that the termination of this lease will save the Company an estimated $1.2 million over the original lease term.

During fiscal year 2022, Astrotech had one existing facility lease and several equipment leases. We believe that our current facility and equipment are well maintained, in good condition, and are adequate for our present and foreseeable needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

On April 15, 2021, a putative stockholder of the Company commenced a class action and derivative lawsuit in the Delaware Court of Chancery, Stein v. Pickens, et al., C.A. No. 2021-0322-JRS (the “Stein Action”), in which it was alleged, among other things, that we improperly included broker non-votes in the tabulation of votes counted in favor to approve an amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation (the “2020 Certificate Amendment”) and, thus the 2020 Certificate Amendment was defective. We investigated those allegations and do not believe that the filing and effectiveness of the 2020 Certificate Amendment was either invalid or ineffective. Nevertheless, to resolve any uncertainty, on April 30, 2021, the Company filed a validation proceeding in the Delaware Court of Chancery, In re Astrotech Corporation, C.A. No. 2021-0380-JRS, pursuant to Section 205 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. On October 6, 2021, the Delaware Court of Chancery granted our request and confirmed and validated the 2020 Certificate Amendment. Thereafter, a settlement in principle was reached with the Plaintiffs in the Stein Action and the parties to the Stein Action presently anticipate presenting the settlement for approval on December 12, 2022. 

Further information regarding the Stein Action and the Section 205 Action is provided in the Schedule 14A proxy statement amendment and supplement filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2021.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information, Holders, and Dividends

Our common stock is principally traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol ASTC. We have never paid cash dividends and have no intention of paying dividends in the future.

We have 250,000,000 shares of common stock authorized for issuance. As of September 13, 2022, we had 50,630,849 shares of common stock outstanding, which were held by approximately 130 holders of record. This number does not include beneficial or other owners for whom common stock may be held in “street” name. The last reported sale price of our common stock as reported by The Nasdaq Capital Market on September 13, 2022 was $0.47 per share.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Item 6.    Reserved

Item 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following information should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes included below in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.  This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.  Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

Business Overview

Astrotech Corporation (Nasdaq: ASTC) (“Astrotech,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), a Delaware corporation organized in 1984, is a mass spectrometry company that launches, manages, and commercializes scalable companies based on its innovative core technology through its wholly-owned subsidiaries:

ATI owns and licenses the AMS Technology, the platform mass spectrometry technology originally developed by 1^st Detect. Long recognized as the gold standard in chemical detection, mass spectrometry has historically been considered to be too costly, bulky, and cumbersome. In contrast, the AMS Technology has been designed to be comparatively inexpensive, small, and easy to use. Unlike other technologies, the AMS Technology works under ultra-high vacuum, which eliminates competing molecules, yielding higher resolution and fewer false alarms. The intellectual property includes 23 granted patents and one additional patent in process along with extensive trade secrets. With a number of diverse market opportunities for the core technology, ATI is structured to license the intellectual property for different fields of use. ATI currently licenses the AMS Technology to three wholly-owned subsidiaries of Astrotech on an exclusive basis, including to 1^st Detect for use in the security and detection market, to AgLAB for use in the agriculture market, and to BreathTech for use in breath analysis applications.

ATI has contracted with Sanmina Corporation (“Sanmina”), a leading contract manufacturer with a worldwide presence, to manufacture our mass spectrometer products. Leveraging their expertise, Sanmina has helped to improve the manufacturability and reliability of our systems.

1^st Detect Corporation

1^st Detect, a licensee of ATI for the security and detection market, has developed the TRACER 1000™, the world’s first mass spectrometer (“MS”) based explosives trace detector (“ETD”) certified by the European Civil Aviation Conference (“ECAC”), designed to replace the ETDs used at airports, cargo and other secured facilities, and borders worldwide. We believe that ETD customers are unsatisfied with the currently deployed ETD technology, which is driven by ion mobility spectrometry (“IMS”). We further believe that IMS-based ETDs are fraught with false positives, as they often misidentify personal care products and other common household chemicals as explosives, causing facility shutdowns, unnecessary delays, frustration, and significant wasted security resources. In addition, there are hundreds of different types of explosives, but IMS-based ETDs have a very limited threat detection library reserved only for those few explosives of largest concern. Adding additional compounds to the detection library of an IMS-based ETD fundamentally reduces the instrument’s performance, further increasing the likelihood of false alarms. In contrast, adding additional compounds to the TRACER 1000’s detection library does not degrade its detection capabilities, as it has a virtually unlimited and easily expandable threat library.

In order to sell the TRACER 1000 to airport and cargo security customers in the European Union and certain other countries, we obtained ECAC certification. We are currently selling the TRACER 1000 to customers who accept ECAC certification. We have deployed the TRACER 1000 in approximately 20 locations in 11 countries throughout Europe and Asia.

On August 25, 2021, 1^st Detect announced that it secured an important landmark purchase order from a distributor for the TRACER 1000, representing the first units to be deployed at an airport security checkpoint for passenger screening. These systems were sold to the customer during the second quarter of fiscal year 2022.

In the United States, we are working with the U.S. Transportation Security Administration (“TSA”) towards air cargo certification. On March 27, 2018, we announced that the TRACER 1000 was accepted into TSA’s Air Cargo Screening Technology Qualification Test (“ACSQT”) and, on April 4, 2018, we announced that the TRACER 1000 was beginning testing with TSA for passenger screening at airports. On November 14, 2019, we announced that the TRACER 1000 had been selected by the TSA’s Innovation Task Force to conduct live checkpoint screening at Miami International Airport. With similar protocols as ECAC testing, we have received valuable feedback from all programs. Following ECAC certification and our early traction within the cargo market, testing for cargo security continued with the TSA. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, all testing within the TSA was put on hold; however, we resumed cargo testing during the summer of 2020, and we subsequently announced on September 9, 2020, that the TRACER 1000 passed the non-detection testing portion of the TSA’s ACSQT. Due to delays caused by COVID-19, TSA cargo detection testing is ongoing, but has proceeded much more slowly than originally anticipated. As a result, efforts are primarily focused on our other opportunities. TSA cargo detection testing is the final step to be listed on the Air Cargo Screening Technology List (“ACSTL”) as an “approved” device. If approved, the TRACER 1000 will be approved for cargo sales in the United States.

AgLAB Inc.

AgLAB, an exclusive licensee of ATI for the agriculture market, has developed the AgLAB-1000™ series of mass spectrometers for use in the hemp and cannabis market with initial focus on optimizing yields in the extraction and distillation processes. The AgLAB product line is a derivative of our core AMS Technology. The AMS Technology provides a significant competitive advantage due to its small size, rugged design, quick analysis, and ease of use. AgLAB recently completed several successful field trials to demonstrate that the AgLAB-1000-D2™ can be used in the distillation process to significantly boost the potency and weight yields of THC and CBD oil manufacturing. We plan to launch a family of “process control” instruments, methods, and solutions that we believe could be valuable additions to many nutraceutical extraction and distillation laboratories.

BreathTech Corporation

BreathTech, an exclusive licensee of ATI for use in breath analysis, is developing the BreathTest-1000™, a breath analysis tool to screen for VOC metabolites found in a person’s breath that could indicate they may have a bacterial or viral infection. While vaccines have been deployed to mitigate the most serious effects of COVID-19, many people remain unvaccinated and new variants continue to pose a significant and evolving threat. New tools to aid in the battle against COVID-19 and other diseases remain of the utmost importance to help more quickly identify that an infection may be present, and BreathTech, in conjunction with Cleveland Clinic, is developing a quick and easy to use device to help determine the presence of infections.

In June 2022, we expanded our existing study that initially focused on COVID-19 with Cleveland Clinic to use the BreathTest-1000 to screen for a variety of diseases spanning the entire body. The project will focus on detecting bloodstream infections, respiratory infections such as influenza types A and B and respiratory syncytial virus (“RSV”), carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridioides difficile (“C. diff”) infections.

Development of the BreathTest-1000 follows our results in pre-clinical trials for the BreathDetect-1000™, a rapid self-serve breathalyzer that was designed to detect bacterial infections in the respiratory tract, including pneumonia. The pre-clinical trials were conducted in collaboration with UT Health San Antonio in 2017.

COVID-19

We are subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, we have seen delays with respect to the TSA certification process and parts of our supply chain, particularly the impact of the global semiconductor and electronics shortage, which has now resulted in product pricing inflation. In addition, although passenger demand for air travel has rebounded, the overall recovery of the airline industry and ancillary services remains highly uncertain and is dependent upon, among other things, the number of cases declining around the globe, public health impacts of new COVID-19 variants, the continued administration of vaccines to unvaccinated populations, and the duration of immunity granted by vaccines.

We continue to manage production, to secure alternative supplies where available, and to take other proactive actions. We believe that we will be able to pass the inflation caused by raw materials shortages and increased shipping costs to our customers by increasing the price of our instruments. If supply chain shortages become more severe or longer term in nature, our business and results of operations could be adversely impacted; however, we do not expect this issue to materially adversely affect our liquidity position. The long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business may not be fully reflected until future periods.

We continue to evaluate the current and potential impact of the pandemic on our business, results of operations, and consolidated financial statements. We also continue to actively monitor developments and business conditions, including those that may be related to additional COVID-19 variants and other diseases, that may cause us to take further actions that alter business operations as may be required by applicable authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, suppliers, and stockholders.

Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”)

On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was enacted. The CARES Act, among other things, includes provisions relating to refundable payroll taxes, deferment of employer side social security payments, net operating loss carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations, and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. The most significant relief measures which we qualified for are a loan pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program for which we have received full forgiveness, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, employee retention credit, and payroll tax deferral. The payroll tax deferral was effective from the enactment date through December 31, 2020, and the deferred amount will be repaid in two installments. 50% of the deferred amount has been paid as of December 31, 2021, and the remainder will be due by December 31, 2022. The deferred payroll taxes are recorded within accrued liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We will continue to assess the treatment of the CARES Act to the extent additional guidance and regulations are issued, the further applicability of the CARES Act to us, and the potential impacts on our business.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that directly affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. A critical accounting estimate is one that involves a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Management continuously evaluates its critical accounting policies and estimates, including those used in evaluating the recoverability of long-lived assets, recognition of revenue, valuation of inventory, and the recognition and measurement of loss contingencies, if any. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe the following accounting policies require us to make significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:

Revenue Recognition

Revenue for our product sales is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue related to extended product warranty arrangements is deferred and recognized over time, as services are delivered. To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized for arrangements determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identification of the promised goods or services in the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the assessment of the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when, or as we satisfy each performance obligation. As part of the accounting for arrangements under Topic 606, we must use significant judgment to determine: (a) the performance obligations based on the determination under step (ii) above; (b) the transaction price under step (iii) above; and (c) the standalone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract for the allocation of transaction price in step (iv) above. We also use judgment to determine whether milestones or other variable consideration should be included in the transaction price as described below. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the relative stand-alone selling price of each performance obligation in the contract, and we recognize revenue based on those amounts when, or as, the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied.

The standalone selling price is the price at which an entity would sell a promised good or service separately to a customer. Management estimates the standalone selling price of each of the identified performance obligations in our customer contracts, maximizing the use of observable inputs. Because we have not sold the same goods or services in our contracts separately to any customers on a standalone basis and there are no similar observable transactions in the marketplace, we estimate the standalone selling price of each performance obligation in our customer arrangements based on observable independent pricing of our products when available or, if unavailable, our estimate of costs to be incurred to fulfil our obligations associated with the performance, plus a reasonable margin.

We determined that our only contract liability under Topic 606 is deferred revenue. Amounts received prior to revenue recognition are recorded as deferred revenue in the consolidated balance sheets. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when our right to consideration is unconditional.

We recognize revenue on product sales to customers when the transfer of control happens. We recognize revenue on training when the service has been rendered. We include a standard one-year warranty with our product sales. These standard warranties are accounted for at the time product revenues are recognized. We also offer warranty extensions for an additional fee. Revenue related to warranty extensions is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term. Product revenues are recorded net of variable consideration, including discounts.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

We review the carrying amount of our long-lived assets, including property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or an asset group may not be fully recoverable. If indicators of impairment exist, an impairment loss would be recognized when the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset or asset group and its eventual disposition are less than its carrying amount. The impairment charge is determined based upon the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its estimated fair value, with estimated fair value determined based upon an estimate of discounted future cash flows or other appropriate measures of estimated fair value. For purposes of recognition of impairment for long-lived assets, we group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which cash flows are separately identifiable.

Valuation of Inventory

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is computed using standard cost, which approximates actual cost on a first-in, first-out basis. We reserve or write down inventory for estimated obsolescence, inventory in excess of reasonably expected sales, or unmarketable inventory, in an amount equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value, based upon assumption about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected, additional inventory adjustments may be required. Inventory impairment charges establish a new cost basis for inventory and charges are not reversed subsequently to income, even if circumstances later suggest that increased carrying amounts are recoverable.

Warranty Provision

The standard warranty periods we provide for our products can range from one to seven years. We establish reserves for estimated product warranty costs at the time revenue is recognized based upon our historical warranty experience, and for any known or anticipated product warranty issues. Our warranty obligations are impacted by a number of factors, including historical warranty costs, actual product failure rates, service delivery costs, and the use of materials. If our actual results are different from our assumptions, increases or decreases to warranty reserves could be required, which could impact our cost of revenue and gross margins.

Results of Operations for the Years Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021

Selected financial data for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 of our operations are as follows:

Revenue – Total revenue increased significantly by $535 thousand, or 160.2%, to $869 thousand for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, compared to $334 thousand for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021. All of the fiscal year 2022 revenue was comprised of sales related to our TRACER 1000 units to distributors to the airport security market and DHL (Deutsche Post AG). In fiscal year 2021, all of our revenue was related to sales of the TRACER 1000 to DHL (Deutsche Post AG) and distributors.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit – Cost of revenue is comprised of labor, materials, shipping, warranty reserve, and overhead allocation related to the sale of TRACER 1000 units. Gross profit is comprised of revenue less cost of revenue. Cost of revenue increased $379 thousand, or 127.2%, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, compared to the year ended June 30, 2021, due to the increase in revenue described above. Gross profit increased $156 thousand, or 433.3%, and gross margin increased to 22% during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, compared to the year ended June 30, 2021, as we have increased production and benefited from associated volume discounts. Further, we have benefited from implementing specific enhancements to our technology that have improved the reliability of our systems.

Operating Expenses – Our operating expenses increased $841 thousand, or 10.6%, during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021. Significant changes to operating expenses include the following:

Other income and (expense), net – Other income, net for the year ended June 30, 2022 was $265 thousand compared to other expense, net of $235 thousand for the year ended June 30, 2021. During fiscal year 2022, other income and expense, net was driven by increased income earned on short-term, capital-preservation investments as interest rates have increased and a reduction of interest expense from the partial payment of related party notes in September 2021 which was the primary driver of the prior year other expense, net.

Gain from extinguishment of PPP loan – We received full forgiveness of our PPP promissory note from the Small Business Administration in April 2021.

Income Taxes – Our income tax benefit did not change for the year ended June 30, 2022, compared to the year ended June 30, 2021. The realization of tax benefits depends on the existence of future taxable income. Pursuant to ASC 740 “Income Taxes”, a valuation allowance has been established on all of our deferred tax assets.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Sources of Liquidity

During the fiscal year 2021, we successfully completed several public offerings of our common stock, raising net proceeds of approximately $67.6 million which will be used to satisfy our short-term and long-term capital needs. We expect that our short- and long-term liquidity requirements will consist of working capital and general corporate expenses associated with the growth of our business, including, without limitation, expenses associated with scaling up our operations and continuing to increase our manufacturing capacity, sales and marketing expense associated with rollout of our AgLAB and BreathTech products to commercial customers, additional research and development expenses associated with expanding our product offerings, and expenses associated with being a public company. Our short-term capital expenditure needs relate primarily to the expansion of our research and development capabilities and optimization of existing business processes. We believe that our cash and cash equivalents and investments will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least twelve months following the date these consolidated financial statements are issued.

Funding Requirements

We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue our research and development efforts and expand our business efforts. Furthermore, we have incurred and will continue to incur additional costs as a result of being a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs, or future commercialization efforts.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our research and development efforts, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our operating capital requirements. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate positive cash flows from operations, we expect to finance our additional cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financing, equity financing, merging, or engaging in a strategic partnership. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity, our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of those securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of holders of common stock. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

If we raise funds through additional strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or future revenue streams or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity offerings, debt financings, equity financing or engaging in a strategic partnership, we may be required to delay, limit, or reduce our expansion efforts.

Consolidated Balance Sheet

Total assets for the year ended June 30, 2022 were $56.2 million compared to total assets of $65.6 million as of the end of fiscal year 2021. The following table sets forth the significant components of the consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2022, compared with June 30, 2021:

Current assets – Current assets decreased $10.2 million as of June 30, 2022, compared to June 30, 2021, as a result of cash used for continuing operating expenses and for the partial repayment of the related party notes.

Property and equipment, net – Property and equipment increased $835 thousand as of June 30, 2022, compared to June 30, 2021, due to purchases of R&D equipment relating to our BreathTech and AgLAB product development as well as the addition of leasehold improvement assets related to our R&D facility in Austin.

Operating leases, right-of-use asset – Operating leases, right-of-use asset decreased $87 thousand as of June 30, 2022, compared to June 30, 2021, due to the ongoing amortization of our ROU assets.

Current liabilities – Current liabilities decreased $1.5 million as of June 30, 2022, compared to June 30, 2021, due to a decrease in related party notes payable, partially offset by an increase in accrued payroll related expenses.

Other long-term liabilities – Other long-term liabilities increased $88 thousand for the year ended June 30, 2022, compared to June 30, 2021, due to an increase in non-current lease liabilities related to a financing lease for R&D equipment.

Cash Flows

The following is a summary of the change in our cash and cash equivalents:

Cash and Cash Equivalents

At June 30, 2022, we held cash and cash equivalents of $26.4 million and our net working capital was approximately $52.3 million. At June 30, 2021, we held cash and cash equivalents of $35.9 million and our net working capital was approximately $60.9 million. Cash and cash equivalents decreased by approximately $9.5 million during the year ended June 30, 2022, due to funding our continuing operating expenses as well as partial repayment of the related party notes.

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $6.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, compared to cash used in operating activities of $7.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2021. This decrease was caused by less inventory purchases in fiscal year 2022 compared to 2021, partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable as well as the receipt of an alternative minimum tax credit in the prior period.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended June 30, 2022 decreased $27.0 million, compared to the year ended June 30, 2021. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was due to purchasing short-term available-for-sale investments in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2021.

Financing Activities

Cash used in financing activities was $2.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2022, compared to cash provided by financing activities of $67.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2021. This change in cash for financing activities was the result of the sale of common stock through equity offerings in fiscal year 2021, compared to the repayment of the principal amount of $1.0 million and accrued interest of $172 thousand on the 2020 Note (as defined below) and $1.0 million of the principal amount and $330 thousand of accrued interest on the 2019 Note (as defined below) in fiscal year 2022. The remaining balance of $500 thousand of the 2019 Note was extended to September 5, 2022.

Debt

On September 5, 2019, the Company entered into a related party term note with a principal amount of $1.5 million (the “2019 Note”), and on February 13, 2020, the Company entered into a second related party term note with a principal amount of $1.0 million (the “2020 Note”). As of June 30, 2022, we held debt through the 2019 Note totaling $500 thousand. During fiscal year 2022, upon maturity of the 2019 Note and 2020 Note, we paid the principal amount of $1.0 million and accrued interest of $172 thousand on the 2020 Note and the 2020 Note was canceled, and $1.0 million of the principal amount and $330 thousand of accrued interest on the 2019 Note. The maturity date on the remaining balance of $500 thousand of the 2019 Note was extended to September 5, 2022. For more information regarding the 2019 Note and the 2020 Note, see Note 7.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarized our commitments to settle contractual obligations as of June 30, 2022:

(1) Consists of payments due for our lease of research and development space in Austin, Texas that expires June 2024. 

(2) Consists of payments due for our leases of two pieces of equipment that expire between December 2024 and February 2025.

(3) Consists of the contractually required payment of principal and interest payable under the 2019 Note. 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of June 30, 2022.

Item 7A.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

Item 8.    Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

 

 

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Astrotech Corporation

Austin, Texas

 

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Astrotech Corporation and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of June 30, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 

Basis for Opinion

 

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.  The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements.  We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

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Table of Contents

 

Critical Audit Matter

 

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

 

Revenue Recognition – Refer to Note 2 in the Financial Statements

 

Critical Audit Matter Description

 

The Company has three revenue streams: product revenue, consumables revenue, and training revenue. Training revenue is recognized as training is performed. Product revenue is recognized when their customer has control of the unit(s) sold. Consumables revenue is recognized at a pro rata portion of the transaction price related to the items shipped and deferred until delivered, shipped at six-month intervals or as defined in the customer’s contract.

 

Significant judgment is exercised by the Company in determining revenue recognition for customer agreements, and include the pattern of delivery (i.e., timing of when revenue is recognized) for each performance obligation.

 

The related audit effort to evaluate revenue recognition for customer agreements required a high degree of auditor judgment.

 

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

 

	o	We gained an understanding of internal controls related to revenue recognition.
	o	We evaluated management's significant accounting policies for reasonableness.
	o	We selected a sample of revenue recognized and performed the following procedures:
		●    Reviewed the Company's revenue recognition policy for compliance with ASC 606
		●    Inspect evidence of the arrangement with the customer in the form of an executed contract, purchase order, or other documentation to evaluate whether the arrangement meets the five criteria required for a contract to exist and for revenue to be recognized.

 

 

ArmaninoLLP San Francisco, California

 

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2019.

 

September 15, 2022

ASTROTECH CORPORATION

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ASTROTECH CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ASTROTECH CORPORATION

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands)

See the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ASTROTECH CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

ASTROTECH CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Years Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021

(1) Description of the Company and Operating Environment

Astrotech Corporation (Nasdaq: ASTC) (“Astrotech,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), a Delaware corporation organized in 1984, is a mass spectrometry company that launches, manages, and commercializes scalable companies based on its innovative core technology.

Business Overview

Segment Information – The Company has determined that it does not meet the criteria of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 280 “Segment Reporting” because the Company’s subsidiaries represent Company brands that leverage the same core technology rather than independent operating segments. Furthermore, restatement of prior results is not necessary as they would mirror the consolidated results.

Astrotech Technologies, Inc.

Astrotech Technologies, Inc ("ATI") owns and licenses the Astrotech Mass Spectrometer Technology™ (the “AMS Technology”), the platform mass spectrometry technology originally developed by 1^st Detect Corporation ("1^st Detect"). The AMS Technology has been designed to be comparatively inexpensive, small, and easy to use. Unlike other technologies, the AMS Technology works under ultra-high vacuum, which eliminates competing molecules, yielding higher resolution and fewer false alarms. The intellectual property includes 23 granted patents and one additional patent in process along with extensive trade secrets. With a number of diverse market opportunities for the core technology, ATI is structured to license the intellectual property for different fields of use. ATI currently licenses the AMS Technology to three wholly-owned subsidiaries of Astrotech on an exclusive basis, including to 1^st Detect for use in the security and detection market, to AgLAB Inc. ("AgLAB") for use in the agriculture market, and to BreathTech Corporation (“BreathTech”) for use in breath analysis applications.

ATI has contracted with Sanmina Corporation (“Sanmina”), a leading contract manufacturer with a worldwide presence, to manufacture our mass spectrometer products. Leveraging Sanmina’s expertise, we have improved the manufacturability and reliability of our systems.

1^st Detect Corporation

1^st Detect, a licensee of ATI for the security and detection market, has developed the TRACER 1000, the world’s first mass spectrometer (“MS”) based explosives trace detector (“ETD”) certified by the European Civil Aviation Conference (“ECAC”), designed to replace the ETDs used at airports, cargo and other secured facilities, and borders worldwide. The Company believes that ETD customers are unsatisfied with the currently deployed ETD technology, which is driven by ion mobility spectrometry (“IMS”). The Company further believes that IMS-based ETDs are fraught with false positives, as they often misidentify personal care products and other common household chemicals as explosives, causing facility shutdowns, unnecessary delays, frustration, and significant wasted security resources. In addition, there are hundreds of different types of explosives, but IMS-based ETDs have a very limited threat detection library reserved only for those few explosives of largest concern. Adding additional compounds to the detection library of an IMS-based ETD fundamentally reduces the instrument’s performance, further increasing the likelihood of false alarms. In contrast, adding additional compounds to the TRACER 1000’s detection library does not degrade its detection capabilities, as it has a virtually unlimited and easily expandable threat library.

In order to sell the TRACER 1000 to airport and cargo security customers in the European Union and certain other countries, we obtained ECAC certification. The Company is currently selling the TRACER 1000 to customers who accept ECAC certification.  As of June 30, 2022, the Company has deployed the TRACER 1000 in approximately 20 locations in 11 countries throughout Europe and Asia.

On August 25, 2021, 1^st Detect announced that it secured a purchase order from a distributor for the TRACER 1000, representing the first units to be deployed at an airport security checkpoint for passenger screening. These systems were sold to the customer during the second quarter of fiscal year 2022.

In the United States, the Company is working with the U.S. Transportation Security Administration (“TSA”) towards air cargo certification. On March 27, 2018, the Company announced the TRACER 1000 was accepted into TSA’s Air Cargo Screening Technology Qualification Test’s (“ACSQT”) and, on April 4, 2018, the Company announced that the TRACER 1000 began testing with TSA for passenger screening at airports. On November 14, 2019, the Company announced the TRACER 1000 had been selected by the TSA’s Innovation Task Force to conduct live checkpoint screening at Miami International Airport. With similar protocols as ECAC testing, the Company has received valuable feedback from all programs. Following ECAC certification and the Company's early traction within the cargo market, testing for cargo security continued with the TSA. With the COVID-19 pandemic, all testing within the TSA was put on hold; however, cargo testing resumed during the summer of 2020, and the Company subsequently announced on September 9, 2020 the TRACER 1000 passed the non-detection testing portion of the TSA’s ACSQT. TSA cargo detection testing is ongoing and is the next and final step to be listed on the Air Cargo Screening Technology List (“ACSTL”) as an “approved” device. If approved, the TRACER 1000 will be approved for cargo sales in the United States. 

AgLAB Inc.

AgLAB, an exclusive licensee of ATI for the agriculture market, has developed the AgLAB-1000™ series of mass spectrometers for use in the hemp and cannabis market with initial focus on optimizing yields in the extraction and distillation processes. The AgLAB product line is a derivative of the Company’s core AMS Technology. 

BreathTech Corporation

BreathTech is developing the BreathTest-1000™, a breath analysis tool to screen for volatile organic compound (“VOC”) metabolites found in a person’s breath that could indicate they may have a bacterial or viral infection. The Company believes that new tools to aid in the battle against COVID-19 and other diseases. This remains of the utmost importance to help quickly identify that an infection may be present, and BreathTech, in conjunction with Cleveland Clinic, are developing a quick and easy to use device to help determine the presence of infections.

In June 2022, the Company expanded its existing study that initially focused on COVID-19 with Cleveland Clinic to use the BreathTest-1000 to screen for a variety of diseases spanning the entire body. The project will focus on detecting bloodstream infections, respiratory infections such as influenza types A and B and respiratory syncytial virus (“RSV”), carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridioides difficile (“C. diff”) infections.

Development of the BreathTest-1000 follows the Company’s results in pre-clinical trials for the BreathDetect-1000™, a rapid self-serve breathalyzer that was designed to detect bacterial infections in the respiratory tract, including pneumonia. The pre-clinical trials were conducted in collaboration with UT Health San Antonio in 2017.

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Astrotech Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries that are required to be consolidated. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation and have had no impact on net income or stockholders' equity.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that directly affect the amounts reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Management continuously evaluates its critical accounting policies and estimates, including those used in evaluating the recoverability of long-lived assets, recognition of revenue, valuation of inventory, and the recognition and measurement of loss contingencies, if any. Actual results may vary.

Revenue Recognition

Astrotech recognizes revenue employing the generally accepted revenue recognition methodologies described under the provisions of ASC Topic 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“Topic 606”), which was adopted by the Company in fiscal year 2019. The methodology used is based on contract type and how products and services are provided. The guidelines of Topic 606 establish a five-step process to govern the recognition and reporting of revenue from contracts with customers. The five steps are: (i) identify the contract with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations within the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations within the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations are satisfied.

An additional factor is reasonable assurance of collectability. This necessitates deferral of all or a portion of revenue recognition until collection. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, the Company had two material revenue sources that comprised substantially all of its $869 thousand in revenue. During the fiscal year ended  June 30, 2021, the Company recognized revenue from two material customers for total revenue of $334 thousand. Revenue was recognized at a point in time consistent with the guidelines in Topic 606.

Contract Assets and Liabilities. The Company enters into contracts to sell products and provide services, and it recognizes contract assets and liabilities that arise from these transactions. The Company recognizes revenue and corresponding accounts receivable according to Topic 606 and, at times, recognizes revenue in advance of the time when contracts give it the right to invoice a customer. The Company may also receive consideration, per the terms of a contract, from customers prior to transferring goods to the customer. The Company records customer deposits as deferred revenue. Additionally, the Company may receive payments, most typically for service and warranty contracts, at the onset of the contract and before services have been performed. In such instances, the Company records a deferred revenue liability. The Company recognizes these contract liabilities as sales after all revenue recognition criteria are met.

Practical Expedients. In cases where the Company is responsible for shipping after the customer has obtained control of the goods, it has elected to treat the shipping activities as fulfillment activities rather than as a separate performance obligation. Additionally, the Company has elected to capitalize the cost to obtain a contract only if the period of amortization would be longer than one year. The Company only gives consideration to whether a customer agreement has a financing component if the period of time between transfer of goods and services and customer payment is greater than one year.

Product Sales. The Company recognizes revenue from sales of products upon shipment or delivery when control of the product transfers to the customer, depending on the terms of each sale, and when collection is probable. In the circumstance where terms of a product sale include subjective customer acceptance criteria, revenue is deferred until the Company has achieved the acceptance criteria unless the customer acceptance criteria are perfunctory or inconsequential. The Company generally offers customers payment terms of 60 days or less.

Freight. The Company records shipping and handling fees that it charges to its customers as revenue and related costs as cost of goods sold.

Multiple Performance Obligations. Certain agreements with customers include the sale of equipment involving multiple elements in cases where obligations in a contract are distinct and thus require separation into multiple performance obligations, revenue recognition guidance requires contract consideration be allocated to each distinct performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. In general, our performance obligations are related to the sale of TRACER-1000 systems, training, associated consumables which can be delivered in multiple occurrences, and future maintenance. The value allocated to each performance obligation is then recognized as revenue when the revenue recognition criteria for each distinct promise or bundle of promises has been met.

The standalone selling price for each performance obligation is an amount that depicts the amount of consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the good or service. When there is only one performance obligation associated with a contract, the entire amount of consideration is attributed to that obligation. When a contract contains multiple performance obligations the standalone selling price is first estimated using the observable price, which is generally a list price net of applicable discount or the price used to sell the good or service in similar circumstances. In circumstances when a selling price is not directly observable, the Company will estimate the standalone selling price using information available including our market assessment and expected cost plus margin.

The timetable for fulfilment of each of the distinct performance obligations can range from completion in a short amount of time and entirely within a single reporting period to completion over several reporting periods. The timing of revenue recognition for each performance obligation may be dependent upon several milestones, including physical delivery of equipment, completion of site acceptance test, and in the case of after-market consumables and service deliverables, the passage of time.

Foreign Currency

The Company’s international operations are subject to certain opportunities and risks, including from foreign currency fluctuations and governmental actions. During fiscal years 2022 and 2021, the Company conducted business in eleven and ten countries, respectively. The Company closely monitors its operations in each country in which it does business and seeks to adopt appropriate strategies that are responsive to changing economic and political environments. The Company currently conducts business in the U.S. dollar and the Euro. Weaknesses in one currency in which the Company does business are often offset by strengths in the other currency. Revenues, costs, and expenses are translated at the applicable rate on the date of the transaction. Translation gains and losses, if any, are calculated on accounts receivable or accounts payable outstanding at the rate applicable at the end of the period. The Company includes gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions in income, while it excludes those resulting from translation of financial statements from income and includes them as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss when applicable. Transaction gains and losses, which were included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, amounted to a loss of approximately $13 thousand for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022 and a gain of approximately $3 thousand for the fiscal year ended  June 30, 2021.

Warranty Provision

Astrotech offers its customers warranties on the products that it sells. These warranties typically provide for repairs and maintenance of the products if problems arise during a specified time period after original shipment. Concurrent with the sale of products, the Company records a provision for estimated warranty expenses with a corresponding increase in cost of goods sold. The Company periodically adjusts this provision based on historical experience and anticipated expenses. The Company charges actual expenses of repairs under warranty, including parts and labor, to this provision when incurred. The current obligation for warranty provision is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets, whose activity for each of the two fiscal years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 is summarized in the following table: 

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs are used to improve system functionality, streamline and simplify the user experience, and extend our capabilities into customer-defined, application-specific opportunities. Research and development expenses for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were $2.8 million and $2.7 million, respectively.

Net Loss per Common Share

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share as the potential dilutive shares are considered to be anti-dilutive. For more information, see Note 12.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are comprised primarily of operating cash accounts, money market investments, and mutual fund investments.

Accounts Receivable

The carrying value of the Company’s accounts receivable, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, represents their estimated net realizable value. Astrotech estimates an allowance for doubtful accounts based on type of customer, age of outstanding receivable, historical collection trends, and existing economic conditions. If events or changes in circumstances indicate that a specific receivable balance may be unrealizable, further consideration is given to the collectability of those balances, and the allowance is adjusted accordingly. Receivable balances deemed uncollectible are written off against the allowance. The Company anticipates collecting all unreserved receivables within one year. As of June 30, 2022 and 2021, there was no allowance for doubtful accounts deemed necessary.

Inventory

The Company computes inventory cost on a first-in, first-out basis, and inventory is valued at the lower-of-cost or net realizable value. The valuation of inventory also requires the Company to estimate obsolete and excess inventory as well as inventory that is not of saleable quality.

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. All furniture, fixtures, and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which is generally five years. Purchased software is typically depreciated over three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the useful life of the improvement or the term of the lease. Repairs and maintenance are expensed when incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company continuously evaluates its long-lived assets for impairment to assess whether the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Our evaluation is based on an assessment of potential indicators of impairment, such as an adverse change in the business climate that could affect the value of an asset, current or forecasted operating or cash flow losses that demonstrate continuing losses associated with the use of an asset, and a current expectation that, more likely than not, an asset will be disposed of before the end of its previously estimated useful life. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. Recoverability of long-lived assets is dependent on a number of conditions, including uncertainty about future events and demand for our services. There was no impairment of long-lived assets recognized during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022.  Due to the termination of its corporate office lease in August 2020, the Company recorded an impairment of long-lived assets of $173 thousand for the fiscal year ended  June 30, 2021, which is included in disposal of corporate lease in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. 

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Astrotech’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities. Management believes the carrying amounts of these assets and liabilities approximates their fair value due to their liquidity. For more information about the Company’s accounting policies surrounding fair value investments, see Note 6.

Available-for-Sale Investments

Investments that are designated as available-for-sale are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The Company determines the cost of investments sold based on a first-in, first-out cost basis at the individual security level. The Company also considers specific adverse conditions related to the financial health of, and the business outlook for, the investee which may include industry and sector performance, changes in technology, operational and financing cash flow factors, and changes in the investee’s credit rating. The Company records other than temporary impairments on marketable equity securities and marketable equity method investments in gains (losses) on equity investments, net of previously recorded gains (losses). For more information on investments, see Note 3.

Operating Leases

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” ("ASU 2016-02") effective July 1, 2019. ASU 2016-02 requires that the Company determines, at the inception of an arrangement, whether the arrangement is or contains a lease, based on the unique facts and circumstances present. Operating lease assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based upon the present value of lease payments over the lease term. When determining the lease term, the Company includes options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain, at inception, that the Company will exercise that option. The interest rate implicit in lease contracts is typically not readily determinable; accordingly, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate that would be incurred to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment, based upon the information available at the commencement date. The lease payments used to determine the Company’s operating lease assets may include lease incentives, stated rent increases and escalation clauses linked to rates of inflation, when determinable, and are recognized in determining its ROU assets. The Company’s operating leases are reflected in the operating lease, right-of-use asset; lease liabilities, current; and lease liabilities, non-current in its consolidated balance sheets.

Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As a result of the Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-02, it no longer recognizes deferred rent on the consolidated balance sheet. Short-term leases, defined as leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less at the commencement date, are excluded from this treatment and are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Variable lease payments are amounts owed by the Company to a lessor that are not fixed, such as reimbursement for common area maintenance costs for our facility lease, and are expensed when incurred.

Financing leases, formerly referred to as capitalized leases, are treated similarly to operating leases except that the asset subject to the lease is included in the appropriate fixed asset category, rather than recorded as a right-of-use asset, and depreciated over its estimated useful life, or lease term, if shorter. For more information, see Note 4.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based awards to employees based on the fair value of the award on the grant date. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the expected dividend yields of the Company’s stock, the expected volatility of the stock, the expected length of time the options remain outstanding, and the risk-free interest rates. Changes in one or more of these factors may significantly affect the estimated fair value of the stock options. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. The fair value of awards that are likely to meet goals, if any, are recorded as an expense over the vesting period. For more information, see Note 10.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method, whereby deferred tax asset or liability account balances are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and the tax bases of assets and liabilities using current tax laws and rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

In December 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) released Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2019-12, which affects general principles within Topic 740, Income Taxes. The amendments of ASU 2019-12 are meant to simplify and reduce the cost of accounting for income taxes. The FASB has stated that the ASU is being issued as part of its Simplification Initiative, which is meant to reduce complexity in accounting standards by improving certain areas of U.S. GAAP without compromising information provided to users of financial statements. The Company adopted this guidance as of June 30, 2022 and the adoption had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Treasury Stock

The Company records treasury stock at the cost to acquire it and includes treasury stock as a component of stockholders’ equity. During fiscal year 2021, Astrotech sold all treasury stock held by the Company.

Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2021, FASB issued ASU No. 2021-10, “Government Assistance (Topic 832)” (“ASU 2021-10”), which enhances disclosure of transactions with governments that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution model. The new pronouncement requires entities to provide information about the nature of the transaction, terms and conditions associated with the transaction, and financial statement line items affected by the transaction. ASU 2021-10 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2021-10 to have a material impact on its financial statements.

(3) Investments

The following tables summarize gains and losses related to the Company’s investments:

(4) Leases

On April 27, 2021, Astrotech entered into a new lease for a research and development facility of approximately 5,960 square feet in Austin, Texas that includes a laboratory, a small production shop, and offices for staff, although the Company’s accounting and administrative employees continue to work remotely. The lease commenced on June 1, 2021 and has a lease term of 36 months.

On August 3, 2020, the Company terminated its corporate office lease of 5,219 square feet in Austin, Texas that housed executive management, finance and accounting, sales, and marketing and communications. The lease began in November 2016 and was originally set to expire in December 2023. Upon lease termination, the Company recognized a decrease in the related operating ROU asset and operating lease liability of approximately $539 thousand and $506 thousand, respectively.

Operating lease assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments. Significant judgment is required when determining the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Upon the adoption of Topic 842, the Company’s accounting for financing leases, previously referred to as capital leases, remains substantially unchanged from prior guidance.

The balance sheet presentation of the Company’s operating and finance leases is as follows:

Future minimum lease payments as of June 30, 2022 under non-cancelable leases are as follows (in thousands):

Other information as of June 30, 2022 is as follows:

Cash payments for operating leases for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 totaled $86 thousand and $195 thousand, respectively. Cash payments for financing leases for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 totaled $95 thousand and $12 thousand, respectively.

(5) Property and Equipment, net

As of June 30, 2022 and 2021, property and equipment, net consisted of the following: 

Depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment was $148 thousand for the year ended June 30, 2022 and $55 thousand for the year ended  June 30, 2021.

On August 3, 2020, the Company terminated its corporate office lease in Austin, Texas and wrote-off the remaining net book value of the related leasehold improvement assets in the amount of $229 thousand. 

(6) Fair Value Measurement

ASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurement” (“Topic 820”) defines fair value, establishes a market-based framework or hierarchy for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. Topic 820 is applicable whenever assets and liabilities are measured and included in the financial statements at fair value. The fair value hierarchy established in the standard prioritizes the inputs used in valuation techniques into three levels as follows:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The following tables present the carrying amounts, estimated fair values, and valuation input levels of certain financial instruments as of June 30, 2022 and  June 30, 2021:

The value of available-for-sale investments is based on pricing from third-party pricing vendors, who may use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1 inputs).

(7) Debt

On September 5, 2019, the Company entered into a private placement transaction with Thomas B. Pickens III, the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company, for the issuance and sale of a secured promissory note to Mr. Pickens with a principal amount of $1.5 million (the “2019 Note”), and on February 13, 2020, the Company entered into a second private placement transaction with Mr. Pickens for the issuance and sale of a second secured promissory note to Mr. Pickens with a principal amount of $1.0 million (the “2020 Note” and, collectively with the 2019 Note, the “Original Notes”). Interest on the Original Notes accrued at 11% per annum. The principal amount and accrued interest on the Original Notes originally were to become due and payable on September 5, 2020; however, on August 24, 2020, the Company and Mr. Pickens agreed to extend the date of maturity of the Original Notes and payment of accrued interest to September 5, 2021 (the “Extended Maturity Date”). The Company had the option to prepay the principal amount and all accrued interest on the Original Notes at any time prior to the Extended Maturity Date.

In connection with the issuance of the Original Notes, the Company, along with 1^st Detect Corporation and Astrotech Technologies, Inc. (the “Subsidiaries”), entered into two security agreements, dated as of September 5, 2019 and February 13, 2020 (collectively, the “Original Security Agreements”), with Mr. Pickens, pursuant to which the Company and the Subsidiaries granted to Mr. Pickens a security interest in all of the Company’s and the Subsidiaries’ Collateral, as such term is defined in the Original Security Agreements. In addition, the Subsidiaries jointly and severally agreed to guarantee and act as surety for the Company’s obligation to repay the Original Notes pursuant to a subsidiary guarantee.

On September 3, 2021, the Company entered into (1) the Omnibus Amendment to the Secured Promissory Notes (the “Amended Notes”) with Mr. Pickens, in connection with the Original Notes, and (2) the Omnibus Amendment to the Security Agreements (the “Amended Security Agreements”, and together with the Amended Notes, the “Amendments”) with the Subsidiaries, in connection with the Original Security Agreements. Pursuant to the Amendments, (a) the principal amount of $1.0 million and accrued interest of $172 thousand on the 2020 Note was paid in full and the 2020 Note was canceled, and (b) $1.0 million of the principal amount and $330 thousand of accrued interest on the 2019 Note was paid and the maturity date on the remaining balance of $500 thousand of the 2019 Note was extended to September 5, 2022 (the “Amended Maturity Date”).

In addition, the Subsidiaries jointly and severally agreed to guarantee and act as surety for the Company’s obligation to repay the remaining balance on the 2019 Note pursuant to subsidiary guarantees, dated September 5, 2019 and February 13, 2020, as amended by the Omnibus Amendments to Subsidiary Guarantees, dated August 24, 2020 and September 3, 2021, respectively (the Omnibus Amendment to Subsidiary Guarantees dated September 3, 2021, the “Amended Subsidiary Guarantee”). The Subsidiary Guarantee with respect to the 2020 Note was also canceled by the Amended Subsidiary Guarantee due to the 2020 Note being repaid in full.

Interest expense related to the Amended Notes for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 totaled $95 thousand and $275 thousand, respectively.

On September 5, 2022, the 2019 Note matured and was paid in full. See Note 17 for more information.

On April 14, 2020, the Company entered into a $542 thousand Paycheck Protection Program Promissory Note and Agreement (the “PPP Promissory Note”) with a commercial bank under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). The Company received full forgiveness of the PPP Promissory Note in April 2021. 

(8) Stockholders’ Equity

Offerings of Common Stock

On October 21, 2020, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers named therein, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell 7,826,086 shares (the “Public Offering Shares”) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), at an offering price of $2.30 per share (the “Public Offering”).

The Public Offering resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $18.0 million before deducting the placement agent’s fees and related offering expenses.

Pursuant to an engagement agreement dated July 23, 2020, as amended, the Company engaged H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (the “Placement Agent”) to act as the Company’s exclusive placement agent in connection with the Public Offering. The Company issued to the Placement Agent, or its designees, warrants (the “Placement Agent’s Warrants No. 1”) to purchase up to 469,565 shares of Common Stock, which represents 6.0% of the Public Offering Shares sold in the Public Offering. The Placement Agent’s Warrants No. 1 have an exercise price of $2.875 per share, which represents 125% of the per share offering price of the Public Offering Shares, and a termination date of October 21, 2025. The Placement Agent’s Warrants No. 1 had a fair value per share of $2.01 as of the date of issuance.

On October 28, 2020, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers named therein, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a registered direct offering (the “October Registered Offering”), 2,887,906 shares (the “October Registered Offering Shares”) of the Company’s Common Stock, at an offering price of $2.15 per share.

The October Registered Offering resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $6.2 million before deducting the placement agent’s fees and related offering expenses.

Pursuant to an engagement agreement dated July 23, 2020, as amended, the Company engaged the Placement Agent to act as the Company’s exclusive placement agent in connection with the October Registered Offering. The Company also issued to the Placement Agent, or its designees, warrants (the “Placement Agent’s Warrants No. 2”) to purchase up to 173,274 shares of Common Stock, which represents 6.0% of the October Registered Offering Shares sold in the October Registered Offering. The Placement Agent’s Warrants No. 2 have an exercise price of $2.6875 per share, which represents 125% of the per share offering price of the October Registered Offering Shares, and a termination date of October 28, 2025. The Placement Agent’s Warrants No. 2 had a fair value per share of $1.80 as of the date of issuance.

On February 11, 2021, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers named therein, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell, in a registered direct offering (the “February Registered Offering”), 2,845,535 shares (the “February Registered Offering Shares”) of the Company’s Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, at an offering price of $3.25 per share.

The February Registered Offering resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $9.25 million before deducting the placement agent’s fees and related offering expenses.