BSQUARE CORP /WA - Quarter Report: 2018 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018  

OR

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 000-27687

BSQUARE CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(425) 519-5900

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒   No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒   No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of April 30, 2018: 12,690,868

BSQUARE CORPORATION

FORM 10-Q

For the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

BSQUARE CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share amounts)

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BSQUARE CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BSQUARE CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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BSQUARE CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of BSQUARE Corporation (“BSQUARE”) have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial reporting and include the accounts of BSQUARE and our wholly owned subsidiaries. In the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss), prior period software revenue has been separately presented as third-party software and proprietary software to conform to current period presentation. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In our opinion, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all material adjustments, all of which are of a normal and recurring nature, necessary to present fairly our financial position as of March 31, 2018, and our operating results and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. The accompanying financial information as of December 31, 2017 is derived from audited financial statements. Preparing financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. Examples include provisions for bad debts and income taxes, estimates of progress on professional engineering service arrangements and bonus accruals. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. All intercompany balances have been eliminated.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, “Leases” (“ASU 2016-02”), to make leasing activities more transparent and comparable, requiring most leases to be recognized by lessees on their balance sheets as right-of-use assets, along with corresponding lease liabilities. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 31, 2018 and interim periods within that year, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU may have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment” (“ASU 2017-04”), simplifying how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating step two from the goodwill impairment test. ASU 2017-04 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU may have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Income (Loss) Per Share

We compute basic income (loss) per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, and exclude any dilutive effects of common stock equivalent shares, such as options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”). We consider RSUs as outstanding and include them in the computation of basic income (loss) per share only when vested. We compute diluted income (loss) per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and common stock equivalent shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. We exclude common stock equivalent shares from the computation if their effect is anti-dilutive.

The following potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive for the periods presented:

2. Revenue Recognition

On January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“Topic 606”), applying the modified retrospective method to all contracts that were not completed as of that date. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2017 are presented under Topic 606, while prior period results are not adjusted and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for the prior period. We recorded an increase to opening equity of $404,000 as of January 1, 2017 due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606.

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Disaggregation of revenue

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by primary geographical market and includes a reconciliation of the disaggregated revenue with reportable segments (in thousands):

Contract balances

We receive payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules; accounts receivable is recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract assets include amounts related to our contractual right to consideration for completed performance objectives not yet invoiced and deferred contract acquisition costs, which are amortized along with the associated revenue. Contract liabilities include payments received in advance of performance under the contract and are realized with the associated revenue recognized under the contract. We had no asset impairment charges related to contract assets in the period. 

Significant changes in the contract assets and the contract liabilities balances during the periods are as follows (in thousands):

Contract acquisition costs

We capitalize contract acquisition costs for contracts with life exceeding one year, as is more common with our DataV software bookings. Amortization of contract acquisition costs was $80,000 and $141,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and there was no impairment loss in relation to costs capitalized for either period.  

For contracts that have a duration of less than one year, we apply a practical expedient and expense these costs when incurred.

 Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period. The estimated revenues do not include contracts with original durations of one year or less, amounts of variable consideration attributable to royalties, or contract renewals that are unexercised as of March 31, 2018 (in thousands):

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Practical expedients and exemptions

We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been less than one year. We record these costs within selling, general and administrative expenses.

3. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments consisted of the following (in thousands):

4. Fair Value Measurements

We measure our cash equivalents and short-term investments at fair value. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. A three-tier fair value hierarchy is established as a basis for considering such assumptions and for inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

We classify our cash equivalents and short-term investments within Level 1 or Level 2 because our cash equivalents and short-term investments are valued using quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs.

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized below (in thousands):

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, contractual maturities of our short-term investments were less than one year, and gross unrealized gains and losses on those investments were not material.

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5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill was originally recorded in connection with the September 2011 acquisition of MPC Data, Ltd. (renamed BSQUARE EMEA, Ltd. in 2015), a United Kingdom based provider of software engineering services. The excess of the acquisition consideration over the fair value of net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill and is included within the professional engineering services reporting unit. There were no changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

Intangible assets relate to customer relationships that we acquired from TestQuest, Inc. in November 2008 and from the acquisition of BSQUARE EMEA, Ltd. in September 2011.

Information regarding our intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

Amortization expense was $25,000 for each of the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. Amortization in future periods is expected to be as follows (in thousands):

6. Credit Agreement

Line of Credit

On September 22, 2015, we entered into a two-year unsecured line of credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (the “Bank”) in the principal amount of up to $12.0 million. On September 29, 2016, the Credit Agreement was modified to extend the final due date an additional year to September 22, 2018. At our election, advances under the Credit Agreement shall bear interest at either (1) a rate per annum equal to 1.5% below the bank’s applicable prime rate or (2) 1.5% above the Bank’s applicable LIBOR rate, in each case as defined in the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including compliance with financial ratios and metrics, as well as limitations on our ability to pay distributions or dividends while there is an ongoing event of default or to the extent such distribution causes an event of default. We are required to maintain certain minimum interest coverage ratios, liquidity levels and asset coverage ratios as defined in the Credit Agreement. While we were in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement as of March 31, 2018, the required interest coverage ratio would not permit us to borrow under the Credit Agreement.

There were no amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement as of March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017. In September 2016, we entered into a letter of credit agreement for $250,000 secured by the Credit Agreement in connection with the lease of our corporate headquarters. Accordingly, the maximum principal amount available if we were eligible to borrow under the Credit Agreement has been reduced to $11.75 million.

7. Shareholders’ Equity

Equity Compensation Plans

We have a stock plan (the “Stock Plan”) and an inducement stock plan for newly hired employees (together with the Stock Plan, the “Plans”). Under the Plans, stock options to purchase shares of our common stock may be granted with a fixed exercise price that is equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. These options have a term of up to 10 years and vest over a predetermined period, generally four years. Incentive stock options granted under the Stock Plan may only be granted to our employees. The Plans also allow for awards of non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted and unrestricted stock awards, and RSUs.

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Stock-Based Compensation

The estimated fair value of stock-based awards is recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period of the award, net of estimated forfeitures. We estimate forfeitures based on historical experience and expected future activity. The fair value of RSUs is determined based on the number of shares granted and the quoted price of our common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of stock option awards is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value of each vesting tranche as calculated by the Black-Scholes-Merton (“BSM”) option-pricing model. The BSM model requires various highly judgmental assumptions including expected volatility and option life. If any of the assumptions used in the BSM model change significantly, stock-based compensation expense may differ materially in the future from that recorded in the current period. The fair values of our stock option grants were estimated with the following weighted average assumptions:

The impact on our results of operations from stock-based compensation expense was as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):  

Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Plans:

At March 31, 2018, total compensation cost related to stock options granted but not yet recognized was $1,086,466, net of estimated forfeitures. This cost will be amortized on the straight-line method over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.5 years. The following table summarizes certain information about stock options:

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The aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the quoted price of our common stock for the number of options that were exercised during the period. We issue new shares of common stock upon exercise of stock options.

Restricted Stock Unit Activity

The following table summarizes RSU activity under the Plans:

At March 31, 2018, total compensation cost related to RSUs granted but not yet recognized was $192,522, net of estimated forfeitures. This cost will be amortized on the straight-line method over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.2 years.

Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance

The following table summarizes our shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the Plans as of March 31, 2018:

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease and rent obligations

Our commitments include obligations outstanding under operating leases, which expire through 2021. We have lease commitments for office space in Bellevue, Washington; Boston, Massachusetts; Taipei, Taiwan; Tokyo, Japan; and Trowbridge, UK. We also lease office space on a month-to-month basis in Akron, Ohio.

In August 2013, we amended the lease agreement for our Bellevue, Washington headquarters, and extended the term of the original lease that was scheduled to expire in August 2014 to May 2020.

Rent expense was $264,000 and $260,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Future operating lease commitments are as follows by calendar year (in thousands):

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Loss Contingencies

From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings, claims, and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business including tax assessments. We defend ourselves vigorously against any such claims. When (i) it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and (ii) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record the estimated loss. We provide disclosure in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for loss contingencies that do not meet both of these conditions if there is a reasonable possibility that a loss may have been incurred that would be material to the financial statements. Significant judgment is required to determine the probability that a liability has been incurred and whether such liability is reasonably estimable. We base accruals made on the best information available at the time, which can be highly subjective. The final outcome of these matters could vary significantly from the amounts included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

9. Information about Geographic Areas and Operating Segments

Our chief operating decision-makers (i.e. our Chief Executive Officer and certain direct reports) review financial information presented on a consolidated basis, accompanied by disaggregated information for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. There are no segment managers who are held accountable by our chief operating decision-makers, or anyone else, for operations, operating results, or planning for levels or components below the consolidated unit level. We operate within a single industry segment of computer software and services. We have three major product lines – third-party software, proprietary software and professional engineering service – each of which we consider to be operating and reportable segments. We do not allocate costs other than direct cost of goods sold to the segments or produce segment income statements. We do not produce asset information by reportable segment and it is not presented here. The following table sets forth profit and loss information about our segments (in thousands):  

Revenue by geography is based on the sales region of the customer. The following tables set forth revenue and long-lived assets by geographic area (in thousands):

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10. Significant Risk Concentrations

Significant Customer

Honeywell International, Inc. and affiliated entities (“Honeywell”) accounted for $2.6 million, or 13% of total revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2018, and $3.3 million, or 15% of total revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2017. PACCAR Inc. and affiliated entities accounted for $3.0 million, or 13% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2017. No other customers accounted for 10% or more of our total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2018 or 2017.

Honeywell had accounts receivable balances of $9.1 million, or approximately 54% of total accounts receivable, at March 31, 2018, and $8.7 million, or approximately 48% of total accounts receivable, at December 31, 2017. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of the total accounts receivable at March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017.

Significant Supplier

We have OEM Distribution Agreements (“ODAs”) with Microsoft Corporation (“Microsoft”) which enable us to sell Microsoft Windows Embedded operating systems on a non-exclusive basis to our customers in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, the Caribbean (excluding Cuba), the European Union, the European Free Trade Association, Turkey and Africa, which expire on June 30, 2018. We also have ODAs with Microsoft which allow us to sell Microsoft Windows Mobile operating systems in the Americas (excluding Cuba), Japan, Taiwan, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, which also expire on June 30, 2018.

Software sales under these agreements constitute a significant portion of our software revenue and total revenue. These agreements are typically renewed bi-annually, annually or semi-annually; however, there is no automatic renewal provision in any of these agreements. Further, these agreements can be terminated unilaterally by Microsoft at any time. Microsoft currently offers a rebate program to sell Microsoft Windows Embedded operating systems pursuant to which we earn money for achieving certain predefined objectives. In accordance with Microsoft rebate program rules, we allocate 30% of rebate values to reduce cost of sales, with the remaining 70% to offset qualified marketing expenses in the period the expenditures are incurred.

Under this rebate program, we recorded rebate credits as follows (in thousands):

There was a balance of approximately $607,000 in outstanding rebate credits for which we qualified at March 31, 2018, which will be accounted for as a reduction in marketing expense in the period in which qualified program expenditures are made.

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Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, “we,” “us,” “our” and “the Company” refer to BSQUARE Corporation, a Washington corporation, and its subsidiaries.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. Some statements and information contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations are not historical facts but are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In some cases, readers can identify forward- looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, which when used are meant to signify the statement as forward-looking. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions and other statements that are not historical facts. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and situations that are difficult to predict and that may cause our own, or our industry’s actual results, to be materially different from the future results that are expressed or implied by these statements. Accordingly, actual results may differ materially from those anticipated or expressed in such statements as a result of a variety of factors, including those discussed in Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 entitled “Risk Factors,” similar discussions in subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, including this Form 10-Q, as applicable, and those contained from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Overview

Since our inception, our business has largely been focused on providing software solutions (historically, including reselling software from Microsoft Corporation (“Microsoft”)) and related engineering services to businesses that develop, market and sell dedicated-purpose standalone intelligent systems. Examples of dedicated-purpose standalone intelligent systems include smart, connected computing devices such as smart phones, set-top boxes, point-of-sale terminals, kiosks, tablets and handheld data collection devices, as well as smart vending machines, ATM machines, digital signs and in-vehicle telematics and entertainment devices. We focus on systems that utilize various Microsoft Windows Embedded operating systems as well as devices running other popular operating systems such as Android, Linux, and QNX, and that are usually connected to a network via a wired or wireless connection. Our customers include world-class original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), original design manufacturers (“ODMs”), corporate enterprises (“Enterprises”), silicon vendors (“SVs”) and peripheral vendors. A significant portion of our business historically has also been focused on reselling software from Microsoft, from which a majority of our revenue currently continues to be derived.

Beginning in early 2014, we initiated development efforts focused on new proprietary software products addressing the Industrial Internet of Things (“IIoT”) market, by interconnecting of uniquely identifiable devices, extracting data from those devices and applying advanced analytics and machine learning to the data in order to derive meaningful and actionable insights. While IIoT is a relatively new market, we believe the work we have engaged in since our inception—namely adding intelligence and connectivity to discrete standalone devices and systems—embodies much of what is central to the core functionality of IIoT. These software development efforts have driven a new business initiative for BSQUARE, which we refer to as DataV™. Our DataV solution includes software products, applications and services that are designed to turn raw IIoT device data into meaningful and actionable data for our customers.

We launched DataV late in the first quarter of 2016 and announced our first three major customer bookings later that year. These bookings comprised software licensing, software maintenance and related systems integration services and are, we believe, indicative of the potential customer demand for DataV. During 2017 we began selling data analytics services and DataV application pilots to major industrial customers primarily in the transportation, oil and gas and manufacturing vertical markets.

We believe that DataV presents significant opportunities in an expanding and evolving market, at substantially higher gross margins as compared to our traditional business. Developing, selling and implementing DataV has become our primary focus, as approximately 65% of our non-administrative employees are now working solely on DataV, representing a transition away from dependence on resale software and professional engineering services toward increased reliance on our own proprietary software and related systems integration services. We intend to continue to run our legacy software resale business to maximize cash flow for the foreseeable future. Our legacy professional engineering services business is now managed as a part of our overall services business, which increasingly serves DataV customers and prospects.

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Critical Accounting Judgments

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales, cost of sales and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates on an on-going basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting judgments, policies and estimates as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Results of Operations

The following table presents our summarized results of operations for the periods indicated. Our historical operating results are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future period.

Revenue

We generate revenue from the sale of software, both our own proprietary software and third-party software that we resell, and the sale of professional engineering services. Total revenue decreased for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to lower sales of Microsoft Windows Mobile operating systems, predominantly in North America. In addition, we had lower proprietary software revenue due to timing of revenue recognition. These decreases were partially offset by higher sales of Microsoft Windows Embedded operating systems. We expect that revenue from both DataV and our other proprietary software will continue to fluctuate in timing and amount in future periods.  Additional revenue details are as follows:

Third-party software revenue

Third-party software revenue decreased for the quarterly period, primarily due to lower sales of Microsoft Windows Mobile operating systems, which was partially offset by higher sales of Microsoft Embedded operating systems. Sales of Microsoft operating systems represented approximately 75% of our total revenue and 44% of our total gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2018; and approximately 72% of our total revenue and 40% of our total gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

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Proprietary software revenue

Proprietary software revenue decreased for the quarterly period, primarily due to timing of DataV software revenue recognition. A greater portion of a DataV software license fee with a customer was recognized in the prior year period compared to a DataV software license fee with another customer in the current year period. We expect that revenue from both DataV and our other proprietary software will continue to fluctuate in timing and amount in future periods. We anticipate that our DataV revenue will grow over time, but that other proprietary software product sales will decline over time as they approach the end of their life cycles.

Professional engineering service revenue

Professional engineering service revenue decreased for the quarterly period, largely due to a decrease in service revenue in North America with the completion in 2017 of several existing customer projects and a shift in our sales generation priorities and staffing to DataV. We expect that professional engineering service revenue will vary in timing and amount in future periods, as we continue to align our organizational structure with our increasing strategic focus on DataV.

Gross profit and gross margin

Cost of software revenue consists primarily of the cost of third-party software products payable to third-party vendors and support costs associated with our proprietary software products. Cost of service revenue consists primarily of salaries and benefits, contractor costs and re-billable expenses, related facilities and depreciation costs, and amortization of certain intangible assets related to acquisitions.

Gross profit and gross margin were as follows:

Third-party software gross profit and gross margin

Third-party software gross margin and gross profit remained relatively constant for the quarterly period. Gross profit on third-party software is positively impacted by rebate credits we receive from Microsoft for the sale of Windows Embedded operating systems earned through the achievement of defined objectives. Under the Microsoft rebate program, we recognized $260,000 of rebate credits during the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to $110,000 during the three months ended March 31, 2017, all of which were accounted for as reductions in cost of revenue. 

Proprietary software gross profit and gross margin

Proprietary software gross margin remained relatively constant for the quarterly period. Proprietary software gross profit decreased for the quarterly period as a result of lower proprietary software revenue, primarily due to timing of DataV software revenue recognition.

Professional engineering service gross profit and gross margin

Professional engineering service gross margin remained relatively constant for the quarterly period. Professional engineering service gross profit decreased for the quarterly period, due primarily to lower professional engineering service revenue.

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Operating expenses

The following table presents our operating expenses for the periods indicated:

Selling, general and administrative

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses consist primarily of salaries and related benefits, commissions and bonuses for our sales, marketing and administrative personnel and related facilities and depreciation costs, as well as professional services fees (e.g., consulting, legal, audit and tax). SG&A expenses increased for the quarterly period, primarily due to higher salaries and related benefits as we continued to strengthen our sales team.

Research and development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits for software development and quality assurance personnel, contractor and consultant costs and related facilities and depreciation costs. R&D expenses increased for the quarterly period, due to increased spending for continued development of our DataV product line.

Other income, net

Other income, net consists primarily of interest income on our cash and investments, gains and losses we may recognize on our investments, gains and losses on foreign exchange transactions and other items. We had an immaterial change in other income, net for the quarterly period.

Income taxes

Income taxes increased for the quarterly period, primarily due to the tax benefit recorded in the prior year period which was not repeated in the current period. The tax benefit in the prior year period was related to non-recurring discrete items, including U.K. stock compensation tax benefits, a U.K. net operating loss carryback and an international tax reserve release. 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2018, we had $21.4 million of cash, cash equivalents and investments, compared to $24.8 million at December 31, 2017, reflecting a net use of approximately $3.4 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments during the three months ended March 31, 2018. We generally invest our excess cash in high quality marketable investments. These investments generally include corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper and money market funds, although specific holdings can vary from period to period depending upon our cash requirements.  Our investments held at March 31, 2018 had minimal default risk and short-term maturities.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Operating activities used cash of approximately $3.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018, which included a working capital usage of approximately $1.3 million and our net loss (offset by non-cash adjustments) of $2.0 million. The working capital usage primarily included cash outflows of $2.3 million related to deferred revenue, primarily on DataV contracts. The working capital usage was offset by $1.3 million of cash inflows related to accounts receivable.

Operating activities used cash of approximately $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, comprised of our net income of $0.2 million, a $5.7 million decrease in third-party software fees payable, a $0.6 million increase in prepaid assets and a $1.8 million decrease in deferred revenue, offset by a $5.1 million decrease in accounts receivable.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Investing activities provided cash of approximately $1.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018, due to net cash inflows on short-term investments of $1.1 million.

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Investing activities used cash of approximately $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, due to net cash outflows on short-term investments of $2.4 million.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Financing activities provided cash of approximately $12,000 and $91,000 during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as a result of the exercise of stock options.

We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments will be sufficient to meet our needs for working capital and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months.

On September 22, 2015, we entered into a two-year unsecured line of credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (the “Bank”) in the principal amount of up to $12.0 million. On September 29, 2016, the Credit Agreement was modified to extend the final due date an additional year to September 22, 2018. There were no amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement as of March 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017. In September 2016, we entered into a letter of credit agreement for $250,000 secured by the Credit Agreement in connection with the lease of our corporate headquarters. Accordingly, the maximum principal amount available if we were eligible to borrow under the Credit Agreement has been reduced to $11.75 million. While we were in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement as of March 31, 2018, the required interest coverage ratio would not permit us to borrow under the Credit Agreement. See Note 6, “Credit Agreement” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1 for more information regarding the Credit Agreement.

Cash Commitments

We have the following future or potential cash commitments:

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

See Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1.

Not applicable.

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

There have been no material changes in the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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