California BanCorp - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

CALIFORNIA BANCORP

INDEX TO ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022

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Forward Looking Statements

Certain statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to our projected growth, anticipated future financial performance, financial condition, credit quality and management’s long-term performance goals, as well as statements relating to the anticipated effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations from expected developments or events, our business, growth and strategies. These statements, which are based on certain assumptions and estimates and describe our future plans, results, strategies and expectations, can generally be identified by the use of the words and phrases “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “goal,” “plan,” “potential,” “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “target,” “aim,” “predict,” “continue,” “seek,” “projection” and other variations of such words and phrases and similar expressions. With respect to any such forward-looking statements, the Company claims the protection provided for in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

We have made the forward-looking statements in this report based on assumptions and estimates that we believe to be reasonable in light of the information available to us at this time. However, these forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, and could be affected by many factors. Factors that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects can be found in the “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” sections of this report and elsewhere in this report. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

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Because of these risks and other uncertainties, our actual results, performance or achievement, or industry results, may be materially different from the anticipated or estimated results discussed in the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our past results of operations are not necessarily indicative of our future results. You should not rely on any forward-looking statements, which represent our beliefs, assumptions and estimates only as of the dates on which they were made, as predictions of future events. We undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements, even though circumstances may change in the future, except as required under federal securities law. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

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PART I

Overview

California BanCorp (the “Company” or “we”) was organized in 2017 to serve as the holding company for California Bank of Commerce (the “Bank”) and is headquartered in Oakland, California. The Company commenced operation on June 30, 2017 following a reorganization transaction in which it became the Bank’s holding company. This transaction was treated as an internal reorganization as all shareholders of the Bank became shareholders of the Company. As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to regulation and supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). The Company has no operations other than ownership and management of the Bank.

The Bank is a California-chartered commercial bank founded in 2007. The Bank is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California, approximately 15 miles east of Oakland, California. In addition to its headquarters, the Bank has a full service branch in California located in Contra Costa County and 4 loan production offices in California located in Alameda County, Contra Costa County, Sacramento County, and Santa Clara County. The Bank is supervised and regulated by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation (the “DFPI”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”).

We primarily serve business and professional corporations with a variety of business focused financial services. Some of the products and services that we offer include commercial checking, savings and money market accounts, certificates of deposit, treasury and cash management services, foreign exchange services, commercial and industrial loans, asset-based loans, loans to dental and veterinary professionals, commercial real estate loans, residential and commercial construction and development loans, online banking, and mobile banking. As of December 31, 2022, we had total consolidated assets of $2.04 billion, total gross loans of $1.59 billion, total deposits of $1.79 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $172.3 million.

Our Strategy

The Bank is a relationship-based commercial business bank focused on providing innovative products and services that are value-driven. We maintain a strong credit culture as a foundation of sound asset quality, and we embrace innovation and strive to provide the solutions our customers need and expect. We focus on creating value for the communities and clients we serve to provide exceptional return for our shareholders, and also growing relationship deposits and lending those funds to invest in and support the communities we serve, with the ultimate goal of yielding superior growth in earnings per share.

Our strategic plan includes the following measures of long-term success: (i) earnings per share growth; (ii) return on assets; (iii) return on tangible common equity; (iv) total risk-based capital ratio; (v) core deposit growth; and (vi) nonperforming assets to total assets ratio.

Our Market Area

We are headquartered in the San Francisco Bay Area in Oakland, California. The Bank maintains its headquarters in Walnut Creek, California, where it offers full banking services. We also operate loan production offices in Walnut Creek, Oakland, San Jose and Sacramento, California.

Our market areas cover primarily the greater San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento. Our branch and loan production offices are located in three contiguous counties in the San Francisco Bay Area: Alameda, Contra Costa and Santa Clara; and Sacramento County. The economic base of this market area is heavily dependent on small and medium-sized businesses, providing us with a market rich in potential customers.

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The economies of the San Francisco Bay Area are primarily driven by the technology, real estate, financial services, tourism, shipping and manufacturing industries. Sacramento is the capitol of the State of California and government-related activities are a significant portion of the region’s economy. The Sacramento area also includes a number of higher education centers, including state universities and technical colleges.

Competition

The banking business is highly competitive, and we face competition in our market areas from many other local, regional, and national financial institutions. Competition among financial institutions is based on interest rates offered on deposit accounts, interest rates charged on loans, other credit and service charges relating to loans, the quality and scope of the services rendered, the convenience of banking facilities, among other factors. We compete with commercial banks, credit unions, savings institutions, mortgage banking firms, finance companies, including “fintech” lenders, securities brokerage firms, insurance companies, money market funds and other mutual funds, as well as regional and national financial institutions that operate offices in our market areas and elsewhere. The competing major commercial banks have greater resources that may provide them a competitive advantage by enabling them to maintain numerous branch offices, mount extensive advertising campaigns and invest in new technologies, for example. The increasingly competitive environment is the result of changes in regulation, changes in technology and product delivery systems, additional financial service providers, and the accelerating pace of consolidation among financial services providers.

The financial services industry could become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and continued consolidation. Banks, securities firms and insurance companies can merge under the umbrella of a financial holding company, which can offer most types of financial services, including banking, securities underwriting, insurance (both agency and underwriting) and merchant banking. Also, technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for non-banks to offer products and services traditionally provided by banks, such as automatic transfer and automatic payment systems.

Some of our non-banking competitors, such as fintech lenders, have fewer regulatory constraints and may have lower cost structures. In addition, some of our competitors have assets, capital and lending limits greater than that of the Bank, have greater access to capital markets and offer a broader range of products and services than the Bank. These institutions may have the ability to offer lower rates on loans and higher rates on deposits than we can offer. Some of these institutions offer services, such as international banking, which we do not directly offer, except for a limited suite of services such as international wires and currency exchange.

We compete with these institutions by focusing on our position as an independent, commercial business bank and rely upon local promotional activities, personal relationships established by our officers, directors, and employees with our customers, and specialized services tailored to meet the needs of the customers we serve. We strive to provide innovative products to our customers that are value-driven. We actively cultivate relationships with our customers that extend beyond a single loan to a full suite of products that serve the needs of our commercial customers. Our goal is to develop long-standing connections with our customers and the communities that we serve. While our position varies by market, our management believes that we can compete effectively as a result of local market knowledge, local decision making, and awareness of customer needs.

Our Business

General

We provide a range of commercial lending services, including commercial and industrial loans, commercial real estate loans, and residential and commercial construction and development loans. Our specialty commercial lending niches include dental and veterinary lending, commercial contractors, asset-based lending, commercial and residential construction and emerging businesses. Our customers are generally small to medium-sized businesses and professional firms that are located in or conduct a substantial portion of their business in our market areas. The majority of our customer-facing offices are loan production offices.

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Credit Administration and Loan Review

Historically, we believe we have made sound, high quality loans while recognizing that lending money involves a degree of business risk. We have loan policies designed to assist us in managing this business risk. These policies provide a general framework for our loan origination, monitoring and funding activities, while recognizing that not all risks can be anticipated.

As part of our credit administration, we document the borrower’s business, purpose of the loan, our evaluation of the repayment source and the associated risks, our evaluation of collateral, covenants and monitoring requirements, and the risk rating rationale. Our strategy for approving or disapproving loans is to follow conservative loan policies and consistent underwriting practices which include:

For loan approvals, a loan is first recommended by a line of business manager and then is directed to the appropriate officer within credit administration for approval, subject to specified limits. This process ensures that the loan is supported by both the line of business and credit administration and allows us to respond to customer credit requests in an expeditious manner. Proposed loans above the specified limit must be approved by the Bank’s board of directors.

Managing credit risk is a company-wide process. Our strategy for credit risk management includes centralized credit policies, uniform underwriting criteria and ongoing risk monitoring and review processes for all credit exposures. Our processes emphasize early-stage review of loans, regular credit evaluations and management reviews of loans, which supplement the ongoing and proactive credit monitoring and loan servicing provided by our bankers. Our Chief Credit Officer provides company-wide credit oversight and periodically reviews all credit risk portfolios to ensure that the risk identification processes are functioning properly and that our credit standards are followed. In addition, a third-party loan review is performed to assist in the identification of problem assets and to confirm our internal risk rating of loans. We attempt to identify potential problem loans early in an effort to seek aggressive resolution of these situations before the loans become a loss, record any necessary charge-offs promptly and maintain adequate allowance levels for probable loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio.

Our loan policies generally include other underwriting guidelines for loans collateralized by real estate. These underwriting standards are designed to determine the maximum loan amount that a borrower has the capacity to repay based upon the type of collateral securing the loan and the borrower’s income. Our loan policies include maximum amortization schedules and loan terms for each category of loans collateralized by liens on real estate.

In addition, our loan policies provide guidelines for: personal guarantees; environmental review; loans to employees, executive officers and directors; problem loan identification; maintenance of an adequate allowance for loan losses and other matters relating to lending practices. We do not make loans to any director, executive officer of the Bank, or the related interests of each, unless the loan is approved by the full board of directors of the Bank.

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Lending Limits

Under California law, our ability to make aggregate secured and unsecured loans-to-one-borrower is limited to 25% and 15%, respectively, of unimpaired capital and surplus. At December 31, 2022, the Bank’s limit on aggregate secured loans-to-one-borrower was $57.8 million and unsecured loans-to-one borrower was $34.6 million. At December 31 2022, the Bank’s highest aggregate balance of secured loans-to-one-borrower was $28.6 million and the highest aggregate balance of unsecured loans-to-one borrower was $19.0 million. The Bank’s legal lending limit will increase or decrease as the Bank’s level of capital increases or decreases. In addition, the Bank has established internal loan limits, which are lower than the legal lending limits for a California bank. Our board of directors will adjust the internal lending limit as deemed necessary to continue to mitigate risk and serve the Bank’s customers. We are also able to sell participations in our larger loans to other financial institutions, which allow us to manage the risk involved in these loans and to meet the lending needs of our customers requiring extensions of credit in excess of these limits.

Commercial and Industrial Loans

We have significant expertise in small to middle market commercial and industrial lending, with an emphasis on the dental and veterinary industries, contractors and emerging companies. Our success is the result of our product and market expertise, and our focus on delivering high-quality, customized and quick turnaround service for our customers due to our focus on maintaining an appropriate balance between prudent, disciplined underwriting, on the one hand, and flexibility in our decision making and responsiveness to our customers, on the other hand, which has allowed us to grow our commercial and industrial loan portfolio while maintaining asset quality. As of December 31, 2022, commercial and industrial loans made up approximately $634.5 million or 40% of our loan portfolio.

We provide a mix of variable and fixed rate commercial and industrial loans. We extend commercial business loans for working capital, accounts receivable and inventory financing and other business purposes. Generally, short-term loans have maturities ranging from 12 months to 3 years, and “term loans” have maturities ranging from 5 to 10 years. Loans are generally intended to finance current transactions and typically provide for periodic principal payments, with interest payable monthly. Repayment of commercial loans depends substantially on the borrower’s underlying business, financial condition and cash flows, as well as the sufficiency of the collateral. Compared to real estate, the collateral may be more difficult to monitor, evaluate and sell. Where the borrower is a corporation, partnership or other entity, we typically require personal guarantees from significant equity holders. Our maximum loan-to-value ratio for commercial and industrial loans is dependent on the collateral.

Asset-Based Lending (ABL) Loans

A subset of our commercial and industrial loans are structured as asset based lending (“ABL”) loans, which are secured by the borrower’s accounts receivable or inventory. Our ABL loans are structured as callable and cancelable transactions. The ABL loans are originated through and managed by our Business Credit division. Repayment of ABL loans depends substantially on the ability of the borrower to monetize the assets in a defined borrowing base. Generally the borrowing base has a maximum advance rate of 80% against eligible receivables and may include a lower advance rate against inventory. Therefore, the quality and collectability of accounts receivable, concentrations among account debtors, financial strength of the account debtors, and quality and transferability of inventory can impact repayment. At December 31, 2022, ABL loans totaled approximately $50.2 million or approximately 3% of our loan portfolio.

Construction and Development Loans

We offer adjustable rate residential and commercial construction loan financing to builders and developers and to consumers who wish to build their own home. The term of construction and development loans generally is limited to 12 to 36 months. Most loans will mature and require payment in full upon the sale or refinance of the

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property. We believe that construction and development loans generally carry a higher degree of risk than long-term financing of stabilized, rented, and owner-occupied properties because repayment depends on the ultimate completion of the project and usually on the subsequent sale or refinance of the property. Specific risks include:

We attempt to reduce risk associated with construction and development loans by obtaining personal guarantees and by keeping the maximum loan-to-value ratio at or below 50%-75% depending on the project type with a maximum loan-to-cost ratio of 80%. Many of our loans will include interest reserves built into the loan commitment. Generally, for owner occupied commercial construction loans, we will require periodic cash payments for interest from the borrower’s cash flow. As of December 31 2022, construction and development loans made up approximately $63.7 million or 4% of our loan portfolio.

Real Estate Loans

A significant component of our loan portfolio is loans secured by real estate. These loans include both commercial real estate loans and other loans secured by real estate. Real estate loans are subject to the same general risks as other loans and are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in the value of real estate. Fluctuations in the value of real estate and rising interest rates, as well as other factors arising after a loan has been made, could negatively affect a borrower’s cash flow, creditworthiness, and ability to repay the loan. We obtain a security interest in real estate where feasible, in addition to any other available collateral, in order to increase the likelihood of the ultimate repayment of the loan. As of December 31, 2022, commercial real estate loans made up approximately $848.2 million or 53% of our loan portfolio.

Our commercial real estate loans generally have terms of 10 years or less, although payments may be structured on a longer amortization basis. We evaluate each borrower on an individual basis and attempt to determine their business risks and credit profile. We attempt to reduce credit risk in the commercial real estate portfolio by emphasizing loans on owner-occupied industrial, office, and retail buildings where the loan-to-value ratio, established by independent appraisals, generally does not exceed 70% of cost or appraised value. We also generally require that a borrower’s cash flow exceed 130% of monthly debt service obligations. In order to ensure secondary sources of payment and liquidity to support a loan request, we typically review all of the personal financial statements of the principal owners and require their personal guarantees. Commercial real estate loans are generally viewed as having more risk of default than residential real estate loans. They are also typically larger than residential real estate loans and depend on cash flows from the owner’s business or the property to service the debt. Because our loan portfolio contains a number of commercial real estate loans with relatively large balances, the deterioration of one or a few of these loans could cause a significant increase in our levels of nonperforming assets.

Small Business Administration Loans

We offer U.S. Small Business Administration, or SBA, loans for qualifying businesses for loan amounts up to $5 million. The Bank primarily extends SBA loans known as SBA 7(a) loans and SBA 504 loans. SBA 7(a) loans are typically extended for working capital needs, purchase of inventory, purchase of machinery and equipment,

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debt refinance, business acquisitions, start-up financing or to purchase or construct owner-occupied commercial property. SBA 7(a) loans are typically term loans with maturities up to 10 years for loans not secured by real estate and up to 25 years for real estate secured loans. SBA loans are fully amortizing with monthly payments of principal and interest. SBA 7(a) loans are typically floating rate loans that are secured by business assets and/or real estate. Depending on the loan amount, each loan is typically guaranteed 75% to 85% by the SBA, with a maximum gross loan amount to any one small business borrower of $5 million and a maximum SBA guaranteed amount of $3.75 million.

We are generally able to sell the guaranteed portion of the SBA 7(a) loans in the secondary market at a premium, while earning servicing fee income on the sold portion over the remaining life of the loan. In addition to the interest yield earned on the unguaranteed portion of the SBA 7(a) loans that are not sold, we recognize income from gains on sales and from loan servicing on the SBA 7(a) loans that are sold.

SBA 504 loans are typically extended for the purpose of purchasing owner-occupied commercial real estate or long-term capital equipment. SBA 504 loans are typically extended for up to 20 years or the life of the asset being financed. SBA 504 loans are financed as a participation loan between the Bank and the SBA through a Certified Development Company (“CDC”). Generally, these loans are structured to give the Bank a 50% first deed of trust and the CDC a 40% second deed of trust, with the remaining 10% funded by the borrower. Interest rates for the first deed of trust loans are subject to normal bank commercial rates and terms and the second deed of trust CDC loans are fixed for the life of the loans based on certain indices.

Our SBA 7(a) loans are originated through our SBA Loan Department. The SBA Loan Department is staffed by loan officers who provide assistance to qualified businesses. The Bank is designated as an SBA Preferred Lender, whereby the SBA has delegated its authority to us to make, service and liquidate loans. This designation generally facilitates a more efficient marketing and approval process for SBA loans. We have attained SBA Preferred Lender status nationwide.

As of December 31, 2022, our SBA loan portfolio totaled approximately $7.2 million or approximately 1% of our loan portfolio.

See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the segment of the SBA loan portfolio that pertains to the Paycheck Protection Program under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act.

Consumer Loans

We occasionally make loans to individuals for personal and household purposes, including secured and unsecured installment loans and revolving lines of credit. Consumer loans are underwritten based on the borrower’s income, current debt level, past credit history, and the availability and value of collateral. Consumer rates are both fixed and variable, with negotiable terms. Our installment loans typically amortize over periods up to 5 years. Although we typically require monthly payments of interest and a portion of the principal on our loan products, we will offer consumer loans with a single maturity date when a specific source of repayment is available. Consumer loans are generally considered to have greater risk than first or second mortgages on real estate because they may be unsecured, or, if they are secured, the value of the collateral may be difficult to assess and more likely to decrease in value than real estate. As of December 31, 2022, consumer loans totaled approximately $39.7 million or approximately 2% of our loan portfolio.

Deposit Products

We offer a range of commercially focused deposit and treasury management services at our branch locations that are similar to those typically available in the commercial divisions of the larger regional and national banking institutions, including commercial analysis and other cash management accounts, ranging from money market

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accounts to long-term certificates of deposit. Transaction accounts and time deposits are tailored to and offered at rates competitive to those offered in our primary market areas. Our customers primarily include businesses, associations, organizations and governmental authorities. Our deposits are insured by the FDIC up to statutory limits.

Securities

We manage our securities portfolio and cash to maintain adequate liquidity and to ensure the safety and preservation of invested principal, with a secondary focus on yield and returns. Specific goals of our investment portfolio are as follows:

Our investment portfolio is comprised primarily of U.S. government agency securities and mortgage-backed securities issued by government-sponsored entities, though we may hold other securities, such as corporate debt securities.

Our investment policy is reviewed annually by our board of directors. The Bank’s board of directors has delegated the responsibility of monitoring our investment activities to the Asset Liability Committee of the Bank’s board of directors. Day-to-day activities pertaining to the securities portfolio are conducted under the supervision of our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Executive Officer. We actively monitor our investments on an ongoing basis to identify any material changes in the securities. We also review our securities for potential other-than-temporary impairment at least quarterly.

Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company

We qualify as an emerging growth company as that term is used in the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

We could remain an emerging growth company for up to five years, or until the earliest of (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues exceed $1.07 billion, (ii) the date that we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, or (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt during the preceding three year period. We expect to take advantage of certain of the reduced reporting and other requirements of the JOBS Act with respect to the periodic reports we will file with the SEC and proxy statements that we use to solicit proxies from our shareholders.

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In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We plan to elect to use the extended period for compliance and, as a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates. See our discussion in “Risk Factors”.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2022, we had 157 full-time equivalent employees (“FTE”). None of our employees are represented by any collective bargaining unit or is a party to a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good and have not experienced interruptions of operations due to labor disagreements. Our relationship banking strategy is largely dependent on the personal relationships of our employees and the quality of service they provide. We strive to attract, develop and retain employees who can further our strategic goals and build long-term shareholder value. To do so, we offer compensation, benefits, and training designed to attract, develop and retain employees. While we expect to hire employees to further our growth strategy, as a result of attrition and as opportunities to recruit talent may arise, in general, we believe our human capital resources are adequate for our needs.

General Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 1300 Clay Street, Suite 500, Oakland, California and our telephone number at that address is (510) 457-3615.

We file reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), which include annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, as well as proxy and information statements in connection with our shareholders’ meetings. The SEC maintains a website that contains the reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the website is www.sec.gov. Our website address is www.californiabankofcommerce.com. Electronic copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and other information and reports we file with the SEC and amendments to those reports, are available free of charge by visiting the Investor Relations section of our website. These reports are generally posted as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with the SEC.

Economic Conditions, Government Policies and Legislation

Our profitability, like that of most financial institutions, depends, among other things, on interest rate differentials. In general, the difference between the interest expense on interest bearing liabilities, such as deposits, borrowings, and debt, and the interest income on our interest earning assets, such as loans we extend to our customers and securities held in our investment portfolio, as well as the level of noninterest bearing deposits, have a significant impact on our profitability. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, such as the economy, inflation, unemployment, consumer spending, and political changes and events. The impact that future changes in domestic and foreign economic and political conditions might have on our performance cannot be predicted.

Our business is also influenced by the monetary and fiscal policies of the federal government and the policies of regulatory agencies, particularly the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). The Federal Reserve implements national monetary policies (with objectives such as curbing inflation or preventing recession) through its open-market operations in U.S. government securities, by adjusting the required level of reserves for depository institutions subject to its reserve requirements, and by varying the targeted federal funds and discount rates applicable to borrowings by depository institutions. The actions of the Federal Reserve in these areas influence the growth of bank loans, investments, and deposits and also affect interest rates earned on interest earning assets and paid on interest bearing liabilities. The nature and impact on the Company, and the Bank, of future changes in monetary and fiscal policies cannot be predicted.

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From time to time, legislation and regulations are enacted or adopted which have the effect of increasing the cost of doing business, limiting, or expanding permissible activities, or affecting the competitive balance between banks and other financial services providers. Proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the operations and taxation of banks, bank holding companies, financial holding companies, and other financial institutions and financial services providers are frequently made in the U.S. Congress, in state legislatures, and by various regulatory agencies. These proposals may result in changes in banking statutes and regulations and our operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase the cost of doing business, limit permissible activities, or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions. We cannot predict whether any of this potential legislation will be enacted, and if enacted, the effect that it, or any implementing regulations, would have on our financial condition or results of operations. See “Supervision and Regulation.”

Supervision and Regulation

As a financial institution, we are extensively regulated under both federal and state law. This supervisory framework could materially impact the conduct and profitability of our activities. These laws restrict permissible activities and investments and require that we comply with law relating to lending, deposit, brokerage, and fiduciary activities. They also impose capital adequacy requirements and conditions on our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders, to repurchase our stock and to receive dividends from our subsidiary bank. Banking regulation is intended to protect depositors and consumers and not our shareholders.

As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “Bank Holding Company Act”). The Company is also a bank holding company within the meaning of the California Financial Code. As such, the Company and its subsidiaries are subject to examination by, and may be required to file reports with, the Federal Reserve and the DFPI. As a California state-chartered commercial bank the Bank is subject to supervision, periodic examination and regulation by the DFPI and the FDIC. The Company’s and the Bank’s regulators generally have broad discretion to impose restrictions and limitations on our operations. Banking regulation is intended to protect depositors and consumers and not shareholders.

The following discussion explains the major pieces of legislation and regulation affecting the banking industry and how that legislation and regulation affects our business. The following summary is qualified by reference to the statutory and regulatory provisions discussed. Changes in applicable laws, regulations and the policies of regulatory authorities may have a material effect on the business and prospects of the Company and the Bank and may significantly affect our operations. We cannot predict the effect that fiscal or monetary policies, or new federal or state legislation or regulation may have on our future business and earnings.

Capital Adequacy

Bank holding companies and depository institutions are required to maintain minimum levels of capital and are subject to consolidated risk-based and leverage capital rules. The federal banking agencies have adopted minimum risk-based capital requirements (Tier 1 capital, common equity Tier 1 capital (“CET1”) and total capital) and leverage capital requirements, as well as guidelines that define components of the calculation of capital and the level of risk associated with various types of assets. Financial institutions are expected to maintain a level of capital commensurate with the risk profile assigned to their assets in accordance with the guidelines.

In addition to the minimum risk-based capital and leverage ratios, bank holding companies and depository institutions must maintain a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of CET1 in an amount equal to 2.5% of risk-weighted assets in order to avoid restrictions on their ability to make capital distributions and to pay certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers. To avoid those restrictions, the capital conservation buffer effectively increases the minimum CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital, and total capital ratios for U.S. banking organizations to 7.0%, 8.5%, and 10.5%, respectively. Banking organizations with capital levels that fall within

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the buffer must limit dividends, share repurchases or redemptions (unless replaced within the same calendar quarter by capital instruments of equal or higher quality), and discretionary bonus payments. The capital conservation buffer was phased in over four years beginning in 2015 and was fully phased in as of January 1, 2019.

As a banking organization with less than $3.0 billion in assets, the Company is exempt from the consolidated capital rules under the Federal Reserve’s Small Bank Holding Company and Savings and Loan Holding Company Policy Statement. The following table presents the risk-based and leverage capital requirements applicable to the Bank.

The capital rules require that goodwill and other intangible assets (other than mortgage servicing assets), net of associated deferred tax liabilities (“DTLs”), be deducted from CET1 capital. Additionally, deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) that arise from net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, net of associated DTLs and valuation allowances, are fully deducted from CET1 capital. However, DTAs arising from temporary differences that could not be realized through net operating loss carrybacks, along with mortgage servicing assets and “significant” (defined as greater than 10% of the issued and outstanding common stock of the unconsolidated financial institution) investments in the common stock of unconsolidated “financial institutions” are partially includible in CET1 capital, subject to deductions defined in the rules.

Federal banking regulators also consider interest rate risk (arising when the interest rate sensitivity of a bank’s assets does not match the sensitivity of its liabilities or its off-balance-sheet position) in the evaluation of a bank’s capital adequacy. Banks with excessive interest rate risk exposure are required to hold additional amounts of capital against their exposure to losses resulting from that risk. Through the risk-weighting of assets, the regulators also require banks to incorporate market risk components into their risk-based capital. Under these market risk requirements, capital is allocated to support the amount of market risk related to a bank’s lending and trading activities.

Regulatory Enforcement Powers

If federal banking agency determines that a bank holding company’s or a bank’s financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, or other aspects of its operations are unsatisfactory or that it or its management was in violation of any law or regulation, that agency would have the authority to take a number of different remedial actions as it deems appropriate under the circumstances. These actions include the power to enjoin any “unsafe or unsound” banking practices; to require that affirmative action be taken to correct any conditions resulting from any violation of law or unsafe or unsound practice; to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced; to require that it increase its capital; to restrict its growth; to assess civil monetary penalties against it or its officers or directors; to remove officers and directors; and if the federal banking agency concludes that such conditions cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, to terminate a bank’s deposit insurance, which in the case of a California state chartered bank would result in revocation of its charter and require it to cease its banking operations. Under California law the DFPI has many of these same remedial powers with respect to the Bank.

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Regulation of the Company

As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to supervision, regulation and examination by the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act and the regulations of the Federal Reserve. The Company is required to file quarterly reports with the Federal Reserve and to provide additional information as the Federal Reserve may require. The Federal Reserve regularly examines the Company, may examine any of our subsidiaries and charges us for the cost of the examinations. The Federal Reserve also has extensive enforcement authority over bank holding companies, including, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, to issue cease and desist or removal orders and to require that a holding company divest subsidiaries (including its bank subsidiaries). In general, enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of law and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices.

Acquisitions of Banks. The Bank Holding Company Act requires every bank holding company to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before:

Additionally, the Bank Holding Company Act provides that the Federal Reserve may not approve any of these transactions if it would result in or tend to create a monopoly, substantially lessen competition, or otherwise function as a restraint of trade, unless the anti-competitive effects of the proposed transaction are clearly outweighed by the public interest in meeting the convenience and needs of the communities to be served. The Federal Reserve is also required to consider the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the bank holding companies and banks involved in the transaction. The Federal Reserve’s consideration of financial resources generally focuses on capital adequacy, which is discussed above.

Change in Bank Control. Subject to various exceptions, the Bank Holding Company Act and the Change in Bank Control Act of 1978, as amended, together with related regulations, require Federal Reserve approval prior to any person or company acquiring “control” of a bank holding company. Control exists if an individual or company acquires 25% or more of any class of voting securities of the bank holding company. Under the Federal Reserve’s regulations, control may be presumed to exist if a person or company acquires more than 5% but less than 25%, of any class of voting securities of a bank holding company, depending on the circumstances as set forth in the regulations, and the regulations also provide a procedure for challenging presumptions of control.

Permitted Activities. The Bank Holding Company Act generally prohibits a bank holding company from engaging in activities other than banking, managing or controlling banks or other permissible subsidiaries, and from acquiring or retaining direct or indirect control of any company engaged in any activities other than those determined by the Federal Reserve to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act expanded the permissible activities of a bank holding company that qualifies as a financial holding company to engage in activities that are financial in nature or incidental or complementary to financial activities. Those activities include, among others, certain insurance, advisory and securities activities. The Company has not elected to be financial holding company and we have no plans to do so.

Imposition of Liability for Undercapitalized Subsidiaries: Source of Strength. Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (the “FDIA”) federal banking agencies are required to take “prompt corrective action” should an insured depository institution fail to meet certain capital adequacy standards. In the event an institution becomes “undercapitalized,” it must submit a capital restoration plan, which must be guaranteed by each company “having control of” the undercapitalized institution. For purposes of this statute, the Company controls the Bank. The

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FDIA grants greater powers to bank regulators in situations where an institution becomes “significantly” or “critically” undercapitalized or fails to submit a capital restoration plan. For example, a bank holding company controlling such an institution can be required to obtain prior Federal Reserve approval of proposed distributions, or might be required to consent to a merger or to divest the troubled institution or other affiliates. See “Regulation of the Bank — Prompt Corrective Action” below.

Federal law and Federal Reserve policy require that the Company act as a source of financial and managerial strength to the Bank, committing resources to the Bank, including at times when it may not be in a financial position to provide it. As discussed above, the Company could be required to guarantee a capital plan of the Bank if it becomes undercapitalized for purposes of banking regulations. Any capital loans by a bank holding company to its subsidiary bank are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of the subsidiary bank. The Bank Holding Company Act provides that, in the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a bank subsidiary will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to priority of payment.

Restrictions on Dividends and Stock Repurchases. The Company’s ability to pay dividends to its shareholders is limited by both general corporate law and the regulations and policies of the Federal Reserve applicable to bank holding companies. It is the Federal Reserve’s policy that a bank holding company should generally pay dividends on common stock only out of income available over the past year, and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition, and current Federal Reserve policy further calls for a bank holding company to consult with the Federal Reserve before repurchasing shares during a quarter in an amount that exceeds its earnings for the quarter. It is also the Federal Reserve’s policy that a bank holding company should not maintain dividend levels that undermine its ability to be a source of strength to its banking subsidiaries. The Federal Reserve has indicated that bank holding companies should carefully review their dividend policy and has discouraged payment ratios that are at maximum allowable levels unless both asset quality and capital are very strong.

Bank holding companies must consult with the Federal Reserve before redeeming any equity or other capital instrument included in regulatory capital prior to stated maturity, if such redemption could have a material effect on the level or composition of the organization’s capital base. Bank holding companies experiencing financial weaknesses, or that are at significant risk of developing financial weaknesses, must consult with the Federal Reserve before redeeming or repurchasing common stock or other regulatory capital instruments.

As a California corporation, the Company is subject to the limitations of the California Corporations Code, which allows a California corporation to distribute cash or property to shareholders, including as a dividend or repurchase or redemption of shares, if the corporation meets either a retained earnings test or a “balance sheet” test. Under the retained earnings test, the Company may make a distribution from retained earnings to the extent that its retained earnings exceed the sum of (a) the amount of the distribution plus (b) the amount, if any, of dividends in arrears on shares with preferential dividend rights. The Company may also make a distribution if, immediately after the distribution, the value of its assets equals or exceeds the sum of (a) its total liabilities plus (b) the liquidation preference of any shares which have a preference upon dissolution over the rights of shareholders receiving the distribution. Indebtedness is not considered a liability if the terms of such indebtedness provide that payment of principal and interest thereon are to be made only if, and to the extent that, a distribution to shareholders could be made under the balance sheet test. In addition, the Company may not make distributions if it is, or as a result of the distribution would be, likely to be unable to meet its liabilities (except those whose payment is otherwise adequately provided for) as they mature.

The primary source of capital for the Company’s payment of any dividend or its repurchase of stock is expected to be the Bank, through the payment of dividends or management fees to the Company. The ability of the Bank to pay cash dividends or fees to the Company is limited by law and regulation, as described in “Regulation of the Bank — Dividend Restrictions Applicable to the Bank,” below.

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Regulation of the Bank

The Bank is a California-chartered bank. The deposit accounts of the Bank are insured by the FDIC to the maximum extent provided under federal law. As a California-chartered bank, the Bank is subject to supervision and regulation by the DFPI, the chartering authority for California banks, and as an FDIC-insured bank that is not a member of the Federal Reserve System, the FDIC. The FDIC and DFPI regularly examine the Bank’s operations and have the authority to approve or disapprove mergers, the establishment of branches and similar corporate actions. The FDIC and the DFPI also have the power to prohibit the continuance or development of unsafe or unsound banking practices or other violations of law. The Bank is also subject to numerous state and federal statutes and regulations that affect the Bank, its business, activities, and operations.

Prompt Corrective Action

The federal banking regulators are required to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to capital-deficient institutions. For this purpose, federal banking regulations define five capital categories: “well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” and “critically undercapitalized.” As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Bank’s capital levels exceeded the minimum levels required to be considered “well capitalized”, which means it had a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5% or higher; a Tier I risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or higher; a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or higher; and a leverage ratio of 5.0% or higher. The following table sets forth the minimum regulatory capital levels for each category.

An institution’s capital category is determined solely for the purpose of applying prompt corrective action regulations, and the capital category may not constitute an accurate representation of the institution’s overall financial condition or prospects for other purposes. An institution may be downgraded to a capital category that is lower than indicated by its capital ratios if it is determined to be in an unsafe or unsound condition or if it receives an unsatisfactory examination rating with respect to certain matters. Failure to meet capital guidelines could subject a bank to a variety of enforcement remedies, including issuance of a capital directive, the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, a prohibition on accepting brokered deposits, and certain other restrictions on its business.

Federal banking regulators are required to take various mandatory supervisory actions and are authorized to take other discretionary actions with respect to institutions in the three undercapitalized categories: undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. The severity of the actions depends upon the capital category in which the institution is placed. As an institution’s capital decreases, the regulators’ enforcement powers become more severe.

If an institution becomes undercapitalized, it must submit a capital restoration plan. The federal banking regulators require that each company having control of the undercapitalized institution guarantee the depository institution’s compliance with the capital restoration plan up to a certain specified amount. Any such guarantee from a depository institution’s holding company is entitled to a priority of payment in bankruptcy.

The banking regulators have greater power in situations where an institution becomes significantly undercapitalized or fails to submit a capital restoration plan. In addition to requiring undercapitalized institutions

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to submit a capital restoration plan, bank regulations contain broad restrictions on certain activities of undercapitalized institutions including asset growth, acquisitions, branch establishment and expansion into new lines of business. With certain exceptions, an insured depository institution is prohibited from making capital distributions, including dividends, and is prohibited from paying management fees to control persons if the institution would be undercapitalized after any such distribution or payment.

A significantly undercapitalized institution is subject to mandated capital raising activities, restrictions on interest rates paid and transactions with affiliates, removal of management, and other restrictions. Generally, subject to a narrow exception, the banking regulator must appoint a receiver or conservator for an institution that is critically undercapitalized.

Banks with risk-based capital and leverage ratios below the required minimums may also be subject to certain administrative actions, including the termination of deposit insurance upon notice and hearing, or a temporary suspension of insurance without a hearing in the event the institution has no tangible capital.

In addition to the federal regulatory capital requirements described above, the DFPI has authority to take possession of the business and properties of a California-chartered bank in the event that the bank’s tangible shareholders’ equity is less than the greater of 4% of the bank’s total assets or $1.0 million.

Dividend Restrictions Applicable to the Bank

The primary source of funds for the Company is expected to be dividends from the Bank. California and federal laws and regulations limit the Bank’s payment of dividends to the Company.

Under the California Financial Code, the Bank is permitted to pay a dividend in the following circumstances: (i) without the consent of either the DFPI or the Bank’s shareholders, in an amount not exceeding the lesser of (a) the retained earnings of the Bank; or (b) the net income of the Bank for its last three fiscal years, less the amount of any distributions made during such period; (ii) with the prior approval of the DFPI, in an amount not exceeding the greatest of: (a) the retained earnings of the Bank; (b) the net income of the Bank for its last fiscal year; or (c) the net income for the Bank for its current fiscal year; and (iii) with the prior approval of the DFPI and the Bank’s shareholders (i.e., the Company) in connection with a reduction of its contributed capital.

The Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the Company is further limited by the requirement to maintain adequate capital pursuant to applicable capital adequacy guidelines and regulations, and a depository institution generally is prohibited from paying any dividends if, following payment thereof, the institution would be undercapitalized. In addition, in order to avoid restrictions on the payment of dividends under the capital rules, the Bank is generally required to maintain a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% in CET1. See “—Capital Adequacy Requirements” above.

Further, the FDIC has the authority to enjoin the Bank from engaging in any an unsafe or unsound practice. The federal banking agencies have indicated that paying dividends that deplete a depository institution’s capital base to an inadequate level would be an unsafe and unsound banking practice.

Branching

California law permits California banks, such as the Bank, to establish additional banking offices with notice to the DFPI. Deposit-taking banking offices must be approved by the FDIC, which considers a number of factors, including a bank’s financial condition and management. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) permits insured state banks to engage in interstate branching if the laws of the state where the new banking office is to be established would permit the establishment of the banking office if it were chartered by a bank in such state. A bank may also establish banking offices in other states by merging with banks or by purchasing banking offices of other banks in other states, subject to certain restrictions.

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FDIC Insurance Assessments

The Bank’s deposits are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC up to the maximum amount permitted by law. As an FDIC insured financial institution, the Bank is subject to deposit insurance assessments as determined by the FDIC.

Under the FDIC’s risk-based deposit premium assessment system, the assessment rates for an insured depository institution are determined by an assessment rate calculator, which is based on a number of elements that measure the risk each institution poses to the Deposit Insurance Fund. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, the calculated assessment rate is applied to average consolidated assets less the average tangible equity of the insured depository institution during the assessment period to determine the dollar amount of the quarterly assessment. Premiums are assessed quarterly and could increase if, for example, criticized loans and leases and/or other higher risk assets increase or balance sheet liquidity decreases. In addition, the FDIC can impose special assessments in certain instances.

Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending

The federal banking regulators have issued guidance to identify institutions that may be exposed to potential significant commercial real estate lending risks and may therefore warrant greater supervisory scrutiny. The guidance includes the following numerical tests:

The guidance does not limit a bank’s levels of commercial real estate lending activities, but rather guides institutions in developing risk management practices and levels of capital that are commensurate with the level and nature of their commercial real estate concentrations. Banking regulators expect banks with concentrations of commercial real estate loans to maintain appropriate underwriting discipline, risk-management and capital commensurate with the level and nature of their commercial real estate risks.

Community Reinvestment Act

The Community Reinvestment Act requires that the federal banking agencies evaluate the record of each financial institution in meeting the credit needs of its local community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. If the Bank fails to adequately comply with the Community Reinvestment Act, the FDIC could impose remedial requirements and limitations on the Bank. In addition, the federal banking agencies must consider an institution’s Community Reinvestment Act compliance in evaluating applications for mergers, acquisitions, and to establish branches. Additionally, the Bank must publicly disclose the terms of various Community Reinvestment Act-related agreements.

Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders

We are subject to the provisions of Regulation W promulgated by the Federal Reserve, which implements Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act. Regulation W places limits and conditions on the amount and terms of the Bank’s loans or extensions of credit to, investments in, or certain other transactions with the Company or any other affiliated entity. Regulation W also prohibits, among other things, a depository institution from engaging in certain transactions with certain affiliates unless the transactions are on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable to such institution or its subsidiaries, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with nonaffiliated companies. Federal law also places restrictions on the Bank’s ability to extend

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credit to its executive officers, directors, principal shareholders and their related interests. These extensions of credit must be made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated third parties; and must not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features.

Anti-Money Laundering Laws

The Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 as amended by the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “Bank Secrecy Act”), which gives the federal government powers to address money laundering and terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers and mandatory transaction reporting obligations. For example, the Bank Secrecy Act and related regulations require that the Bank report currency transactions that exceed certain thresholds and transactions determined to be suspicious, establish due diligence requirements for accounts and take certain steps to verify customer identification when accounts are opened. The Bank Secrecy Act requires financial institutions to develop and maintain a program reasonably designed to ensure and monitor compliance with its requirements, to train employees to comply with and to test the effectiveness of the program. Any failure to meet the requirements of the Bank Secrecy Act can result in the imposition of substantial penalties and in adverse regulatory enforcement action against the noncompliant bank.

The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (“AMLA”), which amends the Bank Secrecy Act, was enacted in January 2021. The AMLA is intended to be a comprehensive reform and modernization to U.S. bank secrecy and anti-money laundering laws. Among other things, it codifies a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering compliance for financial institutions; requires the development of standards for evaluating technology and internal processes for Bank Secrecy Act compliance; expands enforcement- and investigation-related authority, including increasing available sanctions for certain Bank Secrecy Act violations and instituting whistleblower incentives and protections.

Office of Foreign Assets Control Regulations and International Sanctions

The United States Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions against targeted foreign countries and regimes, under authority of various laws, including designated foreign countries, nationals and others. OFAC publishes lists of specially designated targets and countries. The Bank is responsible for, among other things, blocking accounts of, and transactions with, such targets and countries, prohibiting unlicensed trade and financial transactions with them and reporting blocked transactions after their occurrence. Our failure to comply with these sanctions and requirements could have serious financial, legal and reputational consequences. Regulatory authorities have imposed cease and desist orders and civil money penalties against institutions found to be violating these obligations.

Data Privacy and Cybersecurity

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the “GLBA”) and the implementing regulations issued by federal regulatory agencies require financial institutions (including banks, insurance agencies, and broker/dealers) to adopt policies and procedures regarding the disclosure of nonpublic personal information about their customers to non-affiliated third parties. In general, financial institutions are required to explain to customers their policies and procedures regarding the disclosure of such nonpublic personal information and, unless otherwise required or permitted by law, financial institutions are prohibited from disclosing such information except as provided in their policies and procedures. Specifically, the GLBA established certain information security guidelines that require each financial institution, under the supervision and ongoing oversight of its board of directors or an appropriate committee thereof, to develop, implement, and maintain a comprehensive written information security program designed to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer information, to protect against anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such information, and to protect against unauthorized access to or use of such information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer.

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Recent cyber-attacks against banks and other financial institutions that resulted in unauthorized access to confidential customer information have prompted the federal banking regulators to issue extensive guidance on cybersecurity. Among other things, financial institutions are expected to design multiple layers of security controls to establish lines of defense and ensure that their risk management processes address the risks posed by compromised customer credentials, including security measures to authenticate customers accessing internet-based services. A financial institution is expected to have a robust business continuity program to recover from a cyberattack and procedures for monitoring the security of third-party service providers that may have access to nonpublic data at the institution.

Consumer Laws and Regulations

The Bank is subject to consumer laws and regulations intended to protect consumers in transactions with depository institutions, as well as other laws or regulations affecting customers of financial institutions generally. These laws and regulations include, among others, the Truth in Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement and Procedures Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act, among others. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits or making loans.

The Dodd-Frank Act centralized responsibility for federal consumer financial protection including implementing, examining and enforcing compliance with federal consumer financial laws with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”). Depository institutions with less than $10 billion in assets, such as the Bank, are subject to rules promulgated by the CFPB but continue to be examined and supervised by federal banking regulators for consumer compliance purposes. The Dodd-Frank Act also gives state attorneys general the ability to enforce federal consumer protection laws.

Future Legislation and Regulation

Regulators have increased their focus on the regulation of the financial services industry in recent years, leading in many cases to greater uncertainty and compliance costs for regulated entities. Proposals that could substantially intensify the regulation of the financial services industry have been and may be expected to continue to be introduced in the United States Congress, in state legislatures, and by applicable regulatory authorities. These proposals may change banking statutes and regulations and our operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, these proposals could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions, and other financial institutions. We cannot predict whether any of these proposals will be enacted and, if enacted, the effect that these proposals, or any implementing regulations, would have on our business, results of operations, or financial condition.

Our business is subject to certain risks, including those described below. The following discussion addresses the most significant risks that could affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, and capital position. If any of the events described in the following risk factors actually occurs then our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business. If any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely effected. In that event, the market price for our common stock would likely decline. More detailed information concerning these risks is contained in other sections of this report, including “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

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Risks Related to the Banking Business and our Strategy

We may suffer losses in our loan portfolio.

Loan defaults and losses on the loans we make are an inherent risk of the banking business. As a lender, we are exposed to the risk that our borrowers will not repay their loans according to their terms, and that the collateral securing repayment of their loans, if any, may not be sufficient to ensure repayment. In addition, there are risks inherent in making any loan, including risks with respect to the period of time over which the loan may be repaid, risks relating to proper loan underwriting, risks resulting from changes in economic and industry conditions and risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers. Although we believe that our underwriting criteria are, and historically have been, appropriate for the various kinds of loans we make, we have incurred losses on loans that have met these criteria, and may experience higher than expected losses depending on economic factors and our borrowers’ behavior. The risks of loan losses are exacerbated by adverse changes in economic, operating and other conditions, which are beyond our control, and may cause our actual loan losses to exceed our current allowance estimates.

We may be required to increase our allowance for loan losses, which would adversely affect our financial performance in the future.

We maintain an allowance for loan losses to provide a reserve for loan defaults and non-performance. There is no precise method of predicting loans losses. We regularly evaluate and conduct an analysis to determine the probable and estimable losses inherent in our loan portfolio and the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses. This evaluation requires us to make a number of estimates and judgments regarding the financial condition and creditworthiness of a significant number of our borrowers, the value and sufficiency of the collateral securing our loans, economic conditions and other factors, all of which are difficult to assess and may change over time.

If our estimates or judgments prove to be incorrect due to circumstances outside our control, the ineffectiveness of our credit administration or for other reasons or the Bank’s regulators come to a different conclusion regarding the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses, we could be required to increase the provisions we make for loan losses, which could reduce our income or could cause us to incur operating losses in the future. Moreover, additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic and real estate market conditions, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, or unanticipated loan losses results from other circumstances, both within and outside of our control. These additions may require increased provision expense, which could negatively impact our results of operations.

In addition, the FASB has issued a new accounting standard for establishing allowances for loan and lease losses referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”). CECL will replace the current approach under GAAP, which generally considers only past events and current conditions, with a forward-looking methodology that reflects the expected credit losses over the lives of financial assets, starting when such assets are first originated or acquired. We adopted the CECL standard on January 1, 2023. The CECL standard requires us to record, at the time of origination, credit losses expected throughout the life of the asset portfolio on loans and held-to-maturity securities, as opposed to the current practice of recording losses when it is probable that a loss event has occurred. We are currently evaluating the impact the CECL standard will have on our accounting and regulatory capital position. The adoption of the CECL standard will affect how we determine the allowance for loan losses and could require us to significantly adjust the allowance during the quarterly period ending March 31, 2023 and possibly on an on-going basis. Moreover, the CECL standard may create more volatility in the level of allowance for loan losses. If we are required to materially adjust the level of our allowance for loan losses for any reason, such an adjustment could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our focus on lending to small to medium-sized businesses may increase our credit risk.

Most of our commercial business and commercial real estate loans are made to small to medium-sized businesses. These businesses generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity

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than larger entities, and may have a heightened vulnerability to economic conditions and greater customer concentration risk. If general economic conditions in the markets in which we operate negatively impact this customer segment, our results of operations and financial condition and the value of our common stock may be adversely affected. Moreover, a portion of these loans have been made by us in recent years and the borrowers may not have experienced a complete business or economic cycle. The deterioration of our borrowers’ businesses may hinder their ability to repay their loans with us, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business concentration in Northern California imposes risks resulting from any regional or local economic downturn affecting Northern California.

We conduct our banking operations primarily in the greater San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California and we recently expanded to Sacramento, California. As a result, a significant majority of the loans in our loan portfolios as of December 31, 2022 were secured by properties and collateral located in California. As of such date, approximately 67% of the loans in our loan portfolio were made to borrowers who primarily conduct business or live in Northern California. The balance of our other loans were made primarily to borrowers located in other areas of California and were secured by properties located in the state. This geographic concentration imposes risks from lack of geographic diversification, as adverse economic developments in Northern California, among other things, could affect the volume of loan originations, increase the level of nonperforming assets, increase the rate of foreclosure losses on loans and reduce the value of our loans and loan servicing portfolio. Any regional or local economic downturn that affects California or existing or prospective borrowers or property values in such areas may affect us and our profitability more significantly and more adversely than our competitors whose operations are less geographically concentrated.

Because a significant portion of our loan portfolio is comprised of real estate loans, negative changes in the economy affecting real estate values and liquidity could impair the value of collateral securing our real estate loans and result in loan and other losses.

As of December 31, 2022, approximately 57% of our loan portfolio was comprised of commercial real estate and other loans with real estate as a primary or secondary component of collateral. This includes collateral consisting of income producing and residential construction properties, which properties tend to be more sensitive to general economic conditions and downturns in real estate markets. As a result, adverse developments affecting real estate values in our market areas could increase the credit risk associated with our real estate loan portfolio. The market value of real estate can fluctuate significantly in a short period of time as a result of market conditions in the area in which the real estate is located. Adverse changes affecting real estate values and the liquidity of real estate in our markets could increase the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio, and could result in losses that would adversely affect credit quality, financial condition, and results of operation. Negative changes in the economy affecting real estate values and liquidity in our market areas could significantly impair the value of property pledged as collateral on loans and affect our ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure without a loss or additional losses. Collateral may have to be sold for less than the outstanding balance of the loan, which could result in losses on such loans. Such declines and losses could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and growth prospects. If real estate values decline, it is also more likely that we would be required to increase our allowance for loan losses, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We are exposed to higher credit risk by commercial real estate, commercial and industrial and construction and development-based lending as well as relationship exposure with a number of large borrowers.

Commercial real estate, commercial and industrial and construction and land development based lending usually involve higher credit risks than 1-4 family residential real estate lending. As of December 31, 2022 the following loan types accounted for the stated percentages of our loan portfolio: commercial real estate (both owner-occupied and non-owner occupied) 53%; commercial and industrial 40%; and construction and land 4%. These

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types of loans also involve larger loan balances to a single borrower or groups of related borrowers. These higher credit risks are further heightened when the loans are concentrated in a small number of larger borrowers leading to relationship exposure. As of December 31, 2022, we had 20 relationships with over $15 million of outstanding borrowings with us. While we are not dependent on any of these relationships and while none of these large relationships have directly impacted our allowance for loan losses, a deterioration of any of these large credits could require us to increase our allowance for loan losses or result in significant losses to us.

Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans may be affected to a greater extent than residential loans by adverse conditions in real estate markets or the economy because commercial real estate borrowers’ ability to repay their loans depends on successful development of their properties, in addition to the factors affecting residential real estate borrowers. These loans also involve greater risk because they generally are not fully amortizing over the loan period, but have a balloon payment due at maturity. A borrower’s ability to make a balloon payment typically will depend on being able to either refinance the loan or sell the underlying property in a timely manner.

Commercial and industrial loans and owner-occupied commercial real estate loans are typically based on the borrowers’ ability to repay the loans from the cash flow of their businesses. These loans may involve greater risk because the availability of funds to repay each loan depends substantially on the success of the business itself. In addition, the assets securing the loans have the following characteristics: (i) they depreciate over time, (ii) they are difficult to appraise and liquidate, and (iii) they fluctuate in value based on the success of the business.

A subset of our commercial and industrial loans are structured as Asset Based Lending (“ABL”) loans. Generally, our ABL loans are structured as callable and cancelable transactions. Generally the borrowing base has a maximum advance rate of 80% against eligible receivables and may include a lower advance rate against inventory. Repayment of ABL loans depends substantially on the ability of the borrower to monetize the assets in a defined borrowing base. Therefore, the quality and collectability of accounts receivable, concentrations among account debtors, financial strength of the account debtors, and quality and transferability of inventory can impact repayment. At December 31, 2022, ABL loans totaled approximately $50.2 million, or 3% of our loan portfolio.

Risk of loss on a construction and development loan depends largely upon whether our initial estimate of the property’s value at completion of construction or development equals or exceeds the cost of the property construction or development (including interest), the availability of permanent take-out financing and the builder’s ability to ultimately sell the property. During the construction or development phase, a number of factors can result in delays and cost overruns. If estimates of value are inaccurate or if actual construction costs exceed estimates, the value of the property securing the loan may be insufficient to ensure full repayment when completed through a permanent loan or by seizure of collateral.

Additionally, commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans and construction and development loans are more susceptible to a risk of loss during a downturn in the business cycle. Our underwriting, review and monitoring cannot eliminate all of the risks related to these loans.

Banking regulators are giving commercial real estate lending greater scrutiny, and may require banks with higher levels of commercial real estate loans to implement improved underwriting, internal controls, risk management policies and portfolio stress testing, as well as possibly higher levels of allowances for losses and capital levels as a result of commercial real estate lending growth and exposures. Therefore, we could be required to raise additional capital or restrict our future growth as a result of our higher level of commercial real estate loans.

A significant percentage of our loans are attributable to a relatively small number of borrowers.

Our 10 largest borrowing relationships accounted for approximately 13% of our loans at December 31, 2022. Our largest single borrowing relationship accounted for approximately 2% of our loans at December 31, 2022. The loss of any combination of these borrowers, or a significant decline in their borrowings due to fluctuations related

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to their business needs, could adversely affect our results of operations if we are unable to replace their borrowings with similarly priced new loans or investments. In addition, with this concentration of credit risk among a limited number of borrowers, we may face a greater risk of material credits losses if any one or several of these borrowers fail to perform in accordance with their loans, compared to a bank with a more diversified loan portfolio.

We depend on our executive officers and other key individuals to continue the implementation of our long-term business strategy and could be harmed by the loss of their services and our inability to make up for such loss with qualified replacements.

We believe that our continued growth and future success will depend in large part on the skills of our management team and our ability to motivate and retain these individuals and other key individuals. The loss of any of their service could reduce our ability to successfully implement our long-term business strategy, our business could suffer and the value of our common stock could be materially adversely affected. Leadership changes will occur from time to time and we cannot predict whether significant resignations will occur or whether we will be able to recruit additional qualified personnel. We believe our management team possesses valuable knowledge about the banking industry and that their knowledge and relationships would be very difficult to replicate. Our success also depends on the experience of our bankers and lending officers and on their relationships with the customers and communities they serve. The loss of key personnel, or the inability to recruit and retain qualified and talented personnel in the future, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

We face strong competition from other companies that offer banking and financial services.

We conduct our banking operations primarily in Northern California. Many of our competitors offer the same, or a wider variety of, banking services within our market areas. These competitors include banks with nationwide operations, regional banks and community banks. In many instances these national and regional banks have greater resources than we do and some community banks may have stronger ties in local markets than we do, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage. We also face competition from many other types of financial institutions, including savings and loan institutions, finance companies, brokerage firms, insurance companies, credit unions, mortgage banks and other financial intermediaries. In addition, a number of out-of-state financial institutions have opened production offices, or otherwise solicit deposits and loans, in our market areas. Increased competition in our markets may result in reduced loans and deposits, as well as reduced net interest margin and profitability. Ultimately, we may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors. If we are unable to attract and retain banking clients, we may be unable to continue to grow our loan and deposit portfolios, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We follow a relationship-based operating model and our ability to maintain our reputation is critical to the success of our business and the failure to do so may materially adversely affect our performance.

We are a community bank, and our reputation is one of the most valuable components of our business. As such, we strive to conduct our business in a manner that enhances our reputation. This is done, in part, by recruiting, hiring and retaining bankers and other associates who share our core values of being an integral part of the communities we serve, delivering superior service to our customers and caring about our customers and associates. Furthermore, maintaining our reputation also depends on our ability to protect our brand name and associated trademarks.

However, reputation risk, or the risk to our business, earnings and capital from negative public opinion surrounding our Company and the financial institutions industry generally, is inherent in our business. Negative public opinion can result from our actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including business and lending practices, corporate governance and acquisitions, and from actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to those activities. Negative public opinion can adversely affect our ability

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to keep and attract customers and employees and can expose us to litigation and regulatory action. Although we take steps to minimize reputation risk in dealing with our customers and communities, this risk will always be present given the nature of our business.

If our reputation is negatively affected by the actions of our employees or otherwise, our business and operating results may be materially adversely affected.

Interest rate shifts may reduce net interest income and otherwise negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

The majority of our banking assets are monetary in nature and subject to risk from changes in interest rates. Like most financial institutions, our earnings are significantly dependent on our net interest income, the principal component of our earnings, which is the difference between interest earned by us from our interest-earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and interest paid by us on our interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. We expect that we will periodically experience “gaps” in the interest rate sensitivities of our assets and liabilities, meaning that either our interest-bearing liabilities will be more sensitive to changes in market interest rates than our interest-earning assets, or vice versa. In either event, if market interest rates should move contrary to our position, this “gap” will negatively impact our earnings. Many factors impact interest rates, including governmental monetary policies, inflation, recession, changes in unemployment, the money supply, and international disorder and instability in domestic and foreign financial markets.

Interest rate increases often result in larger payment requirements for our borrowers, which increase the potential for default. At the same time, the marketability of the property securing a loan may be adversely affected by any reduced demand resulting from higher interest rates. In a declining interest rate environment, there may be an increase in prepayments on loans as borrowers refinance their loans at lower rates.

Changes in interest rates also can affect the value of loans, securities and other assets. An increase in interest rates that adversely affects the ability of borrowers to pay the principal or interest on loans may lead to an increase in nonperforming assets and a reduction of income recognized, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

If short-term interest rates remain at their historically low levels for a prolonged period, and assuming longer term interest rates fall further, we could experience net interest margin compression as our interest earning assets would continue to re-price downward while our interest-bearing liability rates could fail to decline in tandem. Such an occurrence would have a material adverse effect on our net interest income and our results of operations.

Although we believe that we have implemented effective asset and liability management strategies to mitigate the potential adverse effects of changes in interest rates on our results of operations, any substantial or unexpected change in, or prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We could recognize losses on securities held in our securities portfolio, particularly if interest rates increase or economic and market conditions deteriorate.

Factors beyond our control can significantly influence the fair value of securities in our portfolio and can cause potential adverse changes to the fair value of these securities. For example, fixed-rate securities in our portfolio are generally subject to decreases in market value when interest rates rise, as they did in 2022. Other factors that may influence the value of securities we hold include but are not limited to rating agency downgrades of the securities or our own analysis of the value of the security, defaults by the issuer or individual mortgagors with respect to the underlying securities and instability in the credit markets. Any of the foregoing factors could cause an other-than-temporary impairment in future periods and result in realized losses. The process for determining whether impairment is other-than-temporary usually requires difficult, subjective judgments about the future

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financial performance of the issuer and any collateral underlying the security in order to assess the probability of receiving all contractual principal and interest payments on the security. Because of changing economic and market conditions affecting interest rates, the financial condition of issuers of the securities and the performance of the underlying collateral, we may recognize realized and/or unrealized losses in future periods, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our deposit portfolio includes significant concentrations and a large percentage of our deposits are attributable to a relatively small number of customers.

As a commercial bank, we provide services to a number of customers whose deposit levels vary considerably. Our 10 largest depositor relationships accounted for approximately 17% of our deposits at December 31, 2022. Our largest depositor relationship accounted for approximately 3% of our deposits at December 31, 2022. These deposits can and do fluctuate substantially. The loss of any combination of these depositors, or a significant decline in the deposit balances due to ordinary course fluctuations related to these customers’ businesses, could adversely affect our liquidity and require us to raise deposit rates to attract new deposits, purchase federal funds or borrow funds on a short-term basis to replace such deposits. Depending on the interest rate environment and competitive factors, low cost deposits may need to be replaced with higher cost funding, resulting in a decrease in net interest income and net income.

A lack of liquidity could adversely affect our operations and jeopardize our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Liquidity is essential to our business. We rely on our ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment and maturity schedules of our loans and investment securities, respectively, to ensure that we have adequate liquidity to fund our operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of our investment securities, Federal Home Loan Bank (‘FHLB”) advances, the sale of loans, and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Our most important source of funds consists of deposits. Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk/return tradeoff. If our customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments, we would lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, increasing our funding costs and reducing our net interest income and net income.

Any decline in available liquidity could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses, pay dividends to our shareholders, or to fulfill obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future, and if we fail to maintain sufficient capital, whether due to losses, an inability to raise additional capital or otherwise, our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations, as well as our ability to maintain compliance with regulatory capital requirements, would be adversely affected.

We face significant capital and other regulatory requirements as a financial institution. In addition, the Company, on a consolidated basis, and the Bank, on a stand-alone basis, must meet certain regulatory capital requirements and maintain sufficient liquidity. We may need to raise additional capital in the future to provide us with sufficient capital resources and liquidity to support our growth, absorb any losses and to meet our commitments and business needs. Our ability to raise additional capital depends on conditions in the capital markets, economic conditions and a number of other factors, including investor perceptions regarding the banking industry, market conditions and governmental activities, and on our financial condition and performance. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that we will be able to raise additional capital if needed or on terms acceptable to us. If we fail to maintain capital to meet regulatory requirements, our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

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We may pursue acquisitions in the future, which would expose us to financial, execution and operational risks that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We may pursue acquisitions of other financial institutions, bank branches and or financial services businesses in target markets. Such an acquisition strategy would involve significant risks, including our success in integrating the acquired operations, retaining key employees and customers, achieving anticipated synergies, meeting expectations and otherwise realizing the undertaking’s anticipated benefits; litigation resulting from circumstances occurring at the acquired entity prior to the date of acquisition; loan downgrades and credit loss provisions resulting from underwriting of certain acquired loans determined not to meet our credit standards; personnel changes that cause instability within a department; delays in implementing new policies or procedures or the failure to apply new policies or procedures; and other events relating to the performance of our business. Failure to successfully integrate the entities we acquire into our existing operations may increase our operating costs significantly and adversely affect our business and earnings.

Risks Related to Technology

System failure or breaches of our network security, including as a result of cyber-attacks or data security breaches, could subject us to increased operating costs as well as litigation and other liabilities.

The computer systems and network infrastructure we use may be vulnerable to physical theft, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure or a similar catastrophic event, as well as security breaches, denial of service attacks, viruses, worms and other disruptive problems caused by hackers. Any damage or failure that causes breakdowns or disruptions in our customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny for failure to comply with required information security standards, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Computer break-ins, phishing and other disruptions could also jeopardize the security of information stored in and transmitted through our computer systems and network infrastructure. Information security risks have generally increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists, activists, and other external parties. Our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission and storage of confidential information in our computer systems and networks. In addition, to access our products and services, our customers may use devices that are beyond our control systems. Although we believe we have robust information security procedures and controls, our technologies, systems, networks, and our customers’ devices may become the target of cyber-attacks or information security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of the Bank’s or our customers’ confidential, proprietary and other information, or otherwise disrupt the Bank’s or our customers’ or other third parties’ business operations. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities.

The Bank is under continuous threat of loss due to hacking and cyber-attacks especially as we continue to expand customer capabilities to utilize internet and other remote channels to transact business. Two of the most significant cyber-attack risks that we face are e-fraud and loss of sensitive customer data. Loss from e-fraud occurs when cybercriminals breach and extract funds directly from customer or our accounts. Attempts to breach sensitive customer data, such as account numbers and social security numbers, are less frequent but would present significant reputational, legal and/or regulatory costs to us if successful. Our risk and exposure to these matters remains heightened because of the evolving nature and complexity of these threats from cybercriminals and hackers, our plans to continue to provide internet banking and mobile banking channels, and our plans to develop additional remote connectivity solutions to serve our customers. We cannot assure that we will not be the victim of successful hacking or cyberattacks in the future that could cause us to suffer material losses. The

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occurrence of any cyber-attack or information security breach could result in potential liability to customers, reputational damage and the disruption of our operations, and regulatory concerns, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We have a continuing need to stay current with technological changes to compete effectively and increase our efficiencies. We may not have the resources to implement new technology to stay current with these changes.

The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. In addition to better serving customers, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs. Our future success will depend in part upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience as well as to provide secure electronic environments and create additional efficiencies in our operations as we continue to grow and expand our market area. In connection with implementing new technology enhancements or products in the future, we may experience certain operational challenges (e.g. human error, system error, incompatibility, etc.) which could result in us not fully realizing the anticipated benefits from such new technology or require us to incur significant costs to remedy any such challenges in a timely manner.

Many of our larger competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements and have invested significantly more than us in technological improvements. As a result, they may be able to offer additional or more convenient products compared to those that we will be able to provide, which would put us at a competitive disadvantage. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing such products and services to our customers, which could impair our growth and profitability.

We rely on third parties to provide key components of our business infrastructure.

We rely on third parties to provide key components for our business operations, such as data processing and storage, recording and monitoring transactions, online banking interfaces and services, internet connections, and network access. While we select these third-party vendors carefully, we do not control their actions. Any problems caused by these third parties, including those resulting from breakdowns or other disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, failure of a vendor to handle current or higher volumes, cyber-attacks and security breaches at a vendor, failure of a vendor to provide services for any reason, or poor performance of services by a vendor, could adversely affect our ability to deliver products and services to our customers and otherwise conduct our business. Financial or operational difficulties of a third-party vendor could also hurt our operations if those difficulties interfere with the vendor’s ability to serve us. Replacing these third-party vendors could create significant delays and expense that adversely affect our business and performance.

Other Risks Related to Our Operations

We are subject to certain operational risks, including, but not limited to, customer or employee fraud and data processing system failures and errors.

Employee errors and employee and customer misconduct could subject us to financial losses or regulatory sanctions and seriously harm our reputation. Misconduct by our employees could include hiding unauthorized activities from us, improper or unauthorized activities on behalf of our customers or improper use of confidential information. It is not always possible to prevent employee errors and misconduct, and the precautions we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Employee errors could also subject us to financial claims for negligence.

We maintain a system of internal controls and insurance coverage to mitigate against operational risks, including data processing system failures and errors and customer or employee fraud. If our internal controls fail to prevent or detect an occurrence, or if any resulting loss is not insured or exceeds applicable insurance limits, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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In addition, we rely heavily upon information supplied by third parties, including the information contained in credit applications, property appraisals, title information, equipment pricing and valuation and employment and income documentation, in deciding which loans we will originate, as well as the terms of those loans. If any of the information upon which we rely is misrepresented, either fraudulently or inadvertently, and the misrepresentation is not detected prior to asset funding, the value of the asset may be significantly lower than expected, or we may fund a loan that we would not have funded or on terms we would not have extended. Whether a misrepresentation is made by the applicant or another third party, we generally bear the risk of loss associated with the misrepresentation. A loan subject to a material misrepresentation is typically unsellable or subject to repurchase if it is sold prior to detection of the misrepresentation. The sources of the misrepresentations are often difficult to locate, and it is often difficult to recover any of the monetary losses we may suffer.

We are exposed to risk of environmental liabilities with respect to properties to which we obtain title.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate. In the course of our business, we may foreclose and take title to real estate and could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. We may be held liable to a government entity or to third parties for property damage, personal injury, investigation and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination, or may be required to clean up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation and remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, if we are the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the property. These costs and claims could adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects.

We may be adversely affected by the lack of soundness of other financial institutions or market utilities.

Our ability to engage in routine funding and other transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. Defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial institutions or market utilities, or the financial services industry generally, may lead to market-wide liquidity problems and losses of depositor, creditor and counterparty confidence and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions.

We face risks related to severe weather, natural disasters and other external events that could adversely affect our business.

Our operations and our customers are primarily located in the Northern California where natural and other disasters may occur. The region is vulnerable to natural disasters, such as earthquakes, fires, droughts and floods. These types of natural catastrophic events may disrupt the local economies, our business and customers in these regions. These events could affect the stability of the Bank’s deposit base; impair the ability of borrowers to repay outstanding loans, impair the value of collateral securing loans and cause significant property damage, any of which could materially adversely affect our business and operating results.

There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with the introduction or expansion of lines of business or new products and services within existing lines of business.

From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services, we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove attainable. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive

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alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The COVID-19 pandemic may adversely affect our business activities, financial condition and results of operations.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions in the United States economy and may continue to disrupt the business, activities and operations of our customers, as well as our business and operations. COVID-19 outbreaks may result in a significant decrease in business and/or cause our customers to be unable to meet existing payment or other obligations to us. The pandemic has also changed consumer and business behaviors and preferences.

There continue to be broad concerns and uncertainty related to the COVID-19 pandemic. If the pandemic has an adverse effect on (i) the preferences and behaviors of our customers, (ii) customer deposits, (iii) the ability of our borrowers to satisfy their obligations to us, (iv) the demand for our loans or our other products and services, (v) other aspects of our business operations, or (vi) on financial markets, real estate markets, or economic growth, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and the results of operations.

We continue to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic, its economic effects, its effects on customer behaviors and related risks. However, the rapid development and fluidity of the situation precludes any specific prediction as to its ultimate impact on the Company. The potential continued impact of COVID-19 and its impact on the economy heightens the risk associated with many of the following risk factors described in this report, such as those related to loan losses and our reliance on our executives and third-party service providers, for example.

Climate change could have a material negative impact on us and our clients.

Concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led to governmental efforts to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses also may change their behavior as a result of these concerns. We and our customers will need to respond to new laws and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns. As a result, we and our customers may face cost increases, asset value reductions and operating process changes. We could face reductions in creditworthiness on the part of some customers or in the value of assets securing loans. Our efforts to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions, may not be effective in mitigating the negative impacts of new laws, changes in consumer or business behavior or other result of climate change.

Climate change presents multi-faceted risks, including operational risk from the physical effects of climate events on us, our customers and other assets; credit risk from borrowers with significant exposure to climate risk; risks associated with the transition to a less carbon- dependent economy; and reputational risk from stakeholder concerns about our practices related to climate change, our carbon footprint, and our business relationships with clients who operate in carbon-intensive industries.

The risks associated with climate change are constantly evolving and difficult to assess, but a could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related To Our Common Stock

Laws and regulations restrict our ability to pay dividends.

Both the Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory restrictions relating to the payment of dividends. These restrictions are described in greater detail in “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Regulation of the Company” and “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Regulation of the Bank.

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For the foreseeable future, the majority, if not all, of the Company’s revenue will be from any dividends paid to the Company by the Bank. Accordingly, our ability to pay dividends also depends on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. Furthermore, our present and future dividend policy is subject to the discretion of our board of directors.

We cannot guarantee that the Company or the Bank will be permitted by financial condition or applicable regulatory restrictions to pay dividends or, that our board of directors will ever decide that we should pay dividends.

We have the ability to incur debt and pledge our assets, including our stock in the Bank, to secure that debt.

We have the ability to incur debt and pledge our assets to secure that debt. Absent special and unusual circumstances, a holder of indebtedness for borrowed money has rights that are superior to those of holders of common stock. For example, interest must be paid to the lender before dividends can be paid to the shareholders, and loans must be paid off before any assets can be distributed to shareholders if we were to liquidate. Furthermore, we would have to make principal and interest payments on our indebtedness, which could reduce our profitability or result in net losses on a consolidated basis even if the Bank were profitable.

Our board of directors may issue shares of preferred stock that could adversely affect the rights of our common shareholders.

Our authorized capital stock includes 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, none of which are issued and outstanding. Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, may designate and issue one or more series of preferred stock from the authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock. Subject to limitations imposed by law or our Articles of Incorporation, our board of directors is empowered to determine:

We could issue preferred stock with voting and conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power of the shares of our common stock and with preferences over the common stock with respect to dividends and in liquidation.

The Company’s internal controls and procedures may fail or be circumvented and the accuracy of our management’s judgments and estimates about financial and accounting matters may impact operating results and financial condition.

The Company’s management regularly reviews and updates its internal controls over financial reporting, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls and procedures, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure or circumvention of the Company’s controls and procedures, or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures, could result in materially inaccurate reported financial statements and/or have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition. Similarly, the Company’s management makes certain estimates and judgments in preparing the Company’s financial statements. The quality and accuracy of those estimates and judgments will impact the Company’s operating results and financial condition.

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We are an emerging growth company and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies including, without limitation, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory shareholder vote on executive compensation and golden parachute payments, exemption from the requirement of auditor attestation in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting and exemption from any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit partner rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about our audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis). As a result of the foregoing, the information that we provide shareholders may be different than what is available with respect to other public companies.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We plan to elect to use the extended period for compliance and, as a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates.

Our securities are not FDIC insured.

Our securities, including our common stock, are not savings or deposit accounts or other obligations of the Bank, are not insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund, the FDIC or any other governmental agency and are subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of your entire investment in our stock.

Risks Related to Regulations, the E-Business Environment, and Our Industry

We are subject to extensive government regulation and supervision, which may interfere with our ability to conduct our business and may negatively impact our financial results.

The Company and the Bank are subject to extensive federal and state regulation and supervision. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect consumers, depositors’ funds and the safety and soundness of the banking system as a whole, not our shareholders. These regulations affect the Bank’s lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy and growth, among other things. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. Changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, could affect the Company and/or the Bank in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject the Company and/or the Bank to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products the Company and/or the Bank may offer, and/or limit the pricing the Company and/or the Bank may charge on certain banking services, among other things. Compliance personnel and resources may increase our costs of operations and adversely impact our earnings.

Our failure to comply with laws, regulations or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent any such violations, there can be no assurance that such violations will not occur. See “Business—Supervision and Regulation”.

Bank regulatory agencies, including the Federal Reserve, FDIC and the DFPI, periodically conduct examinations of our business, including for compliance with laws and regulations, and could subject us to regulatory enforcement actions or other negative consequences.

Bank regulatory agencies, including the Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the DFPI, periodically conduct examinations of our business, including our compliance with laws and regulations. If, as a result of an

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examination, an agency were to determine that the financial, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, or other aspects of any of our operations had become unsatisfactory, or violates any law or regulation, such agency may take certain remedial or enforcement actions it deems appropriate to correct any deficiency. Remedial or enforcement actions include the power to enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices, to require affirmative actions to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced against a bank, to direct an increase in the bank’s capital, to restrict the bank’s growth, to assess civil monetary penalties against a bank’s officers or directors, and to remove officers and directors. The CFPB also has authority to take enforcement actions, including cease-and desist orders or civil monetary penalties, if it finds that we offer consumer financial products and services in violation of federal consumer financial protection laws.

If a bank regulatory agency determines that we have violated a law or engaged in an unsafe or unsound practice, we could become subject to a variety of supervisory actions and orders, including cease and desist orders, prompt corrective actions, memoranda of understanding and other regulatory enforcement actions. Such supervisory actions could, among other things, impose greater restrictions on our business, as well as our ability to develop any new business. The Company could also be required to raise additional capital, or dispose of certain assets and liabilities within a prescribed time period, or both. Failure to implement remedial measures as required by financial regulatory agencies could result in additional orders or penalties from federal and state regulators, which could trigger one or more of the remedial actions described above. The terms of any supervisory action and associated consequences with any failure to comply with any supervisory action could have a material negative effect on our business, operating flexibility and overall financial condition.

Monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, our earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve. An important function of the Federal Reserve is to regulate the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve to implement these objectives are open market operations in U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits. The monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. The effects of such policies upon our business, financial condition and results of operations cannot be predicted.

Our deposit insurance premiums could be substantially higher in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our future earnings.

The FDIC insures deposits at FDIC-insured depository institutions, such as the Bank, up to applicable limits. The amount of a particular institution’s deposit insurance assessment is based on that institution’s risk classification under an FDIC risk-based assessment system. An institution’s risk classification is assigned based on its capital levels and the level of supervisory concern the institution poses to its regulators. Past market developments and bank failures significantly depleted the FDIC’s Deposit Insurance Fund and reduced the ratio of reserves to insured deposits. We are generally unable to control the amount of premiums that we are required to pay for FDIC insurance. If there are additional bank or financial institution failures, we may be required to pay higher FDIC premiums. Any future additional assessments, increases or required prepayments in FDIC insurance premiums could reduce our profitability, may limit our ability to pursue certain business opportunities or otherwise negatively impact our operations.

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We are subject to federal and state fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties.

Federal and state fair lending laws and regulations, such as the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act, impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. The Department of Justice, CFPB, the federal banking agencies and other federal and state agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. A successful challenge to our performance under the fair lending laws and regulations could adversely impact our rating under the Community Reinvestment Act and result in a wide variety of sanctions, including the required payment of damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, imposition of restrictions on merger and acquisition activity and restrictions on expansion activity, which could negatively impact our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.

The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, the USA PATRIOT Act and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain effective anti-money laundering programs and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports as appropriate. If our policies, procedures and systems are deemed deficient we could be subject to liability, including fines, regulatory actions and regulatory restrictions on our ability to proceed with certain aspects of our business plan or expansionary activities, which would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering could also have serious reputational consequences for us. See “Business—Supervision and Regulation—Regulation of the Bank.”

General Risk Factors

Changes in accounting standards could materially impact our financial statements.

From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or the SEC may change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. Such changes may result in us being subject to new or changing accounting and reporting standards. In addition, the bodies that interpret the accounting standards (such as banking regulators or outside auditors) may change their interpretations or positions on how these standards should be applied. These changes may be beyond our control, are difficult to predict and can materially impact how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, we could be required to apply a new or revised standard retrospectively, or apply an existing standard differently, also retrospectively, in each case resulting in our needing to revise or restate prior period financial statements.

Our stock price may be volatile, which could result in losses to our investors and litigation against us.

Many factors could cause our stock price to fluctuate substantially in the future. These factors include but are not limited to: actual or anticipated variations in earnings, changes in analysts’ recommendations or projections, our announcement of developments related to our businesses, operations and stock performance of other companies deemed to be peers, new technology used or services offered by traditional and non-traditional competitors, news reports of trends, irrational exuberance on the part of investors, new or expected changes to federal banking regulations, our limited number of shares and shareholders, and other issues related to the financial services industry. Our stock price may fluctuate significantly in the future, and these fluctuations may be unrelated to our performance. General market declines or market volatility in the future, especially in the financial institutions sector, could adversely affect the price of our common stock, and the current market price may not be indicative of future market prices. Stock price volatility may make it more difficult for you to resell your common stock when you want and at prices you find attractive. Moreover, in the past, securities class action lawsuits have been

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instituted against some companies following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. We could in the future be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our normal business.

If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they do publish such reports but issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock, the price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock could be affected by whether and to what extent equity research analysts publish research or reports about us and our business. We cannot predict at this time how many research analysts will cover us and our common stock or how many will publish research and reports on us. If one or more equity analysts cover us and publish research reports about our common stock, the price of our stock could decline if one or more securities analysts downgrade our stock or if those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us.

If any of the analysts who elect to cover us downgrade their recommendation with respect to our common stock, our stock price could decline rapidly. If any of these analysts ceases coverage of us, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our common stock price or trading volume to decline and our common stock to be less liquid.

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None.

The Company’s principal executive offices are located at 1300 Clay Street, Suite 500, Oakland, California. The Bank operates a branch office in Walnut Creek, California and loan production offices in Walnut Creek, San Jose, Sacramento and Oakland. All of our offices are leased.

The Company is not involved in any material pending legal proceedings other than legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business. Management believes that none of these legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse impact on the results of operations or financial condition of the Company.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Market Information and Holders of Record

The Company’s common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “CALB” on March 1, 2020. The closing price for our common stock on December 31, 2022 was $23.78 per share.

As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 205 shareholders of record. This number does not include shareholders who maintain their shares in the name of brokerage firms or other financial institutions. The Company is not provided the exact number of, or identities of, these shareholders.

Dividends

We have not paid dividends in recent years. It has been our policy to retain earnings to support our future growth rather than paying dividends.

As a holding company, our ability to pay cash dividends is affected by the ability of our bank subsidiary, the Bank, to pay cash dividends. The ability of the Bank (and our ability) to pay cash dividends in the future and the amount of any such cash dividends is and could be in the future further influenced by bank regulatory requirements and approvals and capital guidelines.

For information on the statutory and regulatory limitations on the ability of the Company to pay dividends to shareholder and on the Bank to pay dividends to the Company see “Item 1 — Business — Supervision and Regulation—Regulation of the Company” and “Item 1 -- Business—Supervision and Regulation—Regulation of the Bank.”

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes presented elsewhere in this Report. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under Item 1A “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Report. Please see the “Forward Looking Information” immediately preceding Part I of this Report.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and with general practices within the financial services industry. Application of these principles requires management to make complex and subjective estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under current circumstances. These assumptions form the basis for our judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily available from independent, objective sources. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Use of alternative assumptions may have resulted in significantly different estimates. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Allowance for Loan Losses

Credit risk is inherent in the business of extending loans to borrowers. Due to this risk, the Company must maintain an allowance for loan losses that management believes is adequate to absorb estimated probable losses

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on existing loans that may become uncollectible. This reserve is established through a provision for loan losses that is recorded to expense. Loans are charged against the reserve when management believes with certainty that the loan balance will not be collectible. Any cash received on previously charged-off amounts is recorded as a recovery to the reserve. The Company formally re-evaluates and establishes the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses on a quarterly basis.

The allowance for loan losses consists of specific and general reserves. The specific reserve relates to loans that are individually classified as impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) and also classified as impaired. When a loan is considered to be impaired, the amount of impairment is measured based on the fair value of the collateral (less costs to sell) if the loan is collateral dependent, or on the present value of expected future cash flows or values that are observable on the secondary market if the loan is not collateral dependent. The general reserve relates to all non-impaired loans. In determining the general reserve, management applies quantitative and qualitative factors to each segment of the loan portfolio. Quantitative factors primarily include the Company’s historical delinquency and loss experience. For segments of the loan portfolio where the Company has no significant prior loss experience, management uses quantifiable observable industry data to determine the amount of potential loss to include in the reserve. Qualitative factors supplement the quantitative factors applied to each segment of the loan portfolio and include: levels of and trends in delinquencies and impaired loans (including TDRs); levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; migration of loans to the classification of special mention, substandard, or doubtful; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; national and local economic trends and conditions; industry conditions; and effects of changes in credit concentration. While management uses the best information available to make its evaluation, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary if there are significant changes in economic or other conditions that affect the current risk profile of the loan portfolio.

Other Significant Accounting Policies

Our most significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, included elsewhere in this Report.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Some of the financial measures discussed in this Report are considered non-GAAP financial measures. In accordance with SEC rules, we classify a financial measure as being a non-GAAP financial measure if that financial measure excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding or including amounts, from the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

We believe that non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to management and investors that is supplementary to our statements of financial condition, results of income and cash flows computed in accordance with GAAP. However, we acknowledge that our non-GAAP financial measures have limitations. As such, you should not view this disclosure as a substitute for results determined in accordance with GAAP, and it is not necessarily comparable to non-GAAP financial measures that other banking companies use. Other banking companies may use names similar to those we use for the non-GAAP financial measures we disclose, but may calculate them differently. You should understand how we and other companies each calculate their non-GAAP financial measures when making comparisons.

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The following table reflects the details of the non-GAAP financial measures the Company has included in this Report.

Results of Operations:

Overview

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, net income was $21.1 million and $13.4 million, respectively. The increase of $7.7 million, or 58%, was primarily attributable to an increase in net interest income of 16.2 million and increase in non-interest income of $3.2 million, partially offset by an increase in the provision for credit losses of $3.8 million, an increase in non-interest expense of $4.2 million and an increase in income tax expense of $3.7 million.

Net Interest Income and Margin

Net interest income, the difference between interest earned on loans and investments and interest paid on deposits and borrowings is the principal component of the Company’s earnings. Net interest income is affected by changes in the nature and volume of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities held during the quarter, the rates earned on such assets and the rates paid on interest bearing liabilities.

Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $70.9 million, an increase of $16.2 million, or 30% over $54.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in net interest income was primarily attributable to an increase in interest income as the result of a more favorable mix of earning assets combined with higher yields on those assets and the acceleration of an unamortized discount totaling $1.4 million related to the repayment of previously purchased loans, partially offset by a $3.8 million reduction in the amortization of net fees received on Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans funded under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”).

For the year ended December 31, 2022 average total interest-earning assets were $1.87 billion compared to $1.89 billion for the year ended December 31, 2021. The yield on average earning assets increased 116 basis points to 4.40% for the year ended December 31, 2022 from 3.24% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The yield on total average gross loans in the year ended December 31, 2022 was 4.96%, representing an increase of 67 basis points compared to 4.29% for the same period one year earlier. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the yield on average investment securities increased 6 basis points to 2.90% from 2.84% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, average loans increased $127.0 million from the year ended December 31, 2021, while average deposit balances decreased $14.9 million for the same period. As a result, the average loan to deposit ratio for the year ended December 31, 2022 was 90.69% compared to 82.25% for the same period in the prior year.

Of the $127.0 million increase in average loan balances year over year, average commercial, real estate other and construction and land loans increased by $151.8 million, $167.7 million and $18.9 million, respectively, as a

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result of organic growth. These increases were primarily offset by a decrease in lower yielding average SBA loans of $200.0 million as a result of PPP loan forgiveness.

Of the $14.9 million decrease in average total deposit balances year over year, $54.2 million was attributable to a decrease in money market and savings accounts, offset by an increase in total demand deposits of $8.9 million and an increase in time deposits of $30.4 million. The cost of interest-bearing deposits was 0.87% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 0.48% for the same period one year earlier. In addition, the overall cost of average total deposit balances increased by 20 basis points to 0.47% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to 0.27% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

As a result, the net interest margin increased by 90 basis points to 3.79% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 2.89% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The following table shows the composition of average earning assets and average funding sources, average yields and rates, and the net interest margin for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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The following table shows the effect of the interest differential of volume and rate changes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The change in interest due to both rate and volume has been allocated in proportion to the relationship of absolute dollar amounts of change in each.

Interest Income

Interest income increased by $21.0 million in for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period of 2021 as a result of a more favorable mix of average earning assets combined with a rising rate environment. The increase in interest earned on our loan portfolio of $15.6 million for year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period of 2021 was comprised of $6.3 million attributable to an approximate $127.0 million increase in average loans outstanding and $9.3 million attributable to the increase in the yield earned on loans to 4.96% from 4.29%.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased by $4.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period of 2021, primarily due to a rising rate environment. The average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period one year earlier increased 49 basis points to 1.11% from 0.62%.

Provision for Loan Losses

We made provisions for loan losses of $3.8 million and $4,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in the provision for loan losses was primarily attributable to the growth of the loan portfolio. The Company recorded net loan charge-offs of $851,000 in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to net loan charge-offs of $34,000 during the same period of 2021. The allowance for loan loss as a percent of outstanding loans was 1.07% at December 31, 2022 and 1.02% at December 31, 2021. The reserve percentage excluding PPP loans, which are guaranteed by the SBA, was 1.07% at December 31, 2022 compared to 1.08% at December 31, 2021 (see discussion in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Non-GAAP Financial Measures”). See further discussion of the Provision for Loan Losses and Allowance for Loan losses in “Financial Condition – Allowance for Loan Losses”.

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Non-interest Income

The following table reflects the major components of the Company’s non-interest income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Non-interest income increased by $3.2 million or 77% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period of 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to $1.7 million of increased service charges and loan related fees and a gain of $1.4 million recognized on the sale of a portion of our solar loan portfolio.

Non-interest Expense

The following table reflects the major components of the Company’s non-interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, non-interest expenses increased by $4.2 million or 10% to $44.6 million compared to $40.4 million in the same period of 2021. Excluding the capitalized loan origination costs that are included in salaries and benefits, non-interest expense was $48.8 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and $46.0 million for the same period in 2021, representing an increase of $2.8 million, or 6%.

Salaries and benefits for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 were $29.1 million, representing an increase of $3.1 million, or 12%, compared to $26.0 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. The increase in salaries and benefits expense was primarily due to investments to support the continued growth of the business combined with a reduction in capitalized loan origination costs.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s efficiency ratio, the ratio of non-interest expense to revenues, was 57.01% and 68.65%, respectively.

Provision for Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 which compared to $5.1 million for the same period one year earlier. The effective tax rates for those time periods were 29.4% and 27.9%, respectively.

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Financial Condition:

Overview

Total assets of the Company were $2.04 billion as of December 31, 2022 compared to $2.01 billion as of December 31, 2021. The increase in total assets was primarily due to strong loan growth, partially offset by decreased liquidity resulting from the outflow of deposits related to the forgiveness of PPP loans along with the payoff of other borrowings.

Loan Portfolio

Our loan portfolio consists almost entirely of loans to customers who have a full banking relationship with us. Gross loan balances increased by $216.8 million from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022, primarily due to organic growth in the commercial and industrial and real estate other loan portfolios, partially offset by a reduction in SBA loans due to PPP loan forgiveness and a reduction in the other loan portfolio as a result of the Company selling a portion of its residential solar loan portfolio.

The loan portfolio at December 31, 2022 was comprised of approximately 40% of commercial and industrial loans compared to 34% at December 31, 2021. In addition, commercial real estate loans comprised 57% of our loans at December 31, 2022 compared to 54% at December 31, 2021. A substantial percentage of the commercial real estate loans are considered owner-occupied loans. Our loans are generated by our relationship managers and executives. Our senior management is actively involved in the lending, underwriting, and collateral valuation processes. Higher dollar loans or loan commitments are also approved through a bank loan committee comprised of executives and outside board members.

The following table reflects the composition of the Company’s loan portfolio and their percentage distribution at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The following table shows the maturity distribution for total loans outstanding as of December 31, 2022. The maturity distribution is grouped by remaining scheduled principal payments that are due within one year, after one but within five years, after five years but within fifteen years, or after fifteen years. The principal balances of loans are indicated by both fixed and variable rate categories.

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Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets are comprised of loans on nonaccrual status, loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest, and other real estate owned. We had no loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest and no other real estate owned at December 31, 2022. A loan is placed on nonaccrual status if there is concern that principal and interest may not be fully collected or if the loan has been past due for a period of 90 days or more, unless the obligation is both well secured and in process of legal collection. When loans are placed on nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. Income on nonaccrual loans is subsequently recognized only to the extent that cash is received and the loan’s principal balance is deemed collectible. Loans are returned to accrual status when they are brought current with respect to principal and interest payments and future payments are reasonably assured. Loans in which the borrower is encountering financial difficulties and we have modified the terms of the original loan are evaluated for impairment and classified as TDR loans.

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s nonperforming and restructured loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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Allowance for Loan Losses

Our allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level management believes is adequate to account for probable incurred credit losses in the loan portfolio as of the reporting date. We determine the allowance based on a quarterly evaluation of risk. That evaluation gives consideration to the nature of the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, adverse situations that may affect a borrower’s ability to repay, current economic and environmental conditions and risk assessments assigned to each loan as a result of our ongoing reviews of the loan portfolio. This process involves a considerable degree of judgment and subjectivity. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowance. Such agencies may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowance based on judgments different from those of management.

Our allowance is established through charges to the provision for loan losses. Loans, or portions of loans, deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance. Recoveries of previously charged-off amounts are credited to our allowance for loan losses. The allowance is decreased by the reversal of prior provisions when the total allowance balance is deemed excessive for the risks inherent in the portfolio. The allowance for loan losses balance is neither indicative of the specific amounts of future charge-offs that may occur, nor is it an indicator of any future loss trends.

The following table provides information on the activity within the allowance for loan losses as of and for the periods indicated.

The provision for loan losses of $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily the result of growth in our core loan portfolio along with continued qualitative assessments of the general macroeconomic environment.

Investment Portfolio

Our investment portfolio is comprised of debt securities. We use two classifications for our investment portfolio: available-for-sale (AFS) and held-to-maturity (HTM). Securities that we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as “held-to-maturity securities” and reported at amortized cost. Securities not classified as held-to-maturity securities are classified as “investment securities available-for-sale” and reported at fair value.

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During the first quarter of 2022, the Company re-designated certain securities previously classified as available for sale to the held to maturity classification. The securities re-designated consisted of mortgage backed securities and government agencies with a total carrying value of $49.9 million at December 31, 2021. At the time of re-designation the securities included $281,000 of pretax unrealized losses in other comprehensive income which is being amortized over the remaining life of the securities in a manner consistent with the amortization of a premium or discount.

Our investments provide a source of liquidity as they can be pledged to support borrowed funds or can be liquidated to generate cash proceeds. The investment portfolio is also a significant resource to us in managing interest rate risk, as the maturity and interest rate characteristics of this asset class can be readily changed to match changes in the loan and deposit portfolios. The majority of our available-for-sale investment portfolio is comprised of mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) that are either issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies or government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) and corporate bonds.

The following table reflects the amortized cost and fair market values for the total portfolio for each of the categories of investments in our securities portfolio as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Deposits

Our deposits are generated through core customer relationships, related predominantly to business relationships. Many of our business customers maintain high levels of liquid balances in their demand deposit accounts and use the Bank’s treasury management services.

At December 31, 2022, approximately 45% of our deposits were in noninterest-bearing demand deposits. The balance of our deposits at December 31, 2022 were held in interest-bearing demand, savings and money market accounts and time deposits. Approximately 40% of total deposits were held in interest-bearing demand, savings and money market deposit accounts at December 31, 2022, which provide our customers with interest and liquidity. Time deposits comprised the remaining 15% of our deposits at December 31, 2022.

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Information concerning average balances and rates paid on deposits by deposit type for the past two fiscal years is contained in the Distribution, Yield and Rate Analysis of Net Income table located in the previous section titled “Results of Operations—Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin”.

The following table provides a comparative distribution of our deposits by outstanding balance as well as by percentage of total deposits at the dates indicated.

Liquidity

Our primary source of funding is deposits from our core banking relationships. The majority of the Bank’s deposits are transaction accounts or money market accounts that are payable on demand. A small number of customers represent a large portion of the Bank’s deposits, as evidenced by the fact that approximately 17% of deposits were represented by the 10 largest depositors as of December 31, 2022. We strive to manage our liquidity in a manner that enables us to meet expected and unexpected liquidity needs under both normal and adverse conditions. The Bank maintains significant on-balance sheet and off-balance liquidity sources, including a marketable securities portfolio and borrowing capacity through various secured and unsecured sources.

Interest Rate Risk Management

We measure our interest rate sensitivity through the use of a simulation model. The model incorporates the contractual cash flows and re-pricing characteristics from each financial instrument, as well as certain management assumptions. The model also captures the estimated impacts of optionality and duration and their expected change due to changes in interest rates and the shape of the yield curve. We manage our interest rate risk through established policies and procedures. We measure both the potential short term change in earnings and the long term change in market value of equity on a quarterly basis. Both measurements use immediate rate shocks that assume parallel shifts in interest rates up and down the yield curve in 100 basis point increments. There are eight scenarios comprised of rate changes up or down to 400 basis points. We have established policy thresholds for each of these eight scenarios. In the current interest rate environment, however, we do not consider a decrease in interest rates that is greater than 25 basis points. The impact on earnings for one year and the change in market value of equity are limited to a change of no more than (7.5)% for rate changes of 100 basis points, no more than (15.0)% for changes of 200 basis points, no more than (20.0)% for rate changes of 300 basis points, and no more than (25.0)% for rate change of 400 basis points. The objective of these various simulation scenarios is to optimize the risk/reward equation for our future earnings and capital. Based upon the results of these various simulations and evaluations, we are positioned to be moderately asset sensitive, with earnings increasing in a rising rate environment.

The following table sets forth the estimated changes on the Company’s annual net interest income that would result from the designated instantaneous parallel shift in interest rates noted, as of December 31, 2022.

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Capital Resources

We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and state banking regulators. Our capital management consists of providing equity to support our current operations and future growth. Failure to meet minimum regulatory capital requirements may result in mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting policies. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we were in compliance with all applicable regulatory capital requirements, including the capital conservation buffer, and the Bank’s capital ratios exceeded the minimums necessary to be considered ‘‘well-capitalized’’ for purposes of the FDIC’s prompt corrective action regulations. At December 31, 2022, the capital conservation buffer was 3.40%.

At December 31, 2022, the Bank had a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of 10.54%, a total capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of 11.40%, and a leverage ratio of 10.23%. At December 31, 2021, the Bank had a Tier 1 risk based capital ratio of 11.38%, a total capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of 12.25%, and a leverage ratio of 9.51%.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

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