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BERKLEY W R CORP - Quarter Report: 2019 June (Form 10-Q)



 
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q
(Mark one)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2019
or
Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
For the Transition Period from                      to                     .
Commission File Number
1-15202

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
 
22-1867895
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 
 
 
475 Steamboat Road
Greenwich
Connecticut
06830
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
 
(Zip Code)
(203)
629-3000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 
None
 
Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report.
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title
Trading Symbol
Name
 
 
 
Common Stock, par value $.20 per share
WRB
New York Stock Exchange
5.625% Subordinated Debentures due 2053
WRB B
New York Stock Exchange
5.9% Subordinated Debentures due 2056
WRB C
New York Stock Exchange
5.75% Subordinated Debentures due 2056
WRB D
New York Stock Exchange
5.70% Subordinated Debentures due 2058
WRB E
New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes      No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes      No




Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
 
 
Accelerated filer
Non-accelerated filer
 
Smaller reporting company
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes     No
Number of shares of common stock, $.20 par value, outstanding as of July 30, 2019: 183,176,414
 




TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EX-101 INSTANCE DOCUMENT
EX-101 SCHEMA DOCUMENT
EX-101 CALCULATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 LABELS LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 PRESENTATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT
EX-101 DEFINITION LINKBASE DOCUMENT




Part I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.     Financial Statements

W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share data)
 
June 30,
2019
 
December 31,
2018
 
(Unaudited)
 
(Audited)
Assets
 
 
 
Investments:
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities
$
13,732,800

 
$
13,606,812

Real estate
2,067,544

 
1,957,092

Investment funds
1,401,571

 
1,332,818

Arbitrage trading account
533,442

 
452,548

Equity securities
416,588

 
279,006

Loans receivable
94,697

 
94,813

Total investments
18,246,642

 
17,723,089

Cash and cash equivalents
1,258,174

 
817,602

Premiums and fees receivable
2,034,036

 
1,807,762

Due from reinsurers
2,040,250

 
1,932,291

Deferred policy acquisition costs
520,908

 
497,629

Prepaid reinsurance premiums
538,358

 
498,880

Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations
402,361

 
347,228

Property, furniture and equipment
398,885

 
416,372

Goodwill
173,037

 
173,037

Accrued investment income
140,864

 
144,481

Federal and foreign income taxes

 
36,193

Other assets
734,388

 
501,413

Total assets
$
26,487,903

 
$
24,895,977

 
 
 
 
Liabilities and Equity
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
Reserves for losses and loss expenses
$
12,320,278

 
$
11,966,448

Unearned premiums
3,614,152

 
3,359,991

Due to reinsurers
294,949

 
256,917

Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased
159,349

 
38,120

Federal and foreign income taxes
38,437

 

Other liabilities
1,258,995

 
1,005,184

Senior notes and other debt
1,873,799

 
1,882,028

Subordinated debentures
907,866

 
907,491

Total liabilities
20,467,825

 
19,416,179

Equity:
 
 
 
Preferred stock, par value $.10 per share:
 
 
 
Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - none

 

Common stock, par value $.20 per share:
 
 
 
Authorized 500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 183,168,398 and 182,993,640 shares, respectively
70,535

 
70,535

Additional paid-in capital
1,058,416

 
1,039,633

Retained earnings
7,826,015

 
7,558,619

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(260,796
)
 
(510,470
)
Treasury stock, at cost, 169,508,366 and 169,683,237 shares, respectively
(2,717,410
)
 
(2,720,466
)
Total stockholders’ equity
5,976,760

 
5,437,851

Noncontrolling interests
43,318

 
41,947

Total equity
6,020,078

 
5,479,798

Total liabilities and equity
$
26,487,903

 
$
24,895,977

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

1




W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands, except per share data)
 
For the Three Months
Ended June 30,
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
 
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
REVENUES:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net premiums written
$
1,743,464

 
$
1,624,104

 
$
3,453,065

 
$
3,289,442

Change in net unearned premiums
(96,623
)
 
(43,051
)
 
(213,368
)
 
(140,981
)
Net premiums earned
1,646,841

 
1,581,053

 
3,239,697

 
3,148,461

Net investment income
188,333

 
153,777

 
346,587

 
328,295

Net realized and unrealized gains on investments
73,574

 
69,631

 
142,226

 
118,095

Revenues from non-insurance businesses
89,297

 
76,698

 
181,124

 
146,869

Insurance service fees
22,446

 
29,719

 
47,759

 
60,393

Other income
2,893

 
38

 
3,013

 
50

Total revenues
2,023,384

 
1,910,916

 
3,960,406

 
3,802,163

OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Losses and loss expenses
1,028,830

 
973,636

 
2,017,479

 
1,936,856

Other operating costs and expenses
591,828

 
593,142

 
1,179,916

 
1,203,581

Expenses from non-insurance businesses
88,272

 
75,191

 
178,397

 
144,734

Interest expense
40,718

 
39,705

 
81,439

 
76,760

Total operating costs and expenses
1,749,648

 
1,681,674

 
3,457,231

 
3,361,931

Income before income taxes
273,736

 
229,242

 
503,175

 
440,232

Income tax expense
(56,309
)
 
(48,464
)
 
(104,134
)
 
(91,881
)
Net income before noncontrolling interests
217,427

 
180,778

 
399,041

 
348,351

Noncontrolling interests
(718
)
 
(703
)
 
(1,610
)
 
(1,879
)
Net income to common stockholders
$
216,709

 
$
180,075

 
$
397,431

 
$
346,472

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NET INCOME PER SHARE:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
1.14

 
$
0.95

 
$
2.09

 
$
1.83

Diluted
$
1.12

 
$
0.93

 
$
2.06

 
$
1.80


See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.






2



W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands)
 
For the Three Months
Ended June 30,
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
 
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Net income before noncontrolling interests
$
217,427

 
$
180,778

 
$
399,041

 
$
348,351

Other comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in unrealized currency translation adjustments
(14,492
)
 
(104,455
)
 
5,268

 
(91,656
)
Change in unrealized investment gains (losses), net of taxes
118,649

 
(32,442
)
 
244,424

 
(158,214
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
104,157

 
(136,897
)
 
249,692

 
(249,870
)
Comprehensive income
321,584

 
43,881

 
648,733

 
98,481

Noncontrolling interests
(748
)
 
(666
)
 
(1,592
)
 
(1,853
)
Comprehensive income to common stockholders
$
320,836

 
$
43,215

 
$
647,141

 
$
96,628


See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

3


W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands)
 
For the Three Months
Ended June 30,
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
 
 
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019

2018
COMMON STOCK:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning and end of period
$
70,535

 
$
70,535

 
$
70,535

 
$
70,535

ADDITIONAL PAID-IN CAPITAL:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
$
1,053,372

 
$
1,033,718

 
$
1,039,633

 
$
1,024,771

Restricted stock units issued
(2,049
)
 
(5,155
)
 
(2,504
)
 
(5,642
)
Restricted stock units expensed
7,093

 
8,233

 
21,287

 
17,667

End of period
$
1,058,416

 
$
1,036,796

 
$
1,058,416

 
$
1,036,796

RETAINED EARNINGS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
$
7,721,039

 
$
7,322,201

 
$
7,558,619

 
$
6,956,882

Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles

 

 

 
215,939

Net income to common stockholders
216,709

 
180,075

 
397,431

 
346,472

Dividends ($0.61, $0.43, $0.71 and $0.53 per share, respectively)
(111,733
)
 
(79,114
)
 
(130,035
)
 
(96,131
)
End of period
$
7,826,015

 
$
7,423,162

 
$
7,826,015

 
$
7,423,162

ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized investment gains:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
$
34,236

 
$
35,099

 
$
(91,491
)
 
$
375,421

Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles

 

 

 
(214,539
)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired
118,597

 
(32,403
)
 
244,393

 
(158,199
)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities
82

 
(2
)
 
13

 
11

End of period
152,915

 
2,694

 
152,915

 
2,694

Currency translation adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
(399,219
)
 
(294,081
)
 
(418,979
)
 
(306,880
)
Net change in period
(14,492
)
 
(104,455
)
 
5,268

 
(91,656
)
End of period
(413,711
)
 
(398,536
)
 
(413,711
)
 
(398,536
)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss
$
(260,796
)
 
$
(395,842
)
 
$
(260,796
)
 
$
(395,842
)
TREASURY STOCK:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
$
(2,720,011
)
 
$
(2,715,697
)
 
$
(2,720,466
)
 
$
(2,709,386
)
Stock exercised/vested
2,049

 
6,475

 
2,504

 
6,963

Stock repurchased

 

 

 
(6,799
)
Stock issued
552

 
688

 
552

 
688

End of period
$
(2,717,410
)
 
$
(2,708,534
)
 
$
(2,717,410
)
 
$
(2,708,534
)
NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
$
42,844

 
$
40,404

 
$
41,947

 
$
39,819

Distributions
(274
)
 
(1,560
)
 
(221
)
 
(2,162
)
Net income
718

 
703

 
1,610

 
1,879

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
30

 
(37
)
 
(18
)
 
(26
)
End of period
$
43,318

 
$
39,510

 
$
43,318

 
$
39,510

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

4



W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands)
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
 
 
2019
 
2018
CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Net income to common stockholders
$
397,431

 
$
346,472

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from (used in) operating activities:
 
 
 
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments
(142,226
)
 
(118,095
)
Depreciation and amortization
51,289

 
56,372

Noncontrolling interests
1,610

 
1,879

Investment funds
(58,251
)
 
(53,070
)
Stock incentive plans
27,340

 
19,722

Change in:
 
 
 
Arbitrage trading account
(14,797
)
 
(7,871
)
Premiums and fees receivable
(223,771
)
 
(152,832
)
Reinsurance accounts
(112,681
)
 
(77,140
)
Deferred policy acquisition costs
(23,632
)
 
(11,152
)
Income taxes
2,759

 
(39,069
)
Reserves for losses and loss expenses
350,981

 
123,582

Unearned premiums
254,010

 
171,468

Other
(107,416
)
 
(140,904
)
Net cash from operating activities
402,646

 
119,362

CASH FROM (USED IN) INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities
1,320,079

 
2,773,554

Proceeds from sale of equity securities
39,103

 
284,204

Contributions to investment funds
(2,896
)
 
(4,996
)
Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities
1,490,772

 
1,305,805

Purchase of fixed maturity securities
(2,633,251
)
 
(4,062,901
)
Purchase of equity securities
(41,849
)
 
(87,059
)
Real estate purchased
(117,773
)
 
(419,021
)
Change in loans receivable
140

 
(16,310
)
Net additions to property, furniture and equipment
(10,804
)
 
(29,704
)
Change in balances due to security brokers
19,096

 
46,641

Payment for business purchased net of cash acquired

 
(6,637
)
Net cash from (used in) investing activities
62,617

 
(216,424
)
CASH (USED IN) FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Repayment of senior notes and other debt

 
(23
)
Net proceeds from issuance of debt

 
200,838

Cash dividends to common stockholders
(18,302
)
 
(77,873
)
Purchase of common treasury shares

 
(6,799
)
Other, net
(5,548
)
 
(1,763
)
Net cash (used in) from financing activities
(23,850
)
 
114,380

Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates
(841
)
 
(56,587
)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents
440,572

 
(39,269
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
817,602

 
950,471

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$
1,258,174

 
$
911,202

See accompanying notes to interim consolidated financial statements.

5




W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries
NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

(1) General
The unaudited consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of W. R. Berkley Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and notes required by GAAP for annual financial statements. The unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring items, which are necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position and results of operations on a basis consistent with the prior audited consolidated financial statements. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the revenues and expenses reflected during the reporting period. For further information related to areas of judgment and estimates and other information necessary to understand the Company’s financial position and results of operations, refer to the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Reclassifications have been made in the 2018 financial statements as originally reported to conform to the presentation of the 2019 financial statements. Shares outstanding and per share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the 3-for-2 common stock split effected on April 2, 2019. Additionally, commencing with the first quarter of 2019, the Company renamed the Reinsurance segment to Reinsurance & Monoline Excess, and reclassified the monoline excess business from the Insurance segment. The reclassified business includes operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.
The income tax provision has been computed based on the Company’s estimated annual effective tax rate. The effective tax rate for the quarter differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% principally because of tax-exempt investment income, as well as tax on income from foreign jurisdictions with different tax rates.

(2) Per Share Data
The Company presents both basic and diluted net income per share (“EPS”) amounts. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period (including 7,389,781 and 7,270,954 common shares held in a grantor trust as of June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively). The common shares held in the grantor trust are for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Shares held by the grantor trust do not affect diluted shares outstanding since the shares deliverable under vested RSUs were already included in diluted shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is based upon the weighted average number of basic and common equivalent shares outstanding during the period and is calculated using the treasury stock method for stock incentive plans. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect.
The weighted average number of common shares used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share was as follows:
 
For the Three Months
Ended June 30,
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
 
 
(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Basic
190,512

 
189,776

 
190,456

 
189,669

Diluted
193,059

 
192,509

 
192,804

 
192,284



(3) Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements:
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02, Leases, which amends the accounting and disclosure guidance for leases. This guidance retains the two classifications of a lease, as either an operating or finance lease, both of which require lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than 12 months. The right-of-use asset and the lease liability are determined based upon the present value of cash flows. Finance leases reflect the financial arrangement by recognizing interest expense on the lease liability separately from the amortization expense of the right-of-use asset. Operating leases recognize lease expense (with no separate recognition of interest expense) on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The accounting

6



by lessors is not significantly changed by the updated guidance. The updated guidance was effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. As permitted by the rules, the Company adopted the new guidance prospectively for the quarter ended March 31, 2019. The Company elected to use the practical expedient permitted by the transition guidance which allowed companies to not reassess existing lease classifications for already effective leases. The adoption of this guidance resulted in the recognition of a right-of-use asset of $185 million and a lease liability of $215 million (prior to adoption the Company had a $30 million deferred rent liability recognized) reported within other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on the Company's results of operations or liquidity.

All other accounting and reporting standards that have become effective in 2019 were either not applicable to the Company or their adoption did not have a material impact on the Company. 
Accounting and reporting standards that are not yet effective:
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which amends the accounting guidance for credit losses on financial instruments. The updated guidance amends the current other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities by requiring the recognition of impairments relating to credit losses through an allowance account and limits the amount of credit loss to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. This guidance also applies a new current expected credit loss model for determining credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as reinsurance recoverables. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company will not be able to determine the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity until the year the guidance becomes effective.

All other recently issued but not yet effective accounting and reporting standards are either not applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company.



7



(4) Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

The following table presents the components of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income ("AOCI"):
(In thousands)
Unrealized Investment
Gains (Losses)
 
Currency Translation Adjustments
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive
(Loss) Income
As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
Changes in AOCI
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
$
(91,491
)
 
$
(418,979
)
 
$
(510,470
)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
245,615

 
5,268

 
250,883

Amounts reclassified from AOCI
(1,191
)
 

 
(1,191
)
Other comprehensive income
244,424

 
5,268

 
249,692

Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest
(18
)
 

 
(18
)
End of period
$
152,915

 
$
(413,711
)
 
$
(260,796
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
 
 
 
 
Pre-tax
$
(1,508
)
(1)
$

 
$
(1,508
)
Tax effect
317

(2)

 
317

After-tax amounts reclassified
$
(1,191
)
 
$

 
$
(1,191
)
Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 
Pre-tax
$
316,331

 
$
5,268

 
$
321,599

Tax effect
(71,907
)
 

 
(71,907
)
Other comprehensive income
$
244,424

 
$
5,268

 
$
249,692

As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
Changes in AOCI
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
$
34,236

 
$
(399,219
)
 
$
(364,983
)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
118,475

 
(14,492
)
 
103,983

Amounts reclassified from AOCI
174

 

 
174

Other comprehensive income (loss)
118,649

 
(14,492
)
 
104,157

Unrealized investment losses related to noncontrolling interest
30

 

 
30

Ending balance
$
152,915

 
$
(413,711
)
 
$
(260,796
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
 
 
 
 
Pre-tax
$
220

(1)
$

 
$
220

Tax effect
(46
)
(2)

 
(46
)
After-tax amounts reclassified
$
174

 
$

 
$
174

Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
 
 
 
 
Pre-tax
$
147,072

 
$
(14,492
)
 
$
132,580

Tax effect
(28,423
)
 

 
(28,423
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
$
118,649

 
$
(14,492
)
 
$
104,157

_________________________
(1) Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) Income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.

8



(In thousands)
Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)
 
           Currency Translation Adjustments
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
As of and for the six months ended June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
Changes in AOCI
 
 
 
 
Beginning of period
$
375,421

 
$
(306,880
)
 
$
68,541

Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles
(214,539
)
 

 
(214,539
)
Restated beginning of period
160,882

 
(306,880
)
 
(145,998
)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications
(147,632
)
 
(91,656
)
 
(239,288
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
(10,582
)
 

 
(10,582
)
Other comprehensive loss
(158,214
)
 
(91,656
)
 
(249,870
)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest
26

 

 
26

End of period
$
2,694

 
$
(398,536
)
 
$
(395,842
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
 
 
 

Pre-tax
$
(13,395
)
(1)
$

 
$
(13,395
)
Tax effect
2,813

(2)

 
2,813

After-tax amounts reclassified
$
(10,582
)
 
$

 
$
(10,582
)
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 

Pre-tax
$
(201,336
)
 
$
(91,656
)
 
$
(292,992
)
Tax effect
43,122

 

 
43,122

Other comprehensive loss
$
(158,214
)
 
$
(91,656
)
 
$
(249,870
)
As of and for the three months ended June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
Changes in AOCI
 
 
 


Beginning of period
$
35,099

 
$
(294,081
)
 
$
(258,982
)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications
(29,443
)
 
(104,455
)
 
(133,898
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
(2,999
)
 

 
(2,999
)
Other comprehensive loss
(32,442
)
 
(104,455
)
 
(136,897
)
Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest
37

 

 
37

Ending balance
$
2,694

 
$
(398,536
)
 
$
(395,842
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
 
 
 

Pre-tax
$
(3,796
)
(1)
$

 
$
(3,796
)
Tax effect
797

(2)

 
797

After-tax amounts reclassified
$
(2,999
)
 
$

 
$
(2,999
)
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 

Pre-tax
$
(40,488
)
 
$
(104,455
)
 
$
(144,943
)
Tax effect
8,046

 

 
8,046

Other comprehensive loss
$
(32,442
)
 
$
(104,455
)
 
$
(136,897
)
_________________________
(1) Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) Income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.



9



(5) Statements of Cash Flows
Interest payments were $77,672,000 and $72,878,000 and income taxes paid were $82,800,000 and $111,000,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

(6) Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities
At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, investments in fixed maturity securities were as follows:
 
(In thousands)
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross Unrealized
 
Fair
Value
 
Carrying
Value
Gains
 
Losses
 
June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held to maturity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
State and municipal
$
69,167

 
$
13,089

 
$

 
$
82,256

 
$
69,167

Residential mortgage-backed
9,380

 
1,083

 

 
10,463

 
9,380

Total held to maturity
78,547

 
14,172

 

 
92,719

 
78,547

Available for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and government agency
760,247

 
18,241

 
(1,418
)
 
777,070

 
777,070

State and municipal:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Special revenue
2,322,750

 
63,204

 
(2,674
)
 
2,383,280

 
2,383,280

State general obligation
320,338

 
22,108

 
(43
)
 
342,403

 
342,403

Pre-refunded
298,825

 
19,876

 
(122
)
 
318,579

 
318,579

Corporate backed
238,319

 
7,065

 
(639
)
 
244,745

 
244,745

Local general obligation
427,233

 
32,026

 
(443
)
 
458,816

 
458,816

Total state and municipal
3,607,465

 
144,279

 
(3,921
)
 
3,747,823

 
3,747,823

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential (1)
1,242,880

 
28,521

 
(5,316
)
 
1,266,085

 
1,266,085

Commercial
303,332

 
6,829

 
(380
)
 
309,781

 
309,781

Total mortgage-backed securities
1,546,212

 
35,350

 
(5,696
)
 
1,575,866

 
1,575,866

Asset-backed
2,719,618

 
9,874

 
(27,707
)
 
2,701,785

 
2,701,785

Corporate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Industrial
2,178,339

 
59,623

 
(7,755
)
 
2,230,207

 
2,230,207

Financial
1,431,612

 
27,484

 
(5,373
)
 
1,453,723

 
1,453,723

Utilities
312,200

 
12,548

 
(426
)
 
324,322

 
324,322

Other
27,027

 
1,096

 
(90
)
 
28,033

 
28,033

Total corporate
3,949,178

 
100,751

 
(13,644
)
 
4,036,285

 
4,036,285

Foreign government
818,276

 
20,507

 
(23,359
)
 
815,424

 
815,424

Total available for sale
13,400,996

 
329,002

 
(75,745
)
 
13,654,253

 
13,654,253

Total investments in fixed maturity securities
$
13,479,543

 
$
343,174

 
$
(75,745
)
 
$
13,746,972

 
$
13,732,800


10



(In thousands)
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross Unrealized
 
Fair
Value
 
Carrying
Value
Gains
 
Losses
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held to maturity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
State and municipal
$
67,891

 
$
11,549

 
$

 
$
79,440

 
$
67,891

Residential mortgage-backed
10,744

 
1,259

 

 
12,003

 
10,744

Total held to maturity
78,635

 
12,808

 

 
91,443

 
78,635

Available for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and government agency
697,931

 
9,219

 
(4,910
)
 
702,240

 
702,240

State and municipal:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Special revenue
2,396,089

 
30,507

 
(19,790
)
 
2,406,806

 
2,406,806

State general obligation
335,626

 
11,951

 
(1,103
)
 
346,474

 
346,474

Pre-refunded
408,141

 
16,568

 
(30
)
 
424,679

 
424,679

Corporate backed
272,440

 
4,319

 
(2,350
)
 
274,409

 
274,409

Local general obligation
403,219

 
18,350

 
(1,339
)
 
420,230

 
420,230

Total state and municipal
3,815,515

 
81,695

 
(24,612
)
 
3,872,598

 
3,872,598

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential (1)
1,264,376

 
7,729

 
(20,225
)
 
1,251,880

 
1,251,880

Commercial
345,070

 
1,304

 
(3,708
)
 
342,666

 
342,666

Total mortgage-backed securities
1,609,446

 
9,033

 
(23,933
)
 
1,594,546

 
1,594,546

Asset-backed
2,462,303

 
10,131

 
(33,687
)
 
2,438,747

 
2,438,747

Corporate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Industrial
2,295,778

 
15,355

 
(53,312
)
 
2,257,821

 
2,257,821

Financial
1,502,427

 
7,178

 
(45,683
)
 
1,463,922

 
1,463,922

Utilities
330,326

 
2,997

 
(4,148
)
 
329,175

 
329,175

Other
60,238

 
322

 
(167
)
 
60,393

 
60,393

Total corporate
4,188,769

 
25,852

 
(103,310
)
 
4,111,311

 
4,111,311

Foreign government
822,093

 
11,753

 
(25,111
)
 
808,735

 
808,735

Total available for sale
13,596,057

 
147,683

 
(215,563
)
 
13,528,177

 
13,528,177

Total investments in fixed maturity securities
$
13,674,692


$
160,491

 
$
(215,563
)
 
$
13,619,620

 
$
13,606,812

____________
(1) Gross unrealized losses for residential mortgage-backed securities include $(42,762) and $(55,090) as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, related to securities with the non-credit portion of other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income.

The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at June 30, 2019, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.
 
(In thousands)
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair
Value
Due in one year or less
$
1,017,744

 
$
1,022,427

Due after one year through five years
4,680,578

 
4,764,795

Due after five years through ten years
3,226,328

 
3,347,580

Due after ten years
2,999,301

 
3,025,841

Mortgage-backed securities
1,555,592

 
1,586,329

Total
$
13,479,543

 
$
13,746,972


At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were no investments that exceeded 10% of common stockholders' equity, other than investments in United States government and government agency securities.



11



(7) Investments in Equity Securities
At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, investments in equity securities were as follows:
 
(In thousands)
Cost
 
Gross Unrealized
 
Fair
Value
 
Carrying
Value
Gains
 
Losses
 
June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stocks
$
153,440

 
$
8,092

 
$
(21,306
)
 
$
140,226

 
$
140,226

Preferred stocks
101,423

 
180,316

 
(5,377
)
 
276,362

 
276,362

Total
$
254,863

 
$
188,408

 
$
(26,683
)
 
$
416,588

 
$
416,588

December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stocks
$
113,576

 
$
4,335

 
$
(19,719
)
 
$
98,192

 
$
98,192

Preferred stocks
115,201

 
72,364

 
(6,751
)
 
180,814

 
180,814

Total
$
228,777

 
$
76,699

 
$
(26,470
)
 
$
279,006

 
$
279,006





(8) Arbitrage Trading Account
At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the fair and carrying values of the arbitrage trading account were $533 million and $453 million, respectively. The primary focus of the trading account is merger arbitrage. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies which are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers. Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investing in its focus on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less).
The Company uses put options, call options and swap contracts in order to mitigate the impact of potential changes in market conditions on the merger arbitrage trading account. These options and contracts are reported at fair value. As of June 30, 2019, the fair value of long option contracts outstanding was $313 thousand (notional amount of $9.9 million) and the fair value of short option contracts outstanding was $291 thousand (notional amount of $15.6 million). Other than with respect to the use of these trading account securities, the Company does not make use of derivatives.


(9) Net Investment Income
Net investment income consists of the following: 
 
For the Three Months
Ended June 30,
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
 
 
(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Investment income earned on:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable
$
128,903

 
$
129,665

 
$
261,022

 
$
252,911

Investment funds
46,840

 
12,716

 
58,251

 
53,070

Arbitrage trading account
7,199

 
8,333

 
17,784

 
13,524

Real estate
5,174

 
3,174

 
9,481

 
9,742

Equity securities
1,303

 
559

 
2,591

 
1,205

Gross investment income
189,419

 
154,447

 
349,129

 
330,452

Investment expense
(1,086
)
 
(670
)
 
(2,542
)
 
(2,157
)
Net investment income
$
188,333

 
$
153,777

 
$
346,587

 
$
328,295





12



(10) Investment Funds
The Company evaluates whether it is an investor in a variable interest entity ("VIE"). Such entities do not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support, or the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary).  The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE's capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE's operations and purpose, and the Company's relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE and on an ongoing basis. The Company is not the primary beneficiary in any of its investment funds, and accordingly, carries its interests in investment funds under the equity method of accounting.
    
The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the carrying amount reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and its unfunded commitments, which were $241 million as of June 30, 2019.
Investment funds consisted of the following:
 
Carrying Value as of
 
Income (Loss) from
Investment Funds
 
June 30,
 
December 31,
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Real estate
$
654,610

 
$
642,137

 
$
13,078

 
$
35,826

Energy
75,053

 
75,213

 
(7,100
)
 
(1,256
)
Other funds
671,908

 
615,468

 
52,273

 
18,500

Total
$
1,401,571

 
$
1,332,818

 
$
58,251


$
53,070



The Company's share of the earnings or losses of investment funds is generally reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.

(11) Real Estate
Investment in real estate represents directly owned property held for investment, as follows:
 
Carrying Value
 
June 30,
 
December 31,
(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
Properties in operation
$
1,310,149

 
$
1,279,584

Properties under development
757,395

 
677,508

Total
$
2,067,544

 
$
1,957,092



In 2019, properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington, D.C., a hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, two office complexes in New York City, office buildings in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, Florida, and an office building in London. Properties in operation are net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $55,515,000 and $46,250,000 as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Related depreciation expense was $8,931,000 and $10,784,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Future minimum rental income expected on operating leases relating to properties in operation is $32,963,388 in 2019, $66,249,918 in 2020, $68,157,589 in 2021, $71,308,839 in 2022, $64,897,648 in 2023, $62,673,400 in 2024 and $666,203,503 thereafter.

The Company borrowed $101,750,000 through a non-recourse loan secured by the West Palm Beach office building in 2018. The loan matures in November 2028 and carries a fixed interest rate of 4.21%. The carrying value does not reflect the outstanding financing, but rather is reflected within senior notes and other debt on the Company's consolidated balance sheet.

A mixed-use project in Washington, D.C. has been under development in 2018 and 2019.


13



(12) Loans Receivable
Loans receivable are as follows:
(In thousands)
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Amortized cost (net of valuation allowance):
 
 
 
Real estate loans
$
61,830

 
$
62,289

Commercial loans
32,867

 
32,524

Total
$
94,697

 
$
94,813

 
 
 
 
Fair value:
 
 
 
Real estate loans
$
62,536

 
$
63,047

Commercial loans
34,369

 
34,026

Total
$
96,905

 
$
97,073

 
 
 
 
Valuation allowance:
 
 
 
Specific
$
341

 
$
1,200

General
1,949

 
2,183

Total
$
2,290

 
$
3,383

 
 
 
 
 
For the Three Months
Ended June 30,
 
 
2019
 
2018
  Change in valuation allowance
$
(1,093
)
 
$

 
 
 
 
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
 
 
2019
 
2018
  Change in valuation allowance
$
(1,093
)
 
$


Loans receivable in non-accrual status were $0.4 million and $1.2 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of the borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions. Loans receivable with a potential for default are further assessed using discounted cash flow analysis and comparable cost and sales methodologies, if appropriate.
The real estate loans are secured by commercial real estate primarily located in New York. These loans generally earn interest at floating LIBOR-based interest rates and have maturities (inclusive of extension options) through August 2025. The commercial loans are with small business owners who have secured the related financing with the assets of the business. Commercial loans primarily earn interest on a fixed basis and have varying maturities generally not exceeding 10 years.
In evaluating the real estate loans, the Company considers their credit quality indicators, including loan to value ratios, which compare the outstanding loan amount to the estimated value of the property, the borrower’s financial condition and performance with respect to loan terms, the position in the capital structure, the overall leverage in the capital structure and other market conditions. Based on these considerations, none of the real estate loans were considered to be impaired at June 30, 2019, and accordingly, the Company determined that a specific valuation allowance was not required.


14



(13) Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investments
 Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments are as follows:
 
For the Three Months
Ended June 30,
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments in earnings
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

Fixed maturity securities:
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

Gains
$
3,157

 
$
7,921

 
$
8,403

 
$
21,260

Losses
(3,377
)
 
(4,125
)
 
(6,895
)
 
(7,865
)
Equity securities (1):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net realized (losses) gains on investment sales
(6
)
 
119,422

 
23,339

 
241,743

Change in unrealized gains (losses)
69,418

 
(54,652
)
 
111,496

 
(148,857
)
Investment funds
41

 
(353
)
 
58

 
(234
)
Real estate
3,021

 
(402
)
 
5,767

 
7,596

Loans receivable

 
1

 
(970
)
 
2,059

Other
1,320

 
1,819

 
1,028

 
2,393

Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in earnings before OTTI
73,574

 
69,631

 
142,226

 
118,095

Other-than-temporary impairments

 

 

 

Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in earnings
73,574

 
69,631

 
142,226

 
118,095

Income tax expense
(15,451
)
 
(14,623
)
 
(29,867
)
 
(24,800
)
After-tax net realized and unrealized gains on investments in earnings
$
58,123

 
$
55,008

 
$
112,359

 
$
93,295


Change in unrealized investment gains (losses) of available for sale securities:
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
Fixed maturity securities
$
146,629

 
$
(36,848
)
 
$
321,123

 
$
(196,575
)
Previously impaired fixed maturity securities
81

 
(2
)
 
12

 
11

Investment funds
361

 
(3,638
)
 
(4,804
)
 
(4,772
)
Total change in unrealized investment gains (losses)
147,071

 
(40,488
)
 
316,331

 
(201,336
)
Income tax (expense) benefit
(28,422
)
 
8,118

 
(71,907
)
 
43,194

Noncontrolling interests
30

 
37

 
(18
)
 
26

After-tax change in unrealized investment gains (losses) of available for sale securities
$
118,679

 
$
(32,333
)
 
$
244,406

 
$
(158,116
)
______________________
(1) The net realized gains or losses on investment sales represent the total gains or losses from the purchase dates of the equity securities. The change in unrealized gains consists of two components: (i) the reversal of the gain or loss recognized in previous periods on equity securities sold and (ii) the change in unrealized gain or loss resulting from mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held.


15



(14) Fixed Maturity Securities in an Unrealized Loss Position
The following tables summarize all fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 by the length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position:
  
Less Than 12 Months
 
12 Months or Greater
 
Total
(In thousands)
Fair
Value
 
Gross
Unrealized Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Gross
Unrealized Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Gross
Unrealized Losses
June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and government agency
$
6,175

 
$
37

 
$
92,729

 
$
1,381

 
$
98,904

 
$
1,418

State and municipal
64,499

 
838

 
270,454

 
3,083

 
334,953

 
3,921

Mortgage-backed securities
23,049

 
112

 
334,887

 
5,584

 
357,936

 
5,696

Asset-backed securities
1,010,706

 
17,410

 
572,110

 
10,297

 
1,582,816

 
27,707

Corporate
139,627

 
1,095

 
328,409

 
12,549

 
468,036

 
13,644

Foreign government
140,589

 
18,942

 
73,967

 
4,417

 
214,556

 
23,359

Fixed maturity securities
$
1,384,645

 
$
38,434

 
$
1,672,556

 
$
37,311

 
$
3,057,201

 
$
75,745

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and government agency
$
195,359

 
$
933

 
$
130,815

 
$
3,977

 
$
326,174

 
$
4,910

State and municipal
701,700

 
6,874

 
744,905

 
17,738

 
1,446,605

 
24,612

Mortgage-backed securities
334,063

 
2,911

 
712,595

 
21,022

 
1,046,658

 
23,933

Asset-backed securities
1,687,665

 
28,965

 
342,855

 
4,722

 
2,030,520

 
33,687

Corporate
1,730,513

 
54,181

 
954,763

 
49,129

 
2,685,276

 
103,310

Foreign government
246,273

 
24,197

 
80,004

 
914

 
326,277

 
25,111

Fixed maturity securities
$
4,895,573

 
$
118,061

 
$
2,965,937

 
$
97,502

 
$
7,861,510

 
$
215,563


A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2019 is presented in the table below:
($ in thousands)
Number of
Securities
 
Aggregate
Fair Value
 
Gross
Unrealized Loss
Foreign government
12

 
$
114,714

 
$
22,719

Corporate
11

 
65,905

 
3,278

Asset-backed securities
7

 
10,412

 
1,344

Mortgage-backed securities
4

 
7,170

 
63

Total
34

 
$
198,201

 
$
27,404


For OTTI of fixed maturity securities that management does not intend to sell or to be required to sell, the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to credit factors is recognized in earnings, and the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.
     The Company has evaluated its fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due and does not consider any of these securities to be OTTI.

(15) Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities and its arbitrage trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels, as follows:
Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

16



Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or valuations based on inputs that are observable.
Level 3 - Estimates of fair value based on internal pricing methodologies using unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs are only used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available.
Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities were priced by independent pricing services. The prices provided by the independent pricing services are estimated based on observable market data in active markets utilizing pricing models and processes, which may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, sector groupings, matrix pricing and reference data. The pricing services may prioritize inputs differently on any given day for any security based on market conditions, and not all inputs are available for each security evaluation on any given day. The pricing services used by the Company have indicated that they will only produce an estimate of fair value if objectively verifiable information is available. The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness and periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation.
If prices from independent pricing services are not available for fixed maturity securities, the Company estimates the fair value. For Level 2 securities, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark yields, sector groupings, matrix pricing, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, bids, offers and reference data. Where broker quotes are used, the Company generally requests two or more quotes and sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes received from brokers. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial projections, credit quality and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.
For Level 3 securities, the Company generally uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of fixed maturity securities. The cash flow models are based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rate and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Projected cash flows are discounted at rates that are adjusted to reflect illiquidity, where appropriate.
    

17



The following tables present the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 by level:
(In thousands)
Total
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and government agency
$
777,070

 
$

 
$
777,070

 
$

State and municipal
3,747,823

 

 
3,747,823

 

Mortgage-backed securities
1,575,866

 

 
1,575,866

 

Asset-backed securities
2,701,785

 

 
2,701,760

 
25

Corporate
4,036,285

 

 
4,036,285

 

Foreign government
815,424

 

 
815,424

 

Total fixed maturity securities available for sale
13,654,253

 

 
13,654,228

 
25

Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stocks
140,226

 
131,242

 

 
8,984

Preferred stocks
276,362

 

 
272,426

 
3,936

Total equity securities
416,588

 
131,242

 
272,426

 
12,920

Arbitrage trading account
533,442

 
424,030

 
83,206

 
26,206

Total
$
14,604,283

 
$
555,272

 
$
14,009,860

 
$
39,151

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased
$
159,349

 
$
144,420

 
$
213

 
$
14,716

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities available for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government and government agency
$
702,240

 
$

 
$
702,240

 
$

State and municipal
3,872,598

 

 
3,872,598

 

Mortgage-backed securities
1,594,546

 

 
1,594,546

 

Asset-backed securities
2,438,747

 

 
2,438,648

 
99

Corporate
4,111,311

 

 
4,111,311

 

Foreign government
808,735

 

 
808,735

 

Total fixed maturity securities available for sale
13,528,177

 

 
13,528,078

 
99

Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stocks
98,192

 
89,596

 

 
8,596

Preferred stocks
180,814

 

 
176,869

 
3,945

Total equity securities
279,006

 
89,596

 
176,869

 
12,541

Arbitrage trading account
452,548

 
353,335

 
81,905

 
17,308

Total
$
14,259,731

 
$
442,931

 
$
13,786,852

 
$
29,948

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased
$
38,120

 
$
37,327

 
$

 
$
793




18



The following tables summarize changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and for the year ended December 31, 2018:
 
  
                        Gains (Losses) Included in:
 
(In thousands)
Beginning
Balance
 
Earnings (Losses)
 
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Impairments
 
Purchases
 
(Sales)
 
Paydowns / Maturities
 
Transfers In / (Out)
 
Ending
Balance
 
 
Six Months Ended
June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities securities available for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asset-backed securities
$
99

 
$
2

 
$
46

 
$

 
$

 
$
(122
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
25

 
Total
99

 
2

 
46

 

 

 
(122
)
 

 

 
25

 
Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stocks
8,596

 
388

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
8,984

 
Preferred stocks
3,945

 
(9
)
 

 

 

 

 

 

 
3,936

 
Total
12,541

 
379

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
12,920

 
Arbitrage trading account
17,308

 
409

 

 

 
14,672

 
(21,072
)
 

 
14,889

 
26,206

 
Total
$
29,948

 
$
790

 
$
46

 
$

 
$
14,672

 
$
(21,194
)
 
$

 
$
14,889

 
$
39,151

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased
$
793

 
$
9,320

 
$

 
$

 
$
7,609

 
$
(3,006
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
14,716

 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities securities available for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asset-backed securities
$
172

 
$
(2
)
 
$
46

 
$

 
$

 
$
(117
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
99

 
Total
172

 
(2
)
 
46

 

 

 
(117
)
 

 

 
99

 
Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common stocks
9,370

 
(548
)
 

 

 

 
(227
)
 

 
1

 
8,596

 
Preferred stocks
10,843

 
100

 

 

 


 
(6,998
)
 

 

 
3,945

 
Total
20,213

 
(448
)
 

 

 

 
(7,225
)
 

 
1

 
12,541

 
Arbitrage trading account

 
(6
)
 

 

 
11,523

 
(11
)
 

 
5,802

 
17,308

 
Total
$
20,385

 
$
(456
)
 
$
46

 
$

 
$
11,523

 
$
(7,353
)
 
$

 
$
5,803

 
$
29,948

 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased
$

 
$
(67
)
 
$

 
$

 
$
860

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
793


Transfers into Level 3 represent cases where a publicly traded price was no longer available for a particular investment.


19



(16) Reserves for Loss and Loss Expenses
The Company's reserves for losses and loss expenses are comprised of case reserves and incurred but not reported liabilities ("IBNR"). When a claim is reported, a case reserve is established for the estimated ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim. As more information about the claim becomes available over time, case reserves are adjusted up or down as appropriate. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for IBNR liabilities and expected loss reserve development on reported claims.
Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.
The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions.
The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns.
Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.
Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.
The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed.

20



The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances:
 
June 30,
(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
Net reserves at beginning of period
$
10,248,883

 
$
10,056,914

Net provision for losses and loss expenses:
 
 
 
Claims occurring during the current year (1)
1,980,138

 
1,916,140

Increase (decrease) in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) (3)
16,764

 
(246
)
Loss reserve discount accretion
20,577

 
20,962

Total
2,017,479

 
1,936,856

Net payments for claims:
 

 
 

Current year
548,589

 
316,567

Prior years
1,200,906

 
1,527,522

Total
1,749,495

 
1,844,089

Foreign currency translation
(2,228
)
 
(72,351
)
Net reserves at end of period
10,514,639

 
10,077,330

Ceded reserves at end of period
1,805,639

 
1,659,245

Gross reserves at end of period
$
12,320,278

 
$
11,736,575


_______________________________________
(1) Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $11 million and $13 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.
(2) The change in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years increased by $9 million and decreased by $6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(3) For certain retrospectively rated insurance policies and reinsurance agreements, reserve development is offset by additional or return premiums. Favorable development, net of additional and return premiums, was $14 million and $19 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
During the six months ended June 30, 2019, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $13.6 million included $17.2 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, offset by $3.6 million of adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.
The overall favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to favorable development on workers’ compensation business, partially offset by adverse development on other liability business, commercial auto liability business, and medical malpractice business. The favorable workers’ compensation development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2009, but was most significant in accident years 2015 through 2018. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The adverse other liability development was mainly related to accident years 2014 through 2016. It was driven by a higher than expected number of large losses being reported in the period, including both general liability and professional liability losses. The adverse commercial auto liability development was primarily related to accident year 2018, and was driven by a higher than expected number of large losses. The adverse medical malpractice development was primarily related to accident years 2013 through 2016, and stemmed from a discontinued book of business at one of our profit centers.
The adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment was mainly driven by U.S. casualty facultative business from accident years 2009 and prior related to construction projects.
During the six months ended June 30, 2018, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $19.3 million included $18.6 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, and $0.7 million of favorable development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. The favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to workers’ compensation business. The favorable workers’ compensation development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2008, but was most significant in accident years 2015 through 2017. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced in recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure).


21



(17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments:
  
June 30, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(In thousands)
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturity securities
$
13,732,800

 
$
13,746,972

 
$
13,606,812

 
$
13,619,620

Equity securities
416,588

 
416,588

 
279,006

 
279,006

Arbitrage trading account
533,442

 
533,442

 
452,548

 
452,548

Loans receivable
94,697

 
96,905

 
94,813

 
97,073

Cash and cash equivalents
1,258,174

 
1,258,174

 
817,602

 
817,602

Trading account receivables from brokers and clearing organizations
402,361

 
402,361

 
347,228

 
347,228

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Due to broker
39,230

 
39,230

 
20,144

 
20,144

Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased
159,349

 
159,349

 
38,120

 
38,120

Subordinated debentures
907,866

 
969,172

 
907,491

 
840,002

Senior notes and other debt
1,873,799

 
2,019,430

 
1,882,028

 
1,968,996


The estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed maturity securities, equity securities and arbitrage trading account securities are based on various valuation techniques that rely on fair value measurements as described in Note 15. The fair value of loans receivable are estimated by using current institutional purchaser yield requirements for loans with similar credit characteristics, which is considered a Level 2 input. The fair value of the senior notes and other debt and the subordinated debentures is based on spreads for similar securities, which is considered a Level 2 input.

(18) Reinsurance
The following is a summary of reinsurance financial information:
 
For the Three Months
Ended June 30,
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
 
 
(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Written premiums:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Direct
$
1,883,032

 
$
1,785,266

 
$
3,712,847

 
$
3,572,501

Assumed
206,828

 
162,808

 
423,243

 
354,995

Ceded
(346,396
)
 
(323,970
)
 
(683,025
)
 
(638,054
)
Total net premiums written
$
1,743,464

 
$
1,624,104

 
$
3,453,065

 
$
3,289,442

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earned premiums:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Direct
$
1,773,437

 
$
1,705,277

 
$
3,497,047

 
$
3,379,827

Assumed
198,661

 
180,509

 
386,852

 
369,375

Ceded
(325,257
)
 
(304,733
)
 
(644,202
)
 
(600,741
)
Total net premiums earned
$
1,646,841

 
$
1,581,053

 
$
3,239,697

 
$
3,148,461

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred
$
239,267

 
$
161,073

 
$
412,314

 
$
400,068

Ceded commissions earned
$
73,092

 
$
65,922

 
$
144,109

 
$
132,278


The Company reinsures a portion of its insurance exposures in order to reduce its net liability on individual risks and catastrophe losses. The Company also cedes premiums to state assigned risk plans and captive insurance companies. Estimated amounts due from reinsurers are reported net of reserves for uncollectible reinsurance of $1 million as of both June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.


22



(19) Restricted Stock Units
Pursuant to its stock incentive plan, the Company may issue restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The RSUs generally vest three to five years from the award date and are subject to other vesting and forfeiture provisions contained in the award agreement. RSUs are expensed pro-ratably over the vesting period. RSU expenses were $25 million and $18 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. A summary of RSUs issued in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 follows:
($ in thousands)
Units
 
Fair Value
2019
5,141

 
$
308

2018
19,538

 
$
963



(20) Litigation and Contingent Liabilities
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to disputes, litigation and arbitration arising from its insurance and reinsurance businesses. These matters are generally related to insurance and reinsurance claims and are considered in the establishment of loss and loss expense reserves. In addition, the Company may also become involved in legal actions which seek extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties, including claims alleging bad faith in handling of insurance claims. The Company expects its ultimate liability with respect to such matters will not be material to its financial condition. However, adverse outcomes on such matters are possible, from time to time, and could be material to the Company’s results of operations in any particular financial reporting period.

(21) Leases
As described in note 3, the Company prospectively adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases, for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, which requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than 12 months on the balance sheet. All leases disclosed within this footnote are classified as operating leases. Recognized right-of-use asset and lease liability are reported within other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. Lease expense is reported in other operating costs and expenses in the consolidated statement of income and accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
To determine the discount rate used to calculate present value of future minimum lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate during the lease commencement period in line with the respective lease duration. In certain cases, the Company has the option to renew the lease. Lease renewal future payments are included in the present value of the future minimum lease payments when the Company determines it is reasonably certain to renew.
The main leases entered into by the Company are for office space used by the Company’s operating units across the world. Additionally, the Company, to a lesser extent, has equipment leases mainly for office equipment. Further information relating to operating lease expense and other operating lease information are as follows:
 
For the Three Months Ended
June 30, 2019
 
For the Six Months Ended
June 30, 2019
 
(In thousands)
 
Leases:
 
 
 
Lease cost
$
10,680

 
$
22,235

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows
$
11,132

 
$
22,789

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities
$
2,918

 
$
7,884


($ in thousands)
June 30, 2019
Right-of-use assets
$
179,984

Lease liabilities
$
209,107

Weighted-average remaining lease term
6.6 years

Weighted-average discount rate
5.97
%

Contractual maturities of the Company’s future minimum lease payments are as follows:

23



(In thousands)
June 30, 2019
Contractual Maturities:
 
2019
$
24,117

2020
44,461

2021
40,681

2022
35,121

2023
31,556

Thereafter
77,578

Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments
253,514

Less: Discount impact
(44,407
)
Total lease liability
$
209,107




(22) Business Segments
The Company’s reportable segments include the following two business segments, plus a corporate segment:
Insurance - predominantly commercial insurance business, including excess and surplus lines, admitted lines and specialty personal lines throughout the United States, as well as insurance business in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - reinsurance business on a facultative and treaty basis, primarily in the United States, the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific Region and South Africa, as well as monoline excess business in the United States.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Income tax expense and benefits are calculated based upon the Company's overall effective tax rate.
Summary financial information about the Company's reporting segments is presented in the following tables. Income (loss) before income taxes by segment includes allocated investment income. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in or allocated to the operation of each segment.


24



  
Revenues
 
 
 
 
(In thousands)
Earned
Premiums (1)
 
Investment
Income 
 
Other
 
Total (2)
 
Pre-Tax
Income
(Loss)
 
Net Income
(Loss) to Common Stockholders
Three months ended June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Insurance
$
1,475,184

 
$
132,403

 
$
13,687

 
$
1,621,274

 
$
225,871

 
$
179,241

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
171,657

 
44,449

 

 
216,106

 
52,635

 
41,864

Corporate, other and eliminations (3)

 
11,481

 
100,949

 
112,430

 
(78,344
)
 
(62,519
)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments

 

 
73,574

 
73,574

 
73,574

 
58,123

Total
$
1,646,841

 
$
188,333

 
$
188,210

 
$
2,023,384

 
$
273,736

 
$
216,709

Three months ended June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Insurance
$
1,415,579

 
$
94,542

 
$
18,707

 
$
1,528,828

 
$
163,181

 
$
128,693

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
165,474

 
41,914

 

 
207,388

 
56,174

 
44,291

Corporate, other and eliminations (3)

 
17,321

 
87,748

 
105,069

 
(59,744
)
 
(47,917
)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments

 

 
69,631

 
69,631

 
69,631

 
55,008

Total
$
1,581,053

 
$
153,777

 
$
176,086

 
$
1,910,916

 
$
229,242

 
$
180,075

Six months ended June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Insurance
$
2,902,218

 
$
232,444

 
$
26,931

 
$
3,161,593

 
$
410,387

 
$
325,234

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
337,479

 
84,023

 

 
421,502

 
97,490

 
77,389

Corporate, other and eliminations (3)

 
30,120

 
204,965

 
235,085

 
(146,928
)
 
(117,551
)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments

 

 
142,226

 
142,226

 
142,226

 
112,359

Total
$
3,239,697

 
$
346,587

 
$
374,122

 
$
3,960,406

 
$
503,175

 
$
397,431

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Insurance
$
2,806,868

 
$
208,040

 
$
37,675

 
$
3,052,583

 
$
362,109

 
$
286,426

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
341,593

 
88,928

 

 
430,521

 
100,866

 
79,838

Corporate, other and eliminations (3)

 
31,327

 
169,637

 
200,964

 
(140,838
)
 
(113,087
)
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments

 

 
118,095

 
118,095

 
118,095

 
93,295

Total
$
3,148,461

 
$
328,295

 
$
325,407

 
$
3,802,163

 
$
440,232

 
$
346,472

_________________
(1)Certain amounts included in earned premiums of each segment are related to inter-segment transactions.
(2)Revenues for Insurance from foreign countries for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $179 million and $176 million, and for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $349 million and $359 million, respectively. Revenues for Reinsurance & Monoline Excess from foreign countries for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $62 million and $55 million, and for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 were $121 million and $112 million, respectively.
(3)
Corporate, other and eliminations represent corporate revenues and expenses that are not allocated to business segments.
Identifiable Assets
(In thousands)
June 30,
2019
 
December 31,
2018
Insurance
$
19,444,475

 
$
18,214,293

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
4,573,446

 
4,371,151

Corporate, other and eliminations
2,469,982

 
2,310,533

Consolidated
$
26,487,903

 
$
24,895,977




25



Net premiums earned by major line of business are as follows:
 
For the Three Months
Ended June 30,
 
For the Six Months
Ended June 30,
 
 
(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Insurance:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other liability
$
505,621

 
$
474,721

 
$
996,282

 
$
938,889

Workers’ compensation
330,510

 
336,996

 
657,186

 
661,974

Short-tail lines (1)
305,852

 
288,320

 
594,943

 
583,347

Commercial automobile
188,278

 
175,812

 
369,203

 
351,010

Professional liability
144,923

 
139,730

 
284,604

 
271,648

Total Insurance
1,475,184

 
1,415,579

 
2,902,218

 
2,806,868

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Casualty reinsurance
95,109

 
86,841

 
185,939

 
177,411

Monoline excess (2)
39,400

 
40,429

 
78,381

 
81,477

Property reinsurance
37,148

 
38,204

 
73,159

 
82,705

Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
171,657

 
165,474

 
337,479

 
341,593

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
$
1,646,841

 
$
1,581,053

 
$
3,239,697

 
$
3,148,461


______________
(1) Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.
(2) Monoline excess includes operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.


26



SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT
    
This is a “Safe Harbor” Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Any forward-looking statements contained herein, including statements related to our outlook for the industry and for our performance for the year 2019 and beyond, are based upon the Company’s historical performance and on current plans, estimates and expectations. The inclusion of this forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. They are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to: the cyclical nature of the property casualty industry; the impact of significant competition, including new alternative entrants to the industry; the long-tail and potentially volatile nature of the insurance and reinsurance business; product demand and pricing; claims development and the process of estimating reserves; investment risks, including those of our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and investments in equity securities, including investments in financial institutions, municipal bonds, mortgage-backed securities, loans receivable, investment funds, including real estate, merger arbitrage, energy related and private equity investments; the effects of emerging claim and coverage issues; the uncertain nature of damage theories and loss amounts; natural and man-made catastrophic losses, including as a result of terrorist activities; the impact of climate change, which may increase the frequency and severity of catastrophe events; general economic and market activities, including inflation, interest rates, and volatility in the credit and capital markets; the impact of the conditions in the financial markets and the global economy, and the potential effect of legislative, regulatory, accounting or other initiatives taken in response, on our results and financial condition; foreign currency and political risks (including those associated with the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, or "Brexit") relating to our international operations; our ability to attract and retain key personnel and qualified employees; continued availability of capital and financing; the success of our new ventures or acquisitions and the availability of other opportunities; the availability of reinsurance; our retention under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015; the ability or willingness of our reinsurers to pay reinsurance recoverables owed to us; other legislative and regulatory developments, including those related to business practices in the insurance industry; credit risk related to our policyholders, independent agents and brokers; changes in the ratings assigned to us or our insurance company subsidiaries by rating agencies; the availability of dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries; potential difficulties with technology and/or cyber security issues; the effectiveness of our controls to ensure compliance with guidelines, policies and legal and regulatory standards; and other risks detailed from time to time in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

These risks and uncertainties could cause our actual results for the year 2019 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement we make. Any projections of growth in our revenues would not necessarily result in commensurate levels of earnings. Our future financial performance is dependent upon factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and our other SEC filings. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. Except to the extent required by applicable laws, the Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

27



Item 2.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview
W. R. Berkley Corporation is an insurance holding company that is among the largest commercial lines writers in the United States and operates worldwide in two segments of the property and casualty business: Insurance and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess. Our decentralized structure provides us with the flexibility to respond quickly and efficiently to local or specific market conditions and to pursue specialty business niches. It also allows us to be closer to our customers in order to better understand their individual needs and risk characteristics. While providing our business units with certain operating autonomy, our structure allows us to capitalize on the benefits of economies of scale through centralized capital, investment, reinsurance, enterprise risk management, and actuarial, financial and corporate legal staff support. The Company’s primary sources of revenues and earnings are its insurance operations and its investments.
An important part of our strategy is to form new operating units to capitalize on various business opportunities. Over the years, the Company has formed numerous operating units that are focused on important parts of the economy in the U.S., including healthcare, cyber security, energy and agriculture, and on growing international markets, including the Asia-Pacific region, South America and Mexico.
The profitability of the Company’s insurance business is affected primarily by the adequacy of premium rates. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is not known with certainty at the time an insurance policy is issued because premiums are determined before claims are reported. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural and other disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and change the extent of coverage and the effects of economic inflation on the amount of compensation for injuries or losses. General insurance prices are also influenced by available insurance capacity, i.e., the level of capital employed in the industry, and the industry’s willingness to deploy that capital.
The Company’s profitability is also affected by its investment income and investment gains. The Company’s invested assets are invested principally in fixed maturity securities. The return on fixed maturity securities is affected primarily by general interest rates, as well as the credit quality and duration of the securities. Returns available on fixed maturity investments have been at low levels for an extended period.
The Company also invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.
On April 2, 2019, a 3-for-2 common stock split was paid in the form of a stock dividend to holders of record as of March 14, 2019. Shares outstanding and per share amounts in this Form 10-Q reflect this 3-for-2 common stock split effected on April 2, 2019.
Commencing with the first quarter of 2019, the Company renamed the Reinsurance segment to Reinsurance & Monoline Excess, and reclassified the monoline excess business from the Insurance segment. The reclassified business includes operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis. Reclassifications have been made to the Company's 2018 financial information to conform with this presentation.

Critical Accounting Estimates
The following presents a discussion of accounting policies and estimates relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses, assumed premiums and other-than-temporary impairments of investments. Management believes these policies and estimates are the most critical to its operations and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.
Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses. To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, either known or unknown, insurers establish reserves, which is a balance sheet account representing estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred. Estimates and assumptions relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses are based on complex and subjective judgments, often including the interplay of specific uncertainties with related accounting and actuarial measurements. Such estimates are also susceptible to change as significant periods of time may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the report of the loss to the insurer, the ultimate determination of the cost of the loss and the insurer’s payment of that loss.
In general, when a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim at that time. The estimate represents an informed judgment based on general reserving practices and reflects the experience and knowledge of the claims personnel regarding the nature

28



and value of the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) to the insurer, potential inadequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and general expenses of administrating the claims adjustment process. Reserves are established based upon the then current legal interpretation of coverage provided.
In examining reserve adequacy, several factors are considered in estimating the ultimate economic value of losses. These factors include, among other things, historical data, legal developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. The actuarial process relies on the basic assumption that past experience, adjusted judgmentally for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future outcomes. Reserve amounts are based on management’s informed estimates and judgments using currently available data. As additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, these estimates and judgments may be revised. This may result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our results in periods in which such estimates and assumptions are changed.
Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claim administration will cost. While the methods for establishing reserves are well tested over time, some of the major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to uncertainty. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties which are beyond the Company’s control. These variables are affected by external and internal events, such as inflation and economic volatility, judicial and litigation trends, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and claim handling and reserving practices, which make it more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, the Company cannot provide assurance that its current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events.
Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. For example, the paid loss and incurred loss development methods rely on historical paid and incurred loss data. For new lines of business, where there is insufficient history of paid and incurred claims data, or in circumstances where there have been significant changes in claim practices, the paid and incurred loss development methods would be less credible than other actuarial methods. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” and in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.
The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions. Examples of changes in terms and conditions that can have a significant impact on reserve levels are the use of aggregate policy limits, the expansion of coverage exclusions, whether or not defense costs are within policy limits, and changes in deductibles and attachment points.
The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns. Management believes the estimates and assumptions it makes in the reserving process provide the best estimate of the ultimate cost of settling claims and related

29



expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred; however, different assumptions and variables could lead to significantly different reserve estimates.
Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.
Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.
The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed. If the actual level of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s estimate. The following table reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity, relative to our assumptions, on our loss estimate for claims occurring in 2018:
(In thousands)
Frequency (+/-)
Severity (+/-)
1%
 
5%
 
10%
1%
$
78,922

 
$
237,553

 
$
435,840

5%
237,553

 
402,465

 
608,606

10%
435,840

 
608,606

 
824,563

Our net reserves for losses and loss expenses of approximately $10.5 billion as of June 30, 2019 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency or severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above. The impact of such changes would likely be manifested gradually over the course of many years, as the magnitude of the changes became evident.
Approximately $2.5 billion, or 24%, of the Company’s net loss reserves as of June 30, 2019 relate to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. There is a higher degree of uncertainty and greater variability regarding estimates of excess workers' compensation and assumed reinsurance loss reserves. In the case of excess workers’ compensation, our policies generally attach at $1 million or higher. The claims which reach our layer therefore tend to involve the most serious injuries and many remain open for the lifetime of the claimant, which extends the claim settlement tail. These claims also occur less frequently but tend to be larger than primary claims, which increases claim variability. In the case of assumed reinsurance our loss reserve estimates are based, in part, upon information received from ceding companies. If information received from ceding companies is not timely or correct, the Company’s estimate of ultimate losses may not be accurate. Furthermore, due to delayed reporting of claim information by ceding companies, the claim settlement tail for assumed reinsurance is also extended. Management considers the impact of delayed reporting and the extended tail in its selection of loss development factors for these lines of business.
Information received from ceding companies is used to set initial expected loss ratios, to establish case reserves and to estimate reserves for incurred but not reported losses on assumed reinsurance business. This information, which is generally provided through reinsurance intermediaries, is gathered through the underwriting process and from periodic claim reports and other correspondence with ceding companies. The Company performs underwriting and claim audits of selected ceding companies to determine the accuracy and completeness of information provided to the Company. The information received from the ceding companies is supplemented by the Company’s own loss development experience with similar lines of business as well as industry loss trends and loss development benchmarks.

30



Following is a summary of the Company’s reserves for losses and loss expenses by business segment:
(In thousands)
June 30,
2019
 
December 31,
2018
Insurance
$
8,007,810

 
$
7,727,447

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
2,506,829

 
2,521,436

Net reserves for losses and loss expenses
10,514,639

 
10,248,883

Ceded reserves for losses and loss expenses
1,805,639

 
1,717,565

Gross reserves for losses and loss expenses
$
12,320,278

 
$
11,966,448

Following is a summary of the Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses by major line of business:
(In thousands)
Reported Case
Reserves
 
Incurred But
Not Reported
 
Total
June 30, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
Other liability
$
1,351,833

 
$
2,423,630

 
$
3,775,463

Workers’ compensation (1)
948,968

 
975,454

 
1,924,422

Professional liability
354,166

 
687,989

 
1,042,155

Commercial automobile
382,688

 
307,393

 
690,081

Short-tail lines (2)
289,208

 
286,481

 
575,689

Total Insurance
3,326,863

 
4,680,947

 
8,007,810

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)
1,489,128

 
1,017,701

 
2,506,829

Total
$
4,815,991

 
$
5,698,648

 
$
10,514,639

 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
Other liability
$
1,307,068

 
$
2,329,659

 
$
3,636,727

Workers’ compensation (1)
962,664

 
955,711

 
1,918,375

Professional liability
306,018

 
659,596

 
965,614

Commercial automobile
365,253

 
290,217

 
655,470

Short-tail lines (2)
294,122

 
257,139

 
551,261

Total Insurance
3,235,125

 
4,492,322

 
7,727,447

Reinsurance & Monoline Excess (1) (3)
1,479,604

 
1,041,832

 
2,521,436

Total
$
4,714,729

 
$
5,534,154

 
$
10,248,883

___________
(1) Reserves for workers’ compensation and Reinsurance & Monoline Excess are net of an aggregate net discount of $546 million and $563 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
(2) Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.
(3) Reinsurance & Monoline Excess includes property and casualty reinsurance, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.
The Company evaluates reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses on a quarterly basis. Changes in estimates of prior year losses are reported when such changes are made. The changes in prior year loss reserve estimates are generally the result of ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends. Original estimates are increased or decreased as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims and aggregate claim trends.
Certain of the Company's insurance and reinsurance contracts are retrospectively rated, whereby the Company collects more or less premiums based on the level of loss activity. For those contracts, changes in loss and loss adjustment expenses for prior years may be fully or partially offset by additional or return premiums.
Net prior year development (i.e., the sum of prior year reserve changes and prior year earned premiums changes) for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

31



(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
Net (increase) decrease in prior year loss reserves
$
(16,764
)
 
$
246

Increase in prior year earned premiums
30,323

 
19,102

Net favorable prior year development
$
13,559

 
$
19,348

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $13.6 million included $17.2 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, offset by $3.6 million of adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.
The overall favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to favorable development on workers’ compensation business, partially offset by adverse development on other liability business, commercial auto liability business, and medical malpractice business. The favorable workers’ compensation development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2009, but was most significant in accident years 2015 through 2018. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure). The adverse other liability development was mainly related to accident years 2014 through 2016. It was driven by a higher than expected number of large losses being reported in the period, including both general liability and professional liability losses. The adverse commercial auto liability development was primarily related to accident year 2018, and was driven by a higher than expected number of large losses. The adverse medical malpractice development was primarily related to accident years 2013 through 2016, and stemmed from a discontinued book of business at one of our profit centers.
The adverse development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment was mainly driven by U.S. casualty facultative business from accident years 2009 and prior related to construction projects.
During the six months ended June 30, 2018, favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) of $19.3 million included $18.6 million of favorable development for the Insurance segment, and $0.7 million of favorable development for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. The favorable development for the Insurance segment was primarily attributable to workers’ compensation business. The favorable workers’ compensation development was spread across many accident years, including prior to 2008, but was most significant in accident years 2015 through 2017. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced in recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported claims per unit of exposure).
Reserve Discount. The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,762 million and $1,793 million at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was $546 million and $563 million at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. At June 30, 2019, discount rates by year ranged from 2.0% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.7%.
Substantially all of the workers’ compensation discount (97% of total discounted reserves at June 30, 2019) relates to excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.
The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at June 30, 2019), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.
Assumed Reinsurance Premiums. The Company estimates the amount of assumed reinsurance premiums that it will receive under treaty reinsurance agreements at the inception of the contracts. These premium estimates are revised as the actual amount of assumed premiums is reported to the Company by the ceding companies. As estimates of assumed premiums are made or revised, the related amount of earned premiums, commissions and incurred losses associated with those premiums are recorded. Estimated assumed premiums receivable were approximately $37 million at June 30, 2019 and $41 million at December 31, 2018. The assumed premium estimates are based upon terms set forth in reinsurance agreements, information received from ceding companies during the underwriting and negotiation of agreements, reports received from ceding

32



companies and discussions and correspondence with reinsurance intermediaries. The Company also considers its own view of market conditions, economic trends and experience with similar lines of business. These premium estimates represent management’s best estimate of the ultimate amount of premiums to be received under its assumed reinsurance agreements.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments (OTTI) of Investments. The cost of securities is adjusted where appropriate to include a provision for decline in value which is considered to be other-than-temporary. An other-than-temporary decline is considered to occur in investments where there has been a sustained reduction in fair value and where the Company does not expect the fair value to recover prior to the time of sale or maturity.
The Company classifies its fixed maturity securities by credit rating, primarily based on ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. For purposes of classifying securities with different ratings, the Company uses the average of the credit ratings assigned, unless in limited situations the Company’s own analysis indicates an internal rating is more appropriate. Securities that are not rated by a rating agency are evaluated and classified by the Company on a case-by-case basis.
Fixed Maturity Securities – For securities that we intend to sell or, more likely than not, would be required to sell, a decline in value below amortized cost is considered to be OTTI. The amount of OTTI is equal to the difference between amortized cost and fair value at the balance sheet date. For securities that we do not intend to sell or expect to be required to sell, a decline in value below amortized cost is considered to be an OTTI if we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of a security (i.e., the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the security).
The portion of the decline in value considered to be a credit loss (i.e., the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis of the security) is recognized in earnings. The portion of the decline in value not considered to be a credit loss (i.e., the difference in the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the fair value of the security) is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Impairment assessments for structured securities, including mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and corporate debt, are generally evaluated based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that may involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. If an OTTI determination is made, a discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the credit impairment.
The following table provides a summary of fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position as of June 30, 2019:
($ in thousands)
Number of
Securities
 
Aggregate
Fair Value
 
 Gross Unrealized Loss
Unrealized loss less than 20% of amortized cost
464

 
$
3,042,808

 
$
67,954

Unrealized loss of 20% or greater of amortized cost:
 
 
 
 
 
Less than twelve months
6

 
4,520

 
3,044

Twelve months and longer
6

 
9,873

 
4,747

Total
476

 
$
3,057,201

 
$
75,745

A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2019 is presented in the table below:
($ in thousands)
Number of
Securities
 
Aggregate
Fair Value
 
 Gross Unrealized Loss
Foreign government
12

 
$
114,714

 
$
22,719

Corporate
11

 
65,905

 
3,278

Asset-backed securities
7

 
10,412

 
1,344

Mortgage-backed securities
4

 
7,170

 
63

Total
34

 
$
198,201

 
$
27,404

The Company has evaluated its fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized loss is due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to

33



continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due and does not consider any of these securities to be OTTI.
Loans Receivable – The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable, including current market conditions for each loan and the ability to collect principal and interest. For loans where the Company determines it is probable that the contractual terms will not be met, an analysis is performed and a valuation reserve is established, if necessary, with a charge to earnings. Loans receivable are reported net of a valuation reserve of $2 million and $3 million as of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of each borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions. Loans receivable with a potential for default are further assessed using discounted cash flow analysis and comparable cost and sales methodologies, if appropriate.
Fair Value Measurements. The Company’s fixed maturity available for sale securities, equity securities, and its arbitrage trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for similar assets in active markets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs may only be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available. The fair value of the vast majority of the Company’s portfolio is based on observable data (other than quoted prices) and, accordingly, is classified as Level 2.
In classifying particular financial securities in the fair value hierarchy, the Company uses its judgment to determine whether the market for a security is active and whether significant pricing inputs are observable. The Company determines the existence of an active market by assessing whether transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide reliable pricing information. The Company determines whether inputs are observable based on the use of such information by pricing services and external investment managers, the uninterrupted availability of such inputs, the need to make significant adjustments to such inputs and the volatility of such inputs over time. If the market for a security is determined to be inactive or if significant inputs used to price a security are determined to be unobservable, the security is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Because many fixed maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. Market inputs used to evaluate securities include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. Quoted prices are often unavailable for recently issued securities that are infrequently traded or securities that are only traded in private transactions. For publicly traded securities for which quoted prices are unavailable, the Company determines fair value based on independent broker quotations and other observable market data. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial data, projections and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.
The following is a summary of pricing sources for the Company's fixed maturity securities available for sale as of June 30, 2019:
($ in thousands)
Carrying
Value
 
Percent
of Total
Pricing source:
 
 
 
Independent pricing services
$
13,472,380

 
98.7
%
Syndicate manager
35,945

 
0.3

Directly by the Company based on:
 
 
 
Observable data
145,903

 
1.0

Cash flow model
25

 

Total
$
13,654,253

 
100.0
%


34



Independent pricing services – Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities available for sale were priced by independent pricing services (generally one U.S. pricing service plus additional pricing services with respect to a limited number of foreign securities held by the Company). The prices provided by the independent pricing services are generally based on observable market data in active markets (e.g., broker quotes and prices observed for comparable securities). The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness based upon current trading levels for similar securities. If the prices appear unusual to the Company, they are re-examined and the value is either confirmed or revised. In addition, the Company periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation and to verify our understanding of how securities are priced. As of June 30, 2019, the Company did not make any adjustments to the prices provided by the pricing services. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the independent pricing services, these securities were classified as Level 2.
Syndicate manager – The Company has a 15% participation in a Lloyd’s syndicate, and the Company’s share of the securities owned by the syndicate is priced by the syndicate’s manager. The majority of the securities are liquid, short duration fixed maturity securities. The Company reviews the syndicate manager’s pricing methodology and audited financial statements and holds discussions with the syndicate manager as necessary to confirm its understanding and agreement with security prices. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the syndicate manager, these securities were classified as Level 2.
Observable data – If independent pricing is not available, the Company prices the securities directly. Prices are based on observable market data where available, including current trading levels for similar securities and non-binding quotations from brokers. The Company generally requests two or more quotes. If more than one quote is received, the Company sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes obtained from brokers. Since these securities were priced based on observable data, they were classified as Level 2.
Cash flow model – If the above methodologies are not available, the Company prices securities using a discounted cash flow model based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rates and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Discount rates are adjusted to reflect illiquidity where appropriate. These securities were classified as Level 3.



35



Results of Operations for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018
Business Segment Results
Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.
($ in thousands)
2019
 
2018
Insurance:
 
 
 
Gross premiums written
$
3,715,850

 
$
3,558,247

Net premiums written
3,071,964

 
2,964,676

Net premiums earned
2,902,218

 
2,806,868

Loss ratio
62.5
%
 
61.7
%
Expense ratio
31.4
%
 
32.9
%
GAAP combined ratio
93.9
%
 
94.6
%
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
 
 
 
Gross premiums written
$
420,240

 
$
369,248

Net premiums written
381,101

 
324,766

Net premiums earned
337,479

 
341,593

Loss ratio
60.0
%
 
60.3
%
Expense ratio
36.0
%
 
36.2
%
GAAP combined ratio
96.0
%
 
96.5
%
Consolidated:
 
 
 
Gross premiums written
$
4,136,090

 
$
3,927,495

Net premiums written
3,453,065

 
3,289,442

Net premiums earned
3,239,697

 
3,148,461

Loss ratio
62.2
%
 
61.5
%
Expense ratio
31.9
%
 
33.3
%
GAAP combined ratio
94.1
%
 
94.8
%
Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:
(In thousands, except per share data)
2019
 
2018
Net income to common stockholders
$
397,431

 
$
346,472

Weighted average diluted shares
192,804

 
192,284

Net income per diluted share
$
2.06

 
$
1.80

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of $397 million in 2019 compared to $346 million in 2018. The 15% increase in net income was primarily due to an after-tax increase in underwriting income of $20 million, an after-tax increase in net investment gains of $19 million, an after-tax increase of $14 million in net investment income, an after-tax increase of $2 million in other income, an after-tax increase in foreign currency gains of $1 million, and a decrease of $1 million in tax expense, partially offset by an after-tax increase in corporate expenses of $4 million and an after-tax increase in interest expense of $4 million. The number of weighted average diluted shares remained relatively unchanged for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.
Premiums. Gross premiums written were $4,136 million in 2019, an increase of 5% from $3,927 million in 2018. The increase was due to a $158 million increase in the Insurance segment and a $51 million increase in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 75.5% of policies expiring in 2019 were renewed, and 75.9% of policies expiring in 2018 were renewed.
Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 4.1% in 2019 when adjusted for changes in exposures, and increased 5.9% excluding workers' compensation.

36



A summary of gross premiums written in 2019 compared with 2018 by line of business within each business segment follows:
Insurance - gross premiums increased 4% to $3,716 million in 2019 from $3,558 million in 2018. Gross premiums increased $101 million (9%) for other liability, $69 million (17%) for professional liability, $31 million (4%) for short-tail lines and $18 million (4%) for commercial auto, and decreased $61 million (8%) for workers' compensation.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - gross premiums increased 14% to $420 million in 2019 from $369 million in 2018. Gross premiums increased $41 million (23%) for casualty reinsurance, $8 million (9%) for property reinsurance and $2 million (2%) for monoline excess.
Net premiums written were $3,453 million in 2019, an increase of 5% from $3,289 million in 2018. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 17% in 2019 and 16% in 2018.
Premiums earned increased 3% to $3,240 million in 2019 from $3,148 million in 2018. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2019 are related to business written during both 2019 and 2018. Audit premiums were $100 million in 2019 compared with $98 million in 2018.
Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:
 
Amount
 
Average Annualized
Yield
($ in thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable
$
261,022

 
$
252,911

 
3.5
%
 
3.5
%
Investment funds
58,251

 
53,070

 
8.4

 
8.9

Arbitrage trading account
17,784

 
13,524

 
8.5

 
4.1

Real estate
9,481

 
9,742

 
0.9

 
1.1

Equity securities
2,591

 
1,205

 
2.1

 
1.1

Gross investment income
349,129

 
330,452

 
3.7

 
3.6

Investment expenses
(2,542
)
 
(2,157
)
 

 

Total
$
346,587

 
$
328,295

 
3.6
%
 
3.6
%
Net investment income increased 6% to $347 million in 2019 from $328 million in 2018 due primarily to a $8 million increase in income from fixed maturity securities mainly driven by growth in the fixed maturity security portfolio, a $5 million increase in income from investment funds, a $4 million increase from the arbitrage trading account, and a $2 million increase from equity securities. The Company has maintained a shortened duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio. This has reduced the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioned the Company to react quickly to changes in the current environment. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $19.0 billion in 2019 and $18.1 billion in 2018.
Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees decreased to $48 million in 2019 from $60 million in 2018. The decrease is primarily due to the sale of a third party administration business in third quarter of 2018.
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investments. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $142 million in 2019 compared with $118 million in 2018. The gains of $142 million in 2019 reflect net realized gains on investment sales of $31 million and an increase in unrealized gains on equity securities of $111 million.
    

37



Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $181 million in 2019 and $147 million in 2018. The increase mainly relates to growth in revenues from the aviation-related businesses and the purchase of a promotional merchandise business in the second half of 2018.
Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to $2,017 million in 2019 from $1,937 million in 2018. The consolidated loss ratio was 62.2% in 2019 and 61.5% in 2018. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries and reinstatement premiums, were $38 million in 2019 and $21 million in 2018. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $14 million in 2019 and $19 million in 2018. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development was 61.5% in 2019 and 61.4% in 2018.
A summary of loss ratios in 2019 compared with 2018 by business segment follows:
Insurance - The loss ratio was 62.5% in 2019 and 61.7% in 2018. Catastrophe losses were $38 million in 2019 compared with $20 million in 2018. Favorable prior year reserve development was $17 million in 2019 and $26 million in 2018. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.4 points to 61.8% in 2019 from 61.4% in 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio was 60.0% in 2019 and 60.3% in 2018. Catastrophe losses were $0.1 million in 2019 compared with $1 million in 2018. Adverse prior year reserve development was $3 million in 2019 and $7 million in 2018. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 2.5 points to 58.9% in 2019 from 61.4% in 2018.
Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses:
($ in thousands)
2019
 
2018
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses
$
1,031,951

 
$
1,047,093

Insurance service expenses
51,343

 
63,702

Net foreign currency gains
(6,494
)
 
(4,767
)
Other costs and expenses
103,116

 
97,553

Total
$
1,179,916

 
$
1,203,581

Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses decreased 1% and net premiums earned increased 3% from 2018. The expense ratio (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) was 31.9% in 2019 and 33.3% in 2018. The improvement is primarily attributable to higher net premiums earned and lower expenses.
Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, decreased to $51 million in 2019 from $64 million in 2018. The decrease is primarily due to the sale of a third party administration business in third quarter of 2018.
Net foreign currency (gains) losses result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency gains were $6 million in 2019 compared to gains of $5 million in 2018, mainly resulting from the continued strengthening of the U.S. dollar in relation to the Argentine Peso.
Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses increased to $103 million in 2019 from $98 million in 2018, primarily due to non-recurring performance-based compensation costs.
Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $178 million in 2019 compared to $145 million in 2018. The increase mainly relates to expenses from a business purchased in the second half of 2018.

38



Interest Expense. Interest expense was $81 million in 2019 compared with $77 million in 2018. In March 2018, the Company issued $175 million aggregate principal amount of 5.70% subordinated debentures due 2058, and in April 2018, the Company issued another $10 million principal amount of such debentures. Additionally in 2018, the Company issued subsidiary debt of $116 million, which was primarily attributable to a non-recourse mortgage loan on a real estate property in Florida.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 20.7% in 2019 and 20.9% in 2018. The effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% primarily because of tax-exempt income and tax on income from foreign jurisdictions with different tax rates.
The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $89 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.


39



Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018
Business Segment Results
Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.
($ in thousands)
2019
 
2018
Insurance:
 
 
 
Gross premiums written
$
1,905,367

 
$
1,798,074

Net premiums written
1,574,585

 
1,491,432

Net premiums earned
1,475,184

 
1,415,579

Loss ratio
62.9
%
 
62.4
%
Expense ratio
30.9
%
 
32.9
%
GAAP combined ratio
93.8
%
 
95.3
%
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess:
 
 
 
Gross premiums written
$
184,494

 
$
150,000

Net premiums written
168,879

 
132,672

Net premiums earned
171,657

 
165,474

Loss ratio
59.2
%
 
54.6
%
Expense ratio
36.0
%
 
36.8
%
GAAP combined ratio
95.2
%
 
91.4
%
Consolidated:
 
 
 
Gross premiums written
$
2,089,861

 
$
1,948,074

Net premiums written
1,743,464

 
1,624,104

Net premiums earned
1,646,841

 
1,581,053

Loss ratio
62.4
%
 
61.6
%
Expense ratio
31.5
%
 
33.3
%
GAAP combined ratio
93.9
%
 
94.9
%
Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:
(In thousands, except per share data)
2019
 
2018
Net income to common stockholders
$
216,709

 
$
180,075

Weighted average diluted shares
193,059

 
192,509

Net income per diluted share
$
1.12

 
$
0.93

The Company reported net income to common stockholders of $217 million in 2019 compared to $180 million in 2018. The 20% increase in net income was primarily due to an after-tax increase in net investment income of $27 million mainly due to investment funds, an after-tax increase in underwriting income of $15 million, an after-tax decrease in corporate expenses of $5 million, an after-tax increase in net investment gains of $3 million, an after-tax increase in other income of $2 million and a decrease in tax expense of $2 million, partially offset by an after-tax increase in foreign currency losses of $15 million, an after-tax decrease in insurance service fee income of $2 million and an after-tax increase in interest expense of $1 million. The number of weighted average diluted shares remained relatively unchanged for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018.
Premiums. Gross premiums written were $2,090 million in 2019, an increase of 7% from $1,948 million in 2018. The increase was due to a $107 million increase in the Insurance segment and a $35 million increase in the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Approximately 75.5% of policies expiring in 2019 were renewed, and 76.6% of policies expiring in 2018 were renewed.
Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance increased 3.5% in 2019 when adjusted for changes in exposures, and increased 5.3% excluding workers' compensation.

40



A summary of gross premiums written in 2019 compared with 2018 by line of business within each business segment follows:
Insurance - gross premiums increased 6% to $1,905 million in 2019 from $1,798 million in 2018. Gross premiums increased $59 million (10%) for other liability, $50 million (25%) for professional liability, $24 million (6%) for short-tail lines, and $15 million (8%) for commercial auto, and decreased $41 million (11%) for workers' compensation.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - gross premiums increased 23% to $184 million in 2019 from $150 million in 2018. Gross premiums increased $23 million (26%) for casualty reinsurance, $9 million (24%) for property reinsurance and $2 million (10%) for monoline excess.
Net premiums written were $1,743 million in 2019, an increase of 7% from $1,624 million in 2018. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 17% in both 2019 and 2018.
Premiums earned increased 4% to $1,647 million in 2019 from $1,581 million in 2018. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly, recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2019 are related to business written during both 2019 and 2018. Audit premiums were $58 million in 2019 compared with $49 million in 2018.
Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018:
 
Amount
 
Average Annualized
Yield
($ in thousands)
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable
$
128,903

 
$
129,665

 
3.4
%
 
3.6
%
Investment funds
46,840

 
12,716

 
13.4

 
4.2

Arbitrage trading account
7,199

 
8,333

 
7.0

 
5.0

Real estate
5,174

 
3,174

 
1.0

 
0.7

Equity securities
1,303

 
559

 
2.1

 
1.0

Gross investment income
189,419

 
154,447

 
4.0

 
3.4

Investment expenses
(1,086
)
 
(670
)
 

 

Total
$
188,333

 
$
153,777

 
3.9
%
 
3.4
%
Net investment income increased 22% to $188 million in 2019 from $154 million in 2018 due primarily to a $34 million increase in income from investment funds, a $2 million increase in real estate and $1 million increase in equity securities, partially offset by a $1 million decrease in income from fixed maturity securities and a $1 million decrease in arbitrage trading account. The Company has maintained a shortened duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio. This has reduced the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioned the Company to react quickly to changes in the current environment. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $19.1 billion in 2019 and $18.2 billion in 2018.
Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees decreased to $22 million in 2019 from $30 million in 2018. The decrease is primarily due to the sale of a third party administration business in third quarter of 2018.
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investments. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investments were $74 million in 2019 compared with $70 million in 2018. The gains of $74 million in 2019 reflect net realized gains on investment sales of $4 million and an increase in unrealized gains on equity securities of $70 million.
    

41



Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were $89 million in 2019 and $77 million in 2018. The increase mainly relates to revenues from a business purchased in the second half of 2018.
Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to $1,029 million in 2019 from $974 million in 2018. The consolidated loss ratio was 62.4% in 2019 and 61.6% in 2018. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries and reinstatement premiums, were $26 million in 2019 and $14 million in 2018. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $7 million in both 2019 and 2018. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development was 61.3% in 2019 and 61.2% in 2018.
A summary of loss ratios in 2019 compared with 2018 by business segment follows:
Insurance - The loss ratio was 62.9% in 2019 and 62.4% in 2018. Catastrophe losses were $25 million in 2019 compared with $13 million in 2018. Favorable prior year reserve development was $8 million in 2019 and $10 million in 2018. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.4 points to 61.7% in 2019 from 61.3% in 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio was 59.2% in 2019 and 54.6% in 2018. Catastrophe losses were $0.1 million in 2019 compared with $1 million in 2018. Adverse prior year reserve development was $1 million in 2019 and $3 million in 2018. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 0.3 points to 58.7% in 2019 from 59.0% in 2018.
Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses:
($ in thousands)
2019
 
2018
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses
$
518,160

 
$
526,862

Insurance service expenses
25,386

 
30,990

Net foreign currency losses (gains)
470

 
(18,251
)
Other costs and expenses
47,812

 
53,541

Total
$
591,828

 
$
593,142

Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses decreased 2% and net premiums earned increased 4% from 2018. The expense ratio (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) was 31.5% in 2019 and 33.3% in 2018. The improvement is primarily attributable to higher net premiums earned, lower expenses and a non-recurring benefit of approximately 0.5% in 2019.
Service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, decreased to $25 million in 2019 from $31 million in 2018. The decrease is primarily due to the sale of a third party administration business in third quarter of 2018.
Net foreign currency (gains) losses result from transactions denominated in a currency other than a company's operating functional currency. Net foreign currency losses were $0.5 million in 2019 compared to gains of $18 million in 2018. The foreign currency gain in 2018 was mainly a result of the strengthening U.S. dollar.
Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses decreased to $48 million in 2019 from $54 million in 2018, primarily due to non-recurring performance-based compensation costs.
Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $88 million in 2019 compared to $75 million in 2018. The increase mainly relates to expenses from a business purchased in the second half of 2018.

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Interest Expense. Interest expense was $41 million in 2019 compared with $40 million in 2018. In March 2018, the Company issued $175 million aggregate principal amount of 5.70% subordinated debentures due 2058, and in April 2018, the Company issued another $10 million principal amount of such debentures. Additionally in 2018, the Company issued subsidiary debt of $116 million, which was primarily attributable to a non-recourse mortgage loan on a real estate property in Florida.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 20.6% in 2019 and 21.1% in 2018. The effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax rate of 21% primarily because of tax-exempt income and tax on income from foreign jurisdictions with different tax rates.
The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $89 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.







43



Investments
As part of its investment strategy, the Company establishes a level of cash and highly liquid short-term and intermediate-term securities that, combined with expected cash flow, it believes is adequate to meet its payment obligations. Due to the low fixed maturity investment returns, the Company invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.
The Company also attempts to maintain an appropriate relationship between the average duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The average duration of the fixed maturity portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents, was 2.6 years at June 30, 2019 and 2.8 years at December 31, 2018. The Company’s fixed maturity investment portfolio and investment-related assets as of June 30, 2019 were as follows:
($ in thousands)
Carrying
Value
 
Percent
of Total
Fixed maturity securities:
 
 
 
U.S. government and government agencies
$
777,070

 
3.9
%
State and municipal:
 
 
 
Special revenue
2,402,349

 
12.2

Local general obligation
464,109

 
2.4

State general obligation
381,719

 
2.0

Pre-refunded (1)
324,068

 
1.7

Corporate backed
244,745

 
1.3

Total state and municipal
3,816,990

 
19.6

Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
Agency
902,565

 
4.6

Residential-Prime
335,938

 
1.7

Commercial
309,781

 
1.6

Residential-Alt A
36,962

 
0.2

Total mortgage-backed securities
1,585,246

 
8.1

Asset-backed securities
2,701,785

 
13.9

Corporate:
 
 
 
Industrial
2,230,207

 
11.4

Financial
1,453,723

 
7.5

Utilities
324,322

 
1.7

Other
28,033

 
0.1

Total corporate
4,036,285

 
20.7

Foreign government and foreign government agencies
815,424

 
4.2

Total fixed maturity securities
13,732,800

 
70.4

Equity securities:
 
 
 
Preferred stocks
276,362

 
1.4

Common stocks
140,226

 
0.7

Total equity securities
416,588

 
2.1

Real estate
2,067,544

 
10.6

Investment funds
1,401,571

 
7.2

Cash and cash equivalents
1,258,174

 
6.5

Arbitrage trading account
533,442

 
2.7

Loans receivable
94,697

 
0.5

Total investments
$
19,504,816

 
100.0
%
________________________
(1) Pre-refunded securities are securities for which an escrow account has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest through maturity. Such escrow accounts are funded almost exclusively with U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities.
    

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Fixed Maturity Securities. The Company’s investment policy with respect to fixed maturity securities is generally to purchase instruments with the expectation of holding them to their maturity. However, management of the available for sale portfolio is considered necessary to maintain an approximate matching of assets and liabilities as well as to adjust the portfolio as a result of changes in financial market conditions and tax considerations.
The Company’s philosophy related to holding or selling fixed maturity securities is based on its objective of maximizing total return. The key factors that management considers in its investment decisions as to whether to hold or sell fixed maturity securities are its view of the underlying fundamentals of specific securities as well as its expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads and currency values. In a period in which management expects interest rates to rise, the Company may sell longer duration securities in order to mitigate the impact of an interest rate rise on the fair value of the portfolio. Similarly, in a period in which management expects credit spreads to widen, the Company may sell lower quality securities, and in a period in which management expects certain foreign currencies to decline in value, the Company may sell securities denominated in those foreign currencies. The sale of fixed maturity securities in order to achieve the objective of maximizing total return may result in realized gains; however, there is no reason to expect these gains to continue in future periods.
Equity Securities. Equity securities primarily represent investments in common and preferred stocks in companies with potential growth opportunities in different sectors, mainly in the financial institutions sector.
Investment Funds. At June 30, 2019, the carrying value of investment funds was $1,402 million, including investments in other funds of $672 million, real estate funds of $655 million, and energy funds of $75 million. Investment funds are generally reported on a one-quarter lag.
Real Estate. Real estate is directly owned property held for investment. At June 30, 2019, real estate properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington D.C., a hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, two office complexes in New York City, office buildings in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, Florida, and an office building in London. In addition, there is a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. under development. The Company expects to fund further development costs for the project with a combination of its own funds and external financing.
Arbitrage Trading Account. The arbitrage trading account is comprised of direct investments in arbitrage securities. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies that are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers.
Loans Receivable. Loans receivable, which are carried at amortized cost, had an aggregate cost of $95 million and an aggregate fair value of $97 million at June 30, 2019. The amortized cost of loans receivable is net of a valuation allowance of $2 million as of June 30, 2019. Loans receivable include real estate loans of $62 million that are secured by commercial real estate located primarily in New York. Real estate loans receivable generally earn interest at floating LIBOR-based interest rates and have maturities (inclusive of extension options) through August 2025. Loans receivable include commercial loans of $33 million that are secured by business assets and have fixed interest rates and floating LIBOR-based interest rates with varying maturities not exceeding 10 years.
Market Risk. The fair value of the Company’s investments is subject to risks of fluctuations in credit quality and interest rates. The Company uses various models and stress test scenarios to monitor and manage interest rate risk. The Company attempts to manage its interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration for the fixed maturity portfolio (including cash and cash equivalents) was 2.6 years at June 30, 2019 and 2.8 years at December 31, 2018.
In addition, the fair value of the Company’s international investments is subject to currency risk. The Company attempts to manage its currency risk by matching its foreign currency assets and liabilities where considered appropriate.


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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flow. Cash flow provided from operating activities was $403 million in the first six months of 2019 as compared to $119 million from operating activities in the first six months of 2018. The increase is primarily due to an increase in net premium receipts and reduced loss and loss expense payments.
The Company's insurance subsidiaries' principal sources of cash are premiums, investment income, service fees and proceeds from sales and maturities of portfolio investments. The principal uses of cash are payments for claims, taxes, operating expenses and dividends. The Company expects its insurance subsidiaries to fund the payment of losses with cash received from premiums, investment income and fees. The Company targets an average duration for its investment portfolio that is within one year of the average duration of its liabilities so that portions of its investment portfolio mature throughout the claim cycle and are available for the payment of claims if necessary. In the event operating cash flow and proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed income securities are not sufficient to fund claim payments and other cash requirements, the remainder of the Company's cash and investments is available to pay claims and other obligations as they become due. The Company's investment portfolio is highly liquid, with approximately 77% invested in cash, cash equivalents and marketable fixed maturity securities as of June 30, 2019. If the sale of fixed maturity securities were to become necessary, a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the cost and sales price of securities sold would be recognized.
Debt. At June 30, 2019, the Company had senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt outstanding with a carrying value of $2,782 million and a face amount of $2,817 million. The maturities of the outstanding debt are $447 million in 2019, $306 million in 2020, $427 million in 2022, $102 million in 2028, $250 million in 2037, $350 million in 2044, $350 million in 2053, $400 million in 2056, and $185 million in 2058.
Equity. At June 30, 2019, total common stockholders’ equity was $6.0 billion, common shares outstanding were 183,168,398 and stockholders’ equity per outstanding share was $32.63. The number of common shares outstanding excludes shares held in a grantor trust established by the Company for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred RSUs.
Total Capital. Total capitalization (equity, debt and subordinated debentures) was $8.8 billion at June 30, 2019. The percentage of the Company’s capital attributable to senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt was 32% at June 30, 2019 and 34% at December 31, 2018.

Item 3.     Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk
Reference is made to the information under “Investments - Market Risk” under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Form 10-Q.

Item 4.     Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures. The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-14 as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company has in place effective controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the quarter ended June 30, 2019, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.



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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Please see Note 20 to the notes to the interim consolidated financial statements.

Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company's annual report on From 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.


Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds    

The Company did not repurchase any of its shares during the six months ended June 30, 2019, and accordingly the number of shares authorized for purchase by the Company remains 8,911,397.

Item 6. Exhibits

Number 
 
 
 
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).
 
 
 
 
Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a).
 
 
 
 
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

47



SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION
 
Date:
August 5, 2019
/s/ W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
 
 
W. Robert Berkley, Jr.
 
 
President and Chief Executive Officer 
 
 
 
Date:
August 5, 2019
/s/ Richard M. Baio
 
 
Richard M. Baio
 
 
Executive Vice President
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

48