Canopy Growth Corp - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022

OR

For the transition period from                      to

Commission File Number 001-38496

Canopy Growth Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (855) 558-9333

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $5.5 billion as of September 30, 2021 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), based on the closing sale price of the common shares on The Nasdaq Global Select Market on that date.

As of May 26, 2022, there were 402,858,012 common shares of the registrant outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III of this annual report on Form 10-K incorporates certain information by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement with respect to its 2022 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the close of the registrant’s fiscal year.

Table of Contents

Unless otherwise noted or the context indicates otherwise, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) to the “Company”, “Canopy Growth”, “we”, “us” and “our” refer to Canopy Growth Corporation, its direct and indirect wholly owned subsidiaries and, if applicable, its joint ventures and investments accounted for by the equity method; the term “cannabis” means the plant of any species or subspecies of genus Cannabis and any part of that plant, including all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers; and the term “U.S. hemp” has the meaning given to term “hemp” in the U.S. Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 (the “2018 Farm Bill”), including hemp-derived cannabidiol (“CBD”).

This report contains references to our trademarks and trade names and to trademarks and trade names belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this report may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks or trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us or our business by, any other companies.

All currency amounts in this Annual Report are stated in Canadian dollars, which is our reporting currency, unless otherwise noted. All references to “dollars” or “CDN$” are to Canadian dollars and all references to “US$” are to U.S. dollars.

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PART I

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements; Risk Factor Summary

This Annual Report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and other applicable securities laws, which involve certain known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements predict or describe our future operations, business plans, business and investment strategies and the performance of our investments. These forward-looking statements are generally identified by their use of such terms and phrases as “intend,” “goal,” “strategy,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “projections,” “forecasts,” “plans,” “seeks,” “anticipates,” “potential,” “proposed,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “may,” “likely,” “designed to,” “foreseeable future,” “believe,” “scheduled” and other similar expressions. Our actual results or outcomes may differ materially from those anticipated. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date the statement was made.

Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to:

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Certain of the forward-looking statements contained herein concerning the industries in which we conduct our business are based on estimates prepared by us using data from publicly available governmental sources, market research, industry analysis and on assumptions based on data and knowledge of these industries, which we believe to be reasonable. However, although generally indicative of relative market positions, market shares and performance characteristics, such data is inherently imprecise. The industries in which we conduct our business involve risks and uncertainties that are subject to change based on various factors, which are described further below.

The forward-looking statements contained herein are based upon certain material assumptions that were applied in drawing a conclusion or making a forecast or projection, including: (i) management’s perceptions of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments; (ii) our ability to generate cash flow from operations; (iii) general economic, financial market, regulatory and political conditions in which we operate; (iv) the production and manufacturing capabilities and output from our facilities and our joint ventures, strategic alliances and equity investments; (v) consumer interest in our products; (vi) competition; (vii) anticipated and unanticipated costs; (viii) government regulation of our activities and products including but not limited to the areas of taxation and environmental protection; (ix) the timely receipt of any required regulatory authorizations, approvals, consents, permits and/or licenses; (x) our ability to obtain qualified staff, equipment and services in a timely and cost-efficient manner; (xi) our ability to conduct operations in a safe, efficient and effective manner; (xii) our ability to realize anticipated benefits, synergies or generate revenue, profits or value from our recent acquisitions into our existing operations; (xiii) our ability to continue to operate in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the pandemic on demand for, and sales of, our products and our distribution channels; and (xiv) other considerations that management believes to be appropriate in the circumstances. While our management considers these assumptions to be reasonable based on information currently available to management, there is no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct.

By their nature, forward-looking statements are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties that may be general or specific and which give rise to the possibility that expectations, forecasts, predictions, projections or conclusions will not prove to be accurate, that assumptions may not be correct and that objectives, strategic goals and priorities will not be achieved. A variety of factors, including known and unknown risks, many of which are beyond our control, could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report and other reports we file with, or furnish to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and other regulatory agencies and made by our directors, officers, other employees and other persons authorized to speak on our behalf. Such factors include, without limitation, our limited operating history; the risks that our Restructuring Actions will not result in the expected cost-savings, efficiencies and other benefits or will result in greater than anticipated turnover in personnel; risks

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that we may be required to write down intangible assets, including goodwill, due to impairment; changes in laws, regulations and guidelines and our compliance with such laws, regulations and guidelines; the risk that the COVID-19 pandemic may disrupt our operations and those of our suppliers and distribution channels and negatively impact the demand for and use of our products; consumer demand for cannabis and U.S. hemp products; inflation risks; the risks and uncertainty regarding future product development; our reliance on licenses issued by and contractual arrangements with various federal, state and provincial governmental authorities; the risk that cost savings and any other synergies from the CBI Group Investments may not be fully realized or may take longer to realize than expected; the implementation and effectiveness of key personnel changes; risks associated with jointly owned investments; risks relating to our current and future operations in emerging markets; risks relating to inventory write downs; future levels of revenues and the impact of increasing levels of competition; risks related to the protection and enforcement of our intellectual property rights; our ability to manage disruptions in credit markets or changes to our credit ratings; future levels of capital, environmental or maintenance expenditures, general and administrative and other expenses; the success or timing of completion of ongoing or anticipated capital or maintenance projects; risks related to the integration of acquired businesses; the timing and manner of the legalization of cannabis in the United States; business strategies, growth opportunities and expected investment; the adequacy of our capital resources and liquidity, including but not limited to, availability of sufficient cash flow to execute our business plan (either within the expected timeframe or at all); counterparty risks and liquidity risks that may impact our ability to obtain loans and other credit facilities on favorable terms; the potential effects of judicial, regulatory or other proceedings, or threatened litigation or proceedings, on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows; risks related to stock exchange restrictions; risks associated with divestment and restructuring; volatility in and/or degradation of general economic, market, industry or business conditions; our exposure to risks related to an agricultural business, including wholesale price volatility and variable product quality; third-party manufacturing risks; third-party transportation risks; compliance with applicable environmental, economic, health and safety, energy and other policies and regulations and in particular health concerns with respect to vaping and the use of cannabis and U.S. hemp products in vaping devices; the anticipated effects of actions of third parties such as competitors, activist investors or federal, state, provincial, territorial or local regulatory authorities, self-regulatory organizations, plaintiffs in litigation or persons threatening litigation; changes in regulatory requirements in relation to our business and products; and the factors discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. Readers are cautioned to consider these and other factors, uncertainties and potential events carefully and not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are provided for the purposes of assisting the reader in understanding our financial performance, financial position and cash flows as of and for periods ended on certain dates and to present information about management’s current expectations and plans relating to the future, and the reader is cautioned that the forward-looking statements may not be appropriate for any other purpose. While we believe that the assumptions and expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable based on information currently available to management, there is no assurance that such assumptions and expectations will prove to have been correct. Forward-looking statements are made as of the date they are made and are based on the beliefs, estimates, expectations and opinions of management on that date. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, estimates or opinions, future events or results or otherwise or to explain any material difference between subsequent actual events and such forward-looking statements, except as required by law. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report and other reports we file with, or furnish to, the SEC and other regulatory agencies and made by our directors, officers, other employees and other persons authorized to speak on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements.

Risk Factor Summary

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Item 1. Business.

Introduction

Canopy Growth is a world-leading cannabis consumer packaged goods (“CPG”) company which produces, distributes, and sells a diverse range of cannabis, hemp, and CPG products. Cannabis products are principally sold for recreational and medical purposes under a portfolio of distinct brands in Canada pursuant to the Cannabis Act, SC 2018, c 16 (the “Cannabis Act”), and globally pursuant to applicable international and Canadian legislation, regulations, and permits. Canopy Growth is also active in the cannabis accessory, hemp-derived CBD, skin care and wellness, and sports performance beverage categories. Our core operations are in Canada, the United States, and Germany.

We intend to maintain a leading position in the cannabis and related industries, as well as expand the reach of our products in our core markets. From product and process innovation to market execution and everything in between, we are driven by a passion for leadership, a commitment to drive the industry forward, and above all else, providing our consumers the best possible experiences based on our vision of unleashing the power of cannabis to improve lives.

Using a consumer-driven approach, and supported by industry-leading R&D, we provide a portfolio of differentiated products that offer unique experiences and effects to our consumers. We believe that this will establish a dominant business in our core markets, with the potential to generate a significant and sustained return on invested capital over the long-term. Our distinct cannabis brands include Tweed, 7ACRES, DOJA, Vert, Deep Space, and Ace Valley in the recreational channel, with Spectrum Therapeutics, as our medical brand, and Martha Stewart, Quatreau, and whisl as part of our collection of health and wellness hemp-derived CBD products. Our curated cannabis product formats include dried flower, oil, softgel capsules, edibles, vapes and beverages as well as a wide range of cannabis accessories. In addition, our consumer products brands which include Storz & Bickel GmbH (“Storz & Bickel”), This Works Products Ltd. (“This Works”), and BioSteel Sports Nutrition Inc. (“BioSteel”) provide complementary and innovative product offerings.

As a responsible corporate citizen, we maintain initiatives designed to help patients and consumers safely, effectively and responsibly use cannabis in addition to advancing community engagement and social justice initiatives aimed at undoing the harms of prohibition. Our initiatives have included activities such as a partnership with National Expungement Works, the only organization of its kind in the United States that provides locale-specific record-clearing services, including wrap-around services, to those who have been adversely impacted by the enforcement of the justice system for cannabis-related incidents, and a three-way partnership with the University of British Columbia and British Columbia Ministry of Mental Health and Addictions to create the Canopy Growth Professorship of Cannabis Science in response to the need for novel substance use interventions in the overdose crisis.

Canopy Growth was incorporated pursuant to the provisions of the Canada Business Corporations Act on August 5, 2009 under the name LW Capital Pool Inc. The Company changed its name to Tweed Marijuana Inc. on March 26, 2014, and later to Canopy Growth Corporation on September 17, 2015. Prior to completing our qualifying transaction on April 3, 2014, Canopy Growth was a “capital pool company” under Policy 2.4 of the TSX Venture Exchange (“TSXV”) Corporate Finance Manual. As a capital pool company, Canopy Growth had no assets other than cash and did not carry on any operations. On July 26, 2016, Canopy Growth graduated from the TSXV to the Toronto Stock Exchange (the “TSX”). On February 1, 2017, the trading symbol for our common shares on the TSX was changed to “WEED”. On May 24, 2018, our common shares commenced trading on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) with the trading symbol “CGC.” On the close of business on November 13, 2020, our common shares ceased trading on the NYSE and on November 16, 2020, our common shares commenced trading on The NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”) at market open with the trading symbol “CGC”.

Our principal executive offices are located at 1 Hershey Drive, Smiths Falls, Ontario, K7A 0A8. We conduct our business both through our wholly-owned subsidiaries as well as through a variety of joint ventures and other entities.

Business Segments

The Company reports its financial results for the following two operating segments, which are also its reportable segments:

In the fourth quarter of the year ended March 31, 2022, the Company changed the composition of its reporting units within the global cannabis segment as a result of (i) the completion of the C³ Divestiture (defined below); and (ii) a strategic shift in the Company’s KeyLeaf Life Sciences (“KeyLeaf”) business to focus on non-cannabis extraction activities. There were no changes to the reporting units included in the Company’s other consumer products segment in the year ended March 31, 2022.

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Strategy

Our vision is to unleash the power of cannabis to improve lives. We will achieve this by harnessing the power of the plant, building a best-in-class CPG company, and fostering a purpose-driven atmosphere. Our approach involves operating with integrity, intention and values, with a business focus on insights, innovation and brands. To achieve this, we are dedicated to:

The CBI Group Investments

In November 2017, June 2018, November 2018 and May 2020, we completed certain transactions with the CBI Group, whereby the CBI Group invested CDN$245 million, CDN$200 million, CDN$5.079 billion and CDN$245 million, respectively (the “CBI Group Investments”).  As part of certain governance rights granted to the CBI Group in connection with certain of the CBI Group Investments, the CBI Group is entitled to, and has nominated, four directors to our board and has partnered with us as CBI’s exclusive global cannabis partner. The CBI Group Investments provided Canopy Growth with significant funding needed to build scale in countries pursuing federally permissible medical cannabis programs, while establishing the foundation needed to supply new recreational markets as cannabis becomes legal in markets around the world. See “The CBI Group Investments” below for more information on the CBI Group Investments and related agreements.

Credit Facility

On March 18, 2021, Canopy Growth and its direct, wholly owned subsidiary 11065220 Canada, Inc. (together with Canopy Growth, the “Borrowers”) entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with the lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”) and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as administrative agent and collateral agent for the Lenders. The Credit Agreement provides for a five-year senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of US$750 million (the “Credit Facility”). Canopy Growth also has the ability to obtain up to an additional US$500 million of incremental senior secured debt pursuant to the Credit Agreement. The obligations of the Borrowers under the Credit Facility are guaranteed by material Canadian and U.S. subsidiaries of Canopy Growth. The Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of the assets, including material real property, of the Borrowers and each of the guarantors. The Credit Agreement contains representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants, including a financial covenant requiring minimum liquidity of US$200 million at the end of each fiscal quarter. The gross proceeds, net of fees and expenses, will be used by Canopy Growth for working capital and general corporate purposes, including without limitation, growth investments, acquisitions, capital expenditures, and strategic initiatives. Please refer to “Part 1 – Business Overview - Recent Developments” under Item 7 of this Annual Report for more information on the Credit Agreement.

Supreme Acquisition

On June 22, 2021, Canopy Growth and The Supreme Cannabis Company, Inc. (“Supreme Cannabis”) completed an arrangement (the “Supreme Arrangement”) pursuant to which we acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding common shares of Supreme Cannabis (the “Supreme Shares”). Supreme Cannabis is a producer of recreational, wholesale and medical cannabis products, with a diversified portfolio of distinct cannabis companies, products and brands. The Supreme Arrangement added premium brands to our portfolio, namely Supreme Cannabis’ premium brands 7ACRES and 7ACRES Craft Collective, which complement our current consumer offering and strengthen our brand portfolio. Supreme Cannabis’ Blissco and Truverra brands also added breadth to our market presence in both the recreational and medical markets. Lastly, Supreme Cannabis’ hybrid-greenhouse cultivation facility at Kincardine, Ontario has a demonstrated capability of consistently producing premium flower from sought-after strains at low cost with significant potential for scaling.

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Canada

Recreational and Medical Cannabis Markets

We have aligned our infrastructure to match market growth projections and we are focused on leveraging our capabilities and scale to achieve profitability in the medium term. Our strategy in Canada includes:

Retail Store Strategy

The Cannabis Act provides provincial, territorial and municipal governments in Canada with the authority to prescribe regulations regarding retail and distribution of recreational cannabis. As such, the distribution model for recreational cannabis is prescribed by provincial and territorial regulations and differs in each jurisdiction. Some provinces have government-run retailers, while others have government-licensed retailers, and some have a combination of the two. All of our recreational sales are conducted according to the applicable provincial and territorial legislation and through applicable local agencies. We continue to monitor the developing legislation to identify opportunities for our brands.

As of May 26, 2022, we have over 90 cannabis retail stores operating under the Tweed or Tokyo Smoke banner, of which 33 are corporate-owned stores and the balance are independently operated by our strategic partners pursuant to certain strategic partnership agreements. Tweed has 20 corporate-owned brick and mortar locations selling cannabis across Alberta, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador and Saskatchewan and has a branded e-commerce presence in Manitoba, Nunavut and Saskatchewan. Tokyo Smoke operates 13 corporate-owned retail cannabis stores in Alberta and Manitoba and an e-commerce platform in Manitoba. Please refer to “Risk Factors” under Item 1A and “Part 1 – Business Overview—Update on COVID-19” under Item 7 of this Annual Report for further discussion.

In Ontario, we have entered into multi-year master strategic partnership agreements to enable our development partners to expand our Tokyo Smoke and Tweed branded retail footprints. Our strategic partners currently operate over 60 retail stores across the province. 

European Medical Cannabis Market

Our primary strategy in the European medical cannabis market is to increase access to our medical cannabis products for medical customers in countries where it is federally permissible to do so, and to position ourselves as a trusted market leader in those countries.

Our Spectrum Therapeutics medical brand is a global leader in medical cannabis. Spectrum Therapeutics produces and distributes a diverse portfolio of medical cannabis products to healthcare practitioners and medical customers in Canada, and in several other countries where it is federally permissible to do so. Through our Spectrum Therapeutics brand, our strategy encompasses our medical channel in Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic.

On December 15, 2021, we entered into an agreement to divest all of our interest in C3 Cannabinoid Compound Company GmbH (“C³”) to a European pharmaceutical company headquartered in Germany (the “C³ Divestiture”). C³ develops and manufactures cannabinoid-based pharmaceutical products, including dronabinol, for distribution in Germany and certain other European countries. The C³ Divestiture was completed on January 31, 2022. As a result of the C³ Divestiture, we expect to avoid future operational complexities associated with C³ and significantly reduce short-term capital investment requirements related to C³.

Australian Cannabis Market

We continue to develop the Australian market by focusing on an asset-light model which emphasizes use of third-party licenses. Through our global Spectrum Therapeutics brand, our consumer product brands such as BioSteel and This Works, our Storz & Bickel line of medically approved vaporizers, our strategy encompasses continuing the medical sales that began in Australia in May 2019 and supporting Australian patients through imports that are compliant with local regulations providing Australian prescribers with the option of cannabis products including oils, soft gels and flower.

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Commercialization Activities in the United States

The key elements of our U.S. commercialization strategy include:

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Developing Intellectual Property and Innovative New Products

We have long believed that a significant opportunity exists to expand our total addressable market and create new consumer segments by developing innovative new recreational products that include cannabis and cannabinoids as ingredients catered to consumer need-states, such as sleep and relaxation, and consumption occasions. We have been continuously focused on conducting R&D of intellectual property related to:

Our intellectual property portfolio includes 195 issued patents and 233 patent applications as of May 26, 2022, covering plant genetics, post-growth processing (e.g. extraction, isolation and purification), equipment, synthetic chemistry (e.g. new chemical entities and synthetic pathways), formulations, human and animal health, edibles, packaging and vape devices.

Our Products

Cannabis Products

We produce and sell various cannabis products, including dried cannabis flower, extracts and concentrates,  beverages, gummies, and vapes in Canada and other locations where federally permissible. Our cannabis products are sold both in the direct-to-patient markets for medicinal use, as well as in the recreational market following the enactment of the Cannabis Act and the amendments thereto which provided for the legalization and regulation of Cannabis 2.0 products such as beverages, gummies, and vapes. Our cannabis products are sold under a variety of brand names described under “Brand Portfolio” below and are intended to position us as a leader in both the medical and recreational markets.

Our cannabis products include:

Recent reports on vape safety in North America underscore the importance of Canadian federal regulation for vape pen devices. Our vape cartridges are tested to the FDA standard for leachability to ensure the reduction of heavy metal poisoning and contaminants leaching into the extract. Our vape products are produced using UL 8139 Certified Safe Manufacturing standards, meaning that each

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component of our hardware has been certified by Underwriters Laboratories (“UL”), or undergoing the review process with certification expected in advance of product on-sale dates. UL 8139 evaluates the safety of the integrated systems of a vape device and safety features and mechanisms that protect the user from harm when using the device. UL also has a standard for battery cells in isolation known as UL 1642. All of our battery cells are certified UL 1642. Further, our vapes are tamper-resistant and adhere to Health Canada’s regulations. We are continually reviewing and testing all inputs to ensure the highest quality and reliability of cannabinoids, terpenes, and tamper-resistance features.

Hemp-Derived CBD Human Products

Our branded, hemp-derived CBD  products that have been brought to market in certain U.S. states where not prohibited under state law include: (i) our Martha Stewart line of hemp-derived CBD isolate products, including confections, oils, and softgels launched in September 2020, (ii) our Quatreau line of hemp-derived CBD isolate sparkling water launched in March 2021, (iii) First +  Free line of hemp-derived CBD optimized spectrum products, (iv) BioSteel’s line of “CBD for Sport” nutrition products; and (v) This Works’ range of clinically-proven and 98% natural skincare boosters expertly blended with 1% pure hemp-derived CBD isolate, available for purchase at shopcanopy.com.

Developed as a result of our investments in technology and testing, these CBD products were created by extracting and isolating derivatives from the hemp plant to produce consistent CBD formulations that are packaged in easy-to-use formats. Our Martha Stewart, Quatreau, First + Free, and BioSteel hemp-derived CBD products are manufactured in the United States, contain 99% pure CBD isolate and less than 0.3% THC.  This Works’ Boosters CBD is extracted from high purity CBD isolate and is tested at three stages throughout our product development process, which ensures the product is pure, legal and highly effective. We are committed to selling high quality, tested and reliable products, and ensuring we make no claims unless clinically validated. This means selling our products only in U.S. states where we believe such sales are permissible under state law in order to ensure compliance with state consumer protection mandates and following the most stringent state laws regarding the sale of CBD.

Hemp-Derived Broad Spectrum CBD Pet Products

Our branded, hemp-derived broad spectrum CBD pet products that have been brought to market in certain U.S. states where not prohibited under state law include: (i) our Martha Stewart line of hemp-derived broad spectrum CBD dog chews launched in January 2021, and (ii) our SurityPro line of hemp-derived broad spectrum CBD dog chews launched in January 2021.

As the leader in pet CBD research and science, Canopy Growth has conducted many studies into the safety and effects of cannabinoids in dogs and cats. Our studies demonstrate that the products are well-tolerated and can safely be used towards achieving positive health effects. To address the various needs in dogs, Canopy Growth has developed the Martha Stewart and SurityPro product lines. These products are made in the U.S., backed by science, and endorsed by the industry’s leading authority on non-pharmaceutical animal health products, the National Animal Supplement Council (“NASC”).  We follow all NASC guidelines – which require independent lab testing to confirm CBD concentration and ensure products comply with quality standards, including testing of pesticide, solvent, microbe, and heavy metal levels, as these can be detrimental to a pet's health.  

Devices and Delivery Technology

In addition to the vape pens and cartridge products that we offer in the legal cannabis market in Canada, through Storz & Bickel we manufacture and sell medical herbal vaporizer devices. Storz & Bickel has developed a factory that is certified internationally for the production of medical devices, and exports medically approved vaporizers and other similar devices to over 100 markets around the world. In May 2019, Health Canada issued a medical device license for Storz & Bickel’s “Volcano Medic 2,” an advanced vaporizer device for medical use. In May 2021, Storz & Bickel received the medical device license for their Mighty+ Medic, a battery powered vaporizer for medical use.  This license permits distribution of the Volcano Medic 2 and Mighty+ Medic to medical institutions, clinics, and patients in Canada, including distribution through Spectrum Therapeutics in Australia and Germany.

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Brand Portfolio

Our diverse brand portfolio makes it possible for us to effectively reach different audiences of consumers who newly or consistently use cannabis for a variety of needs and occasions throughout their day. Our brands include brands that we own, as well as brands that we license from others, referred to as our “Affiliated Brands” below:

Global Cannabis

Tweed – Tweed is our flagship cannabis brand. Tweed products include dried flower, pre-rolls, vapes, oils, soft gels, edibles and beverages.

7ACRES – 7ACRES is a premium flower brand with superior strain variety and genetics, hang dried and hand finished for premium aroma and flavour. Offerings include premium flower, pre-rolls, vape and concentrates.

7ACRES Craft Collective – 7ACRES Craft Collective is a cannabis brand that brings together some of the most sought-after cultivars, with a focus on high THC and quality, from Canada’s most talented craft producers.

DOJA – Doja is a premium brand that is grown with care for a superior smoking experience. Doja products include dried flower and pre-rolls.

Ace Valley – Ace Valley is a cannabis brand focused on ready-to-enjoy products. We offer a range of well-designed pre-rolls, vapes and gummies across Canada.

Quatreau – Quatreau is a line of refreshing, naturally-flavoured, infused sparkling water beverages, offering THC and CBD options in Canada, and hemp-derived CBD-only options in the U.S.

Deep Space – Deep Space is a line of full-flavoured cannabis-infused classic soft drink beverages with a higher dose of THC than other offerings across our portfolio, with 10 milligrams of THC per serving in a 222-milliliter mini can. Deep Space Xpress gummies are cannabis-infused gummies with the maximum potency of 10mg THC per gummie, currently in two soft drink inspired flavours.

First + Free – First + Free is a pure CBD extract supplement brand that provides functional wellness solutions in oil and softgel formats.

SurityPro – SurityPro is a line of CBD products, soft chews and oil drops for dogs, combining CBD and known active ingredients to support key functional concerns of mobility, calmness and healthy aging.

Spectrum Therapeutics – Spectrum Therapeutics is our brand of medical cannabis products designed to optimize the therapeutic benefits of medical cannabis for pain, mood and sleep conditions. Branded products include cannabis oils, softgels and flower. Spectrum Therapeutics is also an e-commerce, multi-brand platform within the Canadian market.

Vert– Vert is a recreational cannabis brand, focused in the Canadian province of Quebec that delivers products to Quebec consumers. Vert products include dried flower, pre-rolls, and hash, a cannabis extract.

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Tokyo Smoke – Tokyo Smoke is a retail and cannabis accessory brand delivering immersive experiences to consumers through best-in-class retail stores and offering a range of unique branded and designed cannabis products.

Twd. – Twd. is a value-forward brand that offers a lower price point without sacrificing quality. Twd. products include dried flower, pre-rolls, vapes, oils and edibles.

HiWay – HiWay is a value brand in the market that offers a variety of products (flower, pre-rolls, vapes and hash) at a convenient price point and level of trusted quality that our consumers rely on.

Simple Stash – Simple Stash is an ultra-value flower brand for the everyday consumer. Simple Stash products include dried flower and pre-rolls.

whisl - The whisl brand is a line of hemp-derived CBD vapes equipped with a sleek, rechargeable battery, crafted from lightweight aluminum.

Truverra – Truverra is a brand committed to providing innovated cannabis products in a variety of formats including oils, pre-rolls, whole flower, edibles, concentrates and vapes.

Affiliated Brands

Martha Stewart CBD – Combining gourmet flavours with state-of-the-art CBD, Martha Stewart’s line includes wellness gummies, softgels and oils, and more recently as of 2021, a line of CBD soft baked chews for dogs.

DNA Genetics – DNA is a premium cannabis brand that offers superior genetics married with legacy market growing techniques. Products include dried flower and pre-rolls.

Other Consumer Products

BioSteel – BioSteel is a sports nutrition and hydration brand focused on quality ingredients. Originally formulated for professional athletes, BioSteel products are now used by athletes and active individuals everywhere.

Storz & Bickel – Based in Tuttlingen, Germany, Storz & Bickel are designers and manufacturers of medically approved herbal vaporizers, most notably the Volcano Medic and the Mighty Medic.

This Works – Founded in London, England, This Works offers a range of high-quality natural skincare and sleep solution products. Through a unique approach of formulating solutions that work in harmony with the 24-hour body clock, This Works has evolved its product lines beyond a traditional viewpoint to a more complete regimen.

Our Operations

Canadian Operations

Recreational

In fiscal 2022, we added a hybrid greenhouse cultivation and manufacturing facility in Kincardine, Ontario through the acquisition of Supreme Cannabis. This facility is purpose built for premium quality cannabis flower cultivation at low-cost. The facility also has packaging and manufacturing conversion capabilities that are planned to be moved to our Smiths Falls manufacturing site in the second quarter of fiscal 2022. The Kincardine facility has now become one of our premiere cultivation spaces and a focal point of our premiumization strategy. As a result, we made the decision to close our Niagara-on-the-Lake greenhouse in December 2021.

Through our in-house manufacturing capabilities of recreational cannabis products, we can process bulk cannabis flower, whether internally or externally sourced, into high quality cannabis flower products as well as a full spectrum of Cannabis 2.0 products produced from our internal extraction capacity. Such extracted cannabis oil is either turned into distillate or isolate which in turn feeds our manufacturing process for existing products as well as our innovation pipeline. We are confident that our production and manufacturing capabilities and know-how are sufficient to meet the diverse needs of our recreational and medical cannabis consumers in Canada.

Our innovation pipeline continues to focus on insights driven, consumer focused products that in some cases represent net new offerings and line extensions to product formats already in the market.

As the Canadian cannabis market matures, we expect to see opportunities to outsource manufacturing.  Excess capacity at other cannabis producers and processors presents Canopy Growth with an opportunity to accelerate speed to market, avoid capital investments until a critical sales volume is achieved, and provides us with surge capacity during peak periods.  All of this resulting in a more streamlined, agile, and cost-effective supply chain.

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Medical

Direct-to-Patient: Under the Cannabis Act, license holders are able to distribute medical cannabis through the mail to registered customers. Through the Spectrum Therapeutics website, customers who have successfully registered with Tweed in accordance with the Cannabis Act are able to purchase products online and have them shipped directly to the address indicated on their registration document.

Access: We have developed several programs to improve access to medical cannabis for authorized patients. First, we provide an income-tested Compassionate Pricing Program whereby eligible low-income patients may obtain a 20% discount off regular prices of medical cannabis. We also have multiple offerings for veterans of the Canadian Armed Forces, including: a group of customer care agents dedicated to assisting veterans with registration, ordering and insurance coverage; pre-approval and direct billing of Veterans Affairs Canada (“VAC”) to ensure uninterrupted access to medication; full coverage (through VAC) of all products offered in our online Spectrum Therapeutics medical shop, which means that veterans do not have to pay out of pocket for any product; special offers on our Storz & Bickel devices. We also provide support through our customer care team to help patients identify if their medication is covered under the growing number of private health plans that have a medical cannabis component.

Health Care Professional Engagement: A key focus for the medical business continues to be a multifaceted approach to reach doctors, nurse practitioners, and other key health care providers through direct and indirect outreach. We have established a presence at certain major medical conferences to share our proprietary research to further the understanding of how our products can be used to help improve quality of life for patients. We are committed to collaborating with the medical community to create and execute the highest quality medical education programs with broad appeal on topics like chronic pain control, opioid sparing, dosing and administration and integration of medical cannabis into clinical practice; and engaged regional, national, and international key opinion leaders through scientific webinars aimed at peer-to-peer education. By leveraging our investment in real world studies and other clinical trials, we continue to strengthen our relationships with many of the leading names in cannabinoid science and medical cannabis, which includes recruitment for our Global Chronic Pain Patient Registry that began in Canada in late 2020.

In our effort to promote brand recognition without advertising our products directly to the public, we work closely with patient educators of specialty medical cannabis clinics and continue to hold community events (to the extent allowable within the regulatory environment), in order to build relationships and visibility for our brands.

Global Operations

In recent years, the actions of governments around the world have signaled a significant change in attitudes towards cannabis and have either formally legalized medical cannabis access or established government efforts to explore the legalization of medical cannabis access. Therefore, opportunities continue to exist for Canopy Growth to operate in jurisdictions where governments have established, or are actively moving towards, a legal framework. To support Canopy Growth’s continued push toward profitability, operations across global incubator markets have been rationalized and realigned to support an asset-light model in those markets that are at an early stage of licensing cannabis-based products. Market entry will focus on supporting immediate revenue and establishing Canopy Growth in these markets as a leader in promoting a wellness focused lifestyle.

Europe

Our Spectrum Therapeutics medical brand continues to service the medical market in Europe with operations in Germany, UK, Poland and the Czech Republic. Our European medical cannabis business operates in accordance with the specific regulatory framework in place in the relevant jurisdictions including supplying Good Manufacturing Practices (“GMP”) compliant pharmaceutical products. Further, the corporate offices and production facility of Storz & Bickel are located in Tuttlingen, Germany.

United States

We will only conduct business activities related to growing or processing cannabis in jurisdictions when it is federally permissible to do so. Canopy Growth is not considered a U.S. Marijuana Issuer (as defined in the Canadian Securities Administrators Staff Notice 51-352 – Issuers with U.S. Marijuana-Related Activities (the “Staff Notice”)) nor do we have material ancillary involvement in the U.S. cannabis industry in accordance with the Staff Notice. While we have several arrangements with U.S.-based companies that may themselves participate in the U.S. cannabis market, these relationships do not violate the federal laws of the United States respecting cannabis and in no manner involve Canopy Growth in any activities in the United States respecting cannabis. Where a non-controlled affiliate has expressed an intent to enter the U.S. cannabis market, we have taken steps to insulate ourselves from all economic and voting interests until such time as there are changes to the federal laws of the United States related to cannabis related activities. See “—U.S. Regulatory Framework—The Acreage Arrangement” and “Other United States Holdings” for further discussion.

We have continued to expand our presence in the U.S. with licenses for hemp manufacturing in Modesto, California. In October 2020, we entered into a hemp operating agreement with the City of Modesto to operate an industrial hemp manufacturing facility. 

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United Kingdom

In May 2019, we acquired This Works, an England-based company offering a range of natural skincare and sleep solution products.  In addition, in October 2019, Spectrum Therapeutics received the necessary government licenses to store and distribute medical cannabis products in the United Kingdom, reducing prescription delivery times and allowing the importation of medical cannabis from our European and global networks.

Australia

Early in fiscal 2018, we launched our Australian operations and Spectrum Therapeutics began selling medical cannabis to doctors prescribing its products. Spectrum Therapeutics continues to support Australian medical customers through imports.

Additionally, we have registered and listed the Storz & Bickel medical devices on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods, as well as the Web Assisted Notification of Devices database in New Zealand. Canopy Growth has also received a tax exception in Australia for the successful classification of a Storz & Bickel medical device.

Government Contracts

In Canada, we sell cannabis and cannabis products to cannabis control authorities in all of the provinces and territories in Canada (other than Saskatchewan), where each such cannabis control authority is the sole wholesale distributor and in certain provinces, the sole retailer, of cannabis and cannabis products in the relevant province. We sell these products to the various cannabis control authorities under supply agreements that are subject to terms that allow for renegotiation of sale prices and termination at the election of the applicable cannabis control authority. In particular, the cannabis control authorities may in the future choose to stop purchasing our products, may change the prices at which they purchase our products, may return our products to us and, in certain circumstances, may cancel purchase orders at any time including after products have been shipped. For the year ended March 31, 2022, we had approximately CDN$201.7 million in sales to cannabis control authorities and no single one accounted for at least 10% of our net consolidated revenue.

Research and Development Activities and Intellectual Property

Intellectual Property

In addition to our medical and recreational brands as detailed above, the proprietary nature of, and protection for, our products, technologies and processes are a key aspect to our business. We rely on a combination of patents (utility and design), trademarks, copyrights and know-how to establish and protect our intellectual property. Our intellectual property portfolio includes 195 issued patents and 233 patent applications as of May 26, 2022 covering plant genetics, post-growth processing (e.g. extraction, isolation and purification), equipment, synthetic chemistry (e.g. new chemical entities and synthetic pathways), formulations, human and animal health, edibles, packaging and vape devices. We have established and will continue to build proprietary positions in all key aspects of our business. We invest heavily in our intellectual property and consider it to be one of the pillars of our value. The duration of the protection afforded by our registered intellectual property varies by the nature of the registration, but we manage renewals and notices on an on-going basis to ensure that our intellectual property is protected to the full extent possible under applicable law.

Clinical Trials

We conduct clinical research across several of our product segments in order to further develop and enhance our technical capacity and expertise.

Our human R&D division acts as a cannabis research incubator, focusing on developing and researching cannabis formulations and dose delivery systems. This division includes elements of product design and ingredient selection, formulation, safety, and efficacy testing for the support and development of standardized cannabis formulations and dose delivery systems across a range of products. Our R&D division is focused on furthering the science of cannabinoids, building upon our robust portfolio of intellectual property and providing evidence by way of clinical trials on what conditions cannabis can treat and what symptoms cannabis can improve. Studies focused on applications of our cannabis formulations include randomized placebo-controlled trials and observational studies of cannabinoid-based formulations for (i) reducing biological and psychological fear reactions to a laboratory-based breathing challenge known to elicit fear, (ii) improving recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness, (iii) improving sleep, (iv) affecting biomarkers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women, and (v) reducing musculoskeletal discomfort. Other studies include Phase 1 clinical trials of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of understudied cannabinoids (e.g. cannabigerol). A large ongoing study of Spectrum Therapeutics product prescription patterns, use, effects, impact on concomitant medication use, and safety will provide valuable information about how Spectrum Therapeutics products are being used by pain patients in Canada and will help refine product offerings for maximal therapeutic benefits. Other ongoing studies include several third-party investigator-initiated trials of cannabinoid-based therapies and products.

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Product Safety and Pharmacovigilance

In the interest of patient safety and good pharmacovigilance practices, we have implemented a unique global pharmacovigilance and product safety program to capture, document and evaluate adverse events reported from the worldwide use of our medical cannabis products and our various Canadian recreational cannabis brands, including Tweed, Tokyo Smoke, DOJA and our CBD product lines such as First + Free and Martha Stewart CBD, as well as products sold by our operating subsidiaries BioSteel, This Works and Storz & Bickel.

Pharmacovigilance, also known as drug safety, is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. Our product safety team works to ensure that new products are developed with consumer safety in mind.

The global pharmacovigilance program ensures that all employees are trained on how to identify and report adverse events. Data collected from various sources (including, but not limited to, spontaneous reporting, clinical trials, literature and health authorities’ databases) are processed and analyzed in a centralized global safety database by our pharmacovigilance team, in compliance with global and local regulatory requirements.  

Collected data is then used to perform signal detection activities (routinely, monthly and quarterly) and prepare periodic aggregate safety reports to evaluate the benefit-risk profile of our products.

Government Regulation

Canadian Regulatory Framework

On October 17, 2018, the Cannabis Regulations under the Cannabis Act came into force (the “Cannabis Regulations”). The Cannabis Regulations set out the following classes of licenses that authorized activities in relation to cannabis:

Prior to October 17, 2018, cannabis was governed by the Controlled Drug and Substances Act (Canada) (“CDSA”). Under the CDSA, the Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations (“ACMPR”) set out a framework to provide individuals with access to cannabis for medical purposes and was the governing legislation in respect of the production, sale and distribution of medical cannabis and related oil extracts in Canada. Although the ACMPR were repealed, the regulatory framework applicable to cannabis for medical purposes was substantially reproduced within the Cannabis Act with minimal changes.

Pursuant to the transitional provisions outlined in the Cannabis Act, we transitioned all licenses held under the ACMPR regulatory framework to the new Cannabis Act; therefore, all licenses remain active due to the regulatory change that occurred on October 17, 2018.

At the end of each term of their respective licenses, a license holder must submit an application for renewal to Health Canada containing information prescribed by the Cannabis Act.

The Cannabis Act legalized recreational cannabis use nationwide in Canada. It creates a legal framework for controlling the production, distribution, sale and possession of cannabis across Canada for both medical and recreational purposes. Subject to provincial or territorial restrictions, adults who are 18 years of age or older are legally able to:

In the initial stage of the regulated recreational cannabis market, products available for sale were the same as those permitted in the medical cannabis market (dried flowers, oils and softgels and dried cannabis products). On October 17, 2019, the second phase of recreational cannabis products, specifically, edible cannabis products, cannabis extracts, and cannabis topical products, were legalized pursuant to certain amendments to the regulations under the Cannabis Act.  Edible cannabis products, cannabis extracts, and cannabis topical products, which are now available for sale, are subject to additional regulatory requirements that include supplemental marketing and advertising rules, further restrictions on labelling and packaging, rules relating to ingredients of edible cannabis products and cannabis extracts, limits on THC content, and added production facility requirements.

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Further, the current regime for medical cannabis will continue to allow access to cannabis to people who have the authorization of their healthcare provider.

Under the Cannabis Act, license holders are only able to distribute medical cannabis through the mail to registered customers.  The Cannabis Act also provides provincial and municipal governments with the authority to prescribe regulations regarding retail and distribution of recreational cannabis, as well as the ability to alter some of the existing baseline requirements, such as increasing the minimum age for purchase and consumption. As the distribution and sale of cannabis for recreational purposes is regulated under the individual authority of each provincial and territorial government, regulatory regimes vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In each of the provinces and territories, except for Saskatchewan, a provincial distributor is responsible for purchasing cannabis from producers and selling products to its regulated retail distribution channels.

The Cannabis Act mandates that three years following its coming into force, the Minister will cause a review of the legislation and its administration and operation, including a review of the impact of the legislation on public health, on the health and consumption habits of young persons, the impact of cannabis on Indigenous persons and communities, and the impact of the cultivation of cannabis plants in a dwelling-house.  No later than 18 months after the review begins, the Minister must cause a report on the review, including any finding or recommendations, to be laid before each House of Parliament.

In addition, in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Yukon, the provincial body is solely responsible for online sales. However, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many retail cannabis stores across the country have been operating under COVID restrictions which vary province to province and range from reduced in store capacity to mandated curbside pick up, click and collect or delivery only, including all of our corporate-owned stores in Newfoundland and Labrador, Manitoba, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. Please refer to “Risk Factors” under Item 1A and “Part 1 – Business Overview—Update on COVID-19” under Item 7 of this Annual Report for further discussion.

With respect to retail sales of cannabis, other than online sales, the provincial and territorial regulations in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Quebec and New Brunswick allow only for government-run cannabis stores, while the provincial and territorial regulations in Ontario, Alberta, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon, Saskatchewan and Manitoba leave the retail sale of cannabis, other than online sales, to the private sector. In British Columbia, provincial and territorial regulations allow for a hybrid model in which both public and private stores can operate.

The Cannabis Act also includes several measures to help prevent youth from accessing cannabis, including both age restrictions and restrictions on the promotion of cannabis. Regulations under the Cannabis Act include the following labeling and branding requirements:

The Cannabis Act also discourages youth cannabis use by prohibiting products that are appealing to youth, packaging or labeling cannabis in a way that makes it appealing to youth, selling cannabis through self-service displays or vending machines, or promoting cannabis, except in narrow circumstances, where young people cannot see the promotion. The new legislation also helps protect public health by creating strict safety and quality regulations.

In connection with the new framework for regulating cannabis in Canada, the Canadian federal government has introduced new penalties under the Criminal Code (Canada), including penalties for the illegal sale of cannabis, possession of cannabis over the prescribed limit, production of cannabis beyond personal cultivation limits, taking cannabis across the Canadian border, giving or selling cannabis to a youth and involving a youth to commit a cannabis-related offense.

Most recently, the Canadian federal government triggered a public consultation which would introduce the following three categories of amendments to the cannabis regulatory regime in Canada:

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U.S. Regulatory Framework

On February 8, 2018, the Canadian Securities Administrators revised their previously released Staff Notice which provides specific disclosure expectations for issuers that currently have, or are in the process of developing, cannabis-related activities in the United States as permitted within a particular state’s regulatory framework. All issuers with U.S. cannabis-related activities are expected to clearly and prominently disclose certain prescribed information in prospectus filings and other required disclosure documents.

In addition, on October 16, 2017, the TSX provided clarity regarding the application of Sections 306 (Minimum Listing Requirements) and 325 (Management) and Part VII (Halting of Trading, Suspension and Delisting of Securities) of the TSX Company Manual (collectively, the “TSX Requirements”) to applicants and TSX-listed issuers with business activities in the cannabis sector. In TSX Staff Notice 2017-0009, the TSX notes that issuers with ongoing business activities that violate U.S. federal law regarding cannabis are not in compliance with the TSX Requirements. These business activities may include:

The TSX reminded issuers that, among other things, should the TSX find that a listed issuer is engaging in activities contrary to the TSX Requirements, the TSX has the discretion to initiate a delisting review.

Unlike in Canada, which has uniform federal legislation governing the cultivation, distribution, sale and possession of cannabis under the Cannabis Act, in the United States, cannabis is regulated at both the federal and state levels. Notwithstanding the permissive regulatory environment of cannabis in some states, cannabis continues to be categorized as a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”), making it illegal under federal law in the United States to cultivate, distribute, or possess cannabis. This means that while state law in certain U.S. states may take a permissive approach to medical and/or recreational use of cannabis, the CSA may still be enforced by U.S. federal law enforcement officials against citizens and businesses of those states for activity that is legal under state law.

As a result of the conflicting views between state legislatures and the U.S. federal government regarding cannabis, investments in cannabis businesses in the United States are subject to inconsistent legislation and regulation. The response to this inconsistency was first addressed in August 2013 when then Deputy Attorney General James Cole authored a memorandum (the “Cole Memorandum”), noting that in jurisdictions that have enacted laws legalizing cannabis in some form and that have also implemented strong and effective regulatory and enforcement systems to control the cultivation, distribution, sale and possession of cannabis, conduct in compliance with those laws and regulations is less likely to be a priority at the federal level.

In light of limited investigative and prosecutorial resources, the Cole Memorandum concluded that the Department of Justice should be focused on addressing only the most significant threats related to cannabis. The Cole Memorandum was later rescinded by U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions under the Trump Administration.

On March 11, 2021, Merrick Garland was appointed as U.S. Attorney General.  At his confirmation hearing, he said, “It does not seem to me a useful use of limited resources that we have, to be pursuing prosecutions in states that have legalized and that are regulating the use of marijuana, either medically or otherwise”. He has not yet reissued the Cole Memorandum, however, or issued substitute guidance.   In the fiscal 2022 omnibus spending bill, Congress included the Rohrabacher-Farr amendment which prohibits the Department of Justice from spending funds to interfere with the implementation of state medical cannabis laws until September 30, 2022. Please refer to “Risk Factors” under Item 1A of this Annual Report for further discussion.

Additionally, under U.S. federal law it may, under certain circumstances, be a violation of federal money laundering statutes for financial institutions to accept any proceeds from cannabis sales or any other Schedule I controlled substances. Certain Canadian banks are similarly reluctant to transact business with U.S. cannabis companies, due to the uncertain legal and regulatory framework characterizing the industry at present. Banks and other financial institutions could be prosecuted and possibly convicted of money laundering for providing services to U.S. cannabis businesses. Under U.S. federal law, banks or other financial institutions that provide a cannabis business with a checking account, debit or credit card, small business loan or any other service could be found guilty of money laundering or conspiracy. Despite these laws, in February 2014, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FCEN”) of the U.S. Treasury Department issued a memorandum (the “FCEN Memo”) providing instructions to banks seeking to provide services to cannabis-related businesses. The FCEN Memo states that in some circumstances, it is permissible for banks to provide services to cannabis-related businesses without risking prosecution for violation of federal money laundering laws. It refers to supplementary guidance that Deputy Attorney General Cole issued to federal prosecutors relating to the prosecution of money laundering offenses predicated on cannabis-related violations of the CSA. It is unclear at this time whether the current administration will follow the guidelines of the FCEN Memo.

Multiple legislative reforms related to cannabis and cannabis-related banking are currently being considered by the federal government in the United States. Examples include the Strengthening the Tenth Amendment Through Entrusting States Act, the

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Marijuana Opportunity, Reinvestment and Expungement Act and the Secure and Fair Enforcement Banking Act. There can be no assurance that any of these pieces of legislation will become law in the United States.

While we have several arrangements with U.S.-based companies that may themselves participate in the United States cannabis market, these relationships do not violate the federal laws of the United States respecting cannabis and in no manner involve Canopy Growth in any activities in the United States respecting cannabis. As discussed below, certain entities in which we hold securities may operate in the United States cannabis industry, however, our investment in such entities has been structured such that we hold non-participating, non-voting securities that are only exercisable or exchangeable upon cannabis becoming legal or permissible in the United States under federal law. Further, we have developed specific plans related to establishing business operations in the United States in the event cannabis becomes federally permissible which are discussed below.

On December 20, 2018, the 2018 Farm Bill was signed into law in the United States. The 2018 Farm Bill, among other things, defines industrial hemp, removes industrial hemp and its cannabinoids, including CBD derived from industrial hemp but excluding THC, from the CSA and allows for industrial hemp production and sale in the United States. The passage of the 2018 Farm Bill has allowed us to advance our hemp interests in the United States. The FDA has retained authority over the addition of CBD to products that fall within the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”). So far, the FDA has stated that (a), to date, it has approved only one CBD product (a prescription drug to treat two forms of epilepsy), (b) it has seen only limited data about CBD safety and the data it has seen points to risks that need to be considered before taking CBD for any reason, (c) some CBD products are being marketed with unproven medical claims and are of unknown quality and (d) it is currently illegal to market CBD by adding it to a food or labeling it as a dietary supplement. Since the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, the FDA has periodically issued warning letters to CBD companies, which have been sent for the most part to companies making unfounded medical claims related to major diseases regarding their products. Courts have found that the FDA’s position on CBD amounts to guidance and have stayed cases until FDA issues final regulations. Some states take the position that CBD products are not legally permitted to be sold, but increasingly more states are allowing CBD foods, beverages, and supplements to be sold in-state and issuing more comprehensive regulations for the testing and labelling of those products.

There can be no assurance that the FDA will approve CBD as an additive to products under the FDCA. However, the FDA has expressed a willingness to take a flexible regulatory approach to foster the development of hemp-derived products such as CBD. On February 26, 2020, then-FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said, “We know one thing, the American people are using CBD products.  People are using these products.  We’re not going to be able to say you can’t use these products.  It’s a fools’ game to try to even approach that.” The FDA has indicated that any regulations allowing CBD in regulated products will have to fit under the confines of current law and further legislation will likely be required. A pending House bill with bipartisan support, the Hemp and Hemp-Derived CBD Consumer Protection and Market Stabilization Act of 2021, would allow hemp and hemp-derived CBD to be legally marketed in dietary supplements. However, there can be no assurance that any legislation will pass Congress or become law.

The Acreage Arrangement

On June 27, 2019, Canopy Growth and Acreage implemented the Original Acreage Arrangement pursuant to the Acreage Arrangement Agreement, which granted Canopy Growth the right (and obligation) to acquire, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain conditions contained in the Acreage Arrangement Agreement, all of the issued and outstanding securities of Acreage contingent on the occurrence or waiver of the changes in U.S. federal law to permit the general cultivation, distribution and possession of marijuana or to remove the regulation of such activities from the federal laws of the United States (the “Triggering Event”). Pursuant to the Acreage Arrangement Agreement, upon the implementation of the Original Acreage Arrangement, shareholders of Acreage and certain other securityholders received an upfront payment of US$300 million. In connection with the Original Acreage Arrangement, Canopy Growth and Acreage executed a licensing agreement (the “Original Acreage Licensing Agreement”) which provides Acreage with the ability to use Canopy Growth’s brands, along with other intellectual property, on a no-fee basis. In accordance with the Original Acreage Licensing Agreement, in December 2019 Acreage began selling certain Tweed-branded cannabis products at select dispensaries in Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts and Oregon. Any products sold by Acreage under the Tweed brand in the United States are cultivated and processed by Acreage at its facilities in the respective states in the United States where permissible under state laws.

On June 24, 2020, Canopy Growth and Acreage entered into a proposal agreement (the “Proposal Agreement”) in order to, among other things, implement the Acreage Amended Arrangement. In September 2020, Acreage obtained the requisite approvals of the shareholders of Acreage and the Supreme Court of British Columbia and on September 23, 2020, Canopy Growth and Acreage entered into the Acreage Amending Agreement and implemented the Acreage Amended Arrangement. The Acreage Amended Arrangement provides for, among other things, the following:

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We also entered into an amended and restated license agreement (the “A&R Acreage License”) in connection with the Proposal Agreement to amend and restate the Original Acreage Licensing Agreement. Pursuant to the A&R Acreage License, Acreage has the non-exclusive right to use and sublicense the intellectual property that is subject to the A&R Acreage License within the United States.

We also advanced US$50 million to Universal Hemp, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Acreage (“Acreage Hempco”) on September 23, 2020, pursuant to a secured debenture (the “Hempco Debenture”). In accordance with the terms of the Hempco Debenture, the funds advanced to Acreage Hempco cannot be used, directly or indirectly, in connection with or for any cannabis or cannabis-related operations in the United States, unless and until such operations comply with all applicable laws of the United States. The Hempco Debenture bears interest at a rate of 6.1% per annum and matures on September 23, 2030, or such earlier date in accordance with the terms of the Hempco Debenture.

The acquisition of Acreage, if completed, will provide a pathway into cannabis markets in the United States; however, Canopy Growth and Acreage will continue to operate as independent companies until the acquisition of Acreage is completed.

Wana Purchase Option

On October 14, 2021, we and Wana entered into the Wana Agreements providing us with the right, upon the occurrence or waiver (at our discretion) of the Triggering Event, to acquire 100% of the outstanding membership interests of Wana. Wana manufactures and sells gummies in the state of Colorado and licenses its intellectual property to partners, who manufacture, distribute, and sell Wana-branded gummies across the United States, including in California, Arizona, Illinois, Michigan and Florida. Wana currently has a footprint in 13 U.S. states as well as in Puerto Rico, and across Canada. Wana expects to have license agreements in place in up to a total of 20 U.S. states, including in future adult-use markets in New York and New Jersey, prior to the end of calendar 2022. Until such time as we exercise our right to acquire each Wana Entity, we will have no economic or voting interest in Wana, we will not control Wana, and we and Wana will continue to operate independently.

Other U.S. Holdings

While we do not engage in activities in the United States relating to cultivating and distributing cannabis so long as cannabis remains illegal under United States federal law, certain companies that we have invested in may operate in the United States cannabis industry, provided that the securities held by Canopy Growth are non-participating and non-voting securities that are only convertible, exercisable, or exchangeable for common shares upon cannabis becoming legal or permissible in the United States under federal law. For instance, TerrAscend and SLANG Worldwide Inc. (“SLANG”) have interests in cannabis-related business in the United States, we have undertaken steps to structure our security holdings in these entities to insulate Canopy Growth from engaging in any unlawful United States cannabis-related activities.

Canopy Growth holds conditionally exchangeable shares (the “TerrAscend Exchangeable Shares”) and common share purchase warrants in the capital of TerrAscend as well as an option (the “TerrAscend Option”) to acquire common shares of TerrAscend. The TerrAscend Exchangeable Shares are not entitled to voting rights, dividends or other rights upon dissolution of TerrAscend but are convertible into common shares of TerrAscend upon receipt of the approval of the stock exchanges upon which Canopy Growth’s securities are listed and following either changes in United States federal laws regarding the cultivation, distribution or possession of cannabis or changes in the policies of the stock exchanges upon which Canopy Growth’s securities are listed with respect to such activities. The TerrAscend Exchangeable Shares do not provide (and there are no related contractual rights that would otherwise provide) us with any right to dividends, entitlements upon dissolution of TerrAscend, cash flow or other current economic entitlements, voting rights or any form of control over the business, affairs, operation or financial condition of TerrAscend. The TerrAscend warrants and the TerrAscend Option described above are only exercisable upon the occurrence or waiver of the Triggering Event.

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Similarly, Canopy Growth holds conditionally exercisable warrants in the capital of SLANG. Canopy Growth is not permitted to exercise the warrants without, among other things, receipt of the approval of the stock exchanges upon which Canopy Growth’s securities are listed and following the date that the growth, cultivation, production, sale, use and consumption of cannabis and cannabis-related products are permitted in the United States for any and all purposes (including medical, therapeutic and recreational) under all applicable federal laws of the United States, including the CSA.

Further, Canopy Growth has the right, upon the occurrence or waiver (at our discretion) of the Triggering Event, to acquire up to 100% of the outstanding capital stock of Jetty, a California-based producer of cannabis extracts and vape technology. Jetty has developed industry-leading capabilities in extraction and clean vape technology and, upon the occurrence or waiver (at our discretion) of the Triggering Event, would give Canopy Growth a critical position in the largest and most historically significant THC market in the United States.  Until such time as Canopy Sub elects to exercise its rights to acquire Jetty, Canopy Growth and Canopy Sub will have no direct or indirect economic or voting interests in Jetty, Canopy Growth and Canopy Sub will not directly or indirectly control Jetty, and Canopy Growth and Canopy Sub, on the one hand, and Jetty, on the other hand, will continue to operate independently of one another.

We may also acquire rights, options or other securities in other entities that are currently engaged in activities in the United States related to cultivating and distributing cannabis that are only exercisable, convertible, or exchangeable for common shares following the date that the federal laws in the United States in regards to cannabis are amended and/or, if applicable, the date that the stock exchange(s) upon which the common shares are listed permit the investment in an entity that is involved in the cultivation or distribution of marijuana in the United States, provided that we (i) do not provide funds to such entities, and (ii) are not entitled to voting rights, dividends, or other rights upon dissolution in connection with the holding of such rights, options, or other securities. We may also invest in or loan funds to subsidiaries of entities that are currently engaged in activities in the United States related to cultivating and distributing cannabis, provided that (i) such subsidiaries do not engage in activities in the United States related to cultivating and distributing cannabis, and (ii) the funds invested or loaned to such entity are only used for lawful purposes and not in connection with activities in the United States related to cultivating and distributing cannabis.

We monitor the activities of TerrAscend, SLANG and other entities in which we are invested for compliance with United States cannabis laws and would make similar arrangements, if necessary, to ensure our ongoing compliance with United States federal laws.

There is a risk that our interpretation of laws, regulations and guidelines, including, but not limited to, the Cannabis Act, the associated regulations, various United States state regulations and applicable stock exchange rules and regulations may differ from those of others, including those of government authorities, securities regulators and stock exchanges. In addition, we have and will endeavor to cause the entities that we invest in, to only conduct business and invest in entities in federally legal jurisdictions by including appropriate representations, warranties and covenants in our agreements with such entities. Any violation of these terms would result in a breach of the applicable agreement between such entity and us and, accordingly, may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition. In particular, we may be required to divest its interest in an entity or risk significant fines, penalties, administrative sanctions, convictions, settlements or delisting from the TSX and/or NASDAQ and there is no assurance that any divestiture will be completed on terms favorable to us, or at all. Please refer to “Risk Factors” under Item 1A of this Annual Report for further discussion.

Competition

Health Canada issues licenses to cultivate, process and/or sell cannabis under the Cannabis Act. According to the Health Canada website, as of May 26, 2022, over 860 licenses to cultivate, distribute or sell cannabis have been issued.  When considering the competitive landscape for cannabis production, cultivation and sale, each license issued by Health Canada is connected to a specific entity and a specific property, so to commence a new production site, an entity must apply for a new license. With the demand for legal cannabis increasing and given the early stage of the recreational cannabis market, as more Cannabis 2.0 products are launched, we expect that new competitors will enter the market. In the recreational market, we compete on the basis of quality, price, brand recognition, consistency and variety of cannabis products with the same competitive factors that apply in the medical market, in addition to physician familiarity with cannabis products.

Certain companies in the Canadian cannabis market have elected to enter into contract manufacturing arrangements with license holders pursuant to which the license holder cultivates, processes and sells cannabis under the brand of the contracting company without the contracting company being required to own its own cannabis production assets. This can reduce the barriers to entry for branding companies and increase the number of cannabis products available to consumers; however, such arrangements are contingent on procuring favorable terms under manufacturing arrangements with license holders and are still subject to the ongoing requirements of maintaining cannabis production assets.  

In addition, there are illegal growers and retailers of cannabis, operating in the illicit market that, while operating illegally, still act as competitors by either diverting customers away due to product choice, perceived quality of product, convenience of access or price point.

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In regards to hemp-derived CBD, with the increased interest in CBD in Canada, the United States and internationally, the hemp-derived CBD market will likely continue to expand. Market entrants in Canada and the United States face regulatory hurdles which may impede access to the market, as well as regulatory uncertainty surrounding the treatment of CBD in both the U.S. and Canada.

Internationally, the capacity of cannabis companies to operate is limited to those countries which have legalized aspects of the production, distribution, sale and use of cannabis. We continue to seek out opportunities internationally by engaging with local cannabis and business experts.

Our BioSteel, This Works and Storz & Bickel subsidiaries, are each subject to their own unique competitive considerations.  

The CBI Group Investments

On November 2, 2017, Greenstar Canada Investment Limited Partnership (“Greenstar”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of CBI, invested CDN$245 million in Canopy Growth in exchange for (i) 18,876,901 common shares; and (ii) 18,876,901 common share purchase warrants exercisable at an exercise price per common share of CDN$12.9783 (the “Greenstar Warrants”).

In connection with our offering of 4.25% convertible senior notes due 2023 (the “Canopy Notes”) pursuant to an indenture dated June 20, 2018, among Canopy Growth, GLAS Trust Company LLC and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, Greenstar purchased CDN$200 million worth of Canopy Notes, which are convertible in certain circumstances and subject to certain conditions into an aggregate of 4,151,540 common shares.

On November 1, 2018, CBG Holdings LLC (“CBG”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of CBI, invested CDN$5.079 billion in Canopy Growth in exchange for (i) 104,500,000 common shares at a price of CDN$48.60 per common share, and (ii) 139,745,453 common share purchase warrants (the “CBG Warrants”), of which 88,472,861 CGB Warrants (the “Tranche A Warrants”) had an exercise price of CDN$50.40 and were exercisable until November 1, 2021 and the remaining 51,272,592 CBG Warrants (the “Original Tranche B Warrants”) had an exercise price based on the five-day volume weighted average price of the common shares on the TSX at the time of exercise and will become immediately exercisable only following the exercise of the Tranche A Warrants.

In connection with the Acreage Arrangement Agreement, Canopy Growth and CBG entered into a consent agreement dated April 18, 2019 (the “Consent Agreement”) pursuant to which Canopy Growth agreed to (a) the extension of the expiry date of the Tranche A Warrants from November 1, 2021 until November 1, 2023, (b) the extension of the expiry date of the Original Tranche B Warrants from November 1, 2021 until November 1, 2026; and (c) the amendment of the exercise price for 38,454,444 of the Original Tranche B Warrants, such that 38,454,444 Tranche B Warrants (as defined below) will be exercisable to acquire one common share at a price of CDN$76.68 rather than the five-day volume weighted average trading price of the common shares at the time of exercise.

On May 1, 2020, the Greenstar Warrants were exercised on May 1, 2020, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately CDN$245 million.

As of May 26, 2022, the CBI Group holds, in the aggregate, 142,253,802 common shares, 139,745,453 CBG Warrants and CDN$200 million principal amount of Canopy Notes. The common shares held by the CBI Group represent approximately 35.3% of the issued and outstanding common shares. Assuming full exercise of the CBG Warrants and full conversion of the Canopy Notes, the CBI Group would hold 286,150,795 common shares, representing approximately 52.3% of the issued and outstanding common shares (assuming no other changes in Canopy Growth’s issued and outstanding common shares), calculated in accordance with applicable securities laws.

Investor Rights Agreement

Canopy Growth and the CBI Group also entered into the second amended and restated investor rights agreement dated April 18, 2019 among CBG, Greenstar and Canopy Growth (the “New Investor Rights Agreement”), which amended the first amended and restated investor rights agreement dated November 1, 2018 between CBG, Greenstar and Canopy Growth, pursuant to which the CBI Group has certain governance rights which are summarized below.

Pursuant to the New Investor Rights Agreement, the CBI Group is entitled to designate four nominees for election or appointment to our board of directors for so long as the CBI Group holds a specified number of common shares or securities convertible into common shares (the “Target Number of Shares”). Additionally, under the New Investor Rights Agreement, the CBI Group has certain pre-emptive rights as well as certain top-up rights in order to maintain its pro rata equity ownership position in Canopy Growth in connection with any offering or distribution of securities by Canopy Growth (subject to certain exceptions).

The New Investor Rights Agreement provides that so long as the CBI Group continues to hold at least the Target Number of Shares, our board of directors will not: (i) propose or resolve to change the size of the board, except where otherwise required by law, or with the consent of CBG; or (ii) present a slate of board nominees to shareholders for election that is greater than or fewer than seven directors. In addition, the New Investor Rights Agreement provides that, subject to certain conditions, so long as the CBI Group continues to hold at least the Target Number of Shares, the CBI Group will adhere to certain non-competition restrictions including that we will be their exclusive strategic vehicle for cannabis products of any kind anywhere in the world (subject to limited exceptions. Further, the CBI Group agreed, for a limited period of time and subject to certain exceptions, to certain post-termination, non-competition restrictions, which include not pursuing other cannabis opportunities and not directly or indirectly participating in a competing business anywhere in the world.

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Pursuant to the New Investor Rights Agreement, for so long as the CBI Group continues to hold at least the Target Number of Shares, we will not, without the prior written consent of CBG, among other things, (a) consolidate or merge into or with another person or enter into any other similar business combination, including pursuant to any amalgamation, arrangement, recapitalization or reorganization, other than a consolidation, merger or other similar business combination of any wholly-owned subsidiary or an amalgamation or arrangement involving a subsidiary with a another person in connection with a permitted acquisition; (b) acquire any shares or similar equity interests, instruments convertible into or exchangeable for shares or similar equity interests, assets, business or operations with an aggregate value of more than CDN$250 million, in a single transaction or a series of related transactions; (c) sell, transfer, lease, pledge or otherwise dispose of any of its or any of its subsidiaries’ assets, business or operations (in a single transaction or a series of related transactions) in the aggregate with a value of more than CDN$20 million; or (d) make any changes to our policy with respect to the declaration and payment of any dividends on the common shares.

In accordance with the New Investor Rights Agreement, CBI Group will be permitted, prior to the exercise or expiry of all of the CBG Warrants, to purchase up to 20,000,000 common shares (subject to customary adjustments for share splits, consolidations or other changes to the outstanding share capital of a similar nature): (i) on the TSX, NASDAQ or any other stock exchange, marketplace or trading market on which the common shares are then listed; or (ii) through private agreement transactions with existing holders of common shares, provided that CBG must promptly notify Canopy Growth of any acquisition of common shares.

The New Investor Rights Agreement will terminate upon the earlier of: (i) the mutual consent of the parties; (ii) the date on which the CBI Group owns less than 33,000,000 common shares; and (iii) the date of a non-appealable court order terminating the New Investor Rights Agreement under certain circumstances.

Consent Agreement

In addition to the amendments to the CBG Warrants, pursuant to the Consent Agreement, we agreed that without the prior written consent of CBG, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, we will not (i) exercise our right to acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of Acreage prior to the Triggering Event; (ii) amend, modify, supplement or restate the Acreage Arrangement Agreement; or (iii) waive any terms, covenants or conditions set forth in the Acreage Arrangement Agreement.

In addition, we agreed that, in the event that CBG exercises the Tranche A Warrants in full, we will purchase the lesser of (i) 27,378,866 common shares, and (ii) common shares with a value of CDN$1,582,995,262, during the period commencing on April 18, 2019 and ending on the date that is 24 months after the date that CBG exercises all of the Tranche A Warrants. If, for any reason, we do not purchase for cancellation the common shares within such period, we are required to pay to CBG an amount (the “Credit Amount”), as liquidated damages, equal to the difference between: (i) CDN$1,582,995,262; and (ii) the actual purchase price we paid in purchasing common shares pursuant to the Consent Agreement. The Credit Amount will reduce the aggregate exercise price otherwise payable by CBG upon each exercise of the Tranche B Warrants and the Tranche C Warrants (as defined below)).

We also agreed that if the CBI Group receives any notification or communication of any violation or contravention of applicable law or any liability to the CBI Group under applicable law or any notification or communication that would be expected to result in a violation or contravention of applicable law or any actual liability to the CBI Group under applicable law, as a result of the license agreement between us and Acreage, CBG has the right to direct and cause us to terminate the license agreement in accordance with its terms, provided that we will have an opportunity to cure any such violation, contravention or liability and CBG will be required to take all commercially reasonable efforts to assist us in addressing such violation, contravention or liability.

Concurrent with the execution of the Proposal Agreement, on June 24, 2020, Canopy Growth and CBG entered into a second consent agreement (the “Second Consent Agreement”). As the transactions contemplated by the Proposal Agreement may result in certain taxes owing by CBG or its affiliates, we agreed, pursuant to the Second Consent Agreement, to indemnify CBG and its affiliates for such taxes and losses incurred in relation to such taxes, subject to certain exceptions.

Human Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2022, we had 3,151 total employees, including 2,174 full-time employees in Canada. As of March 31, 2022, we had 540 employees outside of Canada, including in the United States. Our employees in production roles are critical to the success of our key markets. As of March 31, 2022, we had a total of 1,363 employees in production roles in Canada, 80 in the United States, 125 in Europe. As of March 31, 2022, a total of 24 employees are unionized in Canada. 

Our human resources department is striving to make Canopy Growth a first-choice employer in the cannabis industry. In fiscal 2022, we focused on the following three key priorities to action: (1) ensuring we have top talent in roles most critical to organizational success; (2) building infrastructure needed to scale the Company and continuously re-evaluating its fitness for purpose; and (3) actively engaging with our people and reinforcing behaviors foundational to our success. Supporting these three key priorities are a number of specific programs and initiatives highlighted below. 

Our Total Rewards philosophy includes rewarding employees competitively, treating our employees fairly, and providing the flexibility needed to cultivate greatness. In fiscal 2022, we continued to execute against our Total Rewards road map of programs designed to attract, motivate, recognize, reward, and retain the talent we need to realize our vision and deliver on our growth expectations, while holistically supporting total employee well-being. 

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We also launched our first company-wide engagement survey to gather employee feedback and establish a baseline from which to undertake further action planning about how we can continuously improve our workplace and employee experience. 

In ongoing support of our employees during the COVID-19 pandemic, we initiated or continued a number of mental-health programs and offered supplemental resources.  These included wellness webinars, virtual yoga and meditation sessions and a variety of online resources to help navigate the pandemic, all of which were available to all of our employees. In addition, we continued to support remote work and offered a number of vaccine clinics at various sites which were open to employees and their friends and families to help reduce the spread of the virus. Fostering a culture of accountability and compliance is also central to effective human capital management. All of our employees completed annual training on applicable corporate policies including our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Whistleblower Protection Policy, Insider Trading Policy and Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Policy.

As part of our talent management strategy, we invest in employee education and skills development through Canopy Growth Learning, our online learning management system, for regulatory requirements and corporate policies as noted above, and to build professional skills and capabilities to support career advancement. We encourage frequent performance check-ins between managers and their team members to discuss performance, development, and growth. In fiscal 2021, we implemented a formalized objective-setting process to provide our employees with clarity of focus and to understand how their work supports our organizational priorities.  Additionally, we implemented talent reviews at the Vice-President level to assess our bench strength and inform development plans and created a formal succession plan for our Executive C-suite positions to support business continuity. 

Through our internal Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (“DEI”) efforts, we are committed to embedding equity into every part of the organization and creating an inclusive organizational environment. To accomplish this, we completed an extensive audit of DEI practices, policies and processes and subsequently developed a multi-year strategy that is supported by our Executive Management team.   Through programming and participation in our Employee Resource Groups, which help people from historically excluded groups build community internally, providing learning and development opportunities to support people leaders' ability to mitigate biases and we have established initiatives to support people with disabilities.

Website Access to Reports

We maintain a website at www.canopygrowth.com. We are providing the address to our website solely for the information of investors. The information contained on our website is not a part of, nor is it incorporated by reference into this Annual Report. Through our website, we make available, free of charge, our annual proxy statement, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish them to the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains these reports at www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors.

An investment in us involves a number of risks. In addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report and in other filings we make, investors should give careful consideration to the following risk factors. Any of the matters highlighted in these risk factors could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, causing an investor to lose all, or part of, its, his or her investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are those we currently believe to be material, but they are not the only ones we face. If any of the following risks, or any other risks and uncertainties that we have not yet identified or that we currently consider not to be material, actually occur or become material risks, our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and consequently the price of our securities could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Our Growth Strategy

We and certain of our subsidiaries have limited operating history and therefore we are subject to many of the risks common to early-stage enterprises.

We have a limited history of operations and are in an early stage of development as we attempt to create a global infrastructure to capitalize on the opportunity in the cannabis industry. Accordingly, we are subject to many of the risks common to early-stage enterprises, including under-capitalization, limitations with respect to personnel, other resources and lack of revenue. Our limited operating history may also make it difficult for investors to evaluate our prospects for success. There is no assurance that we will be successful and our likelihood of success must be considered in light of our stage of operations.

We may not be able to successfully manage our growth.

We have completed our initial investment phase and have begun pivoting to a focused execution phase, and may be subject to growth-related risks, including capacity constraints and pressure on our internal systems and controls, which may place significant strain on our operational and managerial resources. In addition, we are subject to a variety of business risks generally associated with developing companies. Our ability to manage growth effectively will require us to continue to implement and improve our operational and financial systems and to expand, train and manage our employee base. There can be no assurances that we will be able to manage growth successfully. Our inability to manage growth successfully could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability and may continue to incur losses in the future.

We have incurred losses in recent periods. We had negative operating cash flow for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, March 31, 2021, March 31, 2020, and March 31, 2019. We may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability and may continue to incur significant losses in the future even in light of our Restructuring Actions. In addition, we expect to continue to increase our capital investments and incur significant operating expenses as we implement initiatives to continue to grow our business. If our revenues do not increase to offset these expected costs and operating expenses, we will not be profitable. If our revenue declines or fails to grow at a rate faster than our operating expenses, and we are unable to secure funding under terms that are favorable or acceptable to us, or at all, we will not be able to achieve and maintain profitability in future periods. As a result, we may continue to generate losses. We may not achieve profitability in the future and, even if we do become profitable, we might not be able to sustain that profitability. There is no assurance that future revenues will be sufficient to generate the funds required to continue operations without external funding.

We have been and may in the future be required to write down intangible assets, including goodwill, due to impairment, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

We have in the past and may in the future be required to write down intangible assets, including goodwill, due to impairment, which would reduce earnings. We periodically calculate the fair value of our reporting units and intangible assets to test for impairment. This calculation may be affected by several factors, including general economic conditions, regulatory developments, changes in category growth rates as a result of changing adult consumer preferences, success of planned new product introductions, and competitive activity. Certain events can also trigger an immediate review of goodwill and intangible assets. If the carrying value of our reporting unit and other intangible assets exceed their fair value and the loss in value is other than temporary, the goodwill and other intangible assets are considered impaired, which would result in impairment losses and could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. At March 31, 2022, we performed our annual goodwill impairment analysis using the quantitative assessment. We concluded that the carrying values of the KeyLeaf and This Works reporting units were higher than their respective estimated fair values as determined using the income valuation method, and a goodwill impairment loss totaling $40.7 million was recognized in fiscal 2022. No impairment was noted for any of our other reporting units, as the estimated fair value of each of the other reporting units with goodwill exceeded their carrying value. However, at March 31, 2022, the fair value of the goodwill associated with our cannabis operations reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by approximately 5% to 10%. Accordingly, the goodwill assigned to the cannabis operations reporting unit is at risk for impairment in future periods. We may be required to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment in future periods for the cannabis operations reporting unit, to the extent we continue to experience declines in the price of our common shares, reductions in the estimated control premium associated

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with ownership of our common shares, or if other indicators of impairment arise. The carrying value, at March 31, 2022, of the goodwill associated with our cannabis operations reporting unit was $1.7 billion.

There can be no assurance that the Restructuring Actions will have a beneficial impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The timing, costs and benefits of the Restructuring Actions cannot be guaranteed.

In the fourth quarter of our fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, we announced the Restructuring Actions aligned to our strategic review of our business, which included (i) reducing cultivation costs in the Canadian recreational cannabis business through cultivation-related efficiencies and facility improvements; (ii) implementing a flexible manufacturing platform, including contract manufacturing for certain product formats; (iii) right-sizing indirect costs and generating efficiencies across our supply chain and procurement; (iv) aligning general and administrative costs with short-term business expectations; (v) further streamlining the organization to drive process-related efficiencies; and (vi) a reduction in headcount. There can be no assurance that these initiatives will achieve the expected benefits to our business or reduce costs or grow our revenue as intended. The execution and implementation of these initiatives involve risk, including that significant amounts of management’s time and resources could be diverted from our core operations in order to complete such initiatives. In addition, these initiatives could present unforeseen obstacles, lead to operating inefficiencies and negatively disrupt our corporate culture, which could lead to further employee attrition, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have and will continue to incur costs to implement these initiatives, and we could be subject to litigation risks and expenses.

Risks Relating to Our Products

There is limited long-term data with respect to the efficacy, side effects and safety of our products, and future clinical research studies on the effects of cannabis, U.S. hemp, cannabinoids and cannabis-based products may lead to conclusions that dispute or conflict with our understanding and belief regarding their benefits, viability, safety, efficacy, dosing and social acceptance.

Research in Canada, the United States and internationally regarding the benefits, viability, safety, efficacy, dosing and social acceptance of cannabis, U.S. hemp or isolated cannabinoids (such as CBD and THC) in dietary supplements, food or cosmetic products remains in early stages. There have been relatively few clinical trials on the potential benefits of cannabis, U.S. hemp or isolated cannabinoids and there is limited long-term data with respect to efficacy, side effects and/or interaction of these substances with human or animal biochemistry. As a result, our products could have unexpected side effects or safety concerns, the discovery of which could lead to civil litigation, regulatory actions and even possibly criminal enforcement actions. In addition, if the products we sell do not or are not perceived to have the effects intended by the end user, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See also “—We may be subject to, or prosecute, litigation in the ordinary course of business.”, “—We may be subject to product liability claims.” and “—Our products have in the past and may in the future be subject to recalls.”

The statements made by us, including in this Annual Report, concerning the potential benefits of cannabis, U.S. hemp and isolated cannabinoids are based on published articles and reports and therefore are subject to the experimental parameters, qualifications and limitations in such studies that have been completed. Although we believe that the existing public scientific literature generally supports our beliefs regarding the benefits, viability, safety, efficacy, dosing and social acceptance of cannabis, U.S. hemp and cannabinoids, future research and clinical trials may cast doubt or disprove such beliefs, or could raise or heighten concerns regarding, and perceptions relating to, cannabis, U.S. hemp and cannabinoids, which could have a material adverse effect on the demand for our products with the potential to lead to a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Given these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, undue reliance should not be placed on such literature. In particular, the FDA has raised several questions regarding the safety of CBD and gaps in the public scientific literature supporting the use of CBD by the general population.

Required clinical trials of cannabis-based medical products and treatments are novel terrain with very limited or non-existent clinical trial history; we face a significant risk that any trials will not result in commercially viable products and treatments.

We are required to conduct clinical trial of our products under applicable laws. Clinical trials are expensive, time consuming and difficult to design and implement. Regulatory authorities may suspend, delay or terminate any clinical trials we commence at any time, may require us, for various reasons, to conduct additional clinical trials, or may require a particular clinical trial to continue for a longer duration than originally planned. Clinical trials face many risks, including, among others:

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Any of the foregoing could cause our products or treatments not to be commercially viable which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The controversy surrounding vaporizers and vaporizer products may materially and adversely affect the market for vaporizer products and expose us to litigation and additional regulation.

There have been a number of highly publicized cases involving lung and other illnesses and deaths that appear to be related to vaporizer devices and/or products used in such devices (such as vaporizer liquids). The focus is currently on the vaporizer devices, the manner in which the devices were used and the related vaporizer device products - THC, nicotine, other substances in vaporizer liquids, possibly adulterated products and other illegal unlicensed cannabis vaporizer products. Some states, provinces, territories and municipalities in Canada and the United States have already taken steps to prohibit the sale or distribution of vaporizers, restrict the sale and distribution of such products or impose restrictions on flavours or use of such vaporizers. This trend may continue, accelerate and expand.

Cannabis vaporizers in Canada are regulated under the Cannabis Act, Cannabis Regulations and other laws and regulations of general application. Negative public sentiment may prompt regulators to decide to further limit or defer the industry’s ability to sell cannabis vaporizer products, and may also diminish consumer demand for such products. For instance, Health Canada has proposed new regulations that would place stricter limits on the advertising and promotion of vaping products and make health warnings on vaping products mandatory, although such regulations explicitly exclude cannabis and cannabis accessories. The provincial governments in Quebec, Alberta and Newfoundland and Labrador have imposed provincial regulatory restrictions on the sale of cannabis vape products, and Health Canada is seeking to limit the flavours of inhaled cannabis extracts. In June 2021, Health Canada opened a consultation into the use of flavours in inhaled cannabis extracts as it claims that the availability of flavours is one of the factors that contributes to the increase in cannabis vaping in youth and young adults. As part of this consultation, Health Canada released proposed regulations that contemplate prohibiting the production, sale, promotion, packaging and labelling of inhaled cannabis extracts from having a flavour, other than the flavour of cannabis. The proposed amendments would apply equally to inhaled cannabis extracts sold for medical and non-medical purposes. The consultation period closed in September 2021 and the new regulations will come into force 180 days from the day of registration, a date which has yet to be determined. These actions, together with potential deterioration in the public’s perception of cannabis containing vaping liquids, may result in a reduced market for our vaping products. There can be no assurance that we will be able to meet any additional compliance requirements or regulatory restrictions, or remain competitive in face of unexpected changes in market conditions.

This controversy could well extend to non-nicotine vaporizer devices and other product formats. Any such extension could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance. Litigation pertaining to vaporizer products is ongoing and that litigation could potentially expand to include our products, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

Future research may lead to findings that vaporizers, electronic cigarettes and related products are not safe for their intended use.

Vaporizers, electronic cigarettes and related products were recently developed and therefore the scientific or medical communities have had a limited period of time to study the long-term health effects of their use. Currently, there is limited scientific or medical data on the safety of such products for their intended use and the medical community is still studying the health effects of the use of such products, including the long-term health effects. If a consensus were to develop among the scientific or medical community that the use of any or all of these products pose long-term health risks, market demand for these products and their use could materially decline. Such a development could also lead to litigation, reputational harm and significant regulation. Loss of demand for our product, product liability claims and increased regulation stemming from unfavorable scientific studies on vaporizer products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to risks and uncertainty regarding our U.S. hemp operations.

A small part of our business involves products containing U.S. hemp. There is substantial uncertainty concerning the legal status of U.S. hemp and U.S. hemp products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD. The status of products derived from the cannabis or hemp plant, under both federal and state law depends on the THC content of the plant or derivative (including whether the plant meets the statutory definition of “industrial hemp” or “hemp”), the part of the plant from which an individual or entity produces the derivative (including whether the plant meets the statutory definition of “marihuana” under the CSA), whether the cultivator, processor, manufacturer or product marketer engages in cannabis-related activities for research versus purely commercial purposes, as well as the form and intended use of the product. The mere presence of a cannabinoid (such as CBD) is not dispositive as

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to whether the product is legal or illegal.   The FDA, for instance, has approved drugs containing synthetic THC, though not naturally derived THC.  There may be difficulty in maintaining consistent strains with consistent low levels of THC sufficient to meet U.S. regulatory requirements.

Under U.S. federal law, products containing CBD may be unlawful if derived from cannabis (including hemp with a THC concentration greater than 0.3% on a dry weight basis), or if derived from U.S. hemp grown outside the parameters of an approved U.S. hemp pilot program or U.S. hemp cultivated in violation of the 2018 Farm Bill. Even after enactment of the 2018 Farm Bill, the DEA may not treat all products containing U.S. hemp-derived ingredients, including CBD, as exempt from the Controlled Substances Act. If the DEA takes action against us or other participants in the U.S. hemp industry, this could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance. The number of competitors in the U.S. hemp industry is expected to increase, which could negatively impact our market share and demand for our products. Additionally, if the United States takes steps to legalize cannabis, the impact of such a development could result in new entrants into the market and increased levels of competition.

Additionally, the U.S. hemp industry may be impacted by perceived similarities or differences between U.S. hemp and cannabis. Consumers, vendors, landlords/lessors, industry partners or third-party service providers may incorrectly perceive U.S. hemp products as cannabis, thereby confusing them for having the THC content of cannabis or for being illegal under U.S. federal law which potentially impacts our ability to sell our products or obtain the necessary services or supplies to manufacture, store or transport our products.

We may also be required to obtain and maintain certain permits, licenses and approvals in the jurisdictions where we source, process, or sell products derived from U.S. hemp. We may be unable to obtain or maintain any necessary licenses, permits or approvals. Additional government licenses are currently, and in the future, may be, required in connection with our operations, in addition to other unknown permits and approvals which may be required, including with respect to our other global operations. To the extent such permits, and approvals are required and not obtained, we may be prevented from operating and/or expanding our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, U.S. hemp plants can be vulnerable to various pathogens including bacteria, fungi, viruses and other miscellaneous pathogens. Such instances often lead to reduced crop quality, stunted growth and/or death of the plant. Moreover, U.S. hemp is “phytoremediative” (meaning that it may extract toxins or other undesirable chemicals or compounds from the ground in which it is planted). Various regulatory agencies have established maximum limits for pathogens, toxins, chemicals and other compounds that may be present in agricultural materials. If U.S. hemp used in our products is found to have levels of pathogens, toxins, chemicals or other undesirable compounds that exceed limits permitted by applicable law, it may have to be destroyed. Should the U.S. hemp used in our products be lost due to pathogens, toxins, chemicals or other undesirable compounds, or if we or our suppliers are otherwise unable to obtain U.S. hemp for use in our products on an ongoing basis, it may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

Furthermore, some of our products that are intended to primarily contain U.S. hemp-derived CBD, or other U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoids, may contain trace amounts of THC. THC is an illegal or controlled substance in many jurisdictions, including under the federal laws of the U.S. Whether or not ingestion of THC (at low levels or otherwise) is permitted in a particular jurisdiction, there may be adverse consequences to consumers of our U.S. hemp products who test positive for any amounts of THC, even trace amounts, because of the presence of unintentional amounts of THC in our U.S. hemp products. In addition, certain metabolic processes in the body may negatively affect the results of drug tests. As a result, we may have to recall our products from the market. Positive tests for THC may adversely affect our reputation, our ability to obtain or retain customers and individuals’ participation in certain athletic or other activities. A claim or regulatory action against us based on such positive test results could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

There is continuing uncertainty regarding the FDA’s potential position on CBG and other cannabinoids.

Cannabigerol (“CBG”) is a cannabinoid which can be lawfully derived from U.S. hemp. The Company has begun and plans to continue developing products with CBG and other rare cannabinoids (i.e., cannabinoids other than THC and CBD). The 2018 Farm Bill preserved the FDA’s authority over U.S. hemp-derived consumer products and to date, the FDA has provided no guidance as to how cannabinoids other than CBD will be regulated under the FFDCA. Future regulatory changes or enforcement actions by the FDA, with respect to CBG or other U.S. hemp-derived cannabinoids, could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

We are subject to risks and uncertainty regarding future product development.

We expect to derive a portion of our future revenues from the sale of new products, including Cannabis 2.0 products, some of which are still being actively developed and put into production. If we fail to adequately meet market demand for such products in a timely fashion, it may adversely impact our profitability.

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Our products have in the past and may in the future be subject to recalls.

Manufacturers and distributors of products are sometimes subject to the recall or return of their products for a variety of reasons, including, among other things, product defects, such as contamination, unintended harmful side effects or interactions with other substances, packaging safety and inadequate or inaccurate labeling disclosure. For example, we initiated one voluntary recall on May 9, 2019 for LBS Ocean View (Sativa) Whole Cannabis, Dried Cannabis, Net Weight 3.5 g, Lot OVI8305SPB, packaged on April 8, 2018, because the date on the packaging was incorrect. The date on the label was listed as 2018-AL-08 but should have been listed as 2019-AL-08.

If any of our products are recalled for any reason, we could be required to incur the unexpected expense of the recall and any legal proceedings that might arise in connection with the recall. All customers who are potentially impacted would be notified, corrective actions would be put in place, and existing product and procedures would be re-tested and examined. We may also lose a significant amount of sales and may not be able to replace those sales at an acceptable margin, or at all. In addition, product recalls have in the past and may in the future require significant management attention. Although we have detailed procedures in place for testing finished products, there can be no assurance that any quality, potency or contamination problems will be detected in time to avoid unforeseen product recalls, regulatory action or lawsuits. Additionally, if one or more of our products were subject to recall, our reputation and the reputation of that product could be harmed. A recall of one of our products could lead to decreased demand for that product or our other products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, product recalls may lead to increased scrutiny of our operations by Health Canada, the FDA, the DEA or other regulatory agencies, requiring further management attention and potential legal fees and other expenses. Furthermore, any product recall affecting the cannabis or U.S. hemp industries more broadly could lead consumers to lose confidence in the safety and security of the products sold by participants in these industries generally, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Regulation and Compliance

We operate in highly regulated industries where the regulatory environments are rapidly developing and we may not always succeed in complying fully with applicable regulatory requirements in all jurisdictions where we carry on business.

Our business and activities are heavily regulated in all jurisdictions where we carry on business. Our operations are subject to various laws, regulations and guidelines by governmental authorities (including, in Canada, Health Canada and other federal, provincial and local regulatory agencies and, in the U.S., the FDA, the USDA, DEA, USPTO and FTC and other federal and state agencies) relating to, among other things, the manufacture, marketing, management, transportation, storage, sale, pricing and disposal of cannabis, U.S. hemp and cannabis-based products, and also including laws, regulations and guidelines relating to health and safety, insurance coverage, the conduct of operations and the protection of the environment (including relating to emissions and discharges to water, air and land, and the handling and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous materials and wastes). Our operations may also be affected in varying degrees by government regulations with respect to, among other things, price controls, import or export controls, controls on currency remittance, increased income taxes, restrictions on foreign investment and government policies rewarding contracts to local competitors or requiring domestic producers or vendors to purchase supplies from a particular jurisdiction. Laws, regulations and guidelines, applied generally, grant government agencies and self-regulatory bodies broad administrative discretion over our activities, including the power to limit or restrict business activities as well as impose additional disclosure requirements on our products and services, as well as on our personnel (including management and our board of directors).

Achievement of our business objectives is contingent, in part, upon compliance with regulatory requirements enacted by these governmental authorities and obtaining all necessary regulatory approvals for the production, storage, transportation, sale, import and export, as applicable, of our products. The cannabis and U.S. hemp industries are still new, and in Canada, in particular, the Cannabis Act is a new regime that has no close precedent in Canadian law. Similarly, the regulatory regimes in the jurisdictions in which we and our joint ventures operate outside of the United States and Canada are new and are still being developed without close precedent in such jurisdictions. The effect of relevant governmental authorities’ administration, application and enforcement of their respective regulatory regimes and delays in obtaining, or failure to obtain, necessary regulatory approvals may significantly delay or impact the development of markets, products and sales initiatives and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in the U.S., registered federal trademark protection is only available for goods and services that can be lawfully used in interstate commerce; the USPTO is not currently approving any trademark applications for cannabis, or certain goods containing U.S. hemp-derived CBD (such as dietary supplements and food) until the FDA and the USDA provides clearer guidance on the regulation of such products.

The regulatory environment for our products is rapidly developing, and the need to build and maintain robust systems to comply with different and changing regulations in multiple jurisdictions increases the possibility that we may violate one or more applicable requirements. While we endeavor to comply with all relevant laws, regulations and guidelines, any failure to comply with the regulatory requirements applicable to our operations could subject us to negative consequences, including, but not limited to, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, asset seizures, revocation or imposition of additional conditions on licenses to operate our business, the denial of regulatory applications (including, in the U.S., by other regulatory regimes that rely on the positions of the DEA, FDA and USDA in the application of their respective regimes), the suspension or expulsion from a particular market or jurisdiction or of our key personnel, or the imposition of additional or more

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stringent inspection, testing and reporting requirements, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, scheduled or unscheduled inspections of our facilities or facilities of our joint ventures or third party suppliers by applicable regulatory agencies could result in adverse findings that could require significant remediation efforts and/or temporary or permanent shutdown of our facilities or those of our joint ventures or third party suppliers. In the United States, failure to comply with FDA and USDA requirements (and analogous state agencies) may result in, among other things, injunctions, product withdrawals, recalls, product seizures, fines and criminal prosecutions. The outcome of any regulatory or agency proceedings, investigations, inspections, audits, and other contingencies could harm our reputation, require us to take, or refrain from taking, actions that could harm our operations or require us to pay substantial amounts of money, harming our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Increasingly, communication and coordination among regulators has led in other industries to coordinated responses to regulatory and licensure applications.  To the extent that regulators coordinate responses to license applications and regulatory conditions, limitations or denials of licenses in one jurisdiction may lead to denials in other jurisdictions.  There can be no assurance that any pending or future regulatory or agency proceedings, investigations, inspections and audits will not result in substantial costs or a diversion of management’s attention and resources, negatively impact our future growth plans and opportunities or have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If our U.S. hemp business activities are found to be in violation of any of U.S. federal, state or local laws or any other governmental regulations, in addition to the items described above:

We and our joint ventures and strategic investments are reliant on required licenses, authorizations, approvals and permits for our ability to grow, process, store and sell cannabis, U.S. hemp and cannabinoids which are subject to ongoing compliance, reporting and renewal requirements and we may also be required to obtain additional licenses, authorizations, approvals and permits in connection with our business.

We are dependent on our existing licenses from Health Canada in order to grow, store and sell cannabis. These licenses are subject to ongoing compliance and reporting requirements. Failure to comply with the requirements of these licenses or failure to maintain these licenses could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results. There can be no guarantee that a license will be extended or renewed or, if extended or renewed, that it will be extended or renewed on terms that are favorable to us or that Health Canada will not revoke the licenses. Should we fail to comply with requirements of the licenses, should Health Canada not extend or renew the licenses, should they be renewed on different terms (including not allowing for anticipated capacity increases) or should the licenses be revoked, our business, financial condition and results of the operations will be materially adversely affected.

In addition, our ability to grow our business is dependent on securing and maintaining certain new licenses, particularly retail licenses and licenses in international jurisdictions. Failure to comply with the requirements of any license application or failure to obtain and maintain the appropriate licenses with the relevant authorities would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. There can also be no guarantees that regulatory authorities will issue the required licenses to us.

Changes in the laws, regulations and guidelines governing cannabis and U.S. hemp may adversely impact our business.

Our current operations are subject to various laws, regulations and guidelines promulgated by governmental authorities (including, in Canada, Health Canada and, in the U.S., the FDA, the USDA, DEA, FTC and USPTO, and analogous state agencies) relating to the marketing, acquisition, manufacture, packaging/labeling, management, transportation, storage, sale and disposal of cannabis or U.S. hemp but also including laws and regulations relating to health and safety, insurance coverage, the conduct of operations and the protection of the environment (including relating to emissions and discharges to water, air and land, the handling and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous materials and wastes). Additionally, our growth strategy continues to evolve as regulations governing the cannabis industry in the jurisdictions in which we operate become more fully developed. Interpretation of these laws, rules and regulations and their application to our operations is ongoing. No assurance can be given that new laws, regulations and guidelines will not be enacted or that existing laws, regulations and guidelines will not be amended, repealed or interpreted or applied in a manner which could require extensive changes to our operations, increase compliance costs, give rise to material liabilities or a revocation of our licenses and other permits, restrict the growth opportunities that we currently anticipate or otherwise limit or curtail our operations. For example, the Cannabis Act requires the federal government to conduct a review of the Cannabis Act after three years, which was anticipated to commence in October 2021. This statutory review may lead to the amendment, removal or addition of provisions in or to the Cannabis Act which could adversely affect our business.  Amendments to current laws, regulations and guidelines governing the production, sale and use of cannabis and cannabis-based products, more

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stringent implementation or enforcement thereof or other unanticipated events, including changes in political conditions and/or regimes or political instability, currency controls, fluctuations in currency exchange rates and rates of inflation, labor unrest, changes in taxation laws, regulations and policies, restrictions on foreign exchange and repatriation, governmental regulations relating to foreign investment and the cannabis business more generally, and changes in attitudes toward cannabis, are beyond our control and could require extensive changes to our operations, which in turn may result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

While the production of cannabis in Canada is under the regulatory oversight of the Canadian federal government, the distribution and retail sale of recreational cannabis in Canada falls within the jurisdiction of the provincial and territorial governments. The impact of the legislation regulating recreational cannabis passed in such provinces and territories on the cannabis industry and on our business plans and operations is uncertain. Certain Canadian provinces and territories have announced certain restrictions that are more stringent than the federal rules or regulations such as retail sale and marketing restrictions, bans on certain types of cannabis products, raising minimum age of purchase and flavour restrictions. For example, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador and Prince Edward Island do not currently permit sales of cannabis vaporizers and Quebec limits the sale of other high THC non-edible cannabis products. In addition, the distribution and retail channels and applicable rules and regulations in the provinces continue to evolve and our ability to distribute and retail cannabis and cannabis products in Canada is dependent on the ability of the provinces and territories of Canada to establish licensed retail networks and outlets.  In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, various provinces and territories introduced a variety of response measures which impacted their respective cannabis regimes, which include in certain jurisdictions: forced store closures, restrictions or bans on in-store shopping experiences, and the authorization of private delivery services.  There is no guarantee that the applicable legislation regulating the distribution and sale of cannabis for recreational purposes, including as amended to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, will allow for the growth opportunities we currently anticipate.

Furthermore, additional countries continue to pass laws that allow for the production and distribution of cannabis in some form or another. We have some subsidiaries, investments, joint ventures and strategic alliances in place outside of Canada and the United States, which may be affected if more countries legalize cannabis. See “Business—U.S. Regulatory Framework—The Acreage Arrangement and “Business—U.S. Regulatory Framework—Wana Purchase Option.” Increased international competition and limitations placed on us by Canadian regulations might lower the demand for our products on a global scale. We also face competition in each jurisdiction outside of Canada and the United States where we have subsidiaries, investments, joint ventures and strategic alliances with local companies that have more experience, more in-depth knowledge of local markets or applicable laws, regulations and guidelines or longer operating histories in such jurisdictions.

We are subject to certain restrictions of the TSX and Nasdaq, which may constrain our ability to expand our business internationally.

Our common shares are listed on the TSX and Nasdaq. We must comply with the TSX and Nasdaq requirements or guidelines when conducting business, especially when pursuing international opportunities in the United States.

On October 16, 2017, the TSX provided clarity regarding the application of the TSX Requirements to TSX-listed issuers with business activities in the cannabis sector. In TSX Staff Notice 2017-0009, the TSX notes that issuers with ongoing business activities that violate U.S. federal law regarding cannabis are not in compliance with the TSX Requirements. The TSX reminded issuers that, among other things, should the TSX find that a listed issuer is engaging in activities contrary to the TSX Requirements, the TSX has the discretion to initiate a delisting review. Although we do not conduct any operations in the United States with respect to cannabis, failure to comply with the TSX Requirements could result in a delisting of our common shares from the TSX or the denial of an application for certain approvals, such as to have additional securities listed on the TSX, which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common shares and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

While Nasdaq has not issued official rules specific to the cannabis or hemp industry, stock exchanges in the United States, including Nasdaq, have historically refused to list certain cannabis related businesses, including cannabis retailers, that operate primarily in the United States. Failure to comply with any requirements imposed by Nasdaq could result in the delisting of our common shares from Nasdaq or denial of any application to have additional securities listed on Nasdaq, which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common shares.

We are constrained by law in our ability to market and advertise our products.

Our marketing and advertising are subject to regulation by various regulatory bodies in the jurisdictions we operate. In Canada, the development of our business and related results of operations may be hindered by applicable regulatory restrictions on sales and marketing activities. For example, the regulatory environment in Canada limits our ability to compete for market share in a manner similar to other industries. Furthermore, the applicable regulatory restrictions on sales and marketing activities are not always clear, may be subject to interpretation and have in the past, and may in the future, be interpreted or applied inconsistently by the applicable Canadian regulatory agencies, which have broad interpretative and enforcement discretion with respect to such activities.  This may result in such restrictions on sale and marketing activities being interpreted unfavorably by a regulatory agency against some market participants, including us, but not others. If we are unable to effectively market our products and compete for market share, or if the

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costs of compliance with government legislation and regulation cannot be absorbed through increased selling prices for our products, our sales and results of operations could be adversely affected. See “Business–Canadian Regulatory Framework.”

In the United States, our advertising is subject to regulation by the FTC under the Federal Trade Commission Act as well as the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and USDA, including as amended by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, and by state agencies under analogous and similar state and local laws and regulations. In recent years, the FTC, the FDA, USDA and state agencies have initiated numerous investigations of food and dietary supplement products both because of their CBD content and based on allegedly deceptive or misleading marketing claims and have, on occasion, issued “Warning Letters” or instituted enforcement actions due to such claims. Some U.S. states also permit content, advertising and labeling laws and regulations to be enforced by state attorneys general, who may seek civil and criminal penalties, relief for consumers, class action certifications, class wide damages and recalls of products sold by us. There has also been an increase in private litigation that seeks, among other things, relief for consumers, class action certifications, class wide damages and recalls of products. We have been subject to such litigation in Canada and may be subject to additional private class action litigation. Any actions against us by governmental authorities or private litigants could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

We could be adversely affected by violations of the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (Canada), the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other similar anti-bribery laws.

Our business is subject to the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (Canada) and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and other similar laws which generally prohibit companies and employees from engaging in bribery or other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. In addition, we are or will be subject to the anti-bribery laws of any other countries in which we conduct business now or in the future. Our employees or other agents may, without our knowledge and despite our efforts, engage in conduct prohibited under our policies and procedures and under anti-bribery laws, for which we may be held responsible. Our policies mandate compliance with these anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws. However, there can be no assurance that our internal control policies and procedures will always protect us from recklessness, fraudulent behavior, dishonesty or other inappropriate acts committed by our affiliates, employees, contractors or agents. If our employees or other agents are found to have engaged in such practices, we could suffer severe penalties and other consequences that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Cannabis is a controlled substance in the United States and therefore subject to the Controlled Substances Act.

We are indirectly involved in ancillary activities related to the cannabis industry in jurisdictions in the United States where local state law permits such activities and, by virtue of, among other transactions, the Acreage Amended Arrangement, the Wana Agreements and our holding of securities in the capital of TerrAscend, we may be indirectly associated with the cultivation, processing or distribution of cannabis in the United States. In the United States, cannabis is regulated at both the federal and state levels. To our knowledge, there are to date a total of 37 states, and the District of Columbia, that have now legalized cannabis in some form, including California, Nevada, New York, New Jersey, Washington and Florida. Although several states allow the sale of cannabis at the state level, cannabis continues to be categorized as a controlled substance under the CSA and, as such, cultivation, distribution, sale and possession of cannabis violates federal law in the United States. The inconsistency between federal and state laws and regulations may result in a loss of the value of our investments and alliances in these businesses.

As a result of the Sessions Memorandum, federal prosecutors have prosecutorial discretion to decide whether to prosecute cannabis activities despite the existence of state-level laws that may be inconsistent with federal prohibitions. No direction was given to federal prosecutors in the Sessions Memorandum as to the priority they should ascribe to such cannabis activities and, as a result, it is uncertain how active federal prosecutors will be in relation to such activities. There can be no assurance that the federal government will not seek to prosecute cases involving cannabis businesses that are otherwise compliant with state law.

On March 11, 2021, Merrick Garland was appointed as U.S. Attorney General.  At his confirmation hearing, he said, “It does not seem to me a useful use of limited resources that we have, to be pursuing prosecutions in states that have legalized and that are regulating the use of marijuana, either medically or otherwise”.  He has not yet reissued the Cole Memorandum, however, or issued substitute guidance.  In the fiscal 2021 omnibus spending bill, Congress included the Rohrabacher-Farr amendment which prohibits the Department of Justice from spending funds to interfere with the implementation of state medical cannabis laws until September 30, 2021. The omnibus appropriations bill for fiscal 2022 passed on March 15, 2022 and extends the Rohrabacher-Farr amendment’s effectiveness to and including September 30, 2022.

While state law in certain U.S. states may take a permissive approach to medical and/or recreational use of cannabis, the CSA may still be enforced by U.S. federal law enforcement officials against individuals and companies operating in those states for activity that is legal under state law. If the Department of Justice opted to pursue a policy of aggressively enforcing U.S. federal law against financiers or equity owners of cannabis-related businesses, then Acreage, TerrAscend and Wana, for instance, could face (i) seizure of their cash and other assets used to support or derived from their business activities; and/or (ii) the arrest of its employees, directors, officers, managers and/or investors, who could face charges of ancillary criminal violations of the CSA for aiding and abetting and conspiring to violate the CSA by virtue of providing financial support to state-licensed or permitted cultivators, processors, distributors, and/or retailers of cannabis. In addition, under such an aggressive enforcement policy, the Department of Justice could

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allege that we and our board of directors, and potentially our shareholders, “aided and abetted” violations of federal law as a result of the Acreage Arrangement, the Wana Agreements or other transactions involving us. In these circumstances, we may lose our entire investment and directors, officers and/or our shareholders may be required to defend any criminal charges against them at their own expense and, if convicted, be sent to federal prison.

Violations of any federal laws and regulations could result in significant fines, penalties, administrative sanctions, convictions or settlements arising from civil proceedings initiated by either the federal government or private citizens, or criminal charges, including, but not limited to, disgorgement of profits, cessation of business activities or divestiture. This could have a material adverse effect on us, including our reputation and ability to conduct business, the listing of our securities on the TSX, Nasdaq or other exchanges, our financial position, operating results, profitability or liquidity or the market price of our listed securities. Overall, an investor’s contribution to and involvement in our activities may result in federal civil and/or criminal prosecution, including forfeiture of his or her entire investment.

We are subject to a number of federal, state, and foreign environmental and safety laws and regulations that may expose us to significant costs and liabilities.

Our operations are subject to environmental and safety laws and regulations concerning, among other things, emissions and discharges to water, air and land, the handling and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous materials and wastes, and employee health and safety. Accordingly, we will incur ongoing costs and obligations related to compliance with environmental and employee health and safety matters. Failure to comply with environmental and safety laws and regulations may result in costs for corrective measures, penalties or restrictions on our production operations. In addition, changes in environmental, employee health and safety or other laws, more vigorous enforcement thereof or other unanticipated events could require extensive changes to our operations or give rise to material liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our employees or investors could face detention, denial of entry or lifetime bans from United States for their business associations with us.

Cannabis remains illegal under U.S. federal law. Individuals employed at or investing in cannabis companies could face detention, denial of entry or lifetime bans from the United States for their business associations with cannabis businesses. Entry to the United States is granted at the sole discretion of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) officers on duty, and these officers have wide latitude to ask questions to determine the admissibility of a foreign national. The government of Canada has started warning travelers that previous use of cannabis, or any substance prohibited by U.S. federal laws, could result in denial of entry to the United States. Business or financial involvement in the cannabis industry in Canada or in the United States could also be reason enough for CBP officers to deny entry. On September 21, 2018, CBP released a statement outlining its position with respect to enforcement of the laws of the U.S. It stated that Canada’s legalization of cannabis will not change CBP enforcement of U.S. laws regarding controlled substances and because cannabis continues to be a controlled substance under U.S. law, working in or facilitating the proliferation of the cannabis industry in U.S. states or Canada may affect admissibility to the United States. On October 9, 2018, CBP released an additional statement regarding the admissibility of Canadian citizens working in the legal cannabis industry. CBP stated that a Canadian citizen working in or facilitating the proliferation of the legal cannabis industry in Canada coming into the United States for reasons unrelated to the cannabis industry will generally be admissible to the United States; however, if such person is found to be coming into the United States for reasons related to the cannabis industry, such person may be deemed inadmissible. Employees, directors, officers, managers and investors of companies involved in business activities related to cannabis in Canada or the United States (such as us), who are not U.S. citizens, face the risk of being barred from entry into the United States for life. Despite the fact that our U.S. hemp activities are legal pursuant to the 2018 Farm Bill, due to the nature of the business as a whole, individuals employed by or investing in us could face a such a ban.

Anti-money laundering and other banking laws and regulations can limit our ability to access financing and hamper our growth.

We are subject to a variety of domestic and international laws and regulations pertaining to money laundering, financial recordkeeping and proceeds of crime, including the Proceeds of Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (Canada), as amended and the rules and regulations thereunder, the Criminal Code (Canada) and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by governmental authorities internationally.

In the event that any of our operations or investments, any proceeds thereof, any dividends or distributions therefrom, or any profits or revenues accruing from such operations or investments were found to be in violation of money laundering legislation, such transactions may be viewed as proceeds of crimes under one or more of the statutes noted above or any other applicable legislation. This could restrict or otherwise jeopardize our ability to declare or pay dividends, effect other distributions or subsequently repatriate such funds back to Canada. Furthermore, while we have no current intention to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, in the event that a determination was made that proceeds obtained by us could reasonably be shown to constitute proceeds of crime, we may decide or be required to suspend declaring or paying dividends without advance notice and for an indefinite period of time.

In February 2014, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN) of the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued the FINCEN Memo. The FINCEN Memo states that in some circumstances, it may not be appropriate to prosecute banks that provide

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services to marijuana-related businesses for violations of federal money laundering laws. It refers to supplementary guidance that Deputy Attorney General Cole issued to federal prosecutors relating to the prosecution of money laundering offenses predicated on Cannabis-related violations of the CSA. It is unclear at this time whether the current administration will follow the guidelines of the FINCEN Memo. Under U.S. federal law, banks or other financial institutions that provide a Cannabis-related business with a checking account, debit or credit card, small business loan, or any other service could be found guilty of money laundering, aiding and abetting, or conspiracy. As a result, we may have limited or no access to banking or other financial services in the United States. The inability or limitation on our ability to open or maintain bank accounts in the United States, to obtain other banking services and/or accept credit card and debit card payments may make it difficult to operate and conduct our business as planned in the United States. Although multiple legislative reforms related to cannabis and cannabis-related banking are currently being considered by the federal government in the United States, such as the Strengthening the Tenth Amendment Through Entrusting States Act, the Marijuana Opportunity, Reinvestment and Expungement Act and the Secure and Fair Enforcement Banking Act, there can be no assurance that any of these pieces of legislation will become law in the United States.

Risks Relating to Entry into New Markets

Our expansion plans into the United States rely on the success of the Acreage Arrangement and the Wana Purchase Option, and we cannot guarantee that the Acreage Arrangement or Wana Purchase Option will close in the near future, or at all, and even if closed, that we will achieve the expected benefits of such transactions.

Our expansion plans into the United States are primarily constituted by the Acreage Amended Arrangement and the Wana Purchase Option.  See “Business—U.S. Regulatory Framework—The Acreage Arrangement” and “Business— U.S. Regulatory Framework – Wana Purchase Option” for additional information regarding the Acreage Arrangement and the Wana Purchase Option.  The effectiveness of the Acreage Amended Arrangement is subject to certain conditions, including, among other things, that U.S. federal law is amended to permit the general cultivation, distribution and possession of marijuana or to remove the regulation of such activities from the federal laws of the United States and the receipt of the certain regulatory approvals. Such conditions have not yet occurred. See “—Cannabis is a controlled substance in the United States and therefore subject to the Controlled Substances Act.”  The ability to exercise the option to acquire Wana is also conditioned upon amendments to U.S. federal law to permit the general cultivation, distribution and possession of marijuana or to remove the regulation of such activities from the federal laws of the United States. There is no guarantee that U.S. federal law will be amended to legalize cannabis in the near future, or at all.  Additionally, the regulatory approval processes may take a lengthy period of time to complete, which could delay closing of the Acreage Arrangement.

Certain of these conditions, including the U.S. federal legalization of cannabis, are outside of our control. There can be no certainty, nor can we provide any assurance, that all conditions precedent to the consummation of the acquisitions of Acreage or Wana will be satisfied or waived, or, if satisfied or waived, when they will be satisfied or waived and, accordingly, the Acreage Amended Arrangement and/or the Wana Purchase Option may not be completed. If, for any reason, the Acreage Amended Arrangement and/or the Wana Purchase Option are not completed or their respective completions are materially delayed and/or the Acreage Arrangement Agreement (as modified by the Acreage Amending Agreement) and/or the Wana Purchase Option are terminated, the market price of our common shares may be materially adversely affected. In such events, our business, financial condition or results of operations could also be subject to various material adverse consequences, including that we would remain liable for costs relating to the Acreage Amended Arrangement and the Wana Purchase Option.

Even if we do acquire the Acreage Fixed Shares and, if applicable, the Acreage Floating Shares, as well as the membership interests of Wana, the intended benefits of the Acreage Amended Arrangement and/or the Wana Purchase Option may not be realized. The Acreage Amended Arrangement and the Wana Purchase Option pose risks for our ongoing operations, including, among others, (i) that senior management’s attention may be diverted from the management of daily operations to the integration of the Acreage and/or Wana operations, (ii) costs and expenses associated with any undisclosed or potential liabilities, (iii) that the Acreage and/or Wana businesses may not perform as well as anticipated and (iv) that unforeseen difficulties may arise in integrating the Acreage and/or Wana businesses.  

We cannot assure you that the Acreage Amended Arrangement and/or the Wana Purchase Option will be accretive to us in the near term or at all. Furthermore, if we fail to realize the intended benefits of Acreage Amended Arrangement and/or the Wana Purchase Option, the market price of our common shares could decline to the extent that the market price reflects those benefits.

Controlled substance and other legislation and treaties may restrict or limit our ability to research, manufacture and develop a commercial market for our products outside of the jurisdictions in which we currently operate and our expansion into such jurisdictions is subject to risks.

Approximately 250 substances, including cannabis, are listed in the Schedules annexed to the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (New York, 1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (Vienna, 1971) and the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (introducing control on precursors) (Vienna, 1988). The purpose of these listings is to control and limit the use of these drugs according to a classification of their therapeutic value, risk of abuse and health dangers, and to minimize the diversion of precursor chemicals to illegal drug manufacturers. The 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended in 1972, classifies cannabis as a Schedule I (“substances with addictive properties, presenting a serious risk of abuse”) narcotic drug and as further amended by the December 2020 Commission on Narcotic Drugs, a Schedule IV (“the most

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dangerous substances, already listed in Schedule I, which are particularly harmful and of extremely limited medical or therapeutic value”) narcotic drug. The 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances classifies THC as a Schedule I psychotropic substance (substances presenting a high risk of abuse, posing a particularly serious threat to public health which are of very little or no therapeutic value). Many countries are parties to these conventions, which govern international trade and domestic control of these substances, including cannabis. They may interpret and implement their obligations in a way that creates legal obstacles to our obtaining manufacturing and/or marketing approval for our products in those countries. These countries may not be willing or able to amend or otherwise modify their laws and regulations to permit our products to be manufactured and/or marketed and achieving such amendments to the laws and regulations may take a prolonged period of time. There can be no assurance that any market for our products will develop in any jurisdiction in which we do not currently have operations. We may face new or unexpected risks or significantly increase our exposure to one or more existing risk factors, including economic instability, political instability, changes in laws and regulations and the effects of competition. These factors may limit our capability to successfully expand our operations into such jurisdictions and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Investments and joint ventures outside of Canada and the United States are subject to the risks normally associated with any conduct of business in foreign countries, including varying degrees of political, legal, regulatory and economic risk.

Much of our exposure to markets in jurisdictions outside of Canada and the United States is through investments and joint ventures. These investments and joint ventures are subject to the risks normally associated with any conduct of business in foreign and/or emerging countries including political risks; civil disturbance risks; changes in laws, regulations or policies of particular countries, including those relating to royalties, duties, imports, exports and currency; the cancellation or renegotiation of contracts; the imposition of royalties, net profits payments, tax increases or other claims by government entities, including retroactive claims; a disregard for due process and the rule of law by local courts; the risk of expropriation and nationalization; delays in obtaining or the inability to obtain necessary governmental permits or the reimbursement of refundable tax from fiscal authorities.

Threats or instability in a country caused by political events including elections, change in government, changes in personnel or legislative bodies, foreign relations or military control present serious political and social risk and instability causing interruptions to the flow of business negotiations and influencing relationships with government officials. Changes in policy or law may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The risks include increased “unpaid” state participation, higher energy costs, higher taxation levels and potential expropriation.

Other risks include the potential for fraud and corruption by suppliers or personnel or government officials which may implicate us, compliance with applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations, including the FCPA and the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (Canada) by virtue of our operating in jurisdictions that may be vulnerable to the possibility of bribery, collusion, kickbacks, theft, improper commissions, facilitation payments, conflicts of interest and related party transactions and our possible failure to identify, manage and mitigate instances of fraud, corruption or violations of our code of conduct and applicable regulatory requirements.

There is also the risk of increased disclosure requirements; currency fluctuations; restrictions on the ability of local operating companies to hold Canadian dollars, U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies in offshore bank accounts; import and export restrictions; increased regulatory requirements and restrictions; increased health-related regulations; limitations on the repatriation of earnings or on our ability to assist in minimizing our expatriate workforce’s exposure to double taxation in both the home and host jurisdictions; and increased financing costs.

These risks may limit or disrupt our joint ventures, strategic alliances or investments, restrict the movement of funds, cause us to have to expend more funds than previously expected or required or result in the deprivation of contract rights or the taking of property by nationalization or expropriation without fair compensation, and may materially adversely affect our business, financial position and/or results of operations. In addition, the enforcement by us of our legal rights in foreign countries, including rights to exploit our properties or utilize our permits and licenses and contractual rights may not be recognized by the court systems in such foreign countries or enforced in accordance with the rule of law.

We currently have investments in companies and may in the future invest in companies, or engage in joint ventures, in or with interests in countries with developing economies. It is difficult to predict the future political, social and economic direction of the countries in which we operate, and the impact government decisions may have on our business. Any political or economic instability in the countries in which we operate could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our use of joint ventures may expose us to risks associated with jointly owned investments.

We currently operate parts of our business through joint ventures with other companies, and we may enter into additional joint ventures and strategic alliances in the future. Joint venture investments may involve risks not otherwise present for investments made solely by us, including: (i) we may not control the joint ventures, either by virtue of our economic or legal ownership share, or our ability to influence day-to-day operational decision-making; (ii) our joint venture partners may not agree to distributions that we believe are appropriate; (iii) where we do not have substantial decision-making authority, we may experience impasses or disputes with our joint venture partners on certain decisions, which could require us to expend additional resources to resolve such impasses or disputes, including litigation or arbitration; (iv) our joint venture partners may become insolvent or bankrupt, fail to fund their share of

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required capital contributions or fail to fulfill their obligations as a joint venture partner; (v) the arrangements governing our joint ventures may contain certain conditions or milestone events that may never be satisfied or achieved; (vi) our joint venture partners may have business or economic interests that are inconsistent with ours and may take actions contrary to our interests; (vii) we may suffer losses as a result of actions taken by our joint venture partners with respect to our joint venture investments; (viii) it may be difficult for us to exit a joint venture if an impasse arises or if we desire to sell our interest for any reason; and (ix) our joint venture partners may exercise termination rights under the relevant agreements. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may, in certain circumstances, be liable for the actions of our joint ventures or joint venture partners. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There can be no assurance that our current and future acquisitions, strategic alliances, investments or expansions of scope of existing relationships will have a beneficial impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently have, and may in the future enter into, additional acquisitions, strategic alliances or investments with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. Our ability to complete acquisitions or strategic alliances is dependent upon, and may be limited by, the availability of suitable candidates and capital. In addition, acquisitions or strategic alliances could present unforeseen integration obstacles or costs, may not enhance our business, and/or may involve risks that could adversely affect us, including significant amounts of management time that may be diverted from operations in order to pursue and complete such transactions or maintain such strategic alliances. Future acquisitions or strategic alliances could result in the incurrence of additional debt, costs and contingent liabilities, and there can be no assurance that future acquisitions or strategic alliances will achieve, or that our existing acquisitions or strategic alliances will continue to achieve, the expected benefits to our business or that we will be able to consummate future acquisitions or strategic alliances on satisfactory terms, or at all. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, future acquisitions, including the acquisition of Acreage (if the Acreage Arrangement is completed), could result in future issuances of our securities, including up to 171,227,420 common shares that may be issued in the future in connection with the closing of the Acreage Arrangement and the associated top-up right of the CBI Group pursuant to the New Investor Rights Agreement. Such issuances of securities may have an adverse effect on the market price of the common shares. See “— Our expansion plans into the United States rely on the success of the Acreage Arrangement and the Wana Purchase Option, and we cannot guarantee that the Acreage Arrangement or Wana Purchase Option will close in the near future, or at all, and even if closed, that we will achieve the expected benefits of such transactions.”

We are subject to risks relating to our current and future operations in emerging markets.

We have operations in various emerging markets, such as Latin America and the Caribbean, and may have operations in additional emerging markets in the future. Such operations expose us to the socio-economic conditions as well as the laws governing the cannabis industry in such countries. Inherent risks with conducting foreign operations include, but are not limited to: high rates of inflation; extreme fluctuations in currency exchange rates, military repression; war or civil war; social and labor unrest; organized crime; hostage taking; terrorism; violent crime; expropriation and nationalization; renegotiation or nullification of existing licenses, approvals, permits and contracts; changes in taxation policies; restrictions on foreign exchange and repatriation; and changing political norms, banking and currency controls and governmental regulations that favour or require us to award contracts in, employ citizens of, or purchase supplies from, the jurisdiction.

Governments in certain foreign jurisdictions intervene in their economies, sometimes frequently, and occasionally make significant changes in policies and regulations. Changes, if any, in cannabis industry policies or shifts in political attitude in the countries in which we operate may adversely affect our operations or profitability. Operations may be affected in varying degrees by government regulations with respect to, but not limited to, restrictions on production, price controls, export controls, currency remittance, importation of product and supplies, income and other taxes, royalties, the repatriation of profits, expropriation of property, foreign investment, maintenance of licenses, approvals and permits, environmental matters, land use, land claims of local people, water use and workplace safety. Failure to comply strictly with applicable laws, regulations and local practices could result in loss, reduction or expropriation of licenses, or the imposition of additional local or foreign parties as joint venture partners with carried or other interests.

We continue to monitor developments and policies in the emerging markets in which we operate and assess the impact thereof to our operations; however, such developments cannot be accurately predicted and could have an adverse effect on our operations or profitability.

Risks Relating to Competition, Performance and Operations

We have been and may in the future be required to write down inventory due to downward pressure on market prices, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial position.

At the end of each reporting period, management performs an assessment of inventory obsolescence, prices and demand to measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. We also consider factors

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such as slow-moving or non-marketable products in our determination of obsolescence. As a result of this assessment, inventory write-downs may occur from period to period. Due to continued pricing pressures in the Canadian marketplace, we may incur further inventory write-downs in the future. We have had a series of inventory write-downs due to price compression in the cannabis market. We expect these write-downs to continue as pricing pressures remain elevated. These inventory write-downs have in the past and may in the future materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.

We may not be able to supply the provincial purchasers in various provinces and territories of Canada with our products in the quantities or prices anticipated, or at all.

Our current revenues are largely dependent upon our supply contracts with the various Canadian provinces and territories. There are many factors which could impact our contractual agreements with the provinces and territories, including but not limited to availability of supply, product selection and the popularity of our products with retail customers. If our supply agreements with certain Canadian provinces are amended, terminated or otherwise altered, our sales and operating results could be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our supply arrangements with provincial purchasers, each of which we understand to be substantially similar in all material respects with the supply arrangements entered into with the other license holders in the Canadian cannabis industry, do not contain any binding minimum purchase obligations on the part of the relevant provincial purchaser.

We expect purchase orders to be primarily driven by end-consumer demand for our products and the relevant provincial purchaser supply at the relevant time. Accordingly, we cannot predict the quantities of our products that will be purchased by the provincial purchasers, or if our products will be purchased at all. Provincial purchasers may change the terms of the supply agreements at any time during the supply relationship including on pricing, have broad rights of return of products and are under no obligation to purchase our products or maintain any listings of our products for sale. As a result, provincial purchasers have a significant amount of control over the terms of the supply arrangements.

The effect of the legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada on the medical cannabis market in Canada is still uncertain, and it may have a significant negative effect upon our medical cannabis business if our existing or future medical-use patients decide to purchase products available in the recreational market instead of purchasing our medical-use products.

On October 17, 2018, the Cannabis Act came into effect. The Cannabis Act allows individuals over the age of 18 to legally purchase, process and cultivate limited amounts of cannabis for recreational use in Canada, subject to provincial and territorial age restrictions which may increase the age of purchase in the province or territory.  As a result, individuals who rely upon the medical cannabis market to supply their medical cannabis and cannabis-based products may cease this reliance, and instead turn to the recreational cannabis market to supply their cannabis and cannabis-based products.  Factors that will influence this decision include the price of medical cannabis products in relation to similar recreational cannabis products, the amount of active ingredients in medical cannabis products in relation to similar recreational cannabis products, the types of cannabis products available to adult users and limitations on access to recreational cannabis products imposed by the regulations under the Cannabis Act and the legislation governing the distribution and sale of cannabis that has been enacted by the individual provinces and territories of Canada. The impact of the legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada on the medical cannabis market is uncertain, and while we cannot predict its impact on our sales and revenue prospects, it may be adverse.

The recreational cannabis market in Canada has in the past been and may in the future become oversupplied following the implementation of the Cannabis Act and the related legalization of cannabis for recreational use.

As a result of the implementation of the Cannabis Act and the legalization of adult cannabis use, numerous additional cannabis producers have and may continue to enter the Canadian market. We and such other cannabis producers have in the past produced and may in the future produce more cannabis than is needed to satisfy the collective demand of the Canadian medical and recreational markets, and we may be unable to export that over-supply into other markets. As a result, the available supply of cannabis could exceed demand, which has in the past and could in the future result in a significant decline in the market price for cannabis, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We must rely largely on our own market research and internal data to forecast sales and market demand and market prices which may differ from our forecasts.

Given the early stage of the cannabis and U.S. hemp industries, we rely largely on our own market research and internal data to forecast industry trends and statistics as detailed forecasts are, with certain exceptions, not generally available from other sources. A failure in the demand for our products to materialize as a result of competition, technological change, change in the regulatory or legal landscape or other factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unsuccessful in competing in the legal recreational cannabis market in Canada.

We face competition from a very large number of existing license holders licensed under the Cannabis Act. Certain of these competitors may have significantly greater financial, production, marketing, R&D and technical and human resources than we do. As a result, our competitors may be more successful than us in gaining market penetration and market share in the recreational cannabis

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industry in Canada. Our commercial opportunity in the recreational market could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors produce and commercialize products for the recreational market that, among other things, are safer, more effective, more convenient or less expensive than the products that we may produce, have greater sales, marketing and distribution support than our products, enjoy enhanced timing of market introduction and perceived effectiveness advantages over our products and receive more favorable publicity than our products. If our recreational products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by the recreational market, we may not generate sufficient revenue from these products, and our proposed recreational business may not become profitable.

The Cannabis Act allows individuals over the age of 18 to legally cultivate up to four cannabis plants per household provided that each plant meets certain requirements, subject to any restrictions on these activities imposed in certain provinces and territories. If we are unable to effectively compete with other suppliers to the recreational cannabis market, or a significant number of individuals take advantage of the ability to cultivate and use their own cannabis, our recreational business may be negatively impacted.

In addition, the Cannabis Act allows for licenses to be granted for outdoor cultivation, which may reduce start-up capital required for new entrants in the cannabis industry.  It may also ultimately lower prices, as capital expenditure requirements related to outdoor growing are typically much lower than those associated with indoor growing.  Such results may also have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and result of operation.

The Canadian excise duty framework may affect profitability.

Canada’s excise duty framework imposes an excise duty and various regulatory-like restrictions on certain cannabis products sold in Canada. We currently hold licenses issued by the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) required to comply with this excise framework. Any change in the rates or application of excise duty to cannabis products sold by us in Canada, and any restrictive interpretations by the CRA or the courts of the provisions of the Excise Act, 2001 (which may be different than those contained in the Cannabis Act) may affect our profitability and ability to compete in the market.

Our business may be impacted as a result of increased rates of inflation.

Inflation is now a concern due to the impacts of the many government programs and the associated spending to fund them which has created large government deficits in almost every jurisdiction. This has resulted in increases to the money supply as well to fund some of these programs. The net result has been significant inflationary pressures, including, in particular, on wages. Increased inflation could reduce our purchasing power and result in negative impacts on the ability to obtain goods and services required for the operation of our business or to pass on rising costs to our customers. To the extent that we are unable to offset such cost inflation through higher prices of our offerings or other cost savings, there could be a negative impact on the our business, sales and margin performance, net income, cash flows and the trading price of our common shares.

Failure to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting may result in our not being able to accurately report our financial results, which could result in a loss of investor confidence and adversely affect the market price of our common shares.

We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, which is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP (as defined below). Because we are implementing new financial control and management systems, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. A failure to prevent or detect errors or misstatements may result in a decline in the price of our common shares and harm our ability to raise capital in the future.

If our management is unable to certify the effectiveness of our internal controls or if material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls are identified, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny and a loss of public confidence, which could harm our business and cause a decline in the price of our common shares. The accounting complexities encountered in financial reporting rely on complex spreadsheets, most significantly around the valuation of inventory and biological assets and the related classification of line items on the consolidated statements of operations. Spreadsheets are inherently prone to error due to their manual nature. Our controls related to spreadsheets did not address all risks associated with access security, data entry and evidence of review of completed spreadsheets.

In addition, if we do not maintain adequate financial and management personnel, processes and controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis, which could cause a decline in the price of our common shares and harm our ability to raise capital. Failure to accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis could also jeopardize our listing on the TSX or Nasdaq. Delisting of our common shares on any exchange would reduce the liquidity of the market for our common shares, which would reduce the price of and increase the volatility of the price of our common shares.

We do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error or fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and implemented, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Due to the inherent limitations in all control

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systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues within an organization are detected. The inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple errors or mistakes. Controls can also be circumvented by individual acts of certain persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. Due to the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected in a timely manner or at all. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our reputation and operating results could be materially adversely affected, which could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which in turn could result in a reduction in the trading price of our common shares.

In addition, acquisitions can pose challenges in implementing the required processes, procedures and controls in the new operations. Companies that are acquired by us, including Acreage (if the Acreage Arrangement is completed) and Wana (if the Wana transaction is completed), may not have disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting that are as thorough or effective as those required by the securities laws that currently apply to us.

We are subject to liability arising from any fraudulent or illegal activity by our employees, contractors and consultants.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, independent contractors and consultants may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates: (i) applicable laws and regulations; (ii) manufacturing standards; (iii) federal and provincial healthcare fraud and abuse of federal, state and provincial laws and regulations; or (iv) laws and regulations that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. It is not always possible for us to identify and deter misconduct by our employees and other third parties, and the precautions taken by us to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are brought against us, and we are not successful in defending us or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and the curtailment of our operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our cannabis cultivation and U.S. hemp operations are subject to risks inherent in the agricultural business.

Our business involves the growing of cannabis, an agricultural product, in certain jurisdictions where that activity is permitted. As such, our business is subject to the risks inherent in the agricultural business, such as insects, plant diseases and similar agricultural risks that may create crop failures and supply interruptions for our customers.

Weather conditions and climate, which can vary substantially from year to year, may have a significant impact on the size and quality of the harvest of the crops processed and sold by us. Such adverse weather patterns could result in more permanent disruptions in the quality and size of the available crop, which could adversely affect our business. Like other agricultural products, the quality of cannabis grown outdoors is affected by weather and the environment, which can change the quality or size of the harvest. If a weather event is particularly severe, such as a major drought or hurricane, the affected harvest could be destroyed or damaged to an extent that it would be less desirable to our customers, which would result in a reduction in revenues. If such an event is also widespread, it could affect our ability to acquire the quantity of products required by customers. In addition, other items can affect the marketability of cannabis grown outdoors, including, among other things, the presence of non-cannabis related material, genetically modified organisms and excess residues of pesticides, fungicides and herbicides.

Significant increases or decreases in the total harvest will impact the sales of our products and, consequently, the profits and results of our operations. High degrees of quality variance can also affect processing velocity and capacity utilization, as the processes required to potentially upgrade lower or more variable quality product can slow overall processing times. There can be no assurance that natural elements will not have a material adverse effect on the production of our products.

Our cannabis cultivation operations are vulnerable to rising energy costs and dependent upon key inputs.

Our cannabis cultivation operations consume considerable energy, making us vulnerable to rising energy costs. Rising or volatile energy costs may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, our business is dependent on a number of key inputs and their related costs, including raw materials and supplies related to our growing operations, as well as electricity, water and other utilities. Any significant interruption or negative change in the availability or economics of the supply chain for key inputs could materially impact our financial condition and operating results. Any inability to secure required supplies and services or to do so on appropriate terms could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.

We, or the cannabis and U.S. hemp industries more generally, may receive unfavorable publicity or become subject to negative consumer perception.

We believe that the cannabis and U.S. hemp industries are highly dependent upon broad social acceptance and consumer perception regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of the cannabis and U.S. hemp products, as well as consumer views concerning

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regulatory compliance. Consumer perception of our products can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention, market rumors or speculation and other publicity regarding the consumption or effects thereof of cannabis and U.S. hemp products. There can be no assurance that future scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other research findings or publicity will be favorable to the cannabis or U.S. hemp markets or any particular product, or consistent with earlier publicity. Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the cannabis industry, and therefore demand for our products and services, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our dependence upon consumer perceptions means that adverse scientific research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity, whether or not accurate or with merit, could have a material adverse effect on the demand for our products, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Further, adverse publicity, reports or other media attention regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of cannabis or U.S. hemp in general, or our products specifically, or associating the consumption or use of cannabis or U.S. hemp with illness or other negative effects or events, could have such a material adverse effect on us. Such adverse publicity reports or other media attention could arise even if the adverse effects associated with such products resulted from consumers’ failure to consume such products legally, appropriately or as directed.

The increased usage of social media and other web-based tools used to generate, publish and discuss user-generated content and to connect with other users has made it increasingly easier for individuals and groups to communicate and share opinions and views on our operations and activities and the cannabis and U.S. hemp industries in general, whether true or not. Social media permits user-generated content to be distributed to a broad audience which can respond or react, in near real time, with comments that are often not filtered or checked for accuracy. In many cases, we do not have the ability to filter such comments or verify their accuracy. Accordingly, the speed with which negative publicity (whether true or not) can be disseminated has increased dramatically with the expansion of social media. The dissemination of negative or inaccurate posts, comments or other user-generated content about us on social media (including those published by third-parties) could damage our brand, image and reputation or how the cannabis or U.S. hemp industries are perceived generally, which could have a detrimental impact on the market for our products and thus on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, certain businesses may have strong economic opposition to the cannabis or U.S. hemp industries. Lobbying by such groups, and any resulting inroads they might make in halting or rolling back the cannabis and U.S. hemp movements, could affect how the cannabis or U.S. hemp industries are perceived by others and could have a detrimental impact on the market for our products and thus on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, the parties with which we do business may perceive that they are exposed to reputational risk as a result of our cannabis or U.S. hemp related business activities. Failure to establish or maintain business relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any third-party service provider or supplier could suspend or withdraw its services to us if it perceives that the potential risks exceed the potential benefits to such services. For example, we face challenges making U.S. dollar wire transfers or engaging any third-party service provider or supplier with a substantial presence where cannabis is not federally legal (including the United States). In these circumstances, while we believe that such services can be procured from other institutions, we may in the future have difficulty maintaining existing, or securing new, bank accounts or clearing services, service providers or other suppliers.

Although we take care in protecting our image and reputation, we do not ultimately have control over how we or the cannabis or U.S. hemp industries are perceived by others. Reputation loss may result in decreased investor confidence, increased challenges in developing and maintaining community relations and an impediment to our overall ability to advance our business strategy and realize on our growth prospects, thereby having a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not successfully execute our business strategy.

An important part of our business strategy involves expanding operations in international markets, including in markets where we currently do not operate. We may be unable to pursue this strategy in the future at the desired pace or at all. We may be unable to, among other things, identify suitable companies to acquire or invest in; complete acquisitions on satisfactory terms; successfully expand our infrastructure and sales force to support growth; achieve satisfactory returns on acquired companies, particularly in countries where we do not currently operate; or enter into successful business arrangements for technical assistance or management expertise outside of North America.

In addition, the process of integrating acquired businesses, particularly in new markets, may involve unforeseen difficulties, such as loss of key employees, and may require a disproportionate amount of management’s attention and financial and other resources. We can give no assurance that we will ultimately be able to effectively integrate and manage the operations of any acquired business, including Acreage (if the Acreage Arrangement is completed) and Wana (if the acquisition of Wana is completed), or realize anticipated synergies. The failure to successfully integrate the cultures, operating systems, procedures and information technologies of an acquired business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we succeed in expanding our existing businesses, such expansion may place increased demands on management, operating systems, internal controls and financial and physical resources. If not managed effectively, these increased demands may adversely

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affect the services provided to customers. In addition, our personnel, systems, procedures and controls may be inadequate to support future operations, particularly with respect to operations in countries outside of North America. Consequently, in order to manage growth effectively, we may be required to increase expenditures to increase our physical resources, expand, train and manage our employee base, improve management, financial and information systems and controls, or make other capital expenditures. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if we encounter difficulties in effectively managing the budgeting, forecasting and other process control issues presented by future growth.

The markets that we operate in are increasingly competitive, and we may compete for market share with other companies, both domestically and internationally, that may have longer operating histories and more financial resources, manufacturing and marketing experience than us.

The markets for cannabis and U.S. hemp are competitive and evolving and we face intense competition from both existing and emerging companies that offer similar products. Some of our current and potential competitors may have longer operating histories, greater financial, marketing and other resources and larger customer bases than we have. In addition, there is potential that the cannabis and U.S. hemp industries will undergo consolidation, creating larger companies with financial resources, manufacturing and marketing capabilities and product offerings that are greater than ours. As a result of this competition, we may be unable to maintain our operations or develop them as currently proposed on terms we consider acceptable, or at all. Increased competition by larger, better-financed competitors with geographic advantages could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, we may not be able to enter into supply agreements or negotiate favorable prices. If we are unable to achieve our business objectives, such failure could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, competitive factors may result in us being unable to enter into desirable arrangements with new partners, to recruit or retain qualified employees or to acquire the capital necessary to fund our capital investments.

Given the rapid changes affecting global, national and regional economies generally, and the cannabis and U.S. hemp industries in particular, we may not be able to create and maintain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Our success will depend on our ability to respond to, among other things, changes in the economy, regulatory conditions, market conditions and competitive pressures. Any failure by us to anticipate or respond adequately to such changes could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, liquidity, cash flow and operational performance.

In Canada, the number of licenses granted, and the number of license holders ultimately authorized by Health Canada could also have an impact on our operations. We expect to face additional competition from new market entrants that are granted licenses under the Cannabis Act or existing license holders which are not yet active in the industry. If a significant number of new licenses are granted by Health Canada in the near term, we may experience increased competition for market share and may experience downward price pressure on our products as new entrants increase production. We may also face competition from illegal cannabis dispensaries that are selling cannabis to individuals despite not having a valid license. Despite raids of dispensaries, many dispensaries are still in operation, providing additional competition.

If the number of users of medical and/or recreational cannabis increases, the demand for products will increase and we expect that competition will become more intense, as current and future competitors begin to offer an increasing number of diversified products. To remain competitive, we will require a continued high level of investment in R&D, sales and customer support. We may not have sufficient resources to maintain R&D, sales and customer support efforts on a competitive basis which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the Canadian federal authorization of home cultivation, outdoor grow, and the easing of other barriers to entry into a Canadian recreational cannabis market, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or growth prospects.

Additionally, the legal landscape for medical and recreational cannabis is changing internationally. More countries have passed laws that allow for the production and distribution of medical cannabis in some form or another, and some of these countries may pass laws allowing for the production and distribution of recreational cannabis as well. Increased international competition could materially and adversely affect our business, operations or growth prospects.

We face competition from the illegal cannabis market.

We face competition from illegal market operators that are unlicensed and unregulated, and that are selling cannabis and cannabis products, including products with higher concentrations of active ingredients, using flavours or other additives or engaging in advertising and promotion activities that we are not permitted to. As these illegal market participants do not comply with the regulations governing the cannabis industry, their operations may also have significantly lower costs and they may be able to sell products with significantly higher cannabinoid potencies or which include ingredients that are prohibited by law. The perpetuation of the illegal market for cannabis may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as the public perception of cannabis use.

Our business and results of operations have been adversely affected and may continue to be adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely restricted the level of economic activity around the world and in all countries in which we or our affiliates operate. A public health epidemic, including COVID-19, or the fear of a potential pandemic, poses the risk that we

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or our employees, contractors, suppliers, and other partners may be prevented from conducting business activities for an indefinite period of time, and our customers may be prevented from purchasing our products, due to shutdowns, “stay at home” mandates or other preventative measures that may be requested or mandated by governmental authorities. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the governments of many countries, states, provinces, municipalities and other geographic regions have taken such preventative or protective actions, such as imposing restrictions on travel and business operations and advising or requiring individuals to limit or forego their time outside of their homes. Many businesses have temporarily closed voluntarily or closed permanently. Although some preventative or protective actions have been eased or lifted in varying degrees by different governments of various countries, states and municipalities, COVID-19, including new and highly contagious variants of COVID-19, continues to spread quickly throughout the world. Notwithstanding widespread vaccine availability within Canada and the United States, the emergence of COVID-19 variants and slowing vaccination rates in certain localities have resulted in increased infection rates and has caused, and may continue to cause, several jurisdictions to reinstitute certain COVID-19 restrictions. Additional waves of increased COVID-19 infections as well as COVID-19 related restrictions imposed by various governmental authorities (including, for example, requirements to show proof of vaccination), could negatively impact our supply chain, as well as traffic and sales volume for retailers offering our products, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, including emerging COVID-19 variants, could include additional closures of our facilities or the facilities of our suppliers and other vendors in our supply chain and other preventive and protective measures in our supply chain. If the pandemic persists, closures or other restrictions on the conduct of business operations of our third-party manufacturers, suppliers or vendors could further disrupt our supply chain. The increased global demand on shipping and transport services may cause us to experience delays in the future which could impact our ability to obtain materials or deliver our products in a timely manner. These factors could otherwise disrupt our operations and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In various jurisdictions in Canada, cannabis retailers have from time-to-time been restricted to conducting sales via curbside pickup and online delivery or reducing opening hours, staff onsite and reducing the number of customers allowed in-store for cannabis retailers that continue to be open as well as, in some cases, requiring customers to show proof of vaccination to enter retail stores.

Retailers of our products in Canada and the United States have in some cases been determined to be, and may in other cases be deemed in the future, nonessential and be required to close or choose to suspend or significantly curtail their operations due to health and safety concerns for their employees. Further, those retail operations that we have been able to reopen may be closed in the future in the event that governments reinstitute closures for public health reasons. Even if our production facilities remain open, mandatory or voluntary self-quarantines and travel restrictions may limit our employees’ ability to get to our facilities, and this, together with impacts on our supply chain and the uncertainty produced by the rapidly evolving nature of COVID-19, may result in reduced or suspended production. Those types of restrictions could also impact the abilities of customers in certain Canadian jurisdictions or the United States to continue to have access to our products. Quarantines, shelter-in-place and similar government orders, or the perception that such orders, shutdowns or other restrictions on the conduct of business operations could occur could impact personnel at third-party manufacturing facilities in Canada and the United States and other countries, or the availability or cost of materials, which would disrupt our supply chain.

As a result of COVID-19, we have implemented work-from-home policies for many employees and the effects of our work-from-home policies may negatively impact productivity, disrupt access to books and records, increase cybersecurity risks and disrupt our business, and we do not yet know when we will be able to return to the office. In addition, the effects of COVID-19 may delay our R&D programs and our ability to execute on certain of our strategic plans involving construction. So long as measures to combat COVID-19 stay in effect, we expect COVID-19 to negatively affect our results of operations. The global impact of COVID-19 continues to evolve rapidly, and the extent of its effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, including the duration, scope and severity of the pandemic, the development and availability of effective treatments and vaccines, further actions taken by governments and other third parties to contain or mitigate its impact, the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and related containment measures, and new information that will emerge concerning the severity and impact of COVID-19 and new variants of the virus, among others.

Any positive impacts from preventive measures, vaccines or treatments for COVID-19 may be not be realized due to mutations in the COVID-19 virus, adverse side effects, difficulties in implementation or distribution or other factors, so there can be no assurance that such preventive measures, vaccines or treatments will have a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Furthermore, any subsequent “wave” or mutated strains of COVID-19 or the spread of other pathogens could also exacerbate the risks described in this risk factor. Even after the pandemic subsides, our businesses could also be negatively impacted should the effects of COVID-19 lead to changes in consumer behavior, including as a result of a decline in discretionary spending. During the past year, financial conditions for the cannabis industry continued to face increased volatility. Moreover, future events could cause global financial conditions to suddenly and rapidly destabilize, and governmental authorities may have limited resources to respond to such future crises. Future crises may be precipitated by any number of causes, including natural disasters, geopolitical instability (including rising geopolitical tensions in Ukraine and Russia), changes to energy prices or sovereign defaults. Any sudden or rapid destabilization of global economic conditions could negatively impact our ability to obtain equity or debt financing or make other suitable arrangements to finance our projects. If increased levels of volatility continue, there is a rapid destabilization of global economic conditions or a prolonged recession resulting from the pandemic, it would likely materially affect our business and the value of our common shares.

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We are subject to risks related to the protection and enforcement of our intellectual property rights, and we may be unable to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights.

The ownership and protection of our intellectual property rights is a significant aspect of our future success. Currently we rely on trade secrets, technical know-how, proprietary information, trademarks, copyrights, designs and certain patent filings to maintain our competitive position. We try to protect our intellectual property by strategically seeking and obtaining registered protection where appropriate, developing and implementing standard operating procedures to protect trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information, and entering into agreements with parties that have access to our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information, such as our partners, collaborators, employees and consultants, to protect confidentiality and ownership. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems, and we seek to protect our trademarks and the goodwill associated therewith by monitoring and enforcing against unauthorized use of our trademarks. In addition, in the United States, registered federal trademark protection is only available for goods and services that can be lawfully used in interstate commerce; the USPTO is not currently approving any trademark applications for cannabis, or certain goods containing U.S. hemp-derived CBD (such as dietary supplements and food) until the FDA and the USDA provides clearer guidance on the regulation of such products.

It is possible that we will inadvertently disclose or otherwise fail or be unable to protect our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how or proprietary information, or will fail to identify our inventions or trademarks as patentable or registrable intellectual property, or fail to obtain patent or registered trademark protection therefor. Any such disclosure or failure could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be unable to protect our inventions, trade secrets, and other intellectual property from discovery or unauthorized use.

In relation to our agreements with parties that have access to our intellectual property, any of these parties may breach their obligations to us, and we may not have adequate remedies for such breach. In relation to our security measures, such security measures may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for such breach. In addition, our intellectual property that has not yet been applied for or registered may otherwise become known to, or be independently developed by, competitors, or may already be the subject of applications for intellectual property registrations filed by our competitors, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We cannot provide any assurances that our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and other proprietary information will not be disclosed in violation of agreements, or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our intellectual property or independently develop and file applications for intellectual property rights in a manner that adversely impacts our intellectual property rights. Unauthorized parties may attempt to replicate or otherwise obtain and use our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information. Policing the unauthorized use of our current or future intellectual property rights is difficult, expensive, time-consuming and unpredictable, as is enforcing these rights against unauthorized use by others. Identifying unauthorized use of intellectual property rights is difficult. For example, we may be unable to effectively monitor and evaluate the products being distributed by our competitors, including parties such as unlicensed dispensaries, and the processes used to produce such products. Additionally, if the steps taken to identify and protect our trade secrets are inadequate, we may be unable to enforce our rights in them against third parties.

Our intellectual property rights may be invalid or unenforceable under applicable laws, and we may be unable to have issued or registered, and unable to enforce, our intellectual property rights.

The laws regarding intellectual property rights relating to cannabis and cannabis-related products, and the positions of intellectual property offices administering such laws, are constantly evolving, and there is uncertainty regarding which countries will permit the filing, prosecution, issuance, registration and enforcement of intellectual property rights relating to cannabis and cannabis-related products.

Specifically, we have sought trademark protection in many countries, including Canada, the United States and others. Our ability to obtain registered trademark protection for cannabis and cannabis-related goods and services (including hemp and hemp-related goods and services), may be limited in certain countries outside of Canada, including the U.S., where registered federal trademark protection is currently unavailable for trademarks covering the sale of cannabis products or certain goods containing U.S. hemp-derived CBD (such as dietary supplements and foods) until the FDA provides clearer guidance on the regulation of such products; and including Europe, where laws on the legality of cannabis use are not uniform, and trademarks cannot be obtained for products that are “contrary to public policy or accepted principles of morality.” Accordingly, our ability to obtain intellectual property rights or enforce intellectual property rights against third-party uses of similar trademarks may be limited in certain countries.

Moreover, in any infringement proceeding, some or all of our current or future trademarks, patents or other intellectual property rights or other proprietary know-how, or arrangements or agreements seeking to protect the same for our benefit, may be found invalid, unenforceable, anti-competitive or not infringed. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our current or future trademarks, patents or other intellectual property rights at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put existing intellectual property applications at risk of not being issued. Any or all of these events could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patent applications will issue, the breadth of any such patent or whether any issued patents will be found invalid or unenforceable or which of our products or processes will be found to infringe upon the patents or other proprietary rights of third parties. Any successful opposition to future issued patents could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any new products or processes that we may develop.

In addition, there is no guarantee that any patent or other intellectual property applications that we file will result in registration or any enforceable intellectual property rights or the breadth of such protection. Further, with respect to any patent applications that we file, there is no assurance that we will find all potentially relevant prior art relating to such applications, which may prevent a patent from issuing from such application or invalidate any patent that issues from such application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and cover our products and processes, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, any patent applications and future patents may not adequately protect our intellectual property rights, provide exclusivity for our products or processes or prevent others from designing around any issued patent claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to allegations that we are in violation of third-party intellectual property rights, and we may be found to infringe third-party intellectual property rights, possibly without the ability to obtain licenses necessary to use such third-party intellectual property rights.

Other parties may claim that our products infringe on their intellectual property rights, including with respect to patents, and our operation of our business, including our development, manufacture and sale of our goods and services, may be found to infringe third-party intellectual property rights. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to products or processes related to the manufacture, use or sale of our products and processes. There may be currently pending patent applications, some of which may still be confidential, that may later result in issued patents that our products or processes may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information, or the manufacture, use or sale of our products infringes upon those patents. Third parties may also claim that our use of our trademarks infringes upon their trademark rights. Such claims, whether or not meritorious, may result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources, legal fees, result in injunctions, temporary restraining orders, other equitable relief, and/or require the payment of damages, any or all of which may have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may need to obtain licenses from third parties who allege that we have infringed on their purported rights, whether or not such allegations have merit. Such licenses may not be available on terms acceptable to us, and we may be unable to obtain any licenses or other necessary or useful rights to such third-party intellectual property.

Our germplasm collection is a key piece of our intellectual property, and we may be unable to protect, register or enforce our intellectual property rights in germplasm, and may infringe third-party intellectual property rights with respect to germplasm, possibly without the ability to obtain licenses necessary to use such third-party intellectual property rights.

Germplasm, including seeds, clones and cuttings, is the genetic material used to produce our crops and to create new cannabis varieties. We use our germplasm collection and advanced breeding technologies to produce cannabis varieties. We rely on parental varieties for the success of our breeding program. Although we believe that the parental germplasm is proprietary to us, we may need to obtain licenses from third parties who may allege that we have appropriated their germplasm or their rights to such germplasm, whether or not such allegations have merit. Such licenses may not be available on terms acceptable to us, and we may be unable to obtain any licenses or other necessary or useful rights under third-party intellectual property. We may seek to protect our parental germplasm, as appropriate, relying on intellectual property rights, including rights related to inventions (patents and plant breeders’ rights), trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information. There is a risk that we will fail to protect such germplasm or that we will fail to register rights in relation to such germplasm.

We also seek to protect our parental germplasm, and commercial varieties from pests and diseases and enhance plant productivity and fertility, and we conduct research into products that protect against crop pests and fungal diseases. There are several reasons why new product concepts in these areas may be abandoned, including greater than anticipated development costs, technical difficulties, regulatory obstacles, competition, inability to prove the original concept, lack of demand and the need to divert focus, from time to time, to other initiatives . The processes of breeding, development and trait integration are lengthy, and the germplasm we test may not be selected for commercialization. The length of time and the risk associated with breeding may affect our business. Our sales depend, in part, on our germplasm. Commercial success frequently depends on being the first company to the market, and many of our competitors are also making considerable investments in similar new and improved cannabis germplasm products. Consequently, there is no assurance that we will successfully develop new cannabis germplasm to the point of commercial viability in the markets we serve on a timely basis.

Finally, we seek to protect our germplasm and commercial varieties from accidental release, theft, misappropriation and sabotage by maintaining physical security of our premises and through contractual rights with our employees and certain of our suppliers, independent contractors, consultants and licensees. However, such security measures may be insufficient or breached, and our employees, independent contractors, consultants and licensees may engage in the inadvertent disclosure, theft, misappropriation or sabotage. We may not have adequate remedies in the case of any such security breach, inadvertent disclosure, theft, misappropriation or sabotage.

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We receive licenses to use some third-party intellectual property rights, and the failure of the owner of such intellectual property to properly maintain or enforce the intellectual property underlying such licenses, or our inability to obtain or maintain such licenses, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and performance.

We are party to licenses granted by third parties, including the brands for Houseplant, Martha Stewart CBD, LBS and DNA Genetics, that give us rights to use third-party intellectual property that is necessary or useful to our business. Our success will depend, in part, on the ability of the applicable licensor to maintain and enforce its licensed intellectual property against other third parties, particularly intellectual property rights to which we have secured exclusive rights. Without protection for the intellectual property we have licensed, other companies might be able to offer substantially similar products for sale, or utilize substantially similar processes or publicity and marketing rights, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our success will also depend, in part, on our ability to obtain licenses to certain intellectual property that we believe are necessary or useful for our business. Such licenses may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products or services, as well as have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any of our licensors may allege that we have breached our license agreements with those licensors, whether with or without merit, and accordingly seek to terminate our applicable licenses. If successful, this could result in our loss of the right to use applicable licensed intellectual property, which could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products or services, as well as have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to secure adequate or reliable sources of funding required to operate our business.

There is no guarantee that we will be able to achieve our business objectives. Our continued development may require additional financing. The failure to raise such capital could result in a delay or indefinite postponement of our current business objectives or in our inability to continue to operate our business. There can be no assurance that additional capital or other types of financing will be available if needed or that, if available, the terms of such financing will be favorable to us. If additional funds are raised through issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities issued could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common shares. In addition, from time to time, we may enter into transactions to acquire assets or the equity of other companies. These transactions may be financed wholly or partially with debt, which may temporarily increase our debt levels above industry standards. Any debt financing secured in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions or other strategic joint venture opportunities.

We could have difficulty integrating the operations of businesses that we have acquired and will acquire.

The success of our acquisitions, including Acreage (if the Acreage Arrangement is completed) and Wana (if the acquisition of Wana is completed), depends upon our ability to integrate any businesses that we acquire. The integration of acquired business operations could disrupt our business by causing unforeseen operating difficulties, diverting management’s attention from day-to-day operations and requiring significant financial resources that would otherwise be used for the ongoing development of our business. The difficulties of integrations could be increased by the necessity of coordinating geographically dispersed organizations, coordinating personnel with disparate business backgrounds, managing different corporate cultures, or discovering previously unknown liabilities. In addition, we could be unable to retain key employees or customers of the acquired businesses. We could face integration issues including those related to operations, internal controls, information systems and operational functions of the acquired companies and we also could fail to realize cost efficiencies or synergies that we anticipated when selecting our acquisition candidates or these acquisitions could fail to compete successfully and may not produce the anticipated revenues and profits. Any of these items could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our production facilities are integral to our operations and any adverse changes or developments affecting our facilities may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our activities and resources are focused on various production and manufacturing facilities including in Canada, the United States (for U.S. hemp products), Denmark and Australia. The licenses held by us are specific to individual facilities. Adverse changes or developments affecting any facility, including but not limited to a breach of security, an inability to successfully grow cannabis plants or produce finished goods, unanticipated cost overruns in growing or producing products, an outbreak of a communicable illness (such as COVID-19) or a force majeure event, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. Any breach of the security measures and other facility requirements, including any failure to comply with recommendations or requirements arising from inspections by regulatory agencies, could also have an impact on our ability to continue operating under our licenses or the prospect of renewing our licenses or could result in a revocation of our licenses.

All facilities continue to operate with routine maintenance. We bear many, if not all, of the costs of maintenance and upkeep at our facilities, including replacement of components over time. Our operations and financial performance may be adversely affected if we and our facilities are unable to keep up with maintenance requirements.

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Certain contemplated capital expenditures in Canada, including the construction of additional growing rooms and the expansion of cannabis oil extraction capacity, will require Health Canada approval. There is no guarantee that Health Canada will approve the contemplated expansion and/or renovation, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be successful in maintaining the consumer brand recognition and loyalty of our products.

We compete in a market that relies on innovation and the ability to react to evolving consumer preferences. Consumers in the cannabis market have demonstrated a degree of brand loyalty, but suppliers must continue to adapt their products in order to maintain their status among customers as the market evolves. Our continued success depends in part on our ability and our supplier’s ability to continue to differentiate the brand names we represent, own or license and maintain similarly high levels of recognition with target consumers. Trends within the cannabis industry change often and our failure to anticipate, identify or react to changes in these trends could, among other things, lead to reduced demand for our products.

Regulations have recently been and are likely to continue to be enacted in the future that would make it more difficult to appeal to consumers or to leverage the brands that we distribute, own or license. For example, the Canadian federal regulatory regime requires plain packaging on cannabis products in order to prohibit testimonials, lifestyle branding and packaging that is appealing to youth. The restriction on the use of logos and brand names on cannabis products could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as it may be difficult to establish brand loyalty. In addition, the Cannabis Act allows for licenses to be granted for outdoor cultivation, which may reduce start-up capital required for new entrants in the cannabis industry. Outdoor cultivation may also ultimately lower prices, as capital expenditure requirements related to outdoor growing are typically much lower than those associated with indoor growing. Such results may also have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and result of operation.

Furthermore, even if we are able to continue to distinguish our products, there can be no assurance that the sales, marketing and distribution efforts of our competitors will not be successful in persuading consumers of our products to switch to their products. Some of our competitors have greater access to resources than we do, which better positions them to conduct market research in relation to branding strategies or costly marketing campaigns. Any loss of consumer brand loyalty to our products or in our ability to effectively brand our products in a recognizable way will have a material effect on our ability to continue to sell our products and maintain our market share, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we fail to obtain and retain high-visibility sponsorship or endorsement arrangements with celebrities, or if the reputation of any of the celebrities that we partner with is impaired, our business may suffer.

A principal component of our marketing program is to partner with well-known celebrities for sponsorship and endorsement arrangements, such as Martha Stewart for our CBD line of gummies, oils and softgels and products for pets line, and professional and amateur athletes for our BioSteel products. Although we have partnered with several well-known celebrities in this manner, some of these persons may not continue their endorsements, may not continue to succeed in their fields or may engage in activities which could bring disrepute on themselves and, in turn, on us and our brand image and products. We also may not be able to attract and partner with new celebrities that may emerge in the future. Competition for endorsers is significant and adverse publicity regarding us or our industry could make it more difficult to attract and retain endorsers. Any of these failures by us or the celebrities that we partner with could adversely affect our business and revenues.

The majority of our assets are the capital stock of our material subsidiaries; therefore our investors are subject to the risks attributable to our material subsidiaries which generate substantially all of our revenues.

The majority of our assets are the capital stock of our material subsidiaries. We conduct substantially all of our business through our subsidiaries, which generate substantially all of our revenues. Consequently, our cash flows and ability to complete current or desirable future enhancement opportunities are dependent on the earnings of our subsidiaries and the distribution of those earnings to us. The ability of these entities to pay dividends and other distributions will depend on their operating results and will be subject to applicable laws and regulations which require that solvency and capital standards be maintained by such companies and contractual restrictions contained in the instruments governing their debt. In the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization of any of our material subsidiaries, holders of indebtedness and trade creditors may be entitled to payment of their claims from the assets of those subsidiaries before us.

We may experience breaches of security at our facilities or fraudulent or unpermitted data access or other cyber-security breaches, which may cause our customers to lose confidence in our security or data protection measures and may expose us to risks related to breaches of applicable privacy and data security laws, regulations and requirements.

Given the nature of our products and our lack of legal availability outside of certain legalized or regulated retail or distribution channels, as well as the concentration of inventory in our facilities, despite meeting or exceeding the applicable security requirements under applicable law, there remains a risk of theft. A security breach at one of our facilities could expose us to additional liability and to potentially costly litigation, increase expenses and business disruptions relating to the resolution and future prevention of these breaches and may deter potential customers from choosing our products.

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Our information systems and any of our third-party service providers and vendors are vulnerable to an increasing threat of continually evolving cybersecurity risks. These risks may take the form of malware, computer viruses, cyber threats, extortion, employee error, malfeasance, system errors or other types of risks, and may occur from inside or outside of the respective organizations. Cybersecurity risk is increasingly difficult to identify and quantify and cannot be fully mitigated because of the rapid evolving nature of the threats, targets and consequences. Additionally, unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to these systems through fraud or other means of deceiving third-party service providers, employees or vendors. Our operations depend, in part, on how well networks, equipment, IT systems and software are protected against damage from a number of threats. These operations also depend on the timely maintenance, upgrade and replacement of networks, equipment, IT systems and software, as well as pre-emptive expenses to mitigate the risks of failures. However, if we are unable or delayed in maintaining, upgrading or replacing IT systems and software, the risk of a cybersecurity incident could materially increase. Any of these and other events could result in information system failures, delays and/or increases in capital expenses. The failure of information systems or a component of information systems could, depending on the nature of any such failure, adversely impact our reputation and results of operations.

We may collect and store certain personal information about our customers and are responsible for protecting such information from data security breaches. A data security breach may occur in a variety of ways, including, without limitation, a procedural or process failure, information technology malfunction, supply chain vulnerability, computer virus, cybersecurity threat (such as denial-of-service attacks, direct or indirect cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, hacking, ransomware, phishing and other social engineering attacks), unauthorized access or use, natural disasters, terrorism, war, and telecommunication and electrical failures. In addition, theft of data such as customer lists and preferences and other consumer and employee personal information, for competitive, fraudulent, or other unauthorized purposes, is an ongoing and growing risk. Any such theft, data security breach or other incident may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are dependent upon information technology systems in the conduct of our operations and we collect, store and use certain data, intellectual property, our proprietary business information and certain personal information of our employees and customers on our computer systems. We have been, and expect to continue to be, subject to various cyberattacks and phishing schemes.

Many highly publicized data security incidents and attacks have occurred to other companies over the last several years, and we expect such attacks to continue. Any fraudulent, malicious or accidental breach of our data security could result in unintentional disclosure of, or unauthorized access to, third-party, customer, vendor, employee or other confidential or sensitive data or information, which could potentially result in business disruptions and additional costs to us including, without limitation, to repair or replace damaged systems, remediate issues, enhance security or respond to occurrences, lost sales, violations of data privacy and security laws, regulations, and requirements, violations of other laws, penalties, fines, regulatory action or litigation. We also rely on third-party service providers for certain information technology systems, such as payment processing, and any data security breach at a third-party service provider could have similar effects. In addition, media or other reports of perceived security vulnerabilities to our systems or those of our third-party suppliers, even if no breach has been attempted or occurred, could adversely impact our brand and reputation and customers could lose confidence in our security measures and reliability, which would harm our ability to retain customers and gain new ones. If any of these were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We are and may become subject to a variety of privacy and data security laws and contractual obligations, which could increase compliance costs and our failure to comply with them could subject us to potentially significant fines or penalties and otherwise harm our business.

We maintain an array of sensitive information, including confidential business and personal information in connection with our operations, and are subject to laws and regulations governing the privacy and security of such information. The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, and we may be affected by or subject to new, amended or existing laws and regulations in the future, including as our operations continue to expand and we operate in foreign jurisdictions.  These laws and regulations may be subject to differing interpretations, which adds to the complexity of collecting, using, disclosing and processing personal data.  Guidance on implementation and compliance practices are often updated or otherwise revised.

In the United States, there are numerous federal and state privacy and data security laws and regulations governing the collection, use, disclosure and protection of personal information, including federal and state health information privacy laws, federal and state security breach notification laws and federal and state consumer protection laws.  Each of these laws is subject to varying interpretations and constantly evolving.  While the United States lacks a nationwide privacy law of general applicability, certain state laws govern the privacy and security of personal information, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.  For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which took effect on January 1, 2020, gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used.  The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation.  The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Further, in November 2020, California voters approved the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) through a ballot measure.  The CPRA amended the CCPA, giving California residents additional control over their personal information and imposing further obligations on businesses processing the personal information of California residents.  The CPRA includes the creation of a privacy-specific enforcement agency, the first of its kind in any U.S. state, which will be responsible for enforcing the new law.  The CPRA takes effect on January 1, 2023. Additional states,

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including Colorado, Virginia, and Utah, have also adopted state-specific privacy regimes similar to California’s law and to legal regimes in place outside the US. In addition to state laws, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) takes the view that failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure may constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (the FTCA), 15 U.S.C § 45(a).  The FTC expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities.  Individually identifiable health information is considered sensitive data that merits stronger safeguards.

Outside the United States, numerous countries have adopted generally applicable data privacy regimes at the national level. For example, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted a comprehensive general data privacy regulation (“GDPR”) in 2016 to replace the then-current European Union Data Protection Directive and related country-specific legislation. The GDPR took effect in May 2018 and governs the collection and use of personal data in the European Union. The GDPR, which is wide-ranging in scope, imposes several requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals, the security and confidentiality of the personal data, data breach notification and the use of third-party processors in connection with the processing of the personal data. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the European Union, enhances enforcement authority and imposes large penalties for noncompliance, including the potential for fines of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global revenues of the infringer, whichever is greater. The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union further complicated European data protection compliance obligations, as we must also comply with data privacy and security laws in effect in the UK that are substantially similar to the GDPR, but may diverge over time.

In Canada, the Personal Information Protection and Electronics Documents Act (Canada) (“PIPEDA”), the Personal Information Protection Act (Alberta), the Personal Information Protection Act (British Columbia), and the Act respecting the protection of personal information in the private sector (Quebec) govern the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information by private sector organizations. The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada has stated that it considers the personal information of cannabis users is to be considered sensitive. Canadian privacy jurisprudence regarding the obligations that private sector organizations have to individual data subjects is constantly evolving. Privacy laws in Canada are also changing at the legislative level. On November 17, 2020, the Canadian Federal Government introduced Bill C-11, An Act to enact the Consumer Privacy Protection Act and the Personal Information and Data Protection Tribunal and to make consequential amendments to other Acts, for consideration in the House of Commons. Should Bill C-11 come into force, all private organizations that collect, use, and disclose personal information will become subject to new obligations and restrictions, including, without limitation, in connection with obtaining consent, access and control over personal information, deletion of personal information, data portability, de-identification of personal information, and transparency requirements.  On September 22, 2021, the Quebec government adopted Bill 64, an Act to modernize legislative provisions as regards the protection of personal information, which enacts significant changes to the requirements in Quebec relating to the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information, including, without limitation, by providing individuals with more significant rights and control over their personal information that are in many ways similar to the rights provided to data subjects under the GDPR. Entities that are doing business in Quebec may need to implement significant changes to the ways in which they process personal information. Certain of these obligations will come into force as early as September 22, 2022. On June 17, 2021, the Province of Ontario commenced a public consultation on modernizing Ontario’s legislative framework focusing on strengthening privacy laws in Ontario. The scope and nature of any new privacy legislation to be introduced in the Province of Ontario remains to be determined and it is possible that such legislation will introduce new restrictions and obligations on private sector organizations. The penalties and enforcement measures available to Canadian regulators for non-compliance that are contemplated under Bill C-11 and Bill-64 are more significant than those that are available under current privacy and data protection legislation in Canada.

In addition, with respect to consumer health information, there are a number of federal, state and provincial laws protecting the confidentiality of certain patient health information, including patient records, and restricting the use and disclosure of that protected information.  For example, the privacy rules under PIPEDA and other applicable privacy laws protect medical records and other personal health information by limiting their use and disclosure of health information to the minimum level reasonably necessary to accomplish the intended purpose and apply to our operations globally. In Canada, we may also be required to retain certain customer personal information for prescribed periods of time pursuant to the Cannabis Act.

In the United States, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) imposes privacy and security requirements and breach reporting obligations with respect to individually identifiable health information upon “covered entities” (health plans, health care clearinghouses and certain health care providers), and their respective business associates, individuals or entities that create, received, maintain or transmit protected health information in connection with providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity.  HIPAA mandates the reporting of certain breaches of health information to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), affected individuals and if the breach is large enough, the media.  Entities that are found to be in violation of HIPAA as the result of a breach of unsecured protected health information, a complaint about privacy practices or an audit by HHS, may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative fines and penalties and/or additional reporting and oversight obligations if required to enter into a resolution agreement and corrective action plan with HHS to settle allegations of HIPAA non-compliance. In addition, provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act require confidential treatment of employee medical records.

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If we were found to be in violation of the privacy or security rules under PIPEDA, HIPAA, or other applicable laws protecting the confidentiality of health information in jurisdictions we operate in, we could be subject to sanctions and civil or criminal penalties, which could increase our liabilities, harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additional jurisdictions in which we operate or which we may enter also have data privacy and security laws and regulations that govern the collection, use, disclosure, transfer, storage, disposal, and protection of sensitive personal information. Data privacy and security are rapidly developing areas of law, as well, and imposition of new requirements is common. The interpretation and enforcement of such laws and regulations are uncertain and subject to change, and may require substantial costs to monitor and implement compliance with any additional requirements. Failure to comply with data protection laws and regulations could result in government enforcement actions (which could include substantial civil and/or criminal penalties), litigation, business disruption, and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our business results, operations and financial condition.

We are and may become subject to, or prosecute, litigation in the ordinary course of our manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sale of our products.

We may from time to time be subject to litigation, claims, other legal and regulatory proceedings and disputes arising in the ordinary course of our manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sale of our products, some of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Several companies in the U.S. hemp-derived CBD industry have become party to an increasing number of purported class actions lawsuits relating to their food and dietary supplement products containing U.S. hemp-derived CBD. Should we face similar class actions filed against us, plaintiffs in such class action lawsuits, as well as in other lawsuits against us, may seek very large or indeterminate amounts, including punitive damages, which may remain unknown for substantial periods of time. Should any litigation in which we become involved be determined against us, such a decision could adversely affect our ability to continue operating, adversely affect the market price for our common shares and require the use of significant resources.

Even to the extent we ultimately prevail in litigation, litigation can consume and redirect significant resources. Litigation may also create a negative perception of us and our brands, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Securities litigation could also result in substantial costs and damages and divert management’s attention and resources. Securities class action litigation often has been brought against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. We have been the target of such litigation and may in the future be the target of similar litigation. Regardless of merit, such litigation could result in substantial costs and damages and divert management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business. Any adverse determination in litigation against us could also subject us to significant liabilities. Any decision resulting from any such litigation that is adverse to us could have a negative impact on our financial position. See Item 3 of this Annual Report for more details on our legal proceedings.

We may be subject to product liability claims.

As a manufacturer and distributor of products designed to be topically applied, ingested or inhaled by humans, we face an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims, regulatory action and litigation if our products are alleged to have caused significant loss or injury. In addition, the manufacture and sale of cannabis and U.S. hemp products involve the risk of injury to consumers due to tampering by unauthorized third parties or product contamination. Previously unknown adverse reactions resulting from consumption of cannabis or U.S. hemp products alone or in combination with other medications or substances could occur as described under “—There is limited long-term data with respect to the efficacy and side effects of our products and future clinical research studies on the effects of cannabis, U.S. hemp, cannabinoids and cannabis-based products may lead to conclusions that dispute or conflict with our understanding and belief regarding their benefits, viability, safety, efficacy, dosing and social acceptance.” We may be subject to various product liability claims, including, among others, that our products caused injury or illness, incorrect labeling, include inadequate instructions for use or include inadequate warnings concerning possible side effects or interactions with other substances.

A product liability claim or regulatory action against us could result in increased costs to us, could adversely affect our reputation with our clients and consumers generally, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Please refer to “Part 1 – Legal Proceedings” under Item 3 of this Annual Report for further discussion. There can be no assurances that we will be able to obtain or maintain product liability insurance on acceptable terms or with adequate coverage against potential liabilities. Such insurance is expensive and may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, or at all. The inability to obtain sufficient insurance coverage on reasonable terms or to otherwise protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of our products.

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We may be unable to attract or retain skilled labor and personnel with experience in our various areas of business, or to obtain adequate equipment, parts and components, and we may be unable to attract, develop and retain additional employees required for our operations and future developments.

We may be unable to attract or retain employees with sufficient experience in our various areas of business, and may prove unable to attract, develop and retain additional employees required for our development and future success.

Our success is currently largely dependent on the performance of our skilled employees. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. In addition, we recently announced the Restructuring Actions which included, among other things, aligning general and administrative costs with short-term business expectations and a reduction in headcount impacting a number of employees. The Restructuring Actions could lead to increased attrition amongst those employees who were not directly affected by the reduction in headcount, and we may not be successful at retaining such employees or attracting new employees, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, our ability to compete and grow will be dependent upon having access, at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner, to skilled labor, adequate equipment, parts and components. No assurances can be given that we will be successful in maintaining the required supply of skilled labor, adequate equipment, parts and components. It is also possible that the final costs of the major equipment contemplated by our capital expenditure programs may be significantly greater than anticipated or available, in which circumstance there could be a materially adverse effect on our financial results.

The inability of our customers or suppliers to meet their financial or contractual obligations to us may result in disruption to our supply chain and operations and could result in financial losses.

We have exposure to several customers who are license holders and, at least some of these customers are experiencing financial difficulties. In addition, we also face exposure to our third-party U.S. hemp,  cannabis products and non-cannabis product suppliers who may face financial difficulties and which would impact our supply of U.S. hemp, cannabis products and non-cannabis products. For example, supply chains throughout the world have been negatively impacted by COVID-19 and this has increased the costs of products and shipping. We have in the past, and may in the future, have disruptions in our supply chain and need to take allowances against and need to write off receivables due to the creditworthiness of these customers.

Further, the inability of these customers to purchase our products could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

We may be unable to attract and retain customers.

Our success depends on our ability to attract and retain customers. There are many factors which could impact our ability to attract and retain customers, including but not limited to our ability to continually produce desirable and effective product, the successful implementation of customer-acquisition plans and the continued growth in our aggregate number of customers. The failure to acquire and retain customers would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

We rely on third-party distributors to distribute our products, and those distributors may not perform their obligations.

We rely on third-party distributors and other courier services, and may in the future rely on other third parties, to distribute our products. If these distributors do not successfully carry out their contractual obligations or terminate or suspend their contractual arrangements with us, if there is a delay or interruption in the distribution of our products or if these third parties damage our products, it could negatively impact our revenue and may require significant management attention. In addition, any damage to our products due to acts or omissions of our third-party distributors, such as product spoilage or improper storage or handling, could expose us to potential product liability, damage our reputation and the reputation of our products or brands or otherwise harm our business.

We rely on third-party manufacturers for the production of certain of our products and events adversely affecting them would adversely affect us.

We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce certain products or constituent parts thereof required to meet our quality and market needs, and plan to continue to do so. If our contract manufacturers fail to maintain high manufacturing standards and processes, it could harm our business. In the event of a natural disaster or business failure, including due to bankruptcy of a contract manufacturer, we may not be able to secure a replacement of our products on a timely or cost-effective basis, which could result in delays, additional costs and reduced revenues. Additionally, our third-party manufacturers have been and may continue to be negatively affected by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

We are vulnerable to third-party transportation risks.

We depend on fast and efficient courier services to distribute our products to our customers. Any prolonged disruption of this courier service could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Rising costs associated with the courier services that we use to ship our products may also adversely impact our business and our ability to operate profitably.

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Due to the nature of our products, security of the product during transportation to and from our facilities is of the utmost concern. A breach of security during transport or delivery could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and prospects. Any breach of the security measures during transport or delivery, including any failure to comply with applicable recommendations or requirements, could also have an impact on our ability to continue operating under our current licenses or impact the prospects of renewing our licenses.

We rely on third-party testing and analytical methods which are validated but still being standardized.

We are required to test our cannabis and U.S. hemp products, as well as cannabis accessories, in many of our active markets, with independent third-party testing laboratories for, among other things, cannabinoid levels. However, testing methods and analytical assays for cannabinoid levels of detection vary among different testing laboratories. There is currently no industry consensus on standards for testing methods or compendium of analytical assays or standard levels of detection. The detected and reported cannabinoid content in our cannabis and U.S. hemp products therefore can differ depending on the laboratory and testing methods (analytical assays) used. Variations in reported cannabinoid content will likely continue until the relevant regulatory agencies and independent certification bodies (e.g., ISO, USP) collaborate to develop, publish and implement standardized testing approaches for cannabis (including U.S. hemp), cannabinoids and their derivative products. Until such standardized analytical assays and levels of detection are developed, the existing differences could cause confusion with our consumers which could lead to a negative perception of us and our products, increase the risk of litigation regarding cannabinoid content and regulatory enforcement action and could make it more difficult for us to comply with regulatory requirements regarding contents of ingredients and packaging and labeling.

We may decide, or be required, to divest or restructure certain of our interests.

In certain circumstances, we may decide, or be required, to divest certain of our interests. In particular, if any of our interests give rise to a violation of any applicable laws and regulations, including U.S. federal law, we may be required to divest our interest or risk significant fines, penalties, administrative sanctions, convictions, settlements or delisting from the TSX and/or Nasdaq. For instance, if we determine that our operations are not compliant with U.S. laws or the policies of the TSX and Nasdaq, we will use commercially reasonable best efforts to divest our interest in the event that we cannot restructure our holdings. There is no assurance that these divestitures will be completed on terms favorable to us, or at all. Any opportunities resulting from these divestitures, and the anticipated effects of these divestitures on us, may never be realized or may not be realized to the extent we anticipate. Not all of our interests are liquid, and such interests may be difficult to dispose of and subject to illiquidity discounts on divestiture. Any required divestiture or an actual or perceived violation of applicable laws or regulations by us could have a material adverse effect on us, including on our reputation and ability to conduct business, the listing of our common shares on the TSX and Nasdaq, our financial position, operating results, profitability or liquidity or the market price of our common shares. In addition, it is difficult for us to estimate the time or resources that may be required for the investigation of any such matter or its final resolution because, in part, the time and resources that may be needed are dependent on the nature and extent of any information requested by the applicable authorities involved, and such time or resources could be substantial.

If we decide, or are required, to restructure our interests to remain in compliance with laws or stock exchange requirements, such restructuring could result in the write-down of the value of our interests, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Fluctuations in wholesale and retail prices could result in earnings volatility.

The cannabis industry is a margin-based business in which gross profits depend on the excess of sales prices over costs. Consequently, profitability is sensitive to fluctuations in wholesale and retail prices caused by changes in supply (which itself depends on other factors such as weather, fuel, equipment and labor costs, shipping costs, economic situation and demand), taxes, government programs and policies for the cannabis industry (including price controls and wholesale price restrictions that may be imposed by government agencies responsible for the sale of cannabis), and other market conditions, all of which are factors beyond our control. Our operating income may be significantly and adversely affected by a decline in the price of cannabis and will be sensitive to changes in the price of cannabis and the overall condition of the cannabis industry, as our profitability is directly related to the price of cannabis. There is currently not an established market price for cannabis and the price of cannabis is affected by numerous factors beyond our control. Any price decline may have a material adverse effect on us.

We are subject to the risk of defects or impairment charges related to potential write-downs of acquired assets or goodwill in future acquisitions.

A defect in any business arrangement, including Acreage (if the Acreage Arrangement is completed) and Wana (if the acquisition of Wana is completed), may arise to defeat or impair our claim to such transaction, which may have a material adverse effect on us. It is possible that material changes could occur that may adversely affect management’s estimate of the recoverable amount for any agreement we enter into. Impairment estimates, based on applicable key assumptions and sensitivity analysis, will be based on management’s best knowledge of the amounts, events or actions at such time, and the actual future outcomes may differ from any estimates that are provided by us. Any impairment charges on our carrying value of business arrangements could have a material adverse effect on us.

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Our Credit Facility contains restrictive covenants that may limit our operating flexibility.

Our Credit Facility contains restrictive covenants that limit our ability to transfer or dispose of assets, merge with other companies or consummate certain changes of control, acquire other companies, open new offices that contain a material amount of assets, pay dividends, incur additional indebtedness and liens and enter into new businesses. We therefore may not be able to engage in any of the foregoing transactions unless we obtain the consent of the lender or terminate the Credit Facility, which may limit our operating flexibility. In addition, our Credit Facility is secured by all of our assets, including our intellectual property, and requires us to satisfy certain financial covenants. There is no guarantee that we will be able to generate sufficient cash flow or sales to meet these financial covenants or pay the principal and interest on any such debt. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that future working capital, borrowings or equity financing will be available to repay or refinance any such debt. Any inability to make scheduled payments or meet the financial covenants on our Credit Facility would adversely affect our business.

We are exposed to counterparty risks and liquidity risks that may impact our ability to obtain loans and other credit facilities on favorable terms.

We are exposed to counterparty risks and liquidity risks including, but not limited to, through: (i) financial institutions that may hold our cash and cash equivalents; (ii) companies that will have payables to us; (iii) our insurance providers; and (iv) our lenders, if any. These factors may impact our ability to obtain loans and other credit facilities in the future and, if obtained, on terms favorable to us. If these risks materialize, our operations could be adversely impacted and the price of our common shares could be adversely affected.

We may hedge or enter into forward sales, which involves inherent risks.

We may hedge or enter into forward sales of our forecasted right to purchase cannabis. Hedging involves certain inherent risks including: (i) credit risk (the risk that the creditworthiness of a counterparty may adversely affect its ability to perform its payment and other obligations under its agreement with us or adversely affect the financial and other terms the counterparty is able to offer us); (ii) market liquidity risk (the risk that we have entered into a hedging position that cannot be closed out quickly, by either liquidating such hedging instrument or by establishing an offsetting position); and (iii) unrealized fair value adjustment risk (the risk that, in respect of certain hedging products, an adverse change in market prices for cannabis will result in us incurring losses in respect of such hedging products as a result of the hedging products being out-of-the-money on their settlement dates).

There can be no assurance that a hedging program designed to reduce the risks associated with price fluctuations will be successful. Although hedging may protect us from adverse changes in price fluctuations, it may also prevent us from fully benefitting from positive changes in price fluctuations.

We must rely on local counsel and consultants with respect to laws and regulations in countries outside of Canada.

The legal and regulatory requirements in the foreign countries in which we operate with respect to the cultivation and sale of cannabis, banking systems and controls, as well as local business culture and practices are different from those in Canada. Our officers and directors must rely, to a great extent, on local legal counsel and consultants in order to keep abreast of material legal, regulatory and governmental developments as they pertain to and affect our business operations, and to assist with governmental relations. We must rely, to some extent, on those members of management and our board of directors who have previous experience working and conducting business in these countries, if any, in order to enhance its understanding of and appreciation for the local business culture and practices. We also rely on the advice of local experts and professionals in connection with current and new regulations that develop in respect of the cultivation and sale of cannabis as well as in respect of banking, financing, labor, litigation and tax matters in these jurisdictions. Any developments or changes in such legal, regulatory or governmental requirements or in local business practices are beyond our control. The impact of any such changes may adversely affect our business.

Risks Relating to our Common Shares

The market price for our common shares may be volatile and subject to fluctuation in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control.

The market price for our common shares may be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to many factors, including:

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For example, reports by industry analysts, investor perceptions, market rumors or speculation could trigger a sell-off in our common shares. Any sales of substantial numbers of our common shares in the public market or the perception that such sales might occur may cause the market price of our common shares to decline. In addition, to the extent that other large companies within our industries experience declines in their stock price, the share price of our common shares may decline as well. Moreover, if the market price of our common shares drops significantly, shareholders may institute securities class action lawsuits against us. Lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial costs and could divert the time and attention of our management and other resources.

Securities markets continue to experience significant price and volume fluctuations that have, in some cases, been unrelated to the operating performance, underlying asset values or prospects of such public companies. Accordingly, the market price of our common shares may decline even if our results of operations, underlying asset values or prospects have not changed. In addition, certain institutional investors may base their investment decisions on consideration of our environmental, governance, diversity and social practices and performance against such institutions’ respective investment guidelines and criteria, and failure to meet such criteria may result in limited or no investment in our common shares by those institutions, which could adversely affect the trading price of our common shares. There can be no assurance that continuing fluctuations in price and volume will not occur. If such increased levels of volatility and market turmoil continue, the trading price of the common shares may be adversely affected.

In addition, our shareholders may be unable to sell significant quantities of our common shares into the public markets without a significant reduction in the price of our common shares, or at all. There can be no assurance that there will be sufficient liquidity of our common shares, nor that we will continue to meet the listing requirements of the TSX or Nasdaq or achieve listing on any other recognized stock exchange.

The financial reporting obligations of being a public company and maintaining a dual listing on the TSX and on Nasdaq requires significant company resources and management attention.

We are subject to the public company reporting obligations under the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations regarding corporate governance practices, including those under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, and the listing requirements of Nasdaq. We incur significant legal, accounting, reporting and other expenses in order to maintain a dual listing on both the TSX and Nasdaq. Moreover, our listing on both the TSX and Nasdaq may increase price volatility due to various factors, including the ability to buy or sell common shares, different market conditions in different capital markets and different trading volumes. In addition, low trading volume may increase the price volatility of the common shares.

It is not anticipated that any dividend will be paid to holders of our common shares for the foreseeable future.

No dividends on our common shares have been paid to date. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, for future operation and expansion. Our board of directors has the discretion to declare dividends and to prescribe the timing, amount and payment of such dividends.  Such decision will depend upon our future earnings, cash flows, acquisition capital requirements and financial condition, and other relevant factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Further, our Credit Facility provides for certain restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and there can be no assurance that we will declare a dividend on a quarterly, annual or other basis, or at all. We have no plans to pay any dividends, now or in the near future.

Investors in the United States may have difficulty bringing actions and enforcing judgments against us and others based on securities law civil liability provisions.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Province of Ontario and our head office is located in the Province of Ontario. Some of our directors and officers and some of the experts named in this Annual Report are residents of Canada or otherwise reside outside of the United States and a substantial portion of their assets and our assets are located outside the United States. Consequently, it may be difficult for investors in the United States to bring an action against such directors, officers or experts or to enforce against those persons or us a judgment obtained in a U.S. court predicated upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws or other

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U.S. laws. In addition, while statutory provisions exist in Ontario for derivative actions to be brought in certain circumstances, the circumstances in which a derivative action may be brought, and the procedures and defenses that may be available in respect of any such action, may be different than those of shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

If we are a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any year, certain adverse tax rules could apply to U.S. Holders of our common shares.

A corporation that is not a resident of the U.S. for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be considered a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income is "passive income" or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets produce (or are held for the production of) "passive income." For this purpose, "passive income" generally includes interest, dividends, rents, royalties and certain gains.  The determination as to whether the Company is a PFIC for any taxable year is based on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations, and is not determinable until after the end of such taxable year. Further, the determination is based in part on the Company's operations and the mix, use and value of the Company's assets, which values may be treated as changing for U.S. federal income tax purposes as the Company's market capitalization changes. If the Company were to be classified as a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owns its common shares, certain adverse tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. Certain elections may be available to U.S. Holders of the Company’s common shares that may mitigate some of the adverse consequences if the Company were to be treated as a PFIC. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to their investment in the Company’s common shares.

As used herein, “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of our common shares that is (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the U.S. for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (ii) a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes) created or organized under the laws of the U.S. or any political subdivision thereof, including the states and the District of Columbia, (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source, or (iv) a trust that (a) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the U.S. and for which one or more U.S. persons have authority to control all substantial decisions or (b) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisers as to whether we may be treated as a PFIC and the tax consequences thereof.

Future sales or issuances of securities could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our securities.

We may sell additional equity securities in subsequent offerings (including through the sale of securities convertible into equity securities). We cannot predict the size of future issuances of equity securities or the size and terms of future issuances of debt instruments or other securities convertible into equity securities or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of our securities will have on the market price of our common shares, including up to 171,227,420 common shares that may be issued in the future in connection with the closing of the Acreage Arrangement and the associated top-up right of the CBI Group pursuant to the New Investor Rights Agreement.

Additional issuances of our securities may involve the issuance of a significant number of common shares at prices less than the current market price for our common shares. Issuances of a substantial number of common shares, or the perception that such issuances could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common shares. Any transaction involving the issuance of previously authorized but unissued common shares, or securities convertible into common shares, would result in dilution, possibly substantial, to security holders.

Sales of substantial amounts of our securities by our shareholders, including the CBI Group, or the availability of such securities for sale, could adversely affect the prevailing market prices for the securities and dilute investors’ earnings per share. Exercises of presently outstanding share options or warrants may also result in dilution to security holders. A decline in the market prices of our securities could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of securities should we desire to do so.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common shares depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common shares or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the trading price of our common shares would likely decline. In addition, if our results of operations fail to meet the forecasts of analysts, the trading price of our common shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common shares could decrease, which might cause our trading price and trading volume to decline.

Risks Relating to the CBI Group Investments

The CBI Group, our single largest shareholder, has the ability to exercise significant influence over us.

The CBI Group is our single largest shareholder and our business and future operations may be adversely affected by changes in the business, market price, directors, officers or employees of the CBI Group. The CBI Group has the ability to exercise significant influence over our business and operations due to its ownership interest and its rights under the New Investor Rights Agreement.

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As of May 26, 2022, the CBI Group holds in the aggregate approximately 35.3% of our issued and outstanding common shares on a non-diluted basis, and, through its pre-emptive rights and top-up rights, the CBI Group has the ability to maintain its ownership level. The CBI Group is also entitled to designate four nominees for election or appointment to our board of directors.

In light of such ownership and rights, the CBI Group is in a position to exercise significant influence over us, including matters affecting shareholders or requiring shareholder approval, such as the election of directors, change of control transactions, amendments to our articles and bylaws and the determination of other significant corporate actions.

Upon exercise of the remaining CBG Warrants in full and full conversion of the Canopy Notes held by the CBI Group, assuming no other securities of ours are issued and excluding the exercise of our right to acquire Acreage, the CBI Group will beneficially hold approximately 52.3% of our issued and outstanding common shares and would be able to exercise a controlling influence over our business and affairs.

Accordingly, the CBI Group currently has significant influence over us and has the ability to increase this influence at any time upon the exercise of the CBG Warrants and the conversion of the Canopy Notes held by the CBI Group. There can also be no assurance that the interests of the CBI Group will align with our interests or the interests of our other shareholders, and the CBI Group will have the ability to influence or block certain actions that may not reflect our intent or align with our interests or the interests of our other shareholders, including realizing on opportunities in the U.S. to the extent permissible under applicable laws and regulations. In addition, the presence of the CBI Group could limit the price that investors or an acquirer may be willing to pay for our common shares and may therefore delay or prevent a change of control of us, such as a merger or take-over.

Pursuant to the New Investor Rights Agreement, the CBI Group also has certain consent rights which could delay or prevent the completion of certain transactions that may otherwise be beneficial to our shareholders. We may also enter into other arrangements with the CBI Group, and as a result, we may be dependent on the CBI Group, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not realize the benefits of our strategic partnership with the CBI Group, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We believe that the strategic partnership between us and the CBI Group provides us with additional financial resources, product development and commercialization capabilities, and deep regulatory expertise to better position us to compete, scale and lead the rapidly growing global cannabis industry. We also believe that the growth opportunities for us are significant and could extend across the globe as new markets open. With the CBI Group’s resources and expertise, we expect to be even better positioned to support innovation and create differentiated products and brands across medical and recreational categories. Nevertheless, a number of risks and uncertainties are associated with the expansion into such markets and the pursuit of these growth opportunities. The failure to reap the anticipated benefits of the CBI Group’s resources and expertise to realize growth opportunities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any common shares issued pursuant to the exercise of the CBG Warrants or the Canopy Notes held by the CBI Group will dilute shareholders.

The Tranche A Warrants may be exercised in full or in part at any time on or prior to November 1, 2023 and the Tranche B Warrants and Tranche C Warrants may be exercised in full or in part at any time on or prior to November 1, 2026, from time to time, in accordance with the terms thereof, and entitles the holder thereof, upon valid exercise in full thereof, to acquire, accept and receive from us an aggregate of 139,745,453 common shares (subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms of such warrants).  The CDN$200 million principal amount of Canopy Notes held by the CBI Group may be converted, in accordance with the terms thereof, and entitles the holder thereof, upon conversion in full thereof, to 4,151,540 common shares.  Assuming full exercise of the Tranche A Warrants, the Tranche B Warrants and the Tranche C Warrants and the full conversion of the Canopy Notes held by the CBI Group, the CBI Group would be entitled to 286,150,795 common shares, which represents approximately 52.3% of the issued and outstanding common shares as of May 26, 2022 (on a non-diluted basis). Any issuance of common shares pursuant to the exercise of the CBG Warrants and the conversion of the Canopy Notes held by the CBI Group would dilute all of our other shareholders.

The CBI Group’s significant interest in us may impact the liquidity of our common shares.

Our common shares may be less liquid and trade at a discount relative to the trading that could occur in circumstances where the CBI Group did not have the ability to significantly influence or determine matters affecting us. Additionally, the CBI Group’s significant voting interest in us may discourage transactions involving a change of control of us, including transactions in which an investor, as a shareholder, might otherwise receive a premium for its common shares over the then-current market price.

The change of control provisions in certain of our existing or future contractual arrangements may be triggered upon the exercise of the CBG Warrants in part or in full.

Certain of our existing or future contractual arrangements may include change of control provisions requiring us to make certain payments or triggering certain termination rights for our counterparties if the change of control trigger is fulfilled. The change of

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control provisions in certain of our existing arrangements, including, but not limited to, compensatory arrangements, or agreements we may enter into in the future, may be triggered upon the exercise of the CBG Warrants in part or in full.

Conflicts of interest may arise between us and our directors and officers, including as a result of the continuing involvement of certain of our directors with the CBI Group and its affiliates.

We may be subject to various potential conflicts of interest because of the fact that some of our officers and directors may be engaged in a range of business activities, and have relationships with or are employed by the CBI Group. For example, David Klein, our Chief Executive Officer, previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of CBI. Thomas Stewart, our Chief Accounting Officer, previously served as Senior Director, Global Accounting at CBI. Holly Lukavsky, our Vice President of Chief Human Resources, previously served as VP- Human Resources at CBI.  Garth Hankinson, one of our directors, currently serves as the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of CBI. Robert Hanson, one of our directors, currently serves as Executive Vice President and President, Wine & Spirits Division at CBI. Judy Schmeling, the chair of our board of directors, is also a board member of CBI. In addition, Jim Sabia, one of our directors, serves as Executive Vice President and President – Beer Division at CBI. Our directors devote, and our executive officers may devote, time to their outside business interests, so long as such activities do not materially or adversely interfere with their duties to us. Our directors, and in some cases, our executive officers, may have fiduciary obligations associated with these business interests that interfere with their ability to devote time to our business and affairs and that could adversely affect our operations. These business interests could require significant time and attention.

We may also become involved in other transactions which are inconsistent or conflict with the interests of our directors and officers who may from time to time deal with persons, firms, institutions or corporations with which we may be dealing, or which may be seeking investments similar to those desired by us. The interests of these persons could conflict with our interests. In addition, we may be competing with these persons, such as the CBI Group, for available investment and other opportunities. Conflicts of interest, if any, will be subject to the procedures and remedies provided under applicable laws and regulations. In particular, in the event that such a conflict of interest arises at a meeting of our directors, a director who has such a conflict will abstain from voting for or against the approval of such participation or such terms. In accordance with applicable laws and regulations, our directors are required to act honestly, in good faith and in our best interests.

Future sales of our common shares by the CBI Group could cause the market price for our common shares to fall.

The CBI Group is not contractually committed to maintaining an equity stake in us. Subject to compliance with applicable securities laws, the CBI Group may sell some or all of their common shares at any time. The New Investor Rights Agreement contains registration rights, on terms customary for a significant shareholder, pursuant to which we have agreed to facilitate sales of common shares by the CBI Group. In addition, the CBI Group has the right to require us to make disclosure to permit it to sell in certain circumstances. Such sales, or the market perception of such sales, could significantly reduce the market price of our common shares. We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future public sales of our common shares beneficially owned by the CBI Group or the availability of these common shares for sale will have on the market price of our common shares. If the market price of our common shares were to drop as a result, this might impede our ability to raise additional capital and might cause a significant decline in the value of the investments of our other shareholders.

The intentions of the CBI Group regarding its long-term economic ownership of our common shares are subject to change as a result of changes in the circumstances of the CBI Group or its affiliates, changes in our management and operation and changes in laws and regulations, market conditions and our financial performance.

General Risks

We are dependent on our senior management.

Our success is dependent upon the ability, expertise, judgment, discretion and good faith of our senior management. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain key employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. The loss of the services of a member of senior management, or an inability to attract other suitably qualified persons when needed, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to execute our business plan and strategy, and we may be unable to find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. While employment and consulting agreements are customarily used as a primary method of retaining the services of certain employees, these agreements cannot assure the continued services of such individuals and consultants. We do not maintain key-person insurance on the lives of any of our officers or employees.

Further, certain shareholders, directors, officers and employees in our Canadian operations may require security clearance from Health Canada. Under the Cannabis Act, a security clearance cannot be valid for more than five years and must be renewed before the expiry of a current security clearance. There is no assurance that any of our existing personnel who presently or may in the future require a security clearance will be able to obtain or renew such clearances or that new personnel who require a security clearance will be able to obtain one. A failure by an employee to maintain or renew his or her security clearance may impair our operations. In addition, if an employee with security clearance leaves and we are unable to find a suitable replacement who has a security clearance required by the Cannabis Act in a timely manner, or at all, there could occur a material adverse effect on our business operations.

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Natural disasters, unusual weather, pandemic outbreaks, boycotts and geo-political events or acts of terrorism could adversely affect our operations and financial results.

The occurrence of one or more natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods and earthquakes, unusually adverse weather, pandemic outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 virus, influenza and other highly communicable diseases or viruses, boycotts and geo-political events, such as civil unrest in countries in which our operations are located and acts of terrorism, or similar disruptions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These events could result in physical damage to one or more of our properties, increases in fuel or other energy prices, the temporary or permanent closure of one or more of our facilities, the temporary lack of an adequate workforce in a market, the temporary or long-term disruption in the supply of products from suppliers, the temporary disruption in the transport of goods, delay in the delivery of goods to our facilities, and disruption to our information systems. Such events could also negatively impact consumer sentiment, reduce demand for consumer products like ours and cause general economic slowdown. These factors could otherwise disrupt our operations and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In February 2022, following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the United States and the European Union imposed various economic sanctions against Russia. Such sanctions may result in restrictions on the sale of oil or other energy resources from Russia to other countries in the region and could result in an increase in our global shipping expenses, reduce our sales, or otherwise have an adverse effect on our European operations. Additionally, escalation by Russia beyond Ukraine and into other countries within the region could also reduce our sales and have a negative effect on our European operations.

We will seek to maintain adequate insurance coverage in respect of the risks we face; however, insurance premiums for such insurance may not continue to be commercially justifiable and there may be coverage limitations and other exclusions which may not be sufficient to cover our potential liabilities.

While we have insurance to protect our assets, operations and employees, such insurance is subject to deductibles, coverage limits and exclusions and may not be available or adequate for the risks and hazards to which we are exposed in our current state of operations. For example, certain wholesalers, distributors, retailers and other service providers may require suppliers of U.S. hemp products to provide an indemnification from liability in connection with such products, which may not be covered by insurance. In addition, no assurance can be given that such insurance will be adequate to cover our liabilities or will be generally available in the future or, if available, that premiums and deductibles will be commercially justifiable. If we were to incur substantial liability claims and such damages were not covered by insurance or were in excess of policy limits, or if we were to incur such liability at a time when we are not able to obtain liability insurance, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.  

Tax and accounting requirements may change or be interpreted in ways that are unforeseen to us and we may face difficulty or be unable to implement and/or comply with any such changes or interpretations.

We are subject to numerous tax and accounting requirements, and changes in existing accounting or taxation rules or practices, or varying interpretations of current rules or practices, could have a significant adverse effect on our financial results, the manner in which we conduct our business or the marketability of any of our products. In many countries, including the U.S., we are subject to transfer pricing and other tax regulations designed to ensure that appropriate levels of income are reported as earned and are taxed accordingly. Although we believe that we are in substantial compliance with all applicable regulations and restrictions, we are subject to the risk that governmental authorities could audit our transfer pricing and related practices and assert that additional taxes are owed or that various jurisdictions could assert that we should file tax returns in jurisdictions where we do not file and subject us to additional tax. In the future, the geographic scope of our business may expand, and such expansion will require us to comply with the tax laws and regulations of additional jurisdictions. Requirements as to taxation vary substantially among jurisdictions. Complying with the tax laws and regulations of these jurisdictions can be time consuming and expensive and could potentially subject us to penalties and fees in the future if we failed to comply. In the event that we failed to comply with applicable tax laws, regulations and accounting requirements, this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Not applicable.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters is located in Smiths Falls, Ontario, Canada. We have various other corporate offices, stores and facilities across Canada including locations in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia and Newfoundland and Labrador. Our operations in the United States include locations in the states of California, Colorado, New York, and Illinois. Outside Canada and the United States, in addition to our material properties described below, we maintain corporate office space in several other countries.

We believe that our facilities, taken as a whole, are in good condition and working order. Within our global cannabis and other consumer products segments, we have adequate capacity to meet our needs for the foreseeable future.

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During the year ended March 31, 2022, we reorganized our operations and consolidated or wound down some of our properties. As of March 31, 2022, our material owned or leased properties now consist of the following:

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Other than as disclosed below, we are not aware of: (a) any legal proceedings to which we are a party, or to which any of our properties is subject, which would be material to us or of any such proceedings being contemplated, (b) any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court relating to securities legislation, or other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body against us that would likely be considered important to a reasonable investor making an investment decision, and (c) any settlement agreements that we have entered into before a court relating to securities legislation or with a securities regulatory authority.

In November 2019, the Company and certain of its current and former executives were named as defendants in a purported class action lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (the “Court") captioned Ortiz v. Canopy Growth Corporation et al., No. 2:19-cv-20543-KM-ESK. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants made false and/or misleading statements and/or failed to disclose material adverse facts, regarding Canopy Growth’s receivables, business, operations and prospects relating to, among other things, the demand for its softgel and oil products. Pursuant to documents filed with the Court on February 4, 2022, the Company has reached an agreement to settle the class action. The agreement does not constitute any admission of liability or wrongdoing by the Company or its executives. The agreement expressly provides that the Company denies any misconduct or wrongdoing. The agreement is subject to approval by the Court and other terms. On February 7, 2022, Judge McNulty granted an order preliminarily approving the settlement. The Court will hear the plaintiff’s motion for final approval of the settlement on June 7, 2022.

In July 2020, Canopy Growth was added as a defendant in a proposed class action commenced against a large number of Canadian license holders including Aurora Cannabis Inc.; Aurora Cannabis Enterprises Inc.; AuroraCo.; Aleafiaco; Aleafia Health Inc.; Emblem Cannabis Corp.; Hexo Corp.; HexoCo; Cronos Group Inc.; Cronosco; Tilray Canada Ltd.; Organigram Holdings Inc.; OrganigramCo; MediPharm Labs Corp.; MediPharmCo; CanopyCo; Aphria Inc.; Broken Coast Cannabis Ltd.; AphriaCo; Emerald Cannabis Corporation; Emerald Health Therapeutics, Inc.; and EmeraldCo. The proposed class action was commenced in the Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench sitting at Calgary.  The plaintiffs allege that the defendants, including Canopy Growth, marketed and sold medicinal and recreational cannabis products with an advertised content of THC and CBD and that the amount of THC and/or CBD as contained on the label was wrong and outside the permissible variability limits.  The claim alleges the following causes of action indiscriminately against all of the defendants: breach of contract and breach of consumer protection legislation, including the various Sale of Goods Acts and Consumer Protection Acts; common law and statutory misrepresentation; negligence in product labelling;

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breach of the duty to warn; unjust enrichment; waiver of tort. The claim seeks an aggregate of $505 million in damages as against all of the defendants) and $5,000,000 in punitive damages against each defendant plus an accounting of revenues from each defendant.

In February 2021, Canopy Growth was named as a defendant, together with RIV Capital, RIV Capital Corporation (formerly Canopy Rivers Corporation) (“RCC”), TerrAscend, TerrAscend Canada Inc. and Olivier Dufourmantelle, in an action commenced by 2615975 Ontario Inc. in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice, sitting at Windsor, Ontario.  The claim seeks, amongst other things, damages in the amount of $500 million for bad faith, fraud, civil conspiracy, breach of the duty of honesty and good faith in contractual relations and breach of fiduciary duty. In December 2021, counsel for the plaintiffs advised that the plaintiffs wished to discontinue the action on a without costs basis. As of May 26, 2022, releases have been exchanged and the parties await formal discontinuation of the action.  

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to any other legal proceedings other than described above, the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. Please refer to “Risk Factors” under Item 1A of this Annual Report for further discussion.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our common shares are traded on the Nasdaq under the symbol “CGC” and the TSX under the symbol “WEED.”

Holders

As of May 28, 2021, there were approximately 492 holders of record of our common shares. This number of holders of record does not represent the actual number of beneficial owners of our common shares because shares are frequently held in “street name” by securities dealers and others for the benefit of individual owners who have the right to vote their shares.

Dividends

As of the date of this Annual Report, we have not declared any dividends or made any distributions on our common shares. Furthermore, we have no current intention to declare dividends on our common shares in the foreseeable future. Any decision to pay dividends on our common shares in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, current and anticipated cash requirements and surplus, financial condition, any contractual restrictions and financing agreement covenants, our ability to meet solvency tests imposed by corporate law and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Not applicable.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Persons

We did not purchase any of our common shares during the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Item 6. Reserved.

Not applicable.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Introduction

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”), which should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto as at and for the year ended March 31, 2022 included in Item 8 of this Annual Report (the “Financial Statements”), provides additional information on our business, current developments, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. It is organized as follows:

We prepare and report our Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our Financial Statements, and the financial information contained herein, are reported in thousands of Canadian dollars, except share and per share amounts or as otherwise stated. We have determined that the Canadian dollar is the most relevant and appropriate reporting currency as, despite continuing shifts in the relative size of our operations across multiple geographies, the majority of our operations are conducted in Canadian dollars and our financial results are prepared and reviewed internally by management in Canadian dollars.

In addition to historical data, this discussion contains forward-looking statements about our business, operations and financial performance based on current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those in this discussion as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those discussed in Part 1, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report.

Part 1 - Business Overview

Canopy Growth is a world-leading cannabis CPG company which produces, distributes, and sells a diverse range of cannabis, hemp, and CPG products. Cannabis products are principally sold for recreational and medical purposes under a portfolio of distinct brands in Canada pursuant to the Cannabis Act, and globally pursuant to applicable international and Canadian legislation, regulations, and permits. Canopy Growth is also active in the cannabis accessory, hemp-derived CBD, skin care and wellness, and sports performance beverage categories. Our core operations are in Canada, the United States, and Germany.

On October 17, 2018, the Cannabis Act came into effect in Canada, regulating both the medical and recreational cannabis markets in Canada and providing provincial, territorial and municipal governments the authority to prescribe regulations regarding the distribution and sale of recreational cannabis. On October 17, 2019, the second phase of recreational cannabis products was legalized pursuant to certain amendments to the regulations under the Cannabis Act. We currently offer product varieties in dried flower, oil, softgels, vape pen power sources, pod-based vape devices, vape cartridges, cannabis-infused beverages and cannabis-infused edibles, with product availability varying based on provincial and territorial regulations. Our recreational cannabis products are predominantly sold to provincial and territorial agencies under a “business-to-business” wholesale model, with those provincial and territorial agencies then being responsible for the distribution of our products to brick-and-mortar stores and for online retail sales. We also operate a network of Tweed and Tokyo Smoke retail stores across Canada, where permissible, to promote brand awareness and drive consumer demand under a “business-to-consumer” model. In the first quarter of fiscal 2022, we completed the acquisitions of (i) The Supreme Cannabis Company, Inc. (“Supreme Cannabis”), a producer of recreational, wholesale and medical cannabis products with a diversified portfolio of distinct cannabis products and brands; and (ii) AV Cannabis Inc. (“Ace Valley”), an Ontario-based cannabis brand focused on premium, ready-to-enjoy products including vapes, pre-roll joints and gummies.

Our Spectrum Therapeutics medical division is a global leader in medical cannabis. Spectrum Therapeutics produces and distributes a diverse portfolio of medical cannabis products to healthcare practitioners and medical customers in Canada, and in several other countries where it is federally permissible to do so.

Subsequent to the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill in December 2018, we began building our hemp supply chain in the United States through our investment in processing, extraction and finished goods manufacturing facilities. In the United States, we currently offer (i) a line of premium quality, hemp-derived wellness gummies, oils, softgels and topicals under the Martha Stewart CBD brand; (ii) a line of premium, ready-to-drink CBD-infused sparkling waters under the Quatreau brand; and (iii) whisl, a CBD vape.

In June 2019, we implemented the Original Acreage Arrangement pursuant to the Acreage Arrangement Agreement with Acreage, a U.S. multi-state cannabis operator. In September 2020, we entered into the Acreage Amending Agreement and

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implemented the Acreage Amended Arrangement. Pursuant to the Acreage Amended Arrangement, following the occurrence or waiver (at our discretion) of the Triggering Event and subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the conditions set out in the Acreage Arrangement Agreement (as modified by the Acreage Amending Agreement), we (i) agreed to acquire approximately 70% of the issued and outstanding shares of Acreage, and (ii) obtained the right to acquire the other approximately 30% of the issued and outstanding shares of Acreage. The acquisition of Acreage, if completed, will provide a pathway into cannabis markets in the United States; however, we and Acreage will continue to operate as independent companies until the acquisition of Acreage is completed.

Additionally, on October 14, 2021, we entered into definitive agreements (the “Wana Agreements”) with Mountain High Products, LLC, Wana Wellness, LLC and The Cima Group, LLC (collectively, “Wana”) providing us with the right, upon occurrence or waiver (at our discretion) of the Triggering Event, to acquire 100% of the outstanding membership interests of Wana. Wana manufactures and sells gummies in the state of Colorado and licenses its intellectual property to partners, who manufacture, distribute, and sell Wana-branded gummies across the United States, including in California, Arizona, Illinois, Michigan and Florida, and across Canada. Until such time as we exercise our right to acquire Wana, we will have no economic or voting interest in Wana, and we and Wana will continue to operate independently.

Our other product offerings, which are sold by our subsidiaries in jurisdictions where it is permissible to do so, include (i) Storz & Bickel vaporizers; (ii) This Works beauty, skincare, wellness and sleep products, some of which have been blended with hemp-derived CBD isolate; and (iii) BioSteel sports nutrition beverages, mixes, protein, gum and mints, some of which have been infused with hemp-derived CBD isolate.

Our products contain THC, CBD, or a combination of these two cannabinoids which are found in the cannabis sativa plant species. THC is the primary psychoactive or intoxicating cannabinoid found in cannabis. We also refer throughout this MD&A to “hemp”, which is a term used to classify varieties of the cannabis sativa plant that contain CBD and 0.3% or less THC content (by dry weight). Conversely, references to the term “marijuana” refers to varieties of the cannabis sativa plant with more than 0.3% THC content and moderate levels of CBD.

Our licensed operational capacity in Canada includes indoor and greenhouse cultivation space; post-harvest processing and cannabinoid extraction capability; advanced manufacturing capability for softgel encapsulation and pre-rolled joints; a beverage production facility; and confectionary manufacturing. These capabilities allow us to supply the recreational and medical markets with a complimentary balance of flower products and extracted cannabinoid input for our oil, CBD, ingestible cannabis, cannabis extracts and cannabis topical products.

We operate in two reportable segments:

Update on COVID-19

Management has continued to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic, with a focus on the health and safety of our employees, business continuity and supporting its communities. We established a COVID-19 Management Committee shortly after the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic and implemented various measures to reduce the spread of the virus. We have continued to operate under preventative measures and have experienced minimal disruption to our production and supply chain. As of the date of this Annual Report, all 34 of our corporate-owned retail stores are open and offering click-and-collect and/or in-store shopping. Our Canadian medical business, which operates as an e-commerce channel, has continued largely unchanged. Our international medical business operates primarily as a pharmacy model, with pharmacies being deemed essential businesses in Germany and other European countries in which we conduct business. In addition, since our non-production workforce continues to effectively work remotely using various technology tools, we are able to maintain our full operations and internal controls over financial reporting and disclosures.

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While the COVID-19 pandemic, including government measures to limit the spread of COVID-19, adversely affected our operations in fiscal 2022, the impact was not material to our results of operations. However, given the uncertainties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, including those related to the distribution and acceptance of the vaccines and their effectiveness with respect to new variants of the virus, the use of our products by consumers, disruptions to the global and local economies due to related stay-at-home orders, quarantine policies and restrictions on travel, trade and business operations and a reduction in discretionary consumer spending, we are unable to estimate the future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and/or cash flows. Recently in the United States, there have been a number of supply chain challenges, such as container ships facing delays due to congestion in ports, impacting many industries, including the industries in which we operate. Although we have not yet seen a significant impact, we continue to monitor our supply chain closely. The uncertain nature of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to affect our results of operations into fiscal 2023.

We believe we have sufficient liquidity available from cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments on hand of $776.0 million and $595.7 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2022, and from available capacity under our revolving debt facility to enable us to meet our working capital and other operating requirements, fund growth initiatives and capital expenditures, settle our liabilities, and repay scheduled principal and interest payments on debt. Refer to “Part 3 – Financial Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further information.

Recent Developments

Divestiture of C³ Cannabinoid Compound Company

On January 31, 2022, we completed the divestiture of all of our interest in C³ Cannabinoid Compound Company GmbH (“C³”) to a European pharmaceutical company headquartered in Germany (the “C³ Divestiture”). C³ develops and manufactures cannabinoid-based pharmaceutical products for distribution in Germany and certain other European countries. In connection with the C³ Divestiture, we received a cash payment of $128.3 million (€88.7 million), inclusive of cash, working capital and debt adjustments. We will also be entitled to an earnout payment of up to €42.6 million, subject to the achievement of certain milestones by C³. Refer to Note 30 of our Financial Statements for further information regarding the C³ Divestiture.

Restructuring Actions

On April 26, 2022, we announced a series of restructuring actions aligned to our strategic review of our business, which included (i) reducing cultivation costs in the Canadian recreational cannabis business through cultivation-related efficiencies and facility improvements; (ii) implementing a flexible manufacturing platform, including contract manufacturing for certain product formats; (iii) right-sizing indirect costs and generating efficiencies across our supply chain and procurement; (iv) aligning general and administrative costs with short-term business expectations; (v) further streamlining the organization to drive process-related efficiencies; and (vi) a reduction of approximately 250 full-time positions. Charges associated with these restructuring actions, along with charges resulting from previous restructuring initiatives undertaken by us, are detailed below under “Part 2 – Results of Operations”.

Plan to Acquire Jetty

On May 18, 2022, we and Jetty, a California-based producer of high-quality cannabis extracts and clean vape technology, announced that we entered into the Jetty Agreements providing us, by way of a wholly-owned subsidiary, the right to acquire, upon federal permissibility of THC in the U.S. or earlier at our election, up to 100% of the outstanding capital stock of Jetty.

Under the Jetty Agreements, we will make aggregate upfront payments in the amount of approximately US$69.0 million, payable through a combination of cash and our common shares, a majority of which will be in our common shares, in exchange for approximately 75% of the equity interests in Jetty, subject to certain adjustments. Upon exercise of the rights to acquire up to 100% of the equity interests in Jetty covered by the first option agreement, we will make an additional payment pursuant to the terms of the Jetty Agreements, also to be satisfied through a combination of cash and our common shares.

Until such time as we elect to exercise our rights to acquire Jetty, we will have no direct or indirect economic or voting interests in Jetty, we will not directly or indirectly control Jetty, and we and Jetty will continue to operate independently of one another.

Factors Impacting our Business

We believe our future success will primarily depend on the following factors:

Competition in Canadian recreational market. We face competition in the Canadian recreational cannabis market. The principal factors on which we compete with other Canadian license holders are the quality and variety of cannabis products, the speed with which our product offerings are brought to market, brand recognition, pricing, and product innovation. We believe our focus on becoming a leading consumer insights, analytics and product development company that matches products and consumer preferences in the cannabis market, will enable us to provide better quality consumer products, grow our Canadian business and capture increased market share in Canada.

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Product innovation. We believe a significant opportunity exists to expand our total addressable market and create new consumer categories by continuing to develop innovative new recreational products that include cannabis and cannabinoids as ingredients. Accordingly, we have been focused on expanding our portfolio of innovative, premium-focused recreational cannabis products across Canada, including (i) inhalable cannabis (whole and pre-rolled flower, vape and concentrates); (ii) ingestible cannabis (e.g., edible formats like gummies and beverages), and (iii) cannabis extracts (predominantly oils and softgels). In November 2021, we expanded our premium flower portfolio with new offerings with higher THC potency from sought-after strains, and also expanded our THC-infused beverage and gummie offerings. In the United States, we launched our Martha Stewart CBD line of premium quality, hemp-derived wellness gummies, oils and softgels in September 2020, and in January 2022 we expanded our product offering to include CBD wellness topicals designed for muscle recovery, better sleep and stress management. With respect to delivery devices, in September, Storz & Bickel released three new vaporizer updates, including the Volcano Onyx, the Crafty+ and the Mighty+

We believe our success will depend on market acceptance of these products, our ability to execute on introducing our products to market, our ability to position our differentiated products as premium offerings in order to capture a higher relative gross margin, and our ability to continually develop and introduce new products that delight our consumers.

Activities in the United States. Through our investments in, and agreements with, Acreage and Wana (as described above) and other multi-state operators such as TerrAscend, we are focused on building a robust THC ecosystem in preparation for entry into the United States THC market when federally permissible. Additionally, as highlighted above, we initially launched our Martha Stewart CBD line of products in September 2020 and launched our first line of CBD-infused beverages, under the Quatreau brand, in the United States market in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021. Additionally, we have continued to bring new products to market in the United States under the This Works and BioSteel brands, some of which have been infused or blended with hemp-derived CBD isolate. We believe our success will depend on our ability to distribute our CBD-based products in the U.S. and bring them to market through best-in-class sales execution on our e-commerce platform and into retail points of sale, our ability to position, market and differentiate our products in the highly-fragmented U.S. CBD market, and our ability to continually develop and introduce new products.

Increasing access to medical cannabis products in Canada and select European markets. Our success will depend on our ability to leverage our position as a trusted leader in the medical cannabis markets in Canada and select European countries, including Germany, by offering a wide range of cannabis products across a variety of brands, formats and strains that serve the needs of our customers. In Canada, we have continued to broaden our brand and product portfolio throughout fiscal 2022. We have also introduced new medical cannabis delivery devices to our medical customers, including the Storz & Bickel Volcano Medic 2 vaporizer that was issued a license by Health Canada for medical use. In Europe, we are focused on providing a diverse portfolio of medically-validated cannabis products and education and support programs to medical customers and healthcare practitioners, with our primary focus being Germany. Expansion may come in the form of acquisitions or organic growth, either of which will require expenditure of capital that may negatively impact our profitability as we seek to scale the reach of our business in these markets.

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Part 2 - Results of Operations

Discussion of Fiscal 2022 Results of Operations

The following table presents selected consolidated financial information for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:

Net Revenue

We report net revenue in two segments: (i) global cannabis; and (ii) other consumer products. The following tables present segmented net revenue, by channel and by form, for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:

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Net revenue was $520.3 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $546.6 million in fiscal 2021. The year-over-year decrease is attributable to a revenue decline of 11% in our global cannabis segment, as declines across our organic Canadian recreational and medical cannabis businesses were only partially offset by net revenue attributable to the acquisitions, in the first quarter of fiscal 2022, of Supreme Cannabis and Ace Valley. The revenue decline in this segment was only partially offset by growth of 9% in our other consumer products segment, which was primarily driven by the growth in our BioSteel business.

Global cannabis

Net revenue from our global cannabis segment was $337.2 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $378.7 million in fiscal 2021.

Canadian recreational cannabis net revenue was $205.3 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $229.6 million in fiscal 2021.

Canadian medical cannabis net revenue was $52.6 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $55.4 million in fiscal 2021. We continued to be impacted in fiscal 2022 by a year-over-year decrease in the total number of medical orders, which was primarily related to the increasing number of recreational cannabis retail stores across Canada. With the build-out of the retail store network across Canada, customers are now offered greater availability and convenience in shopping for cannabis products.

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International and other cannabis revenue was $79.3 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $93.6 million in fiscal 2021.

Other consumer products

Revenue from our other consumer products segment was $183.1 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $168.0 million in fiscal 2021.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Margin

The following table presents cost of goods sold, gross margin and gross margin percentage on a consolidated basis for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:

Cost of goods sold was $713.4 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $479.7 million in fiscal 2021. Our gross margin was $(193.1) million in fiscal 2022, or (37%) of net revenue, as compared to a gross margin of $67.0 million and gross margin percentage of 12% of net revenue in fiscal 2021. The year-over-year decrease in the gross margin percentage was primarily attributable to:

Our gross margin in fiscal 2022 was also impacted by:

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Our gross margin in fiscal 2022 benefited from payroll subsidies in the amount of $24.4 million received from the Canadian government, pursuant to a COVID-19 relief program. This compares to subsidies received of $5.7 million in fiscal 2021.

We report gross margin and gross margin percentage in two segments: (i) global cannabis; and (ii) other consumer products. The following table presents segmented gross margin and gross margin percentage for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:

Global cannabis

Gross margin for our global cannabis business was $(251.2) million in fiscal 2022, or (75%) of net revenue, as compared to $7.0 million in fiscal 2021, or 2% of net revenue. The year-over-year decrease in the gross margin percentage was primarily attributable to:

Our gross margin in fiscal 2022 benefited from payroll subsidies in the amount of $24.4 million received from the Canadian government, pursuant to a COVID-19 relief program. This compares to subsidies received of $5.7 million in fiscal 2021.

Other consumer products

Gross margin for our other consumer products segment was $58.2 million in fiscal 2022, or 32% of net revenue, as compared to $59.9 million in fiscal 2021, or 36% of net revenue. The year-over-year decrease in the gross margin percentage was primarily attributable to (i) the year-over-year increase in revenue from the lower-margin BioSteel business, and the resulting shift in the business mix; and (ii) higher third-party shipping, distribution and warehousing costs across North America which primarily impacted BioSteel.

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Operating Expenses

The following table presents operating expenses for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021:

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $472.8 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $575.4 million in fiscal 2021.

General and administrative expense was $128.9 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $238.3 million in fiscal 2021. The year-over-year decrease is due primarily to:

Sales and marketing expense was $239.3 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $194.4 million in fiscal 2021. The year-over-year increase is primarily due to:

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Research and development expense was $32.3 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $57.6 million in fiscal 2021. The year-over-year decrease is primarily attributable to a reduction in costs attributable to the previously-noted restructuring actions beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020 and continuing through fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2022. We continued to realize reductions in compensation costs and concluded or curtailed certain research and development projects as we rationalized our initiatives to focus on opportunities outside of pharmaceutical drug development. We also realized a reduction in research and development costs associated with the closure of certain of our sites in Canada in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021.

Acquisition-related costs were $11.1 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $13.5 million in fiscal 2021. In fiscal 2022, costs were incurred primarily in relation to (i) entering into the Wana Agreements; (ii) the acquisitions of Supreme Cannabis and Ace Valley; and (iii) evaluating other potential acquisition opportunities. Comparatively, in fiscal 2021, our primary mergers and acquisitions activity related to (i) entering into, and implementing, the Acreage Amended Arrangement; and (ii) entering into the plan of arrangement (the “RIV Arrangement”) with RIV Capital, which was completed on February 23, 2021. Additionally, costs were incurred in relation to completing the acquisition of Ace Valley and entering into the Supreme Arrangement, both of which were completed in the first quarter of fiscal 2022, and evaluating other potential acquisition opportunities.

Depreciation and amortization expense was $61.2 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $71.6 million in fiscal 2021. The year-over-year decrease is primarily attributable to (i) operational changes announced in December 2020, which were part of the previously-noted restructuring actions and which resulted in the abandonment or impairment of certain of our Canadian production facilities and intangible assets; (ii) the impairment of certain intangible assets in fiscal 2021 associated with the rationalization of our research and development activities; and (iii) the completion of the C³ Divestiture in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, resulting in two fewer months of depreciation and amortization expense recorded relative to fiscal 2021. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in depreciation expense associated with the build-out of our production infrastructure in the United States, and our acquisition of Supreme Cannabis in the first quarter of fiscal 2022.

Share-based compensation expense

Share-based compensation expense was $39.5 million in fiscal 2022, as compared to $83.0 million in fiscal 2021. The year-over-year decrease is primarily attributable to:

Share-based compensation expense related to acquisition milestones was $8.0 million in fiscal 2022, relatively consistent with the amount of $8.1 million recognized in fiscal 2021.

Expected credit losses on financial assets and related charges

In fiscal 2021, we recorded expected credit losses on financial assets and related charges in the amount of $109.5 million, in relation to PharmHouse Inc. (“PharmHouse”), a joint venture formed between RIV Capital and its joint venture partner in May 2018. These expected credit losses and related charges were recognized through February 23, 2021, the date on which the RIV Arrangement was completed pursuant to which we surrendered all shares in the capital of RIV Capital held by us, and derecognized RIV Capital’s consolidated assets and liabilities from our consolidated financial statements. No such expected credit losses and related charges were recognized in fiscal 2022. These expected credit losses and related charges recognized in fiscal 2021 included:

Additionally, in fiscal 2021, we determined that there was an other-than-temporary impairment on our equity investment in PharmHouse, and recognized an impairment charge for the full amount of the investment of $32.4 million (see “Loss from equity method investments” below). Refer to Note 6 of our Financial Statements for further information regarding the RIV Arrangement, and Note 26 of our Financial Statements for further information regarding PharmHouse.

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Asset impairment and restructuring costs

Asset impairment and restructuring costs recorded in operating expenses in fiscal 2022 were $369.3 million, as compared to $534.4 million in fiscal 2021. In fiscal 2022, these costs included charges of $302.5 million related to restructuring actions and charges of $66.8 million related to other asset impairments. Comparatively, in fiscal 2021, these costs included charges of $527.8 million related to restructuring actions and charges of $6.6 million related to other asset impairments. These charges are detailed below under “Restructuring, Asset Impairments and Related Costs".

Other

The following table presents loss from equity method investments, other income (expense), net, and income tax recovery (expense) for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021: