Byrna Technologies Inc. - Quarter Report: 2022 May (Form 10-Q)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

References in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Byrna Technologies Inc.

PART 1 – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

BYRNA TECHNOLOGIES INC. 

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets 

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

BYRNA TECHNOLOGIES INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

BYRNA TECHNOLOGIES INC. 

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 

(Amounts in thousands) 

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

BYRNA TECHNOLOGIES INC. 

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

For the Three and Six Months Ended May 31, 2022 and 2021

(Amounts in thousands except share numbers)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 

BYRNA TECHNOLOGIES INC. 

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

For the three and six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021

Byrna Technologies Inc. (the “Company” or “Byrna”) is a non-lethal defense technology company, specializing in next generation solutions for security situations that do not require the use of lethal force. Byrna personal security devices are non-lethal self-defense devices that are powered by CO2 and fire .68 caliber spherical kinetic and chemical irritant projectiles. The Company recently added pepper sprays to their non-lethal defense product line due to an acquisition.  See Notes 6, "Acquisitions" for additional information.  These products are sold in both the consumer and security professional markets. The Company operates two manufacturing facilities, a 30,000 square foot facility in located in Fort Wayne, Indiana and a 10,000 square foot manufacturing facility located in Pretoria, South Africa.

The Company was incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware on March 1, 2005.  On May 12, 2021, the Company acquired certain assets of the Mission Less Lethal brand from Kore Outdoor (U.S.), Inc. On August 18, 2021, the Company acquired certain assets of Ballistipax® Holdings LLC(“Ballistipax®”).  On May 25, 2022, the Company acquired certain assets of Fox Labs International, Inc. (“Fox Labs”). See Note 6, "Acquisitions".

From inception to May 31, 2022, the Company had incurred an accumulated deficit of $59.7 million.  The Company has funded operations through the issuance of common stock, warrants, and convertible notes payable. The Company generated $19.6 million in revenue and net loss of $6.2 million for the six months ended May 31, 2022.  It still is expected to incur significant losses before the Company's revenues sustain its operations. The Company’s future success is dependent upon its ability to continue to raise sufficient capital or generate adequate revenues, to cover its ongoing operating expenses, and also to continue to develop and be able to profitably market its products. 

In July 2021, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 2,875,000 registered shares of its common stock (including 375,000 shares sold pursuant to the exercise of the underwriters' overallotment option) at a price of $21.00 per share. The net proceeds to the Company, after deducting $4.4 million in underwriting discounts and commissions, and offering expenses, were approximately $56.0 million.  See Note 15, “Stockholders' Equity” for additional information. Management projects that all cash needs will be met beyond one year from the time these financial statements are issued.

On February 15, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a plan to buy back up to $10 million worth of shares of the Company's common stock from the open market (“Stock Buyback Plan”) which was completed during March 2022.  On April 28, the Company's Board of Directors approved a plan to buy back up to an additional $5 million worth of shares of the Company's common stock.  The Company completed the full $5 million repurchase of shares during May 2022.   

These condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and therefore do not include all information and footnotes necessary for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”); however, such information reflects all adjustments consisting solely of normal recurring adjustments, which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods.   All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto together with management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations contained in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2021. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, the results of its operations for the three and six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, and its cash flows for the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty. Therefore, the determination of estimates requires the exercise of judgment. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and any such differences may be material to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Significant estimates include assumptions about stock-based compensation expense, valuation for deferred tax assets, incremental borrowing rate on leases, valuation and carrying value of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, useful life of long-lived assets, and allowance for sales returns. 

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

In 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The guidance simplifies the accounting for income taxes by primarily addressing the following: recognition of a deferred tax liability after transition to/from the equity method, evaluation when a step-up in the tax basis of goodwill should be related to a business combination or when it should be considered a separate transaction, inclusion of the amount of tax based on income in the income tax provision and any incremental amount as a tax not based on income, and recognition of the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or annual effective tax rates in the period the change was enacted. The guidance is effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2022. Several of the amendments in the update are required to be adopted using a prospective approach, while other amendments are required to be adopted using a modified-retrospective approach or retrospective approach.  The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Guidance Issued But Not Adopted

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). The FASB issued the update to simplify the measurement of goodwill by eliminating step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. ASU 2017-04 will be effective for the Company so long as it remains a smaller reporting company in the first quarter of 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this update on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

In 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). The guidance changes the impairment model used to measure credit losses for most financial assets. A new forward-looking expected credit loss model will replace the existing incurred credit loss model and will impact the Company’s accounts and other receivables. This is expected to generally result in earlier recognition of allowances for credit losses. ASU 2016-13 will be effective for the Company in December 2023 as long as it remains a smaller reporting company. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this update on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Asset Acquisition

On May 12, 2021, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement to purchase certain assets used in the business of designing, developing, manufacturing, licensing, and selling of products and services for the Mission Less Lethal brand from Kore Outdoor (U.S.) Inc., (“Kore”) a wholly owned subsidiary of Kore Outdoor, Inc.  The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition, with estimated $3.7 million total cost of which $0.2 million were acquisition-related expenses. The Company accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition where the assets acquired were measured based on the amount of cash paid to Kore as well as transaction costs incurred as the fair value of the assets given was more readily determinable than the fair value of the assets received. The Company classified and designated identifiable assets acquired and assessed and determined the useful lives of the acquired intangible assets subject to amortization.

Business Combination

Fox Labs International

On May 25, 2022, the Company acquired Fox Labs International, a producer of defensive pepper sprays, catering primarily to law enforcement and other security professionals (domestically and internationally).  The cash consideration was $2.2 million.  There were no acquisition-related expenses.  As part of the transaction, the Company acquired 10 trademarks (including one pending). The Company classified and designated identifiable assets acquired and assessed and determined the useful lives of the acquired intangible assets subject to amortization.

The estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on May 25, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

Ballistipax®

On August 18, 2021, the Company acquired Ballistipax®, a developer of single-handed rapidly deployable bulletproof backpacks.  The purchase price of $0.3 million was paid in cash. As part of the transaction, the Company has acquired two patents, finished goods and raw materials inventory. 

The Company’s restricted cash - current was $0 and $0.1 million at May 31, 2022 and November 30, 2021, respectively. The $0.1 million consists of cash that the Company was contractually obligated to maintain in accordance with the terms of its lease agreement.  The restricted cash was returned back to the Company in January 2022. 

The Company generates revenue through the wholesale distribution of its products and accessories to dealers/distributors, and retail sales to large end-users such as security companies and law enforcement agencies, and through e-commerce portals to consumers. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of goods to the customer, which generally occurs when title to goods is passed and risk of loss transfers to the customer. Depending on the contract terms, transfer of control is upon shipment of goods to or upon the customer’s pick-up of the goods. Payment terms to customers other than e-commerce customers are generally 30-60 days for established customers, whereas new wholesale and large end-user customers have prepaid terms for their first order. The amount of revenue recognized is net of returns and discounts that the Company offers to its customers. Products purchased include a standard warranty that cannot be purchased separately. This allows customers to return defective products for repair or replacement within one year of sale. The Company also sells an extended warranty for the same terms over three years. The extended 3-year warranty can be purchased separately from the product and therefore, must be classified as a service warranty. Since a warranty for the first year after sale is included and non-separable from all launcher purchases, the Company considers this extended warranty to represent a service obligation during the second and third years after sale. Therefore, the Company accumulates billings of these transactions on the balance sheet as deferred revenue, to be recognized on a straight-line basis during the second and third year after sale. The Company recognizes an estimated reserve based on its analysis of historical experience, and an evaluation of current market conditions. 

The Company also has a 14-day money back guarantee, which allows for a full refund of the purchase price, excluding shipping charges, within 14 days from the date of delivery.  The right of return creates a variable component to the transaction price and needs to be considered for any possible constraints. The Company estimates returns using the expected value method, as there will likely be a range of potential return amounts. The Company’s returns under the 14-day money back guarantee for the three and six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were immaterial. 

The Company sells to dealers and retailers for whom there is no money back guarantee but who may request a return or credit for unforeseen reasons or who may have agreed discounts or allowances to be netted from amounts invoiced. The company reserves for returns, discounts and allowances based on past performance and on agreement terms and reports revenue net of the estimated reserve.  The Company's reserve for returns, discounts, and allowances three and six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were immaterial.

The Company accounts for shipping and handling activities related to contracts with customers as costs to fulfill the promise to transfer the associated products. Shipping and handling costs associated with the distribution of finished products to customers, are recorded in operating expenses in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss and are recognized when the product is shipped to the customer.

Included as cost of goods sold are costs associated with the production and procurement of products, such as labor and overhead, inbound freight costs, manufacturing depreciation, purchasing and receiving costs, and inspection costs.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company provides an allowance for its accounts receivable for estimated losses that may result from its customers’ inability to pay. The Company determines the amount of the allowance by analyzing known uncollectible accounts, aged receivables, economic conditions, historical losses, and changes in customer payment cycles and its customers’ creditworthiness. Amounts later determined and specifically identified to be uncollectible are charged or written off against this allowance.  To minimize the likelihood of uncollectible debt, the Company reviews its customers’ creditworthiness periodically. Material differences may result in the amount and timing of expense for any period if the Company were to make different judgments or utilize different estimates. The allowance for doubtful accounts was approximately $0.01 million as of  May 31, 2022,  November 30, 2021, and December 1, 2020.

Deferred Revenue

Changes in deferred revenue, which relate to unfulfilled e-commerce orders and amounts to be recognized under extended 3-year service warranties, for the six months ended May 31, 2022 and the year ended November 30, 2021, are summarized below (in thousands):

Revenue Disaggregation

The following table presents disaggregation of the Company’s revenue by distribution channel (in thousands):

The following table summarizes cost and accumulated depreciation as of May 31, 2022 and November 30, 2021, respectively (in thousands):

The Company recognized approximately $0.3 million in depreciation expense during the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 and $0.09 million is presented in the operating expenses in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.  The remaining $0.1 million of depreciation expense is for production machinery and is within cost of goods sold in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.  The Company recognized approximately $0.1 million in depreciation expense during the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021.

At May 31, 2022 and November 30, 2021, the Company had deposits of $2.5 million and $1.3 million, respectively, with vendors primarily for supply of machinery (molds) and equipment where the vendors have not completed the supply of these assets and is presented as Deposits for equipment in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes inventory as of May 31, 2022 and November 30, 2021, respectively (in thousands):

On May 25, 2022, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement with Fox Labs, pursuant to which the Company acquired the exclusive right to use key trademarks and intellectual property used in the foundation of the acquired line of products.  The Company recorded the trademarks acquired as an indefinite intangible asset with an estimated fair value of $0.4 million and will assess annually for impairment. 

On August 18, 2021, the Company acquired Ballistipax®. As part of the transaction, the Company has acquired two patents with estimated fair value of $0.06 million. These patent rights have a maximum life of approximately 17 years, expiring on 2038, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over that period.

On May 12, 2021, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement with Kore, pursuant to which the Company acquired the exclusive right to use the key patents and intellectual property underpinning the acquired suite of products. As consideration for the tangible and intangible assets included in the Kore Portfolio, the Company paid Kore $3.5 million, and incurred $0.2 in legal costs to transfer these patent rights. Of the $3.7 million consideration, $2.8 million was capitalized relating to the key patents and intellectual property acquired. These patent rights have a maximum life of 20 years, expiring on various dates beginning from January 2037 to 2038, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of 15 years.

On April 13, 2018, the Company entered into a purchase and sale agreement with Andre Buys, ("Buys"), the Company's Chief Technology Officer ("CTO"), pursuant to which the Company purchased certain intellectual property relating to air and/or gas fired long guns or pistols, including pump action launchers and munitions used with such pistols and long guns, including self-stabilizing shaped or “finned” rounds. As part of the agreement, the Company acquired patents with estimated fair value of $0.9 million.  The Company paid for this transaction in cash and through issuance of common stock.   These patents rights have a maximum life of 20 years, expiring on various dates beginning from November 2033 to 2038, and are amortized on a straight-line basis over a period of 15 years.

Patent amortization expenses are recorded within operating expenses in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.  Total patent/trademark amortization expense for the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were $0.1 million and $0.03 million, respectively.  Total patent/trademark amortization expense for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were $0.06 million and $0.02 million, respectively. 

The Company’s accounts payable and accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) Loan

The Company received $0.2 million of funding under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) on May 4, 2020. The PPP loan was disbursed by the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act as administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration ("SBA"). The loan was made pursuant to a PPP Promissory Note and Agreement. Loans obtained through the PPP are eligible to be forgiven as long as the proceeds are used for qualifying purposes and certain other conditions are met. The receipt of these funds, and the forgiveness of the loan was dependent on the Company having initially qualified for the loan and qualifying for the forgiveness of such loan based on its adherence to the forgiveness criteria. In June 2020, Congress passed the Payroll Protection Program Flexibility Act that made several significant changes to PPP loan provisions, including providing greater flexibility for loan forgiveness. On February 10, 2021, the Company received approval from the SBA for $0.2 million of PPP loan forgiveness. This amount was recorded as Forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Program loan in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income during the six months ended May 31, 2021.

The SBA reserves the right to audit any PPP loan, regardless of size.  These audits may occur after forgiveness has been granted.  In accordance with the CARES Act, all borrowers are required to maintain the PPP loan documentation for six years after the PPP loan was forgiven or repaid in full and to provide that documentation to the SBA upon request. 

On January 19, 2021, the Company entered into a $5.0 million revolving line of credit with a bank ("Revolving Note"). The revolving line of credit bears interest at a rate equal to the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus 0.50%, subject to a floor of 4.00%. The interest rate on the revolving line of credit was 3.25% on May 31, 2022. The revolving line of credit is secured by the Company’s accounts receivable and inventory. The line of credit is subject to an unused fee of 0.25% paid once annually. The line of credit expires on January 19, 2024.

Also on January 19, 2021, the Company entered into a $1.5 million equipment financing line of credit with a bank ("Nonrevolving Equipment Line"). The line of credit bears interest at a rate equal to the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus 0.50%, subject to a floor of 4.00%. The interest rate on the equipment financing line of credit was 3.25% on  May 31, 2022. The line of credit is secured by the Company’s equipment. The line of credit is subject to an unused fee of 0.25% paid once annually. The line of credit expires on January 19, 2024.

As of  May 31, 2022, there was no outstanding balance on the Revolving Note and the Company had not drawn on the Nonrevolving Equipment Line.  Debt issuance costs related to the line of credit were approximately $0.1 million presented as part of Other Assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.  Amortization of  $0.01 million for the six months ended May 31, 2022 is included in Interest expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. 

Authorized Shares and Increase in Stock Compensation Plan

At the Company's 2022 annual meeting of stockholders held on June 17, 2022 (the "Annual Meeting"), the Company's stockholders approved the decrease in the amount of authorized common stock from 300,000,000 to 50,000,000.  The decrease became effective upon filing of a Certificate of Amendment to the Company's Certificate Incorporation on June 17, 2022.  Additionally, following approval of the Company's stockholders at the Annual Meeting, the total number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance of the Company's 2020 Equity Incentive Plan increased by 1,300,000 from 2,500,000 to 3,800,000.  

Stock Buyback Plan

On February 15, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a plan to buy back up to $10 million worth of shares of the Company's common stock from the open market (“Stock Buyback Plan”).  The Company's Stock Buyback Plan was used to return capital to shareholders and to minimize the dilutive impact of stock options and other share-based awards.  The Company's Board of Directors specified an expiration date of the sooner of April 30, 2022 or upon reaching the aggregate limit of $10 million for the repurchases under the Stock Buyback Plan.  The Company completed the full $10 million for the repurchases during March 2022. 

On April 28, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a plan to buy back up to an additional $5 million worth of shares of the Company's common stock.  The Company completed the full $5 million repurchase of shares during May 2022.   

The following table summarizes the treasury stock activity during the six months ended May 31, 2022:

  2017 Plan

The Company has granted stock options and other stock-based awards under its 2017 Stock Option Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The maximum number of shares of common stock which could have been reserved for issuance under the 2017 plan was 1,899,327. The 2017 Plan was administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board. The Compensation Committee determined the persons to whom options to purchase shares of common stock, and other stock-based awards may be granted. Persons eligible to receive awards under the 2017 Plan were employees, officers, directors, and consultants of the Company. Awards were at the discretion of the Compensation Committee. On February 24, 2021, the Company terminated the 2017 Plan and adopted the 2020 Plan (defined below). 

2020 Plan

On October 23, 2020, the Board approved and on November 19, 2020 the stockholders approved the Byrna Technologies Inc. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”). The aggregate number of shares of common stock available for issuance in connection with options and other awards granted under the 2020 Plan is 2,500,000. On April 26, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors approved and on June 17, 2022 the Company's stockholders approved the increase of the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2020 Plan by 1,300,000 shares. The 2020 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board. The Compensation Committee determines the persons to whom options to purchase shares of common stock, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and restricted or unrestricted shares of common stock may be granted. Persons eligible to receive awards under the 2020 Plan are employees, officers, directors, consultants, advisors and other individual service providers of the Company. Awards are at the discretion of the Compensation Committee.

On February 24, 2021, following the termination of the 2017 Plan, the Company replaced outstanding options under the 2017 Plan with options under the 2020 Plan. In connection with the adoption of the 2020 Plan, the Company cancelled outstanding option awards granted under the 2017 plan.  There were no substantive changes to the rights of any holder of options granted under the 2017 plan other than replacing their award certificates with award agreements under the 2020 plan. The grant dates, exercise prices, expiration dates, and vesting provisions of any of the new award agreements under the 2020 plan that replace the certificates issued under the 2017 plan are identical for each grant and no change in valuation or accounting was required. The Board also amended the definition of Disability in the 2020 Plan to provide that “Disability” has the meaning assigned to such term in any individual employment agreement or award agreement with a plan participant and that if no such definition is provided in an award or employment agreement “Disability” is defined as in the 2020 Plan.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense was $1.6 million for each of the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Total stock-based compensation expense was $0.8 million for each of the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.  Total stock-based compensation expense was recorded in Operating expenses in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

During the first half of 2022, the Board of Directors authorized granting of restricted stock unit awards (" RSUs") in excess of the limit stipulated under the 2020 Plan. Additionally, the Company agreed to grant 200,000 RSUs to the CTO in exchange for his waiver of rights to future royalty payments. See Note 21, "Commitments and Contingencies - Royalty Payments," for additional information. These RSUs will be issued following stockholder approval of an increase in the shares authorized for issuance under the 2020 Plan at the Annual Meeting.  Because these awards are contingent on shareholder approval at the next annual shareholder meeting, these RSUs are not considered granted under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation and are treated as obligation to issue RSU's and are remeasured at the end of each reporting period until its settlement date.  The non-cash expense associated with these awards has been estimated at $0.5 million and $1.0 million for the three and six months ended May 31, 2022 based on the Board resolution date as the grant date, along with a Monte Carlo model for double trigger RSUs and a Black Scholes model for simple employment period vesting stock options.  The expense is recognized as employee incentive expense within operating expenses in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.  The obligation is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.  The change in fair value of the obligation to issue RSU’s for the three and six months ended amounted to $0.4 million, respectively, and recorded as a reduction in incentive expense within operating expenses in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Additionally, on March 23, 2022, the Board of Directors approved the issuance of RSU Amendment Agreements to each grantee of the double trigger RSUs in which 50% of the RSUs (778,750 RSUs) were exchanged for stock options.  As of May 31, 2022, the increase in the shares authorized for issuance under the 2020 Plan sufficient for the exercise of the replacement stock options was not yet approved by the shareholders.  In accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, a cancellation of an award accompanied by the concurrent grant of a replacement award shall be accounted for as a modification of the terms of the cancelled award.  In addition, these stock options are not considered granted and are therefore treated as obligation to issue stock options and are remeasured at the end of each reporting period until its settlement date.  The modification of the awards resulted in additional non-cash expense of $0.8 million for the three and six months ended May 31, 2022 and reclassification of approximately $1.0 million from additional paid in capital to liability.  The non-cash expense associated with the modified awards for the three and six months ended May 31, 2022 has been estimated at $0.3 million based on the Board resolution date as of the modification date, along with the Black Scholes model for simple employment period vesting stock options. The expense is recognized as employee incentive expense within operating expenses in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.  The obligation is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.  The change in fair value of the obligation to issue these stock options for the three and six months ended amounted to $0.3 million and recorded as a reduction in incentive expense within operating expenses in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

On June 17, 2022, the stockholders approved to increase the stock compensation plan by 1,300,000 shares to 3,800,000 shares.  This approval allows the RSUs and stock options granted in excess of the limit to be reclassified from liability to equity as the Company's outstanding issuances will be under the pool limit.  Consequently, the Company settled the obligation to issue RSUs and options by issuing the related RSUs and stock options and reclassified the fair value of the issuances at June 17, 2022 from accounts payable and accrued liabilities to additional paid-in capital.

Restricted Stock Units

During the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company granted 626 and 1,573,500 RSUs, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense for the RSUs for the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, was $1.3 million and $1.6 million, respectively. 

During the six months ended May 31, 2022, 778,750 RSUs were exchanged for an obligation to issue stock options to various employees based on the RSU Amendment Agreement authorized by the Board of Directors, as noted above.  During the first quarter of 2022, the Company settled 3,873 RSUs to a former board of director and forfeited 25,000 RSUs to a former employee who was terminated for cause.  These RSU's did not vest, as they were based on triggers and performance that were not met.  As a result, no expenses were reversed, and going forward no expenses will be recognized.  The forfeited RSUs are returned to the pool. 

As of  May 31, 2022, there was $3.1 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to unvested RSUs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average of 1.6 years. 

The following table summarizes the RSU activity during the six months ended May 31, 2022:

There will be 122,500 RSUs granted upon approval of the Board of Directors, of which none will be vested.

Stock Options

During the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company granted options to employees and directors to purchase 0 and 29,000 shares of common stock, respectively.  The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for options granted to its employees and directors of $0.1 million and $0.2 million during the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.  The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for options granted to its employees and directors of $0.05 million and $0.09 million during the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As of May 31, 2022, there was $0.3 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to unvested stock options which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years.

The following table summarizes option activity under the 2020 Plan during the six months ended May 31, 2022:

There will be 994,750 stock options granted upon approval of the Board of Directors, of which none will be vested.

For the three and six months ended May 31, 2022, the Company recorded net loss available to common shareholders. As such, because the dilution from potential common shares was antidilutive, the Company used basic weighted-average common shares outstanding, rather than diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding when calculating diluted loss per share for the three and six months ended May 31, 2022.  Stock options and RSUs that could potentially dilute basic earnings per share ("EPS") in the future that were not included in the compilation of diluted loss per share were as follows:

For the three and six months ended  May 31, 2021, the Company recorded net income.  As such, the Company used diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding when calculating diluted income per share for the three and six months ended May 31, 2021.  Warrants, stock options, and RSUs that could potentially dilute basic EPS in the future are included in the computation of diluted income per share. 

The following table sets forth the allocation of net loss for the three and six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively:

For the three and six months ended May 31, 2022, the Company’s potential dilutive securities, which may include stock options, unvested restricted stock units, convertible preferred stock, and outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share. Therefore, the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same. 

The following table reconciles the weighted-average common shares outstanding used in the calculation of basic EPS to the weighted-average common shares outstanding used in the calculation of diluted EPS for the three and six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021:

1,155,000 RSUs outstanding during the three and six months ended May 31, 2021 were not included in the computation of diluted EPS because they are contingently issuable shares.  

The following potential common shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

The following transactions are in the normal course of operations and are measured at the amount of consideration established and agreed to by related parties. Amounts due to related parties are unsecured, non-interest bearing and due on demand.

The Company expensed $0 and approximately $0.1 million for royalties due to the Company’s Chief Technology Officer ("CTO"), during the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.  Balances payable to the CTO for royalties were $0 and $0.1 million as of May 31, 2022 and November 30, 2021, respectively.  The Company terminated the royalty payments in December 2021.  Refer to Note 21, "Commitments and Contingencies - Royalty Payments," for additional information.  The Company also recorded stock-based compensation expense of approximately $0 and $0.004 million during the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, related to stock options granted to Buys in 2018 to acquire 150,000 shares of common stock.  See Note 11, "Intangible Assets," for additional information.  

The Company authorized the granting of 200,000 RSUs in exchange to waive all future rights and entitlements to the CTO.  Refer to Note 21, "Commitments and Contingencies - Royalty Payments," for additional information. 

The Company subleases office premises at its Massachusetts headquarters to a corporation owned and controlled by the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") of the Company beginning July 1, 2020, with no stated termination date. Sublease payments received were $0.02 million and $0.01 million for the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.  Sublease payments received were $0.01 million and $5.0 thousand for three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021.

Operating Leases

The Company has operating leases for real estate in the United States and South Africa and does not have any finance leases.

In 2019, the Company had entered into a real estate lease for office space in Andover, Massachusetts.  In August 2021, the lease was amended to include additional space and extend the term of the existing space by one year. The new lease expiration date is February 29, 2028.  The base rent is approximately $15.0 thousand per month. 

The Company leases office and warehouse space in South Africa that expires in November 2024. The base rent during the six months ended May 31, 2022 is approximately $5.0 thousand per month.  In October 2021, the Company entered into an additional lease in South Africa for a storage facility. The lease expires October 31, 2022.

The Company leases warehouse and manufacturing space in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The lease expires on July 31, 2025. The base rent is approximately $8.0 thousand per month. In November 2021, the Company entered into a lease to replace this facility which will commence in August 2022.  The lease expires July 31, 2027. The Company may potentially sub-lease the former Fort Wayne facility upon the commencement of the new lease. 

The Company also leases office space in Las Vegas, Nevada. The lease expires on August 31, 2022. The base rent is approximately $4.0 thousand per month.  In anticipation of not renewing the aforementioned space, the Company entered into a new lease on December 1, 2021, which expires on January 31, 2027.  The base rent is approximately $4.0 thousand per month. 

Certain of the Company’s leases contain options to renew and extend lease terms and options to terminate leases early. Reflected in the right-of-use asset and lease liability on the Company’s balance sheets are the periods provided by renewal and extension options that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, as well as the periods provided by termination options that the Company is reasonably certain to not exercise.

As of May 31, 2022 and 2021 the elements of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):

Future lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases as of May 31, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

For the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded an income tax expense of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. For the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, the effective tax rate was -1.6% and 0%, respectively. For the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $0.1 million and an income tax expense of $0.2 million, respectively.  For the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 the effective tax rate was 1.1% and 0%, respectively.  The Company’s tax rate differs from the statutory rate of 21.0% due to the effects of state taxes net of federal benefit, the foreign tax rate differential as a result of Byrna South Africa, effects of permanent non-deductible expenses, the recording of a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets generated in the current period, and other effects.  

Royalty Payment

Pursuant to the Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated April 13, 2018 and further amended on December 19, 2019, the Company was committed to a minimum royalty payment of $0.025 million per year.  Royalties on CO2 pistols were to be paid for so long as patents remain effective beginning at 2 ½% of the agreed upon a net price of $167.60 (“Stipulated Net Price”) for the first year and reduced by 0.1% each year thereafter until it reaches 1%. For each substantially new product in this category, the rate would begin again at 2 ½%. Royalties on the fintail projectiles (and any improved versions thereof) will be paid so long as patents remain effective at a rate of 4% of the agreed upon Stipulated Net Price for fintail projectile products.  

On January 7, 2022, the Company and the CTO agreed to waive all future rights and entitlements under such agreement, including without limitation any right, title, or interest in the intellectual property or royalty fees except for those on the fintail projectiles.  In exchange for the royalty termination, the Company agreed to grant 200,000 RSU's upon Stockholder's approval and renegotiation of the employment contract of the increase in the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2020 plan.  The RSU’s will vest two years from January 7, 2022.  As a result, the Company did not recognize any royalty expense in the first quarter of 2022 and did recognize non-cash employee incentive compensation of $0.4 million associated with the obligation to issue RSUs.  Royalty expense for the three months ended  May 31, 2022 and 2021 were $0 and $0.1 million, respectively. 

COVID-19 Pandemic and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) announced a global health emergency because of a new strain of coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China (the “COVID-19 outbreak”) and the risks to the international community as the virus spreads globally beyond its point of origin. In March 2020, the WHO classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic, based on the rapid increase in exposure globally.

The full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak continues to evolve as of the date of this report. As such, it is uncertain as to the full magnitude that the pandemic may have on the Company’s financial condition, liquidity, and future results of operations. Management is actively monitoring the impact of the global situation on its financial condition, liquidity, operations, suppliers, industry, and workforce. Given the daily evolution of the COVID-19 outbreak and the global responses to curb its spread, the Company is not able to estimate the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on its results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity for fiscal year 2022.

The Company faces various risks related to COVID-19 outbreak. The Company is dependent on its workforce to deliver its products. If significant portions of the Company’s workforce are unable to work effectively, or if customers’ operations are curtailed due to illness, quarantines, government actions, facility closures, or other restrictions in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company’s operations will likely be impacted. The Company may be unable to perform fully on its contracts and costs may increase as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak. These cost increases may not be fully recoverable or adequately covered by insurance. Since the COVID-19 outbreak began, no facilities have been fully shut down. Certain of the Company’s vendors may be unable to deliver materials on time due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Such delays may negatively impact the Company’s production, and the Company plans to continue to monitor these and its other vendors and, if necessary, seek alternative suppliers.

Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of our business, the Company may be subject to certain other legal actions and claims, including product liability, consumer, commercial, tax and governmental matters, which may arise from time to time. The Company does not believe it is currently a party to any pending legal proceedings. Notwithstanding, legal proceedings are subject-to inherent uncertainties, and an unfavorable outcome could include monetary damages, and excessive verdicts can result from litigation, and as such, could result in a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations, and/or cash flows. Additionally, although the Company has specific insurance for certain potential risks, the Company may in the future incur judgments or enter into settlements of claims which may have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations, and/or cash flows.

The CEO, who is also the Chief Operating Decision Maker, evaluates the business as a single entity, which includes reviewing financial information and making business decisions based on the overall results of the business. As such, the Company’s operations constitute a single operating segment and one reportable segment.

The tables below summarize the Company’s revenue for the three and six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, by geographic region (in thousands):

The Company is exposed to risks that arise from its use of financial instruments. This note describes the Company’s objectives, policies and processes for managing those risks and the methods used to measure them.

The Company held its cash balances within banks in the U.S. in U.S. dollars and with banks in South Africa in U.S. dollars and South African rand. The Company’s operations are conducted in the U.S. and South Africa. The value of the South African rand against the U.S. dollar may fluctuate with the changes in economic conditions.

During the three and six months ended May 31, 2022, in comparison to the prior year period, the U.S. dollar was weaker in relation to the South African rand, and upon the translation of the Company’s subsidiaries’ revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities held in South African rand, respectively. As a result, the Company recorded a translation adjustment loss of $0.09 million primarily related to the South African rand during the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. 

The Company’s South African subsidiary revenues, cost of goods sold, operating costs and capital expenditures are denominated in South African rand. Consequently, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar exchange rate against the South African rand increases the volatility of sales, cost of goods sold and operating costs and overall net earnings when translated into U.S. dollars. The Company is not using any forward or option contracts to fix the foreign exchange rates. Using a 10% fluctuation in the U.S. exchange rate, the impact on the loss and stockholders’ equity (deficit) is not material.

Credit risk is the risk that one party to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss for the other party by failing to discharge an obligation. The financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash with high credit quality financial institutions located in the U.S. and South Africa. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalent balances with financial institutions in the U.S. in excess of amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

The Company provides credit to its customers in the normal course of its operations. It carries out, on a continuing basis, credit checks on its customers.

References in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q (the “Quarterly Report”) to “we,” “us” or the “Company” refer to Byrna Technologies Inc. References to our “management” or our “management team” refer to our officers and directors. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Exchange Act that are not historical facts and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected and projected. All statements, other than statements of historical fact included in this Quarterly Report including, without limitation, statements in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” regarding our financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. Words such as “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” "may," “estimate,” “seek” and variations and similar words and expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements relate to future events or future performance, but reflect management’s current beliefs, based on information currently available. A number of factors could cause actual events, performance or results to differ materially from the events, performance and results discussed in the forward-looking statements. For information identifying important risk factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements, please refer to the Risk Factors section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ended November 30, 2021 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 11, 2022 (the “2021 10-K”), the Company’s subsequent filings with the SEC, which can be accessed on the EDGAR section of the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. Except as expressly required by applicable securities law, we disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, including but not limited to the potential global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of new strains on our personnel and operations, our ability to design, introduce and sell new products, services and features, the impact of any regulatory proceedings or litigation, our ability to protect our intellectual property and compete with existing and new products, the impact of stock compensation expense, dividends, warrant exercises and related accounting, impairment expense and income tax expense on our financial results, our ability to manage our supply chain and avoid production delays, shortages or other factors, including product mix, cost of parts and materials and cost of labor that may impact our gross margins, our ability to retain and incentivize key management personnel, product defects, the success of our entry to new markets, customer purchase behavior and negative media publicity or public perception of our brand or products, loss of customer data, breach of security or an extended outage related to our e-commerce storefronts, including a breach or outage by our third party cloud based storage providers, exposure to international operational risks, delayed cash collections or bad debt, determinations or audits by taxing authorities, changes in government regulations, the impact of existing or future regulation by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, import and export regulators, or other federal or state authority, or changes in international law in key jurisdictions including South Africa or our inability to obtain needed exemptions from such existing or future regulation.

OVERVIEW

The following discussion and analysis is intended to help you understand us, our operations and our financial performance. It should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes, which are included in Item 1 of this report.

Byrna Technologies is a designer, manufacturer, retailer and distributor of innovative technological solutions for security situations that do not require the use of lethal force. Our mantra is Live Safe, and our core mission is to empower individuals to safely and fully engage in life and adventure. Our design team’s directive is to build easy-to-use self-defense tools to enhance the safety of our customers and their loved ones at home and outdoors. We are also focused on developing tools that can be used instead of firearms by professional law enforcement and private security customers to reduce shootings and facilitate trust between police and the communities they seek to serve. Our strategy is to establish Byrna® as a consumer lifestyle brand associated with the confidence people can achieve by knowing they can protect themselves, their loved ones and those around them. We believe we have a significant opportunity to leverage the Byrna brand to expand our product line, broaden our user base and generate increasing sales from new and existing customers.

Our business strategy is twofold: (1) to fulfill the growing demand for less-lethal products in the law enforcement, correctional services, and private security markets and (2) to provide civilians – including those whose work or daily activities may put them at risk of being a victim – with easy access to an effective, non-lethal way to protect themselves and their loved ones from threats to their person or property.

We believe that the United States, along with many other parts of the world, is experiencing a significant spike in the demand for less-lethal products and that the less-lethal market will be one of the faster growing segments of the security market over the next decade, particularly given the fear caused by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The less lethal market has been projected to approach $12 billion per year by 2023 (Statistics MRC. Non-Lethal Weapons – Global Market Outlook (2017-2023)). We plan to respond to this demand for less-lethal products through the serial production and distribution of the Byrna® HD and expansion of the Byrna product line.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Results for the second quarter of 2022 demonstrate a continuing demand for our Byrna SD personal security device and growth of the production capacity and administrative and control structures necessary to supply that demand.  Revenue increased to $11.6 million from $8.0 million in the first quarter of the year.

Over the past year, the structural growth required to manage a larger company with higher sales volumes has required an increase in structural operating expenses such as payroll, insurance and marketing expenses. We also incur expenses associated with operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq, insurance expenses, audit expenses, investor relations activities, Sarbanes-Oxley compliance expenses and other administrative expenses and professional services. 

Three months ended May 31, 2022 as compared to three months ended May 31, 2021:

Net Revenue

Revenues were $11.6 million in the second quarter of 2022 which represents a decrease of $1.8 million or 13.3% as compared to the prior year period revenues of $13.4 million.  The prior year period sales included a surge in the Company's website sales due to the Company's product being featured on a national news program in April of that year.  Thus, website sales decreased by $5.4 million from $11.2 million in the second quarter of 2021 to $5.8 million in the second quarter of 2022.  However, sales through all other channels increased in comparison with the same quarter of the prior year.  International sales increased by $2.7 million from $0.5 million in the second quarter of 2021 to $2.7 million in the second quarter of 2022 due to a strong quarter for South African sales and exports to Asia and Latin America.   Sales via Amazon were $1.1 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $0 in the second quarter of 2021, before that site had been established. Sales to domestic dealers/distributors, and retail sales to large end-users such as security companies and law enforcement agencies increased from $0.3 million in the second quarter of 2021 to $1.9 million in the second quarter of 2022. 

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold was $5.5 million in the second quarter of 2022 compared to $5.8 million in the prior year period. This $0.3 million decrease is primarily due to the decrease in related sales volume.

Gross Profit

Gross profit is calculated as total revenue less cost of goods sold and gross margin is calculated as gross profit divided by total revenue. Included as cost of goods sold are costs associated with the production and procurement of products, such as labor and overhead, inbound freight costs, manufacturing depreciation, purchasing and receiving costs, and inspection costs. Gross profit was $6.1 million in the second quarter of 2022, or 52.7% of net revenue, as compared to gross profit of approximately $7.6 million, or 56.4% of net revenue, in the prior year period.  The decrease in gross margin is primarily due to the decrease in the proportion of high margin website sales and the increase in the proportion of lower margin South African and export sales. 

Operating Expenses / Income (Loss) from Operations

Operating expenses were $8.7 million in the second quarter of 2022, as compared to the prior year period expenses of $5.5 million. This increase is due to the growth of the Company.

During fiscal year 2021, management made the strategic decision to support continued revenue growth through increased marketing expenditure which increased $0.8 million to $1.2 million for the second quarter of 2022 as compared to $0.4 million in the second quarter of 2021.

The structural growth required to manage a larger business with higher sales volumes drove up structural costs. Payroll related costs increased $1.8 million from $2.8 million in the second quarter of 2021 to $4.6 million in the second quarter of 2022. The increase was due to higher charges for non-cash stock compensation and related non-cash incentive compensation which increased $0.7 million from $0.9 million in the second quarter of 2021 to $1.5 million in the second quarter of 2022.  This increase was due mainly to accounting for the March 23, 2022 RSU Amendment Agreements. See Note 16. “Stock-based Compensation” for additional information. Salaries and wages increased $0.5 million from $1.7 million in the second quarter of 2021 to 2.2 million in the second quarter of 2022.  Bonus accrual expense increased $0.3 million from $0.2 million in the second quarter of 2021 to $0.5 million in the second quarter of 2022.  Additionally, the second quarter of 2022 included one-time severance increase of $0.4 million from $0 in the second quarter of 2021 to $0.4 million in the second quarter of 2022.  

Income Tax Provision

For the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded an income tax expense of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. For the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, the effective tax rate was -1.6% and 0%, respectively.  The Company’s tax rate differs from the statutory rate of 21.0% due to the effects of state taxes net of federal benefit, the foreign tax rate differential as a result of Byrna South Africa, effects of permanent non-deductible expenses, the recording of a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets generated in the current period, and other effects.  

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to providing financial measurements based on generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP), we provide the following additional financial metrics that are not prepared in accordance with GAAP (non-GAAP): adjusted EBITDA, non-GAAP adjusted net loss, and non-GAAP adjusted net loss per share. Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures, in addition to GAAP financial measures, to understand and compare operating results across accounting periods, for financial and operational decision making, for planning and forecasting purposes and to evaluate our financial performance. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures help us to identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of certain expenses that we exclude in the calculations of the non-GAAP financial measures.

Accordingly, we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures reflect our ongoing business in a manner that allows for meaningful comparisons and analysis of trends in the business and provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results, enhancing the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects.

These non-GAAP financial measures do not replace the presentation of our GAAP financial results and should only be used as a supplement to, not as a substitute for, our financial results presented in accordance with GAAP. There are limitations in the use of non-GAAP measures, because they do not include all the expenses that must be included under GAAP and because they involve the exercise of judgment concerning exclusions of items from the comparable non-GAAP financial measure. In addition, other companies may use other non-GAAP measures to evaluate their performance, or may calculate non-GAAP measures differently, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial measures as tools for comparison.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net (loss) income as reported in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income excluding the impact of (i) depreciation and amortization; (ii) income tax provision (benefit); (iii) interest income (expense); (iv) stock-based compensation expense; and (v) other expenses. Our Adjusted EBITDA measure eliminates potential differences in performance caused by variations in capital structures (affecting finance costs), tax positions, the cost and age of tangible assets (affecting relative depreciation expense) and the extent to which intangible assets are identifiable (affecting relative amortization expense). We also exclude certain one-time and non-cash costs. Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net (loss) income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, is as follows (in thousands):

Non-GAAP adjusted net loss and non-GAAP adjusted net loss per share

Non-GAAP adjusted net loss is defined as net (loss) income as reported in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income excluding the impact of (i) stock-based compensation expense and (ii) other expenses. Our non-GAAP adjusted net loss measure eliminates potential differences in performance caused by certain non-cash and one-time costs. We also provide non-GAAP adjusted net loss per share by dividing non-GAAP adjusted net loss by the average basic shares outstanding for the period. Reconciliation of Non-GAAP adjusted (loss) income to net (loss) income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, is as follows (in thousands):

Six months ended May 31, 2022 as compared to six months ended May 31, 2021:

Net Revenue

Revenues were $19.6 million in the six months ended May 31, 2022 which represents a decrease of $2.7 million as compared to the prior year period revenues of $22.3 million.  The prior year period sales included the fulfillment of approximately $4.0 million of backorders received in fiscal year 2020 and a surge in the Company's website sales due to the Company's product being featured on a national news program in April of 2021.  Thus, website sales decreased by $1.2 million from $7.0 million in the second quarter of 2021 to $5.8 million in the second quarter of 2022.  However sales through all other channels increased in comparison with the first half of 2021.  International sales increased by $1.8 million from $1.0 million in the six months ended May 31, 2021 to $2.8 million in the six months ended May 31, 2022.  Sales via Amazon were $2.0 million in the six months ended May 31, 2022 compared to $0 in the six months ended May 31, 2021, before that site had been established. Sales to domestic dealers/distributors, and retail sales to large end-users such as security companies and law enforcement agencies increased from $0.6 million in the six months ended May 31, 2021 to $3.6 million in the six months ended May 31, 2022. 

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold was $8.9 million in the six months ended May 31, 2022 compared to $10.0 million in the prior year period. This $1.1 million decrease is primarily due to the decrease in related sales volume.

Gross Profit

Gross profit is calculated as total revenue less cost of goods sold and gross margin is calculated as gross profit divided by total revenue. Included as cost of goods sold are costs associated with the production and procurement of products, such as labor and overhead, inbound freight costs, manufacturing depreciation, purchasing and receiving costs, and inspection costs. Gross profit was $10.7 million in the six months ended May 31, 2022, or 54.8% of net revenue, as compared to gross profit of approximately $12.3 million, or 55.2% of net revenue, in the prior year period.  The decrease in gross margin is primarily due to a higher proportion of lower margin international sales. 

Operating Expenses / Income (Loss) from Operations

Operating expenses were $16.8 million in the six months ended May 31, 2022, as compared to the prior year period expenses of $10.7 million. This increase is due to the growth of the Company.

During fiscal year 2021, management made the strategic decision to support continued revenue growth through increased marketing expenditure which increased $2.0 million to $2.6 million for the six months ended May 31, 2022 as compared to $0.6 million in the six months ended May 31, 2021.

The structural growth required to manage a larger business with higher sales volumes drove up structural costs. Payroll related costs increased $2.7 million from $5.9 million in the six months ended May 31, 2021 to $8.6 million in the six months ended May 31, 2022. The increase was mostly due to an increase in non-cash stock compensation and related non-cash incentive compensation which increased by $1.2 million from $1.6 million in the six months ended May 31, 2021 to $2.8 million in the six months ended May 31, 2022.  Salary and wages increased by $1.7 million from $2.2 million in the six months ended May 31, 2021 to $3.9 million in the six months ended May 31, 2022.

Income Tax Provision

For the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. For the six months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, the effective tax rate was 1.1% and 3.59%, respectively. The Company’s tax rate differs from the statutory rate of 21.0% due to the effects of state taxes net of federal benefit, the foreign tax rate differential as a result of Byrna South Africa, effects of permanent non-deductible expenses, the recording of a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets generated in the current period, and other effects.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to providing financial measurements based on generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (GAAP), we provide the following additional financial metrics that are not prepared in accordance with GAAP (non-GAAP): adjusted EBITDA, non-GAAP adjusted net loss, and non-GAAP adjusted net loss per share. Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures, in addition to GAAP financial measures, to understand and compare operating results across accounting periods, for financial and operational decision making, for planning and forecasting purposes and to evaluate our financial performance. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures help us to identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of certain expenses that we exclude in the calculations of the non-GAAP financial measures.

Accordingly, we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures reflect our ongoing business in a manner that allows for meaningful comparisons and analysis of trends in the business and provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results, enhancing the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects.

These non-GAAP financial measures do not replace the presentation of our GAAP financial results and should only be used as a supplement to, not as a substitute for, our financial results presented in accordance with GAAP. There are limitations in the use of non-GAAP measures, because they do not include all the expenses that must be included under GAAP and because they involve the exercise of judgment concerning exclusions of items from the comparable non-GAAP financial measure. In addition, other companies may use other non-GAAP measures to evaluate their performance, or may calculate non-GAAP measures differently, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial measures as tools for comparison.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net (loss) income as reported in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income excluding the impact of (i) depreciation and amortization; (ii) income tax provision (benefit); (iii) interest income (expense); (iv) stock-based compensation expense; and (v) other expenses. Our Adjusted EBITDA measure eliminates potential differences in performance caused by variations in capital structures (affecting finance costs), tax positions, the cost and age of tangible assets (affecting relative depreciation expense) and the extent to which intangible assets are identifiable (affecting relative amortization expense). We also exclude certain one-time and non-cash costs. Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net (loss) income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, is as follows (in thousands):

Non-GAAP adjusted net loss and non-GAAP adjusted net loss per share

Non-GAAP adjusted net loss is defined as net (loss) income as reported in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income excluding the impact of (i) stock-based compensation expense and (ii) other expenses. Our non-GAAP adjusted net loss measure eliminates potential differences in performance caused by certain non-cash and one-time costs. We also provide non-GAAP adjusted net loss per share by dividing non-GAAP adjusted net loss by the average basic shares outstanding for the period. Reconciliation of Non-GAAP adjusted (loss) income to net (loss) income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, is as follows (in thousands):