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BOEING CO - Quarter Report: 2018 September (Form 10-Q)


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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
ý
 
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
or
¨
 
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                      to                      
Commission file number 1-442
 
THE BOEING COMPANY
 
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
 
91-0425694
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 
 
 
100 N. Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL
 
60606-1596
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip Code)
 
(312) 544-2000
 
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer  
ý
 
Accelerated filer
¨
Non-accelerated filer
¨
 
Smaller reporting company  
¨
Emerging growth company
¨
 
 
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý
As of October 17, 2018, there were 567,885,369 shares of common stock, $5.00 par value, issued and outstanding.


THE BOEING COMPANY
FORM 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2018
INDEX
Part I. Financial Information (Unaudited)
Page
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 3.
 
 
 
Item 4.
 
 
 
Part II. Other Information
 
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
Item 1A.
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
Item 3.
 
 
 
Item 4.
 
 
 
Item 5.
 
 
 
Item 6.
 
 
 
 

Table of Contents

Part I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
  
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Sales of products

$64,848

 

$61,667

 

$22,463

 

$21,782

Sales of services
7,938

 
7,568

 
2,683

 
2,441

Total revenues
72,786

 
69,235

 
25,146

 
24,223

 
 
 


 


 


Cost of products
(53,134
)
 
(50,936
)
 
(18,882
)
 
(18,050
)
Cost of services
(6,215
)
 
(5,742
)
 
(2,140
)
 
(1,879
)
Boeing Capital interest expense
(51
)
 
(53
)
 
(18
)
 
(27
)
Total costs and expenses
(59,400
)
 
(56,731
)
 
(21,040
)
 
(19,956
)
 
13,386

 
12,504

 
4,106

 
4,267

Income from operating investments, net
112

 
169

 
32

 
49

General and administrative expense
(3,345
)
 
(2,890
)
 
(1,154
)
 
(918
)
Research and development expense, net
(2,417
)
 
(2,417
)
 
(826
)
 
(768
)
Gain on dispositions, net
76

 


 
69

 


Earnings from operations
7,812

 
7,366

 
2,227

 
2,630

Other income, net
63

 
91

 
12

 
40

Interest and debt expense
(317
)
 
(267
)
 
(106
)
 
(87
)
Earnings before income taxes
7,558

 
7,190

 
2,133

 
2,583

Income tax (expense)/benefit
(522
)
 
(2,052
)
 
230

 
(773
)
Net earnings

$7,036

 

$5,138

 

$2,363

 

$1,810

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic earnings per share

$12.08

 

$8.49

 

$4.11

 

$3.03

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diluted earnings per share

$11.95

 

$8.39

 

$4.07

 

$2.99

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash dividends paid per share

$5.13

 

$4.26

 

$1.71

 

$1.42

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average diluted shares (millions)
588.9

 
612.8

 
580.8

 
606.3

See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

1
Table of Contents

The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Net earnings

$7,036

 

$5,138

 

$2,363

 

$1,810

Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Currency translation adjustments
(55
)
 
121

 
2

 
44

Unrealized gain/(loss) on certain investments, net of tax of ($1), $0, $0 and $0
3

 


 

 

Unrealized (loss)/gain on derivative instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized (loss)/gain arising during period, net of tax of $27, ($61), $1 and ($22)
(97
)
 
111

 
(4
)
 
40

Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net earnings, net of tax of ($5), ($24), ($3) and ($5)
19

 
44

 
9

 
10

Total unrealized (loss)/gain on derivative instruments, net of tax
(78
)
 
155

 
5

 
50

Defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefits:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amortization of prior service credits included in net periodic pension cost, net of tax of $30, $47, $10 and $16
(106
)
 
(84
)
 
(35
)
 
(27
)
Net actuarial gain arising during the period, net of tax of $0, ($1), $0 and $0
1

 
3

 

 

Amortization of actuarial losses included in net periodic pension cost, net of tax of ($182), ($217), ($60) and ($72)
657

 
394

 
219

 
131

Settlements and curtailments included in net income, net of tax of ($3), $0, $0 and $0
6

 

 

 

Pension and postretirement cost related to our equity method investments, net of tax of $1, $1, $0 and $0
(4
)
 
(2
)
 
(1
)
 

Total defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefits, net of tax
554

 
311

 
183

 
104

Other comprehensive income, net of tax
424

 
587

 
190

 
198

Comprehensive income related to noncontrolling interests
(12
)
 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 

Comprehensive income, net of tax

$7,448

 

$5,724

 

$2,551

 

$2,008

See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

2
Table of Contents

The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
September 30
2018

 
December 31
2017

Assets
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents

$8,034

 

$8,813

Short-term and other investments
1,956

 
1,179

Accounts receivable, net
2,893

 
2,894

Unbilled receivables, net
9,936

 
8,194

Current portion of customer financing, net
431

 
309

Inventories
62,038

 
61,388

Other current assets
2,398

 
2,417

Total current assets
87,686

 
85,194

Customer financing, net
2,785

 
2,756

Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $18,328 and $17,641
12,571

 
12,672

Goodwill
5,722

 
5,559

Acquired intangible assets, net
2,530

 
2,573

Deferred income taxes
323

 
321

Investments
1,190

 
1,260

Other assets, net of accumulated amortization of $466 and $482
1,852

 
2,027

Total assets

$114,659

 

$112,362

Liabilities and equity
 
 
 
Accounts payable

$13,663

 

$12,202

Accrued liabilities
12,869

 
13,069

Advances and progress billings
51,496

 
48,042

Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt
1,389

 
1,335

Total current liabilities
79,417

 
74,648

Deferred income taxes
1,738

 
2,188

Accrued retiree health care
5,394

 
5,545

Accrued pension plan liability, net
15,927

 
16,471

Other long-term liabilities
2,905

 
2,015

Long-term debt
10,487

 
9,782

Shareholders’ equity:
 
 
 
Common stock, par value $5.00 – 1,200,000,000 shares authorized; 1,012,261,159 shares issued
5,061

 
5,061

Additional paid-in capital
6,714

 
6,804

Treasury stock, at cost - 443,262,126 and 421,222,326 shares
(51,781
)
 
(43,454
)
Retained earnings
54,666

 
49,618

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(15,949
)
 
(16,373
)
Total shareholders’ equity
(1,289
)
 
1,656

Noncontrolling interests
80

 
57

Total equity
(1,209
)
 
1,713

Total liabilities and equity

$114,659

 

$112,362

See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3
Table of Contents

The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
  
2018


2017

Cash flows – operating activities:
 

 
Net earnings

$7,036



$5,138

Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
 

 
Non-cash items – 
 

 
Share-based plans expense
150


151

Depreciation and amortization
1,531


1,470

Investment/asset impairment charges, net
63


75

Customer financing valuation (benefit)/expense
(3
)

4

Gain on dispositions, net
(76
)
 


Other charges and credits, net
158


196

Changes in assets and liabilities – 
 

 
Accounts receivable
10


(558
)
Unbilled receivables
(1,732
)
 
(1,805
)
Advances and progress billings
3,457

 
4,714

Inventories
(173
)

(800
)
Other current assets
(5
)
 
(337
)
Accounts payable
1,181


780

Accrued liabilities
890


(102
)
Income taxes receivable, payable and deferred
(252
)

1,507

Other long-term liabilities
1


25

Pension and other postretirement plans
(89
)

(550
)
Customer financing, net
(175
)

634

Other
403


(99
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
12,375


10,443

Cash flows – investing activities:
 
 
 
Property, plant and equipment additions
(1,227
)
 
(1,304
)
Property, plant and equipment reductions
117

 
30

Acquisitions, net of cash acquired
(250
)
 


Contributions to investments
(2,145
)
 
(2,815
)
Proceeds from investments
1,369

 
2,612

Purchase of distribution rights
(56
)
 
(131
)
Other
(5
)
 
7

Net cash used by investing activities
(2,197
)
 
(1,601
)
Cash flows – financing activities:
 
 
 
New borrowings
4,696

 
876

Debt repayments
(4,029
)
 
(83
)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
35

 


Stock options exercised
70

 
291

Employee taxes on certain share-based payment arrangements
(247
)
 
(118
)
Common shares repurchased
(8,415
)
 
(7,500
)
Dividends paid
(2,976
)
 
(2,575
)
Net cash used by financing activities
(10,866
)
 
(9,109
)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents, including restricted
(37
)
 
73

Net decrease in cash & cash equivalents, including restricted
(725
)
 
(194
)
Cash & cash equivalents, including restricted, at beginning of year
8,887

 
8,869

Cash & cash equivalents, including restricted, at end of period
8,162

 
8,675

Less restricted cash & cash equivalents, included in Investments
128

 
106

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

$8,034

 

$8,569

See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4
Table of Contents

The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity
(Unaudited)
 
Boeing shareholders
 
 
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Common
Stock

Additional
Paid-In
Capital

Treasury Stock

Retained
Earnings

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Non-
controlling
Interests

Total

Balance at January 1, 2017

$5,061


$4,762


($36,097
)

$41,754


($13,623
)

$60


$1,917

Net earnings
 
 
 
5,138

 
(1
)
5,137

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax of ($255)
 
 
 
 
587

 
587

Share-based compensation and related dividend equivalents
 
168

 
(18
)
 
 
150

Treasury shares issued for stock options exercised, net
 
(80
)
370

 
 
 
290

Treasury shares issued for other share-based plans, net
 
(178
)
64

 
 
 
(114
)
Treasury shares contributed to pension plans
 
2,082

1,418

 
 
 
3,500

Common shares repurchased
 
 
(7,500
)
 
 
 
(7,500
)
Cash dividends declared ($2.84 per share)
 
 
 
(1,709
)
 
 
(1,709
)
Balance at September 30, 2017

$5,061


$6,754


($41,745
)

$45,165


($13,036
)

$59


$2,258

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2018

$5,061


$6,804


($43,454
)

$49,618


($16,373
)

$57


$1,713

Net earnings
 
 
 
7,036

 
(12
)
7,024

Other comprehensive income, net of tax of ($133)
 
 
 
 
424

 
424

Share-based compensation and related dividend equivalents
 
167

 
(17
)
 
 
150

Treasury shares issued for stock options exercised, net
 
(37
)
107

 
 
 
70

Treasury shares issued for other share-based plans, net
 
(220
)
(19
)
 
 
 
(239
)
Common shares repurchased
 
 
(8,415
)
 
 
 
(8,415
)
Cash dividends declared ($3.42 per share)
 
 
 
(1,971
)
 
 
(1,971
)
Changes in noncontrolling interests
 
 
 
 
 
35

35

Balance at September 30, 2018

$5,061


$6,714


($51,781
)

$54,666


($15,949
)

$80


($1,209
)
See Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5
Table of Contents

The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
Summary of Business Segment Data
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial Airplanes

$43,409

 

$42,626

 

$15,276



$15,393

Defense, Space & Security
17,084

 
15,304

 
5,729


5,050

Global Services
12,124

 
10,784

 
4,091


3,579

Boeing Capital
214

 
234

 
77


70

Unallocated items, eliminations and other
(45
)
 
287

 
(27
)
 
131

Total revenues

$72,786

 

$69,235

 

$25,146



$24,223

Earnings/(loss) from operations:
 
 
 
 



Commercial Airplanes

$5,175

 

$3,665

 

$2,023



$1,513

Defense, Space & Security
925

 
1,649

 
(245
)

486

Global Services
1,790

 
1,687

 
543


495

Boeing Capital
71

 
87

 
27


23

Segment operating profit
7,961

 
7,088

 
2,348

 
2,517

Unallocated items, eliminations and other
(1,168
)
 
(771
)
 
(458
)
 
(233
)
FAS/CAS service cost adjustment
1,019

 
1,049

 
337

 
346

Earnings from operations
7,812

 
7,366

 
2,227


2,630

Other income, net
63

 
91

 
12


40

Interest and debt expense
(317
)
 
(267
)
 
(106
)

(87
)
Earnings before income taxes
7,558

 
7,190

 
2,133


2,583

Income tax (expense)/benefit
(522
)
 
(2,052
)
 
230


(773
)
Net earnings

$7,036

 

$5,138

 

$2,363



$1,810


This information is an integral part of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 19 for further segment results.

6
Table of Contents

The Boeing Company and Subsidiaries
Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
Note 1 – Basis of Presentation
The condensed consolidated interim financial statements included in this report have been prepared by management of The Boeing Company (herein referred to as “Boeing”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) necessary for a fair presentation are reflected in the interim financial statements. The results of operations for the period ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. The interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements, including the notes thereto, included in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Prior period amounts have been adjusted to conform with the current year presentation.
Standards Issued and Not Yet Implemented
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The new standard is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and early adoption is permitted. The standard will require lessees to report most leases as assets and liabilities on the balance sheet, while lessor accounting will remain substantially unchanged. The standard permits two approaches, one requiring retrospective application of the new guidance with restatement of prior years, and one requiring prospective application of the new guidance. We plan to adopt the new lease standard effective January 1, 2019 and apply it prospectively. We do not expect the new lease standard to have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Standards Issued and Implemented
In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted the following ASUs: ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606); ASU 2017-07,Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost; ASU 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash; ASU 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.
The impact of the adoption of these standards to our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements is presented in Note 2 and the additional disclosures are shown in Notes 6 and 19.
ASU 2014-09 In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), using the full retrospective method. Topic 606 requires revenue to be recognized when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.
Most of our defense contracts at our Defense, Space & Security (BDS) and Global Services (BGS) segments and certain military derivative aircraft contracts at our Commercial Airplanes (BCA) segment now recognize revenue under the new standard as costs are incurred. Under previous U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), revenue was generally recognized when deliveries were made, performance milestones were attained, or as costs were incurred. The new standard accelerates the timing of when the revenue is recognized, however, it does not change the total amount of revenue recognized on these contracts. The new standard does not affect revenue recognition or the use of program accounting for commercial airplane contracts in our BCA business. We continue to recognize revenue for these contracts at the point in time when the customer accepts delivery of the airplane. The adoption resulted in a cumulative adjustment to increase Retained earnings by $901 at January 1, 2016 and an increase of $73 to Net earnings for the first nine months of 2017.

7
Table of Contents

ASU 2017-07 In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. The standard requires non-service cost components of net periodic benefit cost to be presented in non-operating earnings using a retrospective transition method. We applied a practical expedient as the estimation basis for the reclassification of prior period non-service cost components of net periodic benefit cost from Earnings from operations to Other income/(loss), net. Through the end of 2017, a portion of net periodic pension and other postretirement income or expense was not recognized in net earnings in the year incurred because it was allocated to production as product costs, and reflected in inventory at the end of the reporting periods. Effective January 1, 2018, in accordance with our adoption of ASU 2017-07, only service costs may be allocated to production costs and capitalized in inventory on a prospective basis. The impact of adoption was not material.
ASU 2016-18 In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. The standard requires companies to include restricted amounts with Cash & cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period total amounts shown on the Statements of Cash Flows. The impact of adoption was not material.
ASU 2018-02 In the first quarter of 2018, we early adopted ASU 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The standard allows companies to reclassify from Accumulated other comprehensive income/loss to Retained earnings the difference between the historical corporate income tax rate of 35% and the 21% rate enacted in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) in December 2017. This resulted in an increase of $2,997 to Retained earnings and an increase of $2,997 to Accumulated other comprehensive loss.
Significant Accounting Policies - Update
Our significant accounting policies are described in "Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Our significant accounting policies described below reflect the impact of the adoption of Topic 606 in the first quarter of 2018.
Revenue and Related Cost Recognition
Commercial aircraft contracts The majority of our BCA segment revenue is derived from commercial aircraft contracts. For each contract, we determine the transaction price based on the consideration expected to be received. We allocate the transaction price to each commercial aircraft performance obligation based on relative standalone selling prices adjusted by an escalation formula as specified in the customer agreement. Revenue is recognized for each commercial aircraft performance obligation at the point in time when the aircraft is completed and accepted by the customer. We use program accounting to determine the amount reported as cost of sales.
Where an aircraft is still in our possession, and title and risk of loss has passed to the customer (known as a bill-and-hold arrangement), revenue will be recognized when all specific requirements for transfer of control under a bill-and-hold arrangement have been met.
Payments for commercial aircraft sales are received in accordance with the customer agreement, which generally includes a deposit upon order and additional payments in accordance with a payment schedule, with the balance being due immediately prior to or at aircraft delivery. Advances and progress billings (contract liabilities) are normal and customary for commercial aircraft contracts and not considered a significant financing component as they are intended to protect us from the other party failing to adequately complete some or all of its obligations under the contract.
Long-term contracts Substantially all contracts at BDS, certain military derivative aircraft contracts at BCA and certain contracts at BGS are long-term contracts with the U.S. government and other customers that generally extend over several years. Products sales under long-term contracts primarily include fighter jets, rotorcraft, cybersecurity products, surveillance suites, advanced weapons, missile defense, military derivative aircraft, satellite systems, and modification of commercial passenger aircraft to cargo freighters. Services

8
Table of Contents

sales under long-term contracts primarily include support and maintenance agreements associated with our commercial and defense products and space travel on Commercial Crew.
For each long-term contract, we determine the transaction price based on the consideration expected to be received. We allocate the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation to deliver a good or service, or a collection of goods and/or services, based on the relative standalone selling prices. A long-term contract will typically represent a single distinct performance obligation due to the highly interdependent and interrelated nature of the underlying goods and/or services and the significant service of integration that we provide. While the scope and price on certain long-term contracts may be modified over their life, the transaction price is based on current rights and obligations under the contract and does not include potential modifications until they are agreed upon with the customer. When applicable, a cumulative adjustment or separate recognition for the additional scope and price may result. Long-term contracts can be negotiated with a fixed price or a price in which we are reimbursed for costs incurred plus an agreed upon profit. The Federal Acquisition Regulations provide guidance on the types of cost that will be reimbursed in establishing the price for contracts with the U.S. government. Certain long-term contracts include in the transaction price variable consideration, such as incentive and award fees, if specified targets are achieved. The amount included in the transaction price represents the expected value, based on a weighted probability, or the most likely amount.
Long-term contract revenue is recognized over the contract term (over time) as the work progresses, either as products are produced or as services are rendered. We generally recognize revenue over time as we perform on long-term contracts because of continuous transfer of control to the customer. For U.S. government contracts, this continuous transfer of control to the customer is supported by clauses in the contract that allow the customer to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience, pay us for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit and take control of any work in process. Similarly, for non-U.S. government contracts, the customer typically controls the work in process as evidenced either by contractual termination clauses or by our rights to payment of the transaction price associated with work performed to date on products or services that do not have an alternative use to the Company.
The accounting for long-term contracts involves a judgmental process of estimating total sales, costs and profit for each performance obligation. Cost of sales is recognized as incurred. The amount reported as revenues is determined by adding a proportionate amount of the estimated profit to the amount reported as cost of sales. Recognizing revenue as costs are incurred provides an objective measure of progress on the long-term contract and thereby best depicts the extent of transfer of control to the customer.
Changes in estimated revenues, cost of sales and the related effect on operating income are recognized using a cumulative catch-up adjustment which recognizes in the current period the cumulative effect of the changes on current and prior periods based on a long-term contract’s percentage-of-completion. When the current estimates of total sales and costs for a long-term contract indicate a loss, a provision for the entire reach-forward loss on the long-term contract is recognized.
Net cumulative catch-up adjustments to prior years' revenue and earnings, including reach-forward losses, across all long-term contracts were as follows:
 
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Increase/(decrease) to Revenue

($14
)
 

$426

 

($59
)
 

($44
)
Increase/(decrease) to Earnings from Operations

($314
)
 

$207

 

($155
)
 

($215
)
Increase/(decrease) to Diluted EPS

($0.50
)
 

$0.24

 

($0.30
)
 

($0.25
)
Due to the significance of judgment in the estimation process changes in underlying assumptions/estimates, supplier performance, or circumstances may adversely or positively affect financial performance in future periods.

9
Table of Contents

Payments under long-term contracts may be received before or after revenue is recognized. The U.S. government customer typically withholds payment of a small portion of the contract price until contract completion. Therefore, long-term contracts typically generate Unbilled receivables (contract assets) but may generate Advances and progress billings (contract liabilities). Long-term contract Unbilled receivables and Advances and progress billings are not considered a significant financing component because they are intended to protect either the customer or the Company in the event that some or all of the obligations under the contract are not completed.
Commercial spare parts contracts Certain contracts at our BGS segment include sales of commercial spare parts. For each contract, we determine the transaction price based on the consideration expected to be received. The spare parts have discrete unit prices that represent fair value. We generally consider each spare part to be a separate performance obligation. Revenue is recognized for each commercial spare part performance obligation at the point in time of delivery to the customer. We may provide our customers with a right to return a commercial spare part where a customer may receive a full or partial refund, a credit applied to amounts owed, a different product in exchange, or any combination of these items. We consider the potential for customer returns in the estimated transaction price. The amount reported as cost of sales is recorded at average cost. Payments for commercial spare parts sales are typically received shortly after delivery.
Other service revenue contracts Certain contracts at our BGS segment are for sales of services to commercial customers including maintenance, training, data analytics and information-based services. We recognize revenue for these service performance obligations over time as the services are rendered. The method of measuring progress (such as straight-line or billable amount) varies depending upon which method best depicts the transfer of control to the customer based on the type of service performed. Cost of sales is recorded as incurred.
Concession sharing arrangements We account for sales concessions to our customers in consideration of their purchase of products and services as a reduction of the transaction price and the revenue that is recognized for the related performance obligations. The sales concessions incurred may be partially reimbursed by certain suppliers in accordance with concession sharing arrangements. We record these reimbursements, which are presumed to represent reductions in the price of the vendor’s products or services, as a reduction in Cost of products.
Unbilled Receivables and Advances and Progress Billings
Unbilled receivables (contract assets) arise when the Company recognizes revenue for amounts which cannot yet be billed under terms of the contract with the customer. Advances and progress billings (contract liabilities) arise when the Company receives payments from customers in advance of recognizing revenue. The amount of Unbilled receivables or Advances and progress billings is determined for each contract.

10
Table of Contents

Note 2 - Impact of Adoption of New Standards
In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted the following ASUs: ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606); ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost; ASU 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Restricted Cash; and ASU 2018-02 Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.
The impact to our unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as a result of adopting these standards was as follows:
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations (Unaudited)
 
Nine months ended September 30, 2017
 
Three months ended September 30, 2017
(Dollars in millions)
Reported
 
Impact of New Standards
 
Restated
 
Reported
 
Impact of New Standards
 
Restated
Sales of products

$60,484

 

$1,183

 

$61,667

 

$21,825

 

($43
)
 

$21,782

Sales of services
7,540

 
28

 
7,568

 
2,484

 
(43
)
 
2,441

Total revenues
68,024

 
1,211

 
69,235

 
24,309

 
(86
)
 
24,223

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cost of products
(49,856
)
 
(1,080
)
 
(50,936
)
 
(18,050
)
 


 
(18,050
)
Cost of services
(5,730
)
 
(12
)
 
(5,742
)
 
(1,910
)
 
31

 
(1,879
)
Boeing Capital interest expense
(53
)
 


 
(53
)
 
(27
)
 


 
(27
)
Total costs and expenses
(55,639
)
 
(1,092
)
 
(56,731
)
 
(19,987
)
 
31

 
(19,956
)
 
12,385

 
119

 
12,504

 
4,322

 
(55
)
 
4,267

Income from operating investments, net
169

 


 
169

 
49

 


 
49

General and administrative expense
(2,888
)
 
(2
)
 
(2,890
)
 
(915
)
 
(3
)
 
(918
)
Research and development expense, net
(2,418
)
 
1

 
(2,417
)
 
(767
)
 
(1
)
 
(768
)
Earnings from operations
7,248

 
118

 
7,366

 
2,689

 
(59
)
 
2,630

Other income, net
94

 
(3
)
 
91

 
45

 
(5
)
 
40

Interest and debt expense
(267
)
 


 
(267
)
 
(87
)
 


 
(87
)
Earnings before income taxes
7,075

 
115

 
7,190

 
2,647

 
(64
)
 
2,583

Income tax expense
(2,010
)
 
(42
)
 
(2,052
)
 
(794
)
 
21

 
(773
)
Net earnings

$5,065

 

$73

 

$5,138

 

$1,853

 

($43
)
 

$1,810

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
Basic earnings per share

$8.37

 

$0.12

 

$8.49

 

$3.10

 

($0.07
)
 

$3.03

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
Diluted earnings per share

$8.27

 

$0.12

 

$8.39

 

$3.06

 

($0.07
)
 

$2.99



11
Table of Contents

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
(Dollars in millions)
December 31, 2017
Assets
Reported
 
Impact of New Standards
 
Restated
Cash and cash equivalents

$8,813

 


 

$8,813

Short-term and other investments
1,179

 


 
1,179

Accounts receivable, net
10,516

 

($7,622
)
 
2,894

Unbilled receivables, net


 
8,194

 
8,194

Current portion of customer financing, net
309

 


 
309

Inventories
44,344

 
17,044

 
61,388

Other current assets



2,417


2,417

Total current assets
65,161

 
20,033

 
85,194

Customer financing, net
2,740

 
16

 
2,756

Property, plant and equipment, net
12,672

 


 
12,672

Goodwill
5,559

 


 
5,559

Acquired intangible assets, net
2,573

 


 
2,573

Deferred income taxes
341

 
(20
)
 
321

Investments
1,260

 


 
1,260

Other assets, net of accumulated amortization
2,027

 


 
2,027

Total assets

$92,333

 

$20,029

 

$112,362

Liabilities and equity
 
 

 
 
Accounts payable

$12,202

 


 

$12,202

Accrued liabilities
15,292

 

($2,223
)
 
13,069

Advances and billings in excess of related costs
27,440

 
(27,440
)
 


Advances and progress billings


 
48,042

 
48,042

Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt
1,335

 


 
1,335

Total current liabilities
56,269

 
18,379

 
74,648

Deferred income taxes
1,839

 
349

 
2,188

Accrued retiree health care
5,545

 


 
5,545

Accrued pension plan liability, net
16,471

 


 
16,471

Other long-term liabilities
2,015

 


 
2,015

Long-term debt
9,782

 


 
9,782

Shareholders’ equity:
 
 


 
 
Common stock
5,061

 


 
5,061

Additional paid-in capital
6,804

 


 
6,804

Treasury stock, at cost
(43,454
)
 


 
(43,454
)
Retained earnings
45,320

 
4,298

 
49,618

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(13,376
)
 
(2,997
)
 
(16,373
)
Total shareholders’ equity
355

 
1,301

 
1,656

Noncontrolling interests
57

 


 
57

Total equity
412

 
1,301

 
1,713

Total liabilities and equity

$92,333

 

$20,029

 

$112,362


12
Table of Contents

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30, 2017
 
Reported

 
Impact of New Standards
Restated

Cash flows - operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Net earnings

$5,065

 

$73

 

$5,138

Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 

 
 
Non-cash items -
 
 

 
 
Share-based plans expense
151

 

 
151

Depreciation and amortization
1,487

 
(17
)
 
1,470

Investment/asset impairment charges, net
75

 

 
75

Customer financing valuation expense
4

 

 
4

Other charges and credits, net
190

 
6

 
196

Changes in assets and liabilities -
 
 

 
 
Accounts receivable
(1,983
)
 
1,425

 
(558
)
Unbilled receivables

 
(1,805
)
 
(1,805
)
Advances and progress billings

 
4,714

 
4,714

Inventories
254

 
(1,054
)
 
(800
)
Other current assets

 
(337
)
 
(337
)
Accounts payable
778

 
2

 
780

Accrued liabilities
112

 
(214
)
 
(102
)
Advances and billings in excess of related costs
2,828

 
(2,828
)
 

Income taxes receivable, payable and deferred
1,465

 
42

 
1,507

Other long-term liabilities
25

 

 
25

Pension and other postretirement plans
(550
)
 

 
(550
)
Customer financing, net
635

 
(1
)
 
634

Other
(96
)
 
(3
)
 
(99
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
10,440

 
3

 
10,443

Cash flows - investing activities:
 
 

 
 
Property, plant and equipment additions
(1,304
)
 

 
(1,304
)
Property, plant and equipment reductions
30

 

 
30

Contributions to investments
(2,847
)
 
32

 
(2,815
)
Proceeds from investments
2,612

 

 
2,612

Purchase of distribution rights
(131
)
 
 
 
(131
)
Other
4

 
3

 
7

Net cash used by investing activities
(1,636
)
 
35

 
(1,601
)
Cash flows - financing activities:
 
 

 
 
New borrowings
876

 

 
876

Debt repayments
(83
)
 

 
(83
)
Stock options exercised
291

 

 
291

Employee taxes on certain share-based payment arrangements
(118
)
 

 
(118
)
Common shares repurchased
(7,500
)
 

 
(7,500
)
Dividends paid
(2,575
)
 

 
(2,575
)
Net cash used by financing activities
(9,109
)
 

 
(9,109
)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash & cash equivalents, including restricted
73

 

 
73

Net (decrease)/increase in cash & cash equivalents, including restricted
(232
)
 
38

 
(194
)
Cash & cash equivalents, including restricted*, at beginning of year
8,801

 
68

 
8,869

Cash & cash equivalents, including restricted*, at end of period

$8,569

 

$106

 
8,675

Less restricted cash & cash equivalents, included in Investments
 
 
 
 
106

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
 
 
 
 

$8,569

* Reported balance excludes restricted amounts

13
Table of Contents

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (Unaudited)
 
Boeing shareholders
 
 
(Dollars in millions)
Common
Stock

Additional
Paid-In
Capital

Treasury Stock

Retained
Earnings

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Non-
controlling
Interests

Total

Balance at January 1, 2017, as reported

$5,061


$4,762


($36,097
)

$40,714


($13,623
)

$60


$877

Cumulative Impact of Topic 606 at 1/1/2016
 
 
 
901

 
 
901

Impact of Topic 606 on 2016 earnings
 
 
 
139

 
 
139

Balance at January 1, 2017, as restated

$5,061


$4,762


($36,097
)

$41,754


($13,623
)

$60


$1,917

 
Boeing shareholders
 
 
(Dollars in millions)
Common
Stock

Additional
Paid-In
Capital

Treasury Stock

Retained
Earnings

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Non-
controlling
Interests

Total

Balance at December 31, 2017, as reported

$5,061


$6,804


($43,454
)

$45,320


($13,376
)

$57


$412

Cumulative Impact of Topic 606 at 1/1/2016
 
 
 
901

 
 
901

Impact of Topic 606 on 2016 earnings
 
 
 
139

 
 
139

Impact of Topic 606 on 2017 earnings
 
 
 
261

 
 
261

Total impact of ASC 606 through December 31, 2017
 
 
 
1,301

 
 
1,301

Impact of ASU 2018-02
 
 
 
2,997

(2,997
)
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2017, as restated

$5,061


$6,804


($43,454
)

$49,618


($16,373
)

$57


$1,713



14
Table of Contents

Note 3 – Earnings Per Share
Basic and diluted earnings per share are computed using the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation method that determines earnings per share for common shares and participating securities. The undistributed earnings are allocated between common shares and participating securities as if all earnings had been distributed during the period. Participating securities and common shares have equal rights to undistributed earnings.
Basic earnings per share is calculated by taking net earnings, less earnings available to participating securities, divided by the basic weighted average common shares outstanding.
Diluted earnings per share is calculated by taking net earnings, less earnings available to participating securities, divided by the diluted weighted average common shares outstanding.
The elements used in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share were as follows:
(In millions - except per share amounts)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018


2017


2018


2017

Net earnings

$7,036

 

$5,138

 

$2,363

 

$1,810

Less: earnings available to participating securities
5

 
4

 
2

 
2

Net earnings available to common shareholders

$7,031

 

$5,134

 

$2,361

 

$1,808

Basic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic weighted average shares outstanding
582.7

 
605.6

 
574.8

 
598.3

Less: participating securities
0.7

 
0.8

 
0.6

 
0.7

Basic weighted average common shares outstanding
582.0

 
604.8

 
574.2

 
597.6

Diluted
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic weighted average shares outstanding
582.7

 
605.6

 
574.8

 
598.3

Dilutive potential common shares(1)
6.2

 
7.2

 
6.0

 
8.0

Diluted weighted average shares outstanding
588.9

 
612.8

 
580.8

 
606.3

Less: participating securities
0.7

 
0.8

 
0.6

 
0.7

Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding
588.2

 
612.0

 
580.2

 
605.6

Net earnings per share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic

$12.08

 

$8.49

 

$4.11

 

$3.03

Diluted
11.95

 
8.39

 
4.07

 
2.99

(1) 
Diluted earnings per share includes any dilutive impact of stock options, restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units and performance awards.
The following table includes the number of shares that may be dilutive potential common shares in the future. These shares were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect was either antidilutive or the performance condition was not met.
(Shares in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
 
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Performance awards
2.6

 
4.6

 
2.2

 
3.4

Performance-based restricted stock units
0.3

 
0.6

 
0.2

 
0.1



15
Table of Contents

Note 4 – Income Taxes
Our effective income tax rates were 6.9% and (10.8)% for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 and 28.5% and 29.9% for the same periods in the prior year. The 2018 tax rates reflect the enactment of the TCJA, which permanently reduced the U.S. corporate statutory rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. The 2018 tax rates also reflect net favorable impacts of the TCJA provisions which effectively apply a lower U.S. tax rate to intangible income derived from serving non-U.S. markets and research and development credits. In the third quarter of 2018, $412 of additional tax benefits were recorded related to the settlement of the 2013-2014 federal tax audit. The 2017 tax rates reflect the 35% statutory tax rate reduced by tax benefits for research and development credits and U.S. manufacturing activity.
In 2017, in accordance with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, we recorded provisional amounts related to the TCJA, including the remeasurement of our U.S. net deferred tax liabilities and ancillary state tax effects, as well as the repatriation tax. We continue to refine our computation of the repatriation tax and evaluate regulatory guidance, which may result in changes to our tax estimates.
Federal income tax audits have been settled for all years prior to 2015. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is expected to begin the 2015-2017 federal tax audit in the first quarter of 2019. We are also subject to examination in major state and international jurisdictions for the 2001-2016 tax years. We believe appropriate provisions for all outstanding tax issues have been made for all jurisdictions and all open years.
Audit outcomes and the timing of audit settlements are subject to significant uncertainty. It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months unrecognized tax benefits related to state matters under audit may decrease by up to $445 based on current estimates.
Note 5 – Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following:
 
September 30
2018

 
December 31
2017

Long-term contracts in progress

$1,908

 

$1,854

Commercial aircraft programs
53,568

 
52,861

Commercial spare parts, used aircraft, general stock materials and other
6,562

 
6,673

Total

$62,038



$61,388


Long-Term Contracts in Progress
Long-term contracts in progress includes Delta launch program inventory that is being sold at cost to United Launch Alliance (ULA) under an inventory supply agreement that terminates on March 31, 2021. The inventory balance was $227 and $284 at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. See indemnifications to ULA in Note 11.
Included in inventories are capitalized precontract costs of $663 at September 30, 2018 primarily related to the KC-46A Tanker and $933 at December 31, 2017 primarily related to the KC-46A Tanker, C-17 and F/A-18. See Note 10.

16
Table of Contents

Commercial Aircraft Programs
At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, commercial aircraft programs inventory included the following amounts related to the 787 program: $28,905 and $30,695 of work in process (including deferred production costs of $23,584 and $25,358), $2,485 and $3,189 of supplier advances, and $2,774 and $3,173 of unamortized tooling and other non-recurring costs. At September 30, 2018, $19,786 of 787 deferred production costs, unamortized tooling and other non-recurring costs are expected to be recovered from units included in the program accounting quantity that have firm orders and $6,572 is expected to be recovered from units included in the program accounting quantity that represent expected future orders.
At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, commercial aircraft programs inventory included $125 and $151 of unamortized tooling costs related to the 747 program. At September 30, 2018, $119 of unamortized tooling costs are expected to be recovered from units included in the program accounting quantity that have firm orders or commitments. At September 30, 2018, the program accounting quantity includes one already completed aircraft which is being remarketed.
Commercial aircraft programs inventory included amounts credited in cash or other consideration (early issue sales consideration) to airline customers totaling $2,896 and $2,976 at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Note 6 – Contracts with Customers
Unbilled receivables increased from $8,194 at December 31, 2017 to $9,936 at September 30, 2018, primarily driven by revenue recognized at BDS and BCA in excess of billings.
Advances and progress billings increased from $48,042 at December 31, 2017 to $51,496 at September 30, 2018, primarily driven by advances on orders received in excess of revenue recognized at BCA.
In the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized revenue of $19,006 and $6,249 related to our Advances and progress billings at January 1, 2018. In the nine and three months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized revenue of $17,696 and $6,009 related to our Advances and progress billings at January 1, 2017.
Note 7 – Customer Financing
Customer financing primarily relates to the Boeing Capital (BCC) segment. Prior period amounts have been adjusted to conform with the current year presentation as a result of the adoption of Topic 606. Customer financing consisted of the following:
 
September 30
2018

 
December 31
2017

Financing receivables:
 
 
 
Investment in sales-type/finance leases

$1,153

 

$1,364

Notes
987

 
1,022

Total financing receivables
2,140

 
2,386

Operating lease equipment, at cost, less accumulated depreciation of $204 and $305
1,085

 
691

Gross customer financing
3,225

 
3,077

Less allowance for losses on receivables
(9
)
 
(12
)
Total

$3,216

 

$3,065


We determine a receivable is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect amounts due according to the original contractual terms. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we individually evaluated for impairment customer financing receivables of $411 and $422, of which $400 and $411 were determined to be impaired. We recorded no allowance for losses on these impaired receivables as the collateral values exceeded the carrying values of the receivables.

17
Table of Contents

The adequacy of the allowance for losses is assessed quarterly. Three primary factors influencing the level of our allowance for losses on customer financing receivables are customer credit ratings, default rates and collateral values. We assign internal credit ratings for all customers and determine the creditworthiness of each customer based upon publicly available information and information obtained directly from our customers. Our rating categories are comparable to those used by the major credit rating agencies.
Our financing receivable balances by internal credit rating category are shown below: 
Rating categories
September 30
2018

 
December 31
2017

BBB

$1,001

 

$1,170

BB
443

 
627

B
286

 
177

CCC
410

 
412

Total carrying value of financing receivables

$2,140

 

$2,386


At September 30, 2018, our allowance related to receivables with ratings of B, BB and BBB. We applied default rates that averaged 23.9%, 6.7% and 0.7%, respectively, to the exposure associated with those receivables.
Customer Financing Exposure
Customer financing is collateralized by security in the related asset. The value of the collateral is closely tied to commercial airline performance and overall market conditions and may be subject to reduced valuation with market decline. Declines in collateral values could result in asset impairments, reduced finance lease income, and an increase in the allowance for losses. Our customer financing collateral is concentrated in out-of-production aircraft and 747-8 aircraft. Generally, out-of-production aircraft have experienced greater collateral value declines than in-production aircraft.
The majority of customer financing carrying values are concentrated in the following aircraft models:
 
September 30
2018

 
December 31
2017

717 Aircraft ($226 and $269 accounted for as operating leases)

$963

 

$1,081

747-8 Aircraft ($134 and $138 accounted for as operating leases)
478

 
483

737 Aircraft ($267 and $127 accounted for as operating leases)
330

 
161

MD-80 Aircraft (accounted for as sales-type finance leases)
207

 
231

757 Aircraft ($25 and $27 accounted for as operating leases)
204

 
217

747-400 Aircraft ($56 and $88 accounted for as operating leases)
131

 
170

787 Aircraft (accounted for as notes)
115

 


777 Aircraft ($72 and $0 accounted for as operating leases)
83

 
14

767 Aircraft ($0 and $25 accounted for as operating leases)


 
98



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Note 8 – Investments
Our investments, which are recorded in Short-term and other investments or Investments, consisted of the following:
 
September 30
2018

 
December 31
2017

Equity method investments (1)

$1,149

 

$1,214

Time deposits
1,343

 
613

Available for sale debt instruments
480

 
490

Restricted cash & cash equivalents(2)
128

 
74

Equity and other investments
46

 
48

Total

$3,146

 

$2,439


(1) 
Dividends received were $222 and $79 for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 and $195 and $47 during the same periods in the prior year.
(2) 
Reflects amounts restricted in support of our workers’ compensation programs, employee benefit programs, and insurance premiums.
Note 9 – Other Assets
Sea Launch
At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, Other assets included $295 and $356 of receivables related to our former investment in the Sea Launch venture which became payable by certain Sea Launch partners following Sea Launch’s bankruptcy filing in June 2009. At September 30, 2018, the net amounts owed to Boeing by each of the partners were as follows: S.P. Koroley Rocket and Space Corporation Energia of Russia (RSC Energia) – $162, PO Yuzhnoye Mashinostroitelny Zavod of Ukraine – $89 and KB Yuzhnoye of Ukraine – $44.
In 2013, we filed an action in the United States District Court for the Central District of California seeking reimbursement from the other Sea Launch partners. In 2016, the United States District Court for the Central District of California issued a judgment in favor of Boeing. Later that year, we reached an agreement which we believe will enable us to recover the outstanding receivable balance from RSC Energia over the next several years. We continue to pursue collection efforts against the former Ukrainian partners in connection with the court judgment. We continue to believe the partners have the financial wherewithal to pay and intend to pursue vigorously all of our rights and remedies. In the event we are unable to secure reimbursement from RSC Energia and the Ukrainian Sea Launch partners, we could incur additional charges.
Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies
Environmental
The following table summarizes environmental remediation activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
 
2018

 
2017

Beginning balance – January 1

$524

 

$562

Reductions for payments made
(17
)
 
(25
)
Changes in estimates
61

 
6

Ending balance – September 30

$568

 

$543


The liabilities recorded represent our best estimate or the low end of a range of reasonably possible costs expected to be incurred to remediate sites, including operation and maintenance over periods of up to 30 years. It is reasonably possible that we may incur charges that exceed these recorded amounts becau

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se of regulatory agency orders and directives, changes in laws and/or regulations, higher than expected costs and/or the discovery of new or additional contamination. As part of our estimating process, we develop a range of reasonably possible alternate scenarios that includes the high end of a range of reasonably possible cost estimates for all remediation sites for which we have sufficient information based on our experience and existing laws and regulations. There are some potential remediation obligations where the costs of remediation cannot be reasonably estimated. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the high end of the estimated range of reasonably possible remediation costs exceeded our recorded liabilities by $800 and $868.
Product Warranties
The following table summarizes product warranty activity recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
 
2018

 
2017

Beginning balance – January 1

$1,211

 

$1,414

Additions for current year deliveries
176

 
183

Reductions for payments made
(135
)
 
(193
)
Changes in estimates
(151
)
 
(213
)
Ending balance – September 30

$1,101

 

$1,191


Commercial Aircraft Commitments
In conjunction with signing definitive agreements for the sale of new aircraft (Sale Aircraft), we have entered into trade-in commitments with certain customers that give them the right to trade in used aircraft at a specified price upon the purchase of Sale Aircraft. The probability that trade-in commitments will be exercised is determined by using both quantitative information from valuation sources and qualitative information from other sources. The probability of exercise is assessed quarterly, or as events trigger a change, and takes into consideration the current economic and airline industry environments. Trade-in commitments, which can be terminated by mutual consent with the customer, may be exercised only during the period specified in the agreement, and require advance notice by the customer.
Trade-in commitment agreements at September 30, 2018 have expiration dates from 2018 through 2028. At September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017 total contractual trade-in commitments were $1,726 and $1,462. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we estimated that it was probable we would be obligated to perform on certain of these commitments with net amounts payable to customers totaling $371 and $155 and the fair value of the related trade-in aircraft was $361 and $155.
Financing Commitments
Financing commitments related to aircraft on order, including options and those proposed in sales campaigns, and refinancing of delivered aircraft, totaled $19,744 and $10,221 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The estimated earliest potential funding dates for these commitments as of September 30, 2018 are as follows:
  
Total

October through December 2018

$326

2019
2,736

2020
3,559

2021
2,796

2022
1,567

Thereafter
8,760

 

$19,744



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As of September 30, 2018, $18,540 of these financing commitments related to customers we believe have less than investment-grade credit. We have concluded that no reserve for future potential losses is required for these financing commitments based upon the terms, such as collateralization and interest rates, under which funding would be provided.
Standby Letters of Credit and Surety Bonds
We have entered into standby letters of credit and surety bonds with financial institutions primarily relating to the guarantee of our future performance on certain contracts. Contingent liabilities on outstanding letters of credit agreements and surety bonds aggregated approximately $3,762 and $3,708 as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Commitments to ULA
We and Lockheed Martin Corporation have each committed to provide ULA with additional capital contributions in the event ULA does not have sufficient funds to make a required payment to us under an inventory supply agreement. As of September 30, 2018, ULA’s total remaining obligation to Boeing under the inventory supply agreement was $120. See Note 5.
United States Government Defense Environment Overview
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, passed in February 2018, raised the 2011 Budget Control Act spending caps for fiscal years 2018 and 2019 (FY18 and FY19). The consolidated spending bills signed into law in September 2018 provide defense funding for FY19, in compliance with the revised caps. These bills also provided FY19 appropriations for most of the federal government. The remaining parts of the federal government, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), were funded with a Continuing Resolution that maintains current funding levels through December 7, 2018. If Congress is unable to pass appropriations bills to fund these agencies for the remainder of FY19 before the expiration of the current Continuing Resolution, a partial government shutdown could result, which could impact the Company’s operations.
There continues to be uncertainty with respect to future program-level appropriations for the U.S. DoD and other government agencies, including NASA. The 2011 Budget Control Act continues to mandate limits on U.S. government discretionary spending for fiscal years 2020 and 2021 (FY20 and FY21). The lower budget caps will take effect again in FY20 and FY21 unless Congress acts to raise the spending caps or to repeal or suspend the law. As a result, continued budget uncertainty and the risk of future sequestration cuts remain. Future budget cuts or investment priority changes could result in reductions, cancellations and/or delays of existing contracts or programs. Any of these impacts could have a material effect on the results of the Company’s operations, financial position and/or cash flows.
BDS Fixed-Price Development Contracts
Fixed-price development work is inherently uncertain and subject to significant variability in estimates of the cost and time required to complete the work. BDS fixed-price contracts with significant development work include Commercial Crew, Saudi F-15, USAF KC-46A Tanker, T-X Trainer, VC-25B Presidential Aircraft, MQ-25 unmanned aerial refueling aircraft, and commercial and military satellites. The operational and technical complexities of these contracts create financial risk, which could trigger termination provisions, order cancellations or other financially significant exposure. Changes to cost and revenue estimates could result in lower margins or material charges for reach-forward losses. For example, we have recorded reach-forward losses on the KC-46A Tanker in 2018 as well as in prior years, and we continue to have risk for further losses if we experience further production, technical or quality issues, and delays in flight testing, certification and/or delivery. In addition, in the third quarter of 2018, in connection with winning the T-X and MQ-25 competitions, we recorded a loss of $400 associated with options for 346 T-X Trainer aircraft and a loss of $291 related to the MQ-25 Engineering, Manufacturing and Development (EMD) contract. Moreover, our fixed-price development programs remain subject to additional reach-forward losses if we experience further technical or quality issues, schedule delays, or increased costs. 

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KC-46A Tanker
In 2011, we were awarded a contract from the U.S. Air Force (USAF) to design, develop, manufacture and deliver four next generation aerial refueling tankers. This EMD contract is a fixed-price incentive fee contract valued at $4.9 billion and involves highly complex designs and systems integration. In 2016, the USAF authorized two low rate initial production (LRIP) lots for 7 and 12 aircraft valued at $2.8 billion. In January 2017, the USAF authorized an additional LRIP lot for 15 aircraft valued at $2.1 billion. On September 10, 2018, the USAF authorized an additional 18 aircraft valued at $2.9 billion. At September 30, 2018, we had approximately $368 of capitalized precontract costs and $1,341 of potential termination liabilities to suppliers.
Recoverable Costs on Government Contracts  
Our final incurred costs for each year are subject to audit and review for allowability by the U.S. government, which can result in payment demands related to costs they believe should be disallowed. We work with the U.S. government to assess the merits of claims and where appropriate reserve for amounts disputed. If we are unable to satisfactorily resolve disputed costs, we could be required to record an earnings charge and/or provide refunds to the U.S. government.
Note 11 – Arrangements with Off-Balance Sheet Risk
We enter into arrangements with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business, primarily in the form of guarantees.
The following table provides quantitative data regarding our third party guarantees. The maximum potential payments represent a “worst-case scenario,” and do not necessarily reflect amounts that we expect to pay. Estimated proceeds from collateral and recourse represent the anticipated values of assets we could liquidate or receive from other parties to offset our payments under guarantees. The carrying amount of liabilities represents the amount included in Accrued liabilities.
  
Maximum
Potential Payments
 
Estimated Proceeds from
Collateral/Recourse
 
Carrying Amount of
 Liabilities
 
September 30
2018

December 31
2017

 
September 30
2018

December 31
2017

 
September 30
2018

December 31
2017

Contingent repurchase commitments

$1,729


$1,605

 

$1,729


$1,605

 



$9

Indemnifications to ULA:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Contributed Delta program launch inventory
52

72

 
 
 
 
 
 
Contract pricing
261

261

 
 
 
 

$7

7

Other Delta contracts
176

191

 
 
 
 




Credit guarantees
106

109

 
51

55

 
16

16


Contingent Repurchase Commitments The repurchase price specified in contingent repurchase commitments is generally lower than the expected fair value at the specified repurchase date. Estimated proceeds from collateral/recourse in the table above represent the lower of the contracted repurchase price or the expected fair value of each aircraft at the specified repurchase date.
Indemnifications to ULA In 2006, we agreed to indemnify ULA through December 31, 2020 against potential non-recoverability and non-allowability of $1,360 of Boeing Delta launch program inventory included in contributed assets plus $1,860 of inventory subject to an inventory supply agreement which ends on March 31, 2021. ULA has yet to consume $327 of inventory associated with sold missions.
We agreed to indemnify ULA against potential losses that ULA may incur in the event ULA is unable to obtain certain additional contract pricing from the USAF for certain satellite missions. In 2009, ULA, through its subsidiary United Launch Services, filed a claim and notice of appeal before the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA) for a contract adjustment for the price of these missions. In 2016, the ASBCA ruled that ULA is entitled to additional contract pricing for these missions and remanded to the parties to

22
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negotiate appropriate pricing. If ULA is ultimately unsuccessful in obtaining additional pricing, we may be responsible for an indemnification payment up to $261 and may record up to $280 in pre-tax losses associated with these missions.
Potential payments for Other Delta contracts include $85 related to deferred support costs and $91 related to deferred production costs. In June 2011, the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) notified ULA that it had determined that $271 of deferred support costs are not recoverable under government contracts. In December 2011, the DCMA notified ULA of the potential non-recoverability of an additional $114 of deferred production costs. ULA and Boeing believe that all costs are recoverable and in November 2011, ULA filed a certified claim with the USAF for collection of deferred support and production costs. The USAF issued a final decision denying ULA’s certified claim in May 2012. In 2012, Boeing and ULA, through its subsidiary United Launch Services, filed a suit in the Court of Federal Claims seeking recovery of the deferred support and production costs from the U.S. government, which subsequently asserted a counterclaim for credits that it alleges were offset by deferred support cost invoices. We believe that the U.S. government’s counterclaim is without merit. The discovery phase of the litigation completed in 2017. Boeing filed a motion for summary judgment for full recovery of its costs on November 17, 2017, asking the court to award full recovery without a trial. The court denied Boeing’s motion on August 29, 2018, holding that a trial is necessary. Boeing has asked the court to allow an immediate appeal of its decision before trial to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. If, contrary to our belief, it is determined that some or all of the deferred support or production costs are not recoverable, we could be required to record pre-tax losses and make indemnification payments to ULA for up to $317 of the costs questioned by the DCMA.
Other Indemnifications In conjunction with our sales of Electron Dynamic Devices, Inc. and Rocketdyne Propulsion and Power businesses and our BCA facilities in Wichita, Kansas and Tulsa and McAlester, Oklahoma, we agreed to indemnify, for an indefinite period, the buyers for costs relating to pre-closing environmental conditions and certain other items. We are unable to assess the potential number of future claims that may be asserted under these indemnifications, nor the amounts thereof (if any). As a result, we cannot estimate the maximum potential amount of future payments under these indemnities and therefore, no liability has been recorded. To the extent that claims have been made under these indemnities and/or are probable and reasonably estimable, liabilities associated with these indemnities are included in the environmental liability disclosure in Note 10.
Credit Guarantees We have issued credit guarantees where we are obligated to make payments to a guaranteed party in the event that the original lessee or debtor does not make payments or perform certain specified services. Generally, these guarantees have been extended on behalf of guaranteed parties with less than investment-grade credit and are collateralized by certain assets. Current outstanding credit guarantees expire through 2036.
Strategic Partnership with Embraer
On July 5, 2018, we and Embraer S.A. (Embraer) announced the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding to establish a strategic partnership between the two companies. The non-binding agreement proposes the formation of a joint venture comprising the commercial aircraft and services business of Embraer, which joint venture would be owned 80 percent by us. The transaction values 100 percent of Embraer’s commercial aircraft operations at $4.75 billion and contemplates a value of $3.8 billion for our 80 percent ownership stake in the joint venture. We expect to work with Embraer to finalize the financial and operational details of the strategic partnership and negotiate definitive transaction agreements in the coming months. Once definitive transaction agreements have been executed, the transaction would then be subject to shareholder and regulatory approvals, including approval from the Government of Brazil, as well as other customary closing conditions. Assuming approvals are received in a timely manner, we expect that the transaction will close by the end of 2019.

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Note 12 – Debt
On February 23, 2018, we issued $1,400 of fixed rate senior notes consisting of $350 due March 1, 2023 that bear an annual interest rate of 2.8%, $350 due March 1, 2028 that bear an annual interest rate of 3.25%, $350 due March 1, 2038 that bear an annual interest rate of 3.55%, and $350 due March 1, 2048 that bear an annual interest rate of 3.625%. The notes are unsecured senior obligations and rank equally in right of payment with our existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. The net proceeds of the issuance totaled $1,338, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses.
Note 13 – Postretirement Plans
The components of net periodic benefit cost were as follows:
  
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
Pension Plans
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Service cost

$322

 

$301

 

$107

 

$100

Interest cost
2,086

 
2,243

 
696

 
747

Expected return on plan assets
(3,007
)
 
(2,883
)
 
(1,002
)
 
(961
)
Amortization of prior service credits
(42
)
 
(29
)
 
(14
)
 
(9
)
Recognized net actuarial loss
847

 
603

 
282

 
201

Settlement/curtailment/other losses
43

 
1

 


 


Net periodic benefit cost

$249

 

$236

 

$69

 

$78

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net periodic benefit cost included in Earnings from operations

$237

 

$376

 

$79

 

$123

Net periodic benefit cost included in Other income/(loss), net
(98
)
 
(88
)
 
(50
)
 
(26
)
Net periodic benefit cost included in Earnings before income taxes

$139



$288

 

$29

 

$97


 
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
Other Postretirement Plans
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Service cost

$71

 

$80

 

$24

 

$27

Interest cost
145

 
171

 
48

 
57

Expected return on plan assets
(6
)
 
(5
)
 
(2
)
 
(1
)
Amortization of prior service credits
(94
)
 
(102
)
 
(31
)
 
(34
)
Recognized net actuarial (gain)/loss
(8
)
 
8

 
(3
)
 
2

Net periodic benefit cost

$108

 

$152

 

$36

 

$51

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net periodic benefit cost included in Earnings from operations

$63

 

$78

 

$21

 

$25

Net periodic benefit cost included in Other income/(loss), net
77

 
91

 
29

 
31

Net periodic benefit cost included in Earnings before income taxes

$140

 

$169

 

$50

 

$56



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Table of Contents

Note 14 – Share-Based Compensation and Other Compensation Arrangements
Restricted Stock Units
On February 26, 2018, we granted to our executives 260,730 restricted stock units (RSUs) as part of our long-term incentive program with a grant date fair value of $361.13 per unit. The RSUs granted under this program will vest and settle in common stock (on a one-for-one basis) on the third anniversary of the grant date.
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
On February 26, 2018, we granted to our executives 241,284 performance-based restricted stock units (PBRSUs) as part of our long-term incentive program with a grant date fair value of $390.27 per unit. Compensation expense for the award is recognized over the three-year performance period based upon the grant date fair value estimated using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. The model used the following assumptions: expected volatility of 22.11% based upon historical stock volatility, a risk-free interest rate of 2.36%, and no expected dividend yield because the units earn dividend equivalents.
Performance Awards
On February 26, 2018, we granted to our executives performance awards as part of our long-term incentive program with a payout based on the achievement of financial goals for the three-year period ending December 31, 2020. At September 30, 2018, the minimum payout amount is $0 and the maximum amount we could be required to pay out is $370.

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Note 15 – Shareholders' Equity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCI) by component for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 
Currency Translation Adjustments

 
Unrealized Gains and Losses on Certain Investments

 
Unrealized Gains and Losses on Derivative Instruments

 
Defined Benefit Pension Plans & Other Postretirement Benefits

 
Total (1)

Balance at January 1, 2017

($143
)
 

($2
)
 

($127
)
 

($13,351
)
 

($13,623
)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
121

 

 
111

 
1

 
233

Amounts reclassified from AOCI

 

 
44

 
310

(2) 
354

Net current period Other comprehensive income
121

 

 
155

 
311

 
587

Balance at September 30, 2017

($22
)
 

($2
)
 

$28

 

($13,040
)
 

($13,036
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at January 1, 2018

($15
)
 

($2
)
 

$54

 

($16,410
)
 

($16,373
)
Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications
(55
)
 
3

 
(97
)
 
(3
)
 
(152
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI

 

 
19

 
557

(2) 
576

Net current period Other comprehensive (loss)/income
(55
)
 
3

 
(78
)
 
554

 
424

Balance at September 30, 2018

($70
)
 

$1

 

($24
)
 

($15,856
)
 

($15,949
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at June 30, 2017

($66
)
 

($2
)
 

($22
)
 

($13,144
)
 

($13,234
)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications
44

 

 
40

 

 
84

Amounts reclassified from AOCI

 

 
10

 
104

(2) 
114

Net current period Other comprehensive income
44

 

 
50

 
104

 
198

Balance at September 30, 2017

($22
)
 

($2
)
 

$28

 

($13,040
)
 

($13,036
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at June 30, 2018

($72
)
 

$1

 

($29
)
 

($16,039
)
 

($16,139
)
Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications
2

 

 
(4
)
 
(1
)
 
(3
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI

 

 
9

 
184

(2) 
193

Net current period Other comprehensive income
2

 

 
5

 
183

 
190

Balance at September 30, 2018

($70
)
 

$1

 

($24
)
 

($15,856
)
 

($15,949
)
(1)     Net of tax.
(2)    Primarily relates to amortization of actuarial losses for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2017 totaling $394 and $131 (net of tax of ($217) and ($72)) and for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 totaling $657 and $219 (net of tax of ($182) and ($60)). These are included in the net periodic pension cost.

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Table of Contents

Note 16 – Derivative Financial Instruments
Cash Flow Hedges
Our cash flow hedges include foreign currency forward contracts and commodity purchase contracts. We use foreign currency forward contracts to manage currency risk associated with certain transactions, specifically forecasted sales and purchases made in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency contracts hedge forecasted transactions through 2024. We use commodity derivatives, such as fixed-price purchase commitments to hedge against potentially unfavorable price changes for items used in production. Our commodity contracts hedge forecasted transactions through 2021.
Fair Value Hedges
Interest rate swaps under which we agree to pay variable rates of interest are designated as fair value hedges of fixed-rate debt. The net change in fair value of the derivatives and the hedged items is reported in Boeing Capital interest expense.
Derivative Instruments Not Receiving Hedge Accounting Treatment
We have entered into agreements to purchase and sell aluminum to address long-term strategic sourcing objectives and non-U.S. business requirements. These agreements are derivative instruments for accounting purposes. The quantities of aluminum in these agreements offset and are priced at prevailing market prices. We also hold certain foreign currency forward contracts which do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment.
Notional Amounts and Fair Values
The notional amounts and fair values of derivative instruments in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position were as follows:
  
Notional amounts (1)
Other assets
Accrued liabilities
  
September 30
2018

December 31
2017

September 30
2018

December 31
2017

September 30
2018

December 31
2017

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts

$2,781


$2,930


$48


$131


($73
)

($63
)
Interest rate contracts
125

125

1

3




Commodity contracts
40

56

5

4

(4
)
(6
)
Derivatives not receiving hedge accounting treatment:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
591

406

8

16

(11
)
(5
)
Commodity contracts
614

563





 
 
Total derivatives

$4,151


$4,080


$62


$154


($88
)

($74
)
Netting arrangements
 
 
(30
)
(61
)
30

61

Net recorded balance
 
 

$32


$93


($58
)

($13
)
(1) 
Notional amounts represent the gross contract/notional amount of the derivatives outstanding.

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Table of Contents

Gains/(losses) associated with our cash flow and undesignated hedging transactions and their effect on Other comprehensive income/(loss) and Net earnings were as follows: 
  
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
  
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Effective portion recognized in Other comprehensive income, net of taxes:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts

($100
)
 

$116

 

($7
)
 

$40

Commodity contracts
3

 
(5
)
 
3

 


Effective portion reclassified out of Accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings, net of taxes:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
(20
)
 
(43
)
 
(11
)
 
(11
)
Commodity contracts
1

 
(1
)
 
2

 
1

Forward points recognized in Other income, net:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
5

 
3

 


 
1

Undesignated derivatives recognized in Other income, net:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
(2
)
 
6

 
(1
)
 
1


Based on our portfolio of cash flow hedges, we expect to reclassify losses of $16 (pre-tax) out of Accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings during the next 12 months. Ineffectiveness related to our hedges recognized in Other income was insignificant for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
We have derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features. For foreign exchange contracts with original maturities of at least five years, our derivative counterparties could require settlement if we default on our five-year credit facility. For certain commodity contracts, our counterparties could require collateral posted in an amount determined by our credit ratings. The fair value of foreign exchange and commodity contracts that have credit-risk-related contingent features that are in a net liability position at September 30, 2018 was $17. At September 30, 2018, there was no collateral posted related to our derivatives.

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Table of Contents

Note 17 – Fair Value Measurements
The fair value hierarchy has three levels based on the reliability of the inputs used to determine fair value. Level 1 refers to fair values determined based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Level 2 refers to fair values estimated using significant other observable inputs and Level 3 includes fair values estimated using significant unobservable inputs. The following table presents our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy.
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Total

 
Level 1

 
Level 2

 
Total

 
Level 1

 
Level 2

Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds

$2,263

 

$2,263

 
 
 

$1,582

 

$1,582

 
 
Available-for-sale debt investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial paper
97

 
 
 

$97

 
70

 
 
 

$70

Corporate notes
384

 
 
 
384

 
382

 
 
 
382

U.S. government agencies
18

 
 
 
18

 
47

 
 
 
47

Other equity investments
14

 
14

 
 
 
18

 
18

 
 
Derivatives
32

 
 
 
32

 
93

 
 
 
93

Total assets

$2,808

 

$2,277

 

$531

 

$2,192

 

$1,600

 

$592

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives

($58
)
 
 
 

($58
)
 

($13
)
 
 
 

($13
)
Total liabilities

($58
)
 

 

($58
)
 

($13
)
 

 

($13
)

Money market funds, available-for-sale debt investments and equity securities are valued using a market approach based on the quoted market prices or broker/dealer quotes of identical or comparable instruments.
Derivatives include foreign currency, commodity and interest rate contracts. Our foreign currency forward contracts are valued using an income approach based on the present value of the forward rate less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount. Commodity derivatives are valued using an income approach based on the present value of the commodity index prices less the contract rate multiplied by the notional amount. The fair value of our interest rate swaps is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis based on the terms of the contract and the interest rate curve.
Certain assets have been measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). The following table presents the nonrecurring losses recognized for the nine months ended September 30 due to long-lived asset impairment and the fair value and asset classification of the related assets as of the impairment date:
  
2018
 
2017
 
Fair
Value

 
Total
Losses

 
Fair
Value

 
Total
Losses

Operating lease equipment

$45

 

($16
)
 

$89

 

($31
)
Investments

 
(47
)
 
1

 
(30
)
Property, plant and equipment


 


 
8

 
(2
)
Acquired intangible assets

 

 
14

 
(1
)
Total

$45

 

($63
)
 

$112

 

($64
)

Investments and Property, plant and equipment were primarily valued using an income approach based on the discounted cash flows associated with the underlying assets. The fair value of the impaired operating lease equipment is derived by calculating a median collateral value from a consistent group of third party aircraft value publications. The values provided by the third party aircraft publications are derived from their knowledge of market trades and other market factors. Management reviews the publications quarterly to

29
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assess the continued appropriateness and consistency with market trends. Under certain circumstances, we adjust values based on the attributes and condition of the specific aircraft or equipment, usually when the features or use of the aircraft vary significantly from the more generic aircraft attributes covered by third party publications, or on the expected net sales price for the aircraft.
For Level 3 assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the following table presents the fair value of those assets as of the measurement date, valuation techniques and related unobservable inputs of those assets.
 
Fair
Value
 
Valuation
Technique(s)
 
Unobservable Input
 
Range
Median or Average
Operating lease equipment
$45
 
Market approach
 
Aircraft value publications
 
$41 - $63(1)
Median $46
 
 
Aircraft condition adjustments
 
($4) - $3(2)
Net ($1)
(1) 
The range represents the sum of the highest and lowest values for all aircraft subject to fair value measurement, according to the third party aircraft valuation publications that we use in our valuation process.
(2) 
The negative amount represents the sum for all aircraft subject to fair value measurement, of all downward adjustments based on consideration of individual aircraft attributes and condition. The positive amount represents the sum of all such upward adjustments.
Fair Value Disclosures
The fair values and related carrying values of financial instruments that are not required to be remeasured at fair value on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position were as follows:
 
September 30, 2018
 
Carrying
Amount

Total Fair
Value

Level 1
Level 2

Level 3

Assets
 
 
 
 
 
Notes receivable, net

$987


$1,006

 

$1,006

 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
Debt, excluding capital lease obligations and commercial paper
(11,131
)
(12,066
)
 
(11,974
)

($92
)
 
December 31, 2017
 
Carrying
Amount

Total Fair
Value

Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
Notes receivable, net

$1,022


$1,046

 

$1,046

 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
Debt, excluding capital lease obligations and commercial paper
(10,380
)
(11,923
)
 
(11,823
)

($100
)

The fair values of notes receivable are estimated with discounted cash flow analysis using interest rates currently offered on loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. The fair value of our debt that is traded in the secondary market is classified as Level 2 and is based on current market yields. For our debt that is not traded in the secondary market, the fair value is classified as Level 2 and is based on our indicative borrowing cost derived from dealer quotes or discounted cash flows. The fair values of our debt classified as Level 3 are based on discounted cash flow models using the implied yield from similar securities. With regard to other financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, it is not practicable to estimate the fair value of our indemnifications and financing commitments because the amount and timing of those

30
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arrangements are uncertain. Items not included in the above disclosures include cash, restricted cash, time deposits and other deposits, commercial paper, money market funds, Accounts receivable, Unbilled receivables, Accounts payable and long-term payables. The carrying values of those items, as reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, approximate their fair value at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The fair value of assets and liabilities whose carrying value approximates fair value is determined using Level 2 inputs, with the exception of cash (Level 1).
Note 18 – Legal Proceedings
Various legal proceedings, claims and investigations related to products, contracts, employment and other matters are pending against us.
In addition, we are subject to various U.S. government inquiries and investigations from which civil, criminal or administrative proceedings could result or have resulted in the past. Such proceedings involve or could involve claims by the government for fines, penalties, compensatory and treble damages, restitution and/or forfeitures. Under government regulations, a company, or one or more of its operating divisions or subdivisions, can also be suspended or debarred from government contracts, or lose its export privileges, based on the results of investigations. We believe, based upon current information, that the outcome of any such legal proceeding, claim, or government dispute and investigation will not have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Note 19 – Segment and Revenue Information
Our primary profitability measurements to review a segment’s operating results are Earnings from operations and operating margins. We operate in four reportable segments: BCA, BDS, BGS, and BCC. All other activities fall within Unallocated items, eliminations and other. See page 6 for the Summary of Business Segment Data, which is an integral part of this note.
BCA develops, produces and markets commercial jet aircraft principally to the commercial airline industry worldwide. Revenue on commercial aircraft contracts is recognized at the point in time when an aircraft is completed and accepted by the customer. Revenue on certain military derivative aircraft contracts is recognized over time as costs are incurred.
BDS is engaged in the research, development, production and modification of the following products and related services: manned and unmanned military aircraft and weapons systems, surveillance and engagement, strategic defense and intelligence systems, satellite systems and space exploration. BDS revenue is generally recognized over the contract term (over time) as costs are incurred.
BGS provides parts, maintenance, modifications, logistics support, training, data analytics and information-based services to commercial and government customers worldwide. Revenue on commercial spare parts contracts is recognized at the point in time when a spare part is delivered to the customer. Revenue on other contracts is generally recognized over the contract term (over time) as costs are incurred.
BCC facilitates, arranges, structures and provides selective financing solutions for our Boeing customers.
The following tables present BCA, BDS and BGS revenues from contracts with customers disaggregated in a number of ways, such as geographic location, contract type and the method of revenue recognition. We believe these best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

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BCA revenues by customer location consist of the following:
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Revenue from contracts with customers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Europe

$7,189

 

$6,519

 

$1,882

 

$1,754

China
9,433

 
7,510

 
4,677

 
4,016

Asia, other than China
5,966

 
4,981

 
1,886

 
1,898

Middle East
3,931

 
7,157

 
1,598

 
2,577

Other
3,598

 
2,773

 
1,098

 
601

Total non-U.S. revenues
30,117

 
28,940

 
11,141

 
10,846

United States
12,170

 
12,120

 
3,821

 
3,872

Total revenues from contracts with customers
42,287

 
41,060

 
14,962

 
14,718

Intersegment revenues, eliminated on consolidation
1,122

 
1,566

 
314

 
675

Total segment revenues

$43,409

 

$42,626

 

$15,276

 

$15,393

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue recognized on fixed price contracts
100
%
 
100
%
 
100
%
 
100
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue recognized at a point in time
94
%
 
94
%
 
91
%
 
95
%

BDS revenues on contracts with customers, based on the customer's location, consist of the following:
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Revenue from contracts with customers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. customers

$12,201

 

$11,924

 

$4,178

 

$3,917

Non U.S. customers(1)
4,883

 
3,380

 
1,551

 
1,133

Total segment revenue from contracts with customers

$17,084

 

$15,304

 

$5,729

 

$5,050

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue recognized over time
98
%
 
98
%
 
97
%
 
98
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue recognized on fixed-price contracts
65
%
 
64
%
 
64
%
 
63
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue from the U.S. government(1)
86
%
 
88
%
 
85
%
 
85
%
(1) 
Includes revenues earned from foreign military sales through the U.S. government.

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BGS revenues consist of the following:
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Revenue from contracts with customers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial

$7,276

 

$5,682

 

$2,431

 

$1,950

Government
4,703

 
5,064

 
1,608

 
1,617

Total revenues from contracts with customers
11,979

 
10,746

 
4,039

 
3,567

Intersegment revenues eliminated on consolidation
145

 
38

 
52

 
12

Total segment revenues

$12,124

 

$10,784

 

$4,091

 

$3,579

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue recognized at a point in time
52
%
 
48
%
 
51
%
 
48
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue recognized on fixed-price contracts
88
%
 
89
%
 
85
%
 
89
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenue from the U.S. government(1)
32
%
 
40
%
 
32
%
 
38
%
(1) 
Includes revenues earned from foreign military sales through the U.S. government.
Backlog
Our total backlog represents the estimated transaction prices on performance obligations to our customers for which work remains to be performed. Backlog is converted into revenue in future periods as work is performed, primarily based on the cost incurred or at delivery and acceptance of products, depending on the applicable accounting method.
Our backlog at September 30, 2018 was $491,179. We expect approximately 24% to be converted to revenue through 2019 and approximately 69% through 2022, with the remainder thereafter.
Unallocated Items, Eliminations and other
Unallocated items, eliminations and other include common internal services that support Boeing’s global business operations, intercompany guarantees provided to BCC and eliminations of certain sales between segments. We generally allocate costs to business segments based on the U.S. federal cost accounting standards. Components of Unallocated items, eliminations and other are shown in the following table.
 
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Share-based plans

($60
)
 

($67
)
 

($24
)
 

($21
)
Deferred compensation
(112
)
 
(174
)
 
(56
)
 
(78
)
Amortization of previously capitalized interest
(67
)
 
(68
)
 
(19
)
 
(22
)
Eliminations and other unallocated items
(929
)
 
(462
)
 
(359
)
 
(112
)
Unallocated items, eliminations and other

($1,168
)
 

($771
)
 

($458
)
 

($233
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustment

$780

 

$811

 

$260

 

$271

Postretirement FAS/CAS service cost adjustment
239

 
238

 
77

 
75

FAS/CAS service cost adjustment

$1,019

 

$1,049

 

$337

 

$346



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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Expense
Pension costs, comprising GAAP service and prior service costs, are allocated to BCA and the commercial operations at BGS. Pension costs are allocated to BDS and BGS businesses supporting government customers using U.S. Government Cost Accounting Standards (CAS), which employ different actuarial assumptions and accounting conventions than GAAP. These costs are allocable to government contracts. Other postretirement benefit costs are allocated to business segments based on CAS, which is generally based on benefits paid. FAS/CAS service cost adjustment represents the difference between the FAS pension and postretirement service costs calculated under GAAP and costs allocated to the business segments. Non-operating pension and postretirement expenses represent the components of net periodic benefit costs other than service cost. These expenses are included in Other income, net.
Assets
Segment assets are summarized in the table below:
 
September 30
2018

 
December 31
2017

Commercial Airplanes

$65,509

 

$64,647

Defense, Space & Security
18,688

 
18,476

Global Services
12,843

 
12,491

Boeing Capital
3,120

 
3,156

Unallocated items, eliminations and other
14,499

 
13,592

Total

$114,659

 

$112,362


Assets included in Unallocated items, eliminations and other primarily consist of Cash and cash equivalents, Short-term and other investments, Deferred tax assets, capitalized interest and assets held centrally as well as intercompany eliminations.
Note 20 – Subsequent Events
Acquisition agreement
On October 9, 2018, we acquired KLX Inc. (KLX), a provider of aviation parts and services, for $4,316, which includes the assumption of $1,029 of net debt. Upon closing, KLX became part of Boeing’s Global Services business.

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Table of Contents

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
The Boeing Company
Chicago, Illinois
Results of Review of Interim Financial Information
We have reviewed the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of financial position of The Boeing Company and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of September 30, 2018, the related condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and of cash flows and equity for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and the related notes and schedules (collectively referred to as the "condensed consolidated interim financial information"). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the accompanying condensed consolidated interim financial information for it to be in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statement of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows, and equity for the year then ended prior to retrospective adjustment for changes in the Company’s method of accounting for (i) revenue from contracts with customers and (ii) reclassification of certain tax effects from Accumulated other comprehensive income (not presented herein); and in our report dated February 12, 2018, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. We also audited the adjustments presented in Note 2 - Impact of Adoption of New Standards that were applied to retrospectively adjust the December 31, 2017 consolidated statement of financial position. In our opinion, such adjustments are appropriate and have been properly applied to the previously issued consolidated statement of financial position in deriving the accompanying retrospectively adjusted condensed consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2017.
Basis for Review Results
This condensed consolidated interim financial information is the responsibility of the Company's management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our reviews in accordance with standards of the PCAOB. A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.


/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Chicago, Illinois
October 24, 2018

35
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “may,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “projects,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” “targets,” “anticipates” and similar expressions generally identify these forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements relating to our future financial condition and operating results, as well as any other statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact.
 
 
Forward-looking statements are based on expectations and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable when made, but that may not prove to be accurate. These statements are not guarantees and are subject to risks, uncertainties and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Many factors could cause actual results to differ materially and adversely from these forward-looking statements. Among these factors are risks related to:
 
 
(1)
general conditions in the economy and our industry, including those due to regulatory changes;
 
 
(2)
our reliance on our commercial airline customers;
 
 
(3)
the overall health of our aircraft production system, planned commercial aircraft production rate changes, our commercial development and derivative aircraft programs, and our aircraft being subject to stringent performance and reliability standards;
 
 
(4)
changing budget and appropriation levels and acquisition priorities of the U.S. government;
 
 
(5)
our dependence on U.S. government contracts;
 
 
(6)
our reliance on fixed-price contracts;
 
 
(7)
our reliance on cost-type contracts;
 
 
(8)
uncertainties concerning contracts that include in-orbit incentive payments;
 
 
(9)
our dependence on our subcontractors and suppliers as well as the availability of raw materials;
 
 
(10)
changes in accounting estimates;
 
 
(11)
changes in the competitive landscape in our markets;
 
 
(12)
our non-U.S. operations, including sales to non-U.S. customers;
 
 
(13)
threats to the security of our or our customers' information;
 
 
(14)
potential adverse developments in new or pending litigation and/or government investigations;
 
 
(15)
customer and aircraft concentration in our customer financing portfolio;
 
 
(16)
changes in our ability to obtain debt on commercially reasonable terms and at competitive rates;
 
 
(17)
realizing the anticipated benefits of mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic alliances or divestitures;

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Table of Contents

(18)
the adequacy of our insurance coverage to cover significant risk exposures;
 
 
(19)
potential business disruptions, including those related to physical security threats, information technology or cyber attacks, epidemics, sanctions or natural disasters;
 
 
(20)
work stoppages or other labor disruptions;
 
 
(21)
substantial pension and other postretirement benefit obligations; and
 
 
(22)
potential environmental liabilities.
 
 
Additional information concerning these and other factors can be found in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K. Any forward-looking information speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and we assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Consolidated Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Earnings From Operations and Core Operating Earnings (Non-GAAP) The following table summarizes key indicators of consolidated results of operations:
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Revenues

$72,786

 

$69,235

 

$25,146

 

$24,223

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GAAP
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings from operations

$7,812

 

$7,366

 

$2,227

 

$2,630

Operating margins
10.7
%
 
10.6
%
 
8.9
 %
 
10.9
%
Effective income tax rate
6.9
%
 
28.5
%
 
(10.8
)%
 
29.9
%
Net earnings

$7,036

 

$5,138

 

$2,363

 

$1,810

Diluted earnings per share

$11.95

 

$8.39

 

$4.07

 

$2.99

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-GAAP (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Core operating earnings

$6,793

 

$6,317

 

$1,890

 

$2,284

Core operating margins
9.3
%
 
9.1
%
 
7.5
%
 
9.4
%
Core earnings per share

$10.55

 

$7.28

 

$3.58

 

$2.62

(1) 
These measures exclude certain components of pension and other postretirement benefit expense. See page 53 for important information about these non-GAAP measures and reconciliations to the most comparable GAAP measures.
Revenues
The following table summarizes Revenues:
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Commercial Airplanes

$43,409

 

$42,626

 

$15,276

 

$15,393

Defense, Space & Security
17,084

 
15,304

 
5,729

 
5,050

Global Services
12,124

 
10,784

 
4,091

 
3,579

Boeing Capital
214

 
234

 
77

 
70

Unallocated items, eliminations and other
(45
)
 
287

 
(27
)
 
131

Total

$72,786

 

$69,235

 

$25,146

 

$24,223

Revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $3,551 million compared with the same period in 2017, driven by higher revenue in three segments. Commercial Airplanes (BCA) revenues increased by $783 million primarily due to delivery mix. Defense, Space & Security (BDS) revenues increased by $1,780 million primarily due to non-US contract awards for fighters and C-17 aircraft in addition to higher weapons and Apache revenue. Global Services (BGS) revenues increased by $1,340 million due to growth across our services portfolio, primarily driven by parts volume.
Revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $923 million compared with the same period in 2017 driven by higher BDS and BGS revenues, partially offset by lower BCA revenues. BCA revenues decreased by $117 million primarily due to fewer commercial aircraft deliveries, partially offset by delivery mix and higher revenue on commercial derivative aircraft. BDS revenues increased by $679 million primarily due to higher revenues on fighters, government satellites, KC-46A Tanker program, Ground-based

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Midcourse Defense and weapons. BGS revenues increased by $512 million, primarily due to growth across our services portfolio, primarily driven by parts volume.
Earnings From Operations
The following table summarizes Earnings from operations:
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Commercial Airplanes

$5,175

 

$3,665

 

$2,023

 

$1,513

Defense, Space & Security
925

 
1,649

 
(245
)
 
486

Global Services
1,790

 
1,687

 
543

 
495

Boeing Capital
71

 
87

 
27

 
23

Segment operating profit
7,961

 
7,088

 
2,348

 
2,517

Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustment
780

 
811

 
260

 
271

Postretirement FAS/CAS service cost adjustment
239

 
238

 
77

 
75

Unallocated Items, Eliminations and Other
(1,168
)
 
(771
)
 
(458
)
 
(233
)
Earnings from operations (GAAP)

$7,812

 

$7,366

 

$2,227

 

$2,630

FAS/CAS service cost adjustment *
(1,019
)
 
(1,049
)
 
(337
)
 
(346
)
Core operating earnings (Non-GAAP) **

$6,793

 

$6,317

 

$1,890

 

$2,284

*
The FAS/CAS service cost adjustment represents the difference between the FAS pension and postretirement service costs calculated under GAAP and costs allocated to the business segments.
**
Core operating earnings is a Non-GAAP measure that excludes the FAS/CAS service cost adjustment. See page 53.
Earnings from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $446 million compared with the same period in 2017, primarily due to higher earnings at BCA, partially offset by lower earnings at BDS and higher unallocated expenses. BCA earnings increased by $1,510 million primarily due to higher 787 margins and improved cost performance. BDS earnings decreased by $724 million, primarily driven by higher charges on development programs.
Earnings from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2018 decreased by $403 million compared with the same period in 2017, primarily due to lower earnings at BDS, partially offset by higher earnings at BCA. BDS earnings decreased by $731 million primarily due to charges of $691 million related to winning the T-X Trainer and MQ-25 competitions. BCA earnings increased $510 million primarily due to higher 787 margins and improved cost performance.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded reach-forward losses related to the KC-46A Tanker of $686 million, of which $471 million was recorded at BCA and $203 million at BDS. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded reach-forward losses related to the KC-46A Tanker of $179 million, of which $112 million was recorded at BCA and $64 million at BDS. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded reach-forward losses of $446 million on the KC-46A Tanker of which $374 million was recorded at BCA and $45 million at BDS. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded reach-forward losses related to the KC-46A Tanker of $314 million, of which $256 million was recorded at BCA and $37 million at BDS.
Core operating earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $476 million compared with the same period in 2017 primarily due to higher earnings at BCA, partially offset by lower earnings at BDS and higher unallocated expenses. Core operating earnings for the three months ended September 30, 2018 decreased by $394 million primarily due to lower earnings at BDS, partially offset by higher earnings at BCA.

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Unallocated Items, Eliminations and Other The most significant items included in Unallocated items, eliminations and other are shown in the following table:
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Share-based plans

($60
)
 

($67
)
 

($24
)
 

($21
)
Deferred compensation
(112
)
 
(174
)
 
(56
)
 
(78
)
Eliminations and other unallocated items
(996
)
 
(530
)
 
(378
)
 
(134
)
Unallocated items, eliminations and other

($1,168
)
 

($771
)
 

($458
)
 

($233
)
The deferred compensation expense decreased by $62 million and $22 million for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with the same periods in 2017 primarily driven by changes in broad market conditions.
Eliminations and other unallocated items increased by $466 million and $244 million for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with the same periods in 2017 primarily due to the timing of expense allocations.
The components of net periodic benefit cost are shown in the following table:
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
Pension Plans
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Service cost

$322

 

$301

 

$107

 

$100

Interest cost
2,086

 
2,243

 
696

 
747

Expected return on plan assets
(3,007
)
 
(2,883
)
 
(1,002
)
 
(961
)
Amortization of prior service (credits)/costs
(42
)
 
(29
)
 
(14
)
 
(9
)
Recognized net actuarial loss
847

 
603

 
282

 
201

Settlement/curtailment/other losses
43

 
1

 

 

Net periodic benefit cost

$249

 

$236

 

$69

 

$78

The net periodic pension benefit cost for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 was largely consistent with the same periods in 2017. The costs in 2018 reflect higher amortization of actuarial losses driven by lower discount rates of 3.6% at December 31, 2017 compared with 4.0% at December 31, 2016. In addition, the costs in 2018 reflect lower interest costs and improved expected returns, as a result of the higher value of plan assets at December 31, 2017 compared to 2016.
A portion of service cost is recognized in Earnings from operations in the period incurred and the remainder is included in inventory at the end of the reporting period and recorded in Earnings from operations in subsequent periods. Net periodic pension benefit costs included in Earnings from operations were as follows:
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30
Pension Plans
2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Allocated to business segments

($1,017
)
 

($1,187
)
 

($339
)
 

($394
)
Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustment
780

 
811

 
260

 
271

Net periodic benefit cost included in Earnings from operations

($237
)
 

($376
)
 

($79
)
 

($123
)
The pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustment recognized in earnings in 2018 is largely consistent with the same period in the prior year.

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Other Earnings Items 
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Earnings from operations

$7,812

 

$7,366

 

$2,227

 

$2,630

Other income, net
63

 
91

 
12

 
40

Interest and debt expense
(317
)
 
(267
)
 
(106
)
 
(87
)
Earnings from operations
7,558

 
7,190

 
2,133

 
2,583

Income tax (expense)/benefit
(522
)
 
(2,052
)
 
230

 
(773
)
Net earnings from continuing operations

$7,036

 

$5,138

 

$2,363

 

$1,810

Other income, net decreased by $28 million during the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018, primarily due to lower gains from foreign exchange, partially offset by higher interest income. Higher interest and debt expense for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 reflect higher debt balances and lower amounts of interest capitalized.
For discussion related to Income Taxes, see Note 4 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Total Costs and Expenses (“Cost of Sales”)
Cost of sales, for both products and services, consists primarily of raw materials, parts, sub-assemblies, labor, overhead and subcontracting costs. Our BCA segment predominantly uses program accounting to account for cost of sales. Under program accounting, cost of sales for each commercial airplane program equals the product of (i) revenue recognized in connection with customer deliveries and (ii) the estimated cost of sales percentage applicable to the total remaining program. For long-term contracts, the amount reported as cost of sales is recognized as incurred. Substantially all contracts at our BDS segment, certain military derivative aircraft contracts at BCA and certain contracts at our BGS segment are long-term contracts with the U.S. government and other customers that generally extend over several years. Costs on these contracts are recorded as incurred. Cost of sales for commercial spare parts is recorded at average cost. The following table summarizes cost of sales:
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

Change

2018

 
2017

Change

Cost of sales

$59,400

 

$56,731


$2,669


$21,040

 

$19,956


$1,084

Cost of sales as a % of Revenues
81.6
%
 
81.9
%
(0.3
%)
83.7
%
 
82.4
%
1.3
%
Cost of sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $2,669 million, or 5%, compared with the same period in 2017, primarily due to higher revenue. Cost of sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $1,084 million, or 5% compared with the same period in the prior year, primarily due to higher revenue and higher charges related to winning the T-X Trainer and MQ-25 competitions.

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Research and Development The following table summarizes our Research and development expense:
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Commercial Airplanes

$1,616

 

$1,755

 

$517

 

$538

Defense, Space & Security
613

 
599

 
211

 
207

Global Services
119

 
101

 
48

 
38

Other
69

 
(38
)
 
50

 
(15
)
Total

$2,417

 

$2,417

 

$826

 

$768

Research and development expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was consistent with the prior year and higher for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with the same periods in 2017. The expense in 2018 reflects investments in product development, partially offset by lower 777X and 787-10 spending.
Backlog The following table summarizes our backlog, restated for the adoption of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606):
Total Backlog (Dollars in millions)
September 30
2018

 
December 31
2017

Commercial Airplanes

$413,064

 

$410,526

Defense, Space & Security
57,875

 
44,049

Global Services
20,240

 
19,605

Total Backlog

$491,179

 

$474,180

 
 
 
 
Contractual backlog

$462,468

 

$456,524

Unobligated backlog
28,711

 
17,656

Total Backlog

$491,179

 

$474,180

Contractual backlog of unfilled orders excludes purchase options, announced orders for which definitive contracts have not been executed, and unobligated U.S. and non-U.S. government contract funding. The increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily due to BDS orders and funding for contract awards in excess of deliveries and revenue recognized.
Unobligated backlog includes U.S. and non-U.S. government definitive contracts for which funding has not been authorized. The increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily due to contract awards, partially offset by reclassifications to contractual backlog related to BDS and BGS contracts.
Additional Considerations
KC-46A Tanker In 2011, we were awarded a contract from the U.S. Air Force (USAF) to design, develop, manufacture and deliver four next generation aerial refueling tankers. The KC-46A Tanker is a derivative of our 767 commercial aircraft. This Engineering, Manufacturing and Development (EMD) contract is a fixed-price incentive fee contract valued at $4.9 billion and involves highly complex designs and systems integration. In 2015, we began work on low rate initial production (LRIP) aircraft for the USAF. In 2016, following our achievement of key flight testing milestones, the USAF authorized two LRIP lots for 7 and 12 aircraft valued at $2.8 billion and in 2017, the USAF authorized an additional LRIP lot for 15 aircraft valued at $2.1 billion. On September 10, 2018, the USAF authorized an additional 18 aircraft valued at $2.9 billion. The contract contains production options for both LRIP aircraft and full rate production aircraft. If all options under the contract are exercised, we expect to deliver 179 aircraft for a total expected contract value of approximately $30 billion. The EMD contract is currently in the certification and flight testing phases and we expect deliveries to begin in the fourth quarter of 2018.

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During 2017, we recorded reach-forward losses of $445 million related to this program, primarily reflecting higher estimated costs associated with certification and incorporating changes into LRIP aircraft. In the first quarter of 2018, we recorded additional reach-forward losses of $81 million primarily reflecting higher estimated costs associated with certification and continued flight testing. In the second quarter of 2018, we recorded further reach-forward losses of $426 million, primarily reflecting higher estimated costs associated with change incorporation on six flight test and two early build aircraft. The additional rework required for the flight test and early build aircraft was identified during the second quarter upon completion of engineering and configuration studies. In addition, delays in certification and testing have resulted in higher costs and increased rework for both completed and in-production aircraft. In the third quarter of 2018, we recorded additional reach-forward losses of $179 million due to higher than expected effort to meet customer requirements in order to support delivery of the initial aircraft, as well as due to further delays in certification and testing.
As with any development program, this program remains subject to additional reach-forward losses and/or delivery delays if we experience further production, technical or quality issues, and delays in flight testing, certification and/or delivery.
Export-Import Bank of the United States Many of our non-U.S. customers finance purchases through the Export-Import Bank of the United States. Following the expiration of the bank’s charter on June 30, 2015, the bank’s charter was reauthorized in December 2015. The bank is now authorized through September 30, 2019. However, until the U.S. Senate confirms members sufficient to reconstitute a quorum of the bank’s board of directors, the bank will not be able to approve any transaction totaling more than $10 million. As a result, we may fund additional commitments and/or enter into new financing arrangements with customers. Certain of our non-U.S. customers also may seek to delay purchases if they cannot obtain financing at reasonable costs, and there may be further impacts with respect to future sales campaigns involving non-U.S. customers. We continue to work with our customers to mitigate risks associated with the lack of a quorum of the bank’s board of directors and assist with alternative third party financing sources.
Global Trade On June 1, 2018, the U.S. Government began imposing tariffs on steel and aluminum imports. In response to these tariffs, several major U.S. trading partners have imposed, or announced their intention to impose, tariffs on U.S. goods. We continue to monitor the potential for any extra costs that may result from these actions.
On July 6, 2018, the U.S. and China began imposing tariffs on approximately $34 billion of each other's exports. Certain aircraft parts and components that Boeing procures are subject to these tariffs. Subsequently, the U.S. imposed an additional $216 billion in tariffs on Chinese goods, and China imposed an additional $76 billion worth of tariffs on U.S goods. We continue to monitor the potential for disruption and adverse revenue and/or cost impacts that may result from these actions or future geopolitical economic developments.
The U.S. Government continues to impose and/or threaten to impose sanctions on certain businesses and individuals in Russia. Although our operations or sales in Russia have not been impacted to date, we continue to monitor additional sanctions that may be imposed by the U.S. Government and any responses from Russia that could affect our supply chain, business partners or customers.

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Segment Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Commercial Airplanes
Business Environments and Trends
Airline Industry Environment
Our updated 20-year forecast, published in July 2018, projects a long-term average growth rate of 4.7% per year for passenger traffic and 4.2% for cargo traffic. Based on long-term global economic growth projections of 2.8% average annual GDP growth, we project a $6.3 trillion market for 42,700 new airplanes over the next 20 years.
Results of Operations
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Revenues

$43,409

 

$42,626

 

$15,276



$15,393

Earnings from operations

$5,175

 

$3,665

 

$2,023



$1,513

Operating margins
11.9
%
 
8.6
%
 
13.2
%
 
9.8
%
Revenues
Revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $783 million compared with the same period in 2017 primarily due to delivery mix. Revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018 decreased by $117 million compared with the same period in 2017 primarily due to fewer commercial aircraft deliveries, partially offset by delivery mix and higher revenue on commercial derivative aircraft.
Commercial airplane deliveries, including intercompany deliveries, were as follows:

737

*
747

†
767

 
777

 
787

 
Total

Deliveries during the first nine months of 2018
407

(14)
5


13

 
37

 
106

 
568

Deliveries during the first nine months of 2017
381

(13)
8

(1)
7

 
58

 
100

 
554

Deliveries during the third quarter of 2018
138

(4)
2


4

 
12

 
34

 
190

Deliveries during the third quarter of 2017
145

(4)
4


2

 
16

 
35

 
202

Cumulative deliveries as of 9/30/2018
7,139

 
1,547

 
1,119

 
1,571

 
742

 

Cumulative deliveries as of 12/31/2017
6,732

 
1,542

 
1,106

 
1,534

 
636

 

*     Intercompany deliveries identified by parentheses
†
Aircraft accounted for as revenues by and as a note receivable in consolidation identified by parentheses
Earnings From Operations
Earnings from operations for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $1,510 million and $510 million compared with the same periods in 2017 primarily due to higher 787 margins and improved cost performance.
During the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018, Commercial Airplanes recorded reach-forward losses of $471 million and $112 million related to the KC-46A Tanker program. During the nine and three months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded reach-forward losses of $374 million and $256 million.

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Backlog
Our total backlog represents the estimated transaction prices on unsatisfied and partially satisfied performance obligations to our customers where we believe it is probable that we will collect the consideration due and where no contingencies remain before we and the customer are required to perform. Backlog does not include prospective orders where customer controlled contingencies remain, such as the customer receiving approval from its board of directors, shareholders or government or completing financing arrangements. All such contingencies must be satisfied or have expired prior to recording a new firm order even if satisfying such conditions is highly certain. Backlog excludes options and BCC orders. A number of our customers may have contractual remedies that may be implicated by program delays. We address customer claims and requests for other contractual relief as they arise. The value of orders in backlog is adjusted as changes to price and schedule are agreed to with customers and is reported in accordance with the requirements of Topic 606.
BCA total backlog increased from $410,526 million as of December 31, 2017 to $413,064 million at September 30, 2018 primarily due to orders in excess of deliveries.
Accounting Quantity
The following table provides details of the accounting quantities and firm orders by program. Cumulative firm orders represent the cumulative number of commercial jet aircraft deliveries plus undelivered firm orders.
 
Program
 
As of 9/30/2018
737

†
747*

 
767

 
777

†
777X

 
787

†
Program accounting quantities
10,200

 
1,570

 
1,195

 
1,650

 
**

 
1,500

 
Undelivered units under firm orders
4,654

(75)
21


123

 
87

(1)
326

 
638

(28)
Cumulative firm orders
11,793

(75)
1,568

 
1,242

 
1,658

(1)
326

 
1,380

(28)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of 12/31/2017
737

 
747

 
767

 
777

 
777X

 
787

 
Program accounting quantities
9,800

 
1,570

 
1,171

 
1,625

 
**

 
1,400

 
Undelivered units under firm orders***
4,613

 
12

 
98

 
97

 
326

 
640

 
Cumulative firm orders***
11,345

 
1,554

 
1,204

 
1,631

 
326

 
1,276

 
†
Aircraft ordered by BCC are identified in parentheses
*
At September 30, 2018, the 747 accounting quantity has 22 undelivered aircraft, including one already completed aircraft that has not been sold and is being remarketed.
**
The accounting quantity for the 777X will be determined in the year of first airplane delivery, targeted for 2020.
***
Cumulative firm orders adjusted to reflect the adoption of Topic 606 in the first quarter of 2018.
Program Highlights
737 Program The accounting quantity for the 737 program increased by 200 units during the first quarter of 2018 and 200 units during the second quarter of 2018 due to the program’s normal progress of obtaining additional orders and delivering airplanes. We delivered the first 737 MAX 9 in March 2018. The production rate increased from 47 per month to 52 per month in the second quarter of 2018. Deliveries in the third quarter were adversely affected by delays in the supply chain. We continue to plan to increase the production rate to 57 per month in 2019. 
747 Program In the first quarter of 2018, we received firm orders for 14 aircraft and we are currently producing at a rate of 0.5 aircraft per month. We continue to evaluate the viability of the 747 program and it is reasonably possible that we could decide to end production of the 747.

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767 Program The accounting quantity for the 767 program increased by 24 units during the first quarter of 2018 due to the program’s normal progress of obtaining additional orders and delivering airplanes. The 767 assembly line includes a 767 derivative to support the tanker program. We are currently producing at a rate of 2.5 per month and plan to increase to 3 per month in 2020.
777 Program The accounting quantity for the 777 program increased by 25 units during the second quarter of 2018 due to the program’s normal progress of obtaining additional orders and delivering airplanes. We are currently producing at a rate of 5 per month. In 2013, we launched the 777X, which features a new composite wing, new engines and folding wing-tips. The 777X will have a separate program accounting quantity, which will be determined in the year of first airplane delivery, targeted for 2020.
787 Program The accounting quantity for the 787 program increased by 100 units during the second quarter of 2018 due to the program’s normal progress of obtaining additional orders and delivering airplanes. We are currently producing at a rate of 12 per month and plan to increase to 14 per month in 2019. We delivered the first 787-10 in March 2018.
Additional Considerations
The development and ongoing production of commercial aircraft is extremely complex, involving extensive coordination and integration with suppliers and highly-skilled labor from employees and other partners. Meeting or exceeding our performance and reliability standards, as well as those of customers and regulators, can be costly and technologically challenging. In addition, the introduction of new aircraft and derivatives, such as the 777X, involves increased risks associated with meeting development, production and certification schedules. As a result, our ability to deliver aircraft on time, satisfy performance and reliability standards and achieve or maintain, as applicable, program profitability is subject to significant risks. Factors that could result in lower margins (or a material charge if an airplane program has or is determined to have reach-forward losses) include the following: changes to the program accounting quantity, customer and model mix, production costs and rates, changes to price escalation factors due to changes in the inflation rate or other economic indicators, performance or reliability issues involving completed aircraft, capital expenditures and other costs associated with increasing or adding new production capacity, learning curve, additional change incorporation, achieving anticipated cost reductions, flight test and certification schedules, costs, schedule and demand for new airplanes and derivatives and status of customer claims, supplier assertions and other contractual negotiations. While we believe the cost and revenue estimates incorporated in the consolidated financial statements are appropriate, the technical complexity of our airplane programs creates financial risk as additional completion costs may become necessary or scheduled delivery dates could be extended, which could trigger termination provisions, order cancellations or other financially significant exposure.
Defense, Space & Security
Business Environment and Trends
United States Government Defense Environment Overview
The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, passed in February 2018, raised the 2011 Budget Control Act spending caps for fiscal years 2018 and 2019 (FY18 and FY19). The consolidated spending bills signed into law in September 2018 provide defense funding for FY19, in compliance with the revised caps. These bills also provided FY19 appropriations for most of the federal government. The remaining parts of the federal government, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), were funded with a Continuing Resolution that maintains current funding levels through December 7, 2018. If Congress is unable to pass appropriations bills to fund these agencies for the remainder of FY19 before the expiration of the current Continuing Resolution, a partial government shutdown could result, which could impact the Company’s operations.
There continues to be uncertainty with respect to future program-level appropriations for the U.S. DoD and other government agencies, including NASA. The 2011 Budget Control Act continues to mandate limits on

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U.S. government discretionary spending for fiscal years 2020 and 2021 (FY20 and FY21). The lower budget caps will take effect again in FY20 and FY21 unless Congress acts to raise the spending caps or to repeal or suspend the law. As a result, continued budget uncertainty and the risk of future sequestration cuts remain. Future budget cuts or investment priority changes could result in reductions, cancellations and/or delays of existing contracts or programs. Any of these impacts could have a material effect on the results of the Company’s operations, financial position and/or cash flows.
Results of Operations
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Revenues

$17,084

 

$15,304

 

$5,729

 

$5,050

Earnings/(loss) from operations

$925

 

$1,649

 

($245
)
 

$486

Operating margins
5.4
%
 
10.8
%
 
(4.3
)%
 
9.6
%
Since our operating cycle is long-term and involves many different types of development and production contracts with varying delivery and milestone schedules, the operating results of a particular period may not be indicative of future operating results. In addition, depending on the customer and their funding sources, our orders might be structured as annual follow on contracts, or as one large multi-year order or long-term award. As a result, period-to-period comparisons of backlog are not necessarily indicative of future workloads. The following discussions of comparative results among periods should be viewed in this context.
Deliveries of units for new-build production aircraft, including remanufactures and modifications, were as follows:
 
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
F/A-18 Models
10
 
18
 
5
 
6
F-15 Models
8
 
11
 
3
 
4
CH-47 Chinook (New)
11
 
6
 
2
 
2
CH-47 Chinook (Renewed)
14
 
28
 
6
 
9
AH-64 Apache (New)

 
8
 

 
3
AH-64 Apache (Remanufactured)
12
 
43
 
6
 
15
P-8 Models
10
 
14
 
2
 
5
Total
65
 
128
 
24
 
44
Revenues
BDS revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $1,780 million, or 12% compared with the same period in 2017, primarily due to non-US contract awards for fighters and C-17 aircraft in addition to higher weapons and Apache revenue. Net favorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments to revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $270 million lower than the comparable period in the prior year, reflecting increased unfavorable adjustments on the KC-46A Tanker recorded in 2018.
BDS revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $679 million, or 13% compared with the same period in 2017, primarily due to higher revenues on fighters, government satellites, KC-46A Tanker program, Ground-based Midcourse Defense and weapons. Cumulative contract catch-up adjustments were relatively consistent during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

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Earnings From Operations
BDS earnings from operations for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 decreased by $724 million and $731 million, compared with the same periods in 2017, primarily due to higher charges of $923 million and $783 million on development programs. During the third quarter of 2018, upon contract award, we recorded charges of $400 million associated with anticipated losses on the T-X Trainer and $291 million on the MQ-25 unmanned aerial refueling aircraft. During the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018, BDS recorded additional reach-forward losses of $203 million and $64 million related to the KC-46A Tanker. During the nine and three months ended September 30, 2017, BDS recorded additional reach-forward losses of $45 million and $37 million related to the KC-46A Tanker. These charges are partially offset by earnings related to higher revenue.
Net unfavorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments in the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 were $46 million and $76 million primarily related to the charges on development programs. Net favorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments in the nine and three months ended September 30, 2017 were $349 million and $28 million primarily related to F-15 and vertical lift programs.
BDS earnings from operations include equity earnings of $139 million and $48 million for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $151 million and $38 million for the same periods in 2017 primarily reflecting earnings on our United Launch Alliance (ULA) and non-US joint ventures.
Backlog
Total backlog increased from $44,049 million at December 31, 2017 to $57,875 million at September 30, 2018 primarily due to current year contract awards in all our programs greater than revenue recognized. Significant orders included Government Satellites, Ground-based Midcourse Defense, VC-25B Presidential Aircraft, F/A-18 fighters, V-22 Osprey, T-X Trainer and MQ-25 unmanned aerial refueling aircraft.
Additional Considerations
Our BDS business includes a variety of development programs which have complex design and technical challenges. Many of these programs have cost-type contracting arrangements. In these cases, the associated financial risks are primarily in reduced fees, lower profit rates or program cancellation if cost, schedule or technical performance issues arise. Examples of these programs include Ground-based Midcourse Defense, Proprietary and Space Launch System programs.
Some of our development programs are contracted on a fixed-price basis and BDS customers are increasingly seeking fixed priced proposals for new programs. Examples of significant fixed-price development programs include Commercial Crew, Saudi F-15, USAF KC-46A Tanker, T-X Trainer, VC-25B Presidential Aircraft, MQ-25 unmanned aerial refueling aircraft, and commercial and military satellites. New programs could also have risk for reach-forward loss upon contract award and during the period of contract performance. In the third quarter, we were awarded contracts to develop the T-X Trainer aircraft with complementary devices and the MQ-25 unmanned aerial refueling aircraft. We recorded orders of $1,618 million and recognized losses of $691 million associated with these contracts. Many development programs have highly complex designs. As technical or quality issues arise during development, we may experience schedule delays and cost impacts, which could increase our estimated cost to perform the work or reduce our estimated price, either of which could result in a material charge or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition. These programs are ongoing, and while we believe the cost and fee estimates incorporated in the financial statements are appropriate, the technical complexity of these programs creates financial risk as additional completion costs may become necessary or scheduled delivery dates could be extended, which could trigger termination provisions, the loss of satellite in-orbit incentive payments, or other financially significant exposure. These programs have risk for reach-forward losses if our estimated costs exceed our estimated contract revenues.
KC-46A Tanker See the discussion of the KC-46A Tanker program on page 42.

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United Launch Alliance See the discussion of Indemnifications to ULA and Financing Commitments in Notes 5, 10 and 11 of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Sea Launch See the discussion of the Sea Launch receivables in Note 9 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Commercial Crew See the discussion of Fixed-Price Development Contracts in Note 10 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
T-X Trainer In September 2018, we were selected by the U.S. Air Force to build the next generation training capability, known as T-X. The program includes aircraft and simulators as well as support and ground equipment. The contract is structured as an indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) fixed-price contract with a minimum of 206 aircraft and a maximum of 475 aircraft. The EMD contract is a fixed-price contract valued at $813 million and includes five aircraft and seven simulators, with a period of performance that runs through 2022. The production and support contracts are structured as options that begin with authorization from fiscal year 2022 to 2034. In connection with winning this competition, we recorded a reach-forward loss of $400 million associated with anticipated losses on the options for 346 aircraft that we believe are probable of being exercised. We believe that our investment in this contract positions us for additional market opportunities for both trainer and light attack aircraft.
MQ-25 Unmanned Aerial Refueling Aircraft In August 2018, we were awarded an EMD contract to build the MQ-25 unmanned aerial refueling aircraft for the U.S. Navy. The EMD contract is a fixed-price contract that includes development and delivery of four aircraft and test articles at a contract price of $805 million. In connection with winning this competition, we recognized a reach-forward loss of $291 million. The period of performance runs from 2018 through 2024. The MQ-25 is the U.S. Navy’s first operational carrier-based unmanned aircraft, and we believe that our investment in this contract positions us for long-term leadership in autonomy and artificial intelligence technologies along with additional market opportunities.
Global Services
Results of Operations
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Revenues

$12,124

 

$10,784

 

$4,091

 

$3,579

Earnings from operations

$1,790

 

$1,687

 

$543

 

$495

Operating margins
14.8
%
 
15.6
%
 
13.3
%
 
13.8
%
Revenues
BGS revenues for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $1,340 million and $512 million compared with the same periods in 2017 due to growth across our services portfolio, primarily driven by parts volume. Net favorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments to revenue were lower by $61 million and $14 million for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with the same periods in 2017.
Earnings From Operations
BGS earnings from operations for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $103 million and $48 million compared with the same periods in 2017 primarily due to higher revenues, partially offset by higher period costs. Net favorable cumulative contract catch-up adjustments were lower by $38 million and higher by $29 million for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with the same periods in 2017.

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Backlog
BGS total backlog increased from $19,605 million as of December 31, 2017 to $20,240 million at September 30, 2018, primarily due to current year contract awards for government parts, partially offset by revenue recognized on contracts awarded in prior years.
Additional Considerations
KLX See the discussion of the KLX acquisition in Note 20 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Boeing Capital
Results of Operations
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Revenues

$214

 

$234

 

$77

 

$70

Earnings from operations

$71

 

$87

 

$27

 

$23

Operating margins
33
%
 
37
%
 
35
%
 
33
%
Revenues
Boeing Capital (BCC) segment revenues consist principally of lease income from equipment under operating lease, interest income from financing receivables and notes, and other income. BCC’s revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 decreased by $20 million compared with the same period in 2017 primarily due to lower lease income driven by a smaller portfolio, partially offset by gain on sale of assets.
Earnings From Operations
BCC’s earnings from operations are presented net of interest expense, provision for (recovery of) losses, asset impairment expense, depreciation on leased equipment and other operating expenses. Earnings from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 decreased by $16 million compared with the same period in 2017, primarily due to lower revenues.


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Financial Position
The following table presents selected financial data for BCC:
(Dollars in millions)
September 30
2018

 
December 31
2017

Customer financing and investment portfolio, net

$3,099

 

$3,003

Other assets, primarily cash and short-term investments
442

 
677

Total assets

$3,541

 

$3,680

 
 
 
 
Other liabilities, primarily deferred income taxes

$529

 

$653

Debt, including intercompany loans
2,491

 
2,523

Equity
521

 
504

Total liabilities and equity

$3,541

 

$3,680

 
 
 
 
Debt-to-equity ratio
4.8-to-1

 
5.0-to-1

BCC’s customer financing and investment portfolio at September 30, 2018 increased slightly from December 31, 2017 primarily due to new volume of $601 million partially offset by note payoffs, asset sales and portfolio run-off.
At September 30, 2018, BCC had $67 million of assets that were held for sale or re-lease. In addition, aircraft subject to leases with a carrying value of approximately $48 million are scheduled to be returned off lease in the next 12 months. We are seeking to remarket these aircraft or have the leases extended.
BCC enters into certain transactions with Boeing, reflected in Unallocated items, eliminations and other, in the form of intercompany guarantees and other subsidies that mitigate the effects of certain credit quality or asset impairment issues on the BCC segment.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flow Summary
(Dollars in millions)
Nine months ended September 30
 
2018

 
2017

Net earnings

$7,036

 

$5,138

Non-cash items
1,823

 
1,896

Changes in working capital
3,516

 
3,409

Net cash provided by operating activities
12,375

 
10,443

Net cash used by investing activities
(2,197
)
 
(1,601
)
Net cash used by financing activities
(10,866
)
 
(9,109
)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents
(37
)
 
73

Net decrease in cash & cash equivalents, including restricted
(725
)
 
(194
)
Cash & cash equivalents, including restricted, at beginning of year
8,887

 
8,869

Cash & cash equivalents, including restricted, at end of period

$8,162

 

$8,675

Operating Activities Net cash provided by operating activities was $12.4 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared with $10.4 billion during the same period in 2017. The year-over-year improvement reflects higher earnings and lower spending on inventory, partially offset by lower advances. Advances and progress billings increased by $3.5 billion and $4.7 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. Inventories increased by $0.7 billion and $0.9 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, primarily due to higher expenditures on commercial airplane program inventory, primarily 737 and 777X, partially offset by reductions in 787 inventory. Unbilled receivables

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increased by $1.7 billion and $1.8 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, reflecting revenue recognized on contracts in excess of billings.
Investing Activities Cash used by investing activities was $2.2 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared with $1.6 billion during the same period in 2017, primarily due to the timing of investments and an acquisition during the third quarter of 2018. In the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, capital expenditures totaled $1.2 billion and $1.3 billion. We expect capital expenditures in 2018 to be higher than 2017.
Financing Activities Cash used by financing activities was $10.9 billion, compared with $9.1 billion during the same period in 2017, primarily reflecting higher share repurchases and dividend payments. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, net borrowings decreased to $0.7 billion from $0.8 billion in the same period in 2017.
At September 30, 2018, the recorded balance of debt was $11.9 billion, of which $1.4 billion was classified as short-term. Debt, including intercompany loans, attributable to BCC totaled $2.5 billion, all of which was classified as long-term.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 we repurchased 24.5 million shares totaling $8.4 billion through our open market share repurchase program. In addition, 0.7 million shares were transferred to us from employees for tax withholdings. At September 30, 2018, the amount available under the share repurchase plan, announced on December 11, 2017, totaled $9.6 billion.
Capital Resources We have substantial borrowing capacity. Any future borrowings may affect our credit ratings and are subject to various debt covenants as described below. We have a commercial paper program that serves as a source of short-term liquidity. At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 commercial paper borrowings totaling $600 million were supported by unused commitments under the revolving credit agreement. Currently, we have $5.0 billion of unused borrowing capacity on revolving credit line agreements. We anticipate that these credit lines will primarily serve as backup liquidity to support our general corporate borrowing needs.
Financing commitments totaled $19.7 billion and $10.2 billion at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.The increase primarily relates to commercial airplane orders received in 2018. We anticipate that we will not be required to fund a significant portion of our financing commitments as we continue to work with third party financiers to provide alternative financing to customers. Historically, we have not been required to fund significant amounts of outstanding commitments. However, there can be no assurances that we will not be required to fund greater amounts than historically required. In addition, many of our non-U.S. customers finance aircraft purchases through the Export-Import Bank of the United States. Following the expiration of the bank’s charter on June 30, 2015, the bank’s charter was reauthorized in December 2015. The bank is now authorized through September 30, 2019. However, until the U.S. Senate confirms members sufficient to reconstitute a quorum of the bank’s board of directors, the bank will not be able to approve any transaction totaling more than $10 million. As a result, we may fund additional commitments and/or enter into new financing arrangements with customers.
In the event we require additional funding to support strategic business opportunities, our commercial aircraft financing commitments, unfavorable resolution of litigation or other loss contingencies, or other business requirements, we expect to meet increased funding requirements by issuing commercial paper or term debt. We believe our ability to access external capital resources should be sufficient to satisfy existing short-term and long-term commitments and plans, and also to provide adequate financial flexibility to take advantage of potential strategic business opportunities should they arise within the next year. However, there can be no assurance of the cost or availability of future borrowings, if any, under our commercial paper program or in the debt markets.
At September 30, 2018, we were in compliance with the covenants for our debt and credit facilities. The most restrictive covenants include a limitation on mortgage debt and sale and leaseback transactions as a percentage of consolidated net tangible assets (as defined in the credit agreements), and a limitation on

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consolidated debt as a percentage of total capital (as defined). When considering debt covenants, we continue to have substantial borrowing capacity.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We are a party to certain off-balance sheet arrangements including certain guarantees. For discussion of these arrangements, see Note 11 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Contingent Obligations
We have significant contingent obligations that arise in the ordinary course of business, which include the following:
Legal Various legal proceedings, claims and investigations are pending against us. Legal contingencies are discussed in Note 18 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Environmental Remediation We are involved with various environmental remediation activities and have recorded a liability of $568 million at September 30, 2018. For additional information, see Note 10 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Non-GAAP Measures
Core Operating Earnings, Core Operating Margin and Core Earnings Per Share
Our unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements are prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States of America (GAAP) which we supplement with certain non-GAAP financial information. These non-GAAP measures should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related GAAP measures, and other companies may define such measures differently. We encourage investors to review our financial statements and publicly-filed reports in their entirety and not to rely on any single financial measure. Core operating earnings, and core operating margin and core earnings per share exclude the FAS/CAS service cost adjustment. The FAS/CAS service cost adjustment represents the difference between the FAS pension and postretirement service costs calculated under GAAP and costs allocated to the business segments. Core earnings per share excludes both the FAS/CAS service cost adjustment and non-operating pension and postretirement expenses. Non-operating pension and postretirement expenses represent the components of net periodic benefit costs other than service cost. Pension costs, comprising service and prior service costs computed in accordance with GAAP are allocated to BCA and certain BGS businesses supporting commercial customers. Pension costs allocated to BDS and BGS businesses supporting government customers are computed in accordance with U.S. Government Cost Accounting Standards (CAS), which employ different actuarial assumptions and accounting conventions than GAAP. CAS costs are allocable to government contracts. Other postretirement benefit costs are allocated to all business segments based on CAS, which is generally based on benefits paid.
The Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustments recognized in earnings were benefits of $780 million and $260 million for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018, largely consistent with the benefits of $811 million and $271 million during the same periods in 2017. The non-operating pension expenses included in Other income, net were benefits of $98 million and $50 million for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with $88 million and $26 million for the same periods in 2017. The benefits in 2018 reflect lower interest costs and improved expected returns, as a result of the higher value of plan assets at December 31, 2017 compared to 2016. These are partially offset by higher amortization of actuarial losses driven by lower discount rates.
For further discussion of pension and other postretirement costs see the Management’s Discussion and Analysis on page 40 of this Form 10-Q and on page 43 of our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management uses core operating earnings, core operating margin and core earnings per share for purposes of evaluating and forecasting underlying business performance. Management believes these core earnings measures provide investors additional insights into operational performance as unallocated pension and other postretirement benefit cost, primarily represent costs driven by market factors and costs not allocable to U.S. government contracts.

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Reconciliation of GAAP Measures to Non-GAAP Measures
The table below reconciles the non-GAAP financial measures of core operating earnings, core operating margin and core earnings per share with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures of earnings from operations, operating margins and diluted earnings per share.
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Nine months ended September 30
 
Three months ended September 30

2018

 
2017

 
2018

 
2017

Revenues

$72,786

 

$69,235

 

$25,146

 

$24,223

Earnings from operations, as reported

$7,812

 

$7,366

 

$2,227

 

$2,630

Operating margins
10.7
%
 
10.6
%
 
8.9
%
 
10.9
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustment (1)

($780
)
 

($811
)
 

($260
)
 

($271
)
Postretirement FAS/CAS service cost adjustment (1)

($239
)
 

($238
)
 

($77
)
 

($75
)
FAS/CAS service cost adjustment (1)

($1,019
)
 

($1,049
)
 

($337
)
 

($346
)
Core operating earnings (non-GAAP)

$6,793

 

$6,317

 

$1,890

 

$2,284

Core operating margins (non-GAAP)
9.3
%
 
9.1
%
 
7.5
%
 
9.4
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diluted earnings per share, as reported

$11.95

 

$8.39

 

$4.07

 

$2.99

Pension FAS/CAS service cost adjustment (1)
(1.32
)
 
(1.32
)
 
(0.45
)
 
(0.45
)
Postretirement FAS/CAS service cost adjustment (1)
(0.41
)
 
(0.39
)
 
(0.13
)
 
(0.12
)
Non-operating pension expense (2)
(0.17
)
 
(0.15
)
 
(0.09
)
 
(0.05
)
Non-operating postretirement expense (2)
0.13

 
0.15

 
0.05

 
0.05

Provision for deferred income taxes on adjustments (3)
0.37

 
0.60

 
0.13

 
0.20

Core earnings per share (non-GAAP)

$10.55

 

$7.28

 

$3.58

 

$2.62

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average diluted shares (in millions)
588.9

 
612.8

 
580.8

 
606.3

(1)
FAS/CAS service cost adjustment represents the difference between the FAS pension and postretirement service costs calculated under GAAP and costs allocated to the business segments. This adjustment is excluded from Core operating earnings (non-GAAP)
(2)
Non-operating pension and postretirement expenses represent the components of net periodic benefit costs other than service cost. These expenses are included in Other income/(loss), net and are excluded from Core earnings per share (non-GAAP)
(3)     The income tax impact is calculated using the U.S. corporate statutory tax rate
Other
Section 219 of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 and Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Act”), require disclosure of certain activities, transactions or dealings relating to Iran that occurred during the period covered by this report. Disclosure is required even if the activities, transactions or dealings were conducted in compliance with applicable law. In connection with the U.S. withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (Iran Nuclear Agreement), we engaged in activities during the third quarter that were required to unwind and terminate all agreements with Iranian airlines entered into prior to the withdrawal. These activities were authorized by a license from the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control, and generated no revenues or profits.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no significant changes to our market risk since December 31, 2017.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
(a)Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2018 and have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b)Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.
There were no changes that occurred during the third quarter of 2018 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

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Part II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Currently, we are involved in a number of legal proceedings. For a discussion of contingencies related to legal proceedings, see Note 18 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about purchases we made during the quarter ended September 30, 2018 of equity securities that are registered by us pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act:
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
 
(a)
 
(b)
 
(c)
 
(d)
 
Total Number
of Shares
Purchased (1)

 
Average
Price
Paid per
Share

 
Total Number of
Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly
Announced Plans
or Programs

 
Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares That
May Yet be Purchased
Under the Plans or
Programs (2)

7/1/2018 thru 7/31/2018
2,886,863

 

$348.79

 
2,866,303

 

$11,035

8/1/2018 thru 8/31/2018
3,547,802

 
346.79

 
3,539,372

 
9,808

9/1/2018 thru 9/30/2018
646,356

 
346.38

 
643,079

 
9,585

Total
7,081,021

 

$347.57

 
7,048,754

 
 
(1) 
We purchased an aggregate of 7,048,754 shares of our common stock in the open market pursuant to our repurchase program and 32,267 shares transferred to us from employees in satisfaction of minimum tax withholding obligations associated with the vesting of restricted stock units during the period. We did not purchase shares in swap transactions.
(2) 
On December 11, 2017, we announced a new repurchase plan for up to $18 billion of common stock, replacing the plan previously authorized in 2016.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
Not applicable.

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Item 6. Exhibits
3.2
 
 
10.1
 
 
10.2
 
 
10.3
 
 
12
 
 
15
 
 
31.1
 
 
31.2
 
 
32.1
 
 
32.2
 
 
101.INS
XBRL Instance Document
 
 
101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
 
 
101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
 
 
101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
 
 
101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
 
 
101.PRE
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
* Management contract or compensatory plan

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Signature
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
THE BOEING COMPANY
 
 
(Registrant)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
October 24, 2018
 
/s/ Robert E. Verbeck
(Date)
 
Robert E. Verbeck – Senior Vice President, Finance and Corporate Controller

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