BERKLEY W R CORP - Quarter Report: 2018 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark one)



þ	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2018



o	Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

For the Transition Period from to .

Commission File Number 1-15202

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		22-1867895
(State or other jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)		Identification No.)

475 Steamboat Road, Greenwich, Connecticut		06830
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)



	(203) 629-3000
	(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

	None
Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes þ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer þ	Accelerated filer o	Non-accelerated filer o	Smaller reporting company o
		(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No þ

Number of shares of common stock, $.20 par value, outstanding as of July 31, 2018: 121,809,298

TABLE OF CONTENTS



Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Item 1. Financial Statements
	Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
	Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk
	Item 4. Controls and Procedures
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
	Item 1. Legal Proceedings
	Item 1A. Risk Factors
	Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
	Item 6. Exhibits
SIGNATURES
EX-31.1
EX-31.2
EX-32.1
EX-101 INSTANCE DOCUMENT
EX-101 SCHEMA DOCUMENT
EX-101 CALCULATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 LABELS LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 PRESENTATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 DEFINITION LINKBASE DOCUMENT

Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share data)



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(Unaudited)			(Audited)
Assets
Investments:
Fixed maturity securities	$	13,218,729		$	13,551,250
Investment funds	1,208,586			1,155,677
Real estate	1,883,622			1,469,601
Arbitrage trading account	721,088			617,649
Equity securities	472,389			576,647
Loans receivable	98,088			79,684
Total investments	17,602,502			17,450,508
Cash and cash equivalents	911,202			950,471
Premiums and fees receivable	1,902,336			1,773,844
Due from reinsurers	1,841,056			1,783,200
Deferred policy acquisition costs	514,499			507,549
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	503,292			472,009
Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	119,628			189,280
Property, furniture and equipment	427,619			422,960
Goodwill	178,975			178,945
Accrued investment income	141,902			136,597
Federal and foreign income taxes	576			—
Other assets	477,557			434,554
Total assets	$	24,621,144		$	24,299,917

Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:
Reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	11,736,575		$	11,670,408
Unearned premiums	3,441,774			3,290,180
Due to reinsurers	252,358			246,460
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	90,281			64,358
Federal and foreign income taxes	—			98,091
Other liabilities	935,356			981,987
Senior notes and other debt	1,792,055			1,769,052
Subordinated debentures	907,117			728,218
Total liabilities	19,155,516			18,848,754
Equity:
Common stock, par value $.20 per share:
Authorized 500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 121,716,402 and 121,514,852 shares, respectively	47,024			47,024
Additional paid-in capital	1,060,308			1,048,283
Retained earnings	7,423,162			6,956,882
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(395,842		)	68,541
Treasury stock, at cost, 113,401,516 and 113,603,066 shares, respectively	(2,708,534		)	(2,709,386		)
Total stockholders’ equity	5,426,118			5,411,344
Noncontrolling interests	39,510			39,819
Total equity	5,465,628			5,451,163
Total liabilities and equity	$	24,621,144		$	24,299,917

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands, except per share data)



	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
REVENUES:
Net premiums written	$	1,624,104		$	1,564,251		$	3,289,442		$	3,211,089
Change in net unearned premiums	(43,051		)	4,452			(140,981		)	(72,345		)
Net premiums earned	1,581,053			1,568,703			3,148,461			3,138,744
Net investment income	153,777			135,264			328,295			284,123
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	69,631			40,453			118,095			92,801
Revenues from non-insurance businesses	76,698			69,857			146,869			135,247
Insurance service fees	29,719			33,584			60,393			66,864
Other income	38			188			50			688
Total revenues	1,910,916			1,848,049			3,802,163			3,718,467
OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
Losses and loss expenses	973,636			964,698			1,936,856			1,944,302
Other operating costs and expenses	593,142			616,632			1,203,581			1,220,332
Expenses from non-insurance businesses	75,191			68,959			144,734			134,978
Interest expense	39,705			36,799			76,760			73,597
Total operating costs and expenses	1,681,674			1,687,088			3,361,931			3,373,209
Income before income taxes	229,242			160,961			440,232			345,258
Income tax expense	(48,464		)	(51,388		)	(91,881		)	(111,011		)
Net income before noncontrolling interests	180,778			109,573			348,351			234,247
Noncontrolling interests	(703		)	(569		)	(1,879		)	(1,796		)
Net income to common stockholders	$	180,075		$	109,004		$	346,472		$	232,451

NET INCOME PER SHARE:
Basic	$	1.42		$	0.87		$	2.74		$	1.88
Diluted	$	1.40		$	0.85		$	2.70		$	1.81

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands)



	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income before noncontrolling interests	$	180,778		$	109,573		$	348,351		$	234,247
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Change in unrealized currency translation adjustments	(104,455		)	20,247			(91,656		)	42,982
Change in unrealized investment gains, net of taxes	(32,442		)	43,597			(158,214		)	34,766
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(136,897		)	63,844			(249,870		)	77,748
Comprehensive income	43,881			173,417			98,481			311,995
Noncontrolling interests	(666		)	(602		)	(1,853		)	(1,810		)
Comprehensive income to common stockholders	$	43,215		$	172,815		$	96,628		$	310,185

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands)



	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017
COMMON STOCK:
Beginning and end of period	$	47,024		$	47,024
ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL:
Beginning of period	$	1,048,283		$	1,037,446
Restricted stock units issued	(5,642		)	(295		)
Restricted stock units expensed	17,667			20,788
End of period	$	1,060,308		$	1,057,939
RETAINED EARNINGS:
Beginning of period	$	6,956,882		$	6,595,987
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles	215,939			—
Net income to common stockholders	346,472			232,451
Dividends	(96,131		)	(93,372		)
End of period	$	7,423,162		$	6,735,066
ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME:
Unrealized investment gains:
Beginning of period	$	375,421		$	427,154
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles	(214,539		)	—
Change in unrealized gains on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired	(158,199		)	33,908
Change in unrealized gains on other-than-temporarily impaired securities	11			844
End of period	2,694			461,906
Currency translation adjustments:
Beginning of period	(306,880		)	(371,586		)
Net change in period	(91,656		)	42,982
End of period	(398,536		)	(328,604		)
Total accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	$	(395,842	)	$	133,302
TREASURY STOCK:
Beginning of period	$	(2,709,386	)	$	(2,688,817	)
Stock exercised/vested	6,963			1,276
Stock repurchased	(6,799		)	—
Stock issued	688			728
End of period	$	(2,708,534	)	$	(2,686,813	)
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:
Beginning of period	$	39,819		$	33,926
(Distributions) contributions	(2,162		)	3,695
Net income	1,879			1,796
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(26		)	14
End of period	$	39,510		$	39,431

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

(In thousands)



	For the Six Months Ended June 30,

	2018			2017
CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income to common stockholders	$	346,472		$	232,451
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	(118,095		)	(92,801		)
Depreciation and amortization	56,372			44,679
Noncontrolling interests	1,879			1,796
Investment funds	(53,070		)	(35,544		)
Stock incentive plans	19,722			22,508
Change in:
Arbitrage trading account	(7,871		)	(2,440		)
Premiums and fees receivable	(152,832		)	(159,827		)
Reinsurance accounts	(77,140		)	34,985
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(11,152		)	(2,236		)
Income taxes	(39,069		)	(42,626		)
Reserves for losses and loss expenses	123,582			101,781
Unearned premiums	171,468			140,399
Other	(140,904		)	(18,267		)
Net cash from operating activities	119,362			224,858
CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities	2,773,554			2,069,718
Proceeds from sale of equity securities	284,204			89,340
(Contributions to) distributions from investment funds	(4,996		)	49,594
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities	1,305,805			888,423
Purchase of fixed maturity securities	(4,062,901		)	(3,164,892		)
Purchase of equity securities	(87,059		)	(787		)
Real estate purchased	(419,021		)	(109,846		)
Change in loans receivable	(16,310		)	10,734
Net additions to property, furniture and equipment	(29,704		)	(89,715		)
Change in balances due to security brokers	46,641			104,463
Payment for business purchased net of cash acquired	(6,637		)	(71,346		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(216,424		)	(224,314		)
CASH FROM (USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Repayment of senior notes and other debt	(23		)	(1,475		)
Net proceeds from issuance of debt	200,838			—
Cash dividends to common stockholders	(77,873		)	(15,758		)
Purchase of common treasury shares	(6,799		)	—
Other, net	(1,763		)	(1,260		)
Net cash from (used in) financing activities	114,380			(18,493		)
Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates	(56,587		)	11,018
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(39,269		)	(6,931		)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	950,471			795,285
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	911,202		$	788,354

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(1) General

The unaudited consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of W. R. Berkley Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and notes required by GAAP for annual financial statements. The unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring items, which are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position and results of operations on a basis consistent with the prior audited consolidated financial statements. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the revenues and expenses reflected during the reporting period. For further information related to a description of areas of judgment and estimates and other information necessary to understand the Company’s financial position and results of operations, refer to the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Reclassifications have been made in the 2017 financial statements as originally reported to conform to the presentation of the 2018 financial statements.

The income tax provision has been computed based on the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate. The effective tax rate for the quarter differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% principally because of tax-exempt investment income, as well as tax on income from foreign jurisdictions with different tax rates.

(2) Per Share Data

The Company presents both basic and diluted net income per share (“EPS”) amounts. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period (including 4,847,303 and 4,087,731 common shares held in a grantor trust as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively). The common shares held in the grantor trust are for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Shares held by the grantor trust do not affect diluted shares outstanding since the shares deliverable under vested RSUs were already included in diluted shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is based upon the weighted average number of basic and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period and is calculated using the treasury stock method for stock incentive plans. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect.

The weighted average number of common shares used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share was as follows:



	For the Three Months Ended June 30,		For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	For the Three Months Ended June 30,		For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2018	2017	2018	2017
Basic	126,517	125,334	126,446	123,623
Diluted	128,339	128,601	128,189	128,546

(3) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements:

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Customers. ASU 2014-09 clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue. While insurance contracts are not within the scope of this updated guidance, the Company’s insurance service fee revenue and non-insurance business revenue are subject to this updated guidance. The updated guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue as performance obligations are met, in order to reflect the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity is entitled to receive for those goods or services. The updated guidance, as amended by ASU 2015-14, was effective for public business entities for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis. The impact of applying this guidance prospectively was a cumulative effect adjustment that increased retained earnings, a component of stockholders' equity, by $1 million after-tax.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-01 amends the accounting guidance for financial instruments to require all equity investments with readily determinable fair values to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized in net income (other than those accounted for under equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee). The updated guidance was effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those years. The Company adopted this updated guidance on January 1, 2018 on a prospective basis. The impact of applying this guidance prospectively was a cumulative effect adjustment that increased retained earnings and decreased accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") by offsetting amounts of $291 million, resulting in no net impact to total stockholders' equity. Following the adoption, the Company reports changes in fair value related to equity securities within net realized and unrealized gains on investments.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reporting Comprehensive Income, which amends previous guidance to allow a reclassification to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”). The amount of the reclassification includes the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate on the gross deferred tax amounts and related valuation allowances, if any, at the date of the enactment of the Tax Act related to items in AOCI. The updated guidance will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and is eligible for early adoption. The Company adopted this updated guidance on January 1, 2018. The impact of applying this guidance was a cumulative effect adjustment that decreased retained earnings and increased AOCI by offsetting amounts of $76 million, resulting in no net impact to total stockholders' equity.

All other accounting and reporting standards that have become effective in 2018 were either not applicable to the Company or their adoption did not have a material impact on the Company.

Accounting and reporting standards that are not yet effective:

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which amends the accounting and disclosure guidance for leases. This guidance retains the two classifications of a lease, as either an operating or finance lease, both of which will require lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than 12 months. The right-of-use asset and the lease liability will be determined based upon the present value of cash flows. Finance leases will reflect the financial arrangement by recognizing interest expense on the lease liability separately from the amortization expense of the right-of-use asset. Operating leases will recognize lease expense (with no separate recognition of interest expense) on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The accounting by lessors is not significantly changed by the updated guidance. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and can be adopted prospectively or will require that the earliest comparative period presented include the measurement and recognition of existing leases with an adjustment to equity as if the updated guidance had always been applied. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position and liquidity.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which amends the accounting guidance for credit losses on financial instruments. The updated guidance amends the current other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities by requiring the recognition of impairments relating to credit losses through an allowance account and limits the amount of credit loss to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. This guidance also applies a new current expected credit loss model for determining credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company will not be able to determine the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity until the year the guidance becomes effective.

All other recently issued but not yet effective accounting and reporting standards are either not applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company.

(4) Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

The following table presents the components of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ("AOCI"):



(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)				Currency Translation Adjustments			Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2018
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	$	375,421			$	(306,880	)	$	68,541
Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles	(214,539		)		—			(214,539		)
Restated beginning of period	160,882				(306,880		)	(145,998		)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	(147,632		)		(91,656		)	(239,288		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(10,582		)		—			(10,582		)
Other comprehensive loss	(158,214		)		(91,656		)	(249,870		)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	26				—			26
End of period	$	2,694			$	(398,536	)	$	(395,842	)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	$	(13,395	)	(1)	$	—		$	(13,395	)
Tax effect	2,813			(2)	—			2,813
After-tax amounts reclassified	$	(10,582	)		$	—		$	(10,582	)
Other comprehensive loss
Pre-tax	$	(201,336	)		$	(91,656	)	$	(292,992	)
Tax effect	43,122				—			43,122
Other comprehensive loss	$	(158,214	)		$	(91,656	)	$	(249,870	)
As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2018
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	$	35,099			$	(294,081	)	$	(258,982	)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	(29,443		)		(104,455		)	(133,898		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(2,999		)		—			(2,999		)
Other comprehensive loss	(32,442		)		(104,455		)	(136,897		)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest	37				—			37
End of period	$	2,694			$	(398,536	)	$	(395,842	)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	$	(3,796	)	(1)	$	—		$	(3,796	)
Tax effect	797			(2)	—			797
After-tax amounts reclassified	$	(2,999	)		$	—		$	(2,999	)
Other comprehensive loss
Pre-tax	$	(40,488	)		$	(104,455	)	$	(144,943	)
Tax effect	8,046				—			8,046
Other comprehensive loss	$	(32,442	)		$	(104,455	)	$	(136,897	)

_________________________

⁽¹⁾ Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in the consolidated statements of income.

⁽²⁾ Income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.



(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)				Currency Translation Adjustments			Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2017
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	$	427,154			$	(371,586	)	$	55,568
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	89,309				42,982			132,291
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(54,543		)		—			(54,543		)
Other comprehensive income	34,766				42,982			77,748
Unrealized investment gain related to noncontrolling interest	(14		)		—			(14		)
End of period	$	461,906			$	(328,604	)	$	133,302
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	$	(83,912	)	(1)	$	—		$	(83,912	)
Tax effect	29,369			(2)	—			29,369
After-tax amounts reclassified	$	(54,543	)		$	—		$	(54,543	)
Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax	$	58,711			$	42,982		$	101,693
Tax effect	(23,945		)		—			(23,945		)
Other comprehensive income	$	34,766			$	42,982		$	77,748
As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2017
Changes in AOCI
Beginning of period	$	418,342			$	(348,851	)	$	69,491
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications	69,315				20,247			89,562
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(25,718		)		—			(25,718		)
Other comprehensive income	43,597				20,247			63,844
Unrealized investment gain related to noncontrolling interest	(33		)		—			(33		)
End of period	$	461,906			$	(328,604	)	$	133,302
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
Pre-tax	$	(39,566	)	(1)	$	—		$	(39,566	)
Tax effect	13,848			(2)	—			13,848
After-tax amounts reclassified	$	(25,718	)		$	—		$	(25,718	)
Other comprehensive income
Pre-tax	$	68,282			$	20,247		$	88,529
Tax effect	(24,685		)		—			(24,685		)
Other comprehensive income	$	43,597			$	20,247		$	63,844

_________________________

⁽¹⁾ Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in the consolidated statements of income.

⁽²⁾ Income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.

(5) Statements of Cash Flow

Interest payments were $72,878,000 and $72,528,000 and income taxes paid were $111,000,000 and $145,123,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(6) Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities

At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, investments in fixed maturity securities were as follows:



(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized					Fair Value		Carrying Value
			Gains		Losses
June 30, 2018
Held to maturity:
State and municipal	$	67,049	$	11,828	$	—		$	78,877	$	67,049
Residential mortgage-backed	12,037		835		—			12,872		12,037
Total held to maturity	79,086		12,663		—			91,749		79,086
Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	482,639		5,257		(6,263		)	481,633		481,633
State and municipal:
Special revenue	2,529,100		32,331		(25,828		)	2,535,603		2,535,603
State general obligation	339,685		10,749		(1,814		)	348,620		348,620
Pre-refunded	429,119		18,829		(103		)	447,845		447,845
Corporate backed	325,752		7,278		(1,643		)	331,387		331,387
Local general obligation	387,745		16,485		(2,831		)	401,399		401,399
Total state and municipal	4,011,401		85,672		(32,219		)	4,064,854		4,064,854
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential (1)	1,116,207		5,206		(26,083		)	1,095,330		1,095,330
Commercial	368,000		969		(5,787		)	363,182		363,182
Total mortgage-backed securities	1,484,207		6,175		(31,870		)	1,458,512		1,458,512
Asset-backed	2,356,736		11,263		(13,084		)	2,354,915		2,354,915
Corporate:
Industrial	2,333,914		19,159		(44,380		)	2,308,693		2,308,693
Financial	1,355,554		16,775		(19,375		)	1,352,954		1,352,954
Utilities	273,223		8,004		(6,201		)	275,026		275,026
Other	41,779		2		(265		)	41,516		41,516
Total corporate	4,004,470		43,940		(70,221		)	3,978,189		3,978,189
Foreign	767,417		39,993		(5,870		)	801,540		801,540
Total available for sale	13,106,870		192,300		(159,527		)	13,139,643		13,139,643
Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	13,185,956	$	204,963	$	(159,527	)	$	13,231,392	$	13,218,729



(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized					Fair Value		Carrying Value
			Gains		Losses
December 31, 2017
Held to maturity:
State and municipal	$	65,882	$	14,499	$	—		$	80,381	$	65,882
Residential mortgage-backed	13,450		1,227		—			14,677		13,450
Total held to maturity	79,332		15,726		—			95,058		79,332
Available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	372,748		8,824		(3,832		)	377,740		377,740
State and municipal:
Special revenue	2,663,245		53,512		(10,027		)	2,706,730		2,706,730
State general obligation	439,358		16,087		(711		)	454,734		454,734
Pre-refunded	436,241		22,701		(9		)	458,933		458,933
Corporate backed	375,268		10,059		(860		)	384,467		384,467
Local general obligation	417,955		23,242		(967		)	440,230		440,230
Total state and municipal	4,332,067		125,601		(12,574		)	4,445,094		4,445,094
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential (1)	1,043,629		9,304		(13,547		)	1,039,386		1,039,386
Commercial	261,652		1,521		(2,628		)	260,545		260,545
Total mortgage-backed securities	1,305,281		10,825		(16,175		)	1,299,931		1,299,931
Asset-backed	2,111,132		11,024		(10,612		)	2,111,544		2,111,544
Corporate:
Industrial	2,574,400		52,210		(7,718		)	2,618,892		2,618,892
Financial	1,402,161		37,744		(5,138		)	1,434,767		1,434,767
Utilities	284,886		11,316		(1,248		)	294,954		294,954
Other	40,560		5		(66		)	40,499		40,499
Total corporate	4,302,007		101,275		(14,170		)	4,389,112		4,389,112
Foreign	819,345		32,018		(2,866		)	848,497		848,497
Total available for sale	13,242,580		289,567		(60,229		)	13,471,918		13,471,918
Total investments in fixed maturity securities	$	13,321,912	$	305,293	$	(60,229	)	$	13,566,976	$	13,551,250

____________

(1) Gross unrealized gains for residential mortgage-backed securities include $87,647 and $76,467 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, related to securities with the non-credit portion of other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income.

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2018, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.



(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	841,253	$	849,860
Due after one year through five years	4,392,395		4,428,769
Due after five years through ten years	3,042,177		3,074,332
Due after ten years	3,413,887		3,407,047
Mortgage-backed securities	1,496,244		1,471,384
Total	$	13,185,956	$	13,231,392

At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no investments that exceeded 10% of common stockholders' equity, other than investments in United States government and government agency securities.

(7) Investments in Equity Securities

At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, investments in equity securities were as follows:



(In thousands)	Cost		Gross Unrealized (1)					Fair Value		Carrying Value
(In thousands)	Cost		Gains		Losses			Fair Value		Carrying Value
June 30, 2018
Common stocks	$	126,453	$	170,313	$	(8,739	)	$	288,027	$	288,027
Preferred stocks	124,150		61,807		(1,595		)	184,362		184,362
Total	$	250,603	$	232,120	$	(10,334	)	$	472,389	$	472,389
December 31, 2017
Common stocks	$	81,855	$	272,309	$	(1,960	)	$	352,204	$	352,204
Preferred stocks	124,150		102,890		(2,597		)	224,443		224,443
Total	$	206,005	$	375,199	$	(4,557	)	$	576,647	$	576,647

______________________

(1) Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted new accounting guidance that requires all equity investments with readily determinable fair values (subject to certain exceptions) to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income. Refer to Note 3 for additional information.

(8) Arbitrage Trading Account

At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair and carrying values of the arbitrage trading account were $721 million and $618 million, respectively. The primary focus of the trading account is merger arbitrage. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies which are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers. Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investing in its focus on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less).

The Company uses put options, call options and swap contracts in order to mitigate the impact of potential changes in market conditions on the merger arbitrage trading account. These options and contracts are reported at fair value. As of June 30, 2018, the fair value of long option contracts outstanding was $0.2 million (notional amount of $15.0 million) and the fair value of short option contracts outstanding was $0.3 million (notional amount of $16.4 million). Other than with respect to the use of these trading account securities, the Company does not make use of derivatives.

(9) Net Investment Income

Net investment income consists of the following:



	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Investment income earned on:
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	129,665		$	116,796		$	252,911		$	229,142
Investment funds	12,716			8,895			53,070			35,544
Arbitrage trading account	8,333			5,457			13,524			11,817
Real estate	3,174			5,286			9,742			9,852
Equity securities	559			602			1,205			1,241
Gross investment income	154,447			137,036			330,452			287,596
Investment expense	(670		)	(1,772		)	(2,157		)	(3,473		)
Net investment income	$	153,777		$	135,264		$	328,295		$	284,123

(10) Investment Funds

The Company evaluates whether it is an investor in a variable interest entity ("VIE"). Such entities do not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support, or the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary). The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE's capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE's operations and purpose, and the Company's relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE and on an ongoing basis. The Company is not the primary beneficiary in any of its investment funds, and accordingly, carries its interests in investment funds under the equity method of accounting.

The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the carrying amount reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and its unfunded commitments, which were $319 million as of June 30, 2018.

Investment funds consisted of the following:



	Carrying Value as of				Income (Loss) from Investment Funds
	June 30,		December 31,		For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2018			2017
Real estate	$	622,796	$	606,995	$	35,826		$	19,518
Energy	76,406		82,882		(1,256		)	(8,639		)
Other funds	509,384		465,800		18,500			24,665
Total	$	1,208,586	$	1,155,677	$	53,070		$	35,544

The Company's share of the earnings or losses of investment funds is generally reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.

(11) Real Estate

Investment in real estate represents directly owned property held for investment, as follows:



	Carrying Value
	June 30,		December 31,
(In thousands)	2018		2017
Properties in operation	$	767,882	$	451,691
Properties under development	1,115,740		1,017,910
Total	$	1,883,622	$	1,469,601

In 2018, properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington, D.C., a hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, two office complexes in New York City and office buildings in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, Florida. Properties in operation are net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $36,170,000 and $25,646,000 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Related depreciation expense was $10,784,000 and $3,604,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Future minimum rental income expected on operating leases relating to properties in operation is $26,207,569 in 2018, $54,753,308 in 2019, $53,482,025 in 2020, $52,568,588 in 2021, $48,834,325 in 2022, $42,215,085 in 2023 and $500,806,048 thereafter.

Properties under development include an office building in London and a mixed-use project in Washington, D.C.

(12) Loans Receivable

Loans receivable are as follows:



(In thousands)	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Amortized cost (net of valuation allowance):
Real estate loans	$	62,986	$	66,057
Commercial loans	35,102		13,627
Total	$	98,088	$	79,684

Fair value:
Real estate loans	$	63,796	$	66,917
Commercial loans	36,604		15,130
Total	$	100,400	$	82,047

Valuation allowance:
Specific	$	1,200	$	1,200
General	2,183		2,183
Total	$	3,383	$	3,383

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,
	For the Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017
Change in valuation allowance	$	—	$	—

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017
Decrease in valuation allowance	$	—	$	(14	)

Loans receivable in non-accrual status were $1.5 million and $4.3 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of the borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions. Loans receivable with a potential for default are further assessed using discounted cash flow analysis and comparable cost and sales methodologies, if appropriate.

The real estate loans are secured by commercial real estate primarily located in New York. These loans generally earn interest at floating LIBOR-based interest rates and have maturities (inclusive of extension options) through August 2025. The commercial loans are with small business owners who have secured the related financing with the assets of the business. Commercial loans primarily earn interest on a fixed basis and have varying maturities generally not exceeding 10 years.

In evaluating the real estate loans, the Company considers their credit quality indicators, including loan to value ratios, which compare the outstanding loan amount to the estimated value of the property, the borrower’s financial condition and performance with respect to loan terms, the position in the capital structure, the overall leverage in the capital structure and other market conditions. Based on these considerations, none of the real estate loans were considered to be impaired at June 30, 2018, and accordingly, the Company determined that a specific valuation allowance was not required.

(13) Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments are as follows:



	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in earnings
Fixed maturity securities:
Gains	$	7,921		$	7,427		$	21,260		$	13,032
Losses	(4,125		)	—			(7,865		)	(3,965		)
Equity securities (1):
Net realized gains on investment sales	119,422			32,139			241,743			74,846
Change in unrealized gains	(54,652		)	—			(148,857		)	—
Investment funds	(353		)	(112		)	(234		)	1,155
Real estate	(402		)	(364		)	7,596			2,936
Loans receivable	1			—			2,059			—
Other	1,819			1,363			2,393			4,797
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in earnings before OTTI	69,631			40,453			118,095			92,801
Other-than-temporary impairments	—			—			—			—
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in earnings	69,631			40,453			118,095			92,801
Income tax expense	(14,623		)	(14,159		)	(24,800		)	(32,480		)
After-tax net realized and unrealized gains on investments in earnings	$	55,008		$	26,294		$	93,295		$	60,321



Change in unrealized investment gains of available for sale securities:
Fixed maturity securities	$	(36,848	)	$	56,857		$	(196,575	)	$	94,841
Previously impaired fixed maturity securities	(2		)	743			11			844
Equity securities available for sale (2)	—			6,176			—			(42,686		)
Investment funds	(3,638		)	4,506			(4,772		)	5,712
Total change in unrealized investment gains	(40,488		)	68,282			(201,336		)	58,711
Income tax benefit (expense)	8,118			(24,713		)	43,194			(23,973		)
Noncontrolling interests	37			(5		)	26			14
After-tax change in unrealized investment gains of available for sale securities	$	(32,333	)	$	43,564		$	(158,116	)	$	34,752

______________________

(1) The net realized gains or losses on investment sales represent the total gains or losses from the purchase dates of the equity securities. The change in unrealized gains consists of two components: (i) the reversal of the gain or loss recognized in previous periods on equity securities sold and (ii) the change in unrealized gain or loss resulting from mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held.

(2) Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted new accounting guidance that requires all equity investments with readily determinable fair values (subject to certain exceptions) to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized in net income. The Company recorded an adjustment of $291 million to opening AOCI net of tax as a result of this guidance. Refer to Note 3 for further information.

(14) Fixed Maturity Securities in an Unrealized Loss Position

The following tables summarize all fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 by the length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position:



	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or Greater				Total
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
June 30, 2018
U.S. government and government agency	$	245,718	$	2,852	$	93,232	$	3,411	$	338,950	$	6,263
State and municipal	1,406,792		22,540		302,403		9,679		1,709,195		32,219
Mortgage-backed securities	859,133		17,171		328,074		14,699		1,187,207		31,870
Asset-backed securities	1,538,222		12,216		160,722		868		1,698,944		13,084
Corporate	2,171,776		61,233		155,159		8,988		2,326,935		70,221
Foreign government	181,036		4,754		67,869		1,116		248,905		5,870
Fixed maturity securities	$	6,402,677	$	120,766	$	1,107,459	$	38,761	$	7,510,136	$	159,527

December 31, 2017
U.S. government and government agency	$	92,167	$	1,491	$	72,055	$	2,341	$	164,222	$	3,832
State and municipal	735,972		5,944		345,755		6,630		1,081,727		12,574
Mortgage-backed securities	480,435		5,110		373,956		11,065		854,391		16,175
Asset-backed securities	1,127,309		8,298		167,412		2,314		1,294,721		10,612
Corporate	1,103,747		8,224		170,858		5,946		1,274,605		14,170
Foreign government	244,139		2,615		25,824		251		269,963		2,866
Fixed maturity securities	$	3,783,769	$	31,682	$	1,155,860	$	28,547	$	4,939,629	$	60,229

A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2018 is presented in the table below:



($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
Corporate	13	$	97,985	$	4,199
Foreign government	12	51,383		2,773
Asset-backed securities	3	268		104
Mortgage-backed securities	4	3,477		28
State and municipal	1	3,622		2
Total	33	$	156,735	$	7,106

For OTTI of fixed maturity securities that management does not intend to sell or to be required to sell, the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to credit factors is recognized in earnings, and the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.

The Company has evaluated its fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due and does not consider any of these securities to be OTTI.

(15) Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s fixed maturity securities, equity securities and arbitrage trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels, as follows:

Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or valuations based on inputs that are observable.

Level 3 - Estimates of fair value based on internal pricing methodologies using unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs are only used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available.

Substantially, all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities were priced by independent pricing services. The prices provided by the independent pricing services are estimated based on observable market data in active markets utilizing pricing models and processes, which may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, sector groupings, matrix pricing and reference data. The pricing services may prioritize inputs differently on any given day for any security based on market conditions, and not all inputs are available for each security evaluation on any given day. The pricing services used by the Company have indicated that they will only produce an estimate of fair value if objectively verifiable information is available. The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness and periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation.

If prices from independent pricing services are not available for fixed maturity securities, the Company estimates the fair value. For Level 2 securities, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark yields, sector groupings, matrix pricing, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, bids, offers and reference data. Where broker quotes are used, the Company generally requests two or more quotes and sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes received from brokers. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial projections, credit quality and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.

For Level 3 securities, the Company generally uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of fixed maturity securities. The cash flow models are based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rate and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Projected cash flows are discounted at rates that are adjusted to reflect illiquidity, where appropriate.

The following tables present the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 by level:



(In thousands)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
June 30, 2018
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	$	481,633	$	—	$	481,633	$	—
State and municipal	4,064,854		—		4,064,854		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,458,512		—		1,458,512		—
Asset-backed securities	2,354,915		—		2,354,814		101
Corporate	3,978,189		—		3,978,189		—
Foreign government	801,540		—		801,540		—
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	13,139,643		—		13,139,542		101
Equity securities:
Common stocks	288,027		279,102		—		8,925
Preferred stocks	184,362		—		173,518		10,844
Total equity securities	472,389		279,102		173,518		19,769
Arbitrage trading account	721,088		446,901		274,187		—
Total	$	14,333,120	$	726,003	$	13,587,247	$	19,870
Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	90,281	$	90,281	$	—	$	—


December 31, 2017
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
U.S. government and government agency	$	377,740	$	—	$	377,740	$	—
State and municipal	4,445,094		—		4,445,094		—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,299,931		—		1,299,931		—
Asset-backed securities	2,111,544		—		2,111,372		172
Corporate	4,389,112		—		4,389,112		—
Foreign government	848,497		—		848,497		—
Total fixed maturity securities available for sale	13,471,918		—		13,471,746		172
Equity securities:
Common stocks	352,204		342,834		—		9,370
Preferred stocks	224,443		—		213,600		10,843
Total equity securities	576,647		342,834		213,600		20,213
Arbitrage trading account	617,649		471,420		146,229		—
Total	$	14,666,214	$	814,254	$	13,831,575	$	20,385
Liabilities:
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	$	64,358	$	64,358	$	—	$	—

There were no significant transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the six months ended June 30, 2018 or during the year ended December 31, 2017.

The following tables summarize changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and for the year ended December 31, 2017:



	Gains (Losses) Included in:
(In thousands)	Beginning Balance		Earnings (Losses)			Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Impairments		Purchases		(Sales)			Paydowns / Maturities		Transfers In / (Out)			Ending Balance
(In thousands)	Beginning Balance		Earnings (Losses)			Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Impairments		Purchases		(Sales)			Paydowns / Maturities		Transfers In / (Out)			Ending Balance
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Assets:
Fixed maturities securities available for sale:
Asset-backed securities	$	172	$	(2	)	$	46	$	—	$	—	$	(115	)	$	—	$	—		$	101
Total	172		(2		)	46		—		—		(115		)	—		—			101
Equity securities:
Common stocks	9,370		(445		)	—		—		—		—			—		—			8,925
Preferred stocks	10,843		1			—		—		—		—			—		—			10,844
Total	20,213		(444		)	—		—		—		—			—		—			19,769
Arbitrage trading account	—		(29		)	—		—		3,882		(11		)	—		(3,842		)	—
Total	$	20,385	$	(475	)	$	46	$	—	$	3,882	$	(126	)	$	—	$	(3,842	)	$	19,870

Year Ended December 31, 2017
Assets:
Fixed maturities securities available for sale:
Asset-backed securities	$	183	$	3		$	34	$	—	$	—	$	(48	)	$	—	$	—		$	172
Total	183		3			34		—		—		(48		)	—		—			172
Equity securities:
Common stocks	8,754		—			616		—		—		—			—		—			9,370
Preferred stocks	3,662		8			—		—		7,173		—			—		—			10,843
Total	12,416		8			616		—		7,173		—			—		—			20,213
Arbitrage trading account	—		8			—		—		—		(8		)	—		—			—
Total	$	12,599	$	19		$	650	$	—	$	7,173	$	(56	)	$	—	$	—		$	20,385

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, one common stock in the arbitrage trading account was transferred out of Level 3 as the security became publicly traded on a stock exchange. For the year ended December 31, 2017, there were no transfers out of Level 3.

(16) Reserves for Loss and Loss Expenses

The Company's reserves for losses and loss expenses are comprised of case reserves and incurred but not reported liabilities ("IBNR"). When a claim is reported, a case reserve is established for the estimated ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim. As more information about the claim becomes available over time, case reserves are adjusted up or down as appropriate. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for IBNR liabilities and expected loss reserve development on reported claims.

Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.

The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns.

Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.

Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.

The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances:



	June 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017
Net reserves at beginning of year	$	10,056,914		$	9,590,265
Net provision for losses and loss expenses:
Claims occurring during the current year (1)	1,916,140			1,926,394
Decrease in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) (3)	(246		)	(6,459		)
Loss reserve discount accretion	20,962			24,367
Total	1,936,856			1,944,302
Net payments for claims:
Current year	316,567			315,437
Prior year	1,527,522			1,432,828
Total	1,844,089			1,748,265
Foreign currency translation	(72,351		)	37,097
Net reserves at end of period	10,077,330			9,823,399
Ceded reserves at end of period	1,659,245			1,500,868
Gross reserves at end of period	$	11,736,575		$	11,324,267

_______________________________________

(1) Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $12,818,000 and $11,349,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(2) The decrease in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years decreased by $6,132,000 and $14,873,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(3) For certain retrospectively rated insurance policies and reinsurance agreements, reserve development is offset by additional or return premiums. Favorable development, net of additional and return premiums, was $19 million and $24 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $19.3 million included $26.5 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, partially offset by $7.2 million of adverse development for the Reinsurance segment. The favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to workers’ compensation business. The favorable workers’ compensation development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2008, but was most significant in accident years 2015 through 2017. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced in recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The adverse development for the Reinsurance segment was mainly driven by U.S. casualty facultative business from accident years 2008 and prior related to construction projects.

During the six months ended June 30, 2017, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $23.6 million included $49.4 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, partially offset by $25.8 million of adverse development for the Reinsurance segment. The favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to workers' compensation business (including excess workers' compensation) and excess & surplus lines casualty business. The favorable workers' compensation development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2008, but was most significant in accident years 2014 and 2015. The favorable workers' compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced during 2016, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The favorable development for excess & surplus lines casualty business resulted from loss cost trends emerging more favorably than our initial expectations, primarily in accident years 2014 through 2016. The adverse development for the Reinsurance segment was almost entirely due to reserve strengthening during the first quarter associated with claims impacted by the change in the Ogden discount rate in the U.K. The Ogden rate is the discount rate used to calculate lump-sum bodily injury payouts in the U.K., and was reduced by the U.K. Ministry of Justice from +2.5% to -0.75%. The adverse development mostly related to U.K. motor bodily injury claims which we reinsured on an excess of loss basis in accident years 2012 through 2016.

(17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments:



	June 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities	$	13,218,729	$	13,231,392	$	13,551,250	$	13,566,976
Equity securities	472,389		472,389		576,647		576,647
Arbitrage trading account	721,088		721,088		617,649		617,649
Loans receivable	98,088		100,400		79,684		82,047
Cash and cash equivalents	911,202		911,202		950,471		950,471
Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations	119,628		119,628		189,280		189,280
Liabilities:
Due to broker	62,522		62,522		15,920		15,920
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased	90,281		90,281		64,358		64,358
Subordinated debentures	907,117		929,297		728,218		769,060
Senior notes and other debt	1,792,055		1,918,004		1,769,052		1,945,313

The estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed maturity securities, equity securities and arbitrage trading account securities are based on various valuation techniques that rely on fair value measurements as described in Note 15. The fair value of loans receivable are estimated by using current institutional purchaser yield requirements for loans with similar credit characteristics, which is considered a Level 2 input. The fair value of the senior notes and other debt and the subordinated debentures is based on spreads for similar securities, which is considered a Level 2 input.

(18) Reinsurance

The following is a summary of reinsurance financial information:



	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Written premiums:
Direct	$	1,785,266		$	1,727,014		$	3,572,501		$	3,448,076
Assumed	162,808			160,139			354,995			375,283
Ceded	(323,970		)	(322,902		)	(638,054		)	(612,270		)
Total net premiums written	$	1,624,104		$	1,564,251		$	3,289,442		$	3,211,089

Earned premiums:
Direct	$	1,705,277		$	1,666,938		$	3,379,827		$	3,280,302
Assumed	180,509			193,683			369,375			402,310
Ceded	(304,733		)	(291,918		)	(600,741		)	(543,868		)
Total net premiums earned	$	1,581,053		$	1,568,703		$	3,148,461		$	3,138,744

Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred	$	161,073		$	142,609		$	400,068		$	177,801
Ceded commissions earned	$	65,922		$	57,752		$	132,278		$	114,302

The Company reinsures a portion of its insurance exposures in order to reduce its net liability on individual risks and catastrophe losses. The Company also cedes premiums to state assigned risk plans and captive insurance companies. Estimated amounts due from reinsurers are reported net of reserves for uncollectible reinsurance of $1 million as of both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

(19) Restricted Stock Units

Pursuant to its stock incentive plan, the Company may issue restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The RSUs generally vest three to five years from the award date and are subject to other vesting and forfeiture provisions contained in the award agreement. RSUs are expensed pro-ratably over the vesting period. RSU expenses were $18 million and $21 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. A summary of RSUs issued in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 follows:



($ in thousands)	Units	Fair Value
2018	13,025	$	963
2017	6,020	$	405

(20) Litigation and Contingent Liabilities

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to disputes, litigation and arbitration arising from its insurance and reinsurance businesses. These matters are generally related to insurance and reinsurance claims and are considered in the establishment of loss and loss expense reserves. In addition, the Company may also become involved in legal actions which seek extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties, including claims alleging bad faith in handling of insurance claims. The Company expects its ultimate liability with respect to such matters will not be material to its financial condition. However, adverse outcomes on such matters are possible, from time to time, and could be material to the Company’s results of operations in any particular financial reporting period.

(21) Business Segments

The Company’s reportable segments include the following two business segments, plus a corporate segment:


•	Insurance - predominantly commercial insurance business, including excess and surplus lines, admitted lines and specialty personal lines throughout the United States, as well as insurance business in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia.


•	Reinsurance - reinsurance business on a facultative and treaty basis, primarily in the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific Region and South Africa.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Income tax expense and benefits are calculated based upon the Company's overall effective tax rate.

Summary financial information about the Company's reporting segments is presented in the following tables. Income (loss) before income taxes by segment includes allocated investment income. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in or allocated to the operation of each segment.



	Revenues
(In thousands)	Earned Premiums		Investment Income		Other		Total (1)		Pre-Tax Income (Loss)			Net Income (Loss) to Common Stockholders
Three months ended June 30, 2018
Insurance	$	1,456,008	$	114,333	$	18,707	$	1,589,048	$	198,052		$	156,200
Reinsurance	125,045		22,123		—		147,168		21,303			16,784
Corporate, other and eliminations (2)	—		17,321		87,748		105,069		(59,744		)	(47,918		)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	—		—		69,631		69,631		69,631			55,009
Total	$	1,581,053	$	153,777	$	176,086	$	1,910,916	$	229,242		$	180,075
Three months ended June 30, 2017
Insurance	$	1,415,586	$	102,719	$	22,984	$	1,541,289	$	186,134		$	124,442
Reinsurance	153,117		21,491		—		174,608		14,771			10,324
Corporate, other and eliminations (2)	—		11,054		80,645		91,699		(80,397		)	(52,056		)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	—		—		40,453		40,453		40,453			26,294
Total	$	1,568,703	$	135,264	$	144,082	$	1,848,049	$	160,961		$	109,004
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Insurance	$	2,888,345	$	250,195	$	37,675	$	3,176,215	$	427,080		$	337,826
Reinsurance	260,116		46,773		—		306,889		35,895			28,438
Corporate, other and eliminations (2)	—		31,327		169,637		200,964		(140,838		)	(113,087		)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	—		—		118,095		118,095		118,095			93,295
Total	$	3,148,461	$	328,295	$	325,407	$	3,802,163	$	440,232		$	346,472
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
Insurance	$	2,828,755	$	214,628	$	41,271	$	3,084,654	$	386,127		$	257,458
Reinsurance	309,989		46,269		—		356,258		19,364			13,983
Corporate, other and eliminations (2)	—		23,226		161,528		184,754		(153,034		)	(99,311		)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments	—		—		92,801		92,801		92,801			60,321
Total	$	3,138,744	$	284,123	$	295,600	$	3,718,467	$	345,258		$	232,451

_________________

(1)Revenues for Insurance from foreign countries for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $176 million and $168 million, and for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $359 million and $347 million, respectively. Revenues for Reinsurance from foreign countries for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $55 million and $50 million, and for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $112 million and $101 million, respectively.


(2)	Corporate, other and eliminations represent corporate revenues and expenses that are not allocated to business segments.

Identifiable Assets



(In thousands)	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Insurance	$	19,219,312	$	19,263,193
Reinsurance	2,929,066		3,169,731
Corporate, other and eliminations	2,472,766		1,866,993
Consolidated	$	24,621,144	$	24,299,917

Net premiums earned by major line of business are as follows:



	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2018		2017
Insurance:
Other liability	$	474,721	$	460,059	$	938,889	$	911,889
Workers’ compensation	377,346		366,950		743,295		728,086
Short-tail lines (1)	288,398		282,623		583,503		579,413
Commercial automobile	175,812		169,599		351,010		340,170
Professional liability	139,731		136,355		271,648		269,197
Total Insurance	1,456,008		1,415,586		2,888,345		2,828,755

Reinsurance:
Casualty	86,841		93,212		177,411		187,952
Property	38,204		59,905		82,705		122,037
Total Reinsurance	125,045		153,117		260,116		309,989

Total	$	1,581,053	$	1,568,703	$	3,148,461	$	3,138,744

______________

(1) Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.

SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT

This is a “Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any forward-looking statements contained herein, including statements related to our outlook for the industry and for our performance for the year 2018 and beyond, are based upon the Company’s historical performance and on current plans, estimates and expectations. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. They are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to: the cyclical nature of the property casualty industry; the impact of significant competition, including new alternative entrants to the industry; the long-tail and potentially volatile nature of the insurance and reinsurance business; product demand and pricing; claims development and the process of estimating reserves; investment risks, including those of our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and investments in equity securities, including investments in financial institutions, municipal bonds, mortgage-backed securities, loans receivable, investment funds, including real estate, merger arbitrage, energy related and private equity investments; the effects of emerging claim and coverage issues; the uncertain nature of damage theories and loss amounts; natural and man-made catastrophic losses, including as a result of terrorist activities; general economic and market activities, including inflation, interest rates, and volatility in the credit and capital markets; the impact of the conditions in the financial markets and the global economy, and the potential effect of legislative, regulatory, accounting or other initiatives taken in response, on our results and financial condition; foreign currency and political risks (including those associated with the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, or "Brexit") relating to our international operations; our ability to attract and retain key personnel and qualified employees; continued availability of capital and financing; the success of our new ventures or acquisitions and the availability of other opportunities; the availability of reinsurance; our retention under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015; the ability of our reinsurers to pay reinsurance recoverables owed to us; other legislative and regulatory developments, including those related to business practices in the insurance industry; credit risk related to our policyholders, independent agents and brokers; changes in the ratings assigned to us or our insurance company subsidiaries by rating agencies; the availability of dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries; potential difficulties with technology and/or data security; the effectiveness of our controls to ensure compliance with guidelines, policies and legal and regulatory standards; and other risks detailed from time to time in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These risks and uncertainties could cause our actual results for the year 2018 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement we make. Any projections of growth in our revenues would not necessarily result in commensurate levels of earnings. Our future financial performance is dependent upon factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and our other SEC filings. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. Except to the extent required by applicable laws, the Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

W. R. Berkley Corporation is an insurance holding company that is among the largest commercial lines writers in the United States and operates worldwide in two segments of the property and casualty business: Insurance and Reinsurance. Our decentralized structure provides us with the flexibility to respond quickly and efficiently to local or specific market conditions and to pursue specialty business niches. It also allows us to be closer to our customers in order to better understand their individual needs and risk characteristics. While providing our business units with certain operating autonomy, our structure allows us to capitalize on the benefits of economies of scale through centralized capital, investment, reinsurance, enterprise risk management, and actuarial, financial and corporate legal staff support. The Company’s primary sources of revenues and earnings are its insurance operations and its investments.

An important part of our strategy is to form new operating units to capitalize on various business opportunities. Over the years, the Company has formed numerous operating units that are focused on important parts of the economy in the U.S., including healthcare, cyber security, energy and agriculture, and on growing international markets, including the Asia-Pacific region, South America and Mexico.

The profitability of the Company’s insurance business is affected primarily by the adequacy of premium rates. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is not known with certainty at the time an insurance policy is issued because premiums are determined before claims are reported. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural and other disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and change the extent of coverage and the effects of economic inflation on the amount of compensation for injuries or losses. General insurance prices are also influenced by available insurance capacity, i.e., the level of statutory capital and surplus employed in the industry, and the industry’s willingness to deploy that capital.

The Company’s profitability is also affected by its investment income and investment gains. The Company’s invested assets are invested principally in fixed maturity securities. The return on fixed maturity securities is affected primarily by general interest rates, as well as the credit quality and duration of the securities. Returns available on fixed maturity investments have been at historically low levels for an extended period, although recently interest rates have increased.

The Company invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds (including energy related funds), private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.

Through the second quarter of 2018, the Company has used the Argentine peso (“ARS”) as its functional currency for its business in Argentina and translated the financial statements of its Argentine operations into U.S. dollars ("USD"). Exchange rate movements between the ARS and USD have been recorded as a currency translation gain or loss, which is a component of AOCI. Based on recent ARS inflation rate movements, the Company expects that, effective July 1, 2018, the Argentine economy would be considered highly inflationary under GAAP. Assuming that turns out to be the case, such a conclusion would require the Company to change the functional currency of its Argentine operations to USD commencing July 1, 2018, and accordingly, the Company would need to recognize foreign exchange gains and losses in earnings for any transactions in the Argentine operations that are not USD denominated.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted new accounting standards including ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Customers, ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments and ASU 2018-02, Reporting Comprehensive Income. Refer to Note 3 in the financial statements for further information on the accounting guidance and impact of adoption for each on the Company's results and financial position.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The following presents a discussion of accounting policies and estimates relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses, assumed premiums and other-than-temporary impairments of investments. Management believes these policies and estimates are the most critical to its operations and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.

Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses. To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, either known or unknown, insurers establish reserves, which is a balance sheet account representing estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred. Estimates and assumptions relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses are based on complex and subjective judgments, often including the interplay of specific uncertainties with related accounting and actuarial measurements. Such estimates are also susceptible to change as significant periods of time may

elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the report of the loss to the insurer, the ultimate determination of the cost of the loss and the insurer’s payment of that loss.

In general, when a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim at that time. The estimate represents an informed judgment based on general reserving practices and reflects the experience and knowledge of the claims personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) to the insurer, potential inadequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and general expenses of administrating the claims adjustment process. Reserves are established based upon the then current legal interpretation of coverage provided.

In examining reserve adequacy, several factors are considered in estimating the ultimate economic value of losses. These factors include, among other things, historical data, legal developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. The actuarial process relies on the basic assumption that past experience, adjusted judgmentally for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future outcomes. Reserve amounts are based on management’s informed estimates and judgments using currently available data. As additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, these estimates and judgments may be revised. This may result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our results in periods in which such estimates and assumptions are changed.

Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claim administration will cost. While the methods for establishing reserves are well tested over time, some of the major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to uncertainty. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties which are beyond the Company’s control. These variables are affected by external and internal events, such as inflation and economic volatility, judicial and litigation trends, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and claim handling and reserving practices, which make it more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, the Company cannot provide assurance that its current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events.

Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. For example, the paid loss and incurred loss development methods rely on historical paid and incurred loss data. For new lines of business, where there is insufficient history of paid and incurred claims data, or in circumstances where there have been significant changes in claim practices, the paid and incurred loss development methods would be less credible than other actuarial methods. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” and in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.

The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions. Examples of changes in terms and conditions that can have a significant impact on reserve levels are the use of aggregate policy limits, the expansion of coverage exclusions, whether or not defense costs are within policy limits, and changes in deductibles and attachment points.

reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns. Management believes the estimates and assumptions it makes in the reserving process provide the best estimate of the ultimate cost of settling claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred; however, different assumptions and variables could lead to significantly different reserve estimates.

The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed. If the actual level of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s estimate. The following table reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity, relative to our assumptions, on our loss estimate for claims occurring in 2017:



(In thousands)	Frequency (+/-)
Severity (+/-)	1%		5%		10%
1%	$	79,667	$	239,794	$	439,953
5%	239,794		406,263		614,349
10%	439,953		614,349		832,344

Our net reserves for losses and loss expenses of approximately $10.1 billion as of June 30, 2018 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency or severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above. The impact of such changes would likely be manifested gradually over the course of many years, as the magnitude of the changes became evident.

Approximately $1.6 billion, or 16%, of the Company’s net loss reserves as of June 30, 2018 relate to the Reinsurance segment. There is a higher degree of uncertainty and greater variability regarding estimates of assumed loss reserves because those estimates are based, in part, upon information received from ceding companies. If information received from ceding companies is not timely or correct, the Company’s estimate of ultimate losses may not be accurate. Furthermore, due to delayed reporting of claim information by ceding companies, the claim settlement tail for assumed reinsurance is extended. Management considers the impact of delayed reporting in its selection of assumed loss development factors.

Information received from ceding companies is used to set initial expected loss ratios, to establish case reserves and to estimate reserves for incurred but not reported losses on assumed reinsurance business. This information, which is generally provided through reinsurance intermediaries, is gathered through the underwriting process and from periodic claim reports and other correspondence with ceding companies. The Company performs underwriting and claim audits of selected ceding companies to determine the accuracy and completeness of information provided to the Company. The information received from the ceding companies is supplemented by the Company’s own loss development experience with similar lines of business as well as industry loss trends and loss development benchmarks.

Following is a summary of the Company’s reserves for losses and loss expenses by business segment:



(In thousands)	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Insurance	$	8,460,866	$	8,341,622
Reinsurance	1,616,464		1,715,292
Net reserves for losses and loss expenses	10,077,330		10,056,914
Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses	1,659,245		1,613,494
Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses	$	11,736,575	$	11,670,408

Following is a summary of the Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses by major line of business:



(In thousands)	Reported Case Reserves		Incurred But Not Reported		Total
June 30, 2018
Other liability	$	1,283,692	$	2,285,039	$	3,568,731
Workers’ compensation (1)	1,566,664		1,234,109		2,800,773
Professional liability	299,439		614,209		913,648
Commercial automobile	349,099		281,772		630,871
Short-tail lines (2)	256,649		290,194		546,843
Total Insurance	3,755,543		4,705,323		8,460,866
Reinsurance (1)	873,376		743,088		1,616,464
Total	$	4,628,919	$	5,448,411	$	10,077,330

December 31, 2017
Other liability	$	1,261,957	$	2,189,596	$	3,451,553
Workers’ compensation (1)	1,543,379		1,242,501		2,785,880
Professional liability	295,269		618,107		913,376
Commercial automobile	364,900		269,942		634,842
Short-tail lines (2)	297,777		258,194		555,971
Total Insurance	3,763,282		4,578,340		8,341,622
Reinsurance (1)	919,497		795,795		1,715,292
Total	$	4,682,779	$	5,374,135	$	10,056,914

___________

(1) Reserves for workers’ compensation and reinsurance are net of an aggregate net discount of $577 million and $591 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

(2) Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.

The Company evaluates reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses on a quarterly basis. Changes in estimates of prior year losses are reported when such changes are made. The changes in prior year loss reserve estimates are generally the result of ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends. Original estimates are increased or decreased as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims and aggregate claim trends.

Certain of the Company's insurance and reinsurance contracts are retrospectively rated, whereby the Company collects more or less premiums based on the level of loss activity. For those contracts, changes in loss and loss adjustment expenses for prior years may be fully or partially offset by additional or return premiums.

Net prior year development (i.e. the sum of prior year reserve changes and prior year earned premiums changes) for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:



(In thousands)	2018		2017
Net decrease in prior year loss reserves	$	246	$	6,459
Increase in prior year earned premiums	19,102		17,111
Net favorable prior year development	$	19,348	$	23,570

Reserve Discount. The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,777 million and $1,855 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was $577 million and $591 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. At June 30, 2018, discount rates by year ranged from 2.0% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.7%.

Substantially all of the workers’ compensation discount (97% of total discounted reserves at June 30, 2018) relates to excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.

The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at June 30, 2018), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.

Assumed Reinsurance Premiums. The Company estimates the amount of assumed reinsurance premiums that it will receive under treaty reinsurance agreements at the inception of the contracts. These premium estimates are revised as the actual amount of assumed premiums is reported to the Company by the ceding companies. As estimates of assumed premiums are made or revised, the related amount of earned premiums, commissions and incurred losses associated with those premiums are recorded. Estimated assumed premiums receivable were approximately $45 million at June 30, 2018 and $56 million at December 31, 2017. The assumed premium estimates are based upon terms set forth in reinsurance agreements, information received from ceding companies during the underwriting and negotiation of agreements, reports received from ceding companies and discussions and correspondence with reinsurance intermediaries. The Company also considers its own view of market conditions, economic trends and experience with similar lines of business. These premium estimates represent management’s best estimate of the ultimate amount of premiums to be received under its assumed reinsurance agreements.

Other-Than-Temporary Impairments (OTTI) of Investments. The cost of securities is adjusted where appropriate to include a provision for decline in value which is considered to be other-than-temporary. An other-than-temporary decline is considered to occur in investments where there has been a sustained reduction in fair value and where the Company does not expect the fair value to recover prior to the time of sale or maturity.

The Company classifies its fixed maturity securities by credit rating, primarily based on ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. For purposes of classifying securities with different ratings, the Company uses the average of the credit ratings assigned, unless in limited situations the Company’s own analysis indicates an internal rating is more appropriate. Securities that are not rated by a rating agency are evaluated and classified by the Company on a case-by-case basis.

Fixed Maturity Securities – For securities that we intend to sell or, more likely than not, would be required to sell, a decline in value below amortized cost is considered to be OTTI. The amount of OTTI is equal to the difference between amortized cost and fair value at the balance sheet date. For securities that we do not intend to sell or expect to be required to sell, a decline in value below amortized cost is considered to be an OTTI if we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of a security (i.e., the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the security).

The portion of the decline in value considered to be a credit loss (i.e., the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis of the security) is recognized in earnings. The portion of the decline in value not considered to be a credit loss (i.e., the difference in the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the fair value of the security) is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Impairment assessments for structured securities, including mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and corporate debt, are generally evaluated based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that may involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. If an OTTI determination is made, a discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the credit impairment.

The following table provides a summary of fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2018:



($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
Unrealized loss less than 20% of amortized cost	1,058	$	7,507,563	$	158,780
Unrealized loss of 20% or greater of amortized cost:
Less than twelve months	2	2,570		743
Twelve months and longer	2	3		4
Total	1,062	$	7,510,136	$	159,527

A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2018 is presented in the table below:



($ in thousands)	Number of Securities	Aggregate Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Loss
Corporate	13	$	97,985	$	4,199
Foreign government	12	51,383		2,773
Asset-backed securities	3	268		104
Mortgage-backed securities	4	3,477		28
State and municipal	1	3,622		2
Total	33	$	156,735	$	7,106

The Company has evaluated its fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized loss is due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due and does not consider any of these securities to be OTTI.

Loans Receivable – The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable, including current market conditions for each loan and the ability to collect principal and interest. For loans where the Company determines it is probable that the contractual terms will not be met, an analysis is performed and a valuation reserve is established, if necessary, with a charge to earnings. Loans receivable are reported net of a valuation reserve of $3 million in both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of each borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions. Loans receivable with a potential for default are further assessed using discounted cash flow analysis and comparable cost and sales methodologies, if appropriate.

Fair Value Measurements. The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities, and its trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for similar assets in active markets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs may only be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available. The fair value of the vast majority of the Company’s portfolio is based on observable data (other than quoted prices) and, accordingly, is classified as Level 2.

In classifying particular financial securities in the fair value hierarchy, the Company uses its judgment to determine whether the market for a security is active and whether significant pricing inputs are observable. The Company determines the existence of an active market by assessing whether transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide reliable pricing information. The Company determines whether inputs are observable based on the use of such information by pricing services and external investment managers, the uninterrupted availability of such inputs, the need to make significant adjustments to such inputs and the volatility of such inputs over time. If the market for a security is determined to be inactive or if significant inputs used to price a security are determined to be unobservable, the security is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Because many fixed maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. Market inputs used to evaluate securities include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. Quoted prices are often unavailable for recently issued securities that are infrequently traded or securities that are only traded in private transactions. For publicly traded securities for which quoted prices are unavailable, the Company determines fair value based on independent broker quotations and other observable market data. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial data, projections and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.

The following is a summary of pricing sources for the Company's fixed maturity securities available for sale as of June 30, 2018:



($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Pricing source:
Independent pricing services	$	12,969,064	98.7	%
Syndicate manager	38,141		0.3
Directly by the Company based on:
Observable data	132,337		1.0
Cash flow model	101		—
Total	$	13,139,643	100.0	%

Independent pricing services – Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities available for sale were priced by independent pricing services (generally one U.S. pricing service plus additional pricing services with respect to a limited number of foreign securities held by the Company). The prices provided by the independent pricing services are generally based on observable market data in active markets (e.g., broker quotes and prices observed for comparable securities). The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness based upon current trading levels for similar securities. If the prices appear unusual to the Company, they are re-examined and the value is either confirmed or revised. In addition, the Company periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation and to verify our understanding of how securities are priced. As of June 30, 2018, the Company did not make any adjustments to the prices provided by the pricing services. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the independent pricing services, these securities were classified as Level 2.

Syndicate manager – The Company has a 15% participation in a Lloyd’s syndicate, and the Company’s share of the securities owned by the syndicate is priced by the syndicate’s manager. The majority of the securities are liquid, short duration fixed maturity securities. The Company reviews the syndicate manager’s pricing methodology and audited financial statements and holds discussions with the syndicate manager as necessary to confirm its understanding and agreement with security prices. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the syndicate manager, these securities were classified as Level 2.

Observable data – If independent pricing is not available, the Company prices the securities directly. Prices are based on observable market data where available, including current trading levels for similar securities and non-binding quotations from brokers. The Company generally requests two or more quotes. If more than one quote is received, the Company sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes obtained from brokers. Since these securities were priced based on observable data, they were classified as Level 2.

Cash flow model – If the above methodologies are not available, the Company prices securities using a discounted cash flow model based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rates and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Discount rates are adjusted to reflect illiquidity where appropriate. These securities were classified as Level 3.

Results of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

Business Segment Results

Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.



($ in thousands)	2018			2017
Insurance:
Gross premiums written	$	3,659,199		$	3,515,139
Net premiums written	3,056,578			2,932,303
Net premiums earned	2,888,345			2,828,755
Loss ratio	61.1		%	61.0		%
Expense ratio	32.8		%	33.0		%
GAAP combined ratio	93.9		%	94.0		%
Reinsurance:
Gross premiums written	$	268,296		$	308,220
Net premiums written	232,864			278,786
Net premiums earned	260,116			309,989
Loss ratio	66.1		%	70.6		%
Expense ratio	38.1		%	38.1		%
GAAP combined ratio	104.2		%	108.7		%
Consolidated:
Gross premiums written	$	3,927,495		$	3,823,359
Net premiums written	3,289,442			3,211,089
Net premiums earned	3,148,461			3,138,744
Loss ratio	61.5		%	61.9		%
Expense ratio	33.3		%	33.5		%
GAAP combined ratio	94.8		%	95.4		%

Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:



(In thousands, except per share data)	2018		2017
Net income to common stockholders	$	346,472	$	232,451
Weighted average diluted shares	128,189		128,546
Net income per diluted share	$	2.70	$	1.81

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of $346 million in 2018 compared to $232 million in 2017. The 49% increase in net income was primarily due to an after-tax increase in net investment income of $35 million mainly driven by growth in the fixed maturity security portfolio, higher interest rates and an increase in real estate investment funds, an increase in after-tax net investment gains of $20 million, an after-tax increase in underwriting income of $17 million, an increase in after-tax foreign currency gains (as compared to losses in 2017) of $14 million, and a $39 million decrease in tax expense primarily due to the reduction of the federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, partially offset by an after-tax reduction in insurance service fee income of $4 million, an after-tax increase in corporate expenses of $4 million, and an after-tax increase in interest expense of $3 million. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased slightly primarily due to share repurchases.

Premiums. Gross premiums written were $3,927 million in 2018, an increase of 3% from $3,823 million in 2017. The increase was due to an increase in the Insurance segment of $144 million, partially offset by a decrease in the Reinsurance segment of $40 million. Approximately 75.9% of policies expiring in 2018 were renewed, compared with a 76.5% renewal retention rate for policies expiring in 2017.

Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 2.5% in 2018 when adjusted for change in exposures.

A summary of gross premiums written in 2018 compared with 2017 by line of business within each business segment follows:


•	Insurance - gross premiums increased 4% to $3,659 million in 2018 from $3,515 million in 2017. Gross premiums increased $67 million (6%) for other liability, $41 million (5%) for short-tail lines, $36 million (10%) for professional liability, and $27 million (7%) for commercial auto and decreased $27 million (3%) for workers' compensation.


•	Reinsurance - gross premiums decreased 13% to $268 million in 2018 from $308 million in 2017. Gross premiums decreased $21 million (19%) for property lines and $19 million (10%) for casualty lines.

Net premiums written were $3,289 million in 2018, an increase of 2% from $3,211 million in 2017. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 16% in both 2018 and 2017.

Premiums earned increased less than 1% to $3,148 million in 2018 from $3,139 million in 2017. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2018 are related to business written during both 2018 and 2017. Audit premiums were $98 million in 2018 compared with $91 million in 2017.

Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:



	Amount						Average Annualized Yield
($ in thousands)	2018			2017			2018		2017
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	252,911		$	229,142		3.5	%	3.3	%
Investment funds	53,070			35,544			8.9		5.7
Arbitrage trading account	13,524			11,817			4.1		4.3
Real estate	9,742			9,852			1.1		1.6
Equity securities	1,205			1,241			1.1		1.2
Gross investment income	330,452			287,596			3.6		3.3
Investment expenses	(2,157		)	(3,473		)	—		—
Total	$	328,295		$	284,123		3.6	%	3.3	%

Net investment income increased 15% to $328 million in 2018 from $284 million in 2017 due primarily to a $24 million increase in income from fixed maturity securities mainly driven by growth in the fixed maturity security portfolio and higher interest rates, an $18 million increase in income from investment funds mainly from real estate funds, and a $2 million increase from the arbitrage trading account. The Company has maintained a shortened duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio. This has reduced the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioned the Company to take advantage of rising interest rates. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $18.1 billion in 2018 and $17.3 billion in 2017.

Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees decreased to $60 million in 2018 from $67 million in 2017.

Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investments. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $118 million in 2018 compared with $93 million in 2017. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted new accounting guidance that requires all equity investments with readily determinable fair values to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income (other than those equity securities accounted for under equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee). During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the gains of $118 million reflect net realized gains on investment sales of $267 million reduced by a change in unrealized gains on equity securities of $149 million.

Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $147 million in 2018 and $135 million in 2017. The increase mainly relates to revenues from the textile business purchased in March 2017.

Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses decreased to $1,937 million in 2018 from $1,944 million in 2017. The consolidated loss ratio was 61.5% in 2018 and 61.9% in 2017. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries and reinstatement premiums, were $21 million in 2018 and $47 million in 2017. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $19 million in 2018 and $24 million in 2017. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.2 points to 61.4% in 2018 from 61.2% in 2017.

A summary of loss ratios in 2018 compared with 2017 by business segment follows:


•	Insurance - The loss ratio was 61.1% in 2018 and 61.0% in 2017. Catastrophe losses were $20 million in 2018 compared with $47 million in 2017. Favorable prior year reserve development was $26 million in 2018 and $49 million in 2017. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.3 points to 61.3% in 2018 from 61.0% in 2017.


•	Reinsurance - The loss ratio of 66.1% in 2018 was 4.5 points lower than the loss ratio of 70.6% in 2017. Catastrophe losses were $1 million in both 2018 and 2017. Adverse prior year reserve development was $7 million in 2018 and $26 million in 2017. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.9 points to 63.0% in 2018 from 62.1% in 2017.

Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses:



($ in thousands)	2018			2017
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses	$	1,047,093		$	1,051,116
Insurance service expenses	63,702			64,856
Net foreign currency (gains) losses	(4,767		)	12,477
Other costs and expenses	97,553			91,883
Total	$	1,203,581		$	1,220,332

Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. The percentage change of policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses and net premiums earned remained flat from 2017. The expense ratio (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) was 33.3% and 33.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, decreased to $64 million in 2018 from $65 million in 2017.

Net foreign currency (gains) losses result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency gains were $5 million in 2018 compared to losses of $12 million in 2017, resulting from the strengthening U.S. dollar.

Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses increased to $98 million in 2018 from $92 million in 2017.

Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $145 million in 2018 compared to $135 million in 2017. The increase mainly relates to expenses from the textile business purchased in March 2017.

Interest Expense. Interest expense was $77 million in 2018 compared with $74 million in 2017. In March 2018, the Company issued $175 million aggregate principal amount of 5.70% subordinated debentures due 2058, and in April 2018, the

Company issued another $10 million principal amount of such debentures. Additionally in 2018, the Company issued subsidiary debt of $22 million.

Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 20.9% in 2018 and 32.2% in 2017. The effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% primarily because of tax-exempt investment income and tax on income from foreign jurisdictions with different tax rates. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2018 from 2017 was due, in part, to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which reduced the federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%.

The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $36 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

Business Segment Results

Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.



($ in thousands)	2018			2017
Insurance:
Gross premiums written	$	1,821,228		$	1,745,734
Net premiums written	1,513,526			1,438,169
Net premiums earned	1,456,008			1,415,586
Loss ratio	61.5		%	61.1		%
Expense ratio	32.9		%	33.0		%
GAAP combined ratio	94.4		%	94.1		%
Reinsurance:
Gross premiums written	$	126,846		$	141,418
Net premiums written	110,578			126,082
Net premiums earned	125,045			153,117
Loss ratio	62.0		%	65.2		%
Expense ratio	38.7		%	39.2		%
GAAP combined ratio	100.7		%	104.4		%
Consolidated:
Gross premiums written	$	1,948,074		$	1,887,152
Net premiums written	1,624,104			1,564,251
Net premiums earned	1,581,053			1,568,703
Loss ratio	61.6		%	61.5		%
Expense ratio	33.3		%	33.6		%
GAAP combined ratio	94.9		%	95.1		%

Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:



(In thousands, except per share data)	2018		2017
Net income to common stockholders	$	180,075	$	109,004
Weighted average diluted shares	128,339		128,601
Net income per diluted share	$	1.40	$	0.85

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of $180 million in 2018 compared to $109 million in 2017. The 65% increase in net income was primarily due to an increase in after-tax net investment gains of $23 million, an increase in after-tax foreign currency gains (as compared to losses in 2017) of $20 million, an after-tax increase in net investment income of $15 million mainly driven by growth in the fixed maturity security portfolio and higher interest rates, an after-tax increase in underwriting income of $3 million, and a $17 million decrease in tax expense due primarily to the reduction of the federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, partially offset by an after-tax increase in corporate expenses of $5 million and an after-tax increase in interest expense of $2 million. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased slightly primarily due to share repurchases.

Premiums. Gross premiums written were $1,948 million in 2018, an increase of 3% from $1,887 million in 2017. The increase was due to an increase in the Insurance segment of $76 million, partially offset by a decrease in the Reinsurance segment of $15 million. Approximately 76.6% of policies expiring in 2018 were renewed, compared with a 77.2% renewal retention rate for policies expiring in 2017.

Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 1.5% in 2018 when adjusted for change in exposures.

A summary of gross premiums written in 2018 compared with 2017 by line of business within each business segment follows:


•	Insurance - gross premiums increased 4% to $1,821million in 2018 from $1,746 million in 2017. Gross premiums increased $31 million (6%) for other liability, $25 million (6%) for short-tail lines, $16 million (9%) for professional liability, and $15 million (9%) for commercial auto and decreased $12 million (3%) for workers' compensation.


•	Reinsurance - gross premiums decreased 10% to $127 million in 2018 from $141 million in 2017. Gross premiums decreased $8 million (8%) for casualty lines and $6 million (14%) for property lines.

Net premiums written were $1,624 million in 2018, an increase of 4% from $1,564 million in 2017. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 17% in both 2018 and 2017.

Premiums earned increased 1% to $1,581 million in 2018 from $1,569 million in 2017. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2018 are related to business written during both 2018 and 2017. Audit premiums were $49 million in 2018 compared with $50 million in 2017.

Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:



	Amount						Average Annualized Yield
($ in thousands)	2018			2017			2018		2017
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable	$	129,665		$	116,796		3.6	%	3.3	%
Investment funds	12,716			8,895			4.2		2.9
Arbitrage trading account	8,333			5,457			5.0		3.4
Real estate	3,174			5,286			0.7		1.7
Equity securities	559			602			1.0		1.2
Gross investment income	154,447			137,036			3.4		3.2
Investment expenses	(670		)	(1,772		)	—		—
Total	$	153,777		$	135,264		3.4	%	3.1	%

Net investment income increased 14% to $154 million in 2018 from $135 million in 2017 due primarily to a $13 million increase in income from fixed maturity securities mainly driven by growth in the fixed maturity security portfolio and higher interest rates, a $4 million increase in income from investment funds, and a $3 million increase from the arbitrage trading account, partially offset by a $2 million decrease from real estate. The Company has maintained a shortened duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio. This has reduced the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioned the Company to take advantage of rising interest rates. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $18.2 billion in 2018 and $17.4 billion in 2017.

Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investments. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $70 million in 2018 compared with $40 million in 2017. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted new accounting guidance that requires all equity investments with readily determinable fair values to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income (other than those equity securities accounted for under equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee). During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the gains of $70 million reflect net realized gains on investment sales of $124 million reduced by a change in unrealized gains on equity securities of $54 million.

Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $77 million in 2018 and $70 million in 2017. The increase mainly relates to revenues from the textile business purchased in March 2017.

Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to $974 million in 2018 from $965 million in 2017. The consolidated loss ratio was 61.6% in 2018 and 61.5% in 2017. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries and reinstatement premiums, were $14 million in 2018 and $33 million in 2017. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $7 million in 2018 and $21 million in 2017. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development was 61.2% in 2018 and 60.7% in 2017.

A summary of loss ratios in 2018 compared with 2017 by business segment follows:


•	Insurance - The loss ratio was 61.5% in 2018 and 61.1% in 2017. Catastrophe losses were $13 million in 2018 compared with $33 million in 2017. Favorable prior year reserve development was $10 million in 2018 and $23 million in 2017. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.9 points to 61.3% in 2018 from 60.4% in 2017.


•	Reinsurance - The loss ratio of 62.0% in 2018 was 3.2 points lower than the loss ratio of 65.2% in 2017. Catastrophe losses were $1 million in both 2018 and 2017. Adverse prior year reserve development was $3 million in 2018 and $2 million in 2017. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 4.5 points to 59.0% in 2018 from 63.5% in 2017.

Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses:



($ in thousands)	2018			2017
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses	$	526,862		$	527,707
Insurance service expenses	30,990			34,923
Net foreign currency (gains) losses	(18,251		)	6,968
Other costs and expenses	53,541			47,034
Total	$	593,142		$	616,632

Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses remained flat with an increase in net premiums earned of 1%. The expense ratio (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) was 33.3% and 33.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, decreased to $31 million in 2018 from $35 million in 2017.

Net foreign currency (gains) losses result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency gains were $18 million in 2018 compared to losses of $7 million in 2017, resulting from the strengthening U.S. dollar.

Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $75 million in 2018 compared to $69 million in 2017. The increase mainly relates to expenses from the textile business purchased in March 2017.

Interest Expense. Interest expense was $40 million in 2018 and $37 million in 2017. In March 2018, the Company issued $175 million aggregate principal amount of 5.70% subordinated debentures due 2058, and in April 2018, the Company issued another $10 million principal amount of such debentures. Additionally in 2018, the Company issued subsidiary debt of $22 million.

Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 21.1% in 2018 and 31.9% in 2017. The effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% primarily because of tax-exempt investment income and tax on income from foreign jurisdictions with different tax rates. The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2018 from 2017 was due, in part, to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which reduced the federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%.

Investments

As part of its investment strategy, the Company establishes a level of cash and highly liquid short-term and intermediate-term securities that, combined with expected cash flow, it believes is adequate to meet its payment obligations. Due to the historically low fixed maturity investment returns, the Company invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.

The Company also attempts to maintain an appropriate relationship between the average duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The average duration of the fixed maturity portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents, was 2.9 years at June 30, 2018 and 3.0 years at December 31, 2017. The Company’s fixed maturity investment portfolio and investment-related assets as of June 30, 2018 were as follows:



($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Percent of Total
Fixed maturity securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	481,633	2.6	%
State and municipal:
Special revenue	2,554,685		13.8
Pre-refunded (1)	453,704		2.5
Local general obligation	406,327		2.2
State general obligation	385,800		2.1
Corporate backed	331,387		1.8
Total state and municipal	4,131,903		22.4
Mortgage-backed securities:
Agency	874,125		4.7
Commercial	363,182		2.0
Residential-Prime	205,996		1.1
Residential-Alt A	27,246		0.1
Total mortgage-backed securities	1,470,549		7.9
Asset-backed securities	2,354,915		12.7
Corporate:
Industrial	2,308,693		12.5
Financial	1,352,954		7.3
Utilities	275,026		1.5
Other	41,516		0.2
Total corporate	3,978,189		21.5
Foreign government and foreign government agencies	801,540		4.3
Total fixed maturity securities	13,218,729		71.4
Equity securities:
Common stocks	288,027		1.6
Preferred stocks	184,362		1.0
Total equity securities	472,389		2.6
Real estate	1,883,622		10.2
Investment funds	1,208,586		6.5
Cash and cash equivalents	911,202		4.9
Arbitrage trading account	721,088		3.9
Loans receivable	98,088		0.5
Total investments	$	18,513,704	100.0	%

________________________

(1) Pre-refunded securities are securities for which an escrow account has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest through maturity. Such escrow accounts are funded almost exclusively with U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities.

Fixed Maturity Securities. The Company’s investment policy with respect to fixed maturity securities is generally to purchase instruments with the expectation of holding them to their maturity. However, management of the available for sale

portfolio is considered necessary to maintain an approximate matching of assets and liabilities as well as to adjust the portfolio as a result of changes in financial market conditions and tax considerations.

The Company’s philosophy related to holding or selling fixed maturity securities is based on its objective of maximizing total return. The key factors that management considers in its investment decisions as to whether to hold or sell fixed maturity securities are its view of the underlying fundamentals of specific securities as well as its expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads and currency values. In a period in which management expects interest rates to rise, the Company may sell longer duration securities in order to mitigate the impact of an interest rate rise on the fair value of the portfolio. Similarly, in a period in which management expects credit spreads to widen, the Company may sell lower quality securities, and in a period in which management expects certain foreign currencies to decline in value, the Company may sell securities denominated in those foreign currencies. The sale of fixed maturity securities in order to achieve the objective of maximizing total return may result in realized gains; however, there is no reason to expect these gains to continue in future periods.

Equity Securities. Equity securities primarily represent investments in common and preferred stocks in companies with potential growth opportunities in different sectors, including healthcare and financial institutions.

Investment Funds. At June 30, 2018, the carrying value of investment funds was $1,209 million, including investments in real estate funds of $623 million, energy funds of $76 million, and other funds of $510 million. Investment funds are generally reported on a one-quarter lag.

Real Estate. Real estate is directly owned property held for investment. At June 30, 2018, real estate properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington, D.C., a hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, two office complexes in New York City and office buildings in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, Florida. In addition, there are two properties under development: an office building in London and a mixed-use project in Washington, D.C. The Company expects to fund further development costs for these projects with a combination of its own funds and external financing.

Arbitrage Trading Account. The arbitrage trading account is comprised of direct investments in arbitrage securities. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies that are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers.

Loans Receivable. Loans receivable, which are carried at amortized cost, had an aggregate cost of $98 million and an aggregate fair value of $100 million at June 30, 2018. The amortized cost of loans receivable is net of a valuation allowance of $3 million as of June 30, 2018. Loans receivable include real estate loans of $63 million that are secured by commercial real estate located primarily in New York. Real estate loans receivable generally earn interest at floating LIBOR-based interest rates and have maturities (inclusive of extension options) through August 2025. Loans receivable include commercial loans of $35 million that are secured by business assets and have fixed interest rates and floating LIBOR-based interest rates with varying maturities not exceeding 10 years.

Market Risk. The fair value of the Company’s investments is subject to risks of fluctuations in credit quality and interest rates. The Company uses various models and stress test scenarios to monitor and manage interest rate risk. The Company attempts to manage its interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration for the fixed maturity portfolio (including cash and cash equivalents) was 2.9 years at June 30, 2018 and 3.0 years at December 31, 2017.

In addition, the fair value of the Company’s international investments is subject to currency risk. The Company attempts to manage its currency risk by matching its foreign currency assets and liabilities where considered appropriate.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flow. Cash flow used in operating activities was $119 million in the first six months of 2018 as compared to $225 million provided from operating activities in the first six months of 2017, primarily due to the timing of loss and loss expense payments, certain long-term incentive plan payments and payments to taxing authorities.

The Company's insurance subsidiaries' principal sources of cash are premiums, investment income, service fees and proceeds from sales and maturities of portfolio investments. The principal uses of cash are payments for claims, taxes, operating expenses and dividends. The Company expects its insurance subsidiaries to fund the payment of losses with cash received from premiums, investment income and fees. The Company targets an average duration for its investment portfolio that is within one year of the average duration of its liabilities so that portions of its investment portfolio mature throughout the claim cycle and are available for the payment of claims if necessary. In the event operating cash flow and proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed income securities are not sufficient to fund claim payments and other cash requirements, the remainder of the Company's cash and investments is available to pay claims and other obligations as they become due. The Company's investment portfolio is highly liquid, with approximately 76% invested in cash, cash equivalents and marketable fixed maturity securities as of June 30, 2018. If the sale of fixed maturity securities were to become necessary, a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the cost and sales price of securities sold would be recognized.

Debt. At June 30, 2018, the Company had senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt outstanding with a carrying value of $2,699 million and a face amount of $2,737 million. The maturities of the outstanding debt are $453 million in 2019, $322 million in 2020, $427 million in 2022, $250 million in 2037, $350 million in 2044, $350 million in 2053, $400 million in 2056, and $185 million in 2058.

During 2018, the Company issued $175 million aggregate principal amount of 5.70% subordinated debentures due 2058 in March 2018, and another $10 million principal amount of such debentures in April 2018. Additionally in 2018, the Company issued subsidiary debt of $22 million.

Equity. At June 30, 2018, total common stockholders’ equity was $5.4 billion, common shares outstanding were 121,716,402 and stockholders’ equity per outstanding share was $44.58. The Company repurchased 101,000 common shares for $6.8 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock. The number of common shares outstanding excludes shares held in a grantor trust established by the Company for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred RSUs.

Total Capital. Total capitalization (equity, debt and subordinated debentures) was $8.1 billion at June 30, 2018. The percentage of the Company’s capital attributable to senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt was 33% at June 30, 2018 and 32% at December 31, 2017.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

Reference is made to the information under “Investments - Market Risk” under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-Q.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14 as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company has in place effective controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the quarter ended June 30, 2018, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Please see Note 20 to the notes to the interim consolidated financial statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company's annual report on From 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

The Company repurchased 101,000 shares during the three months ended March 31, 2018. The Company did not repurchase any of its shares during the three months ended June 30, 2018, and accordingly the number of shares authorized for purchase by the Company remains 9,167,997.

Item 6. Exhibits



Number
(31.1)		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).

(31.2)		Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).

(32.1)		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



		W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION
Date:	August 6, 2018	/s/ W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
		W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
		President and Chief Executive Officer

Date:	August 6, 2018	/s/ Richard M. Baio
		Richard M. Baio
		Senior Vice President - Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer