BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. - Quarter Report: 2018 September (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-Q

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x	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018



¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-35780

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

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Delaware		80-0188269
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

200 Talcott Avenue South Watertown, MA		02472
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 673-8000

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	¨
Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	¨
Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x

As of October 26, 2018, the Company had 58,069,290 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value, outstanding.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS



PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION		Page
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	29
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	29
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	30
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	30
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	30
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	30
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	30
Item 5.	Other Information	30
Item 6.	Exhibits	31
Signatures		32

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (In thousands, except share data) (Unaudited)

	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	21,304		$	23,227
Accounts receivable—net	104,965			117,138
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	48,189			52,096
Total current assets	174,458			192,461
Fixed assets—net	586,411			575,185
Goodwill	1,339,450			1,306,792
Other intangibles—net	329,319			348,540
Other assets	67,776			45,666
Total assets	$	2,497,414		$	2,468,644
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	$	10,750		$	10,750
Borrowings under revolving credit facility	94,000			127,100
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	160,030			132,897
Deferred revenue	156,479			155,696
Other current liabilities	31,258			34,212
Total current liabilities	452,517			460,655
Long-term debt—net	1,039,074			1,046,011
Deferred rent and related obligations	69,768			66,499
Other long-term liabilities	75,277			64,171
Deferred revenue	6,143			8,179
Deferred income taxes	74,422			74,069
Total liabilities	1,717,201			1,719,584
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 25,000,000 shares authorized and no shares issued or outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 475,000,000 shares authorized; 57,776,682 and 58,013,144 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	58			58
Additional paid-in capital	682,663			747,155
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(48,975		)	(33,296		)
Retained earnings	146,467			35,143
Total stockholders’ equity	780,213			749,060
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,497,414		$	2,468,644

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (In thousands, except share data) (Unaudited)

	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenue	$	471,585		$	433,316		$	1,424,941		$	1,301,026
Cost of services	358,545			330,122			1,072,320			978,557
Gross profit	113,040			103,194			352,621			322,469
Selling, general and administrative expenses	49,427			46,369			152,776			141,384
Amortization of intangible assets	8,153			8,191			24,477			24,241
Other expenses	—			3,671			—			3,671
Income from operations	55,460			44,963			175,368			153,173
Interest expense—net	(11,795		)	(10,824		)	(35,459		)	(32,252		)
Income before income tax	43,665			34,139			139,909			120,921
Income tax expense	(10,065		)	(3,034		)	(28,585		)	(15,402		)
Net income	$	33,600		$	31,105		$	111,324		$	105,519

Earnings per common share:
Common stock—basic	$	0.58		$	0.53		$	1.91		$	1.78
Common stock—diluted	$	0.57		$	0.51		$	1.88		$	1.74

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Common stock—basic	57,719,730			58,811,488			57,841,382			59,039,931
Common stock—diluted	58,924,423			60,088,078			59,044,561			60,457,004

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (In thousands) (Unaudited)

	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2018			2017		2018			2017
Net income	$	33,600		$	31,105	$	111,324		$	105,519
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(9,914		)	18,983		(23,602		)	49,029
Unrealized gain on interest rate swaps, net of tax	935			—		7,923			—
Total other comprehensive (loss) income	(8,979		)	18,983		(15,679		)	49,029
Comprehensive income	$	24,621		$	50,088	$	95,645		$	154,548

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (In thousands) (Unaudited)

	Nine months ended September 30,
	2018			2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	111,324		$	105,519
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	75,146			70,289
Amortization of original issue discount and deferred financing costs	1,418			1,323
Loss on foreign currency transactions and other	46			1,608
Loss on disposal of fixed assets	767			2,282
Stock-based compensation expense	10,304			8,777
Deferred income taxes	(3,719		)	1,038
Deferred rent	1,055			3,647
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	11,672			2,324
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	6,261			(9,976		)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	25,151			17,815
Deferred revenue	(1,282		)	4,149
Accrued rent and related obligations	2,592			1,684
Other assets	(4,808		)	746
Other current and long-term liabilities	3,769			1,806
Net cash provided by operating activities	239,696			213,031
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchases of fixed assets—net	(62,549		)	(63,070		)
Payments and settlements for acquisitions—net of cash acquired	(51,744		)	(17,526		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(114,293		)	(80,596		)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Borrowings under revolving credit facility	493,100			475,001
Payments under revolving credit facility	(526,200		)	(485,501		)
Principal payments of long-term debt	(8,063		)	(5,375		)
Payments for debt issuance costs	(292		)	(1,314		)
Purchase of treasury stock	(85,725		)	(74,935		)
Taxes paid related to the net share settlement of stock options and restricted stock	(7,452		)	(25,830		)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of options	14,893			18,709
Proceeds from issuance of restricted stock	4,457			4,363
Payments of contingent consideration for acquisitions	(2,965		)	(185		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(118,247		)	(95,067		)
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(271		)	2,084
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	6,885			39,452
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of period	36,570			16,055
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of period	$	43,455		$	55,507
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash payments of interest	$	34,197		$	33,450
Cash payments of income taxes	$	28,939		$	24,996
NON-CASH TRANSACTION:
Fixed asset purchases recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	5,100		$	3,000

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Organization—Bright Horizons Family Solutions Inc. (“Bright Horizons” or the “Company”) provides center-based child care and early education, back-up dependent care (for children and adult/elder dependents), tuition reimbursement program management, college admissions advisory services, and other support services for employers and families in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Canada, and India. The Company provides services designed to help employers and families better address the challenges of work and family life primarily under multi-year contracts with employers who offer child care and other dependent care solutions, as well as educational advisory services, as part of their employee benefits packages in an effort to improve employee engagement.

Basis of Presentation—The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018 and the condensed consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income and cash flows for the interim periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 have been prepared by the Company in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP” or “GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required in accordance with U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

In the opinion of the Company’s management, the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018 and the condensed consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income and cash flows for the interim periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal and recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the results of the interim periods presented. The operating results for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year.

Stock Offerings—On January 30, 2013, the Company completed an initial public offering (the “IPO”) and issued a total of 11.6 million shares of common stock. The Company also authorized 25 million shares of undesignated preferred stock for issuance.

Since the IPO, certain of the Company’s stockholders have sold a total of 52.3 million shares of the Company’s common stock in secondary offerings (“secondary offerings”), including 4.6 million shares in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 in a secondary offering completed in March 2018. The Company has not received proceeds from the sale of shares in any of the secondary offerings. In the March 2018 secondary offering, investment funds affiliated with Bain Capital Partners, LLC sold their holdings of the Company’s common stock and the Company purchased 0.8 million of the shares sold in the offering at the same price per share paid by the underwriter to the selling stockholders. The Company incurred $0.3 million in offering costs related to the secondary offering, which were included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

The board of directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock, effective June 12, 2018. The share repurchase program replaces the prior $300 million authorization, of which $34.9 million remained available at the time the plan was replaced and cancelled. The share repurchase program has no expiration date. The shares may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions at prevailing market prices, in privately negotiated transactions, under Rule 10b5-1 plans, or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws. At September 30, 2018, $300 million remained available under the repurchase program.

Recently Adopted Pronouncements—In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (the “new revenue guidance”), which provides a single comprehensive model for revenue recognition. The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers control over promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company adopted the new revenue guidance using the modified retrospective method on January 1, 2018. Therefore, the comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.

The Company evaluated each revenue stream and applied the new revenue guidance as further discussed in Note 2. There was no material impact on the timing or amount of revenue recognized upon adoption and any cumulative prior period adjustment was determined to be immaterial and therefore there were no adjustments recorded to the opening balance of retained earnings upon adoption. The Company’s internal controls were not significantly impacted as a result of this accounting change and the Company has made the necessary changes to accounting policies and internal processes to support the new revenue guidance, including the related disclosures. The Company expects the impact of the adoption of the new standard to be immaterial to the results of operations on an ongoing basis.

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In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Restricted Cash, which requires amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents to be included with cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows when reconciling the beginning and end of period balances for all periods presented. The update is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the standard retrospectively, and as such, changes in restricted cash that have historically been presented in operating activities have now been excluded and restricted cash is combined with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end of period balances for all periods presented. The adoption of this guidance resulted in an increase of $8.8 million and $11.8 million to net cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The adoption of this guidance had no impact on the condensed consolidated statements of income and balance sheets.

Restricted cash is primarily comprised of deposits associated with the Company’s wholly-owned captive insurance company and cash deposits that guarantee letters of credit. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash within the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	21,304	$	23,227
Restricted cash, included in prepaid expenses and other current assets	7,770		5,343
Restricted cash, included in other assets	14,381		8,000
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	43,455	$	36,570

New Accounting Pronouncements—In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This standard amends the existing guidance and requires lessees to recognize on the balance sheet assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases with lease terms longer than twelve months. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted, and is to be applied using a modified retrospective approach. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which approved a transition method that provides the option to use the effective date as the date of initial application on transition. The Company plans to elect this transition method, and as a result, the Company will not adjust comparative information for prior periods. The Company is progressing with its preparation for the adoption and implementation of this new accounting standard. The Company anticipates that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and a lease liability associated with the remaining lease payments will be recorded on the consolidated balance sheet for all long-term leases. The adoption is not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated statements of income or cash flows. The majority of the Company’s lease portfolio represents leases of real estate for centers, corporate offices, and call centers.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (Topic 815), which expands and refines hedge accounting for both non-financial and financial risk components and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. The guidance also makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance and ease the administrative burden of hedge documentation requirements and assessing hedge effectiveness. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The new guidance with respect to cash flow and net investment hedge relationships existing on the date of adoption must be applied on a modified retrospective basis, and the new presentation and disclosure requirements must be applied on a prospective basis. This standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

2. REVENUE RECOGNITION

General

The Company generates revenue from services based on the consideration specified in contracts with customers, which primarily consist of employer sponsors and parents. The Company recognizes revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of the promised services to a customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct service to the customer. At contract inception, the Company assesses the services promised in the contract and identifies each distinct performance obligation. To identify the performance obligations, the Company considers the services promised in the contract regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or are implied by customary business practices. The transaction price of a contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation using the relative stand-alone selling price and recognized as revenue when, or as, control of the service is passed to the customer. Revenue is recognized over time because control of the service is transferred continuously to our customers.

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Nature of Services

The Company’s services are comprised of full service center-based child care, back-up dependent care, and educational advisory services, which also represent the Company’s operating and reportable segments.

Full Service Center-Based Child Care

Full service center-based child care includes traditional center-based child care and early education, preschool, and elementary education. Revenue generated from full service center-based child care services is primarily comprised of tuition paid by parents and fees from contractual arrangements with employer sponsors. Tuition is determined based on the age of the child, the child’s attendance schedule, and geographic location. Tuition is typically billed on a monthly basis, which is consistent with the timing of the delivery of services. The Company enters into contracts with employer sponsors to manage and operate their child care and early education centers for a management fee. These arrangements generally have a contractual term of three to ten years with varying terms and renewal options, and may also include operating subsidies paid either in lieu of or to supplement parent tuition. Management fees and subsidies are typically billed on a monthly basis, which is consistent with the timing of the delivery of services. Revenue from fixed and variable fees for full service center-based child care is recognized over time as services are rendered.

Back-Up Dependent Care Services

Back-up dependent care services consist of center-based back-up child care, and in-home care for children and adult/elder dependents. The Company provides back-up dependent care services through the Company’s full-service and dedicated back-up centers, as well as through the back-up care network. Bright Horizons back-up care offers access to a contracted network of in-home service agencies and center-based providers in locations where the Company does not otherwise have centers with available capacity. Back-up dependent care revenue is primarily comprised of fixed and variable fees or subsidies paid by employer sponsors and co-payments collected from users at the point of service. These arrangements generally have contractual terms of three years with varying terms and renewal options. Fees for back-up dependent care services are typically determined based on the number of back-up uses and are generally billed monthly as services are rendered or in advance. Revenue for back-up dependent care is recognized over time as services are rendered.

Educational Advisory Services

The Company’s educational advisory services consist of tuition reimbursement program management and related educational consulting services (“EdAssist”), college admissions advisory services (“College Coach”), and other employer sponsored services. Educational advisory services revenue is primarily comprised of fixed and variable fees paid by employer clients, network school partners, as well as retail fees collected from users at the point of service. These arrangements generally have contractual terms of one to three years with varying terms and renewal options. Fees for educational advisory services are determined based on the expected number of program participants and the services selected, and are generally billed in advance. Revenue for educational advisory services is recognized over time as services are rendered.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company disaggregates revenue from contracts with customers into segments and geographical regions. The Company determined that disaggregating revenue into these categories achieves the disclosure objective to depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by segment and geographical region (in thousands):



	Full service center-based child care		Back-up dependent care		Educational advisory services		Total
Three months ended September 30, 2018
North America ⁽¹⁾	$	279,324	$	64,860	$	18,053	$	362,237
Europe and other ⁽²⁾	107,724		1,624		—		109,348
	$	387,048	$	66,484	$	18,053	$	471,585
Three months ended September 30, 2017
North America ⁽¹⁾	$	260,123	$	59,027	$	15,137	$	334,287
Europe and other ⁽²⁾	97,971		1,058		—		99,029
	$	358,094	$	60,085	$	15,137	$	433,316

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	Full service center-based child care		Back-up dependent care		Educational advisory services		Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2018
North America ⁽¹⁾	$	858,035	$	175,671	$	51,162	$	1,084,868
Europe and other ⁽²⁾	335,759		4,314		—		340,073
	$	1,193,794	$	179,985	$	51,162	$	1,424,941
Nine months ended September 30, 2017
North America ⁽¹⁾	$	808,965	$	161,247	$	41,944	$	1,012,156
Europe and other ⁽²⁾	285,946		2,924		—		288,870
	$	1,094,911	$	164,171	$	41,944	$	1,301,026


(1)	The North America region is comprised of the Company’s operations in the United States, Puerto Rico, and Canada.


(2)	The Europe and other region is comprised of the Company’s operations in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and India.

Deferred Revenues

The Company’s payment terms vary by the type of services offered. Tuition collected from parents is typically billed and collected monthly in advance. Fees collected from employer sponsors may be billed annually or quarterly in advance or may be billed monthly in arrears. The Company’s standard payment terms generally align with the timing of the services performed and do not include a financing component. The Company has the unconditional right to consideration as it satisfies the performance obligations, therefore no contractual assets are recognized.

The Company records deferred revenues when payments are received in advance of the Company’s performance under the contract, which are recognized as revenue as the performance obligation is satisfied. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, $143.6 million was recognized as revenue related to the deferred revenue balance recorded at December 31, 2017. There were no significant changes in deferred revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 related to business combinations, impairments, cumulative catch-up or other adjustments.

Practical Expedients

The transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations relates to services that are paid or invoiced in advance. The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original contract term of one year or less, in accordance with the practical expedient provisions within the guidance, or for variable consideration allocated to the unsatisfied performance obligation of a series of services. The Company’s remaining performance obligations not subject to the practical expedients are not material.

The Company applied the practical expedient of expensing costs incurred to obtain a contract if the amortization period of the asset is one year or less. Sales commissions are immaterial and are expensed as incurred in selling, general and administrative expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of income.

3. ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSITIONS

The Company’s growth strategy includes expansion through strategic and synergistic acquisitions. The goodwill resulting from these acquisitions arises largely from synergies expected from combining the operations of the businesses acquired with our existing operations, as well as from benefits derived from gaining the related assembled workforce.

2018 Acquisitions

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company acquired five centers in the Netherlands, six centers in the United States, and 17 centers in the United Kingdom in five separate business acquisitions, which were each accounted for as business combinations. The centers were acquired for cash consideration of $51.6 million, net of cash acquired of $4.0 million, and consideration payable of $4.1 million. The Company recorded goodwill of $47.1 million related to the full service center-based child care segment, of which $13.9 million will be deductible for tax purposes. In addition, the Company recorded intangible assets of $6.5 million, consisting of trademarks and customer relationships that will be amortized over two to five years, as well as fixed assets of $5.7 million, working capital of $2.0 million, and deferred tax liabilities and other long term liabilities of $1.7 million in relation to these acquisitions.

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The allocation of purchase price consideration is based on preliminary estimates of fair value; such estimates and assumptions are subject to change within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date). As of September 30, 2018, the purchase price allocations for these acquisitions remain open as the Company gathers additional information regarding the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The operating results for the acquired businesses are included in the consolidated results of operations from the date of acquisition, which were not material to the Company’s financial results.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company paid $3.1 million for the settlement of a portion of the contingent consideration related to an acquisition completed in 2016.

2017 Acquisitions

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company acquired ten centers in the Netherlands, three centers in the United States, and one center in the United Kingdom in seven separate business acquisitions, which were each accounted for as business combinations. The centers were acquired for cash consideration of $21.5 million, net of cash acquired of $0.3 million, and consideration payable of $0.2 million. The Company recorded goodwill of $14.3 million related to the full service center-based child care segment, a portion of which will be deductible for tax purposes. In addition, the Company recorded intangible assets of $2.3 million, consisting primarily of customer relationships that will be amortized over three to five years, as well as fixed assets of $7.3 million, deferred tax liabilities of $0.6 million, and a working capital deficit of $1.3 million in relation to these acquisitions.

The allocation of purchase price consideration is based on preliminary estimates of fair value; such estimates and assumptions are subject to change within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date). As of September 30, 2018, the purchase price allocations for one of the 2017 acquisitions remains open as the Company gathers additional information regarding the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The operating results for the acquired businesses are included in the consolidated results of operations from the date of acquisition, which were not material to the Company’s financial results.

2017 Dispositions

During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company disposed of its remaining three centers in Ireland for a loss of $3.7 million, which was included in other expenses in the consolidated statements of income, offset by a tax benefit of approximately $7.0 million that was recorded from the loss on investment of a subsidiary.

4. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows (in thousands):



	Full service center-based child care			Back-up dependent care			Educational advisory services		Total
Balance at January 1, 2017	$	1,075,796		$	168,108		$	23,801	$	1,267,705
Additions from acquisitions	14,269			—			—		14,269
Adjustments to prior year acquisitions	(5,596		)	(3		)	—		(5,599		)
Effect of foreign currency translation	30,417			—			—		30,417
Balance at December 31, 2017	1,114,886			168,105			23,801		1,306,792
Additions from acquisitions	47,143			—			—		47,143
Effect of foreign currency translation	(14,485		)	—			—		(14,485		)
Balance at September 30, 2018	$	1,147,544		$	168,105		$	23,801	$	1,339,450

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The Company also has intangible assets, which consist of the following at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



September 30, 2018	Weighted average amortization period	Cost		Accumulated amortization			Net carrying amount
Definite-lived intangibles:
Customer relationships	14 years	$	400,603	$	(257,191	)	$	143,412
Trade names	7 years	10,423		(5,450		)	4,973
		411,026		(262,641		)	148,385
Indefinite-lived intangibles:
Trade names	N/A	180,934		—			180,934
		$	591,960	$	(262,641	)	$	329,319



December 31, 2017	Weighted average amortization period	Cost		Accumulated amortization			Net carrying amount
Definite-lived intangibles:
Customer relationships	15 years	$	396,428	$	(234,742	)	$	161,686
Trade names	7 years	10,224		(4,566		)	5,658
		406,652		(239,308		)	167,344
Indefinite-lived intangibles:
Trade names	N/A	181,196		—			181,196
		$	587,848	$	(239,308	)	$	348,540

The Company estimates that it will record amortization expense related to intangible assets existing as of September 30, 2018 as follows over the next five years (in thousands):



	Estimated amortization expense
Remainder of 2018	$	7,729
2019	$	29,756
2020	$	27,546
2021	$	25,648
2022	$	23,327

5. CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS AND DEBT OBLIGATIONS

Senior secured credit facilities

The Company’s $1.3 billion senior secured credit facilities consist of a $1.1 billion secured term loan facility and a $225 million revolving credit facility. The term loans mature on November 7, 2023 and require quarterly principal payments of $2.7 million, with the remaining principal balance due on November 7, 2023.

Outstanding term loan borrowings were as follows at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Term loans	$	1,058,875		$	1,066,938
Deferred financing costs and original issue discount	(9,051		)	(10,177		)
Total debt	1,049,824			1,056,761
Less current maturities	10,750			10,750
Long-term debt	$	1,039,074		$	1,046,011

The revolving credit facility matures on July 31, 2022. Borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility were $94.0 million at September 30, 2018 and $127.1 million at December 31, 2017.

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All borrowings under the credit agreement are subject to variable interest. On May 31, 2018, the Company amended its existing senior credit facilities to, among other changes, reduce the applicable interest rates of the term loan facility and the revolving credit facility. Effective as of May 31, 2018, borrowings under the term loan facility bear interest at a rate per annum of 0.75% over the base rate, or 1.75% over the eurocurrency rate, which is the one, two, three or six month LIBOR rate or, with applicable lender approval, the twelve month or less than one month LIBOR rate. With respect to the term loan facility, the base rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 1.75% and the eurocurrency rate is subject to an interest rate floor of 0.75%. Borrowings under the revolving credit facility bear interest at a rate per annum ranging from 0.50% to 0.75% over the base rate, or 1.50% to 1.75% over the eurocurrency rate.

The effective interest rate for the term loans was 3.99% and 3.57% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and the weighted average interest rate was 3.76% and 3.50% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The effective interest rate for the revolving credit facility was 4.18% and 3.70% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The weighted average interest rate for the revolving credit facility was 3.97% and 4.20% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Certain financing fees and original issue discount costs are capitalized and are being amortized over the terms of the related debt instruments and amortization expense is included in interest expense. Amortization expense of deferred financing costs were $0.4 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and were $1.1 million and $1.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization expense of original issue discount costs were $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and were $0.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

All obligations under the senior secured credit facilities are secured by substantially all the assets of the Company’s U.S. subsidiaries. The senior secured credit facilities contain a number of covenants that, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, may restrict the ability of Bright Horizons Family Solutions LLC, our wholly-owned subsidiary, and its restricted subsidiaries, to: incur certain liens; make investments, loans, advances and acquisitions; incur additional indebtedness or guarantees; pay dividends on capital stock or redeem, repurchase or retire capital stock or subordinated indebtedness; engage in transactions with affiliates; sell assets, including capital stock of our subsidiaries; alter the business conducted; enter into agreements restricting our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends; and consolidate or merge.

In addition, the credit agreement governing the senior secured credit facilities requires Bright Horizons Capital Corp., our direct subsidiary, to be a passive holding company, subject to certain exceptions. The revolving credit facility requires Bright Horizons Family Solutions LLC, the borrower, and its restricted subsidiaries, to comply with a maximum consolidated first lien net leverage ratio that is a quarterly maintenance based financial covenant. A breach of this covenant is subject to certain equity cure rights.

The future principal payments under the term loans at September 30, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):



Remainder of 2018	$	2,687
2019	10,750
2020	10,750
2021	10,750
2022	10,750
2023	1,013,188
	$	1,058,875

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

The Company is subject to interest rate risk as all borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities are subject to variable interest. On October 16, 2017, the Company entered into variable-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the exposure to variable interest arrangements on $500 million notional amount of the outstanding term loan borrowings, effective October 31, 2017. These swap agreements, designated and accounted for as cash flow hedges from inception, are scheduled to mature on October 31, 2021. The Company is required to make monthly payments on the notional amount at a fixed average interest rate, including the applicable rate for eurocurrency loans. Effective as of May 31, 2018, the notional amount is subject to an interest rate of approximately 3.65%. In exchange, the Company receives interest on the notional amount at a variable rate based on the one-month LIBOR rate, subject to a 0.75% floor.

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The interest rate swaps are recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at fair value and classified based on the instruments’ maturity dates. The Company records gains or losses resulting from changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps to other comprehensive income or loss to the extent that the swaps are effective as hedges. Through September 30, 2018, there was no ineffectiveness related to the interest rate swap agreements. Gains and losses recorded to other comprehensive income or loss are reclassified into earnings and recognized to interest expense in the Company’s consolidated statement of income in the period that the hedged interest expense on the term loan facility is recognized.

As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements was as follows (in thousands):



	Consolidated balance sheet classification	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Interest rate swaps—asset	Other assets	$	14,665	$	3,767

For the three months ended September 30, 2018, the effect of the interest rate swap agreements on other comprehensive income was as follows (in thousands):



Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments	Amount of gain recognized in other comprehensive income			Consolidated statement of income classification	Amount of net gain reclassified into earnings			Total effect on other comprehensive income
Interest rate swaps	$	1,525		Interest expense—net	$	240		$	1,285
Income tax effect	(415		)	Income tax expense	(65		)	(350		)
Net of income taxes	$	1,110			$	175		$	935

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the effect of the interest rate swap agreements on other comprehensive income was as follows (in thousands):



Derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments	Amount of gain recognized in other comprehensive income			Consolidated statement of income classification	Amount of net loss reclassified into earnings			Total effect on other comprehensive income
Interest rate swaps	$	10,788		Interest expense—net	$	(95	)	$	10,883
Income tax effect	(2,934		)	Income tax expense	26			(2,960		)
Net of income taxes	$	7,854			$	(69	)	$	7,923

During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that a gain of $3.6 million, pre-tax, will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss and recorded as a reduction to interest expense, related to these interest rate swap agreements.

6. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period.

Earnings per share is calculated using the two-class method, which requires the allocation of earnings to each class of common stock outstanding and to unvested stock-based payment awards that participate equally in dividends with common stock, also referred to herein as unvested participating shares.

The Company’s unvested stock-based payment awards include unvested shares awarded as restricted stock awards at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors. The restricted stock awards generally vest at the end of three years.

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Earnings per Share - Basic

The following table sets forth the computation of earnings per share using the two-class method (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):



	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Basic earnings per share:
Net income	$	33,600	$	31,105	$	111,324	$	105,519
Allocation of net income to common stockholders:
Common stock	$	33,409	$	30,905	$	110,705	$	104,884
Unvested participating shares	191		200		619		635
	$	33,600	$	31,105	$	111,324	$	105,519

Weighted average number of common shares:
Common stock	57,719,730		58,811,488		57,841,382		59,039,931
Unvested participating shares	330,089		380,950		323,689		361,055
Earnings per common share:
Common stock	$	0.58	$	0.53	$	1.91	$	1.78

Earnings per Share - Diluted

The Company calculates diluted earnings per share for common stock using the more dilutive of the treasury stock method or the two-class method. The following table sets forth the computation of diluted earnings per share using the two-class method (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):



	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Diluted earnings per share:
Earnings allocated to common stock	$	33,409		$	30,905		$	110,705		$	104,884
Plus earnings allocated to unvested participating shares	191			200			619			635
Less adjusted earnings allocated to unvested participating shares	(187		)	(196		)	(607		)	(620		)
Earnings allocated to common stock	$	33,413		$	30,909		$	110,717		$	104,899

Weighted average number of common shares:
Common stock	57,719,730			58,811,488			57,841,382			59,039,931
Effect of dilutive securities	1,204,693			1,276,590			1,203,179			1,417,073
	58,924,423			60,088,078			59,044,561			60,457,004
Earnings per common share:
Common stock	$	0.57		$	0.51		$	1.88		$	1.74

Options outstanding to purchase 0.4 million and 0.5 million shares of common stock were excluded from diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and 0.6 million and 0.7 million shares of common stock were excluded from diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, since their effect was anti-dilutive. These options may become dilutive in the future.

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7. INCOME TAXES

The Company’s effective income tax rates were 23.1% and 8.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 20.4% and 12.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The effective income tax rate is based upon estimated income before income tax for the year, by jurisdiction, and estimated permanent tax adjustments. The effective income tax rate may fluctuate from quarter to quarter for various reasons, including jurisdictional income tax rate changes such as the enactment of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) in December 2017, which changed the federal tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective January 1, 2018, discrete items such as the settlement of foreign, federal and state tax issues and, beginning January 1, 2017, for the effects of including the excess tax benefits associated with the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock as a reduction of tax expense, in accordance with ASU 2016-09: Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718). During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the excess tax benefit decreased tax expense by $2.4 million and $10.6 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the excess tax benefit decreased tax expense by $3.4 million and $21.9 million, respectively. The excess tax benefit decreased from the prior year due to the reduction in the federal corporate tax rate and a lower volume of equity transactions. Also in the quarter ended September 30, 2017, a tax benefit of approximately $7.0 million was recorded from the loss on investment of a subsidiary related to the disposition of our remaining assets in Ireland. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, prior to the inclusion of the excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation, the effective income tax rates approximated 28%. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, prior to the inclusion of both the excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation and the benefit from the loss on investment, the effective income tax rates approximated 36%.

The Tax Act also introduced the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) concept, which requires certain income earned by foreign subsidiaries to be included in U.S. taxable income, effective January 1, 2018. The Company included an estimate of the GILTI in the calculation of the estimated annual effective tax rate as of September 30, 2018. The estimate could be impacted by the mix of international earnings and by additional guidance that may be issued on the implementation of GILTI rules.

The SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”), which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the date of the Tax Act enactment for companies to complete the accounting under Accounting Standards Codification 740—Income Taxes. In accordance with SAB 118, to the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act is incomplete, but the company is able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional estimate in its financial statements.

The Company has finalized its accounting for the Tax Act. As noted at December 31, 2017, the Company was able to make reasonable estimates of certain items and recorded provisional adjustments associated with the deemed repatriation transition tax and net deferred tax liability.

The Company’s unrecognized tax benefits were $4.4 million and $1.9 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company expects the unrecognized tax benefits to change over the next twelve months if certain tax matters settle with the applicable taxing jurisdiction during this time frame, or, if the applicable statutes of limitations lapse. The impact of the amount of such changes to previously recorded uncertain tax positions could range from zero to $2.3 million, exclusive of interest and penalties.

The Company and its domestic subsidiaries are subject to audit for U.S. federal income tax as well as multiple state jurisdictions. U.S. federal income tax returns are typically subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and have a statute of limitations of three years. Tax filings for 2015 through 2017 are subject to audit. State income tax returns are generally subject to examination for a period of three to five years after filing of the respective return. The state impact of any federal changes remains subject to examination by various states for a period of up to one year after formal notification to the states. As of September 30, 2018, there was one state audit in process and the tax years from 2012 to 2017 are subject to audit.

The Company is also subject to corporate income tax at its subsidiaries located in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, India, Canada, Ireland, and Puerto Rico. The tax returns for the Company’s subsidiaries located in foreign jurisdictions are subject to examination for periods ranging from one to seven years.

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8. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and applies the following fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to observable inputs such as unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The Company uses observable inputs where relevant and whenever possible.

Level 1—Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical investments as of the reporting date.

Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3—Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, and borrowings on the revolving credit facility approximates their fair value because of their short-term nature.

The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt is based on current bid prices, which approximates carrying value. As such, the Company’s long-term debt was classified as Level 1, as defined under U.S. GAAP. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the carrying value and estimated fair value of long-term debt was $1.1 billion.

In 2017, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements, which were included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value of the interest rate swaps were $14.7 million and $3.8 million, respectively, which were estimated using market-standard valuation models. Such models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs. Additionally, the fair value of the interest rate swaps included consideration of credit risk. The Company used a potential future exposure model to estimate this credit valuation adjustment (“CVA”). The inputs to the CVA were largely based on observable market data, with the exception of certain assumptions regarding credit worthiness. As the magnitude of the CVA was not a significant component of the fair value of the interest rate swaps, it was not considered a significant input. The fair value of the interest rate swaps is classified as Level 2, as defined under U.S. GAAP.

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist mainly of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. There were no significant changes to the Company’s exposure of credit risk during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

9. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Bright Horizons’ services are comprised of full service center-based child care, back-up dependent care, and educational advisory services. As such, the Company has determined that it has three operating segments, which are also its reportable segments. Full service center-based child care includes the traditional center-based child care, preschool, and elementary education, which have similar operating characteristics and meet the criteria for aggregation. The Company’s back-up dependent care services consist of center-based back-up child care, and in-home child and adult/elder dependent care. The Company’s educational advisory services consist of tuition reimbursement program management and related educational consulting services, and college admissions advisory services, which have similar operating characteristics and meet the criteria for aggregation. The Company and its chief operating decision makers evaluate performance based on revenues and income from operations.

The assets and liabilities of the Company are managed centrally and are reported internally in the same manner as the consolidated financial statements; therefore, no additional information is produced or included herein.

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	Full service center-based child care		Back-up dependent care		Educational advisory services		Total
	(In thousands)
Three months ended September 30, 2018
Revenue	$	387,048	$	66,484	$	18,053	$	471,585
Income from operations	34,006		16,941		4,513		55,460

Three months ended September 30, 2017
Revenue	$	358,094	$	60,085	$	15,137	$	433,316
Income from operations⁽¹⁾	24,742		15,886		4,335		44,963

(1) For the three months ended September 30, 2017, income from operations includes $3.7 million of expenses related to the disposition of our remaining assets in Ireland, which have been allocated to the full service center-based child care segment.



	Full service center-based child care		Back-up dependent care		Educational advisory services		Total
	(In thousands)
Nine months ended September 30, 2018
Revenue	$	1,193,794	$	179,985	$	51,162	$	1,424,941
Income from operations ⁽¹⁾	115,857		47,207		12,304		175,368

Nine months ended September 30, 2017
Revenue	$	1,094,911	$	164,171	$	41,944	$	1,301,026
Income from operations ⁽²⁾	99,921		43,794		9,458		153,173


(1)	For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, income from operations includes $1.9 million of expenses related to the May 2018 amendment to the credit agreement, the March 2018 secondary offering, and completed acquisitions, which have been allocated to the full service center-based child care segment.

(2) For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, income from operations includes $5.6 million of expenses related to the disposition of our remaining assets in Ireland, and the May 2017 amendment to the credit agreement and secondary offering, which have been allocated to the full service center-based child care segment.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes statements that express our opinions, expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or projections regarding future events or future results and therefore are, or may be deemed to be, “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”). The following cautionary statements are being made pursuant to the provisions of the Act and with the intention of obtaining the benefits of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Act. These forward-looking statements can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “projects,” “approximately,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates” or “anticipates,” or, in each case, their negatives or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are not historical facts. They appear in a number of places throughout this Quarterly Report and include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies, the industries in which we and our partners operate, demand for services, the impact of accounting principles, pronouncements and policies, including, but not limited to, the new revenue recognition and lease standards, acquisitions and the subsequent integration and expected synergies, our fair value estimates, goodwill from business combinations, the vesting of Company equity, unrecognized tax benefits and the impact of uncertain tax positions, our effective tax rate, the outcome of tax audits, settlements and tax liabilities, future impact of excess tax benefit, impact of the Tax Act and GILTI, estimates and adjustments, timing to complete tax accounting, amortization expense, foreign currency exchange rates, our credit risk, the impact of seasonality on results of operations, our share repurchase program, the outcome of litigation, legal proceedings and our insurance coverage, our interest rate swap and interest rate risk, the use of derivatives or other market risk sensitive instruments, our indebtedness, borrowings under our senior credit facility, the need for additional debt or equity financings and our ability to obtain such financing, our sources and uses of cash flow, our ability to fund operations, make capital expenditures and payments, and complete share repurchases with cash and cash equivalents and borrowings, and our ability to meet financial obligations and comply with covenants of our senior credit facility.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We believe that these risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 and other factors disclosed from time to time in our other public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Although we base these forward-looking statements on assumptions that we believe are reasonable when made, we caution that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate, are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.

Given these risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement that we make in this Quarterly Report speaks only as of the date of such statement, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any of those statements to reflect future events or developments, except as required by law.

Introduction and Overview

The following is a discussion of the significant factors affecting the consolidated operating results, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows of Bright Horizons Family Solutions Inc. (“we” or the “Company”) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. This discussion should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and Notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.

We are a leading provider of high-quality child care and early education as well as other services that are designed to help employers and families better address the challenges of work and family life. We provide services primarily under multi-year contracts with employers who offer child care and other dependent care solutions, as well as other educational advisory services, as part of their employee benefits packages to improve employee engagement, productivity, recruitment and retention. As of September 30, 2018, we had more than 1,100 client relationships with employers across a diverse array of industries, including more than 150 Fortune 500 companies and more than 80 of Working Mother magazine’s 2018 “100 Best Companies for Working Mothers.” At September 30, 2018, we operated 1,071 child care and early education centers, compared to 1,037 centers at September 30, 2017.

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Our business is subject to seasonal and quarterly fluctuations. Demand for child care and early education and elementary school services has historically decreased during the summer months when school is not in session, at which time families are often on vacation or have alternative child care arrangements. In addition, our enrollment declines as older children transition to elementary schools. Demand for our services generally increases in September and October coinciding with the beginning of the new school year and remains relatively stable throughout the rest of the school year. In addition, use of our back-up dependent care services tends to be higher when schools are not in session and during holiday periods, which can increase the operating costs of the program and impact the results of operations. Our educational advisory services have limited seasonal fluctuations. Results of operations may also fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of, among other things, the performance of existing centers, including enrollment and staffing fluctuations, the number and timing of new center openings, acquisitions and management transitions, the timing of new client launches in our back-up and educational advisory services, the length of time required for new centers to achieve profitability, center closings, refurbishment or relocation, the contract model mix (profit and loss versus cost-plus) of new and existing centers, the timing and level of sponsorship payments, competitive factors and general economic conditions.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth statement of income data as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except percentages):



	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2018			%		2017			%
Revenue	$	471,585		100.0	%	$	433,316		100.0	%
Cost of services ⁽¹⁾	358,545			76.0	%	330,122			76.2	%
Gross profit	113,040			24.0	%	103,194			23.8	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses ⁽²⁾	49,427			10.5	%	46,369			10.7	%
Amortization of intangible assets	8,153			1.7	%	8,191			1.9	%
Other expenses	—			—	%	3,671			0.8	%
Income from operations	55,460			11.8	%	44,963			10.4	%
Interest expense, net	(11,795		)	(2.5	)%	(10,824		)	(2.5	)%
Income before income tax	43,665			9.3	%	34,139			7.9	%
Income tax expense	(10,065		)	(2.2	)%	(3,034		)	(0.7	)%
Net income	$	33,600		7.1	%	$	31,105		7.2	%

Adjusted EBITDA ⁽³⁾	$	85,217		18.1	%	$	76,646		17.7	%
Adjusted income from operations ⁽³⁾	$	55,460		11.8	%	$	48,634		11.2	%
Adjusted net income ⁽³⁾	$	42,899		9.1	%	$	37,071		8.6	%

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The following table sets forth statement of income data as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except percentages):



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			%		2017			%
Revenue	$	1,424,941		100.0	%	$	1,301,026		100.0	%
Cost of services ⁽¹⁾	1,072,320			75.3	%	978,557			75.2	%
Gross profit	352,621			24.7	%	322,469			24.8	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses ⁽²⁾	152,776			10.7	%	141,384			10.9	%
Amortization of intangible assets	24,477			1.7	%	24,241			1.8	%
Other expenses	—			—	%	3,671			0.3	%
Income from operations	175,368			12.3	%	153,173			11.8	%
Interest expense, net	(35,459		)	(2.5	)%	(32,252		)	(2.5	)%
Income before income tax	139,909			9.8	%	120,921			9.3	%
Income tax expense	(28,585		)	(2.0	)%	(15,402		)	(1.2	)%
Net income	$	111,324		7.8	%	$	105,519		8.1	%

Adjusted EBITDA ⁽³⁾	$	263,788		18.5	%	$	241,502		18.6	%
Adjusted income from operations ⁽³⁾	$	177,283		12.4	%	$	158,789		12.2	%
Adjusted net income ⁽³⁾	$	136,384		9.6	%	$	118,472		9.1	%

(1)

Cost of services consists of direct expenses associated with the operation of child care centers, and direct expenses to provide back-up dependent care services, including fees to back-up care providers, and educational advisory services. Direct expenses consist primarily of salaries, payroll taxes and benefits for personnel, food costs, program supplies and materials, parent marketing, and facilities costs, which include occupancy costs and depreciation.

(2)

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, payroll taxes and benefits (including stock-based compensation costs) for corporate, regional and business development personnel. Other overhead costs include information technology, occupancy costs for corporate and regional personnel, professional services fees, including accounting and legal services, and other general corporate expenses.


(3)	Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations and adjusted net income are non-GAAP measures, which are reconciled to net income below under “Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation.”

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

Revenue. Revenue increased $38.3 million, or 9%, to $471.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $433.3 million for the same period in 2017. Revenue growth is primarily attributable to contributions from new and ramping child care and early education centers, expanded sales of our back-up dependent care services and educational advisory services, and typical annual tuition increases of 3-4%. Revenue generated by the full service center-based child care segment in the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $29.0 million, or 8%, when compared to the same period in 2017, due in part to overall enrollment increases of approximately 6%. Foreign currency exchange rates for the three months ended September 30, 2018 were broadly consistent with the same period in the prior year and had a minimal impact on revenue during the quarter.

Revenue generated by back-up dependent care services in the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $6.4 million, or 11%, when compared to the same period in 2017. Additionally, revenue generated by educational advisory services in the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $2.9 million, or 19%, when compared to the same period in the prior year.

Cost of Services. Cost of services increased $28.4 million, or 9%, to $358.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $330.1 million for the same period in 2017. Cost of services in the full service center-based child care segment increased $22.9 million, or 8%, to $309.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017. Personnel costs, which typically represent approximately 70% of total cost of services for this segment, increased 8% as a result of enrollment growth at new and existing centers, routine wage and benefit cost increases, and labor costs associated with centers we have added since September 30, 2017 that are in the ramping stage. In addition, program supplies, materials, food and facilities costs, which typically represent approximately 30% of total costs of services for this segment, increased 8% in connection with the enrollment growth, certain technology investments in programs and services, and the incremental occupancy costs associated with centers that have been added since September 30, 2017. Cost of services in the back-up dependent care segment increased $3.8 million, or 10%, to $40.3 million in the three months ended September

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30, 2018, primarily due to personnel and increased care provider fees associated with the services provided to the expanding customer base as well as investments in technology to support our customer user experience, service delivery and operating efficiency. Cost of services in the educational advisory services segment increased $1.7 million, or 25%, to $8.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 due to personnel and technology costs related to delivering services to the expanding customer base.

Gross Profit. Gross profit increased $9.8 million, or 10%, to $113.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $103.2 million for the same period in 2017. Gross profit margin as a percentage of revenue was 24% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, which is consistent with the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in gross profit is primarily due to contributions from new and acquired centers, increased enrollment in our mature and ramping profit and loss centers, effective operating cost management, and expanded back-up dependent care and educational advisory services.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (“SGA”). SGA increased $3.0 million, or 7%, to $49.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $46.4 million for the same period in 2017. SGA was 11% of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018, which is consistent with the same period in 2017. SGA increased over the comparable 2017 period due to increases in personnel costs including annual wage increases, and continued investments in technology and marketing.

Amortization. Amortization expense on intangible assets of $8.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 is consistent with the same period in 2017.

Other Expenses. The Company incurred losses of $3.7 million during the three months ended September 30, 2017, associated with the disposition of our remaining assets in Ireland, which included three centers.

Income from Operations. Income from operations increased by $10.5 million, to $55.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017. Income from operations was 12% of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018, which is an increase from 10% in the three months ended September 30, 2017. The change in income from operations was due to the following:

•

Income from operations for the full service center-based child care segment increased $9.3 million, or 37%, in the three months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017. Results for the three months ended September 30, 2017 included $3.7 million of costs associated with the loss on the disposition of our remaining assets in Ireland. After taking these charges into account, income from operations increased 20% over the comparable 2017 period due to tuition increases and enrollment gains over the prior year, contributions from new centers that have been added since September 30, 2017, and effective cost management, partially offset by the costs incurred during the pre-opening and ramp-up of certain new lease/consortium centers opened during 2017 and 2018, and the incremental costs associated with technology investments in our centers.

•

Income from operations for the back-up dependent care segment increased $1.0 million, or 7%, in the three months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017 due to the expanding revenue base partially offset by investments in technology to support our customer user experience, service delivery and operating efficiency, and increased care provider fees associated with the incremental revenue.


•	Income from operations for the educational advisory services segment increased $0.2 million, or 4%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 due to contributions from the expanding revenue base.

Net Interest Expense. Net interest expense increased to $11.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $10.8 million for the same period in 2017. The increase in interest expense relates to increased borrowings on our revolving credit facility, partially offset by a decrease in the effective interest rates resulting from various credit agreement amendments in 2017 and 2018.

Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $10.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018, at an effective tax rate of 23%, compared to income tax expense of $3.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2017, at an effective tax rate of 9%. The difference in the effective tax rate is primarily due to the reduction in the federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% due to the enactment of the Tax Act in December 2017 and the $7.0 million tax benefit recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2017 from the loss on the disposition of our investment in Ireland associated with the sale of all remaining assets. The effective income tax rate would have approximated 28% and 36% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, including our estimate of the additional tax on GILTI, but prior to the inclusion of the excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation and the 2017 benefit from the loss on investment.

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Based upon our current estimates of the GILTI and projected excess tax benefits from the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock, we expect the annual effective income tax rate in 2018 to approximate 21% to 23%, although such amounts may vary depending on the timing and amounts of equity activity, the mix of international earnings and additional guidance on GILTI. Refer to Note 7 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of GILTI.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Income from Operations. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted income from operations increased $8.6 million, or 11%, and $6.8 million, or 14%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 over the comparable period in 2017 primarily as a result of the increase in gross profit due to additional contributions from full-service centers, including the impact of new and acquired centers, as well as the growth in back-up dependent care and educational advisory services.

Adjusted Net Income. Adjusted net income increased $5.8 million, or 16%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to the expanded income from operations.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

Revenue. Revenue increased $123.9 million, or 10%, to $1.4 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $1.3 billion for the same period in 2017. Revenue growth is primarily attributable to contributions from new and ramping full service child care and early education centers, expanded sales of our back-up dependent care services and educational advisory services, and typical annual tuition increases of 3-4%. Revenue generated by the full service center-based child care segment in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $98.9 million, or 9%, when compared to the same period in 2017, due in part to overall enrollment increases of 5%, and the effect of higher foreign currency exchange rates for our United Kingdom and Netherlands operations, which increased revenue in the full service segment by approximately 1% for the nine month period.

Revenue generated by back-up dependent care services in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $15.8 million, or 10%, when compared to the same period in 2017. Additionally, revenue generated by educational advisory services in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by $9.2 million, or 22%, when compared to the same period in the prior year.

Cost of Services. Cost of services increased $93.8 million, or 10%, to $1.1 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $978.6 million for the same period in 2017. Cost of services in the full service center-based child care segment increased $80.1 million, or 9%, to $939.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017. Personnel costs increased 9% as a result of the enrollment growth at new and existing centers, routine wage and benefit cost increases, and labor costs associated with centers we have added since September 30, 2017 that are in the ramping stage. In addition, program supplies, materials, food and facilities costs increased 11% in connection with the enrollment growth, certain technology investments in program and services, and the incremental occupancy costs associated with centers that have been added since September 30, 2017. Cost of services in the back-up dependent care segment increased $9.1 million, or 9%, to $107.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily due to personnel and increased care provider fees associated with the services provided to the expanding customer base as well as investments in technology to support our customer user experience, service delivery and operating efficiency. Cost of services in the educational advisory services segment increased by $4.6 million, or 22%, to $25.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to personnel and technology costs related to delivering services to the expanding customer base.

Gross Profit. Gross profit increased $30.2 million, or 9%, to $352.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $322.5 million for the same period in 2017. Gross profit margin was 25% of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, which is consistent with the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in gross profit is primarily due to contributions from new and acquired centers, increased enrollment in our mature and ramping profit and loss centers, effective operating cost management, and expanded back-up dependent care and educational advisory services.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. SGA increased $11.4 million, or 8%, to $152.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $141.4 million for the same period in 2017. SGA was 11% of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, which is consistent with the same period in 2017. SGA increased over the comparable 2017 period due to increases in personnel costs including annual wage increases, and continued investments in technology and marketing.

Amortization. Amortization expense on intangible assets of $24.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, increased from $24.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 due to the acquisitions completed in 2017 and 2018, partially offset by decreases from certain intangible assets becoming fully amortized during the period.

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Income from Operations. Income from operations increased by $22.2 million, or 14%, to $175.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017. Income from operations was 12% of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, which is consistent with the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The change in income from operations was due to the following:

•

Income from operations for the full service center-based child care segment increased $16.0 million, or 16%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017. Results for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 included $3.7 million of costs associated with the loss on the disposition of our remaining assets in Ireland. After taking these charges into account, income from operations increased 12% over the comparable 2017 period due to tuition increases and enrollment gains over the prior year, contributions from new centers that have been added since September 30, 2017, and effective cost management, partially offset by the costs incurred during the pre-opening and ramp-up of certain new lease/consortium centers opened during 2017 and 2018, and the incremental costs associated with technology investments in our centers.

•

Income from operations for the back-up dependent care segment increased $3.4 million, or 8%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017 due to the expanding revenue base partially offset by investments in technology to support our customer user experience, service delivery and operating efficiency, and increased care provider fees associated with the incremental revenue.


•	Income from operations for the educational advisory services segment increased $2.8 million, or 30%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017 due to contributions from the expanding revenue base and the associated overhead leverage as this segment gains scale.

Net Interest Expense. Net interest expense increased to $35.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $32.3 million for the same period in 2017. The increase in interest expense relates to increased borrowings on our revolving credit facility, partially offset by a decrease in the effective interest rates resulting from various credit agreement amendments in 2017 and 2018.

Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $28.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, at an effective income tax rate of 20%, compared to income tax expense of $15.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, at an effective income tax rate of 13%. The difference between the effective income tax rates is primarily attributable to the reduction in the federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% due to the enactment of the Tax Act in December 2017, the $7.0 million tax benefit recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2017 from the loss on the disposition of our investment in Ireland associated with the sale of all remaining assets, and less excess tax benefits in 2018 associated with lower volume of equity transactions and the lower federal tax rate. The effective income tax rate would have approximated 28% and 36% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, including our estimate of the additional tax on GILTI, but prior to the inclusion of the excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation and the 2017 benefit from the loss on investment.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Income from Operations. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted income from operations increased $22.3 million, or 9%, and $18.5 million, or 12%, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 over the comparable period in 2017 primarily as a result of the increase in gross profit due to additional contributions from full-service centers, including the impact of new and acquired centers, as well as the growth in back-up dependent care and educational advisory services.

Adjusted Net Income. Adjusted net income increased $17.9 million, or 15%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 when compared to the same period in 2017, primarily due to the expanded income from operations.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Reconciliation

In our quarterly and annual reports, earnings press releases and conference calls, we discuss key financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP” or “U.S. GAAP”) to supplement our consolidated financial statements presented on a GAAP basis. These non-GAAP financial measures are not in accordance with GAAP and a reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share are as follows (in thousands, except share data):



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income	$	33,600		$	31,105		$	111,324		$	105,519
Interest expense—net	11,795			10,824			35,459			32,252
Income tax expense	10,065			3,034			28,585			15,402
Depreciation	17,060			15,494			50,669			46,048
Amortization of intangible assets^(a)	8,153			8,191			24,477			24,241
EBITDA	80,673			68,648			250,514			223,462
Additional Adjustments:
Deferred rent ^(b)	829			1,064			1,055			3,647
Stock-based compensation expense ^(c)	3,715			3,263			10,304			8,777
Transaction costs ^(d)	—			3,671			1,915			5,616
Total adjustments	4,544			7,998			13,274			18,040
Adjusted EBITDA	$	85,217		$	76,646		$	263,788		$	241,502

Income from operations	$	55,460		$	44,963		$	175,368		$	153,173
Transaction costs ^(d)	—			3,671			1,915			5,616
Adjusted income from operations	$	55,460		$	48,634		$	177,283		$	158,789

Net income	$	33,600		$	31,105		$	111,324		$	105,519
Income tax expense	10,065			3,034			28,585			15,402
Income before income tax	43,665			34,139			139,909			120,921
Stock-based compensation expense ^(c)	3,715			3,263			10,304			8,777
Amortization of intangible assets ^(a)	8,153			8,191			24,477			24,241
Transaction costs ^(d)	—			3,671			1,915			5,616
Adjusted income before income tax	55,533			49,264			176,605			159,555
Adjusted income tax expense ^(e)	(12,634		)	(12,193		)	(40,221		)	(41,083		)
Adjusted net income	$	42,899		$	37,071		$	136,384		$	118,472

Weighted average number of common shares—diluted	58,924,423			60,088,078			59,044,561			60,457,004
Diluted adjusted earnings per common share	$	0.73		$	0.62		$	2.31		$	1.96


(a)	Represents amortization of intangible assets, including $4.7 million and $4.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $14.1 million and $13.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, associated with intangible assets recorded in connection with our going private transaction in May 2008.


(b)	Represents rent expense in excess of cash paid for rent, recognized on a straight line basis over the life of the lease in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 840, Leases.


(c)	Represents non-cash stock-based compensation expense in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation.


(d)	Represents transaction costs incurred in connection with the disposition of our remaining assets in Ireland in September 2017, the May 2017 and May 2018 amendments to the credit agreement, the May 2017 and March 2018 secondary offerings, and completed acquisitions.

(e)

Represents income tax expense calculated on adjusted income before income tax at an effective tax rate of approximately 23% and 25% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 23% and 26% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The tax rate for 2018 represents a tax rate of approximately 28% applied to the expected adjusted income before income tax for the full year, less the estimated effect of additional excess tax benefits related to equity transactions for the full year 2018, which the Company estimates will be in the range of $11.5 million to $12.5 million. However, the timing, volume and tax benefits associated with such future equity activity will affect these estimates and the estimated effective tax rate for the year.

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Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share (collectively referred to as the “non-GAAP financial measures”) are not presentations made in accordance with GAAP, and the use of the terms adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share may differ from similar measures reported by other companies. We believe the non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with useful information with respect to our historical operations. We present the non-GAAP financial measures as supplemental performance measures because we believe they facilitate a comparative assessment of our operating performance relative to our performance based on our results under GAAP, while isolating the effects of some items that vary from period to period. Specifically, adjusted EBITDA allows for an assessment of our operating performance and of our ability to service or incur indebtedness without the effect of non-cash charges, such as depreciation, amortization, the excess of rent expense over cash rent expense and stock-based compensation expense, as well as the expenses related to secondary offerings, debt financing transaction expenses, dispositions and acquisitions. In addition, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share allow us to assess our performance without the impact of the specifically identified items that we believe do not directly reflect our core operations. These non-GAAP financial measures also function as key performance indicators used to evaluate our operating performance internally, and they are used in connection with the determination of incentive compensation for management, including executive officers. Adjusted EBITDA is also used in connection with the determination of certain ratio requirements under our credit agreement. Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to income before income tax, net income, diluted earnings per common share, net cash provided by operating, investing or financing activities or any other financial statement data presented as indicators of financial performance or liquidity, each as presented in accordance with GAAP. Consequently, our non-GAAP financial measures should not be evaluated in isolation or supplant comparable GAAP measures, but rather, should be considered together with our consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in accordance with GAAP and included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The Company understands that although adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations, adjusted net income and diluted adjusted earnings per common share are frequently used by securities analysts, lenders and others in their evaluation of companies, they have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:


•	adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations and adjusted net income do not fully reflect the Company’s cash expenditures, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;


•	adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations and adjusted net income do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, the Company’s working capital needs;


•	adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the significant interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on debt;


•	although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future; and adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations and adjusted net income do not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements.

Because of these limitations, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted income from operations and adjusted net income should not be considered as discretionary cash available to us to reinvest in the growth of our business or as measures of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary cash requirements are for the ongoing operations of our existing child care centers, back-up dependent care and educational advisory services, the addition of new centers through development or acquisition, and debt financing obligations. Our primary sources of liquidity are our cash flows from operations and borrowings available under our revolving credit facility. The Company’s $1.3 billion senior secured credit facilities consist of $1.1 billion in a secured term loan facility and a $225 million revolving credit facility. Borrowings outstanding on our revolving credit facility at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were $94.0 million and $127.1 million, respectively.

The net impact on our liquidity from changes in foreign currency exchange rates was not material for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, and the Company does not currently expect that the effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates will have a material net impact on the Company’s liquidity, capital resources or results from operations for the remainder of 2018. We had $21.3 million in cash at September 30, 2018, of which $19.5 million was held in foreign jurisdictions. Operations outside of North America accounted for 24% of the Company’s consolidated revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

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We had a working capital deficit of $278.1 million and $268.2 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Our working capital deficit has primarily arisen from using cash generated from operations to make long-term investments in fixed assets and acquisitions, and from share repurchases. We anticipate that we will continue to generate positive cash flows from operating activities and that the cash generated will be used principally to fund ongoing operations of our new and existing full service child care centers and expanded operations in the back-up dependent care and educational advisory segments, as well as to make scheduled principal and interest payments and for share repurchases.

The board of directors of the Company authorized a share repurchase program of up to $300 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock, effective June 12, 2018. The share repurchase program replaces the prior $300 million authorization, of which $34.9 million remained available at the time the plan was replaced and cancelled. The Company repurchased 0.8 million shares of common stock for $85.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 under the prior authorization, which includes shares that were purchased from investment funds affiliated with Bain Capital Partners LLC in an underwritten secondary offering. At September 30, 2018, $300.0 million remained available under the new repurchase program. All repurchased shares have been retired.

We believe that funds provided by operations, our existing cash balances and borrowings available under our revolving credit facility will be adequate to meet planned operating and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months under current operating conditions. However, if we were to undertake any significant acquisitions or investments in the purchase of facilities for new or existing child care and early education centers, which requires financing beyond our existing borrowing capacity, it may be necessary for us to obtain additional debt or equity financing. We may not be able to obtain such financing on reasonable terms, or at all.



Cash Flows	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
	(In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	239,696		$	213,031
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(114,293	)	$	(80,596	)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(118,247	)	$	(95,067	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of period ⁽¹⁾	$	36,570		$	16,055
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of period ⁽¹⁾	$	43,455		$	55,507

(1)

In accordance with a recently adopted accounting pronouncement, the Company changed the presentation of the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for all periods presented. As a result, changes in restricted cash that have historically been presented in operating activities have now been excluded and restricted cash is combined with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and ending period balances. Restricted cash is primarily comprised of deposits associated with the Company’s wholly-owned captive insurance company and cash deposits that guarantee letters of credit. Refer to Note 1 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the recently adopted accounting pronouncement.

Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities was $239.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $213.0 million for the same period in 2017. The increase in cash provided by operating activities primarily resulted from increases in working capital arising from the timing of billings and payments when compared to the prior year, as well as the increase in net income due to expanded revenues.

Cash Used in Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $114.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $80.6 million for the same period in 2017 and was related to acquisitions, as well as fixed asset additions for new child care centers, maintenance and refurbishments in our existing centers, and continued investments in technology, equipment and furnishings. The increase in cash used in investing activities was primarily related to acquisitions as investments in fixed asset additions were consistent with the prior year. In the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company used $51.7 million to acquire 28 centers, compared to $17.5 million used to acquire 13 centers in the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

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Cash Used in Financing Activities

The Company used $118.2 million in financing activities in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to $95.1 million for the same period in 2017. Cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily for share repurchases of $85.7 million, payments of debt of $33.1 million for net borrowings on the revolving credit facility and $8.1 million of principal, and taxes paid related to the net share settlement of stock awards totaling $7.5 million. These uses of cash were offset by proceeds primarily from the exercise of stock options of $14.9 million, and from the issuance and sale of restricted stock of $4.5 million. Cash used in financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 consisted principally of share repurchases of $74.9 million, taxes paid related to the net share settlement of stock awards totaling $25.8 million, and payments of debt of $10.5 million for net borrowings on the revolving credit facility and $5.4 million of principal. These uses of cash were offset by proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $18.7 million, and from the issuance and sale of restricted stock of $4.4 million.

Debt

As of September 30, 2018, the Company’s $1.3 billion senior secured credit facilities consisted of $1.1 billion in a secured term loan facility and a $225 million revolving credit facility. The term loans mature on November 7, 2023 and require quarterly principal payments of $2.7 million, with the remaining principal balance due on November 7, 2023.

Outstanding term loan borrowings were as follows at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (in thousands):



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Term loans	$	1,058,875		$	1,066,938
Deferred financing costs and original issue discount	(9,051		)	(10,177		)
Total debt	1,049,824			1,056,761
Less current maturities	10,750			10,750
Long-term debt	$	1,039,074		$	1,046,011

Borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility were $94.0 million at September 30, 2018, with $131.0 million of the revolving credit facility available for borrowings, and were $127.1 million at December 31, 2017, with $97.9 million of the revolving credit facility available for borrowings.

On October 16, 2017, the Company entered into variable-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the exposure to variable interest arrangements on $500 million notional amount of the outstanding term loan borrowings, effective October 31, 2017. These swap agreements, designated and accounted for as cash flow hedges from inception, are scheduled to mature on October 31, 2021. The Company is required to make monthly payments on the notional amount at a fixed average interest rate, plus the applicable rate for eurocurrency loans. Effective as of May 31, 2018, the notional amount is subject to an interest rate of approximately 3.65%. In exchange, the Company receives interest on the notional amount at a variable rate based on the one-month LIBOR rate, subject to a 0.75% floor.

The Company records gains or losses resulting from changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements to accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheet to the extent that the swaps are effective as hedges. Through September 30, 2018, there was no ineffectiveness related to the interest rate swap agreements. Gains and losses recorded to other comprehensive loss are reclassified into earnings and recognized to interest expense in the consolidated statement of income in the period that the hedged interest expense on the term loan facility is recognized.

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The credit agreement governing the senior secured credit facilities contains certain customary affirmative covenants and events of default. We were in compliance with our financial covenants at September 30, 2018.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2018, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies

For a discussion of our “Critical Accounting Policies,” refer to Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Other than changes to the revenue recognition accounting policy as a result of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), there have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies since December 31, 2017. Please refer to Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the adoption of the new revenue standard and our revenue recognition policy.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Since December 31, 2017, there have been no material changes in the Company’s exposures to interest rate or foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. See Part II, Item 7A “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 for further information regarding market risk.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of September 30, 2018, the Company conducted an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, respectively) regarding the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). The term “disclosure controls and procedures” means controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the requisite time periods and that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act are accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) were effective as of September 30, 2018.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are, from time to time, subject to claims and suits arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which have not been fully adjudicated. Such claims have in the past generally been covered by insurance. We believe the resolution of such legal matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, although we cannot predict the ultimate outcome of any such actions. There can be no assurance that our insurance will be adequate to cover all liabilities that may arise out of claims brought against us.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors,” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. There have been no material changes to our risk factors since our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Not applicable.

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Item 6. Exhibits

(a) Exhibits:



Exhibit Number		Exhibit Title
31.1*		Principal Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as Adopted Pursuant to the Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2*		Principal Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as Adopted Pursuant to the Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1**		Principal Executive Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2**		Principal Financial Officer Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS*		XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document



*	Exhibits filed herewith.
**	Exhibits furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



BRIGHT HORIZONS FAMILY SOLUTIONS INC.
Date:	November 6, 2018	By:	/s/ Elizabeth Boland
			Elizabeth Boland
			Chief Financial Officer
			(Duly Authorized Officer)