BSQUARE CORP /WA - Quarter Report: 2023 June (Form 10-Q)

 

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

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FORM 10-Q

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☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023 

 

OR

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

For the transition period from                      to                     

 

Commission File Number: 000-27687

 

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BSQUARE CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

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Washington		91-1650880
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1415 Western Ave, Suite 700, Seattle, WA		98101
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

 

(425) 519-5900

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

 

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

 

Title of each class			Trading symbol(s)		Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, no par value			BSQR		The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒   No  ☐

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒   No  ☐

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

 

The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2023: 19,843,845

 

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Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

BSQUARE CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

BSQUARE CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

BSQUARE CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

BSQUARE CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements

BSQUARE CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Bsquare Corporation ("Bsquare," "we," "us" and "our") develops and deploys technologies for the makers and operators of connected devices. These fleets of business-oriented devices, often called the Internet of Things (IoT), offer a powerful means to connect organizations, people, information, and ideas. Hundreds of millions of connected devices have already been deployed and it is estimated that billions more will be. Despite their growing prevalence, these devices and the systems in which they operate remain a significant source of complexity, unplanned and often uncontrolled expense, and operational risk. Our customers are undergoing a massive change in their business practices and Bsquare provides technology that helps them capture the value of connected devices and reduces the cost and risk of doing so.

Since our founding in 1994, Bsquare has helped embedded device manufacturers (“Original Equipment Manufacturers” or “OEMs”) design and build cost-effective products. For most of our history, we operated at the intersection of hardware and software, helping our customers select, develop, and configure system software for a variety of purpose-built devices, from mobile computing to point-of-sale systems to healthcare equipment to hospitality, gaming, and more. Our expertise in hardware, device configuration, and operating systems became essential to our customers’ design cycles and purchasing decisions. As our customers deployed ever-larger fleets of devices, our understanding of the requirements for large-scale device operations increased.

More recently, our expertise and business prospects have shifted to cloud-connected devices that have been connected to create intelligent systems. This shift coincides with the overall growth of IoT technologies and with our customers’ recognition that connected intelligent devices create significant business opportunities. Device makers have increasingly specified their products not only to be connection-ready, but also to be enhanced by the breadth and depth of functionality that connection creates. We have taken to market a valuable and expanding portfolio of products and services that meet the needs of connected device makers. This portfolio captures our experience and our expertise can enable our customers to be more productive, flexible, and financially successful. And, in turn, our customers can then help make people and organizations more productive, improve quality of life, and reduce demands on the limited resources of our planet.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Bsquare have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial reporting and include the accounts of Bsquare and our wholly owned subsidiary. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In management’s opinion, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include all material adjustments, all of which are of a normal and recurring nature, necessary to present fairly our financial position as of June 30, 2023 and our operating results and cash flows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. The accompanying financial information as of December 31, 2022 is derived from our audited financial statements as of that date.

These unaudited financial statements and related notes should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 7, 2023.

Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Bsquare and our wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of estimates

Preparing financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Examples include provisions for bad debts and income taxes, estimates related to incentives earnings from Microsoft, estimates related to contracts with customers, such as determining standalone selling price, useful lives of property and equipment, fair value of stock-based awards, and assumptions used to determine the net present value of operating lease liabilities, among other estimates. Actual results  may differ from these estimates.

Income (loss) per share

We compute basic income (loss) per share using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. We consider restricted stock units as outstanding shares of common stock and include them in the computation of basic loss per share only when vested. We compute diluted loss per share using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and common stock equivalent shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. We exclude common stock equivalent shares from the computation if their effect is anti-dilutive.

The following potentially dilutive weighted shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive for the periods presented:

2. Revenue Recognition 

Disaggregation of revenue

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by primary geographical area and operating segment (in thousands):

For the quarters ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, $6.4 million and $9.9 million of revenue was recorded at a point-in-time, and $0.1 million and $0.5 million of revenue was recorded over-time, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, $14.4 million and $19.1 million of revenue was recorded at a point-in-time, and $0.3 million and $1.0 million of revenue was recorded over-time, respectively.

Contract balances

We receive payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules. Our average customer payment terms range from 30 - 60 days. Accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract assets include amounts related to our contractual right to consideration for completed performance obligations not yet invoiced. Contract liabilities, presented as deferred revenue on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, include payments received in advance of performance under the contract and are realized when the associated revenue is recognized. We had no asset impairment charges related to contract assets for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. 

Significant changes in the contract assets and the deferred revenue balances were as follows (in thousands):

Contract acquisition costs

We capitalize contract acquisition costs for contracts with a life exceeding one year. Amortization of contract acquisition costs was $0 and $4,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and was $11,250 and $9,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were no asset impairment charges for contract acquisition costs for any of the periods noted above.

Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period. The satisfaction of performance obligations varies based on the nature of the underlying promise and the customer. The estimated revenue does not include contracts with original durations of one year or less, amounts of variable consideration attributable to royalties, or contract renewals that were unexercised as of June 30, 2023:

Practical expedients and exemptions

We generally expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been less than one year. We record these costs within selling, general and administrative expenses.

When applicable and appropriate, the Company utilizes the ‘as-invoiced’ practical expedient which permits revenue recognition upon invoicing.

3. Cash and Investments

Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments consisted of the following (in thousands):

The following table sets forth information regarding the amortized cost basis and fair value of our short-term investments that are classified as held-to-maturity ("HTM") (in thousands):

The contractual maturity of our HTM portfolio is within 120 days of June 30, 2023.

4. Fair Value Measurements

We measure our cash equivalents and restricted cash at fair value. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. A three-tier fair value hierarchy is established as a basis for considering such assumptions and for inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

We classify our cash equivalents and restricted cash within Level 1 because we determine their fair values using quoted market prices.

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized below (in thousands):

5. Leases

In  December 2019, we entered into an operating lease agreement for a new corporate office facility in Seattle, Washington. The term of the lease is 87 months, with a rent date starting on  May 1, 2020 and the lease term ending on  July 31, 2027. 

In  November 2020, we renewed the lease for our office facility in the UK. The term of the lease is 120 months, with rent payments starting on  November 30, 2020 and the lease term ending on  November 8, 2030. The Company has an opportunity to break the lease at the five-year mark in  November 2025. As it is reasonably certain that we will utilize this option, the accounting for this lease utilized  November 2025 as the end date. There was no material impact to our statement of operations or statement of cash flows as a result of entering into this lease. 

Our leases have remaining terms of two to four years. Both of our leases contain renewal options. Because of changes in our business, we are not able to determine with reasonable certainty whether we will renew our Seattle or Trowbridge, UK leases. As a result, we have not considered renewal options when recording ROU assets, lease liabilities or lease expense.

The following tables present the components of our lease expense and supplemental cash flow information related to our leases for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to our operating leases as of June 30, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

The following table presents the amounts we are obligated to pay, by maturity, under our operating leases liabilities as of June 30, 2023 (in thousands):

6. Shareholders’ Equity

Equity Compensation Plans

We have a stock plan (the “Stock Plan”) for equity awards to eligible service providers and an inducement stock plan for newly hired employees (the “Inducement Plan”) (collectively the “Plans”). We stopped using the Inducement Plan in 2019, although it continues to govern outstanding awards granted under it. Under the Stock Plan, stock options  may be granted with a fixed exercise price that is equivalent to the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. These options have a term of up to 10 years and vest over a predetermined period, generally four years. Incentive stock options granted under the Stock Plan  may only be granted to our employees. The Stock Plan also allows for awards of non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted and unrestricted stock awards, RSUs and performance-based restricted stock units ("PSUs").

Stock-Based Compensation

The estimated fair value of stock-based awards is recognized as compensation expense over the vesting period of the award, and we account for forfeitures as they occur. The fair value of RSUs is determined based on the number of shares granted and the quoted price of our common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of PSUs is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value of each vesting tranche as calculated by a Monte Carlo simulation. The fair value of stock options is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value of each vesting tranche as calculated by the Black-Scholes-Merton (“BSM”) option-pricing model. The BSM model requires various highly judgmental assumptions including expected volatility and option life. If any of the assumptions used in the BSM model change significantly, stock-based compensation expense  may differ materially in the future from that recorded in the current period. The fair values of our stock option grants were estimated with the following weighted average assumptions:

The impact on our results of operations from stock-based compensation expense was as follows (in thousands):

Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Plans:

At June 30, 2023, total compensation cost related to stock options granted but not yet recognized was $70,000. This cost will be amortized on the straight-line method over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.8 years. The following table summarizes certain information about stock options:

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options and the quoted price of our common stock for the number of options exercised during the periods indicated. We issue new shares of common stock upon exercise of stock options.

Restricted Stock Unit Activity

The following table summarizes RSU activity under the Plans:

At June 30, 2023, total compensation cost not yet recognized related to granted RSUs was approximately $253,000. This cost will be amortized on the straight-line method over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.6 years.

Performance Stock Units

Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance

The following table summarizes our shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the Plans as of June 30, 2023:

Share Repurchase Program

In November 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program (the “Program”) pursuant to which we can repurchase up to $5.0 million of our common stock. The Program expired effective June 30, 2023 and was not renewed.

During the six months ended  June 30, 2023, we repurchased 552,147 shares for $0.7 million. Since program inception, we have repurchased 731,004 shares for $0.9 million.

7. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease and rent obligations

Our commitments include obligations outstanding under operating leases, which expire through 2027. We have lease commitments for office space in Seattle, Washington and Trowbridge, UK. See Note 5 - Leases.

Loss Contingencies

From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings, claims, and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business, including tax assessments. We defend ourselves vigorously against any such claims. When (i) it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and (ii) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record the estimated loss. We provide disclosure in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for loss contingencies that do not meet both conditions if there is a reasonable possibility that a loss may have been incurred that would be material to the financial statements. Significant judgment is required to determine the probability that a liability has been incurred and whether such liability is reasonably estimable. We base accruals made on the best information available at the time, which can be highly subjective. As of June 30, 2023, we have not recorded any loss contingency accruals. 

8. Information about Operating Segments and Geographical Areas

The Company’s operations are conducted in two reportable segments: Partner Solutions and Edge to Cloud. The Company defines its segments as those operations whose results the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") regularly reviews to analyze performance and allocate resources. We operate within a single industry segment of computer software and services.

The Company measures the results of its segments using, among other measures, each segment's revenue and gross profit. Information for the Company's segments is provided in the following table (in thousands):

Revenue by geography is based on the sales region of the customer. See Footnote 2 - Revenue Recognition for a disaggregation of revenue by segment and geographic area.

We do not track assets at the segment level. The following table sets forth total long-lived assets by geographic area (in thousands):

9. Significant Risk Concentrations

Significant Customers

No customers accounted for 10% or more of total revenue for each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

GES Manufacturing Services (M) Sdn Bhd had accounts receivable of $504,000 and $900,000 at June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These receivables represented approximately 14% and 17% of total accounts receivable at June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Significant Supplier

We are authorized to sell Windows IoT operating systems in Canada, the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, Columbia, and several Caribbean countries. 

We were previously party to certain Original Equipment Manufacturer Distribution Agreements ("ODAs") with Microsoft pursuant to which we were licensed to sell Microsoft Windows Mobile operating systems to customers in North America, South America, Central America (excluding Cuba), Japan, Taiwan, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. The ODAs to sell Windows Mobile operating systems expired on  April 30, 2022 and were not renewed thereafter.

Our current distribution agreements with Microsoft have no automatic renewal provisions and may be terminated unilaterally by Microsoft at any time.

The majority of our revenue continues to be derived from reselling Microsoft Windows Embedded and IoT operating system software to device makers. The sale of Microsoft operating systems has historically accounted for substantially all of our Partner Solutions revenue.

Significant Supplier Incentive Earnings Program

Microsoft operates an IoT Distributor Incentives Program that provides IoT Distributors, like Bsquare, the opportunity to earn financial incentives (“incentive earnings”) by achieving objectives intended to grow the IoT customer base and the volume of embedded systems or devices that include Microsoft embedded technologies. In June 2023, Microsoft announced changes to this program.

In accordance with the program’s previous structure and rules, we had recorded 50% of the incentive earnings as a reduction of Partner Solutions cost of revenue in the period earned, with the remaining 50% recorded as an offset to marketing expense in the period our expenditures were approved for reimbursement by Microsoft. 

Under the structure and rules of the updated program, 100% of incentive earnings will be provided to us as a rebate without any requirements related to how the funds are spent. Accordingly, as of June 30, 2023, 100% of estimated incentives were recorded as a reduction of Partner Solutions cost of revenue in the period earned (i.e. the period we sold eligible products to our customers).

During the second quarter of 2023 we recorded an adjustment of approximately $0.2 million to accrue 100% of incentives estimated to have been earned from January through June 2023. The adjustment reduced Partner Solutions cost of revenue.

Also during the second quarter of 2023 we recorded an adjustment of approximately $0.1 million to Partner Solutions cost of revenue relating to another element of the program change. This was a one-time adjustment reflecting Microsoft’s decision to pay out all previously awarded, but yet unspent, cooperative marketing funds (i.e. the portion of incentive earnings that had previously been subject to proof of execution).

Both of the amounts discussed above are included in the table below.

Under this program, we recorded incentive earnings as follows (in thousands):

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes. Some statements and information contained in this discussion are not historical facts but are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In some cases, readers can identify forward- looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, which when used are meant to signify the statement as forward-looking. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions and other statements that are not historical facts. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and situations that are difficult to predict and that may cause our own, or our industry’s actual results, to be materially different from the future results that are expressed or implied by these statements. Accordingly, actual results may differ materially from those anticipated or expressed in such statements as a result of a variety of factors, including those discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in in Item 1A of Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 as well as similar discussions contained in our periodic reports and other documents or materials that we may from time to time file or furnish with the SEC. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Overview

Bsquare develops and deploys technologies for the makers and operators of connected devices. These fleets of business-oriented devices, often called the Internet of Things ("IoT"), offer a powerful means to connect organizations, people, information, and ideas. Hundreds of millions of connected devices have already been deployed and it is estimated that billions more will be. Despite their growing prevalence, these devices and the systems in which they operate remain a significant source of complexity, unplanned and often uncontrolled expense, and operational risk. Our customers are undergoing a massive change in their business practices and Bsquare provides technology that helps them capture the value of connected devices and reduces the cost and risk of doing so.

Since our founding in 1994, Bsquare has helped embedded device manufacturers (“Original Equipment Manufacturers” or “OEMs”) design and build cost-effective products. For most of our history, we operated at the intersection of hardware and software, helping our customers select, develop, and configure system software for a variety of purpose-built devices, from mobile computing to point-of-sale systems to healthcare equipment to hospitality, gaming, and more. Our expertise in hardware, device configuration, and operating systems became essential to our customers’ design cycles and purchasing decisions. As our customers deployed ever-larger fleets of devices, our understanding of the requirements for large-scale device operations increased.

More recently, our expertise and business prospects have shifted to cloud-connected devices that have been connected to create intelligent systems. This shift coincides with the overall growth of IoT technologies and with our customers’ recognition that connected intelligent devices create significant business opportunities. Device makers have increasingly specified their products not only to be connection-ready, but also to be enhanced by the breadth and depth of functionality that connection creates. We have taken to market a portfolio of products and services that we believe meets the needs of connected device makers. This portfolio captures our experience and our expertise can enable our customers to be more productive, flexible, and financially successful. And, in turn, our customers can then help make people and organizations more productive, improve quality of life, and reduce demands on the limited resources of our planet.

Key Highlights

Partner Solutions revenue for the quarter decreased compared to both the first quarter of 2023 and the second quarter of 2022. We believe our Partner Solutions revenue is increasingly negatively affected by competition in the embedded device space from Linux and Android operating systems that are challenging Microsoft’s Windows IoT offering in the market. We expect this market trend may continue in future quarters. We are working to retain and attract customers with superior service and technical support, pricing that rewards loyalty, and a path to IoT operations.

In our Edge to Cloud segment, we continue to focus our efforts on a small number of key customers that help us gain credibility as a reliable technology partner. For example, we support Itron, Inc. with its intelligent utility grid. We believe our experience serving Itron and our other large IoT customers positions us to improve our IoT software and services in 2023 and beyond.

Our focus on expense discipline has continued and it will remain a top priority for the foreseeable future. For the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2023, our total operating expenses were $0.3 million and $0.9 million less, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022.

We continue to invest in our SquareOne® platform, which provides a robust, remote device management solution built on state-of-the art cloud infrastructure. SquareOne consists of optional modules that have been pre-built on an architecture designed to be efficient, cost effective and scalable. It can be used on its own, or as an accelerant for a customized solution. It offers secure device registration for multiple OS types, two-way communication via open standards, software updates, operational support, and more.

In the first six months of 2023, our product development investment totaled nearly $0.7 million, of which $0.1 million was capitalized on the balance sheet as internally developed software with the remainder reflected on the consolidated statement of operations as research and development expense.

During the first half of 2023 we continued to invest our cash reserves, taking advantage of favorable interest rates. We recognized $0.7 million of interest income during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

In the fourth quarter of 2022, we announced a plan to repurchase up to $5 million of our common stock (the "Share Repurchase Plan"). The Share Repurchase Plan is intended to return value to shareholders without compromising our ability to pursue organic growth or strategic alternatives. During the first half of 2023, we repurchased 552,147 shares for approximately $0.7 million. Since program inception, we have repurchased 731,004 shares for approximately $0.9 million. The repurchase program expired on June 30, 2023 and was not renewed.

Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and short-term investments totaled $33.4 million on June 30, 2023, a decrease of $2.3 million since December 31, 2022. The decrease was driven primarily by changes in working capital and, to a lesser degree, share repurchases.

We have engaged Telegraph Hill Advisors, an investment bank that specializes in IoT, to lead a process to explore strategic options for creating shareholder value. There is no assurance that any strategic options will materialize.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Revenue recognition

Our revenue recognition accounting methodology contains uncertainties because it requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions, and to apply judgment. For example, for arrangements that have multiple performance obligations, we must exercise judgment and use estimates in order to (1) determine whether performance obligations are distinct and should be accounted for separately; (2) determine the standalone selling price of each performance obligation; (3) allocate the transaction price among the various performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis; and (4) determine whether revenue for each performance obligation should be recognized at a point in time or over time. For revenue recognized over-time, we use either the input or output method, whichever most faithfully depicts the transfer of goods or services.

Our contracts with customers sometimes include promises to transfer multiple products and services, such as professional services, a perpetual or term software license, and support and maintenance. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract with a customer to transfer products or services that are concluded to be distinct. In contracts with multiple performance obligations, we identify each performance obligation and evaluate whether the performance obligations are distinct within the context of the contract at contract inception. Performance obligations that are not distinct at contract inception are combined. Determining whether products and services are distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately or combined as one unit of accounting may require significant judgment. We allocate the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on the estimated standalone selling price (“SSP”) for each performance obligation.

Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. Where possible, we determine SSP based on list prices or other observable inputs. In instances where SSP is not directly observable, we determine the SSP using information that may include internal costs, market conditions, and other observable inputs. In some cases, when the selling price is highly uncertain or variable, we may utilize the residual method to determine SSP. When using the residual method the SSP of a performance obligations is calculated by subtracting the sum of the SSPs of all other goods and services promised under the contract from the total transaction price.

We have not made any changes to the significant estimates utilized to determine the total transaction price and stand-alone selling prices at contract inception. Our customer contracts that involve perpetual licenses are less sensitive to changes in estimates than contracts involving SaaS as those arrangements require us to estimate customer usage. Changes to our customer usage estimates could have a material impact on the total transaction price.     

We exercise judgment in certain transactions when determining whether we should recognize revenue based on the gross or net amount billed to a customer. GAAP requires us to evaluate whether our business controls the goods or services before they are transferred to the customer (as the principal) or if we arrange for goods or services to be provided by another party (as an agent). We evaluated the indicators of control, which include responsibility for fulfillment and acceptability, ownership of inventory risk and discretion in price setting, and determined that we met all three criteria for over 95% of the revenue within our Partner Solutions segment and all of the revenue within our Edge to Cloud segment. Accordingly, those revenues and the associated cost of revenue are reported on a gross basis within our consolidated statements of operations. For less than 5% of revenue within Partner Solutions, we do not have control and thus record revenue net of the associated cost of revenue.

Taxes

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the countries and other jurisdictions in which we operate. This process involves estimating our current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences resulting from the differing treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Net operating losses and tax credits, to the extent not already utilized to offset taxable income or income taxes, also give rise to deferred tax assets. We must then assess the likelihood that any deferred tax assets will be realized from future taxable income, and, to the extent we believe that recovery is not likely, we must establish a valuation allowance. We are required to use judgment as to the appropriate weighting of all available evidence when assessing the need for the establishment or the release of valuation allowances. As part of this analysis, we examine all available evidence on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis and weigh the positive and negative information when determining the need for full or partial valuation allowances. The evidence considered for each jurisdiction includes, among other items, (i) the historical levels of income or loss over a range of time periods that extends beyond the two years presented, (ii) the historical sources of income and losses, (iii) the expectations and risk associated with underlying estimates of future taxable income, (iv) the expectations and risk associated with new product offerings and uncertainties with the timing of future taxable income, and (v) prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets. We estimate the valuation allowance related to our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis.

Our sales may be subject to other taxes, particularly withholding taxes, due to our sales to customers in countries other than the United States. The tax regulations governing withholding taxes are complex, causing us to have to make assumptions about the appropriate tax treatment. Further, we make sales in many jurisdictions across the United States, where tax regulations are varied and complex. We must therefore continue to analyze our state tax exposure and determine what the appropriate tax treatments are, and make estimates for sales, franchise, income and other state taxes.

Results of Operations

The following table presents our summarized results of operations for the periods indicated. Our historical operating results are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future period.

Revenue

We generate revenue from the sale of software, both embedded operating system software that we resell and our own proprietary software, and related professional services.

Total revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2023 decreased $3.9 million compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to decreased sales of $3.6 million in our Partner Solutions segment and a decrease of $0.3 million in the Edge to Cloud segment.

Total revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 decreased $5.5 million compared to the same period in 2022 due to decreased sales in our Partner Solutions segment. Edge to Cloud revenue was flat period over period.

Additional revenue details are as follows:

Partner Solutions revenue

Partner Solutions revenue decreased $3.6 million or 39% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Partner Solutions revenue decreased $5.5 million or 30% for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022.

The decrease in revenue for both periods was primarily attributable to lower sales in North America and Asia. North America revenue decreased $3.2 million and Asia revenue decreased $0.4 million for the three month period ended June 30, 2022. North America revenue decreased $4.5 million and Asia revenue decreased $1.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022.We believe our Partner Solutions revenue is increasingly negatively affected by competition in the embedded device space from Linux and Android operating systems that are challenging Microsoft’s Windows IoT offering in the market. We expect this market trend may continue in future quarters.

Edge to Cloud revenue

Edge to Cloud revenue decreased $0.3 million or 26% for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Nearly all of the decrease was due to the fact that the second quarter 2022 results included one-time revenue recognition of $0.4 million related to a contract amendment that did not recur in 2023. Our strategy in this segment is to focus on a small number of key, but distinct, customers which may result in quarterly fluctuations.

Edge to Cloud revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was flat compared to the same period in 2022.

Gross profit and gross margin

Cost of revenue for the Partner Solutions segment consists primarily of embedded operating system software product costs payable to third-party vendors, net of financial incentives earned through Microsoft’s distributor incentive program.

Cost of revenue for the Edge to Cloud segment consists primarily of salaries, benefits and re-billable expenses. Gross profit and gross margin for each segment were as follows:

Partner Solutions gross profit and gross margin

Partner Solutions gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was flat compared to the same period in 2022. The gross profit decrease driven by the revenue decline was offset by margin rate improvement primarily related to rebate credits, which are recorded as a reduction of Partner Solutions cost of revenue, earned through Microsoft’s distributor incentives program. In the second quarter, there were changes to the Microsoft incentive earnings program that favorably impacted our gross margin rate. See Footnote 9 – Significant Risk Concentrations for additional information about these changes.

Partner Solutions gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2023 decreased by $0.5 million compared to the same period in 2022. The gross profit decrease was driven by the revenue decline, partially offset by the favorable impact of changes to the Microsoft incentive earnings program. See Footnote 9 – Significant Risk Concentrations for additional information about these changes.

Edge to Cloud gross profit and gross margin

Edge to Cloud gross profit decreased for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 driven by the quarter-over-quarter decrease in segment revenue along with margin rate deterioration as cost of revenue did not improve commensurate with the revenue decrease. This was expected as much of our cost of revenue in this segment is fixed.

Edge to Cloud gross profit increased for the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 driven primarily by decreased costs of revenue related to employee salaries and benefits due to the reduction in force executed in December 2022.

Operating expenses

The following table presents our operating expenses for the periods indicated: