Atlantic Union Bankshares Corp - Annual Report: 2021 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

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☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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Commission file number: 001-39325

ATLANTIC UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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1051 East Cary Street, Suite 1200, Richmond, Virginia 23219

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(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (804) 633-5031

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 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   Yes  ☒    No  ◻

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  ◻    No  ☒

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes   ⌧    No  ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and such files).   Yes  ⌧    No  ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report ☒

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

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The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2021 was approximately $2,790,107,479 based on the closing share price on that date of $36.22 per share.

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The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of February 16, 2022 was 75,583,898.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

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Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be used in conjunction with the registrant’s 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

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ATLANTIC UNION BANKSHARES CORPORATION

FORM 10-K

INDEX

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Glossary of Acronyms and Defined Terms

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this Form 10-K may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are statements that include, without limitation, projections, predictions, expectations, or beliefs about future events or results or otherwise are not statements of historical fact. Such forward-looking statements are based on certain assumptions as of the time they are made, and are inherently subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, that may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such statements are often characterized by the use of qualified words (and their derivatives) such as “expect,” “believe,” “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “will,” “may,” “view,” “opportunity,” “potential,” or words of similar meaning or other statements concerning opinions or judgment of the Company and its management about future events. Although the Company believes that its expectations with respect to forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions within the bounds of its existing knowledge of its business and operations, there can be no assurance that actual future results, performance, or achievements of, or trends affecting, the Company will not differ materially from any projected future results, performance, achievements or trends expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Actual future results, performance, achievements or trends may differ materially from historical results or those anticipated depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the effects of or changes in:

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More information on risk factors that could affect the Company’s forward-looking statements is included under the section entitled “Risk Factors” set forth herein. All risk factors and uncertainties described herein should be considered in evaluating forward-looking statements, all forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-K are expressly qualified by the cautionary statements contained in this Form 10-K, and undue reliance should not be placed on such forward-looking statements. The actual results or developments anticipated may not be realized or, even if substantially realized, they may not have the expected consequences to or effects on the Company or its businesses or operations. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. The Company does not intend or assume any obligation to update, revise or clarify any forward-looking statements that may be made from time to time by or on behalf of the Company, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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PART I

ITEM 1. - BUSINESS.

GENERAL

The Company is a financial holding company and a bank holding company organized under Virginia law and registered under the BHCA. The Company, headquartered in Richmond, Virginia is committed to the delivery of financial services through its subsidiary Atlantic Union Bank and non-bank financial services affiliates. As of February 25, 2022, the Company’s bank subsidiary and certain non-bank financial services affiliates were:

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History

The Company was formed in connection with the July 1993 merger of Northern Neck Bankshares Corporation and Union Bancorp, Inc. Although the Company was formed in 1993, Union Bank & Trust Company, a predecessor of Atlantic Union Bank, was formed in 1902, and certain other of the community banks that were acquired and ultimately merged to form what is now Atlantic Union Bank were among the oldest in Virginia at the time they were acquired.

The table below indicates the year each community bank was formed, acquired by the Company, and merged into what is now Atlantic Union Bank.

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On February 1, 2019, the Company completed its acquisition of Access and the merger of Access’ wholly-owned subsidiary, Access National Bank, with and into the Bank, with the Bank surviving. In connection with the foregoing, the Company acquired the former subsidiaries of Access and Access National Bank (as applicable), including, without limitation, Middleburg Investment Services, LLC and Middleburg Trust Company. In 2019, Middleburg Trust Company was dissolved.

The Company’s headquarters are located in Richmond, Virginia, and its primary operations centers are located in the Richmond Metropolitan area.

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Product Offerings and Market Distribution

The Company is a financial holding company and bank holding company organized under the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia and headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. The Company provides a full range of financial services through its bank subsidiary, Atlantic Union Bank, throughout Virginia and in portions of Maryland and North Carolina. The Bank is a commercial bank chartered under the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia that provides banking, trust, and wealth management services. As of February 25, 2022, the Bank had 130 branches and approximately 150 ATMs located throughout Virginia, and portions of Maryland and North Carolina. Certain non-bank affiliates of the Company include: Atlantic Union Equipment Finance, Inc., which provides equipment financing; Dixon, Hubard, Feinour & Brown, Inc., which provide investment advisory services; Atlantic Union Financial Consultants LLC, which provides brokerage services; and Union Insurance Group, LLC, which offers various lines of insurance products.

Effective March 1, 2021, Middleburg Financial, the Bank’s wealth management division was rebranded to Atlantic Union Bank Wealth Management, and Middleburg Investment Services, LLC changed its name to Atlantic Union Financial Consultants, LLC.

The Bank is a full-service bank offering consumers and businesses a wide range of banking and related financial services, including checking, savings, certificates of deposit, and other depository services, as well as loans for commercial, industrial, residential mortgage, and consumer purposes. The Bank offers mobile and internet banking services and online bill payment for all customers, whether retail or commercial. Additionally, the Bank also offers a full array of Treasury Management and related working capital services to its commercial clients. The Bank offers credit cards through an arrangement with Elan Financial Services and delivers ATM services through the use of reciprocally shared ATMs in the major ATM networks as well as remote ATMs for the convenience of customers and other consumers. The Bank’s wealth management division, which operates under the brand Atlantic Union Bank Wealth Management, offers a wide variety of financial planning, wealth management and trust services.

Atlantic Union Financial Consultants, LLC, formerly named Middleburg Investment Services, LLC offers brokerage services and executes securities transactions through Raymond James, Inc., an independent broker dealer.

The Bank has loan production offices in North Carolina and Maryland.

The Bank operates a mortgage business as a division of the Bank under the Atlantic Union Bank Home Loans Division brand. The Atlantic Union Bank Home Loans Division business lends to borrowers nationwide.

UIG, an insurance agency, is owned by the Bank. This agency operates in an agreement with Bankers Insurance, LLC, a large insurance agency owned by community banks across Virginia and managed by the Virginia Bankers Association. UIG generates revenue through sales of various insurance products through Bankers Insurance LLC, including long-term care insurance and business owner policies. UIG also maintains ownership interests in two title agencies owned by community banks across Virginia and generates revenues through sales of title policies in connection with the Bank’s lending activities.

Effective October 1, 2021, Old Dominion Capital Management, Inc., and its subsidiary, Outfitter Advisors, Ltd., merged with and into DHFB, as part of an internal reorganization to streamline operations and now operates as a division of DHFB. ODCM continues to operate as a division of DHFB.

DHFB is a Roanoke, Virginia based registered investment advisory firm with offices in Roanoke, Charlottesville, and Arlington, Virginia. DHFB offers a wide range of investment management and financial planning services, including investment portfolio management, primarily to individuals and families and also provides investment advisory services to foundations, endowments and trusts.

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Atlantic Union Equipment Finance, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank, provides equipment financing to commercial and corporate customers nationwide. This business includes providing financing for a wide array of equipment types, including marine, tractors, trailers, buses, construction, manufacturing and medical, among others.

SEGMENTS

The Company has one reportable segment: its traditional full-service community banking business. For more financial data and other information about the Company’s operating segment, refer to Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Effective May 23, 2018, the Bank began winding down the operations of UMG, the reportable mortgage segment. UMG operations remain discontinued, although the Company continues to offer residential mortgages through a division of the Bank, and are presented as discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the assets and liabilities, as well as the operating results, of the discontinued mortgage segment were not considered material.

EXPANSION AND STRATEGIC ACQUISITIONS

The Company expands its market area and increases its market share through organic growth (internal growth and de novo expansion) and strategic acquisitions. Strategic acquisitions by the Company to date have included whole bank acquisitions, branch and deposit acquisitions, purchases of existing branches from other banks, and registered investment advisory firms. The Company generally considers acquisitions of companies in strong growth markets or with unique products or services that will benefit the entire organization. Targeted acquisitions are priced to be economically feasible with expected minimal short-term drag to achieve positive long-term benefits. These acquisitions may be paid for in the form of cash, stock, debt, or a combination thereof. The amount and type of consideration and deal charges paid could have a short-term dilutive effect on the Company’s earnings per share or book value. However, management anticipates that the cost savings and revenue enhancements in such transactions will provide long-term economic benefit to the Company.

On February 1, 2019, the Company acquired Access, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Reorganization dated as of October 4, 2018, as amended December 7, 2018, including a related Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement"). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Access’s common shareholders received 0.75 shares of the Company’s common stock in exchange for each share of Access’s common stock, with cash paid in lieu of fractional shares, resulting in the Company issuing 15,842,026 shares of common stock. In connection with the transaction, Access National Bank, Access’s wholly-owned bank subsidiary, was merged with and into the Bank.

The Company expects to continue to assess future opportunities to acquire banks and other financial companies based on market and other conditions, applying the criteria described above.

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HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

The Company continuously works towards balancing its commitments to its key stakeholders: its teammates, customers, shareholders, regulators and communities. In order to accomplish this, it is crucial that the Company attract and retain talent who desire to enrich the lives of the people and communities the Company serves. To facilitate talent attraction and retention, the Company strives to make itself an inclusive, diverse, safe and healthy workplace, providing opportunities for its teammates to grow and develop in their careers, supported by strong compensation, benefits, health and welfare programs.

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Employee Profile

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As of December 31, 2021, the Company had 1,876 full-time equivalent employees (which the Company refers to as “teammates”), including executive officers, loan and other banking officers, branch personnel, and operations and other support personnel. None of the Company’s teammates are represented by a union or covered under a collective bargaining agreement. 

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As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s workforce was comprised of approximately 64% women and 21% self-identified minorities. As of December 31, 2021, the average tenure of the Company’s teammates was 7.6 years.

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Our Workplace Culture

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The Company seeks to be recognized as the Premier Mid-Atlantic Bank – a high performing company that makes banking easy by providing competitive banking solutions, a highly differentiated customer and teammate experience and a great place to work. The Company’s culture is defined by its purpose to enrich the lives of the people and the communities it serves. The Company’s core values guide its actions to further this purpose and shape how the organization comes together to meet its various stakeholder needs and expectations. The Company uses the term “teammates” to describe its employees because the Company views itself as one team.

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The Company’s core values serve as the foundation for how teammates behave and how we operate as an organization and influence our future success. Caring, Courageous and Committed are the core values that guide our actions:

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The Company also fosters a culture of giving back to the communities where our customers live, work, and play. Charitable donations, small business lending, volunteerism, teaching financial literacy and promoting diversity and inclusion within our communities, are some of the ways we give back.

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The COVID-19 Pandemic

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The Company believes that by effectively managing through the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company is stronger and well positioned to take advantage of growth opportunities as economic and social activities resume. Throughout the pandemic, the Company has been and remains intensely focused on the safety and wellbeing of teammates and customers. The Company openly communicates with, and continuously surveys, our teammates to understand their biggest concerns and needs, including in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company has instituted numerous safety protocols and procedures based on current health guidance from federal and state agencies. The Company also established an additional pandemic paid-time off program to assist teammates with unexpected time-off associated with COVID-19 and planned time off for vaccination. While the Company has not mandated vaccination for teammates, the Company continues to strongly encourage and provide information and resources to support individual decisions.

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Compensation and Benefits

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The Company’s compensation programs are designed to attract, retain and motivate high performing talent and provide market aligned pay programs in support of the Company’s business strategies. The Company’s compensation programs are tied to both the individual and Company’s performances. In addition, the Company uses the services of a compensation consultant and other consultants and regularly benchmarks its compensation and benefits program against its peers. All compensation policies and procedures are designed to ensure proper governance and acceptable levels of risk. Individual teammate total pay is influenced by the nature and scope of the job, what other employers pay for comparable jobs, experience and individual performance. Minimum wage levels are established for all jobs through a formal salary structure that establishes a defined salary range for each position. In addition to base wages, annual merit-based salary increases are provided to eligible teammates.

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Approximately 65% percent of the Company’s teammates are provided with an incentive opportunity under a formal incentive plan with measurable goals and metrics. All incentive programs have both upside and downside potential and are linked to both the individual and Company’s performances. Teammates who are not eligible for an incentive plan are eligible to receive cash profit sharing based on the Company’s overall financial performance.

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The Company believes that our teammates are best able to deliver a great customer experience if they feel healthy and secure. A variety of benefit programs are offered that flex to meet the needs of our diverse and multigenerational population, as the Company strives for a differentiated and personalized experience and to deliver what is most important to teammates throughout the various stages of their lives and careers. Benefit costs are shared between teammates and the Company in a way that supports mutual fiscal responsibility, and health care costs are managed through a focus on wellness improvement and appropriate use of health care services. The Company’s benefits program includes a Company-maintained ESOP, healthcare and insurance benefits, paid time off, inclusive parental leave, a 401(k) Company match, flexible work arrangements, Employee Assistance Programs and tuition expense reimbursements. In 2021 a new holistic wellbeing program was introduced that provides opportunities for teammates to earn financial incentives by participating in activities designed to build and sustain healthy habits.

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Talent Development and Training

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The Company believes its human capital is its most important asset and is committed to investing in the growth and development of its teammates. The Company’s performance development program is very important to delivering business results and helps gain greater alignment between strategic goals, business goals and individual goals. The program is based around a culture of coaching and development by means of continuous conversations to ensure alignment on goals, business objectives, personal development, and career aspirations. The program is structured to operate on an annual basis starting with goal setting and development planning and ending with an annual review. Teammates are encouraged to take ownership of their development and seek guidance from their managers on goals and development areas.

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The Company also provides training opportunities to foster growth and development, enhance teammate skillsets, and prepare teammates to be successful in their roles. For example, the Company offers specific, targeted training to all new hires. In addition to professional development, role-based, and regulatory training, the Company also offers training resources on the following subjects: leadership, diversity, equity, and inclusion, policies/procedures, information security, anti-bribery, ethics, product training, anti-money-laundering, technical/systems, and compensation/benefits.

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All teammates have access to training opportunities through a learning management system and/or learning experience platform. Training is delivered in multiple modalities: e-learning, job aids, videos, instructor-led, and on-the-job practice supported by trained mentors. The majority of the Company’s training materials are regulation-based and managed through a regulatory and compliance program. In addition to job specific training, all teammates are required to complete mandatory compliance courses on a wide range of Company policies and procedures, such as the Company’s anti-discrimination policies and ethical standards, and in response to regulatory requirements and changes.

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Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

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The Company is committed to hiring diverse talent and fostering, cultivating and preserving a culture of a diversity, equity and inclusion. The Company believes that the collective sum of the individual differences, life experiences, knowledge, inventiveness, innovation, self-expression, unique capabilities and talent that its teammates invest in their work represents a significant part of not only the Company’s culture, but its reputation and achievement as well. The Company strives to foster a culture and workplace that, among other things, is inclusive and welcoming, treats everyone with respect and dignity, promotes people on their merits, and promotes diversity of thoughts, ideas, perspective and values. The Company’s Board of Directors seeks diversity in all respects in its selection of directors, including diversity of educational and professional backgrounds; personal accomplishments; individual qualities and attributes that will contribute to Board heterogeneity; age, gender, ethnic and geographic diversity. The Company established its first DEI Council in 2020 which is led by the Chief Executive Officer and includes a cross-functional group of teammates from diverse backgrounds. The DEI Council manages the Company’s DEI efforts to create a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive workplace.

From the Company’s community involvement, diversity partnership programs and charitable giving to its teammate hiring and retention strategies and daily interactions, diversity, equity and inclusion is integral to how the Company approaches its business. 

Privacy and Cybersecurity

The Company strives to protect the privacy and security of the sensitive information our customers entrust to our care. The Company maintains privacy policies, management oversight, accountability structures, and technology design processes to protect private and personal data. The Company’s information security program is overseen by senior management, the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors, and the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors reviews the Company’s information security program at least annually. The Company also conducts mandatory teammate training on information security annually, as well as ongoing information security education and awareness for teammates, such as online training classes, mock phishing attacks, and information security awareness materials.

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INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

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COMPETITION

The financial services industry remains highly competitive and is constantly evolving. The Company experiences strong competition in all aspects of its business. In its market areas, the Company competes with large national and regional financial institutions, credit unions, other independent community banks, as well as consumer finance companies, mortgage companies, loan production offices, mutual funds, life insurance companies and fintech companies. Competition for deposits and loans is affected by various factors including, without limitation, interest rates offered, the number and location of branches and types of products offered, digital capabilities, and the reputation of the institution. Credit unions increasingly have been allowed to expand their membership definitions, and because they enjoy a favorable tax status, they have been able to offer more attractive loan and deposit pricing. The Company’s non-bank affiliates also operate in highly competitive environments.

In addition, nonbank competitors are increasingly offering products and services that traditionally were banking products. Many of these nonbank competitors are not subject to the same extensive federal regulations that govern bank holding companies and federally insured banks, which may allow them to offer greater lending limits and certain products and services that the Company and its affiliates do not provide.

The Company believes its community focused banking framework and philosophy provide a competitive advantage, particularly with regard to larger national and regional institutions, allowing the Company to compete effectively. Additionally, the Company’s attention to incorporating digital technology has made it possible to provide customers with electronic, mobile, and internet-based financial solutions, such as online deposit accounts and electronic payment processing. The Company has a strong market share within the markets it serves. The Company’s deposit market share in Virginia was 7.1% of total bank deposits as of June 30, 2021, making it the largest regional bank headquartered in Virginia at that time.

ECONOMY

The economies in the Company’s market areas are widely diverse and include local and federal government, military, agriculture, and manufacturing. Based on Virginia Employment Commission data, the state’s seasonally-adjusted unemployment rate is 3.2% as of December 31, 2021, compared to 4.9% at year-end 2020 and continues to be below the national rate of 3.9% at year-end 2021.

COVID-19 has had and may continue to have a wide range of economic impacts. Since the first quarter of 2020, COVID-19 has severely disrupted supply chains and adversely affected production, demand, sales, and employee productivity across a range of industries, and has increased unemployment in the Company’s areas of operation and nationally. During 2021, the economy, with certain setbacks, largely re-opened, as there was wider vaccine distribution, resulting in the easing of restrictions related to COVID-19, which appear to have led to greater economic activity. However, the national economy and economies in the Company’s areas of operations continued to be impacted during 2021 and are likely to be impacted into 2022, despite the fact that many businesses have re-opened.

The Company’s operations are affected not only by general economic conditions but also by the policies of various regulatory authorities. In particular, the Federal Reserve uses monetary policy tools to impact money market and credit market conditions and interest rates to influence general economic conditions. In response to inflationary economic conditions, the Federal Reserve has communicated its intent to begin increasing the target range for the federal funds rate in 2022. Generally, the Bank benefits from a rising rate environment given its interest rate risk profile; however rising interest rates may have an adverse impact on the ability of our borrowers with floating rate loans to repay their loans.

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The Company’s management continues to consider COVID-19 and future economic events and their impact on the Company’s performance while focusing attention on managing NPAs, controlling costs, and working with borrowers to mitigate and protect against risk of loss. The Company’s management also continues to review pricing of its products and services, in light of current and expected costs due to inflation, to mitigate the inflationary impact on financial performance.

SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

The Company and the Bank are extensively regulated under both federal and state laws. The following description briefly addresses certain historic and current provisions of federal and state laws and certain regulations, proposed regulations, and the potential impacts on the Company and the Bank. To the extent statutory or regulatory provisions or proposals are described in this Form 10-K, the description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory or regulatory provisions or proposals.

The Company is subject to additional regulations, increased supervision and increased costs because the Company’s assets exceed $10 billion. The Company has invested meaningful financial, human capital and other resources in regulatory compliance processes.

The Company

General. As a financial holding company and a bank holding company registered under the BHCA, the Company is subject to supervision, regulation, and examination by the Federal Reserve. The Company elected to be treated as a financial holding company by the Federal Reserve in September 2013. The Company is also registered under the bank holding company laws of Virginia and is subject to supervision, regulation, and examination by the SCC.

Enacted in 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act has significantly changed the financial regulatory regime in the United States. Since the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act, U.S. banks and financial services firms, such as the Company and the Bank, have been subject to enhanced regulation and oversight. Several provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act remain subject to further rulemaking, guidance, and interpretation by the federal banking agencies.

Enacted in 2018, the EGRRCPA amended certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act as well as statutes administered by the Federal Reserve and the FDIC. Certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and changes thereto resulting from the enactment of EGRRCPA that may affect the Company and the Bank are discussed below in more detail.

Permitted Activities. The permitted activities of a bank holding company are limited to managing or controlling banks, furnishing services to or performing services for its subsidiaries, and engaging in other activities that the Federal Reserve determines by regulation or order to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. In addition, bank holding companies that qualify and elect to be financial holding companies, such as the Company, may engage in any activity, or acquire and retain the shares of a company engaged in any activity, that is either (i) financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity (as determined by the Federal Reserve in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury) or (ii) complementary to a financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally (as solely determined by the Federal Reserve), without prior approval of the Federal Reserve. Activities that are financial in nature include but are not limited to securities underwriting and dealing, insurance underwriting, and making merchant banking investments.

To maintain financial holding company status, a financial holding company and all of its depository institution subsidiaries must be “well capitalized” and “well managed.” A depository institution subsidiary is considered to be “well capitalized” if it satisfies the requirements for this status under applicable Federal Reserve capital requirements. A depository institution subsidiary is considered “well managed” if it received a composite rating and management rating of at least “satisfactory” in its most recent examination. A financial holding company’s status will also depend upon it maintaining its status as “well capitalized” and “well managed” under applicable Federal Reserve regulations. If a financial holding company ceases to meet these capital and management requirements, the Federal Reserve’s regulations provide that the financial holding company must enter into an agreement with the Federal Reserve to comply with all applicable capital and management requirements. Until the financial holding company returns to compliance, the Federal Reserve may impose limitations or conditions on the conduct of its activities, and the company may not commence any of the broader financial activities permissible for financial holding companies or acquire a company engaged in such financial activities without prior approval of the Federal Reserve. If the company does not return to compliance within

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180 days, the Federal Reserve may require the financial holding company to divest its depository institution subsidiaries or to cease engaging in any activity that is financial in nature (or incident to such financial activity) or complementary to a financial activity.

In order for a financial holding company to commence any new activity permitted by the BHCA or to acquire a company engaged in any new activity permitted by the BHCA, each insured depository institution subsidiary of the financial holding company must have received a rating of at least “satisfactory” in its most recent examination under the CRA. See below under “The Bank – Community Reinvestment Act.”

Despite prior approval, the Federal Reserve may order a bank holding company or its subsidiaries to terminate any activity or to terminate ownership or control of any subsidiary when the Federal Reserve has reasonable cause to believe that a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness, or stability of any bank subsidiary of that bank holding company may result from such an activity.

Banking Acquisitions; Changes in Control. The BHCA and related regulations require, among other things, the prior approval of the Federal Reserve in any case where a bank holding company proposes to (i) acquire direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the outstanding voting stock of any bank or bank holding company (unless it already owns a majority of such voting shares), (ii) acquire all or substantially all of the assets of another bank or bank holding company, or (iii) merge or consolidate with any other bank holding company. In determining whether to approve a proposed bank acquisition, the Federal Reserve will consider, among other factors, the effect of the acquisition on competition, the public benefits expected to be received from the acquisition, any outstanding regulatory compliance issues of any institution that is a party to the transaction, the projected capital ratios and levels on a post-acquisition basis, the financial condition of each institution that is a party to the transaction and of the combined institution after the transaction, the parties’ managerial resources and risk management and governance processes and systems, the parties’ compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering requirements, and the acquiring institution’s performance under the CRA and its compliance with fair housing and other consumer protection laws.

On July 9, 2021, President Biden issued an Executive Order on Promoting Competition in the American Economy, which, among other initiatives, encouraged the review of current practices and adoption of a plan for the revitalization of merger oversight under the BHCA and the Bank Merger Act. Making any formal changes to the framework for evaluating bank mergers would require an extended process, and any such changes are uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time. However, the adoption of more expansive or stringent standards may have an impact on the Company’s acquisition activity. Additionally, this Executive Order could influence the federal bank regulatory agencies’ expectations and supervisory oversight for banking acquisitions.

Subject to certain exceptions, the BHCA and the Change in Bank Control Act, together with the applicable regulations, require Federal Reserve approval (or, depending on the circumstances, no notice of disapproval) prior to any person or company’s acquiring “control” of a bank or bank holding company. A conclusive presumption of control exists if an individual or company acquires the power, directly or indirectly, to direct the management or policies of an insured depository institution or to vote 25% or more of any class of voting securities of any insured depository institution. A rebuttable presumption of control may exist if a person or company acquires 10% or more but less than 25% of any class of voting securities and certain other relationships are present between the investor and the bank holding company, or if certain other ownership thresholds for voting or total equity have been exceeded.

In addition, Virginia law requires the prior approval of the SCC for (i) the acquisition by a Virginia bank holding company of more than 5% of the voting shares of a Virginia bank or a Virginia bank holding company, or (ii) the acquisition by any other person of control of a Virginia bank holding company or a Virginia bank.

Source of Strength. Federal Reserve policy has historically required bank holding companies to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to their subsidiary banks. The Dodd-Frank Act codified this policy as a statutory requirement. Under this requirement, the Company is expected to commit resources to support the Bank, including times when the Company may not be in a financial position to provide such resources. Any capital loans by a bank holding company to any of its subsidiary banks are subordinate in right of payment to depositors and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary banks. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to priority of payment.

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Safety and Soundness. There are a number of obligations and restrictions imposed on bank holding companies and their subsidiary banks by law and regulatory policy that are designed to minimize potential loss to the depositors of such depository institutions and the DIF in the event of a depository institution insolvency, receivership, or default. For example, under the FDICIA, to avoid receivership of an insured depository institution subsidiary, a bank holding company is required to guarantee the compliance of any subsidiary bank that may become “undercapitalized” with the terms of any capital restoration plan filed by such subsidiary with its appropriate federal bank regulatory agency up to the lesser of (i) an amount equal to 5% of the institution’s total assets at the time the institution became undercapitalized, or (ii) the amount that is necessary (or would have been necessary) to bring the institution into compliance with all applicable capital standards as of the time the institution fails to comply with such capital restoration plan.

Under the FDIA, the federal bank regulatory agencies have adopted guidelines prescribing safety and soundness standards. These guidelines establish general standards relating to capital management, internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, information systems, data security, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure and risk management, vendor management, corporate governance, asset growth and compensation, fees, and benefits. In general, the guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risk and exposures specified in the guidelines.

Capital Requirements. The Federal Reserve imposes certain capital requirements on bank holding companies under the BHCA, including a minimum leverage ratio and a minimum ratio of “qualifying” capital to risk-weighted assets. These requirements are described below under “The Bank – Capital Requirements”. Subject to its capital requirements and certain other restrictions, the Company is able to borrow money to make a capital contribution to the Bank, and such loans may be repaid from dividends paid by the Bank to the Company.

Limits on Dividends and Other Payments. The Company is a legal entity, separate and distinct from its subsidiaries. A significant portion of the revenues of the Company result from dividends paid to it by the Bank. There are various legal limitations applicable to the payment of dividends by the Bank to the Company and to the payment of dividends by the Company to its shareholders. The Bank is subject to various statutory and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay dividends to the Company. Under current regulations, prior approval from the Federal Reserve is required if cash dividends declared by the Bank in any given year exceed net income for that year, plus retained net profits of the two preceding years. The payment of dividends by the Bank or the Company may be limited by other factors, such as requirements to maintain capital above regulatory guidelines. Bank regulatory agencies have the authority to prohibit the Bank or the Company from engaging in an unsafe or unsound practice in conducting its respective business. The payment of dividends, depending on the financial condition of the Bank, or the Company, could be deemed to constitute such an unsafe or unsound practice.

Under the FDIA, insured depository institutions such as the Bank, are prohibited from making capital distributions, including the payment of dividends, if, after making such distributions, the institution would become “undercapitalized” (as such term is used in the statute). Based on the Bank’s current financial condition, the Company does not expect that this provision will have any impact on its ability to receive dividends from the Bank. The Company’s non-bank subsidiaries pay dividends to the Company periodically, subject to certain statutory restrictions.

In addition to dividends it receives from the Bank, the Company receives management fees from its affiliated companies for expenses incurred related to corporate actions. The fees are eliminated from the financial statements in the consolidation process.

The Bank

General. The Bank is supervised and regularly examined by the Federal Reserve and the SCC. The various laws and regulations administered by the bank regulatory agencies affect corporate practices, such as the payment of dividends, incurrence of debt, and acquisition of financial institutions and other companies; they also affect business practices, such as the payment of interest on deposits, the charging of interest on loans, types of business conducted, and location of offices. Certain of these law and regulations are referenced above under “The Company.”

Interchange Fees. Under the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve adopted rules establishing standards for assessing whether the interchange fees that may be charged with respect to certain electronic debit transactions are “reasonable and proportional” to the costs incurred by issuers for processing such transactions.

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Interchange fees, or “swipe” fees, are charges that merchants pay to the Bank and other card-issuing banks for processing electronic payment transactions. Under the final rules, which are applicable to financial institutions that have assets of $10.0 billion or more, the maximum permissible interchange fee is equal to the sum of 21 cents plus 5 bps of the transaction value for many types of debit interchange transactions. The rules permit an upward adjustment to an issuer’s debit card interchange fee of no more than one cent per transaction if the issuer develops and implements policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve certain fraud-prevention standards. The Federal Reserve also has rules governing routing and exclusivity that require issuers to offer two unaffiliated networks for routing transactions on each debit or prepaid product.

Capital Requirements. The Federal Reserve and the other federal banking agencies have issued risk-based and leverage capital guidelines applicable to U.S. banking organizations. Those regulatory agencies may from time to time require that a banking organization maintain capital above the minimum levels because of its financial condition or actual or anticipated growth.

The Federal Reserve has adopted capital requirements and calculations of risk-weighted assets to implement the Basel III regulatory capital reforms from the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act.

Under these risk-based capital requirements of the Federal Reserve, the Company and the Bank are required to maintain (i) a minimum ratio of total capital (which is defined as core capital and supplementary capital less certain specified deductions from total capital such as reciprocal holdings of depository institution capital instruments and equity investments) to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%, (ii) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital (which consists principally of common and certain qualifying preferred shareholders’ equity (including grandfathered trust preferred securities) as well as retained earnings, less certain intangibles and other adjustments) to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0%, and (iii) a minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%. These capital requirements provide that “Tier 2 capital” consists of cumulative preferred stock, long-term perpetual preferred stock, a limited amount of subordinated and other qualifying debt (including certain hybrid capital instruments), and a limited amount of the general loan loss allowance.

The Federal Reserve’s capital requirements also impose a capital conservation buffer requirement of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets. The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of common equity Tier 1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases, and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.

The combined effect of the risk-based capital requirements and the additional 2.5% capital conservation buffer is that the Company and the Bank must maintain (i) a minimum ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%, (ii) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 8.5%, and (iii) a minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 7.0%.

The Tier 1, common equity Tier 1, and total capital to risk-weighted asset ratios of the Company were 11.33%, 10.24%, and 14.18%, respectively, as of December 31, 2021, thus exceeding the minimum requirements for "well capitalized" status. The Tier 1, common equity Tier 1, and total capital to risk-weighted asset ratios of the Bank were 13.03%, 13.03%, and 13.38%, respectively, as of December 31, 2021, also exceeding the minimum requirements for "well capitalized" status.

Each of the federal bank regulatory agencies also has established a minimum leverage capital ratio of Tier 1 capital to average adjusted assets (“Tier 1 leverage ratio”). The guidelines require a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 3.0% for advanced approach banking organizations; all other banking organizations are required to maintain a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. In addition, for a depository institution to be considered “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for PCA, its Tier 1 leverage ratio must be at least 5.0%. Banking organizations that have experienced internal growth or made acquisitions are expected to maintain strong capital positions substantially above the minimum supervisory levels without significant reliance on intangible assets. The Federal Reserve has not advised the Company or the Bank of any specific minimum leverage ratio applicable to either entity. As of December 31, 2021, the Tier 1 leverage ratios of the Company and the Bank were 9.01% and 10.37%, respectively, well above the minimum requirements.

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The Federal Reserve’s final rules also included changes in the risk weights of assets to better reflect credit risk and other risk exposures. These include a 150% risk weight (up from 100%) for certain high volatility commercial real estate acquisition, development, and construction loans and nonresidential mortgage loans that are 90 days past due or otherwise on nonaccrual status, a 20% (up from 0%) credit conversion factor for the unused portion of a commitment with an original maturity of one year or less that is not unconditionally cancellable, a 250% risk weight (up from 100%) for mortgage servicing rights and deferred tax assets that are not deducted from capital, and increased risk-weights (from 0% to up to 600%) for equity exposures.

The Federal Reserve’s regulatory capital rules also provide that in some circumstances trust preferred securities may not be considered Tier 1 capital of a bank holding company with total consolidated assets of greater than $15 billion, and instead will qualify as Tier 2 capital. The Company has $155.2 million of trust preferred securities outstanding and approximately $20.1 billion in assets as of December 31, 2021.

On August 26, 2020, the federal bank regulatory agencies adopted a final rule that allows the Company to phase in the impact of adopting the CECL methodology up to two years, with a three-year transition period to phase out the cumulative benefit to regulatory capital provided during the two-year delay. This final rule is substantially similar to the interim final rule issued in March 2020 by the federal bank regulatory agencies. Refer to Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section “Capital Resources” of this Form 10-K for information regarding the impact of this final rule on the Company’s regulatory capital.

Deposit Insurance. The deposits of the Bank are insured up to applicable limits by the DIF of the FDIC and are subject to deposit insurance assessments based on average total assets minus average tangible equity to maintain the DIF. The basic limit on FDIC deposit insurance coverage is $250,000 per depositor. Under the FDIA, the FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations as an insured depository institution, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC, subject to administrative and potential judicial hearing and review processes.

As required by the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC has adopted a large-bank pricing assessment structure, set a target “designated reserve ratio” of 2 percent for the DIF, in lieu of dividends, provides for a lower assessment rate schedule, when the reserve ratio reaches 2 percent and 2.5 percent. An institution’s assessment rate is based on a statistical analysis of financial ratios that estimates the likelihood of failure over a three-year period, which considers the institution’s weighted average CAMELS component rating, and is subject to further adjustments including related to levels of unsecured debt and brokered deposits (not applicable to banks with less than $10 billion in assets). At December 31, 2021, total base assessment rates for institutions that have been insured for at least five years with assets of $10 billion range from 1.5 to 40 bps. In addition, institutions with assets over $10 billion are subject to a surcharge equal to 4.5 bps of assets that exceed $10 billion, which is required to be applied until the reserve ratio reaches 1.35 percent. Although the DIF declined below the minimum level of 1.35 percent during 2020 due to the impact of significant deposit increases which led the FDIC to adopt a DIF restoration plan, and the DIF was 1.27 percent at September 30, 2021, the FDIC has not increased base assessment rates.

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, the Company paid $7.8 million, $8.4 million, and $5.4 million, respectively, in deposit insurance assessments.

Transactions with Affiliates. Pursuant to Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W, the authority of the Bank to engage in transactions with related parties or “affiliates,” or to make loans to insiders, is limited. Loan transactions with an affiliate generally must be collateralized and certain transactions between the Bank and its affiliates, including the sale of assets, the payment of money or the provision of services, must be on terms and conditions that are substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the Bank, as those prevailing for comparable nonaffiliated transactions. In addition, the Bank generally may not purchase securities issued or underwritten by affiliates.

Loans to executive officers, directors, or to any person who directly or indirectly, or acting through or in concert with one or more persons, owns, controls, or has the power to vote more than 10% of any class of voting securities of a bank (“10% Shareholders”), are subject to Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and their corresponding regulations (Regulation O) and Section 13(k) of the Exchange Act relating to the prohibition on personal loans to executives (which exempts financial institutions in compliance with the insider lending restrictions of Section 22(h) of

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the Federal Reserve Act). Among other things, these loans must be made on terms substantially the same as those prevailing on transactions made to unaffiliated individuals and certain extensions of credit to those persons must first be approved in advance by a disinterested majority of the entire Board of Directors. Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act prohibits loans to any of those individuals where the aggregate amount exceeds an amount equal to 15% of an institution’s unimpaired capital and surplus plus an additional 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus in the case of loans that are fully secured by readily marketable collateral, or when the aggregate amount on all of the extensions of credit outstanding to all of these persons would exceed the Bank’s unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus. Section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act identifies limited circumstances in which the Bank is permitted to extend credit to executive officers.

Prompt Corrective Action. Federal banking regulators are authorized and, under certain circumstances, required to take certain actions against banks that fail to meet their capital requirements. The federal bank regulatory agencies have additional enforcement authority with respect to undercapitalized depository institutions. “Well capitalized” institutions may generally operate without additional supervisory restriction. With respect to “adequately capitalized” institutions, such banks cannot normally pay dividends or make any capital contributions that would leave it undercapitalized, they cannot pay a management fee to a controlling person if, after paying the fee, it would be undercapitalized, and they cannot accept, renew, or roll over any brokered deposit unless the bank has applied for and been granted a waiver by the FDIC.

Immediately upon becoming “undercapitalized,” a depository institution becomes subject to the provisions of Section 38 of the FDIA, which: (i) restrict payment of capital distributions and management fees; (ii) require that the appropriate federal banking agency monitor the condition of the institution and its efforts to restore its capital; (iii) require submission of a capital restoration plan; (iv) restrict the growth of the institution’s assets; and (v) require prior approval of certain expansion proposals. The appropriate federal banking agency for an undercapitalized institution also may take any number of discretionary supervisory actions if the agency determines that any of these actions is necessary to resolve the problems of the institution at the least possible long-term cost to the DIF, subject in certain cases to specified procedures. These discretionary supervisory actions include: (i) requiring the institution to raise additional capital; (ii) restricting transactions with affiliates; (iii) requiring divestiture of the institution or the sale of the institution to a willing purchaser; and (iv) any other supervisory action that the agency deems appropriate. These and additional mandatory and permissive supervisory actions may be taken with respect to significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized institutions. The Bank met the definition of being “well capitalized” as of December 31, 2021.

The “prompt corrective action” regulations pursuant to Section 38 of the FDIA require for well-capitalized status a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5.0%, a minimum common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5%, a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.0%, and a minimum total capital ratio of 10.0%.

Community Reinvestment Act. The Bank is subject to the requirements of the CRA. The CRA imposes on financial institutions an affirmative and ongoing obligation to meet the credit needs of the local communities, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. If the Bank receives a rating from the Federal Reserve of less than “satisfactory” under the CRA, restrictions on operating activities would be imposed. In addition, in order for a financial holding company, like the Company, to commence any new activity permitted by the BHCA, or to acquire any company engaged in any new activity permitted by the BHCA, each insured depository institution subsidiary of the financial holding company must have received a rating of at least “satisfactory” in its most recent examination under the CRA. The Bank received a “satisfactory” CRA rating in its most recent examination.

FHLB. The Bank is a member of the FHLB of Atlanta, which is one of 12 regional Federal Home Loan Banks that provide funding to their members for making housing loans as well as for affordable housing and community development loans. Each Federal Home Loan Bank serves as a reserve, or central bank, for the members within its assigned region, and makes loans to its members in accordance with policies and procedures established by the Board of Directors of the applicable Federal Home Loan Bank. As a member, the Bank must purchase and maintain stock in the FHLB.

Confidentiality of Customer Information. The Company and the Bank are subject to various laws and regulations that address the privacy of nonpublic personal financial information of customers. A financial institution must provide to its customers information regarding its policies and procedures with respect to the handling of customers’ personal information. Each institution must conduct an internal risk assessment of its ability to protect customer information.

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These privacy laws and regulations generally prohibit a financial institution from providing a customer’s personal financial information to unaffiliated parties without prior notice and approval from the customer.

The CFPB published its final rule to update Regulation P pursuant to the amended Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act in 2018. Under this rule, certain qualifying financial institutions are not required to provide annual privacy notices to customers. To qualify, a financial institution must not share nonpublic personal information about customers except as described in certain statutory exceptions which do not trigger a customer’s statutory opt-out right. In addition, the financial institution must not have changed its disclosure policies and practices from those disclosed in its most recent privacy notice. The rule sets forth timing requirements for delivery of annual privacy notices in the event that a financial institution that qualified for the annual notice exemption later changes its policies or practices in such a way that it no longer qualifies for the exemption.

Although these laws and regulations impose compliance costs and create privacy obligations and, in some cases, reporting obligations, and compliance with all of the laws, regulations, and privacy and reporting obligations may require significant resources of the Company and the Bank, these laws and regulations do not materially affect the Bank’s products, services or other business activities.

Data privacy and data protection are areas of increasing state legislative focus. In March 2021, the Governor of Virginia signed into law the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (the “VCDPA”), which goes into effect on January 1, 2023. The VCDPA grants Virginia residents the right to access, correct, delete, know, and opt-out of the sale and processing for targeted advertising purposes of their personal information, similar to the protections provided by similar consumer data privacy laws in California and in Europe. The VCDPA also imposes data protection assessment requirements and authorizes the Attorney General of Virginia to enforce the VCDPA, but does not provide a private right of action for consumers. The Company and the Bank cannot yet predict how the implementation of the VCDPA will impact the Bank’s products, services or other business activities. The Company continues to monitor legislative, regulatory and supervisory developments related thereto.

Required Disclosure of Customer Information. The Company and the Bank are also subject to various laws and regulations that attempt to combat money laundering and terrorist financing. The Bank Secrecy Act requires all financial institutions to, among other things, create a system of controls designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorism, and imposes recordkeeping and reporting requirements. The USA Patriot Act added additional regulations to facilitate information sharing among governmental entities and financial institutions for the purpose of combating terrorism and money laundering, imposes standards for verifying customer identification at account opening, and requires financial institutions to establish anti-money laundering programs. Regulations adopted under the Bank Secrecy Act impose on financial institutions customer due diligence requirements, and the federal banking regulators expect that customer due diligence programs will be integrated within a financial institution’s broader Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering compliance program. The OFAC, which is a division of the Treasury, is responsible for helping to ensure that United States entities do not engage in transactions with “enemies” of the United States, as defined by various Executive Orders and Acts of Congress. If the Bank finds a name of an “enemy” of the United States on any transaction, account, or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list, it must freeze such account or place transferred funds into a blocked account, and report it to OFAC.

In December 2020, the U.S. Congress enacted the National Defense Authorization Act (the “NDAA”) for fiscal year 2021. Among its many provisions, the NDAA includes the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (the “AMLA”) and the related Corporate Transparency Act of 2019 (the “CTA”). The CTA is a significant update to federal Bank Secrecy Act/Anti-money Laundering (“BSA/AML”) regulations. The CTA aims to eliminate the use of shell companies that facilitate the laundering of criminal proceeds and, for that purpose, directs FinCEN to establish and maintain a national registry of beneficial ownership information for corporate entities. Specifically, corporations and limited liability companies (subject to certain exceptions) must disclose to FinCEN their beneficial owners – defined as an individual who, directly or indirectly, exercises substantial control over the entity or owns or controls not less than 25% of the ownership interests of the entity. Beneficial ownership must be disclosed at the time of company formation and upon a change in ownership. The national registry will be confidential; the CTA contains criminal penalties for non-compliance as well as for unauthorized disclosure of reported information.

In December 2021, FinCEN proposed the first of three sets of rules that it will issue to implement the beneficial ownership reporting requirements of the CTA, with subsequent rulemakings expected (i) to implement the CTA’s protocols for access to and disclosure of beneficial ownership information, and (ii) to revise the existing customer due

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diligence requirements that apply to the Corporation, the Bank and many other financial institutions, to ensure consistency between these requirements and the beneficial ownership reporting rules.

The CTA’s disclosure requirements are similar to the current FinCEN-promulgated Customer Due Diligence (“CDD”) Rule and related regulations applicable to the entity customers of banks. At this time, the Bank cannot predict how implementation of the new CTA requirements will affect the provisions of the CDD Rule or the Bank’s compliance with the CDD Rule and related BSA/AML regulations. The Bank continues to monitor legislative, regulatory, and supervisory developments related thereto.

Volcker Rule. The Dodd-Frank Act prohibits insured depository institutions and their holding companies from engaging in proprietary trading except in limited circumstances and prohibits them from owning equity interests in excess of 3% of Tier 1 capital in private equity and hedge funds (known as the “Volcker Rule”). On December 10, 2013, the federal bank regulatory agencies adopted final rules implementing the Volcker Rule. These final rules prohibit banking entities from (i) engaging in short-term proprietary trading for their own accounts, and (ii) having certain ownership interests in and relationships with hedge funds or private equity funds. The final rules are intended to provide greater clarity with respect to both the extent of those primary prohibitions and of the related exemptions and exclusions. The final rules also require each regulated entity to establish an internal compliance program that is consistent with the extent to which it engages in activities covered by the Volcker Rule, which must include (for the largest entities) making regular reports about those activities to regulators. Although the final rules provide some tiering of compliance and reporting obligations based on size, the fundamental prohibitions of the Volcker Rule apply to the Company and the Bank. The EGRRCPA and subsequent promulgation of inter-agency final rules have aimed at simplifying and tailoring requirements related to the Volcker Rule. In August 2019, the FDIC modified the rule to, among other things, eliminate the collection of certain metrics and reduce the compliance burdens associated with the remaining metrics requirements, depending on the banking entity’s total consolidated trading assets and liabilities. In October 2019, the Federal Reserve and the SEC approved the Volcker Rule changes. Due to the changing regulatory landscape, the Company will continue to evaluate the implications of the Volcker Rules on its investments, including new impacts as a result of the changes, but does not expect any material financial implications.

Consumer Financial Protection. The Bank is subject to a number of federal and state consumer protection laws that extensively govern its relationship with its customers. These laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Service Members Civil Relief Act, laws governing flood insurance, federal and state laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive business practices, foreclosure laws, and various regulations that implement some or all of the foregoing. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits, making loans, collecting loans, and providing other services. If the Bank fails to comply with these laws and regulations, it may be subject to various penalties or enforcement actions. Failure to comply with consumer protection requirements may also result in failure to obtain any required bank regulatory approval for merger or acquisition transactions the Bank may wish to pursue or being prohibited from engaging in such transactions even if approval is not required.

The Dodd-Frank Act centralized responsibility for consumer financial protection by creating a new agency, the CFPB, and giving it responsibility for implementing, examining, and enforcing compliance with federal consumer protection laws. The CFPB focuses on (i) risks to consumers and compliance with the federal consumer financial laws, (ii) the markets in which firms operate and risks to consumers posed by activities in those markets, (iii) depository institutions that offer a wide variety of consumer financial products and services, and (iv) non-depository companies that offer one or more consumer financial products or services. The CFPB is responsible for implementing, examining and enforcing compliance with federal consumer financial laws for institutions with more than $10 billion of assets. The Company and the Bank are subject to federal consumer protection rules enacted by the CFPB.

The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer financial laws that apply to all banks, including, among other things, the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive, or abusive” acts and practices. Abusive acts or practices are defined as those that materially interfere with a consumer’s ability to understand a term or condition of a consumer financial product or service or take unreasonable advantage of a consumer’s (i) lack of financial savvy, (ii) inability to protect himself in the selection or use of consumer financial products or services, or (iii) reasonable reliance on a covered entity to act in the consumer’s interests. The CFPB can issue cease-and-desist orders against banks and other entities that violate consumer financial laws. The CFPB may also institute a civil action against an entity in violation of

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federal consumer financial law in order to impose a civil penalty or injunction. Further, regulatory positions taken by the CFPB may influence how other regulatory agencies apply the subject consumer financial protection laws and regulations.

Mortgage Banking Regulation. In connection with making mortgage loans, the Company and the Bank are subject to rules and regulations that, among other things, establish standards for loan origination, prohibit discrimination, provide for inspections and appraisals of property, require credit reports on prospective borrowers, in some cases restrict certain loan features and fix maximum interest rates and fees, require the disclosure of certain basic information to mortgagors concerning credit and settlement costs, limit payment for settlement services to the reasonable value of the services rendered and require the maintenance and disclosure of information regarding the disposition of mortgage applications based on race, gender, geographical distribution and income level. The Company and the Bank are also subject to rules and regulations that require the collection and reporting of significant amounts of information with respect to mortgage loans and borrowers.

The Company’s and the Bank’s mortgage origination activities are subject to Regulation Z, which implements the Truth in Lending Act. Certain provisions of Regulation Z require creditors to make a reasonable and good faith determination based on verified and documented information that a consumer applying for a mortgage loan has a reasonable ability to repay the loan according to its terms. Creditors are required to determine consumers’ ability to repay in one of two ways. The first alternative requires the creditor to consider the following eight underwriting factors when making the credit decision: (i) current or reasonably expected income or assets; (ii) current employment status; (iii) the monthly payment on the covered transaction; (iv) the monthly payment on any simultaneous loan; (v) the monthly payment for mortgage-related obligations; (vi) current debt obligations, alimony, and child support; (vii) the monthly debt-to-income ratio or residual income; and (viii) credit history. Alternatively, the creditor can originate “qualified mortgages,” which are entitled to a presumption that the creditor making the loan satisfied the ability-to-repay requirements. In general, a “qualified mortgage” is a mortgage loan without negative amortization, interest-only payments, balloon payments, or terms exceeding 30 years. In addition, to be a qualified mortgage, the points and fees paid by a consumer cannot exceed 3% of the total loan amount.

Qualified mortgages that are “higher-priced” (e.g., subprime loans) garner a rebuttable presumption of compliance with the ability-to-repay rules, while qualified mortgages that are not “higher-priced” (e.g., prime loans) are given a safe harbor of compliance. To meet the mortgage credit needs of a broader customer base, the Company is predominantly an originator of mortgages that are intended to be in compliance with the ability-to-pay requirements. On November 15, 2019, the CFPB issued an interpretive rule providing that loan originators with temporary authority may act as a loan originator for a temporary period of time, as specified in the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008, in a state while that state considers their application for a loan originator license, if they meet certain screening and training requirements. The rule was effective November 24, 2019.

Brokered Deposits. Section 29 of the FDIA and FDIC regulations generally limit the ability of any bank to accept, renew or roll over any brokered deposit unless it is “well capitalized” or, with the FDIC’s approval, “adequately capitalized.” However, as a result of EGRRCPA, the FDIC undertook a comprehensive review of its regulatory approach to brokered deposits, including reciprocal deposits, and interest rate caps applicable to banks that are less than “well capitalized.” On December 15, 2020, the FDIC issued final rules that amend the FDIC’s methodology for calculating interest rate caps, provide a new process for banks that seek FDIC approval to offer a competitive rate on deposits when the prevailing rate in the bank’s local market exceeds the national rate cap, and provides specific exemptions and streamlined application and notice procedures for certain deposit-placement arrangements that are not subject to brokered deposit restrictions. These final rules were effective on April 1, 2021, and full compliance is required by January 1, 2022.

Cybersecurity. The federal bank regulatory agencies have adopted guidelines for establishing information security standards and cybersecurity programs for implementing safeguards under the supervision of a financial institution’s board of directors. These guidelines, along with related regulatory materials, increasingly focus on risk management and processes related to information technology and the use of third parties in the provision of financial products and services. The federal bank regulatory agencies expect financial institutions to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials, and also expect financial institutions to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure rapid recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyberattack. If the Company or the Bank fails to meet the expectations

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set forth in this regulatory guidance, the Company or the Bank could be subject to various regulatory actions and any remediation efforts may require significant resources of the Company or the Bank.

In October 2016, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued proposed rules on enhanced cybersecurity risk-management and resilience standards that would apply to very large financial institutions and to services provided by third parties to these institutions. The comment period for these proposed rules has closed, and a final rule has not been published. Although the proposed rules would apply only to bank holding companies and banks with $50 billion or more in total consolidated assets, these rules could influence the federal bank regulatory agencies’ expectations and supervisory requirements for information security standards and cybersecurity programs of financial institutions with less than $50 billion in total consolidated assets.

On November 18, 2021, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a final rule to improve the sharing of information about cyber incidents that may affect the U.S. banking system. The rule requires a banking organization to notify its primary federal regulator of any significant computer-security incident as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after the banking organization determines that a cyber incident has occurred. Notification is required for incidents that have materially affected—or are reasonably likely to materially affect—the viability of a banking organization’s operations, its ability to deliver banking products and services, or the stability of the financial sector. In addition, the rule requires a bank service provider to notify affected banking organization customers as soon as possible when the provider determines that it has experienced a computer-security incident that has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect banking organization customers for four or more hours. Compliance with the final rule is required by May 1, 2022. The Corporation and the Bank are currently assessing the impact of this rule, but do not anticipate any material impact to their respective operations at this time. With increased focus on cybersecurity, the Company and the Bank continue to monitor legislative, regulatory and supervisory developments related thereto.

Incentive Compensation. In 2010, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued comprehensive final guidance on incentive compensation policies intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of financial institutions do not undermine the safety and soundness of such institutions by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The Interagency Guidance on Sound Incentive Compensation Policies, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of financial institutions, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that a financial institution’s incentive compensation arrangements should: (i) provide incentives that do not encourage risk-taking beyond the institution’s ability to effectively identify and manage risks; (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management; and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the financial institution’s Board of Directors.

The Federal Reserve will review, as part of the regular, risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of financial institutions, such as the Company and the Bank, that are not “large, complex banking organizations.” These reviews will be tailored to each financial institution based on the scope and complexity of the institution’s activities and the prevalence of incentive compensation arrangements. The findings of the supervisory initiatives will be included in reports of examination. Deficiencies will be incorporated into the institution’s supervisory ratings, which can affect the institution’s ability to make acquisitions and take other actions. Enforcement actions may be taken against a financial institution if its incentive compensation arrangements, or related risk-management control or governance processes, pose a risk to the institution’s safety and soundness and the financial institution is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.

In 2016, the SEC and the federal banking agencies proposed rules that prohibit covered financial institutions (including bank holding companies and banks) from establishing or maintaining incentive-based compensation arrangements that encourage inappropriate risk taking by providing covered persons (consisting of senior executive officers and significant risk takers, as defined in the rules) with excessive compensation, fees, or benefits that could lead to material financial loss to the financial institution. The proposed rules outline factors to be considered when analyzing whether compensation is excessive and whether an incentive-based compensation arrangement encourages inappropriate risks that could lead to material loss to the covered financial institution, and establishes minimum requirements that incentive-based compensation arrangements must meet to be considered to not encourage inappropriate risks and to appropriately balance risk and reward. The proposed rules also impose additional corporate governance requirements on the boards of directors of covered financial institutions and impose additional record-keeping requirements. The comment period for these proposed rules has closed, and a final rule has not yet been published. However, in 2021 the SEC signaled a renewed interest in these matters by re-opening the comment period on a proposed rule regarding clawbacks of incentive-based executive compensation, which was originally proposed in 2015.

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Heightened Requirements for Bank Holding Companies with $10 Billion or More in Assets

Various federal banking laws and regulations, including rules adopted by the Federal Reserve pursuant to the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act, impose heightened requirements on certain large banks and bank holding companies. Most of these rules apply primarily to bank holding companies with at least $50 billion in total consolidated assets, but certain rules also apply to banks and bank holding companies with at least $10 billion in total consolidated assets including the Company and the Bank.

EGRRCPA. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, institutions with assets that exceed $10 billion, were required among other things to: perform annual stress tests and establish a dedicated risk committee of the board of directors responsible for overseeing enterprise-wide risk management policies, which must be commensurate with capital structure, risk profile, complexity, activities, size, and other appropriate risk-related factors, and must include as a member at least one risk management expert. In addition, such institutions (i) may be examined for compliance with federal consumer protection laws primarily by the CFPB; (ii) are subject to increased FDIC deposit insurance assessment requirements; (iii) are subject to a cap on debit card interchange fees; and (iv) may be subject to higher regulatory capital requirements.

However, the amendments to the Dodd-Frank Act made by EGRRCPA provide limited regulatory relief for certain financial institutions and additional tailoring of banking and consumer protection laws, which preserve the existing framework under which U.S. financial institutions are regulated, including the discretionary authority of the Federal Reserve and the FDIC to supervise bank holding companies and insured depository institutions, such as the Company and the Bank.

In particular, following the enactment of EGRRCPA, bank holding companies with less than $100 billion in assets, such as the Company, are exempt from the enhanced prudential standards imposed under Section 165 of the Dodd-Frank Act (including but not limited to resolution planning and enhanced liquidity and risk management requirements). Nonetheless, the capital planning and risk management practices of the Company and the Bank will continue to be reviewed through the regular supervisory processes of the Federal Reserve.

Furthermore, EGRRCPA increased the asset threshold for requiring a bank holding company to establish a separate risk committee of independent directors from $10 billion to $50 billion. Notwithstanding the changes implemented by EGRRCPA increasing this asset threshold, the Company has retained its separate risk committee of independent directors.

In addition to amendments and changes to the Dodd-Frank Act set forth in the interagency statement regarding the impact of EGRRCPA released by the federal banking agencies on July 6, 2018, EGRRCPA includes certain other banking-related, consumer protection, and securities laws-related provisions. Many of EGRRCPA’s changes must be implemented through rules adopted by federal agencies, and certain changes remain subject to their substantial regulatory discretion. As a result, the full impact of EGRRCPA will remain unclear for some time. The Company and the Bank expect to continue to evaluate the potential impact of EGRRCPA as it is further implemented by the regulators.

Future Regulation

From time to time, various legislative and regulatory initiatives are introduced in Congress and state legislatures, as well as by regulatory agencies. Such initiatives may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Such legislation could change banking statutes and the operating environment of the Company and the Bank in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities, or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions. The Company cannot predict whether any such legislation will be enacted, and, if enacted, the effect that it, or any implementing regulations, would have on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company or the Bank.

Effect of Governmental Monetary Policies

The Company’s operations are affected not only by general economic conditions but also by the policies of various regulatory authorities. In particular, the Federal Reserve uses monetary policy tools to impact money market and credit market conditions and interest rates to influence general economic conditions. These policies have a significant impact

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on overall growth and distribution of loans, investments, and deposits; they affect market interest rates charged on loans or paid for time and savings deposits, and can significantly influence employment and inflation rates. Federal Reserve monetary policies have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks, including the Company, in the past and are expected to do so in the future.

Filings with the SEC

The Company files annual, quarterly, and other reports under the Exchange Act with the SEC. These reports and this Form 10-K are posted and available at no cost on the Company’s investor relations website, http://investors.atlanticunionbank.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company files such documents with the SEC. The information contained on the Company’s website is not a part of this Form 10-K or of any other filing with the SEC. The Company’s filings are also available through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

ITEM 1A. - RISK FACTORS

An investment in the Company’s securities involves risks and uncertainties. In addition to the other information set forth in this Form 10-K, including the information addressed under “Forward-Looking Statements,” investors in the Company’s securities should carefully consider the factors discussed below. These factors could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and capital position and could cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially from its historical results or the results contemplated by the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K, in which case the trading price of the Company’s securities could decline. The risk factors discussed below highlight the risks that the Company believes are material to the Company, but do not necessarily include all risks that the Company may face, and an investor in the Company’s securities should not interpret the disclosure of a risk in the following risk factors to state or imply that the risk has not already materialized. In addition, the Risk Factor Summary that follows should be read in conjunction with the detailed description of risk factors below.

Risk Factor Summary

These risks and uncertainties include:

Risks Related to COVID-19

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Risks Related to the Company’s Lending Activities

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Risks Related to Market Interest Rates

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Risks Related to the Company’s Business, Industry and Markets

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Risks Related to the Company’s Operations

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Risks Related to the Company’s Regulatory Environment

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Risks Related to the Company’s Securities

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General Risk Factors

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Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting adverse economic conditions have already adversely impacted the Company’s business and results, and could have a more material adverse impact on its business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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The ongoing COVID-19 global and national health emergency has caused significant disruption in the United States and international economies and financial markets, even as more businesses opened up in 2021 and there was significant improvement in economic activity compared to the prior years in the pandemic. The spread of COVID-19 in the United States has caused illness, quarantines, cancellation of events and travel, business and school shutdowns, reduction in commercial activity and financial transactions, supply chain interruptions, increased unemployment, and overall economic and financial market instability. The federal government and many state and local governments have implemented social distancing and other restrictions in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the recent Delta and Omicron variants of COVID-19. While some of these restrictions are still in force at varying degrees, others have been lifted. As a result, some impacts of COVID-19 are subsiding and the United States experienced increased economic activity in 2021 and early 2022.

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Although banks have generally been permitted to continue operating, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruptions to the Company’s business and could cause material disruptions to its business and operations in the future. To the extent that commercial and social restrictions are in place or increase in severity, the Company’s expenses, delinquencies, charge-offs, foreclosures, and credit losses may materially increase, and the Company could experience reductions in fee income. In addition, any declines in credit quality could significantly affect the adequacy of the Company’s ACL, which would lead to increases in the provision for credit losses and related declines in its net income.

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Unfavorable economic conditions and increasing unemployment figures may also make it more difficult for the Company to maintain deposit levels and loan origination volume and to obtain additional financing. Furthermore, such conditions have and may continue to cause the value of the Company’s investment portfolio and of collateral associated with its existing loans to decline. In response to inflationary economic conditions, the Federal Reserve has communicated its intent to begin increasing the target range for the federal funds rate in 2022. Generally, the Company benefits from a rising rate environment given its interest rate risk profile, however rising interest rate may have an adverse impact on our borrowers with floating rate loans ability to repay their loans.

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While the Company has taken and is continuing to take precautions to protect the safety and well-being of its employees and customers, no assurance can be given that the steps being taken will be deemed to be adequate or appropriate, nor can the Company predict the continued level of disruption that will occur to its employee's ability to provide customer support and service. The continued, renewed, or increased spread of COVID-19 could negatively impact the availability of key personnel necessary to conduct the Company’s business, the business and operations of its third-party service providers who perform critical services for the business, or the businesses of many of the Company’s customers and

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borrowers. If COVID-19 is not successfully contained, the Company could experience a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.

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Among the factors outside the Company’s control that are likely to affect the impact the COVID-19 pandemic will ultimately have on its business are, without limitation:

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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to significant volatility in the financial markets. Depending on the extent and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic and perceptions regarding national and global recovery from the pandemic, the price of the Company’s common stock may continue to experience volatility and potential declines.

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The Company is continuing to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic and related risks, although the rapid development and fluidity of the situation precludes any specific prediction as to its ultimate impact on the Company. However, if the pandemic continues to spread or otherwise results in a continuation or worsening of the current economic and commercial environments, the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Risks Related to the Company’s Lending Activities

The Company’s ACL may prove to be insufficient to absorb credit losses in its loan portfolio.

Like all financial institutions, the Company maintains an ACL to provide for loans that its borrowers may not repay in their entirety. The Company believes that it maintains an ACL at a level adequate to absorb expected losses in the loan portfolio as of the corresponding balance sheet date and in compliance with applicable accounting and regulatory guidance. The ACL, however, may not be sufficient to cover expected loan losses and future provisions for loan losses

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could materially and adversely affect the Company’s operating results. Accounting related to the ACL requires significant estimates that are subject to uncertainty and changes relating to new information and changing circumstances. The significant uncertainties surrounding the ability of the Company’s borrowers to execute their business models successfully through changing economic environments, competitive challenges, and other factors complicate the Company’s estimates of the risk of loss and amount of loss on any loan. Due to the degree of uncertainty and susceptibility of these factors to change, the actual losses may vary from current estimates. The Company expects possible fluctuations in the loan loss provisions due to changes in economic conditions.

The Company’s banking regulators, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the ACL and may require the Company to increase its ACL by recognizing additional provisions for loan losses charged to expense, or to decrease the ACL by recognizing loan charge-offs, net of recoveries. Any such required additional provisions for loan losses or charge-offs could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

The Bank’s concentration in loans secured by real estate may adversely affect earnings due to changes in the real estate markets.

The Bank offers a variety of secured loans, including commercial lines of credit, commercial term loans, real estate, construction, home equity, consumer, equipment financing, and other loans. Many of the Bank’s loans are secured by real estate (both residential and commercial). A major change in the real estate markets or in the local or national economy, resulting in deterioration in the value of this collateral or rental or occupancy rates, could adversely affect borrowers’ ability to pay these loans, which in turn could negatively affect the Bank. The Bank tries to limit its exposure to these risks by monitoring extensions of credit carefully; however, risks of loan defaults and foreclosures are unavoidable in the banking industry. As the Bank cannot fully eliminate credit risk; credit losses will occur in the future. Additionally, changes in the real estate market also affect the value of foreclosed assets, and therefore, additional losses may occur when management determines it is appropriate to sell the assets.

The Bank has significant credit exposure in commercial real estate, and loans with this type of collateral are viewed as having more risk of default.

The Bank’s commercial real estate portfolio consists primarily of non-owner-operated properties and other commercial properties. These types of loans are generally viewed as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans. They are also typically larger than residential real estate loans and consumer loans and depend on cash flows from the owner’s business or the property’s tenants to service the debt. Cash flows may be affected significantly by general economic conditions, and a downturn in the local economy or in occupancy rates in the local economy where the property is located could increase the likelihood of default. The Bank’s loan portfolio contains a number of commercial real estate loans with relatively large balances, and thus the deterioration of one or a few of these loans could cause a significant increase in the percentage of non-performing loans. An increase in non-performing loans could result in a loss of earnings from these loans, an increase in the provision for loan losses and an increase in charge-offs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations.

The Bank’s banking regulators generally give commercial real estate lending greater scrutiny and may require banks with higher levels of commercial real estate loans to implement enhanced risk management practices, which could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s results of operations. Such practices include underwriting, internal controls, risk management policies, more granular reporting and portfolio stress testing, as well as possibly higher levels of allowances for losses and capital levels as a result of commercial real estate lending growth and exposures.

The Bank’s loan portfolio contains construction and development loans, and a decline in real estate values or economic conditions could adversely affect the value of the collateral securing the loans and have an adverse effect on the Bank’s financial condition.

Construction and development loans are generally viewed as having more risk than residential real estate loans because repayment is often dependent on completion of the project and the subsequent financing of the completed project as a commercial real estate or residential real estate loan and, in some instances, on the rent or sale of the underlying project.

Although the Bank’s construction and development loans are primarily secured by real estate, the Bank believes that, in the case of the majority of these loans, the real estate collateral by itself may not be a sufficient source for repayment of

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the loan if real estate values decline. If the Bank is required to liquidate the collateral securing a construction and development loan to satisfy the debt, its earnings and capital may be adversely affected. A period of reduced real estate values may continue for some time, resulting in potential adverse effects on the Bank’s earnings and capital.

The Bank’s commercial and industrial loans have contributed significantly to the Bank’s loan growth. A weakening of economic conditions could adversely affect the collectability of the loans and underlying collateral.

Commercial and industrial loans are generally made to support the Bank’s borrowers’ need for short-term or seasonal cash flow and equipment/vehicle purchases. These loans are typically based on the borrowers’ ability to repay the loans from the cash flow of their businesses. The assets securing these loans may depreciate over time or can be difficult to appraise and liquidate, and may fluctuate in value based on the success of the business. This type of collateral may not yield substantial recovery in the event a default occurs and the Bank needs to liquidate the business.

Loans that the Bank has made through federal programs are dependent on the federal government’s continuation and support of these programs and on the Bank’s compliance with program requirements.

The Bank participates in various U.S. government agency loan guarantee programs, including programs operated by the SBA. If the Bank fails to follow any applicable regulations, guidelines or policies associated with a particular guarantee program, any loans the Bank originates as part of that program may lose the associated guarantee, exposing the Bank to credit risk it would not otherwise be exposed to or have underwritten, or result in the Bank’s inability to continue originating loans under such programs, either of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

Federal and state governments have enacted laws and implemented programs intending to stimulate the economy in light of the business and market disruptions related to COVID-19, including the PPP. The Bank participated as a lender in both rounds of the PPP, processing approximately $2.0 billion of loan forgiveness on approximately 16,000 PPP loans since the inception of the program through December 31, 2021. The PPP loans are fully guaranteed as to payment of principal and interest by the SBA and the Bank believes that the majority of these loans will be forgiven. However, there can be no assurance that the borrowers will use or have used the funds appropriately or will have satisfied the staffing or payment requirements to qualify for forgiveness in whole or in part. Any portion of the loan that is not forgiven must be repaid by the borrower. In the event of a loss resulting from a default on a PPP loan and a determination by the SBA that there was a deficiency in the manner in which the PPP loan was originated, funded or serviced by the Bank, which may or may not be related to an ambiguity in the laws, rules or guidance regarding operation of the PPP, the SBA may deny its liability under the guaranty, reduce the amount of the guaranty, or, if the Bank has already been paid under the guaranty, seek recovery from the Bank of any loss related to the deficiency. Several large banks have been subject to litigation regarding the process and procedures that such banks used in processing applications for the PPP. The Bank may be exposed to the risk of litigation, from both customers and non-customers that approached the Bank regarding PPP loans and the Bank’s PPP processes. If any such litigation is filed against the Bank and is not resolved in a manner favorable to the Bank, it may result in significant financial liability or adversely affect the Bank’s reputation. Any financial liability, litigation costs or reputational damage caused by PPP related litigation could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Bank relies upon independent appraisals to determine the value of the real estate which secures a significant portion of its loans, and the values indicated by such appraisals may not be realizable if the Bank is forced to foreclose upon such loans.

A significant portion of the Bank’s loan portfolio consists of loans secured by real estate. The Bank relies upon independent appraisers to estimate the value of such real estate. Appraisals are only estimates of value and the independent appraisers may make mistakes of fact or judgment that adversely affect the reliability of their appraisals. In addition, events occurring after the initial appraisal may cause the value of the real estate to increase or decrease. As a result of any of these factors, the real estate securing some of the Bank’s loans may be more or less valuable than anticipated at the time the loans were made. If a default occurs on a loan secured by real estate that is less valuable than originally estimated as evidenced by an updated appraisal, the Bank may not be able to recover the outstanding balance of the loan.

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The Company’s credit standards and its on-going credit assessment processes might not protect it from significant credit losses.

The Company assumes credit risk by virtue of making loans and extending loan commitments and letters of credit. The Company manages credit risk through a program of underwriting standards, heightened review of certain credit decisions, and a continuous quality assessment process of credit already extended. The Company’s exposure to credit risk is managed through the use of consistent underwriting standards that emphasize local lending while avoiding highly leveraged transactions and excessive industry and other concentrations. The Company’s credit administration function employs risk management techniques to help ensure that problem loans are promptly identified. While these procedures are designed to provide the Company with the information needed to implement policy adjustments where necessary and to take appropriate corrective actions, there can be no assurance that such measures will be effective in avoiding undue credit risk.

The Company’s focus on lending to small to mid-sized community-based businesses may increase its credit risk.

Most of the Company’s commercial business and commercial real estate loans are made to small business or middle market customers. These businesses generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity than larger entities and have a heightened vulnerability to economic conditions. If general economic conditions in the market areas in which the Company operates negatively impact this important customer sector, the Company’s results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. Moreover, a portion of these loans have been made by the Company in recent years, and the borrowers may not have experienced a complete business or economic cycle. Any deterioration of the borrowers’ businesses may hinder their ability to repay their loans with the Company, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

Nonperforming assets take significant time to resolve and may adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

The Company’s nonperforming assets adversely affect its net income in various ways. The Company does not record interest income on nonaccrual loans, which adversely affects its income and increases loan administration costs. When the Company receives collateral through foreclosures and similar proceedings, it is required to mark the related loan to the then fair market value of the collateral less estimated selling costs, which may result in a loss. An increase in the level of nonperforming assets also increases the Company’s risk profile and may affect the minimum capital levels regulators believe are appropriate for the Company in light of such risks. The Company utilizes various techniques such as workouts, restructurings, and loan sales to manage problem assets. Increases in or negative adjustments in the value of these problem assets, the underlying collateral, or in the borrowers’ performance or financial condition, could adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, the resolution of nonperforming assets requires significant commitments of time from management and staff, which can be detrimental to the performance of their other responsibilities, including origination of new loans. There can be no assurance that the Company will avoid further increases in nonperforming assets in the future.

The Company’s mortgage revenue is cyclical and is sensitive to the level of interest rates, changes in economic conditions, decreased economic activity, and slowdowns in the housing market, any of which could adversely impact the Company’s profits.

The Bank originates residential mortgage loans under the Atlantic Union Home Loans Division brand of the Bank. The Atlantic Union Bank Home Loans Division business lends to borrowers nationwide. The success of the Company’s mortgage business is dependent upon its ability to originate loans and sell them to investors, in each case at or near current volumes. Loan production levels are sensitive to changes in the level of interest rates and changes in economic conditions. Loan production levels may suffer if the Company experiences a slowdown in housing markets, tightening credit conditions or increasing interest rates. Any sustained period of decreased activity caused by fewer refinancing transactions, higher interest rates, housing price pressure, or loan underwriting restrictions would adversely affect the Company’s mortgage originations and, consequently, could significantly reduce its income from mortgage activities. As a result, these conditions would also adversely affect the Company’s results of operations.

Deteriorating economic conditions may also cause home buyers to default on their mortgages. In certain cases, where the Company has originated loans and sold them to investors, the Company may be required to repurchase loans or provide a financial settlement to investors if it is proven that the borrower failed to provide full and accurate information on, or

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related to, their loan application, if appraisals for such properties have not been acceptable or if the loan was not underwritten in accordance with the loan program specified by the loan investor. In the ordinary course of business, the Company records an indemnification reserve relating to mortgage loans previously sold based on historical statistics and loss rates. If such reserves were insufficient to cover claims from investors, such repurchases or settlements would adversely affect the Company’s results of operations.

Risks Related to Market Interest Rates

Changes in interest rates could adversely affect the Company’s income and cash flows.

The Company’s income and cash flows depend to a great extent on the difference between the interest rates earned on interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and the interest rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. These rates are highly sensitive to many factors beyond the Company’s control, including general economic conditions and the policies of the Federal Reserve and other governmental and regulatory agencies. Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, will influence the origination of loans, the prepayment of loans, the fair value of existing assets and liabilities, the purchase of investments, the retention and generation of deposits, the rates received on loans and investment securities, and the rates paid on deposits or other sources of funding. The impact of these changes may be magnified if the Company does not effectively manage the relative sensitivity of its assets and liabilities to changes in market interest rates. In addition, the Company’s ability to reflect such interest rate changes in pricing its products is influenced by competitive pressures. Fluctuations in these areas may adversely affect the Company and its shareholders. If the Federal Reserve raises interest rates, the Company may not be able to reflect increasing interest rates in rates charged on loans or paid on deposits due to competitive pressures, which would negatively impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

The Company generally seeks to maintain a neutral position in terms of the volume of assets and liabilities that mature or re-price during any period so that it may reasonably maintain its net interest margin; however, interest rate fluctuations, loan prepayments, loan production, deposit flows, and competitive pressures are constantly changing and influence the ability to maintain a neutral position. Generally, the Company’s earnings will be more sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates depending upon the variance in volume of assets and liabilities that mature and re-price in any period. The extent and duration of the sensitivity will depend on the cumulative variance over time, the velocity and direction of changes in interest rates, shape and slope of the yield curve, and whether the Company is more asset sensitive or liability sensitive. Accordingly, the Company may not be successful in maintaining a neutral position and, as a result, the Company’s net interest margin may be affected.

The phasing out and ultimate replacement of LIBOR with an alternative reference rate and changes in the manner of calculating other reference rates may adversely impact the value of loans and other financial instruments the Company holds that are linked to LIBOR or other reference rates in ways that are difficult to predict and could adversely impact the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

LIBOR and certain other interest rate benchmarks are the subject of recent national and international reform. Intercontinental Exchange, Inc., the company that administers LIBOR, stated in March 2021 that it would cease the publication of one week and two month LIBOR rates immediately after the LIBOR publication on December 31, 2021, and the remaining LIBOR rates immediately following the LIBOR publication on June 30, 2023. The U.S. federal banking agencies have issued statements to encourage U.S. banks to transition away from U.S. dollar LIBOR as soon as practicable and not to enter into new contracts that use U.S. dollar LIBOR after December 31, 2021.

Given LIBOR’s extensive use across financial markets, the transition away from LIBOR presents various risks and challenges to financial markets and institutions, including to the Company, and liquidity in the interbank markets on which those LIBOR estimates are based has been declining. It is not possible to predict the effect of these changes, other reforms or the establishment of alternative reference rates in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. Efforts in the United States to identify a set of alternative U.S. dollar reference rates include a proposal by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee of the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York for the market to transition from LIBOR to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR. Whether or not the SOFR attains market acceptance as a LIBOR replacement remains in question and the future of LIBOR at this time is uncertain. The Company has begun offering lending solutions to its customers based on SOFR and certain prime-linked variable rates, and is limiting its origination of new loans or other products using a LIBOR rate or index.

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The market transition away from LIBOR to alternative reference rates is a complex process and could have a range of effects on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations, including but not limited to by (i) adversely affecting the interest rates received or paid on the revenues and expenses associated with, or the value of the Company’s LIBOR-based assets and liabilities; (ii) adversely affecting the interest rates paid on or received from other securities or financial arrangements, given LIBOR’s historically prominent role in determining market interest rates globally, or (iii) resulting in disputes, litigation or other actions with borrowers or other counterparties about the interpretation or enforceability of certain fallback language contained in LIBOR-based loans, securities or other contracts. In addition, uncertainty regarding the nature of such potential changes, alternative reference rates or other reforms may adversely affect the trading market for securities on which the interest or dividend is determined by reference to LIBOR, including the Company’s trust preferred securities. The discontinuation of LIBOR could also result in operational, legal and compliance risks, and if the Company is unable to adequately manage such risks, they could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s reputation and on its business, financial condition, results of operations or future prospects.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business, Industry and Markets

The Company’s business may be adversely affected by conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions generally.

The banking industry is directly affected by national, regional, and local economic conditions. Management allocates significant resources to mitigate and respond to risks associated with changing economic conditions, however, such conditions cannot be predicted or controlled. Adverse changes in economic conditions, including a reduction in federal government spending, flatter yield curve, extended low interest rates, inflation, or negative changes in consumer and business spending, borrowing, and savings habits, could adversely affect the credit quality of the Company’s loans, and/or the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. The Company’s financial performance is dependent on the business environment in the markets where the Company operates, in particular, the ability of borrowers to pay interest on and repay principal of outstanding loans and the value of collateral securing those loans, as well as demand for loans and other products and services the Company offers. In addition, the Company holds securities which can be significantly affected by various factors, including interest rates and credit ratings assigned by third parties. Rising interest rates or an adverse credit rating on securities held by the Company could result in a reduction of the fair value of its securities portfolio and have an adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition. In response to inflationary economic conditions, the Federal Reserve has communicated its intent to begin increasing the target range for the federal funds rate in 2022. Generally, the Bank benefits from a rising rate environment given its interest rate risk profile, however rising interest rate may have an adverse impact on our borrowers with floating rate loans ability to repay their loans.

Adverse changes in economic conditions in Virginia, Maryland, or North Carolina or adverse conditions in an industry on which a local market in which the Company does business relies could negatively impact the Company’s business in a material way.

The Company provides full-service banking and other financial services throughout Virginia and in portions of Maryland and North Carolina. The Company’s loan and deposit activities are directly affected by, and the Company’s financial success depends on, economic conditions within the local markets in which the Company does business, as well as conditions in the industries on which those markets are economically dependent. A deterioration in local economic conditions or in the condition of an industry on which a local market relies could adversely affect such factors as unemployment rates, business formations and expansions, housing demand, apartment vacancy rates and real estate values in the local market. This could result in, among other things, a decline in loan demand, a reduction in the number of creditworthy borrowers seeking loans, an increase in loan delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures, an increase in classified and nonaccrual loans, a decrease in the value of loan collateral and a decline in the net worth and liquidity of borrowers and guarantors. Any of these factors could negatively impact the Company’s business in a material way.

The Company faces substantial competition that could adversely affect the Company’s growth and/or operating results.

The Company operates in a competitive market for financial services and faces intense competition from other financial institutions both in making loans and attracting deposits which can greatly affect pricing for its products and services. The Company’s primary competitors include community, regional, and national banks as well as credit unions and

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mortgage companies. Many of these financial institutions are significantly larger and have established customer bases, greater financial resources, and higher lending limits. In addition, credit unions are exempt from corporate income taxes, providing a significant competitive pricing advantage compared to banks. Certain nonbank competitors of the Company are increasingly offering products and services that traditionally were banking products due to technological advances, and many of these nonbank competitors are not subject to the same extensive federal regulations that govern bank holding companies and federally insured banks. As a result, some of the Company’s competitors in its market have the ability to offer products and services that the Company is unable to offer or to offer such products and services at more competitive rates.

The Company’s consumers may increasingly decide not to use the Bank to complete their financial transactions, which would have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and operations.

Technology and other changes are allowing parties to complete financial transactions through alternative methods that have historically involved banks. For example, consumers can now maintain funds that would have historically been held as bank deposits in brokerage accounts, mutual funds, or general-purpose reloadable prepaid cards. Consumers can also complete transactions such as paying bills and/or transferring funds directly without the assistance of banks. The Company faces increasing competition from fintech companies, as trends toward digital financial transactions have accelerated following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries, known as “disintermediation,” could result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the related income generated from those deposits. The loss of these revenue streams and the lower cost of deposits as a source of funds could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to the Company’s Operations

The Company’s operations may be adversely affected by cyber security risks and cyber-attacks.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company collects and stores confidential and sensitive data, including proprietary business information and personally identifiable information of its customers and employees in systems and on networks. The secure processing, maintenance, and use of this information is critical to the Company’s operations and business strategy. In addition, the Company relies heavily on communications and information systems to conduct its business. Any failure, interruption, or breach in security or operational integrity of these systems, such as "hacking", "identity theft" and "cyber fraud", could result in failures or disruptions in the Company’s customer relationship management, the general ledger, deposits, loans, and other systems. The Company has invested in technologies, and continually reviews its controls, processes and practices that are designed to protect its networks, computers, and data, including customer information from damage or unauthorized access. Despite these security measures, the Company’s computer systems and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance, or other disruptions. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, or to disable or degrade systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, the Company may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate protective measures.

There can be no assurance that the Company will not suffer cyber-attacks or other information security breaches or be impacted by losses from such events in the future. The Company’s risk and exposure to these matters remain heightened because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats, current use of internet banking and mobile banking channels, expanded operations and third-party information systems. Recent instances of attacks specifically targeting financial services businesses indicate that the risk to the Company’s systems remains significant.

A breach of any kind could compromise systems, and the information stored there could be accessed, damaged, or disclosed. A breach in security or other failure could result in legal claims, regulatory penalties, disruption in operations, remediation expenses, costs associated with customer notification and credit monitoring services, increased insurance premiums, fines and costs associated with civil litigation, loss of customers and business partners, loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products and services, and damage to the Company’s reputation, which could adversely affect its business and financial condition. Furthermore, as cyber threats continue to evolve and increase, the Company may be required to expend significant additional financial and operational resources to modify or enhance its protective measures, or to investigate and remediate any identified information security vulnerabilities.

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The inability of the Company to successfully manage its growth or to implement its growth strategy may adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial conditions.

The Company may not be able to successfully implement its growth strategy if it is unable to identify and compete for attractive markets, locations, or opportunities to expand in the future. In addition, the ability to manage growth successfully depends on whether the Company can maintain adequate capital levels, maintain cost controls, effectively manage asset quality, effectively manage increasing regulatory compliance requirements, and successfully integrate any businesses acquired into the organization.

As consolidation within the financial services industry continues, the competition for suitable strategic acquisition candidates may increase. The Company will compete with other financial services companies for acquisition and expansion opportunities, and many of those competitors will have greater financial resources than the Company does and may be able to pay more for an acquisition than the Company is able or willing to pay. The Company cannot assure that it will have opportunities to acquire other financial institutions, or that the Company will be able to negotiate, finance, and complete any opportunities available to it.

If the Company is unable to effectively implement its strategies for organic growth and strategic acquisitions (if any), the business, results of operations, and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

Difficulties in combining the operations of acquired entities with the Company’s own operations may prevent the Company from achieving the expected benefits from acquisitions.

The Company may not be able to fully achieve the strategic objectives and operating efficiencies expected in an acquisition. Inherent uncertainties exist in integrating the operations of an acquired entity. In addition, the markets and industries in which the Company and its potential acquisition targets operate are highly competitive. The Company may lose its customers and/or key personnel, or those of acquired entities, as a result of an acquisition. The Company may also not be able to control the incremental increase in noninterest expense arising from an acquisition in a manner that improves its overall operating efficiencies. These factors could contribute to the Company not achieving the expected benefits from its acquisitions within desired time frames, if at all. Future business acquisitions (if any) could be material to the Company and it may issue additional shares of common stock to pay for those acquisitions, which would dilute current shareholders’ ownership interests. Acquisitions also could require the Company to use substantial cash, other liquid assets, or to incur debt; the Company could therefore become more susceptible to economic downturns and competitive pressures. Further, acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values and, therefore, some dilution of the Company’s tangible book value and net income per share of common stock may occur in connection with any future acquisitions.

The carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets may be adversely affected.

When the Company completes an acquisition, goodwill and other intangible assets are often recorded on the date of acquisition as an asset. Current accounting guidance requires goodwill to be tested for impairment, and the Company performs such impairment analysis at least annually. A significant adverse change in expected future cash flows or sustained adverse change in the Company’s common stock could require the asset to become impaired. If impaired, the Company would incur a charge to earnings that would have a significant impact on the results of operations. The Company’s carrying value of goodwill and net amortizable intangibles were approximately $935.6 million and $43.3 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021.

The Company’s risk-management framework may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss.

The Company maintains an enterprise risk management program that is designed to identify, assess, mitigate, monitor, and report the risks that it faces. These risks include: interest-rate, credit, liquidity, operational, reputation, compliance, legal, technology, and model risk. While the Company assesses and improves this program on an ongoing basis, there can be no assurance that its approach and framework for risk management and related controls will effectively mitigate all risk and limit losses in its business. If conditions or circumstances arise that expose flaws or gaps in the Company’s risk-management program, or if the Company’s controls break down, the Company’s results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

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The Company’s exposure to operational, technological, and organizational risk may adversely affect the Company.

Similar to other financial institutions, the Company is exposed to many types of operational and technological risks, including reputation, legal, and compliance risks. The Company’s ability to grow and compete is dependent on its ability to build or acquire the necessary operational and technological infrastructure and to manage the cost of that infrastructure while it expands and integrates acquired businesses. Operational risk can manifest itself in many ways, such as errors related to failed or inadequate processes, faulty or disabled computer systems, fraud by employees or persons outside of the Company, and exposure to external events. The Company is dependent on its operational infrastructure to help manage these risks. From time to time, it may need to change or upgrade its technology infrastructure. The Company may experience disruption, and it may face additional exposure to these risks during the course of making such changes. As the Company acquires other financial institutions, it faces additional challenges when integrating different operational platforms. Such integration efforts may be more disruptive to the Company’s business and/or more costly or time-intensive than anticipated.

The Company continually encounters technological change which could affect its ability to remain competitive.

The financial services industry is continually undergoing technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services, and the Company anticipates that new technologies will continue to emerge that may be superior to, or render obsolete, the technologies currently used by the Company and the Bank in its products and services. The Company continues to invest in technology and connectivity to automate functions previously performed manually, to facilitate the ability of customers to engage in financial transactions, and otherwise to enhance the customer experience with respect to its products and services. The Company’s continued success depends, in part, upon its ability to address the needs of its customers by using technology to provide products and services that satisfy customer demands and create efficiencies in its operations. Developing or acquiring access to new technologies and incorporating those technologies into the Company’s and Bank’s products and services, or using them to expand the Company’s and the Bank’s products and services, in each case in a way that enables the Company and the Bank to remain competitive, may require significant investments, may take considerable time to complete, and ultimately may not be successful. A failure to maintain or enhance a competitive position with respect to technology, whether because of a failure to anticipate customer expectations, substantially fewer resources to invest in technological improvements than larger competitors, or because the Company’s technological developments fail to perform as desired or are not rolled out in a timely manner, may cause the Company to lose market share or incur additional expense.

The operational functions of business counterparties over which the Company may have limited or no control may experience disruptions that could adversely impact the Company.

Multiple major U.S. retailers and a major consumer credit reporting agency have experienced data systems incursions in recent years reportedly resulting in the thefts of credit and debit card information, online account information, and other personal and financial data of hundreds of millions of individuals. Retailer incursions affect cards issued and deposit accounts maintained by many banks, including the Bank. Although neither the Company’s nor the Bank’s systems are breached in retailer incursions, such incursions can still cause customers to be dissatisfied with the Bank and otherwise adversely affect the Company’s and the Bank’s reputation. These events can also cause the Bank to reissue a significant number of cards and take other costly steps to avoid significant theft loss to the Bank and its customers. In some cases, the Bank may be required to reimburse customers for the losses they incur. Credit reporting agency intrusions affect the Bank’s customers and can require these customers and the Bank to increase account monitoring and take remedial action to prevent unauthorized account activity or access. Other possible points of intrusion or disruption not within the Company’s nor the Bank’s control include internet service providers, electronic mail portal providers, social media portals, distant-server (“cloud”) service providers, electronic data security providers, telecommunications companies, and smart phone manufacturers.

The Company and the Bank rely on other companies to provide key components of their business infrastructure.

Third parties provide key components of the Company’s (and the Bank’s) business operations such as data processing, recording and monitoring transactions, online banking interfaces and services, internet connections, and network access. While the Company has selected these third-party vendors carefully, it does not control their actions. Any problem caused by these third parties, such as poor performance of services, failure to provide services, disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, and failure to handle current or higher volumes could adversely affect the

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Company’s ability to deliver products and services to its customers and otherwise conduct its business, and may harm its reputation. Financial or operational difficulties of a third-party vendor could also negatively impact the Company’s operations if those difficulties affect the vendor’s ability to serve the Company. Replacing these third-party vendors could also create significant delay and expense. Accordingly, use of such third parties creates an unavoidable inherent risk to the Company’s business operations.

The Company depends on the accuracy and completeness of information about clients and counterparties, and its financial condition could be adversely affected if it relies on misleading information.

In deciding whether to extend credit or to enter into other transactions with clients and counterparties, the Company may rely on information furnished to it by or on behalf of clients and counterparties, including financial statements and other financial information, which the Company does not independently verify. The Company also may rely on representations of clients and counterparties as to the accuracy and completeness of that information and, with respect to financial statements, on reports of independent auditors. For example, in deciding whether to extend credit to clients, the Company may assume that a customer’s audited financial statements conform to GAAP and present fairly, in all material respects, the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the customer. The Company’s financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted to the extent it relies on financial statements that do not comply with GAAP or are materially misleading.

The Company’s dependency on its management team and the unexpected loss of any of those personnel could adversely affect operations.

The Company is a customer-focused and relationship-driven organization. Future growth is expected to be driven in large part by the relationships maintained with customers. While the Company has assembled an experienced management team, is building the depth of that team, and has management development plans in place, the unexpected loss of key employees could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and may result in lower revenues or greater expenses.

Failure to maintain effective systems of internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operation and financial condition.

Effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures are necessary for the Company to provide reliable financial reports, to effectively prevent fraud, and to operate successfully as a public company. If the Company cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, its reputation and operating results would be harmed. As part of the Company’s ongoing monitoring of internal control, it may discover material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in its internal control that require remediation. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The Company has in the past discovered, and may in the future discover, specific areas of its internal controls that need improvement. In addition, the Company continually works to improve the overall operation of its internal controls. The Company cannot, however, be certain that these measures will ensure that it implements and maintains adequate controls over its financial processes and reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain effective controls or to timely implement any necessary improvement of the Company’s internal and disclosure controls could, among other things, result in losses from fraud or error, harm the Company’s reputation, or cause investors to lose confidence in the Company’s reported financial information, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operation and financial condition and the trading price of the Company’s securities.

Limited availability of financing or inability to raise capital could adversely impact the Company.

The amount, type, source, and cost of the Company’s funding directly impacts the ability to grow assets. In addition, the Company could need to raise additional capital in the future to provide it with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet its commitments and business needs, particularly if the Company’s asset quality or earnings were to deteriorate significantly, or if the Company develops an asset concentration that requires the support of additional capital. The ability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, and other sources could become more difficult, more expensive, or altogether unavailable. A number of factors, many of which are outside the Company’s control, could make such

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financing more difficult, more expensive or unavailable including: the financial condition of the Company at any given time; rate disruptions in the capital markets; the reputation for soundness and security of the financial services industry as a whole; and competition for funding from other banks or similar financial service companies, some of which could be substantially larger or have stronger credit ratings.

The Company is a defendant in a variety of litigation and other actions, which may have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operation.

The Company may be involved from time to time in a variety of litigation arising out of its business. The Company’s insurance may not cover all claims that may be asserted against it, and any claims asserted against it, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, may harm the Company’s reputation. Should the ultimate judgments or settlements in any litigation exceed the Company’s insurance coverage, they could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operation for any period. In addition, the Company may not be able to obtain appropriate types or levels of insurance in the future, nor may the Company be able to obtain adequate replacement policies with acceptable terms, if at all.

The Company may not be able to generate sufficient taxable income to fully realize its deferred tax assets.

The Company has NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes that relate to its deferred tax assets. The Company’s management currently believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will realize its deferred tax assets, based on management’s expectation that the Company will generate taxable income in future years sufficient to absorb substantially all of its NOL carryforwards and other tax attributes. If the Company is unable to generate sufficient taxable income, it may not be able to fully realize its deferred tax assets and would be required to record a valuation allowance against these assets. A valuation allowance would be recorded as income tax expense and would adversely affect the Company’s net income.

Risks Related to the Company’s Regulatory Environment

The Company is subject to additional regulation, increased supervision and increased costs compared to some financial institutions because the Company’s assets exceed $10 billion.

Various federal banking laws and regulations, including rules adopted by the Federal Reserve pursuant to the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act impose additional regulatory requirements on institutions with $10 billion or more in assets. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $20.1 billion in total assets. As a result, the Company is subject to additional regulatory requirements, increased supervision and increased costs compared to financial institutions with assets of less than $10 billion, including the following: (i) supervision, examination and enforcement by the CFPB with respect to consumer financial protection laws; (ii) enhanced supervision as a larger financial institution; (iii) a modified methodology for calculating FDIC insurance assessments and potentially higher assessment rates; and (iv) under the Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act, is subject to a cap on the interchange fees that may be charged in certain electronic debit and prepaid card transactions.

The imposition of these regulatory requirements and increased supervision may require commitment of additional financial resources to regulatory compliance, may increase the Company’s cost of operations, and may otherwise have a significant impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the results of the stress testing process may lead the Company to retain additional capital or alter the mix of its capital components as compared to the Company’s current capital management strategy.

Current and to-be-effective laws and regulations addressing consumer privacy and data use and security could increase the Company’s costs and impact its reputation.

The Company is subject to a number of laws concerning consumer privacy and data use and security, including information safeguard rules under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. These rules require that financial institutions develop, implement, and maintain a written, comprehensive information security program containing safeguards that are appropriate to the financial institution’s size and complexity, the nature and scope of the financial institution’s activities, and the sensitivity of any customer information at issue. The United States has experienced a heightened legislative and regulatory focus on privacy and data security, including requiring consumer notification in the event of a data breach. In addition, most states have enacted security breach legislation requiring varying levels of consumer notification in the

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event of certain types of security breaches, and certain states including Virginia have enacted significant new consumer data privacy protections that can significantly limit a company’s use of customer financial data and impose significant compliance burdens on companies that collect or use that data. The new Virginia consumer data privacy laws will be effective in 2023, and compliance with these laws may require significant expenditures of time and resources. Additional new regulations in these areas may increase compliance costs, which could negatively impact earnings. In addition, failure to comply with the privacy and data use and security laws and regulations to which the Company is subject, including by reason of inadvertent disclosure of confidential information, could result in fines, sanctions, penalties, or other adverse consequences and loss of consumer confidence, which could materially adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, overall business, and reputation.

Legislative or regulatory changes or actions, or significant litigation, could adversely affect the Company or the businesses in which the Company is engaged.

The Company is subject to extensive state and federal regulation, supervision, and legislation that govern almost all aspects of its operations. These regulations affect the Company’s lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy, and growth, among other things. Laws and regulations change from time to time and are primarily intended for the protection of consumers, depositors, the FDIC’s DIF, and the banking system of the whole, rather than shareholders. The impact of any changes to laws and regulations or other actions by regulatory agencies are unpredictable, but may negatively affect the Company or its ability to increase the value of its business. Such changes could include higher capital requirements, increased insurance premiums, increased compliance costs, reductions of noninterest income, limitations on services and products that can be provided, or the increased ability of nonbanks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. Failure to comply with laws, regulations, and policies could result in actions by regulatory agencies or significant litigation against the Company, which could cause the Company to devote significant time and resources to defend itself and may lead to liability, penalties, reputational damage, or regulatory restrictions that materially adversely affect the Company and its shareholders. Future legislation, regulation, and government policy could affect the banking industry as a whole, including the Company’s business and results of operations, in ways that are difficult to predict. In addition, the Company’s results of operations also could be adversely affected by changes in the way in which existing statutes and regulations are interpreted or applied by courts and government agencies.

The Company is subject to capital and liquidity requirements, which could adversely affect its return on equity and otherwise affect its business.

The Company and the Bank are each subject to capital adequacy guidelines and other regulatory requirements specifying minimum amounts and types of capital which each must maintain. From time to time, regulators implement changes to these regulatory capital adequacy guidelines. In addition, regulators may require the Company to maintain higher levels of regulatory capital based on the Company’s condition, risk profile, or growth plans or conditions in the banking industry or economy. The capital adequacy standards applicable to the Company and the Bank impose stricter capital requirements and leverage limits than the requirements to which the Company and the Bank were subject in the past.

The application of more stringent capital requirements could, among other things, result in lower returns on equity, require the raising of additional capital, and result in regulatory actions if the Company were to be unable to comply with such requirements. Furthermore, the imposition of liquidity requirements in connection with the implementation of Basel III could result in the Company having to lengthen the term of its funding, restructure its business models, and/or increase its holdings of liquid assets. Implementation of changes to asset risk weightings for risk-based capital calculations, items included or deducted in calculating regulatory capital and/or additional capital conservation buffers could result in management modifying its business strategy, and could limit the Company’s ability to make distributions, including paying out dividends or buying back shares. If the Company and the Bank fail to meet these minimum capital guidelines and/or other regulatory requirements, the Company’s financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

The Bank is subject to the CFPB’s broad regulatory and enforcement authority and new regulations, or new approaches to regulation or enforcement by the CFPB, could adversely impact the Company.

The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over the Bank and has broad rulemaking authority to administer and carry out the purposes and objectives of federal consumer financial protection laws. Among other things, the CFPB is authorized to issue rules identifying and prohibiting acts or practices that are unfair, deceptive or abusing in

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connection with any transaction with a consumer for a consumer financial product or service, or the offering of a consumer financial product or service. The CFPB has broad discretion to interpret the term “abusive” to cover a wide range of acts or practices. New regulations, or new approaches to regulation or enforcement by the CFPB could adversely impact the Bank’s deposit, consumer lending, mortgage lending, loan collection or overdraft coverage programs and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

Failure to comply with the USA Patriot Act, OFAC, the Bank Secrecy Act and related FinCEN guidelines and related regulations could have a material impact on the Company.

Bank regulatory agencies routinely examine financial institutions for compliance with the USA Patriot Act, OFAC, the Bank Secrecy Act and related FinCEN guidelines and related regulations. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs as required by these obligations to combat terrorist financing, elder abuse, human trafficking, anti-money laundering and other suspicious activity and to fully comply with all of the relevant laws or regulations, could have serious legal, financial and reputational consequences for the Company. Such a failure could cause a bank regulatory agency not to approve a merger or acquisition transaction or to prohibit such a transaction even if formal approval is not required. In addition, such a failure could result in a regulatory authority imposing a formal enforcement action or civil money penalty for regulatory violations.

Risks Related to the Company’s Securities

The Company relies on dividends from its subsidiaries for substantially all of its revenue.

The Company is a financial holding company and a bank holding company that conducts substantially all of its operations through the Bank and other subsidiaries. As a result, the Company relies on dividends from its subsidiaries, particularly the Bank, for substantially all of its revenues. There are various regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends or make other payments to the Company. Also, the Company’s right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors. In the event the Bank is unable to pay dividends to the Company, the Company may not be able to service debt, pay obligations, or pay a cash dividend to the holders of its common stock or the holders of its depositary shares, which represent fractional interests in the Company’s Series A preferred stock, and the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. Further, although the Company has historically paid a cash dividend to the holders of its common stock, holders of the common stock are not entitled to receive dividends, and regulatory or economic factors may cause the Company’s Board of Directors to consider, among other things, the reduction of dividends paid on the Company’s common stock or the Company’s depositary shares even if the Bank continues to pay dividends to the Company.

An active trading market in the Company’s common stock may not be sustained.

The trading volume in the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market may fluctuate. It is possible that an active and liquid trading market for the Company’s common stock will not be sustained, which would make it difficult for a shareholder to sell shares of common stock at an attractive price (or at all). Additionally, shareholders may not be able to sell a substantial number of shares for the same price at which shareholders could sell a smaller number of shares.

Future issuances of the Company’s common stock or preferred stock could adversely affect the market price of the common stock and preferred stock and could be dilutive.

The Company is not restricted from issuing additional shares of common stock or preferred stock, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive, shares of common stock or preferred stock. Issuances of a substantial number of shares of common stock or preferred stock, or the issuance of depositary shares representing a significant liquidation amount of preferred stock, or the expectation that such issuances might occur, including in connection with acquisitions by the Company, could materially adversely affect the market price of the shares of common stock, preferred stock or depositary shares and could be dilutive to shareholders. Because the Company’s decision to issue equity securities in the future will depend on market conditions and other factors, it cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, or nature of possible future equity issuances. Accordingly, the Company’s

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shareholders bear the risk that future equity issuances will reduce market prices and dilute their stock holdings in the Company.

Common stock and preferred stock are equity and are subordinate to the Company’s existing and future indebtedness and effectively subordinated to all the indebtedness and other non- equity claims against the Bank and the Company’s other subsidiaries.

Shares of the Company’s common stock and preferred stock are equity interests and do not constitute indebtedness. As such, shares of the common stock and depositary shares, which represent fractional interests in the Company’s Series A preferred stock, will rank junior to all of the Company’s indebtedness and to other non-equity claims against the Company and its assets available to satisfy claims against it, including in the event of the Company’s liquidation. Additionally, holders of the Company’s common stock are subject to prior dividend and liquidation rights of holders of the Company’s depositary shares and other outstanding preferred stock, if any. The Company is permitted to incur additional debt. Upon liquidation, lenders and holders of the Company’s debt securities would receive distributions of the Company’s available assets prior to holders of the Company’s common stock, depositary shares and other outstanding preferred stock, if any. Furthermore, the Company’s right to participate in a distribution of assets upon any of its subsidiaries’ liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of that subsidiary’s creditors, including holders of any preferred stock of that subsidiary.

The Company’s common stock is subordinate to the Company’s existing and future preferred stock.

The Company has outstanding Series A preferred stock that is senior to the Company’s common stock and could adversely affect the ability of the Company to declare or pay dividends or distributions on common stock. Under the terms of the Series A preferred stock, the Company is prohibited from paying dividends on its common stock unless all full dividends for the latest dividend period on all outstanding shares of Series A preferred stock have been declared and paid in full or declared and a sum sufficient for the payment of those dividends has been set aside. Furthermore, if the Company experiences a material deterioration in its financial condition, liquidity, capital, results of operations or risk profile, the Company’s regulators may not permit it to make future payments on its Series A preferred stock, thereby preventing the payment of dividends on the Company’s common stock.

The Company’s governing documents and Virginia law contain anti-takeover provisions that could negatively affect its shareholders.

The Company’s Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and the Virginia Stock Corporation Act contain certain provisions designed to enhance the ability of the Company’s Board of Directors to respond to attempts to acquire control of the Company. These provisions and the ability to set the voting rights, preferences, and other terms of any series of preferred stock that may be issued, may be deemed to have an anti-takeover effect and may discourage takeovers (which certain shareholders may deem to be in their best interest). To the extent that such takeover attempts are discouraged, temporary fluctuations in the market price of the Company’s common stock resulting from actual or rumored takeover attempts may be inhibited. These provisions also could discourage or make more difficult a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest, even though such transactions may be favorable to the interests of shareholders, and could potentially adversely affect the market price of the Company’s common stock.

Economic conditions may cause volatility in the Company’s common stock value.

The value of publicly traded stocks in the financial services sector can be volatile, including due to declining or sustained weak economic conditions, which may make it more difficult for a holder to sell the Company’s common stock when the holder wants and at prices that are attractive. However, even in a stable economic environment the value of the Company’s common stock can be affected by a variety of factors such as expected results of operations, actual results of operations, actions taken by shareholders, news or expectations based on the performance of others in the financial services industry, and expected impacts of a changing regulatory environment. These factors not only impact the value of the Company’s common stock but could also affect the liquidity of the stock given the Company’s size, geographical footprint, and industry.

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General Risk Factors

New lines of business or new products and services may subject the Company to additional risk.

From time to time, the Company may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services, the Company may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business and/or a new product or service. Furthermore, strategic planning remains important as the Company adopts innovative products, services, and processes in response to the evolving demands for financial services and the entrance of new competitors, such as out-of-market banks and financial technology firms. Any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the Company’s system of internal controls, so the Company must responsibly innovate in a manner that is consistent with sound risk management and is aligned with the Bank’s overall business strategies. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business and/or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

Negative perception of the Company through social media may adversely affect the Company’s reputation and business.

The Company’s reputation is critical to the success of its business. The Company believes that its brand image has been well received by customers, reflecting the fact that the brand image, like the Company’s business, is based in part on trust and confidence. The Company’s reputation and brand image could be negatively affected by rapid and widespread distribution of publicity through social media channels. The Company’s reputation could also be affected by the Company’s association with clients affected negatively through social media distribution, or other third parties, or by circumstances outside of the Company’s control. Negative publicity, whether true or untrue, could affect the Company’s ability to attract or retain customers, or cause the Company to incur additional liabilities or costs, or result in additional regulatory scrutiny.

Changes in accounting standards could impact reported earnings.

The authorities that promulgate accounting standards, including the FASB, SEC, and other regulatory authorities, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. These changes are difficult to predict and can materially impact how the Company records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, the Company could be required to apply a new or revised standard retrospectively to financial statements for prior periods. Such changes could also require the Company to incur additional personnel or technology costs.

Climate change or societal responses to climate change could adversely affect the Company’s business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on its customers and vendors.

Climate change can increase the likelihood of the occurrence and severity of natural disasters and can also result in longer-term shifts in climate patterns such as extreme heat, sea level rise and more frequent and prolonged drought. The effects of climate change may have a significant effect on the Company’s geographic markets, and could disrupt the operations of the Company, its customers, third parties on which it relies, or supply chains more generally. Those disruptions could result in declines in economic conditions in geographic markets or industries in which the Company’s borrowers operate and impact their ability to repay loans or maintain deposits. Climate change could also impact the Company’s assets or employees directly or lead to changes in customer preferences that could negatively affect the Company’s growth or the Company’s business strategies. In addition, the Company’s reputation and customer relationships could be damaged due to its practices related to climate change, including its or its customers’ involvement in certain industries or projects associated with causing or exacerbating climate change.

ITEM 1B. - UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

The Company has no unresolved staff comments to report.

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ITEM 2. - PROPERTIES.

The Company, through its subsidiaries, owns or leases buildings that are used in the normal course of business. The Company leases its corporate headquarters, which is located in an office building at 1051 East Cary Street, Suite 1200, Richmond, Virginia. The Company’s subsidiaries own or lease various other offices in the counties and cities in which they operate. At December 31, 2021, the Bank operated 130 branches throughout Virginia and in portions of Maryland and North Carolina. The Company owns its operations center, which is located in Ruther Glen, Virginia; however, during the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company announced the upcoming closure of the operations center, which is expected to occur by March 2022. See the Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, Note 5 “Premises and Equipment”, and Note 7 “Leases” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K for information with respect to the amounts at which the Company’s premises and equipment are carried and commitments under long-term leases.

ITEM 3. - LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

In the ordinary course of its operations, the Company and its subsidiaries are parties to various legal proceedings. Based on the information presently available and after consultation with legal counsel, management believes that the ultimate outcome in such legal proceedings, in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the business or the financial condition or results of operations of the Company subject to the potential outcomes of the matter discussed below.

On February 9, 2022, pursuant to the CFPB’s NORA process, the CFPB Office of Enforcement notified the Bank that it is considering recommending that the CFPB take legal action against the Bank in connection with alleged violations of Regulation E, 12 C.F.R. § 1005.17, and the Consumer Financial Protection Act, 12 U.S.C. §§ 5531 and 5536, in connection with the Bank’s overdraft practices and policies.  The purpose of the NORA process is to ensure that potential subjects of enforcement actions have the opportunity to respond to alleged violations and present their positions to the CFPB before an enforcement action is recommended or commenced. Should the CFPB commence a legal action, it may seek restitution to affected customers, civil monetary penalties, injunctive relief, or other corrective action. The Company and the Bank are unable at this time to determine how or when the matter will be resolved or the significance, if any, to our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

ITEM 4. - MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

None.

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PART II

ITEM 5. - MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

The following performance graph does not constitute soliciting material and should not be deemed filed or incorporated by reference into any other Company filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates the performance graph by reference therein.

Five-Year Stock Performance Graph

The following chart compares the yearly percentage change in the cumulative shareholder return on the Company’s common stock during the five years ended December 31, 2021, with (1) the Total Return Index for the NASDAQ Composite, and (2) the Total Return Index for KBW NASDAQ Regional Banking. This comparison assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2016 in the Company’s common stock and the comparison groups and assumes the reinvestment of all cash dividends prior to any tax effect and retention of all stock dividends. The Company previously also used the Total Return Index for SNL U.S. Bank NASDAQ index, which was discontinued in 2021. Instead, the Company is using the KBW NASDAQ Regional Banking index as a replacement, which includes many companies that are a part of the Company’s peer group.

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Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence (2022)

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Information on Common Stock, Market Prices and Dividends

The Company’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market and is traded under the symbol “AUB.” There were 75,663,648 shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding at the close of business on December 31, 2021. The shares were held by 6,359 shareholders of record. The closing price of the Company’s common stock on December 31, 2021 was $37.29 compared to $32.94 on December 31, 2020.

Regulatory restrictions on the ability of the Bank to transfer funds to the Company at December 31, 2021 are set forth in Note 20 “Parent Company Financial Information,” contained in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K. A discussion of certain limitations on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company and the ability of the Company to pay dividends on its common stock, is set forth in Part I, Item 1 “Business” of this Form 10-K under the headings “Supervision and Regulation – The Company - Limits on Dividends and Other Payments.”

It is anticipated that dividends will continue to be paid on a quarterly basis. In making its decision on the payment of dividends on the Company’s common stock, the Board of Directors considers operating results, financial condition, capital adequacy, regulatory requirements, shareholder returns, and other factors.

Stock Repurchase Programs

In 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to $150.0 million of the Company’s common stock through June 30, 2021 in open market transactions or privately negotiated transactions. On March 20, 2020, the Company suspended its share repurchase program, which had approximately $20.0 million remaining in authorization at the time. The Company repurchased an aggregate of approximately 3.7 million shares, at an average price of $35.48 per share, under the authorization prior to suspension.

On May 4, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to $125.0 million worth of the Company’s common stock through June 30, 2022 in open market transactions or privately negotiated transactions, which was fully utilized as of September 30, 2021. The Company repurchased an aggregate of approximately 3.4 million shares, at an average price of $36.99 per share.

On December 10, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program (the “Repurchase Program”) to purchase up to $100.0 million of the Company’s common stock through December 9, 2022 in open market transactions or privately negotiated transactions, including pursuant to a trading plan in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 and /or Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. The Repurchase Program permits management to repurchase shares of the Company’s common stock from time to time at management’s discretion. The actual means and timing of any shares purchased under the Repurchase Program will depend on a variety of factors, including the market price of the Company’s common stock, general market and economic conditions, and applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The Repurchase Program does not obligate the Company to purchase any particular number of shares. There were no share repurchase transactions under the Repurchase Program for the year ended December 31, 2021. Refer to Note 21 “Subsequent Events” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for share repurchase transactions that occurred in 2022.

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The following information provides details of the Company’s common stock repurchases for the three months ended December 31, 2021:

⁽¹⁾ For the three months ended December 31, 2021, 5,249 shares were withheld upon the vesting of restricted shares granted to employees of the Company in order to satisfy tax withholding obligations.

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ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. - MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis provides information about the major components of the results of operations and financial condition, liquidity, and capital resources of the Company and its subsidiaries. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the “Consolidated Financial Statements” and the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements,” which include the Company’s critical accounting policies, presented in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” contained in this Form 10-K.

In management’s discussion and analysis, the Company provides certain financial information determined by methods other than in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures are a supplement to GAAP, which is used to prepare the Company’s financial statements, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, the Company’s non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to non-GAAP financial measures of other companies. The Company believes that these non-GAAP financial measures provide additional understanding of ongoing operations, enhance comparability of results of operations with prior periods and show the effects of significant gains and charges in the periods presented without the impact of items or events that may obscure trends in the Company’s underlying performance. Non-GAAP financial measures may be identified with the symbol ⁽⁺⁾ and may be labeled as adjusted. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section within this Item 7 for more information about these non-GAAP financial measures, including a reconciliation of these measures to the most directly comparable financial measures in accordance with GAAP.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with U.S. GAAP and conform to general practices within the banking industry. The Company’s financial position and results of operations are affected by management’s application of accounting policies, including estimates, assumptions, and judgments made to arrive at the carrying value of assets and liabilities and amounts reported for revenues, expenses, and related disclosures. Different assumptions in the application of these policies could result in material changes in the Company’s consolidated financial position and/or results of operations. The Company evaluates its critical accounting estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and updates them as needed. Management has discussed the Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company.

The critical accounting and reporting policies include the Company’s accounting for the ALLL, acquired loans, and goodwill. The Company’s accounting policies are fundamental to understanding the Company’s consolidated financial position and consolidated results of operations. Accordingly, the Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in detail in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K.

The following is a summary of the Company’s critical accounting policies that are highly dependent on estimates, assumptions, and judgments. The below accounting policies related to the ALLL were updated following the Company’s adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses - The provision for loan losses is an amount sufficient to bring the ALLL to an estimated balance that management considers adequate to absorb expected losses in the portfolio. The ALLL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the ALLL when management believes the loan balance is no longer collectible. Subsequent recoveries of previously charged off amounts are recorded as increases to the ALLL; however, expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off.

Management’s determination of the adequacy of the ALLL is based on an evaluation of the composition of the loan portfolio, the value and adequacy of collateral, current economic conditions, historical loan loss experience, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and other risk factors. The ALLL is estimated using a loan-level PD/LGD method for all loans with the exception of its overdraft, auto and third-party consumer lending portfolios. For auto and third party consumer lending portfolios, the Company has elected to pool those loans based on similar risk characteristics to determine the ALLL using vintage and loss rate methods.

The Company considers a number of economic variables in developing the ALLL of which the Virginia unemployment rate is the most significant. The ALLL quantitative estimate is sensitive to changes in the forecast of the Virginia

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unemployment rate over the two-year reasonable and supportable period, with the commercial portfolio being the most sensitive to fluctuations in unemployment. To forecast Virginia unemployment, the Company utilizes Moody’s economic forecasts.  At December 31, 2021, the baseline scenario used in the two-year reasonable and supportable period forecast included the Virginia unemployment rate at an average of 2.6%, compared to an average of 5.0% Virginia unemployment rate in the baseline scenario forecast used for the December 31, 2020 estimate.  Because current economic conditions and forecasts can change and future events are inherently difficult to predict, the anticipated amount of estimated credit losses on loans, and therefore the appropriateness of the ALLL, could change significantly. It is difficult to estimate how potential changes in any one economic factor or input might affect the overall allowance because a wide variety of factors and inputs are considered in estimating the allowance and changes in those factors and inputs considered may not occur at the same rate and may not be consistent across all loan types. Additionally, changes in factors and inputs may be directionally inconsistent, such that improvement in one factor may offset deterioration in others.

While management uses available information to estimate expected losses on loans, future changes in the ALLL may be necessary based on changes in portfolio composition, portfolio credit quality, and/or economic conditions.

Determining the Contractual Term

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a TDR will be executed with an individual borrower or the extensions or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally legally cancelable by the Company.

The Company’s ALLL measures the expected lifetime loss using pooled assumptions and loan-level details for financial assets that share common risk characteristics and evaluates an individual reserve in instances where the financial assets do not share the same risk characteristics.

Collectively Assessed Reserve Consideration

Loans that share common risk characteristics are considered collectively assessed. Loss estimates within the collectively assessed population are based on a combination of pooled assumptions and loan-level characteristics.

Quantitative loss estimation models have been developed based largely on internal historical data at the loan and portfolio levels from 2005 through the current period and the economic conditions during the same time period. Expected losses for the Company’s collectively assessed loan segments are estimated using a number of quantitative methods including PD/LGD, Vintage, and Loss Rate.

As part of its qualitative framework, the Company evaluates its current underwriting standards, geographic footprint, national and international current and forecasted economic conditions, expected government stimulus, and other factors to estimate the impact that changes in these factors may have on expected loan losses.

The Company’s ALLL for the current period is based on a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period with a straight-line reversion over the next two years to long-term average loss factors.

Individually Assessed Reserve Consideration

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. The individual reserve component relates to loans that have shown substantial credit deterioration as measured by risk rating and/or delinquency status. In addition, the Company has elected the practical expedient that would include loans for individual assessment consideration if the repayment of the loan is expected substantially through the operation or sale of collateral because the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Where the source of repayment is the sale of collateral, the ALLL is based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, less selling costs, compared to the amortized cost basis of the loan. If the ALLL is based on the operation of the collateral, the reserve is calculated based on the fair value of the collateral calculated as the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral, compared to the amortized cost basis. If the Company determines that the value of a collateral dependent loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, the Company charges off the deficiency if it is determined that such amount is deemed uncollectible. Typically, a loss is confirmed when the Company is moving toward foreclosure or final disposition.

The Company obtains appraisals from a pre-approved list of independent, third party appraisers located in the market in which the collateral is located. The Company’s approved appraiser list is continuously maintained by the Company’s REVG to ensure the list only includes such appraisers that have the experience, reputation, character, and knowledge of

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the respective real estate market. At a minimum, it is ascertained that the appraiser is currently licensed in the state in which the property is located, experienced in the appraisal of properties similar to the property being appraised, has knowledge of current real estate market conditions and financing trends, and is reputable. The Company’s internal REVG, which reports to the Enterprise Risk Management group, performs either a technical or administrative review of all appraisals obtained in accordance with the Company’s Appraisal Policy. The Appraisal Policy mirrors the federal regulations governing appraisals, specifically the Interagency Appraisal and Evaluation Guidelines and FIRREA. A technical review will ensure the overall quality of the appraisal, while an administrative review ensures that all of the required components of an appraisal are present. Independent appraisals or valuations are obtained on all individually assessed loans, as well as updated every twelve months for all individually assessed loans. Adjustments to real estate appraised values are only permitted to be made by the REVG. The individually assessed analysis is reviewed and approved by senior Credit Administration officers and the Special Assets Loan Committee. External valuation sources are the primary source to value collateral dependent loans; however, the Company may also utilize values obtained through other valuation sources. These alternative sources of value are used only if deemed to be more representative of value based on updated information regarding collateral resolution. The ALLL on loans individually assessed is updated, reviewed, and approved on a quarterly basis at or near the end of each reporting period.

The Company performs regular credit reviews of the loan portfolio to review the credit quality and adherence to its underwriting standards. The credit reviews include annual commercial loan reviews performed by the Company’s commercial bankers in accordance with CLP, relationship reviews that accompany annual loan renewals, and independent reviews by its Loan Review Group. Upon origination, each commercial loan is assigned a risk rating ranging from one to nine, with loans closer to one having less risk. This risk rating scale is the Company’s primary credit quality indicator. Consumer loans are not risk rated unless past due status, bankruptcy, or other event results in the assignment of a Substandard or worse risk rating in accordance with the consumer loan policy.

Governance

The Company’s Allowance Committee, which reports to the Audit Committee and contains representatives from both the Company’s finance and risk teams, is responsible for approving the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses and resulting ALLL. The Allowance Committee considers the quantitative model results and qualitative factors when approving the final ALLL. The Company’s ALLL model is subject to the Company’s models risk management program which is overseen by the Model Risk Management Committee, which reports to the Company’s Board Risk Committee.

Acquired Loans –The Company has purchased loans, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. Acquired loans are recorded at their fair value at acquisition date without carryover of the acquiree’s previously established ALLL, as credit discounts are included in the determination of fair value. The fair value of the loans is determined using market participant assumptions in estimating the amount and timing of both principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and then applying a market-based discount rate to those cash flows. During evaluation upon acquisition, acquired loans are also classified as either PCD or acquired performing. The acquired loans are subject to the Company’s ALLL Policy upon acquisition.

Acquired performing loans are accounted for under ASC 310-20, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs. The difference between the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the loan at acquisition date (premium or discount) is amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of the loans. If the acquired performing loan has revolving privileges, it is accounted for using the straight-line method; otherwise, the effective interest method is used.

PCD loans reflect loans that have experienced more-than-insignificant credit deterioration since origination, as it is probable at acquisition that the Company will not be able to collect all contractually required payments. These PCD loans are accounted for under ASC 326. The PCD loans are segregated into pools based on loan type and credit risk. Loan type is determined based on collateral type, purpose, and lien position. Credit risk characteristics include risk rating groups, nonaccrual status, and past due status. For valuation purposes, these pools are further disaggregated by maturity, pricing characteristics, and re-payment structure.

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PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. An ALLL is determined using the same methodology as other LHFI. The initial ALLL is determined on a collective basis and is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan's purchase price and ALLL becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between the initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the ALLL are recorded through provision expense.

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Goodwill- The Company follows ASC 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, which prescribes the accounting for goodwill and intangible assets subsequent to initial recognition. Goodwill is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interests in the acquiree, over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exists that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The Company has selected April 30th as the date to perform the annual impairment test. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS (ISSUED BUT NOT FULLY ADOPTED)

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04 “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” This guidance provides temporary, optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform associated with the LIBOR transition. LIBOR and other interbank offered rates are widely used benchmark or reference rates that have been used in the valuation of loans, derivatives, and other financial contracts. Global capital markets are going to be required to move away from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates and toward rates that are more observable or transaction based and less susceptible to manipulation. Topic 848 provides optional expedients and exceptions, subject to meeting certain criteria, for applying current GAAP to contract modifications and hedging relationships, for contracts that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. Topic 848 is intended to help stakeholders during the global market-wide reference rate transition period. The amendments are effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022 and can be adopted at an instrument level. As of December 31, 2021, the Company utilized the expedient to assert probability of hedged interest as detailed in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”. The Company may incorporate other components of Topic 848 at a later date as it continues to evaluate the remaining components of Topic 848 and its impact to the Company.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITIES

SBA Paycheck Protection Program

The Company’s financial condition and results of operations as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 have been impacted by COVID-19, as well as governmental programs and initiatives responding to COVID-19, including the PPP.

The Company participated in the SBA PPP under the CARES Act, which was intended to provide economic relief to small businesses that had been adversely impacted by COVID-19. The PPP loan funding program expired on May 31, 2021. The Company had PPP loans with a recorded investment of $154.7 million and $1.2 billion and unamortized deferred fees of $4.4 million and $17.6 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The loans carry a 1% interest rate.

In addition to an insignificant amount of PPP loan pay offs, the Company has processed approximately $2.0 billion of loan forgiveness on approximately 16,000 PPP loans since the inception of the program through December 31, 2021.

Strategic Initiatives

During 2021, the Company took certain actions to reduce expenses in light of the current and expected operating environment that included the closure of the operations center and consolidation of 16 branches, all expected to be completed in March 2022. These actions resulted in restructuring expenses in the fourth quarter of 2021 of approximately $16.5 million and an estimated $5.7 million in the first quarter of 2022, primarily related to real estate, lease and other asset write downs, as well as severance costs. In addition, the Company completed the consolidation of five branches in February 2021 and 15 branches in 2020, which resulted in expenses of approximately $900,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily related to lease termination costs, severance costs and real estate write-downs.

Additionally, during 2021 the Company sold shares of Visa, Inc. Class B common stock and recorded a gain in other income of $5.1 million.

Subordinated Notes Offering

During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company issued the 2031 Notes at a 2.875% fixed-to-floating rate. The 2031 Notes were sold at par resulting in net proceeds, after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, of approximately $246.9 million. The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the 2031 Notes issuance to redeem during the fourth quarter of 2021 its outstanding $150 million of 5.00% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes that were due to mature in 2026. As a result of the redemption, the Company recorded additional interest expense of approximately $1.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2021 due to the acceleration of the related unamortized discount.

Share Repurchase Program

On December 10, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to $100.0 million of the Company’s common stock in open market transactions or privately negotiated transactions, including pursuant to a trading plan in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 and/or Rule 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. This new Repurchase Program replaced the prior $125.0 million share repurchase authorization that was fully utilized by September 30, 2021 and was due to expire on June 30, 2022. There were no share repurchase transactions during the year ended December 31, 2021. Refer to Note 21 “Subsequent Events” in the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for share repurchase transactions that occurred in 2022.

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ASC 326 Adoption

On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASC 326, which resulted in an increase of $51.7 million in the ACL on January 1, 2020. Subsequent to the adoption of ASC 326, the Company has been impacted by the uncertainties associated with COVID-19. The ACL at December 31, 2021 decreased $62.8 million from December 31, 2020 due to lower expected losses than previously estimated as a result of ongoing economic improvements, benign credit quality metrics since the COVID-19 pandemic began, and a positive macroeconomic outlook. At December 31, 2021 the ACL was $107.8 million, which included an ALLL of $99.8 million and a RUC of $8.0 million, compared to an ACL of $170.5 million, which included an ALLL of $160.5 million and a RUC of $10.0 million at December 31, 2020.

COVID-19 UPDATE

The Company’s financial performance generally, and in particular the ability of its borrowers to repay their loans, the value of collateral securing those loans, as well as demand for loans and other products and services the Company offers, is highly dependent on the business environment in its primary markets where it operates and in the United States as a whole.

COVID-19 has had and may continue to have a wide range of economic impacts. Since the first quarter of 2020, COVID-19 severely disrupted supply chains and adversely affected production, demand, sales, and employee productivity across a range of industries, and has increased unemployment in the Company’s areas of operation and nationally. During 2021, the economy has, with certain setbacks, started to reopen, as there was wider vaccine distribution, resulting in the easing of restrictions related to COVID-19, which appear to be leading to greater economic activity. However, the national economy and economies in the Company’s areas of operations were impacted during 2021 and may continue to be impacted into 2022, despite the fact that many businesses have re-opened at full capacity. In addition, COVID-19 may have social and other impacts that are not yet known but may affect the Company’s customers, employees, and vendors. If a resurgence in the COVID-19 pandemic leads to significant restrictions on economic activity or significant impacts on public health, COVID-19 may still present the possibility of an extended economic recession.

During 2021 and 2020, the Company has taken and is continuing to take precautions to protect the safety and well-being of the Bank’s employees and customers during COVID-19. The Bank has implemented additional safety policies and procedures and follows guidance issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, state health authorities, and state and local executive orders where our branches and corporate offices are located. The Bank remains very focused on the safety and well-being of its employees and customers during COVID-19 and is committed to safely and responsibly operating its branch network and maintaining appropriate staffing in each branch.

COVID-19 has adversely affected the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations since the first quarter of 2020. The duration, nature and severity of future impacts of COVID-19 on the Company’s operational and financial performance will depend on future developments with respect to COVID-19, many of which remain highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. For additional information about the risks posed by COVID-19, see “Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic” in Item 1A “Risk Factors”.
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SUMMARY OF 2021 FINANCIAL RESULTS

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Executive Overview

Net Income & Performance Metrics
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Balance Sheet

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Net Income

2021 compared to 2020

Net income available to common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased $99.5 million or 65.2% to $252.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and represented diluted EPS of $3.26, compared to $152.6 million and $1.93 for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase primarily reflects the decrease in the provision for credit losses, by $148.0 million from the year ended December 31, 2020 to a negative $60.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to decreases to the Company’s ACL estimates driven by ongoing economic improvements, benign credit quality metrics since the COVID-19 pandemic began and a positive macroeconomic outlook. This increase was partially offset by higher income tax expense, higher noninterest expenses, and lower net interest income and noninterest income. Adjusted operating earnings available to common shareholders⁽⁺⁾ totaled $273.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $174.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, and diluted adjusted operating EPS⁽⁺⁾ were $3.53 for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $2.21 for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2021 totaled $551.3 million, which was a decrease of $4.0 million or 0.7% compared to the prior year, primarily reflecting the impact of a decline in overall earning asset yields of 52 bps for the year ended December 31, 2021, offset by a decline in cost of funds of 35 bps for the year ended December 31, 2021 and increased loan accretion recognized on PPP loans.

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Noninterest income decreased $5.7 million or 4.3% from $131.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $125.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 as declines in gains on securities transactions, loan swap fees reflecting lower transaction volumes in the current year, and mortgage banking income reflecting lower mortgage loan origination volumes in the current year, were partially offset by increases in unrealized gains on equity method investments, the gain on sale of Visa, Inc. Class B common stock, fiduciary and asset management fees primarily reflecting higher assets under management, income on bank owned life insurance, interchange fees, service charges on deposits, and also the impact of prior year benefitting from a balance sheet repositioning gain.

Noninterest expense increased $5.8 million or 1.4% from $413.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $419.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in branch closing and facility consolidation costs, as well as the impact of higher salaries and benefit costs, professional services costs, and technology and data processing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021, partially offset by declines in losses related to balance sheet repositioning, core deposit intangibles amortization costs, loan-related expenses, and other business continuity expenses associated with the Company’s response to COVID-19.

2020 compared to 2019

Net income available to common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased $41.0 million or 21.2% to $152.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and represented earnings per share of $1.93, compared to $193.5 million and $2.41 for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to the economic disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Adjusted operating earnings available to common shareholders⁽⁺⁾ totaled $174.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $227.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, and diluted adjusted operating EPS⁽⁺⁾ were $2.21 for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $2.84 for the year ended December 31, 2019. For reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures, refer to section “Non-GAAP Measures” included within this Item 7. The reduction in net income for the year ended December 31, 2020 included an increase to the provision for credit losses of $66.0 million from $21.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $87.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to increases to the Company’s ACL estimates driven by the impact of the overall worsening economic forecast related to COVID-19 and its related forecast implications required as a result of the Company’s 2020 adoption of CECL. In addition, the Company incurred FHLB prepayment penalties of $31.1 million, expenses of approximately $6.8 million related to branch consolidation costs and other expense reduction actions, and approximately $2.1 million in costs related to the Company’s response to COVID-19 during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2020 totaled $555.3 million, which was an increase of $17.4 million from the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily the result of higher average loan balances, an increase in loan accretion recognized on PPP loans, and cost of funds declines, partially offset by a decline in overall loan and investment yields, and lower purchased loan discount accretion.

Noninterest income decreased $1.3 million from $132.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $131.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 due to a decline in service charges on deposit accounts, which were partially offset by an increases in mortgage banking income and loan related interest rate swap income, as well as benefit proceeds on bank owned life insurance.

Noninterest expense decreased $5.0 million or 1.2% from $418.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $413.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily driven by the lack of rebranding and merger-related costs for the year ended December 31, 2020, partially offset by increases in debt extinguishment costs, as well as increases in salaries and benefit costs.

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Net Interest Income

Net interest income, which represents the principal source of revenue for the Company, is the amount by which interest income exceeds interest expense. The net interest margin is net interest income expressed as a percentage of average earning assets. Changes in the volume and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as their respective yields and rates, have a significant impact on the level of net interest income, the net interest margin, and net income.

The following tables show interest income on earning assets and related average yields, as well as interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and related average rates paid for the periods indicated:

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For the year ended December 31, 2021, net interest income was $551.3 million, a decrease of $4.0 million from the year ended December 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2021, net interest income (FTE) ⁽⁺⁾ was $563.9 million, a decrease of $3.0 million from the prior year. The decreases in both net interest income and net interest income (FTE) ⁽⁺⁾ were primarily the result of a decline in overall loan and securities yields partially offset by a decline in cost of funds and increased loan accretion recognized on PPP loans. For the year ended December 31, 2021, PPP loan accretion totaled $39.3 million, an increase of $6.8 million from $32.5 in the prior year. For the year ended December 31, 2021, net interest margin decreased 18 bps and net interest margin (FTE) ⁽⁺⁾ decreased 17 bps, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The net decline in net interest margin and net interest margin (FTE) ⁽⁺⁾ measures were primarily driven by a decrease in the yield on interest-earning assets, partially offset by a decrease in cost of funds and an increase in loan accretion on PPP loans. The decline in the Company’s earning asset yields was primarily driven by declines in loan and securities yields, as a result of the decrease in market interest rates. The cost of funds decline was driven by lower deposit costs and wholesale borrowing costs driven by lower market interest rates and a favorable funding mix.

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⁽¹⁾ The 2019 information presented excludes discontinued operations. Refer to Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K for further discussion regarding discontinued operations.

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In the first quarter of 2020, the Federal Reserve reduced the upper bound target on the federal funds rate from 1.75% to 0.25%. As a result of the decrease in market rates, loans indexed to short-term market rates, primarily 1-month LIBOR, repriced lower leading to an overall decline in earning assets yield and compression of the Company’s net interest margin. The Company reduced the rates it pays on all customer deposits and has repriced most of its wholesale borrowings as a result of the lower interest rate environment.

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For the year ended December 31, 2020, net interest income was $555.3 million, an increase of $17.4 million from the year ended December 31, 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2020, net interest income (FTE) ⁽⁺⁾ was $566.8 million, an increase of $17.9 million from the prior year. The increases in both net interest income and net interest income (FTE) ⁽⁺⁾ were primarily the result of a decline in cost of funds and loan accretion recognized on PPP loans, partially offset by a decline in overall loan and investment yields. For the year ended December 31, 2020, PPP loan accretion totaled $32.5 million. Net accretion related to acquisition accounting decreased $1.5 million from $25.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 to $23.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2020, net interest margin decreased 35 bps and net interest margin (FTE) ⁽⁺⁾ decreased 37 bps, compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. The net decline in net interest margin and net interest margin (FTE) ⁽⁺⁾ measures were primarily driven by a decrease in the yield on interest-earning assets, partially offset by a decrease in cost of funds and an increase in loan accretion on PPP loans. The decline in the Company’s earning asset yields was primarily driven by declines in loan and investment securities yields, as a result of the decrease in market interest rates. The cost of funds decline was driven by lower deposit costs and wholesale borrowing costs driven by lower market interest rates and a favorable funding mix.

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The following table shows interest income on earning assets and related average yields as well as interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and related average rates paid for the years indicated (dollars in thousands):

AVERAGE BALANCES, INCOME AND EXPENSES, YIELDS AND RATES (TAXABLE EQUIVALENT BASIS)

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The Volume Rate Analysis table below presents changes in interest income and interest expense and distinguishes between the changes related to increases or decreases in average outstanding balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities (volume), and the changes related to increases or decreases in average interest rates on such assets and liabilities (rate). Changes attributable to both volume and rate have been allocated proportionally. Results, on a taxable equivalent basis, are as follows in this Volume Rate Analysis table for the years ended December 31, (dollars in thousands):

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