CARVER BANCORP INC - Annual Report: 2021 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_________________

FORM 10-K

FOR ANNUAL AND TRANSITION REPORTS PURSUANT TO

SECTIONS 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


☒						ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021


☐						TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________

Commission File Number: 001-13007

CARVER BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

13-3904174

(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

75 West 125th Street

New York

10027

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (718) 230-2900

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share

CARV

NASDAQ Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. o Yes x No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. o Yes x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

☐

Large Accelerated Filer

☐

Accelerated Filer

☐

Non-accelerated Filer

☒

Smaller Reporting Company

☐

Emerging Growth Company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). o Yes x No

As of June 28, 2021 there were 3,467,798 shares of common stock of the Registrant outstanding. The aggregate market value of the Registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates, as of September 30, 2020 (based on the closing sales price of $6.45 per share of the registrant's common stock on September 30, 2020) was approximately $21,499,579.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

1. Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. (Part III)

CARVER BANCORP, INC.

2021 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I		3

ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	3
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	28
ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	36
ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	36
ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	36
ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	36

PART II		36

ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	37
ITEM 6.	SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA	37
ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	39
ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	53
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	54
ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	103
ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	103
ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	104

PART III		105

ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	105
ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	105
ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	105
ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	105
ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	105

PART IV		105

ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	105

ITEM 16.	FORM 10-K SUMMARY	105

SIGNATURES		108

EXHIBIT INDEX		107

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 which may be identified by the use of such words as “may,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “should,” “plan,” “estimate,” “predict,” “continue,” and “potential” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, estimates with respect to Carver Bancorp, Inc.'s (the "Company" or "Carver") financial condition, results of operations and business that are subject to various factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from these estimates. These factors include but are not limited to the following:

•the effects of COVID-19, which includes, but is not limited to, the length of time that the pandemic continues, the duration of restrictive orders and the potential imposition of restrictions on businesses and travel in the future, the remedial actions and stimulus measures adopted by federal, state, and local governments, the health of our employees and the inability of employees to work due to illness, quarantine, or government mandates, the business continuity plans of our customers and our vendors, the increased likelihood of cybersecurity risk, data breaches, or fraud due to employees working from home, the ability of our borrowers to continue to repay their loan obligations, and the effect of the pandemic on the general economy and the business of our borrowers;

•the ability of Carver Federal Savings Bank to comply with the Formal Agreement (“Agreement”) between the Bank and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the effect of the restrictions and requirements of the Formal Agreement on the Bank's non-interest expenses and net income;

•the ability of the Company to obtain approval from the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia (the “Federal Reserve Bank”) to distribute all future interest payments owed to the holders of the Company's subordinated debt securities;

•the limitations imposed on the Company by board resolutions which require, among other things, written approval of the Federal Reserve Bank prior to the declaration or payment of dividends, any increase in debt by the Company, or the redemption of Company common stock, and the effect on operations resulting from such limitations;

•the results of examinations by our regulators, including the possibility that our regulators may, among other things, require us to increase our reserve for loan losses, write down assets, change our regulatory capital position, limit our ability to borrow funds or maintain or increase deposits, or prohibit us from paying dividends, which could adversely affect our dividends and earnings;

•national and/or local changes in economic conditions, which could occur from numerous causes, including political changes, domestic and international policy changes, unrest, war and weather, or conditions in the real estate, securities markets or the banking industry, which could affect liquidity in the capital markets, the volume of loan originations, deposit flows, real estate values, the levels of non-interest income and the amount of loan losses;

•adverse changes in the financial industry and the securities, credit, national and local real estate markets (including real estate value);

•changes in our existing loan portfolio composition (including reduction in commercial real estate loan concentration) and credit quality or changes in loan loss requirements;

•changes in the level of trends of delinquencies and write-offs and in our allowance and provision for loan losses;

•legislative or regulatory changes that may adversely affect the Company’s business, including but not limited to new capital regulations, which could result in, among other things, increased deposit insurance premiums and assessments, capital requirements, regulatory fees and compliance costs, and the resources we have available to address such changes;

•changes in the level of government support of housing finance;

•changes to state rent control laws, which may impact the credit quality of multifamily housing loans;

•our ability to control costs and expenses;

•risks related to a high concentration of loans to borrowers secured by property located in our market area;

•changes in interest rates, which may reduce net interest margin and net interest income;

•increases in competitive pressure among financial institutions or non-financial institutions;

•changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;

•technological changes that may be more difficult to implement or more costly than anticipated;

•changes in deposit flows, loan demand, real estate values, borrowing facilities, capital markets and investment opportunities, which may adversely affect our business;

•changes in accounting standards, policies and practices, as may be adopted or established by the regulatory agencies or the Financial Accounting Standards Board, could negatively impact the Company’s financial results;

•litigation or regulatory actions, whether currently existing or commencing in the future, which may restrict our operations or strategic business plan;

•the ability to originate and purchase loans with attractive terms and acceptable credit quality; and

•the ability to attract and retain key members of management, and to address staffing needs in response to product demand or to implement business initiatives.

Because forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties, actual results or future events could differ possibly materially from those that the company anticipated in its forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are made as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the Company assumes no obligation to, and expressly disclaims any obligation to, update these forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting such forward-looking statements or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements, except as legally required. For a discussion of additional factors that could adversely affect the Company's future performance, see “Item 1A - Risk Factors” and “Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

OVERVIEW

Carver Bancorp, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), is the holding company for Carver Federal Savings Bank (“Carver Federal” or the “Bank”), a federally chartered savings bank. The Company is headquartered in New York, New York. The Company conducts business as a unitary savings and loan holding company, and the principal business of the Company consists of the operation of its wholly-owned subsidiary, Carver Federal. Carver Federal was founded in 1948 to serve African-American communities whose residents, businesses and institutions had limited access to mainstream financial services. The Bank remains headquartered in Harlem, and predominantly all of its seven branches and four stand-alone 24/7 ATM centers are located in low- to moderate-income neighborhoods. Many of these historically underserved communities have experienced unprecedented growth and diversification of incomes, ethnicity and economic opportunity, after decades of public and private investment.

Carver Federal is among the largest African-American operated banks in the United States. The Bank remains dedicated to expanding wealth-enhancing opportunities in the communities it serves by increasing access to capital and other financial services for consumers, businesses and non-profit organizations, including faith-based institutions. A measure of its progress in achieving this goal includes the Bank's fifth consecutive "Outstanding" rating, issued by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the "OCC") following its most recent Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) examination in January 2019. The OCC found that a substantial majority of originated and purchased loans were within Carver Federal's assessment area, and the Bank has demonstrated excellent responsiveness to its assessment area's needs through its community development lending, investing and service activities. The Bank had approximately $676.7 million in assets and 104 employees as of March 31, 2021.

Carver Federal engages in a wide range of consumer and commercial banking services. The Bank provides deposit products, including demand, savings and time deposits for consumers, businesses, and governmental and quasi-governmental agencies in its local market area within New York City. In addition to deposit products, Carver Federal offers a number of other consumer and commercial banking products and services, including debit cards, online account opening and banking, online bill pay and telephone banking. Carver Federal also offers a suite of products and services for unbanked and underbanked consumers, branded as Carver Community Cash. This includes check cashing, wire transfers, bill payment, reloadable prepaid cards and money orders.

Carver Federal offers loan products covering a variety of asset classes, including commercial and multifamily mortgages, and business loans. The Bank finances mortgage and loan products through deposits or borrowings. Funds not used to originate mortgages and loans are invested primarily in U.S. government agency securities and mortgage-backed securities.

The Bank's primary market area for deposits consists of the areas served by its seven branches in the Brooklyn, Manhattan and Queens boroughs of New York City. The neighborhoods in which the Bank's branches are located have historically been low- to moderate-income areas. The Bank's primary lending market includes Kings, New York, Bronx and Queens Counties in New York City, and lower Westchester County, New York. Although the Bank's branches are primarily located in areas that were historically underserved by other financial institutions, the Bank faces significant competition for deposits and mortgage lending in its market areas. Management believes that this competition has become more intense as a result of increased examination emphasis by federal banking regulators on financial institutions' fulfillment of their responsibilities under the CRA and more recently due to the decline in demand for loans. Carver Federal's market area has a high density of financial institutions, many of which have greater financial resources, name recognition and market presence, and all of which are competitors to varying degrees. The Bank's competition for loans comes principally from commercial banks, savings institutions and mortgage banking companies. The Bank's most direct competition for deposits comes from commercial banks, savings institutions and credit unions. Competition for deposits also comes from money market mutual funds, corporate and government securities funds, and financial intermediaries such as brokerage firms and insurance companies. Many of the Bank's competitors have substantially greater resources and offer a wider array of financial services and products. This, combined with competitors' larger presence in the New York market, add to the challenges the Bank faces in expanding its current market share and growing its near-term profitability.

Carver Federal's 70-year history in its market area, its community involvement and relationships, targeted products and services and personal service consistent with community banking, help the Bank compete with competitors that have entered its market.

The Bank formalized its many community focused investments on August 18, 2005, by forming Carver Community Development Corporation ("CCDC"). CCDC oversees the Bank's participation in local economic development and other community-based initiatives, including financial literacy activities. CCDC coordinates the Bank's development of an innovative approach to reach the unbanked customer market in Carver Federal's communities. Importantly, CCDC spearheads the Bank's applications for grants and other resources to help fund these important community activities. In this connection, Carver Federal has successfully competed with large regional and global financial institutions in a number of competitions for government grants and other awards. In June 2006, CCDC was selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury, in a highly competitive process, to receive an award of $59 million in New Markets Tax Credits ("NMTC"). CCDC won a second NMTC award of $65 million in May 2009, and a third award of $25 million in August 2011. The NMTC award is used to stimulate economic development in low- to moderate-income communities. The NMTC awards enable the Bank to invest with community and development partners in economic development projects with attractive terms including, in some cases, below market interest rates, which may have the effect of attracting capital to underserved communities and facilitating revitalization of the community, pursuant to the goals of the NMTC program. NMTC awards provide a credit to Carver Federal against Federal income taxes when the Bank makes qualified investments. The credits are allocated over seven years from the time of the qualified investment. Alternatively, the Bank can utilize the award in projects where another investor entity provides funding and receives the tax benefits of the award in exchange for the Bank receiving fee income. As of March 31, 2021, all three award allocations have been fully utilized in qualifying projects. See "Item 7 - Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and footnotes to the financial statements for additional details on the NMTC activities.

GENERAL

Carver Bancorp, Inc.

The Company is the holding company for Carver Federal and its other active direct subsidiary, Carver Statutory Trust I (the “Trust”), a Delaware trust.

The principal business of the Company consists of the operation of its wholly-owned subsidiary, the Bank. The Company's administrative offices are located at 1825 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10034. The home office of the Bank is located at 75 West 125th Street, New York, New York 10027. The Company's telephone number is (718) 230-2900.

Carver Federal Savings Bank

Carver Federal was chartered in 1948 and began operations in 1949 as Carver Federal Savings and Loan Association, a federally chartered mutual savings and loan association, at which time it obtained federal deposit insurance and became a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (the “FHLB-NY”). Carver Federal was founded as an African- and Caribbean-American operated institution to provide residents of underserved communities the ability to invest their savings and obtain credit. Carver Federal Savings and Loan Association converted to a federal savings bank in 1986 and changed its name at that time to Carver Federal Savings Bank.

On March 8, 1995, Carver Federal formed CFSB Realty Corp. as a wholly-owned subsidiary to hold real estate acquired through foreclosure pending eventual disposition. At March 31, 2021, this subsidiary had $267 thousand in total assets. During the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ended March 31, 2003, Carver Federal formed Carver Asset Corporation (“CAC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary which qualifies as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. This subsidiary may, among other things, be utilized by Carver Federal to raise capital in the future. As of March 31, 2021, CAC owned mortgage loans carried at approximately $7.4 million and total assets of $129.2 million. On August 18, 2005, Carver Federal formed CCDC, a wholly-owned community development entity, to facilitate and develop innovative approaches to financial literacy, address the needs of the unbanked and participate in local economic development and other community-based activities. As part of its operations, CCDC monitors the portfolio of investments related to NMTC awards and makes application for additional awards.

Carver Statutory Trust I

Carver Statutory Trust (the "Trust") was formed in 2003 for the purpose of issuing $13.0 million aggregate liquidation amount of floating rate Capital Securities due September 17, 2033 (“Capital Securities”) and $0.4 million of common securities, which are wholly owned by Carver Bancorp, Inc. and the sole voting securities of the Trust. The Company has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the Capital Securities along with all obligations of the Trust under the trust agreement relating to the Capital Securities. The Trust is not consolidated with the Company for financial reporting purposes in accordance with the

Financial Accounting Standards Board's Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810 regarding the consolidation of variable interest entities. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2017, the Company applied for and was granted regulatory approval to settle all outstanding debenture interest payments on the Carver Statutory Trust I capital securities through September 2016. Such payments were made in September 2016. Debenture interest payments had been deferred beginning with the December 2016 payment, which was permissible under the terms of the Indenture for up to twenty consecutive quarters, as the Company was prohibited from making payments without prior approval from the Federal Reserve Bank. The total amount of deferred interest was $3.1 million at March 31, 2021, which was subsequently paid on June 16, 2021.

The Company relies primarily on dividends from Carver Federal to pay cash dividends to its stockholders, to engage in share repurchase programs and to pay principal and interest on its trust preferred debt obligation. The OCC regulates all capital distributions, including dividend payments, by Carver Federal to the Company, and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve (the "FRB") regulates dividends paid by the Company. As the subsidiary of a savings and loan association holding company, Carver Federal must file a notice or an application (depending on the proposed dividend amount) with the OCC (and a notice with the FRB) prior to the declaration of each capital distribution. The OCC will disallow any proposed dividend, for among other reasons, that would result in Carver Federal’s failure to meet the OCC minimum capital requirements. In accordance with the Agreement, Carver Federal is currently prohibited from paying any dividends without prior OCC approval, and, as such, has suspended its regular quarterly cash dividend to the Company. There are no assurances that dividend payments to the Company will resume.

Human Capital Resources

At March 31, 2021, the Company had 104 employees, nearly all of whom are full-time and of which approximately 62.5% were female and 81.7% were minorities. The majority of our employees are based in New York. Our goal is to attract, develop, retain and plan for succession of key talent and executives to achieve strategic objectives. We are continually investing in our workforce to further emphasize diversity and inclusion and to foster our employees' growth and career development.

We offer a comprehensive benefits program to our employees and design our compensation programs to attract, retain and motivate employees, as well as to align with Company performance. None of the Company's employees are a member of a collective bargaining agreement and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented significant operating environmental changes that we determined were in the best interest of our employees, as well as the communities in which we operate, and which comply with health and safety standards as required by federal, state and local government agencies, taking into consideration guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other public health authorities. This includes having the vast majority of our employees work from home, while implementing additional safety measures for employees continuing critical on-site work.

The Company team members actively share their talents in their communities through volunteer activities in education, economic development, human and health services, and Community Reinvestment. Additionally, the Company's management team works with leaders of community organizations, community development organizations, and consumer financial educations organizations to identify the credit, investment, and service needs of its community.

Available Information

The Company makes available on or through its internet website, http://www.carverbank.com, its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such reports are available free of charge and as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The SEC maintains an internet website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC, including the Company, at http://www.sec.gov.

In addition, certain other basic corporate documents, including the Company's Corporate Governance Principles, Code of Ethics, the charters of the Company's Finance and Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee and the date of the Company's annual meeting are posted on the Company's website. Printed copies of these documents are also available free of charge to any stockholder who requests them. Stockholders seeking additional information should contact the Corporate Secretary's office by mail at 1825 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10035 or by e-mail at corporatesecretary@carverbank.com. Information provided on the Company's website is not part of this annual report.

Lending Activities

General. Carver Federal's loan portfolio consists primarily of mortgage and business loans originated by the Bank's lending teams and secured by commercial real estate including multifamily, mixed-use and owner-occupied properties. Substantially all of the Bank's mortgage loans are secured by properties located within the Bank's market area. From time to time, the Bank may participate or purchase loans that comply with the Bank's underwriting standards from other financial institutions or in contiguous market geographies to achieve loan growth objectives, as well as asset and geographical diversification.

In recent years, Carver Federal had focused on the origination of commercial real estate loans extended primarily to multifamily, as well as owner-occupied and mixed-use commercial loans. These loans generally have higher yields and shorter maturities than one-to-four family residential properties, and include prepayment penalties that the Bank collects if the loans pay in full prior to the contractual maturity. The Bank's increased emphasis remains on effective portfolio management and monitoring of the commercial real estate and multifamily residential mortgage loans given the increase of the overall level of credit risk inherent in this market segment. The greater risk associated with commercial real estate, particularly multifamily residential loans, as well as the growth in this type of loan, had required the Bank to increase its provisions for loan losses in fiscal years 2016 to 2018. In fiscal years 2019 and 2020, the Bank's recoveries on previously charged off loans exceeded its chargeoffs to such an extent that additional provisions were not necessary. The provision recorded in fiscal year 2020 was primarily related to overdraft deposit charge-offs. During fiscal year 2021, we increased our qualitative factors due to the ongoing pandemic. These increases in reserves were offset by decreases in our quantitative reserve analysis as the rolling 20 quarter historical loss look back period has improved for most of our loan categories. The Bank could be required to maintain an allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans in excess of the allowance currently maintained. Carver Federal continually reviews the composition of its mortgage loan portfolio and underwriting standards to manage the risk in the portfolio. Per the requirements of the Formal Agreement, the Bank has reduced its commercial real estate loan concentration as a percentage of risk-based capital to a level well below that mandated by its regulators.

Loan Portfolio Composition. Total loans receivable increased $55.3 million, or 13.0%, to $480.5 million at March 31, 2021, compared to $425.2 million at March 31, 2020. Carver Federal's total loans receivable as a percentage of total assets decreased to 71.0% at March 31, 2021, compared to 73.5% at March 31, 2020.

The following is a summary of loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses, as of:


	March 31, 2021				March 31, 2020				March 31, 2019				March 31, 2018				March 31, 2017
$ in thousands	Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%		Amount		%
Gross loans receivable:
One-to-four family	$	76,313	15.9	%	$	105,532	24.8	%	$	108,363	25.4	%	$	121,233	25.6	%	$	132,679	24.5	%
Multifamily	103,584		21.6	%	89,241		21.0		86,177		20.2		103,887		21.9		87,824		16.2
Commercial real estate	149,472		31.1	%	141,761		33.3		130,812		30.7		141,835		29.9		241,794		44.7
Construction	—		—	%	—		—		—		—		—		—		4,983		0.9
Business	148,662		30.9	%	85,425		20.1		96,430		22.6		102,004		21.5		65,151		12.0
Consumer and other (1)	2,439		0.5	%	3,213		0.8		4,023		0.9		5,238		1.1		8,994		1.7
Total loans receivable	$	480,470	100.0	%	$	425,172	100.0	%	$	425,805	100.0	%	$	474,197	100.0	%	$	541,425	100.0	%


Unamortized premiums, deferred costs and fees, net	3,079				3,560				3,023				3,556				4,127

Allowance for loan losses	(5,140)				(4,946)				(4,646)				(5,126)				(5,060)
Total loans receivable, net	$	478,409			$	423,786			$	424,182			$	472,627			$	540,492

(1)Includes personal loans

One-to-four Family Residential Lending. Carver Federal purchases first mortgage loans secured by one-to-four family properties that serve as the primary residence of the owner. The Bank purchased $2.8 million and $15.2 million of one-to-four family residential loans during fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Bank did not purchase any one-to-four family loans during fiscal years 2019 and 2018. In fiscal 2017, the Bank purchased $13.9 million of one-to-four family loans. Approximately 23.0% of the one-to-four family residential mortgage loans maturing in greater than one year at March 31, 2021 were adjustable rate and approximately 77.0% were fixed-rate. One-to-four family residential real estate loans decreased $29.2 million, or 27.7%, to $76.3 million at March 31, 2021, compared to $105.5 million at March 31, 2020.

Carver Federal's fixed-rate, one-to-four family residential mortgage loans are underwritten in accordance with applicable secondary market underwriting guidelines and requirements for sale. From time to time, the Bank has sold such loans to Fannie Mae, the State of New York Mortgage Agency (“SONYMA”) and other third parties. Loans are generally sold with limited recourse on a servicing retained basis except to SONYMA where the sale is made with servicing released. Carver Federal uses a servicing firm to sub-service mortgage loans, whether held in portfolio or sold with servicing retained. At March 31, 2021, the Bank, through its sub-servicer, serviced $16.4 million in loans for FNMA and $389 thousand for other third parties. The Bank has recorded $147 thousand in related mortgage servicing rights.

The retention of adjustable-rate loans in Carver Federal's portfolio helps reduce Carver Federal's exposure to increases in prevailing market interest rates. However, there are credit risks resulting from potential increases in costs to borrowers in the event of upward repricing of adjustable-rate loans. It is possible that during periods of rising interest rates, the risk of default on adjustable-rate loans may increase due to increases in interest costs to borrowers. Although adjustable-rate loans allow the Bank to increase the sensitivity of its interest-earning assets to changes in interest rates, the extent of this interest rate sensitivity is limited by periodic and lifetime interest rate adjustment limitations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that yields on the Bank's adjustable-rate loans will fully adjust to compensate for increases in the Bank's cost of funds. Adjustable-rate loans increase the Bank's exposure to decreases in prevailing market interest rates, although decreases in the Bank's cost of funds would tend to offset this effect to an extent.

The Bank previously originated or purchased a limited amount of subprime loans (which are defined by the Bank as those loans where the borrowers have FICO scores of 660 or less at origination). At March 31, 2021, the Bank had $3.7 million in subprime loans, or 0.8% of its total loan portfolio, of which $1.1 million are non-performing loans. No subprime loans were purchased during fiscal 2021.

Multifamily Real Estate Lending. Traditionally, Carver Federal originates and purchases multifamily loans. The Bank purchased $6.9 million and $7.0 million of multifamily loans during fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively. Multifamily property lending entails additional risks compared to one-to-four family residential lending. For example, such loans are dependent on the successful operation of such buildings and can be significantly impacted by supply and demand conditions in the market for multifamily residential units. Carver Federal's multifamily real estate loan portfolio increased $14.4 million, or 16.1%, to $103.6 million in fiscal 2021, or 21.6% of Carver Federal's total loan portfolio at March 31, 2021.

In making multifamily real estate loans, the Bank primarily considers the property's ability to generate net operating income sufficient to support the debt service, the financial resources, income level and managerial expertise of the borrower, the marketability of the property and the Bank's lending experience with the borrower. Carver Federal's multifamily real estate product guidelines generally require that the maximum loan-to-value ("LTV") at origination not exceed 75% based on the appraised value of the mortgaged property on all such loans. The Bank generally requires a debt service coverage ratio at origination of at least 1.20 on multifamily real estate loans, which requires the properties to generate cash flow after expenses and allowances in excess of the principal and interest payment. Carver Federal originates and purchases multifamily real estate loans, which are predominantly adjustable rate loans that generally amortize on the basis of a 15-, 20-, 25-, or 30-year period and require a balloon payment after the first five years, or the borrower may have an option to extend the loan for additional periods. The Bank occasionally originates fixed rate loans with greater than five year terms. Personal guarantees may be obtained for additional security from these borrowers.

To help ensure continued collateral protection and asset quality for the term of multifamily real estate loans, Carver Federal employs a risk rating system for its loans. All commercial loans, including multifamily real estate loans, are risk rated internally at the time of origination. Management continually monitors all commercial loans in order to update risk ratings when necessary (see "Asset Classification and Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses" for additional information on asset classification and risk ratings). In addition, to assist the Bank in evaluating changes in the credit profile of the borrower and the underlying collateral, an independent consulting firm reviews and prepares a written report for a sample of our commercial loan relationships. On a triannual basis, an independent loan review company i) reviews 70% to 75% of the average commercial loan portfolio, ii) this includes all new and renewed loans greater than $100,000, and iii) all criticized and classified loans. Summary reports documenting the loan reviews are then reviewed by management for changes in the credit profile of individual borrowers and the portfolio as a whole.

Commercial Real Estate Lending. Commercial real estate lending consists predominantly of originating loans for the purpose of purchasing or refinancing office, mixed-use (properties used for both commercial and residential purposes but predominantly commercial), retail and church buildings in the Bank's market area. Mixed-use loans are secured by properties that are intended for both residential and business use and are classified as commercial real estate ("CRE"). The Bank purchased $6.3 million and $12.6 million of commercial real estate loans during fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively. Although Carver Federal has experienced favorable loss history associated with commercial real estate loans, these loans may

entail additional risks compared with one-to-four family residential and multifamily lending. For example, such loans typically involve larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers and the payment experience on such loans typically is dependent on the successful operation of the commercial property.

In originating CRE loans, the Bank primarily considers the ability of the net operating income generated by the real estate to support the debt service, the financial resources, income level and managerial expertise of the borrower, the marketability of the property and the Bank's lending experience with the borrower. Carver Federal's maximum LTV ratio on commercial real estate mortgage loans at origination is generally 75% based on the latest appraised value of the mortgaged property. The Bank generally requires a debt service coverage ratio at origination of at least 1.20 on commercial real estate loans. The Bank also requires the assignment of rents of all tenants' leases in the mortgaged property and personal guarantees may be obtained for additional security from these borrowers.

At March 31, 2021, commercial real estate mortgage loans totaled $149.5 million, or 31.1% of the total loan portfolio. This balance reflects a year-over-year increase of $7.7 million, or 5.4%, as a result of organic loan originations and purchases.

The Bank offers 5-year terms for our commercial mortgages. At times, we can offer greater than 5 years for terms of up to 15 years and amortization schedules up to 25 years; however, the interest rate always resets every 5 years. Interest rates currently offered by the Bank are adjusted at the beginning of each adjustment period and generally are based upon a fixed spread above the FHLB-NY corresponding regular advance rate.

Historically, Carver Federal has been a New York City metropolitan area leader in the origination of loans to churches. At March 31, 2021, loans to churches totaled $19.5 million, or 4.1% of the Bank's gross loan portfolio. These loans generally have five-, seven-, or ten-year terms with 15-, 20- or 25-year amortization periods, a balloon payment due at the end of the term and generally have no greater than a 70% LTV ratio at origination. The Bank has also provided construction financing for churches and generally provides permanent financing upon completion of construction. There are currently 22 church loans in the Bank's loan portfolio.

Loans secured by real estate owned by faith-based organizations generally are larger and involve greater risks than one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by such properties are often dependent on voluntary contributions by members of the church's congregation, repayment of such loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the economy. The Bank seeks to minimize these risks in a variety of ways, including reviewing the organization's financial condition, limiting the size of such loans and establishing the quality of the collateral securing such loans. The Bank determines the appropriate amount and type of security for such loans based in part upon the governance structure of the particular organization, the length of time the church has been established in the community and a cash flow analysis to determine the church's ability to service the proposed loan. Carver Federal will obtain a first mortgage on the underlying real property and often requires personal guarantees of key members of the congregation and/or key person life insurance on the pastor. The Bank may also require the church to obtain key person life insurance on specific members of the church's leadership. While asset quality in the church loan category historically has been one of the strongest asset classes, recent economic conditions have produced higher delinquencies in this portfolio. While management believes that Carver Federal will remain a leading lender to churches in its market area, Carver Federal will continue to conduct disciplined underwriting and maintain focused portfolio management.

Business Loans. Carver Federal's small business (Commercial and Industrial, or "C&I") lending portfolio increased $63.3 million to $148.7 million, comprising 30.9% of the Bank's gross loan portfolio in fiscal 2021. This includes $36.0 million of PPP loans at March 31, 2021. The Bank purchased $10.7 million of business loans during fiscal year 2021. In a strategic attempt to diversify the Bank's loan portfolio, Carver Federal demonstrated an emphasis on C&I lending, placing particular focus on organic loan growth through the financing of local entrepreneurs beginning in fiscal year 2018. Carver Federal provides revolving credit, working capital and term loan facilities to small businesses with annual sales of approximately $1 million to $25 million in educational, health care, personal services, and light industrial and wholesale segments. Business loans are typically personally guaranteed by the owners and may also be secured by additional collateral, including real estate, equipment and inventory.

Consumer and Other Loans. At March 31, 2021, the Bank had $2.4 million in consumer and other loans, or 0.5%, of the Bank's gross loan portfolio, primarily comprised of $2.2 million of guaranteed graduate medical student loans purchased in fiscal 2017.

Consumer loans are not typically secured by collateral and therefore involve more risk than first mortgage loans. Collection of a delinquent loan is dependent on the borrower's continuing financial stability and is more likely to be adversely affected by changes in employment, marital status, health and other personal financial factors. Further, the application of

various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered. These loans may also give rise to claims and defenses by a borrower against Carver Federal, including claims and defenses that the borrower has against the seller of the underlying collateral. In underwriting unsecured consumer loans other than secured credit cards, Carver Federal considers the borrower's credit history, an analysis of the borrower's income, expenses and ability to repay the loan and the value of the collateral. The underwriting for secured credit cards only takes into consideration the value of the underlying collateral. See “Asset Quality-Non-performing Assets.”

Loan Processing. Carver Federal's loan originations are derived from a number of sources, including referrals by realtors, builders, depositors, borrowers and mortgage brokers, as well as walk-in and telephone customers. Loans are originated by the Bank's personnel who receive a base salary, commissions and other incentive compensation. Real estate, business and unsecured loan applications are forwarded to the Bank's Lending Department for underwriting pursuant to standards established in Carver Federal's loan policy. The underwriting and loan processing for residential one-to-four family loans are performed by an outsourced third party loan originator using lending standards established by the Bank.

A commercial real estate loan application is completed for all multifamily and non-residential properties that the Bank finances. Prior to loan approval, the property is inspected by a loan officer. As part of the loan approval process, consideration is given to an independent appraisal, location, accessibility, stability of the neighborhood, environmental assessment, personal credit history and the financial capacity of the applicant(s). Business loan applications are completed for all business loans. Most business loans are secured by real estate, personal guarantees, and/or guarantees by the United States Small Business Administration (“SBA”) or Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”) filings. The loan approval process considers the credit history of the applicant, collateral, cash flow and purpose and stability of the business.

Upon receipt of a completed loan application from a prospective borrower, a credit report and other verifications are ordered to confirm specific information relating to the loan applicant's income and credit standing. It is the Bank's policy to obtain an appraisal of the real estate intended to secure a proposed mortgage loan from an independent appraiser approved by the Bank.

It is Carver Federal's policy to record a lien on the real estate securing the loan and to obtain a title insurance policy that insures that the property is free of prior encumbrances. Borrowers must also obtain hazard insurance policies prior to closing and, when the property is in a flood plain as designated by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, obtain flood insurance. Most borrowers are also required to advance funds on a monthly basis, together with each payment of principal and interest, to a mortgage escrow account from which the Bank makes disbursements for items such as real estate taxes and hazard insurance. Written confirmation of the guarantee for SBA loans and evidence of the UCC filing is also required.

Loan Approval. Except for real estate and business loans in excess of $6.0 million, mortgage and business loan approval authority has been delegated by the Bank's Board of Directors to the Board's Asset Liability and Interest Rate Risk Committee. The Asset Liability and Interest Rate Risk Committee has delegated to the Bank's Management Loan Committee, which consists of certain members of executive management, loan approval authority up to and including $1.0 million for real estate and business loans. Real estate and business loans above $6.0 million must be approved by the full Board. Purchased loans are subject to the same approval process as originated loans. One-to-four family mortgage loans that conform to FNMA, Federal Housing Administration and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC") standards and limits may be approved by the outsourced third party loan originator.

Loans-to-One-Borrower. Under the loans-to-one-borrower limits of the OCC, with certain limited exceptions, loans and extensions of credit to a single or related group of borrowers outstanding at one time generally may not exceed 15% of the unimpaired capital and surplus of a savings bank. See “Regulation and Supervision-Federal Banking Regulation-Loans-to-One-Borrower Limitations.” At March 31, 2021, the maximum loans-to-one-borrower under this test was $10.8 million and the Bank had no relationships that exceeded this limit.

Loan Originations and Purchases. Loan originations were $114.5 million in fiscal 2021 compared to $33.5 million in fiscal 2020. There were $26.8 million loan purchases during fiscal 2021 and $34.8 million purchases in fiscal 2020.

The following table sets forth certain information with respect to Carver Federal's loan originations and advances, purchases and sales for the fiscal years ended March 31:


	2021				2020				2019
$ in thousands	Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent
Loans Originated:
One-to-four family	$	4,217	3.0	%	$	—	—	%	$	—	—	%
Multifamily	15,936		11.3	%	14,363		21.1	%	1,700		6.2	%
Commercial real estate	48,334		34.2	%	13,892		20.4	%	9,319		34.2	%

Business	45,643		32.3	%	4,803		7.0	%	15,769		57.9	%
Consumer and others (1)	366		0.3	%	394		0.6	%	450		1.7	%
Total loans originated	114,496		81.0	%	33,452		49.1	%	27,238		100.0	%
Loans purchased (2)	26,814		19.0	%	34,780		51.0	%	—		—	%
Total loans originated and purchased	141,310		100.0	%	68,232		100.1	%	27,238		100.0	%
Loans sold (3)	—				(1,294)				(1,738)
Net additions to loan portfolio	$	141,310			$	66,938			$	25,500

(1)Comprised of personal loans.

(2)Comprised of $10.7 million business, $6.9 million multifamily, $6.3 million commercial real estate and $2.8 million one-to-four family residential loans.

(3)Comprised of primarily multifamily and one-to-four family loans.

Loans purchased by the Bank entail certain risks not necessarily associated with loans the Bank originates. The Bank's purchased loans are generally acquired without recourse to the seller, with certain exceptions related to the seller's compliance with representations and warranties, and in accordance with the Bank's underwriting criteria for originations. In addition, purchased loans have a variety of terms, including maturities, interest rate caps and indices for adjustment of interest rates, that may differ from those offered at that time by the Bank. The Bank initially seeks to purchase loans in its market area. However, the Bank may purchase loans secured by property outside its market area to meet its financial objectives. The market areas in which the properties that secure the purchased loans are located may differ from Carver Federal's market area and may be subject to economic and real estate market conditions that may significantly differ from those experienced in Carver Federal's market area. There can be no assurance that economic conditions in these out-of-state markets will not deteriorate in the future, resulting in increased loan delinquencies and loan losses among the loans secured by property in these areas.

In an effort to reduce risks, the Bank has sought to ensure that purchased loans satisfy the Bank's underwriting standards and do not otherwise have a higher risk of collection or loss than loans originated by the Bank. A review of each loan is conducted prior to purchase, and the Bank also requires appropriate documentation and further seeks to reduce its risk by requiring, in each buy/sell agreement, a series of warranties and representations as to the underwriting standards and the enforceability of the related legal documents. These warranties and representations remain in effect for the life of the loan. Any misrepresentation must be cured within 90 days of discovery or trigger certain repurchase provisions in the buy/sell agreement.

Loan Maturity Schedule. The following table sets forth information at March 31, 2021 regarding the amount of loans maturing in Carver Federal's portfolio, including scheduled repayments of principal, based on contractual terms to maturity. Demand loans, loans having no schedule of repayments and no stated maturity, and overdrafts are reported as due in one year or less. The table below does not include any estimate of prepayments, which significantly shorten the average life of all mortgage loans and may cause Carver Federal's actual repayment experience to differ significantly from that shown below:


Loan Maturities
$ in thousands	<1 Yr.		1-5 Yrs.		6-20+ Yrs.		Total
Gross loans receivable:
One-to-four family	$	(26)	$	234	$	76,105	$	76,313
Multifamily	5,348		57,841		40,395		103,584
Commercial real estate	17,558		72,656		59,258		149,472

Business	13,190		86,405		49,067		148,662
Consumer	2,262		177		—		2,439
Total	$	38,332	$	217,313	$	224,825	$	480,470

The following table sets forth as of March 31, 2021, amounts in each loan category that are contractually due after March 31, 2021 and whether such loans have fixed or adjustable interest rates. Scheduled contractual principal repayments of loans do not necessarily reflect the actual lives of such assets. The average life of long-term loans is substantially less than their

contractual terms due to prepayments. In addition, due-on-sale clauses in mortgage loans generally give Carver Federal the right to declare a conventional loan due and payable in the event, among other things, that a borrower sells the real property subject to the mortgage and the loan is not repaid. The average life of mortgage loans tends to increase when current mortgage loan market rates are higher than rates on existing mortgage loans and tends to decrease when current mortgage loan market rates are lower than rates on existing mortgage loans:


	Due After March 31, 2021
$ in thousands	Fixed		Adjustable		Total
Gross loans receivable:
One-to-four family	$	58,760	$	17,579	$	76,339
Multifamily	52,142		46,094		98,236
Commercial real estate	57,661		74,253		131,914

Business	53,321		82,151		135,472
Consumer	177		—		177
Total	$	222,061	$	220,077	$	442,138

Asset Quality

General. One of the Bank's key operating objectives continues to be to maintain a high level of asset quality. Through a variety of strategies, including, but not limited to, monitoring loan delinquencies and borrower workout arrangements, the Bank has been proactive in addressing problem loans and non-performing assets.

The underlying credit quality of the Bank's loan portfolio is dependent primarily on each borrower's ability to continue to make required loan payments and, in the event a borrower is unable to continue to do so, the adequacy of the value of the collateral securing the loan. For non-owner occupied non-residential real estate and multifamily real estate loans, the borrower's ability to pay typically is dependent on rental income, which can be impacted primarily by vacancies and general market conditions. For one-to-four family loans, a borrowers' ability to pay typically is dependent primarily on employment and other sources of income. For owner occupied non-residential real estate, a borrower's ability to pay typically is dependent primarily on the success of the borrower's business. For all of the Bank's loans, a borrower's ability to pay is also impacted by general economic and other factors, such as unanticipated expenditures or changes in the financial markets. Collateral values, particularly real estate values, are also impacted by a variety of factors, including general economic conditions, demographics, maintenance and collection or foreclosure delays. The COVID-19 pandemic has placed additional strains on the economy. The Company has made provisions in its allowance for loans and lease reserves to mitigate any future charge-offs that may be needed.

Non-performing Assets. Non-performing assets consist of nonaccrual loans, loans held-for-sale, and property acquired in settlement of loans (OREO), including foreclosure. When a borrower fails to make a payment on a loan, the Bank and/or its loan servicers take prompt steps to have the delinquency cured and the loan restored to current status. This includes a series of actions such as phone calls, letters, customer visits and, if necessary, legal action. In the event the loan has a guarantee, the Bank may seek to recover on the guarantee, including, where applicable, from the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). Loans that remain delinquent are reviewed for reserve provisions and charge-off. The Bank's collection efforts continue after the loan is charged off, except when a determination is made that collection efforts have been exhausted or are not productive.

The Bank may from time to time agree to modify the contractual terms of a borrower's loan. In cases where such modifications represent a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, the modification is considered a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). Loans modified in a TDR are typically placed on nonaccrual status until the Bank determines that future collection of principal and interest is reasonably assured, which generally requires that the borrower demonstrate performance according to the restructured terms for a period of at least six months. At March 31, 2021, loans classified as TDR totaled $7.5 million, of which $5.8 million were classified as performing.

The following table sets forth information with respect to Carver Federal's non-performing assets, which includes nonaccrual loans, loans held-for-sale, and property acquired in settlement of loans as of March 31:


$ in thousands	2021			2020			2019			2018			2017
Loans accounted for on a nonaccrual basis (1):
Gross loans receivable:
One-to-four family	$	3,524		$	3,582		$	4,488		$	4,561		$	3,899
Multifamily	369			375			3,214			964			1,602
Commercial real estate	918			—			476			502			993

Business	2,290			2,797			2,051			635			1,922
Consumer	90			22			65			—			2
Total nonaccrual loans	7,191			6,776			10,294			6,662			8,418

Other non-performing assets (2)
Real estate owned	60			120			404			1,145			990
Loans held-for-sale	—			—			—			—			944
Total other non-performing assets	60			120			404			1,145			1,934
Total non-performing assets (3)	$	7,251		$	6,896		$	10,698		$	7,807		$	10,352



Non-performing loans to total loans	1.49		%	1.58		%	2.40		%	1.39		%	1.54		%
Non-performing assets to total assets	1.07		%	1.19		%	1.90		%	1.13		%	1.50		%

(1) Nonaccrual status denotes any loan where the delinquency exceeds 90 days past due, or in the opinion of management, the collection of contractual interest and/or principal is doubtful. Payments received on a nonaccrual loan are either applied to the outstanding principal balance or recorded as interest income, depending on assessment of the ability to collect on the loan.

(2) Other non-performing assets generally represent loans that the Bank is in the process of selling and has designated held-for-sale or property acquired by the Bank in settlement of loans less costs to sell (i.e. through foreclosure, repossession or as an in-substance foreclosure). These assets are recorded at the lower of their cost or fair value.

(3) Troubled debt restructured loans performing in accordance with their modified terms for less than six months and those not performing in accordance with their modified terms are considered nonaccrual and are included in the nonaccrual category in the table above. TDR loans included in the nonaccrual category above totaled $1.8 million at 2021, $2.2 million at 2020, $3.2 million in 2019, $1.9 million at 2018, and $2.5 million at 2017. TDR loans that have performed in accordance with their modified terms for a period of at least six months are generally considered performing loans and are not presented in the table above. Performing TDR loans were $5.8 million at 2021, $1.7 million at 2020, $2.2 million at 2019, $3.8 million at 2018, and $3.9 million at 2017.

At March 31, 2021, total non-performing assets increased by $0.4 million, or 5.8%, to $7.3 million, compared to $6.9 million at March 31, 2020, as a result of a $0.4 million increase in nonaccrual loans, year over year. Nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2021 consisted of twelve one-to-four family loans, one commercial real estate, one multifamily, eight small business and SBA loans, and six consumer loans. Management believes that there may be losses associated with certain delinquent loans in the future, but also notes that the amount of losses may be reduced by the value of properties securing these delinquent loans and the Bank's loan loss reserves. Other non-performing assets at year-end 2021 includes real estate owned assets consisting of one foreclosed residential property. At March 31, 2021, Carver had 8 loans secured by one-to-four family residential real estate properties in the process of foreclosure with a total outstanding balance of $2.5 million.

Although we believe that substantially all risk elements at March 31, 2021 have been disclosed, other factors, including economic conditions and the conditions related to COVID-19, may cause borrowers to be unable to comply with the contractual repayment terms on certain real estate and commercial loans. For additional information about certain factors that may affect the future performance of the Company's loan portfolio, please see "Item 1A - Risk Factors" and "Forward Looking Statements."

Asset Classification and Allowances for Losses. Federal regulations and the Bank's policies require the classification of assets on the basis of credit quality on a quarterly basis. An asset is classified as “substandard” if it is determined to be inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the current value of the collateral pledged, if any. An asset is classified as “doubtful” if full collection is highly questionable or improbable. An asset is classified as “loss” if it is considered uncollectible, even if a partial recovery could be expected in the future. The regulations also provide for a “special mention” designation, described as assets that do not currently expose a savings institution to a sufficient degree of risk to warrant substandard classification but do possess credit deficiencies or potential weaknesses deserving management's close attention. Assets classified as substandard or doubtful result in a higher level of allowances for loan losses recorded in accordance with ASC Subtopic 450-20 “Loss Contingencies.” If an asset or portion thereof is classified as a loss, a savings institution must charge off any amount exceeding the fair value of collateral pursuant to loan impairment guidance in ASC Section 310-10-35. If a savings institution does not agree with an examiner's classification of an asset, it may appeal this determination to the OCC Regional Director.

The OCC, in conjunction with the other federal banking agencies, has adopted an interagency policy statement on the allowance for loan losses and lease losses ("ALLL"). The policy statement provides guidance for financial institutions on both the responsibilities of management for the assessment and establishment of adequate allowances and guidance for banking agency examiners to use in determining the adequacy of general valuation guidelines. Generally, the policy statement recommends that institutions have effective systems and controls to identify, monitor and address asset quality problems; that management analyze all significant factors that affect the ability to collect the portfolio in a reasonable manner; and that management establish acceptable allowance evaluation processes that meet the objectives set forth in the policy statement. Management is responsible for determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses and the periodic provisioning for estimated losses included in the consolidated financial statements. The evaluation process is undertaken on a quarterly basis, but may increase in frequency should conditions arise that would require management's prompt attention, such as business combinations and opportunities to dispose of non-performing and marginally performing loans by bulk sale or any development which may indicate an adverse trend. Although management believes that adequate specific and general loan loss allowances have been established, actual losses are dependent upon future events and, as such, further additions to the level of specific and general loan loss allowances may become necessary. For additional information regarding Carver Federal's ALLL policy, refer to Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

The Board has designated the Management Credit Review Committee for management to perform a review on a quarterly basis of the Bank's asset quality, determine and properly identify and monitor credit risk in the loan portfolio and determine that the Bank's allowance for loan and lease losses is proper and appropriate and submit their report to the Board for review. Carver Federal's methodology for establishing the allowance for loan losses takes into consideration probable losses that have been identified in connection with specific loans as well as losses that have not been identified but can be expected to occur. Further, management reviews the ratio of allowances to total loans and recommends adjustments to the level of allowances accordingly. Although management believes it uses the best information available to make determinations with respect to the allowances for losses, future adjustments may be necessary if economic conditions differ from the economic conditions in the assumptions used in making the initial determinations, or if circumstances pertaining to individual loans change, or new information pertaining to individual loans or the loan portfolio is identified. The Bank has a centralized loan servicing structure that relies upon outside servicers, each of which generates a monthly report of delinquent loans. The Asset Liability and Interest Rate Risk Committees of the Board establish policy relating to internal classification of loans and also provides input to the Credit Review Committee in its review of classified assets. In originating loans, Carver Federal recognizes that credit losses will occur and that the risk of loss will vary with, among other things, the type of loan being made, the creditworthiness of the borrower over the term of the loan, general economic conditions and, in the case of a secured loan, the quality of the security for the loan.

It is management's policy to maintain a general allowance for loan losses based on, among other things, regular reviews of delinquencies and loan portfolio quality, character and size, the Bank's and the industry's historical and projected loss experience and current and forecasted economic conditions and certain qualitative factors. In addition, considerable uncertainty exists as to the future improvement or deterioration of the real estate market. See “Lending Activities-Loan Purchases and Originations.” Carver Federal increases its allowance for loan losses by charging provisions for possible losses against the Bank's income. General allowances are established by management on at least a quarterly basis based on an assessment of risk in the Bank's loans, taking into consideration the composition and quality of the portfolio, delinquency trends, current charge-off and loss experience, the state of the real estate market and economic conditions generally. Specific allowances are provided for individual loans, or portions of loans, when ultimate collection is considered improbable by management based on the current payment status of the loan and the fair value or net realizable value of the security for the loan. A loan is deemed impaired when it is probable the Bank will be unable to collect both principal and interest due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans the Bank individually classifies as impaired include multifamily mortgage loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and business loans which have been classified by the Bank's credit review officer as substandard, doubtful or loss for which it is probable that principal and interest will not be collected in accordance with the loan's contractual terms, and certain loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring. A charge off is recognized on collateral dependent loans when the fair value of the property that collateralizes the impaired loan, if any, is less than the recorded investment in the loan. A valuation allowance for cash flow dependent loans is established when based upon a discounted cash flow analysis, impairment is demonstrated.

At the date of foreclosure or other repossession, the Bank transfers the property to real estate acquired in settlement of loans, or other real estate owned ("OREO"), at fair value less estimated selling costs. Fair value is defined as the amount in cash or cash-equivalent value of other consideration that a real estate parcel would yield in a current sale between a willing buyer and a willing seller. Any amount of cost in excess of fair value is charged off against the allowance for loan losses prior to the transfer of the property into OREO. Carver Federal records an allowance for estimated selling costs of the property immediately after foreclosure. Subsequent to taking possession of the property, management periodically evaluates the property and an allowance is established if the estimated fair value of the property, less estimated costs to sell, declines. If,

upon ultimate disposition of the property, net sales proceeds exceed the net carrying value of the property, a gain on sale of real estate is recorded, providing the Bank did not provide financing for the sale.

The following table sets forth an analysis of Carver Federal's allowance for loan losses at and for the years ended March 31:


$ in thousands	2021			2020			2019			2018			2017
Balance at beginning of year	$	4,946		$	4,646		$	5,126		$	5,060		$	5,232
Less Charge-offs:
One-to-four family	—			(12)			(151)			(96)			(106)
Multifamily	—			—			(164)			(104)			(338)


Business	(24)			(69)			(964)			(81)			—
Consumer and other	(54)			(102)			(19)			(33)			(85)
Total Charge-offs	$	(78)		$	(183)		$	(1,298)		$	(314)		$	(529)
Add Recoveries:
One-to-four family	88			302			190			—			—
Multifamily	—			—			158			131			—
Commercial real estate	—			—			—			20			20

Business	278			160			705			87			304
Consumer and other	6			2			35			7			4
Total Recoveries	$	372		$	464		$	1,088		$	245		$	328
Net loans charged off	294			281			(210)			(69)			(201)
Provision for (recovery of) losses	(100)			19			(270)			135			29
Balance at end of year	$	5,140		$	4,946		$	4,646		$	5,126		$	5,060

Ratios:
Net (charge-off) recovery to average loans outstanding	0.06		%	0.07		%	(0.05)		%	(0.01)		%	(0.04)		%
Allowance to total loans	1.06		%	1.15		%	1.08		%	1.07		%	0.93		%
Allowance to non-performing loans	71.48		%	72.99		%	45.13		%	76.94		%	60.11		%

The following table allocates the allowance for loan losses by asset category at March 31:


	2021				2020				2019				2018				2017
$ in thousands	Amount		% of Total ALLL		Amount		% of Total ALLL		Amount		% of Total ALLL		Amount		% of Total ALLL		Amount		% of Total ALLL
One-to-four family	$	1,058	20.6	%	$	1,055	21.3	%	$	1,274	27.4	%	$	1,210	23.6	%	$	1,663	32.9	%
Multifamily	880		17.1	%	1,011		20.5	%	885		19.1	%	1,819		35.5	%	1,213		24.0	%
Commercial real estate	907		17.6	%	812		16.4	%	766		16.5	%	1,052		20.5	%	1,496		29.5	%
Construction	—		0.0	%	—		0.0	%	—		—	%	—		—	%	106		2.1	%
Business	1,855		36.1	%	1,567		31.7	%	1,330		28.6	%	1,003		19.5	%	573		11.3	%
Consumer and other	165		3.2	%	212		4.3	%	154		3.3	%	18		0.4	%	9		0.2	%
Unallocated	275		5.4	%	289		5.8	%	237		5.1	%	24		0.5	%	—		0.0	%
Total Allowance	$	5,140	100.0	%	$	4,946	100.0	%	$	4,646	100.0	%	$	5,126	100.0	%	$	5,060	100.0	%

The allocation of the allowance to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in any category.

Investment Activities

General. The Bank utilizes mortgage-backed and other investment securities in its asset/liability management strategy. In making investment decisions, the Bank considers, among other things, its yield and interest rate objectives, its interest rate and credit risk position and its liquidity and cash flow.

Generally, the investment policy of the Bank is to invest funds among categories of investments and maturities based upon the Bank's asset/liability management policies, investment quality, loan and deposit volume and collateral requirements, liquidity needs and performance objectives. Securities are classified into one of three categories: trading, held-to-maturity, and available-for-sale. Securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified

as trading securities and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Debt securities for which the Bank has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and reported at amortized cost. All other securities not classified as trading or held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale and reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included, on an after-tax basis, in a separate component of stockholders' equity. At March 31, 2021, the Bank had no securities classified as trading. At March 31, 2021, $86.5 million, or 91.7% of the Bank's mortgage-backed and other investment securities, were classified as available-for-sale. The remaining $7.8 million, or 8.3%, were classified as held-to-maturity.

The following table sets forth the amortized cost, fair value and weighted average yields of the Bank's investment portfolio at March 31, 2021, categorized by remaining period to contractual maturity:


	Due 1 - 5 Years			Due 5 - 10 Years						Due after 10 Years
$ in thousands		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Weighted Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Weighted Average Yield		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Weighted Average Yield
Available-for-Sale:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Government National Mortgage Association		$	—	$	—	—	%	$	—	$	—	—	%	$	987	$	1,026	3.11	%
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation		—		—		—	%	—		—		—	%	28,458		27,785		1.36	%
Federal National Mortgage Association		—		—		—	%	—		—		—	%	15,120		14,610		1.56	%

Total mortgage-backed securities		—		—		—	%	—		—		—	%	44,565		43,421		1.47	%
U.S. Government Agency Securities		—		—		—	%	5,655		5,612		1.37	%	13,089		13,019		1.20	%
Corporate Bonds		—		—		—	%	—		—		—	%	5,274		4,481		2.61	%
Muni securities		—		—				—		—		—	%	17,763		16,610		5.61	%
Asset-backed securities		3,336		3,364		3.18	%	—		—		—	%	—		—		—	%

Total available-for-sale		$	3,336	$	3,364	3.18	%	$	5,655	$	5,612	1.37	%	$	80,691	$	77,531	2.38	%

Held-to-Maturity:
Mortgage-backed securities:
Government National Mortgage Association		$	211	$	223	3.50	%	$	—	$	—	—	%	$	472	$	529	4.2	%
Federal National Mortgage Association		4,317		4,442		2.36	%	2,743		2,882		2.03	%	64		64		—	%


Total held-to-maturity		$	4,528	$	4,665	2.41	%	$	2,743	$	2,882	2.03	%	$	536	$	593	3.7	%

Mortgage-Backed Securities. The Bank has invested in mortgage-backed securities to help achieve its asset/liability management goals and collateral needs. Although mortgage-backed securities generally yield less than whole loans, they present substantially lower credit risk, are more liquid than individual mortgage loans and may be used to collateralize obligations of the Bank. Because Carver Federal receives regular payments of principal and interest from its mortgage-backed securities, these investments provide more consistent cash flows than investments in other debt securities, which generally only pay principal at maturity. Mortgage-backed securities also help the Bank meet certain definitional tests for favorable treatment under federal banking and tax laws. See “Regulation and Supervision-Federal Banking Regulation-Qualified Thrift Lender Test” and “Federal and State Taxation.”

Mortgage-backed securities constituted 7.6% of total assets at March 31, 2021, compared to 7.7% at March 31, 2020. Carver Federal maintains a portfolio of mortgage-backed securities in the form of Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) pass-through certificates, FNMA mortgage-backed securities, FHLMC participation certificates and commercial mortgage-backed securities. GNMA pass-through certificates are guaranteed as to the payment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit of the United States Government, while FNMA and FHLMC securities are each guaranteed by their respective agencies as to principal and interest. Mortgage-backed securities generally entitle Carver Federal to receive a pro-rata portion of the cash flows from an identified pool of mortgages. The cash flows from such pools are segmented and paid in accordance with a predetermined priority to various classes of securities issued by the entity. Carver Federal has also invested in pools of loans guaranteed as to principal and interest by the SBA.

The Bank seeks to manage interest rate risk by investing in adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities, which at March 31, 2021, constituted $1.4 million, or 2.7%, of the mortgage-backed securities portfolio. Mortgage-backed securities, however, expose Carver Federal to certain unique risks. In a declining rate environment, accelerated prepayments of loans underlying these securities expose Carver Federal to the risk that it will be unable to obtain comparable yields upon reinvestment of the proceeds. In the event the mortgage-backed security has been funded with an interest-bearing liability with maturity comparable to the original estimated life of the mortgage-backed security, the Bank's interest rate spread could be adversely affected. Conversely, in a rising interest rate environment, the Bank may experience a lower than estimated rate of repayment on the underlying mortgages, effectively extending the estimated life of the mortgage-backed security and exposing the Bank to the risk that it may be required to fund the asset with a liability bearing a higher rate of interest. For additional information regarding Carver Federal's mortgage-backed securities portfolio and its maturities refer to Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Investment Securities.”

Other Investment Securities. In addition to mortgage-backed securities, the Bank also invests in assets such as government and agency obligations, corporate bonds and mutual funds. Carver Federal is permitted under federal law to make certain investments, including investments in securities issued by various federal agencies and state and municipal governments, deposits at the FHLB-NY, certificates of deposit in federally insured institutions, certain bankers' acceptances and federal funds. The Bank may also invest, subject to certain limitations, in commercial paper having one of the two highest investment ratings of a nationally recognized credit rating agency, and certain other types of corporate debt securities and mutual funds (See Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements).

Other Earning Assets. Federal regulations require the Bank to maintain an investment in FHLB-NY stock and a sufficient amount of liquid assets which may be invested in cash and specified securities. For additional information, see “Regulation and Supervision-Federal Banking Regulation-Liquidity.”

Securities Impairment. The Bank’s available-for-sale securities portfolio is carried at estimated fair value, with any unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Securities that the Bank has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at amortized cost. The fair values of securities in the Bank's portfolio are based on published or securities dealers’ market values and are affected by changes in interest rates. On a quarterly basis, the Bank reviews and evaluates the securities portfolio to determine if the decline in the fair value of any security below its cost basis is other-than-temporary. The Bank generally views changes in fair value caused by changes in interest rates as temporary, which is consistent with its experience. Following FASB guidance, the amount of an other-than-temporary impairment when there are credit and non-credit losses on a debt security which management does not intend to sell, and for which it is more likely than not that the Bank will not be required to sell the security prior to the recovery of the non-credit impairment, the portion of the total impairment that is attributable to the credit loss would be recognized in earnings. The remaining difference between the debt security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value would be included in other comprehensive income (loss). This guidance also requires additional disclosures about investments in an unrealized loss position and the methodology and significant inputs used in determining the recognition of other-than-temporary impairment. The Bank does not have any securities that are classified as having other-than-temporary impairment in its investment portfolio at March 31, 2021.

Sources of Funds

General. Deposits are the primary source of Carver Federal's funds for lending and other investment purposes. In addition to deposits, Carver Federal derives funds from loan principal repayments, loan and investment interest payments, maturing investments and fee income. Loan and mortgage-backed securities repayments and interest payments are a relatively stable source of funds, while deposit inflows and outflows are significantly influenced by prevailing market interest rates, pricing of deposits, competition and general economic conditions. Borrowed money may be used to supplement the Bank's available funds, and from time to time the Bank borrows funds from the FHLB-NY and has borrowed funds through trust preferred debt securities.

Deposits. Carver Federal attracts deposits from consumers, businesses, non-profit organizations and public entities through its seven branches principally from within its market area by offering a variety of deposit instruments, including passbook and statement accounts and certificates of deposit, which range in term from 6 months to five years. Deposit terms vary, principally on the basis of the minimum balance required, the length of time the funds must remain on deposit and the interest rate. Carver Federal also offers Individual Retirement Accounts. Carver Federal's policies are designed primarily to attract deposits from local residents and businesses through the Bank's branches. However, in fiscal year 2021 the Bank launched a program introducing new products and expanded its digital online account openings into nine states across the Northeast and in Washington D.C. Carver Federal also holds deposits from various governmental agencies or authorities and corporations.

Carver Federal utilizes brokered deposits as an additional funding source and to assist in the management of the Bank's interest rate risk. Carver Federal has obtained brokered certificates of deposit when the interest rate on these deposits is below the prevailing interest rate for non-brokered certificates of deposit with similar maturities in our market, or when obtaining them allowed us to extend the maturities of our deposits at favorable rates compared to borrowing funds with similar maturities, or when we are seeking to extend the maturities of our funding to assist in the management of our interest rate risk. Carver has obtained brokered deposits from a variety of brokerage firms. In addition, Carver has obtained brokered deposits through the Depository Trust Company. This allows us to better manage the maturity of our deposits and our interest rate risk. Carver Federal has also utilized brokers to obtain money market account deposits. The rate we pay on brokered money market accounts is the same or below the rate we pay on non-brokered money market accounts. These accounts are similar to brokered certificates of deposit accounts in that we only maintain one account for the total deposit per broker, with the broker maintaining the detailed records of each depositor. As of March 31, 2021, Carver had a total of $73.4 million in brokered deposits, compared to $81.9 million as of March 31, 2020.

As of March 31, 2021, the Bank has $43.2 million of reciprocal deposits acquired through its participation in the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (“CDARS”). The Bank's CDARS deposits totaled $40.2 million as of March 31, 2020. The CDARS network arranges for placement of Carver Federal's customer funds into certificate of deposit accounts issued by other CDARS member banks. The certificate of deposit accounts are in increments of less than the individual FDIC insurance limit amount, to ensure that both principal and interest are eligible for full FDIC deposit insurance. This allows the Bank to maintain its customer relationship while still providing its customers with FDIC insurance for the full amount of their deposits, up to $50 million per customer. In exchange, Carver Federal receives from other member banks their customers' deposits in like amounts. Depositors are allowed to withdraw funds early, with a penalty, from these accounts. Carver Federal may elect to participate in the program by making or receiving deposits without making or receiving a reciprocal deposit. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, the standard maximum deposit insurance amount is $250,000.

Deposit interest rates, maturities, service fees and withdrawal penalties on deposits are established based on the Bank's funds acquisition and liquidity requirements, the rates paid by the Bank's competitors, current market rates, the Bank's growth goals and applicable regulatory restrictions and requirements. For additional information regarding the Bank's deposit accounts and the related weighted average interest rates paid, and amount and maturities of certificates of deposit in specified weighted average interest rate categories, refer to Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Deposits.”

Borrowed Funds. While deposits are the primary source of funds for Carver Federal's lending, investment and general operating activities, Carver Federal is authorized to use advances from the FHLB-NY and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“Repos”) from approved primary dealers to supplement its supply of funds and to meet deposit withdrawal requirements. The FHLB-NY functions as a central bank providing credit for savings institutions and certain other member financial institutions. As a member of the FHLB system, Carver Federal is required to own stock in the FHLB-NY and is authorized to apply for advances. Advances are made pursuant to several different programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities. Advances from the FHLB-NY are secured by Carver Federal's stock in the FHLB-NY and a pledge of Carver Federal's mortgage loan and mortgage-backed and agency securities portfolios. The Bank takes into consideration the term of borrowed money with the repricing cycle of the mortgage loans on the balance sheet.

On September 17, 2003, Carver Statutory Trust I issued 13,000 shares, liquidation amount $1,000 per share, of floating rate capital securities. Gross proceeds from the sale of these trust preferred debt securities of $13 million, and proceeds from the sale of the trust's common securities of $0.4 million, were used to purchase approximately $13.4 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's floating rate junior subordinated debt securities due 2033. The trust preferred debt securities are redeemable at par quarterly at the option of the Company and have a mandatory redemption date of September 17, 2033. Cash distributions on the trust preferred debt securities are cumulative and payable at a floating rate per annum resetting quarterly with a margin of 3.05% over the three-month LIBOR, with a rate of 3.2% at March 31, 2021. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2017, the Company applied for and was granted regulatory approval to settle all outstanding debenture interest payments through September 2016. Such payments were made in September 2016. Interest on the debentures had been deferred beginning with the December 2016 payment, per the terms of the agreement, which permitted such deferral for up to twenty consecutive quarters, as the Company was prohibited from making payments without prior regulatory approval. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2021, the Company applied for and was granted regulatory approval to settle all outstanding debenture interest payments through June 2021. Full payment on the outstanding debenture interest was made on June 16, 2021.

Company. As the subsidiary of a savings and loan association holding company, Carver Federal must file a notice or an application (depending on the proposed dividend amount) with the OCC (and a notice with the FRB) prior to the declaration of each capital distribution. The OCC will disallow any proposed dividend, for among other reasons, that would result in Carver Federal’s failure to meet the OCC minimum capital requirements. In accordance with the Formal Agreement defined directly below, Carver Federal is currently prohibited from paying any dividends without prior OCC approval, and, as such, has suspended its regular quarterly cash dividend to the Company. There are no assurances that dividend payments to Carver will resume.

REGULATION AND SUPERVISION

Enforcement Actions

On October 23, 2015 the Board of Directors of Carver Bancorp, Inc., in response to the FRB’s Bank Holding Company Report of Inspection issued on April 14, 2015, adopted a Board Resolution (“the Resolution”) as a commitment by the Company’s Board to address certain supervisory concerns noted in the Reserve Bank‘s Report. The supervisory concerns are related to the Company’s leverage, cash flow and accumulated deferred interest. As a result of those concerns, the Company is prohibited from paying any dividends without the prior written approval of the Reserve Bank.

On May 24, 2016, the Bank entered into a Formal Agreement (the "Agreement") with the OCC to undertake certain compliance-related and other actions as further described in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on May 27, 2016. As a result of the Formal Agreement, the Bank must obtain the approval of the OCC prior to effecting any change in its directors or senior executive officers. The Bank may not declare or pay dividends or make any other capital distributions, including to the Company, without first filing an application with the OCC and receiving the prior approval of the OCC. Furthermore, the Bank must seek the OCC's written approval and the FDIC's written concurrence before entering into any "golden parachute payments" as that term is defined under 12 U.S.C. § 1828(k) and 12 C.F.R. Part 359.

General

The Bank is subject to extensive regulation, examination and supervision by its primary regulator, the OCC. The Bank's deposit accounts are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC under the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”), and is a member of the FHLB. The Bank must file reports with the OCC concerning its activities and financial condition, and it must obtain regulatory approvals prior to entering into certain transactions, such as mergers with, or acquisitions of, other depository institutions. The Company, as a unitary savings and loan holding company, is subject to regulation, examination and supervision by the FRB and is required to file certain reports with, and otherwise comply with, the rules and regulations of the FRB and of the SEC under the federal securities laws. The OCC periodically performs safety and soundness examinations of the Bank and tests compliance with various regulatory requirements. The OCC has primary enforcement responsibility over federally chartered savings banks and has substantial discretion to impose enforcement action on an institution that fails to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, particularly with respect to its capital requirements. In addition, the FDIC has the authority to recommend to the Director of the OCC that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular federally chartered savings bank and, if action is not taken by the Director, the FDIC has authority to take such action under certain circumstances.

The description of statutory provisions and regulations applicable to federally chartered savings banks and their holding companies and of tax matters set forth in this document does not purport to be a complete description of all such statutes and regulations and their effects on the Bank and the Company. Any change in such laws and regulations whether by the OCC, the FDIC, the FRB or through legislation could have a material adverse impact on the Bank and the Company and their operations and stockholders.

Capital and Liquidity

Prompt Corrective Action Regulations. Under the prompt corrective action regulations, the OCC is authorized and, in some cases, required to take supervisory actions against undercapitalized savings banks. For this purpose, a savings bank would be placed in one of the following five categories based on the bank's regulatory capital: well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized or critically undercapitalized.

The severity of the action authorized or required to be taken under the prompt corrective action regulations increases as a bank's capital decreases within the three undercapitalized categories. All banks are prohibited from paying dividends or other capital distributions or paying management fees to any controlling person if, following such distribution, the bank would

be undercapitalized. Generally, a capital restoration plan must be filed with the OCC within 45 days of the date a bank receives notice that it is “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized.” In addition, various mandatory supervisory actions become immediately applicable to the institution, including restrictions on growth of assets and other forms of expansion. Under OCC regulations, as amended, a federally chartered savings bank is treated as well-capitalized if its total risk-based capital ratio is 10% or greater, its Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio is 8% or greater, its common equity Tier 1 capital ratio is 6.5% or greater, and its leverage ratio is 5% or greater, and it is not subject to any order or directive by the OCC to meet a specific capital level. In assessing an institution's capital adequacy, the OCC takes into consideration not only these numeric factors but also qualitative factors as well, and has the authority to establish higher capital requirements for individual institutions as they deem necessary.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act, or FDICIA, required that the OCC and other federal banking agencies revise their risk-based capital standards, with appropriate transition rules, to ensure that they take into account IRR concentration of risk and the risks of non-traditional activities. The OCC regulations do not include a specific IRR component of the risk-based capital requirement. However, the OCC monitors the IRR of individual institutions through a variety of means, including an analysis of the change in net portfolio value ("NPV"). NPV is defined as the net present value of the expected future cash flows of an entity's assets and liabilities and, therefore, hypothetically represents the value of an institution's net worth. The OCC has also used this NPV analysis as part of its evaluation of certain applications or notices submitted by thrift institutions. In addition, OCC Bulletin 2010-1 provides guidance on the management of IRR and the responsibility of boards of directors in that area. The OCC, through its general oversight of the safety and soundness of savings associations, retains the right to impose minimum capital requirements on individual institutions to the extent the institution is not in compliance with certain written guidelines established by the OCC regarding NPV analysis.

Carver Federal's Capital Position. Carver Federal, as a matter of prudent management, targets as its goal the maintenance of capital ratios which exceed minimum requirements and are consistent with Carver Federal's risk profile. At March 31, 2021, Carver Federal exceeded the capital regulatory requirements and its Individual Minimum Capital Requirements with a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 14.41%, Tier 1 leverage ratio of 10.01%, total risk-based capital ratio of 15.56% and a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 14.41%.

The OCC and the other federal bank regulatory agencies issued a final rule effective January 1, 2015 that revised their leverage and risk-based capital requirements and the method for calculating risk-weighted assets to make them consistent with agreements that were reached by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The final rule generally applies to all depository institutions, and top-tier bank and savings and loan holding companies with total consolidated assets of $3 billion or more. Among other things, the rule established a minimum Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital requirement (4.5% of risk-weighted assets), increased the minimum Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets requirement (from 4% to 6% of risk-weighted assets) and assigned a higher risk weight (150%) to exposures that are more than 90 days past due or are on nonaccrual status and to certain commercial real estate facilities that finance the acquisition, development or construction of real property. The final rule also required unrealized gains and losses on certain “available-for-sale” securities holdings to be included for purposes of calculating regulatory capital unless a one-time opt-out is exercised. Carver Federal has chosen to opt-out. Additional constraints are also imposed on the inclusion in regulatory capital of certain mortgage-servicing assets, deferred tax assets and minority interests. The rule limits a banking organization’s capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if the banking organization does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. As noted, the final rule became effective for the Bank on January 1, 2015. The capital conservation buffer requirement was phased in annually beginning January 1, 2016. On January 1, 2019, the full capital conservation buffer requirement of 2.5% became effective. The final rule adjusted the prompt corrective action categories described above to incorporate the increased capital standards and established the "well-capitalized" threshold described above.

Legislation enacted in May 2018 requires the federal banking agencies, including the OCC, to establish for institutions with assets of less than $10 billion a “community bank leverage ratio” of between 8 to 10%. Institutions with capital complying with the ratio and otherwise meeting the specified requirements (including off-balance sheet exposures of 25% or less of total assets and trading assets and liabilities of 5% or less of total assets) and electing the alternative framework are considered to comply with the applicable regulatory capital requirements, including the risk-based requirements. Such institutions are also considered "well-capitalized" for prompt corrective action purposes.

The community bank leverage ratio was established at 9% Tier 1 capital to total average assets, effective January 1, 2020. A qualifying bank may opt in and out of the community bank leverage ratio framework on its quarterly call report. A bank that ceases to meet any qualifying criteria is provided with a two-quarter grace period to comply with the community bank leverage ratio requirements or the general capital regulations by the federal regulators.

Section 4012 of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act of 2020 required that the community bank leverage ratio be temporarily lowered to 8%. The federal regulators issued a rule making the reduced ratio effective April 23, 2020. The rules also established a two-quarter grace period for a qualifying community bank whose leverage ratio falls below the 8% community bank leverage ratio requirement so long as the bank maintains a leverage ratio of 7% or greater. Another rule was issued to transition back to the 9% community bank leverage ratio by increasing the ratio to 8.5% for calendar year 2021 and to 9% thereafter.

Limitation on Capital Distributions. There are various restrictions on a bank's ability to make capital distributions, including cash dividends, payments to repurchase or otherwise acquire its shares and other distributions charged against capital. A savings institution that is the subsidiary of a savings and loan holding company, such as the Bank, must file a notice with the FRB at least 30 days before making a capital distribution and receive the FRB's nonobjection. The Bank must also file an application or notice for prior approval with the OCC if the total amount of its capital distributions (including each proposed distribution), for the applicable calendar year would exceed the Bank's net income for that year plus the Bank's retained net income for the previous two years, if the Bank is not an "eligible savings association" as defined in OCC regulations or the capital distributions would violate a prohibition contained in any statute, regulation or agreement.

The Bank may be prohibited from making capital distributions and its application or notice disapproved if:

(1) the Bank would be undercapitalized following the distribution;

(2) the proposed capital distribution raises safety and soundness concerns; or

(3) the capital distribution would violate a prohibition contained in any statute, regulation or agreement.

Liquidity. The Bank maintains liquidity levels to meet operational needs. In the normal course of business, the levels of liquid assets during any given period are dependent on operating, investing and financing activities. Cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and repurchase agreements with maturities of three months or less are the Bank's most liquid assets. The Bank maintains a liquidity policy to maintain sufficient liquidity to ensure its safe and sound operations. Management believes Carver Federal’s short-term assets have sufficient liquidity to cover loan demand, potential fluctuations in deposit accounts and to meet other anticipated cash requirements, including interest payments on our subordinated debt securities.

Standards for Safety and Soundness

Standards for Safety and Soundness. The OCC has adopted guidelines prescribing safety and soundness standards. The guidelines establish general standards relating to internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings, compensation, fees and benefits. In general, the guidelines require, among other things, appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risks and exposures specified in the guidelines. OCC regulations authorize the OCC to order an institution that has been given notice that it is not satisfying these safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan. If, after being so notified, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan, or fails in any material respect to implement an accepted compliance plan, the OCC must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order directing other actions of the types to which an undercapitalized association is subject under the “prompt corrective action” provisions of federal law. If an institution fails to comply with such an order, the OCC may seek to enforce such order in judicial proceedings and to impose civil money penalties.

Enforcement. The OCC has primary enforcement responsibility over the Bank. This enforcement authority includes, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, to issue cease and desist orders and to remove directors and officers. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated in response to violations of laws and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices.

TARP

The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (“EESA”) was signed into law on October 3, 2008 and authorized the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) to establish the Troubled Asset Relief Program (“TARP”) to purchase certain troubled assets from financial institutions, including banks and thrifts.

On October 14, 2008, the Treasury announced that it would purchase equity stakes in a wide variety of banks and thrifts. Under this program, known as the Troubled Asset Relief Program Capital Purchase Program (the "TARP CPP"), the

Treasury made $250 billion of capital available (from the $700 billion authorized by the EESA) to U.S. financial institutions in the form of preferred stock. On January 20, 2009, the Company announced that it completed the sale of $18.98 million in preferred stock to the Treasury in connection with Carver's participation in the TARP CPP.

The Treasury announced in February 2010 the implementation of the Community Development Capital Initiative (“CDCI”). This new capital program invested lower cost capital in CDFIs that lend to small businesses in the country's most economically depressed communities. On August 27, 2010, Carver completed with the Treasury the exchange of the $18.98 million of TARP preferred stock for an equivalent amount of CDCI Series B preferred stock. On October 28, 2011, the U.S. Treasury exchanged the CDCI Series B preferred stock for 2,321,286 shares of Company common stock.

On August 6, 2020, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with the Treasury to repurchase the 2,321,286 shares of Company common stock held by the Treasury. As a result, the Company is no longer a participant in the CDCI program and is not bound by any TARP restrictions as the Treasury is no longer a common stockholder of the Company. For more information concerning the Bank's repurchase of treasury shares, see Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Supervision and Regulation

Activity Powers. The Bank derives its lending and investment powers from the Home Owners' Loan Act (“HOLA”), as amended, and federal regulations. Under these laws and regulations, the Bank may invest in mortgage loans secured by residential and commercial real estate, commercial and consumer loans, certain types of debt securities and certain other assets. The Bank may also establish service corporations that may engage in certain activities not otherwise permissible for the Bank, including certain real estate equity investments and securities and insurance brokerage. The Bank's authority to invest in certain types of loans or other investments is limited by federal law. These investment powers are subject to various limitations, including (1) a prohibition against the acquisition of any corporate debt security that is not rated in one of the four highest rating categories, (2) a limit of 400% of an association's capital on the aggregate amount of loans secured by non-residential real estate property, (3) a limit of 20% of an association's assets on commercial loans, with the amount of commercial loans in excess of 10% of assets being limited to small business loans, (4) a limit of 35% of an association's assets on the aggregate amount of consumer loans and acquisitions of certain debt securities, (5) a limit of 5% of assets on non-conforming loans (certain loans in excess of the specific limitations of HOLA), and (6) a limit of the greater of 5% of assets or an association's capital on certain construction loans made for the purpose of financing what is or is expected to become residential property.

Loans-to-One Borrower Limitations. The Bank is generally subject to the same limits on loans-to-one borrower as a national bank. With specified exceptions, the Bank's total loans or extension of credit to a single borrower or group of related borrowers may not exceed 15% of the Bank's unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus, which does not include accumulated other comprehensive income. The Bank currently complies with applicable loans-to-one borrower limitations. At March 31, 2021, the Bank's limit on loans-to-one borrower based on its unimpaired capital and surplus was $10.8 million.

Qualified Thrift Lender Test. Under HOLA, the Bank must comply with a Qualified Thrift Lender (“QTL”) test. Under this test, the Bank is required to maintain at least 65% of its “portfolio assets” in certain “qualified thrift investments” on a monthly basis in at least nine months of the most recent twelve-month period. “Portfolio assets” means, in general, an association's total assets less the sum of (a) specified liquid assets up to 20% of total assets, (b) goodwill and other intangible assets and (c) the value of property used to conduct the Bank's business. “Qualified thrift investments” include various types of loans made for residential and housing purposes, investments related to such purposes, including certain mortgage-backed and related securities and consumer loans. If the Bank fails the QTL test, it must operate under certain restrictions on its activities. The Dodd-Frank Act made noncompliance potentially subject to agency enforcement action for violation of law. At March 31, 2021, the Bank maintained approximately 96% of its portfolio assets in qualified thrift investments. The Bank had also met the QTL test in each of the prior 12 months and was, therefore, a qualified thrift lender.

Branching. Subject to certain limitations, federal law permits the Bank to establish branches in any state of the United States. The authority for the Bank to establish an interstate branch network would facilitate a geographic diversification of the Bank's activities. This authority under federal law and regulations preempts any state law purporting to regulate branching by federal savings associations.

Community Reinvestment. Under CRA, as amended, as implemented by OCC regulations, the Bank has a continuing and affirmative obligation to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for the Bank nor does it limit the Bank's

discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community. CRA does, however, require the OCC, in connection with its examination of the Bank, to assess the Bank's record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications by the Bank.

In particular, the system focuses on three tests:

(1)a lending test, to evaluate the institution's record of making loans in its assessment areas;

(2)an investment test, to evaluate the institution's record of investing in community development projects, affordable housing and programs benefiting low or moderate income individuals and businesses; and

(3)a service test, to evaluate the institution's delivery of banking services through its branches, ATM centers and other offices.

CRA also requires all institutions to make public disclosure of their CRA ratings. The Bank received an “Outstanding” CRA rating in its most recent examination conducted in January 2019.

Regulations require that Carver Federal publicly disclose certain agreements that are in fulfillment of CRA. The Company has no such agreements in place at this time.

In June 2020, the OCC issued amendments to its CRA regulations. The final rule clarifies and expands the activities that qualify for CRA credit, updates where activities count for such credit and, according to the agency, seeks to create a more consistent and objective method for evaluating CRA performance. The final rule was effective October 1, 2020 but compliance with the certain of the revised requirements is not mandatory for the Association until January 1, 2023.

Transactions with Related Parties. The Bank's authority to engage in transactions with its “affiliates” is limited by federal regulations and by Sections 23A, 23B of the Federal Reserve Act (“FRA”). In general, these transactions must be on terms which are as favorable to the Bank as comparable transactions with non-affiliates. Additionally, certain types of these transactions are restricted to an aggregate percentage of the Bank's capital. Collateral in specified amounts must usually be provided by affiliates to receive loans from the Bank. In addition, OCC regulations prohibit a savings bank from lending to any of its affiliates that is engaged in activities that are not permissible for bank holding companies and from purchasing the securities of any affiliate other than a subsidiary.

The Bank's authority to extend credit to its directors, executive officers, and 10% shareholders ("insiders"), as well as to entities controlled by such persons, is currently governed by the requirements of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the FRA and Regulation O of the Federal Reserve Board. Among other things, these provisions require that all loans or extensions of credit to insiders (a) be made on terms that are substantially the same as and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons and that do not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features and (b) not exceed certain limitations, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of the Bank's capital. In addition, extensions of credit in excess of certain limits must be approved by the Bank's Board. The aggregate amount of related party deposits were $216 thousand and there was one related party loan totaling $60 thousand at March 31, 2021.

Assessment. The OCC charges assessments to recover the cost of examining savings associations and their affiliates. These assessments are based on three components: the size of the association, on which the basic assessment is based; the association's supervisory condition, which results in an additional assessment based on a percentage of the basic assessment for any savings institution with a composite rating of 3, 4, or 5 in its most recent safety and soundness examination; and the complexity of the association's operations, which results in an additional assessment based on a percentage of the basic assessment for any savings association that managed over $1 billion in trust assets, serviced for others loans aggregating more than $1 billion, or had certain off-balance sheet assets aggregating more than $1 billion. For fiscal 2021, Carver paid $197 thousand in regulatory assessments.

Insurance of Deposit Accounts

Under the FDIC's risk-based assessment system, institutions deemed less risky pay lower assessments. Assessments for institutions of less than $10 billion of assets are now based on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical modeling estimating the probability of an institution's failure within three years. That system, effective July 1, 2016, replaced the previous system under which institutions were placed into risk categories.

The Dodd-Frank Act required the FDIC to revise its procedures to base assessments upon each insured institution's total assets less tangible equity instead of deposits. The current assessment range (inclusive of possible adjustments) for insured institutions of less than $10 billion of total assets is 1.5 basis points to 30 basis points.

The Dodd-Frank Act increased the minimum target Deposit Insurance Fund ratio from 1.15% of estimated insured deposits to 1.35% of estimated insured deposits. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was required to achieve the 1.35% ratio by September 30, 2010. The Dodd-Frank Act required insured institutions with assets of $10 billion or more to fund the increase from 1.15% to 1.35% and, effective July 1, 2016, such institutions were subject to a surcharge to achieve that goal. The FDIC has indicated that the 1.35% ratio was exceeded in November 2018. Insured institutions of less than $10 billion of assets received credits for their portion of assessments that contributed to raising the reserve ratio from 1.15% to 1.35%. The credits were exhausted as of September 30, 2020. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has exercised that discretion by establishing a long-range fund ratio of 2%.

The FDIC has authority to further increase insurance assessments and therefore management cannot predict what insurance assessment rates will be in the future. A significant increase in insurance premiums may have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Bank. For fiscal 2021, Carver paid $355 thousand in FDIC insurance.

Anti-Money Laundering and Customer Identification

The Bank is subject to federal regulations implementing the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (“USA PATRIOT Act”). The USA PATRIOT Act gives the federal government new powers to address terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers, increased information sharing, and broadened anti-money laundering requirements. By way of amendments to the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act took measures intended to encourage information sharing among bank regulatory agencies and law enforcement bodies. Further, certain provisions of Title III impose affirmative obligations on a broad range of financial institutions, including banks, thrifts, brokers, dealers, credit unions, money transfer agents and parties registered under the United States Commodity Exchange Act of 1936, as amended.

Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act and the related federal regulations imposed the following requirements with respect to financial institutions:

•Establish a Board approved policy and perform a risk assessment of BSA, Anti-Money Laundering and OFAC;

•Designate a qualified BSA officer;

•Establish an effective training program;

•Establish anti-money laundering programs;

•Establish a program specifying procedures for obtaining identifying information from customers seeking to open new accounts, including verifying the identity of customers within a reasonable period of time;

•Establish enhanced due diligence policies, procedures and controls designed to detect and report money laundering; and

•Prohibit correspondent accounts for foreign shell banks and compliance with record keeping obligations with respect to correspondent accounts of foreign banks

In addition, bank regulators were directed to consider a holding company's effectiveness in combating money laundering when ruling on certain corporate applications.

Federal Home Loan Bank System

The Bank is a member of the FHLB-NY, which is one of the eleven regional banks composing the FHLB System. Each regional bank provides a central credit facility primarily for its member institutions. The Bank, as a FHLB-NY member, is required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the FHLB-NY in specified amounts. The Bank was in compliance with this requirement with an investment in the capital stock of the FHLB-NY at March 31, 2021 of $552

thousand. Any advances from the FHLB-NY must be secured by specified types of collateral, and all long-term advances may be obtained only for the purpose of providing funds for residential housing finance.

FHLB-NY is required to provide funds for the resolution of insolvent thrifts and to contribute funds for affordable housing programs. These requirements could reduce the amount of earnings that the FHLB-NY can pay as dividends to its members and could also result in the FHLB-NY imposing a higher rate of interest on advances to its members. If dividends were reduced, or interest on future FHLB-NY advances increased, the Bank's net interest income would be adversely affected. Dividends from FHLB-NY to the Bank amounted to $33 thousand and $56 thousand for fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively. The dividend rate paid on FHLB-NY stock at March 31, 2021 was 4.8%.

Federal Reserve System

FRB regulations require federally chartered savings associations to maintain non-interest-earning cash reserves against their transaction accounts (primarily interest-bearing checking and demand deposit accounts). A reserve of 3% is to be maintained against aggregate transaction accounts between $16.9 million and $127.5 million (subject to adjustment annually by the FRB) plus a reserve of 10% (subject to adjustment by the FRB between 8% and 14%) against that portion of total transaction accounts in excess of $127.5 million. The first $16.9 million of otherwise reservable balances (subject to adjustment annually by the FRB) is exempt from the reserve requirements. The Bank was in compliance with the foregoing requirements. Since required reserves must be maintained in the form of either vault cash, a non-interest-bearing account at a Federal Reserve Bank or a pass-through account as defined by the FRB, the effect of this reserve requirement is to reduce Carver Federal's interest-earning assets. FHLB System members are also authorized to borrow from the Federal Reserve “discount window,” but FRB regulations require institutions to exhaust all FHLB sources before borrowing from a Federal Reserve Bank. Effective March 26, 2020, the FRB reduced reserve requirement ratios to 0%, which eliminated reserve requirements for all depository institutions.

Privacy Protection

Carver Federal is subject to OCC regulations implementing the privacy protection provisions of federal law. These regulations require the Bank to disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares “nonpublic personal information” to customers at the time of establishing the customer relationship and annually thereafter. The regulations also require the Bank to provide its customers with initial and annual notices that accurately reflect its privacy policies and practices. In addition, to the extent its sharing of such information is not exempted, the Bank is required to provide its customers with the ability to opt-out of having the Bank share their nonpublic personal information with unaffiliated third parties before they can disclose such information, subject to certain exceptions.

The Bank is subject to regulatory guidelines establishing standards for safeguarding customer information. These regulations implement certain provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, as amended ("GLB"). The guidelines describe the agencies' expectations for the creation, implementation and maintenance of an information security program, which would include administrative, technical and physical safeguards appropriate to the size and complexity of the institution and the nature and scope of its activities. The standards set forth in the guidelines are intended to insure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information, protect against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such records and protect against unauthorized access to or use of such records or information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer. The Bank has a policy to comply with the foregoing guidelines.

Holding Company Regulation

The Company is a savings and loan holding company regulated by the FRB. As such, the Company is registered with and subject to FRB examination and supervision, as well as certain reporting requirements. The FRB has enforcement authority over the Company and its subsidiaries. Among other things, this authority permits the FRB to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of a subsidiary savings institution.

GLB restricts the powers of new unitary savings and loan holding companies. Unitary savings and loan holding companies that are “grandfathered,” i.e., unitary savings and loan holding companies in existence or with applications filed with the regulator on or before May 4, 1999, such as the Company, retain their authority under the prior law. All other unitary savings and loan holding companies are limited to financially related activities permissible for financial holding companies and certain other activities specified by FRB regulations. GLB also prohibits nonfinancial companies from acquiring grandfathered unitary savings and loan holding companies.

Restrictions Applicable to All Savings and Loan Holding Companies. Federal law prohibits a savings and loan holding company, including the Company, directly or indirectly, from acquiring:

(1)control (as defined under the Home Owners' Loan Act ("HOLA") of 1933, as amended), of another savings institution (or a holding company parent) without prior FRB approval;

(2)through merger, consolidation, or purchase of assets, another savings institution or a holding company thereof, or acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of such institution (or a holding company), without prior FRB approval; or

(3)control of any depository institution not insured by the FDIC.

A savings and loan holding company may not acquire as a separate subsidiary an insured institution that has a principal office outside of the state where the principal office of its subsidiary institution is located, except:

(1)in the case of certain emergency acquisitions approved by the FDIC;

(2)if such holding company controls a savings institution subsidiary that operated a home or branch office in such additional state as of March 5, 1987; or

(3)if the laws of the state in which the savings institution to be acquired is located specifically authorize a savings institution chartered by that state to be acquired by a savings institution chartered by the state where the acquiring savings institution or savings and loan holding company is located or by a holding company that controls such a state chartered association.

In evaluating applications by holding companies to acquire savings associations, the FRB must consider issues such as the financial and managerial resources and future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on the risk to the insurance fund, the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors.

The FRB has promulgated consolidated capital requirements for depository institution holding companies that are no less stringent, both quantitatively and in terms of components of capital, than those applicable to their subsidiary depository institutions, including a community bank leverage ratio alternative. Instruments such as cumulative preferred stock and trust-preferred securities, which were previously includable within Tier 1 capital by bank holding companies within certain limits, are no longer includable as Tier 1 capital, subject to certain grandfathering. The previously discussed final rule regarding regulatory capital requirements implemented the Dodd-Frank Act as to savings and loan holding companies. However, pursuant to subsequent legislation, the FRB extended the applicability of the “Small Bank Holding Company” exception of its consolidated capital requirements to savings and loan holding companies and increased the threshold for the exception to $1.0 billion, effective May 15, 2015. Additional subsequent legislation directed the Federal Reserve Board to expand the applicability of the exception to holding companies up to $3.0 billion in consolidated assets; that change was effective in August 2018. As a result, holding companies with less than $3.0 billion of consolidated assets, such as the Company, are generally not subject to consolidated capital requirements unless otherwise advised by the FRB.

The FRB promulgated regulations implementing the “source of strength” policy that requires holding companies act as a source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions by providing capital, liquidity and other support in times of financial stress.

The FRB has issued a policy statement regarding the payment of dividends and the repurchase of shares of common stock by bank holding companies that it has made applicable to savings and loan holding companies as well. In general, the policy provides that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. Regulatory guidance provides for prior regulatory consultation with respect to capital distributions in certain circumstances such as where the company’s net income for the past four quarters, net of dividends’ previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the company’s overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the company’s capital needs and overall financial condition. The ability of a holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. The policy statement also provides for regulatory consultation prior to a holding company redeeming or repurchasing regulatory capital instruments when the holding company is experiencing financial weaknesses or redeeming or repurchasing common stock or perpetual preferred stock that would result in a net reduction as of the end of a quarter in the amount of such equity instruments outstanding compared with the beginning of the quarter in which

the redemption or repurchase occurred. These regulatory policies could affect the ability of the Company to pay dividends, repurchase shares of common stock or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

Federal Securities Laws

The Company is subject to the periodic reporting, proxy solicitation, tender offer, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

Delaware Corporation Law

The Company is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware. Thus, it is subject to regulation by the State of Delaware and the rights of its shareholders are governed by the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”)

The CARES Act, which became law on March 27, 2020, provided over $2 trillion to combat the coronavirus (COVID-19) and stimulate the economy. The law had several provisions relevant to financial institutions, including:

•Allowing institutions not to characterize loan modifications relating to the COVID-19 pandemic as a troubled debt restructuring and also allowing them to suspend the corresponding impairment determination for accounting purposes.

•Temporarily reducing the Community Bank Leverage Ratio (the “CBLR”) as discussed above under "Carver Federal's Capital Position."

•The ability of a borrower of a federally backed mortgage loan (VA, FHA, USDA, Freddie and Fannie) experiencing financial hardship due, directly or indirectly, to the COVID-19 pandemic to request forbearance from paying their mortgage by submitting a request to the borrower’s servicer affirming their financial hardship during the COVID-19 emergency. Such a forbearance will be granted for up to 180 days, which can be extended for an additional 180-day period upon the request of the borrower. During that time, no fees, penalties or interest beyond the amounts scheduled or calculated as if the borrower made all contractual payments on time and in full under the mortgage contract will accrue on the borrower’s account. Except for vacant or abandoned property, the servicer of a federally backed mortgage is prohibited from taking any foreclosure action, including any eviction or sale action, for not less than the 60-day period beginning March 18, 2020, extended by federal mortgage backing agencies to July 31, 2021.

•The ability of a borrower of a multi-family federally backed mortgage loan that was current as of February 1, 2020, to submit a request for forbearance to the borrower’s servicer affirming that the borrower is experiencing financial hardship during the COVID-19 emergency. A forbearance will be granted for up to 30 days, which can be extended for up to two additional 30-day periods upon the request of the borrower. During the time of the forbearance, the multifamily borrower cannot evict or initiate the eviction of a tenant or charge any late fees, penalties or other charges to a tenant for late payment of rent. Additionally, a multifamily borrower that receives a forbearance may not require a tenant to vacate a dwelling unit before a date that is 30 days after the date on which the borrower provides the tenant notice to vacate and may not issue a notice to vacate until after the expiration of the forbearance. Federal mortgage backing agencies have extended this program three times and will continue to offer forbearances to qualifying multifamily property owners through September 30, 2021, subject to the continued tenant protections FHFA has imposed during the pandemic.

The Paycheck Protection Program

The CARES Act included the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), a nearly $350 billion program designed to aid small- and medium-sized businesses through federally guaranteed loans distributed through banks. These loans were intended to guarantee eight weeks of payroll and other costs to help those businesses remain viable and allow their workers to pay their bills. The initial $350 billion program was supplemented in late April 2020 with $310 billion in additional funding. On June 5, 2020, the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act (the “new Act”) was signed into law, and made significant changes to the PPP to provide additional relief for small businesses. The new Act increased flexibility for small businesses that have been unable to rehire employees due to lack of employee availability, or have been unable to operate as normal due to COVID-19 related restrictions, extended the period that businesses have to use PPP funds to qualify for loan forgiveness to 24 weeks, up from 8 weeks under the original rules, and relaxed the requirements that loan recipients must adhere to in order to qualify for loan forgiveness. In addition, the new Act extended the payment deferral period for PPP loans until the date when the amount

of loan forgiveness is determined and remitted to the lender. For PPP recipients who do not apply for forgiveness, the loan deferral period is 10 months after the applicable forgiveness period ends. On July 4, 2020, Congress enacted a new law to extend the deadline for applying for a PPP loan to August 8, 2020. In December 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 was enacted to provide additional economic stimulus to individuals and businesses in response to the extended economic distress caused by the pandemic. This included additional stimulus payments to individuals and their dependents, and extension of enhanced unemployment benefits, $284 billion of additional funds for a second round of PPP loans and a new simplified forgiveness procedure for PPP loans of $150,000 or less. The program was re-opened on January 11, 2021 with updated guidance outlining program changes to enhance its effectiveness and accessibility. This round of the PPP will serve new borrowers, as well as allow certain existing PPP borrowers to apply for a second draw PPP loan and make a request to modify their first draw PPP loan.

Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2021 (the “CRRSA Act”)

On December 27, 2020, the CRRSA Act was signed into law, which also contains provisions that could directly impact financial institutions including extending the time that insured depository institutions and depository institution holding companies have to comply with the current expected credit losses (CECL) account standing and extending the authority granted to banks under the CARES Act to elect to temporarily suspend the requirements under U.S. GAAP applicable to troubled debt restructurings for loan modifications related to the COVID-19 pandemic for any loan that was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019. The act directs financial regulators to support community development financial institutions and minority depository institutions and directs Congress to re-appropriate $429 billion in unobligated CARES Act funds. The PPP, which was originally established under the CARES Act, was also extended under the CRRSA Act.

FEDERAL AND STATE TAXATION

Federal Taxation

General. The Company and the Bank currently file consolidated federal income tax returns, report their income for tax return purposes on the basis of a taxable year ending March 31, using the accrual method of accounting and are subject to federal income taxation in the same manner as other corporations with some exceptions, including in particular the Bank's tax reserve for bad debts. The bank has a subsidiary which files a REIT tax return which reports its income for tax purposes on the basis of a taxable year ending December 31st. The REIT does not join in the consolidated return and it pays tax on its undistributed taxable income. The REIT has and intends to continue to distribute its taxable income and therefore not pay tax at the REIT level. The following discussion of tax matters is intended only as a summary and does not purport to be a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Bank or the Company.

Distributions. To the extent that the Bank makes “non-dividend distributions” to shareholders, such distributions will be considered to result in distributions from the Bank's “base year reserve,” i.e., its reserve as of March 31, 1988, to the extent thereof and then from its supplemental reserve for losses on loans, and an amount based on the amount distributed will be included in the Bank's taxable income. Non-dividend distributions include distributions in excess of the Bank's current and accumulated earnings and profits, distributions in redemption of stock and distributions in partial or complete liquidation. However, dividends paid out of the Bank's current or accumulated earnings and profits, as calculated for federal income tax purposes, will not constitute non-dividend distributions and, therefore, will not be included in the Bank's taxable income.

The amount of additional taxable income created from a non-dividend distribution is an amount that, when reduced by the tax attributable to the income, is equal to the amount of the distribution. Thus, approximately 1.2 times the non-dividend distribution would be includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, assuming a 21% federal corporate income tax rate.

In December 2017, "The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" was signed into law. At March 31, 2018, the Company made a reasonable estimate and recorded a remeasurement of the Company’s net deferred income tax assets and liabilities based on the new reduced U.S. corporate income tax rate. The impact on the net deferred tax asset before valuation allowances was a reduction of $3.1 million, which was offset by a corresponding decrease in the valuation allowance of the same amount. The Company recorded a benefit of $0.3 million for alternative minimum tax credits which, under the new tax law, are refundable. At March 31, 2020, the amount of the AMT credits was $143 thousand. As of March 31, 2021, the Company requested a $143 thousand refund, related to the AMT credits, from its recently filed fiscal year 2020 federal tax return..

State and Local Taxation

State of New York. The Bank and the Company (including the REIT) file tax returns on a combined basis and are subject to New York State franchise tax on their entire net income or one of several alternative bases, whichever results in the highest tax. “Entire net income” means federal taxable income with adjustments. If, however, the application of an alternative tax (based on taxable net assets allocated to New York or a fixed minimum fee) results in a greater tax, the alternative tax will be imposed. The Company was subject to tax based upon capital for New York State for fiscal 2021. In addition, New York State imposes a tax surcharge of 29.4% of the New York State Franchise Tax allocable to business activities carried on in the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation District. For fiscal 2021, the New York State franchise tax rate computed on capital was 0.025%.

On March 31, 2014, New York State tax legislation was signed into law in connection with the approval of the New York State 2014-2015 budget. Portions of the new legislation resulted in significant changes in the calculation of income taxes imposed on banks and thrifts operating in New York State, including changes to (1) future period New York State tax rates, (2) rules related to sourcing of revenue for New York State tax purposes and (3) the New York State taxation of entities within one corporate structure, among other provisions. In recent years, the Company has been subject to taxation based upon assets in New York State. The new legislation revised that method to a measurement based on net assets.

New York City. The Bank and the Company (including the REIT) file on a combined basis and are also subject to a similarly calculated New York City banking corporation tax on assets allocated to New York City. For fiscal 2021, the New York City banking corporation tax rate computed on capital is 0.15%. On April 13, 2015, New York State legislation was signed changing the New York City tax law to conform to the New York State law that was adopted in 2014, with some minor differences.

As a result of the impact of the 2014 legislation effecting both the New York State and New York City tax law, there was a decrease to the Company's gross deferred tax asset of $1.2 million in fiscal 2015 with no impact to current income due to the full valuation allowance.

Delaware Taxation. As a Delaware holding company not earning income in Delaware, the Company is exempted from Delaware corporate income tax but is required to file an annual report with and pay an annual franchise tax to the State of Delaware.

ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS.

The material risks that management believes affect the Company are described below. You should carefully consider the risks as described below, together with all of the information included herein. The risks described below are not the only risks the Company faces. Additional risks not presently known also may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to the COVID-19 Outbreak

The economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant economic dislocation in the United States as many state and local governments have ordered non-essential businesses to close and residents to shelter in place at home. This has resulted in an unprecedented slow-down in economic activity, a related increase in unemployment and a significant decline in the value of the stock market, and in particular, bank stocks. In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, the Federal Reserve has reduced the benchmark fed funds rate to a target range of 0% to 0.25%, and the yields on 10- and 30-year treasury notes have declined to historic lows. Various state governments and federal agencies are requiring lenders to provide forbearance and other relief to borrowers (e.g., waiving late payment and other fees). The federal banking agencies have encouraged financial institutions to prudently work with affected borrowers and recently passed legislation has provided relief from reporting loan classifications due to modifications related to the COVID-19 outbreak. Certain industries have been particularly hard-hit, including the travel and hospitality industry, the restaurant industry and the retail industry. Finally, the spread of the coronavirus has caused us to modify our business practices, including employee travel, employee work locations, and cancellation of physical participation in meetings, events and conferences. We have many employees working remotely and we may take further actions as may be required by government authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers and business partners.

Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the circumstances, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business. The extent of such impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, including when the coronavirus can be controlled and abated and when and how the economy may be reopened. As the result of the

COVID-19 pandemic and the related adverse local and national economic consequences, we could be subject to any of the following risks, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations:

•demand for our products and services may decline, making it difficult to grow assets and income;

•if the economy is unable to substantially and safely reopen, and high levels of unemployment continue for an extended period of time, loan delinquencies, problem assets, and foreclosures may increase, resulting in increased charges and reduced income;

•collateral for loans, especially real estate, may decline in value, which could cause loan losses to increase;

•our allowance for loan losses may have to be increased if borrowers experience financial difficulties beyond forbearance periods, which will adversely affect our net income;

•the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us;

•as the result of the decline in the Federal Reserve Board's target federal funds rate, the yield on our assets may decline to a greater extent than the decline in our cost of interest-bearing liabilities, reducing our net interest margin and spread and reducing net income;

•our cybersecurity risks are increased as a result of an increase in the number of employees working remotely;

•we rely on third party vendors for certain services and the unavailability of a critical service due to the COVID-19 outbreak could have an adverse effect on us; and

•Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation premiums may increase if the agency experience additional resolution costs.

Moreover, our future success and profitability substantially depends on the management skills of our executive officers and directors, many of whom have held officer and director positions with us for many years. The unanticipated loss or unavailability of key employees due to the outbreak could harm our ability to operate our business or execute our business strategy. We may not be successful in finding and integrating suitable successors in the event of key employee loss or unavailability.

Any one or a combination of the factors identified above could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to the Lending Activities

Our loan portfolio exhibits a high degree of risk.

We have a significant amount of commercial real estate loans that have a higher risk of default and loss than single-family residential mortgage loans. Commercial real estate loans amount to $149.5 million, or 31.1% of our loan portfolio at March 31, 2021. Commercial real estate loans generally are considered to involve a higher degree of risk due to a variety of factors, including generally larger loan balances and loan terms which often do not require full amortization of the loan over its term and, instead, provide for a balloon payment at the stated maturity date. Repayment of commercial real estate loans generally is dependent on income being generated by the rental property or underlying business in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service. Failure to adequately underwrite and monitor these loans may result in significant losses to Carver Federal.

The allowance for loan losses could be insufficient to cover Carver's actual loan losses.

We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many of our loans. In determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses, we review our loans and our loss and delinquency experience, and we evaluate economic conditions. If our assumptions are incorrect, our allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, resulting in additions to our allowance. Material additions to the allowance would materially decrease net income.

In addition, the OCC periodically reviews the allowance for loan losses and may require us to increase our provision for loan losses or recognize further loan charge-offs. A material increase in the allowance for loan losses or loan charge-offs as required by the regulatory authorities would have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic and real estate market conditions, new information regarding existing loans and leases, identification of additional impaired loans and leases and other factors, both within and outside of our control. Additions to the allowance could have a negative impact on our results of operations.

Risks Related to Laws and Regulation and Their Enforcement

Failure to comply with the Formal Agreement could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

In May 2016, the Bank entered into a Formal Agreement with the OCC. The Formal Agreement required the Bank to reduce its concentration of commercial real estate and required that the Bank undertake several actions to improve compliance matters and overall profitability. Based on an updated report of examination, the Bank's CRE concentration was at appropriate levels and there were no issues surrounding any compliance matters. Failure to comply with the Formal Agreement could result in additional supervisory and enforcement actions against the Bank, its directors, or senior executive officers, including the issuance of a cease and desist order or the imposition of civil money penalties. The Bank's compliance efforts may have an adverse impact on its non-interest expense and net income.

Carver is subject to more stringent capital requirements, which may adversely impact the Company's return on equity, or constrain it from paying dividends or repurchasing shares.

In July 2013, the FDIC and the FRB approved a new rule that substantially amended the regulatory risk-based capital rules applicable to the Bank and the Company. The final rule implements the “Basel III” regulatory capital reforms and changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act.

The final rule includes new minimum risk-based capital and leverage ratios, which became effective for the Bank and the Company on January 1, 2015, and refines the definition of what constitutes “capital” for purposes of calculating these ratios. The new minimum capital requirements are: (i) a new common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 6% (increased from 4%); (iii) a total capital ratio of 8% (unchanged from current rules); and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%. The final rule also established a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5%, and the following minimum ratios: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.0%; (ii) a Tier 1 to risk-based assets capital ratio of 8.5%; and (iii) a total capital ratio of 10.5%. The new capital conservation buffer requirement was phased in beginning in January 2016 at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets and increased each year until fully implemented in January 2019. An institution will be subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the buffer amount. These limitations will establish a maximum percentage of eligible retained income that can be utilized for such actions. Regardless of Basel III's minimum requirements, Carver, as a result of the previously described Formal Agreement, was issued an Individual Minimum Capital Ratio ("IMCR") letter by the OCC, which requires the Bank to maintain minimum regulatory capital levels of 9% for its Tier 1 leverage ratio and 12% for its total risk-based capital ratio. At March 31, 2021, the Bank's capital level exceeded the regulatory requirements and its IMCR requirements with a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 10.01%, Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 14.41%, Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 14.41%, and a total risk-based capital ratio of 15.56%.

There can be no assurance that our regulator will approve payment of our deferred interest on our outstanding trust preferred securities.

Carver is a unitary savings and loan association holding company regulated by the FRB and almost all of its operating assets are owned by Carver Federal. Carver relies primarily on dividends from the Bank to pay cash dividends to its stockholders, to engage in share repurchase programs and to pay principal and interest on its trust preferred debt obligation. The OCC regulates all capital distributions, including dividend payments, by the Bank to the Company, and the FRB regulates dividends paid by the Company. As the subsidiary of a savings and loan association holding company, Carver Federal must file a notice or an application (depending on the proposed dividend amount) with the OCC (and a notice with the FRB) prior to the declaration of each capital distribution. The OCC will disallow any proposed dividend, for among other reasons, that would result in the Bank’s failure to meet the OCC minimum capital requirements. In accordance with the Agreement, the Bank is currently prohibited from paying any dividends without prior OCC approval, and, as such, has suspended its regular quarterly cash dividend to the Company. There are no assurances that dividend payments to the Company will resume.

Debenture interest payments on the Carver Statutory Trust I capital securities had been deferred, which was permissible under the terms of the Indenture for up to twenty consecutive quarterly periods, as the Company was prohibited from making payments without prior approval from the Federal Reserve Bank. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2017, the Company applied for and was granted regulatory approval to settle all outstanding debenture interest payments through September 2016. Such payments were made in September 2016. Interest on the debentures had been deferred beginning with the December 2016 payment, per the terms of the agreement, which permitted such deferral for up to twenty consecutive quarters through September 2021. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2021, the Company applied for and was granted

regulatory approval to settle all outstanding debenture interest payments through June 2021. Full payment on the outstanding debenture interest was made on June 16, 2021.

Carver's results of operations may be adversely affected by loan repurchases from U.S. Government Sponsored entities (“GSE's”).

In connection with the sale of loans, Carver as the loan originator is required to make a variety of representations and warranties regarding the originator and the loans that are being sold. If a loan does not comply with the representations and warranties, Carver may be obligated to repurchase the loans, and in doing so, incur any loss directly. Prior to December 31, 2009, the Bank originated and sold loans to the FNMA. During fiscal years 2012 through 2015, the Bank has been obligated to repurchase 20 loans previously sold to FNMA. The Bank has not received any repurchase requests for these loans since the second quarter of fiscal year 2015. There is no assurance that the Bank will not be required to repurchase additional loans in the future. Accordingly, any repurchase obligations to FNMA could materially and adversely affect the Bank's results of operations and earnings in the future.

The Company and the Bank operate in a highly regulated industry, which limits the manner and scope of business activities.

Carver Federal is subject to extensive supervision, regulation and examination by the OCC, as the Bank's chartering authority and, to a lesser extent, by the FDIC, as insurer of its deposits. The Company is subject to extensive supervision, regulation and examination by the FRB, as regulator of the holding company. As a result, Carver Federal and the Company are limited in the manner in which Carver Federal and the Company conducts its business, undertakes new investments and activities and obtains financing. This regulatory structure is designed primarily for the protection of the deposit insurance funds and depositors, and not to benefit the Company's stockholders. This regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to capital levels, the timing and amount of dividend payments, the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. In addition, Carver Federal must comply with significant anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws. Government agencies have substantial discretion to impose significant monetary penalties on institutions which fail to comply with these laws.

The Dodd-Frank Act requires publicly traded companies to give stockholders a non-binding vote on executive compensation and so-called “golden parachute” payments. It also provides that the listing standards of the national securities exchanges shall require listed companies to implement and disclose “clawback” policies mandating the recovery of incentive compensation paid to executive officers in connection with accounting restatements. The legislation also directs the FRB to promulgate rules prohibiting excessive compensation paid to bank holding company executives.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC and other regulatory entities, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting guidance that governs the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements. These changes can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how the Company records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, the Company could be required to apply new or revised guidance retroactively.

Risks Related to the Economic Conditions

Carver's results of operations are affected by economic conditions in the New York metropolitan area.

At March 31, 2021, a significant majority of the Bank's lending portfolio was concentrated in the New York metropolitan area. As a result of this geographic concentration, Carver's results of operations are largely dependent on economic conditions in this area. Decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral for loans to our borrowers. Adverse changes in the economy caused by inflation, recession, unemployment, state or local real estate laws and regulations or other factors beyond the Bank's control may also continue to have a negative effect on the ability of borrowers to make timely mortgage or business loan payments, which would have an adverse impact on earnings. Consequently, deterioration in economic conditions in the New York metropolitan area could have a material adverse impact on the quality of the Bank's loan portfolio, which could result in increased delinquencies, decreased interest income results as well as an adverse impact on loan loss experience with probable increased allowance for loan losses. Such deterioration also could adversely impact the demand for products and services, and, accordingly, further negatively affect results of operations.

The soundness of other financial institutions could negatively affect us.

Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, have led to market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the financial instrument exposure due us. There is no assurance that any such losses would not materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Risks Related to Market Interest Rates

Changes in interest rates may adversely affect our profitability and financial condition.

We derive our income mainly from the difference or “spread” between the interest earned on loans, securities and other interest-earning assets and interest paid on deposits, borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities. In general, the larger the spread, the more we earn. When market rates of interest change, the interest we receive on our assets and the interest we pay on our liabilities will fluctuate. This can cause decreases in our spread and can adversely affect our income. From an interest rate risk perspective, we have generally been liability sensitive, which indicates that liabilities generally re-price faster than assets.

In response to improving economic conditions, the FRB’s Open Market Committee had slowly increased its federal funds rate target from a range of 0.00% - 0.25% that was in effect for several years to the target range of 2.25% - 2.50% that was in effect at March 31, 2019. However, as the result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related adverse local and economic consequences, the target range was decreased to the range of 0.00% - 0.25% at March 31, 2020.

Interest rates also affect how much money we lend. For example, when interest rates rise, the cost of borrowing increases and loan originations tend to decrease. In addition, changes in interest rates can affect the average life of loans and securities. For example, a reduction in interest rates generally results in increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-backed securities, as borrowers refinance their debt in order to reduce their borrowing cost. This causes reinvestment risk, because we generally are not able to reinvest prepayments at rates that are comparable to the rates we earned on the prepaid loans or securities in a declining rate environment.

Changes in market interest rates also impact the value of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. In particular, the unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale are reported, net of taxes, as accumulated other comprehensive income which is a component of stockholders’ equity. Consequently, declines in the fair value of these instruments resulting from changes in market interest rates may adversely affect stockholders’ equity.

Risks Related to the Bank's Business

Uncertainty surrounding the elimination of LIBOR and the proposed transition to SOFR may adversely affect our business.

The U.S. dollar-denominated London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") is used to calculate interest rates for numerous types of debt obligations, including personal and commercial loans, interest rate swaps, and other derivative products, making it a primary metric in the global banking system. The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA") has determined that LIBOR should no longer be used as a benchmark rate. In anticipation of the elimination of LIBOR, the U.S. Federal Reserve established the Alternative Reference Rates Committee ("ARRC") to select a replacement index for U.S. Dollar LIBOR. ARRC, comprised of a group of large domestic banks and regulators, has voted to use a benchmark, known as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). SOFR is based on short-term loans backed by Treasury securities, known as repurchase agreements or "repo" trades. ARRC has announced a paced transition plan for this new rate, including specific steps and timelines designed to encourage adoption of SOFR. As of March 31, 2021, we have exposure to approximately $25.3 million of financial assets and liabilities, including off-balance sheet instruments, which are LIBOR-based. We do not yet know whether, and if so the extent to which, the elimination of LIBOR and the transition to SOFR will have any material impact on these instruments.

Risks Related to the Bank's Operations

Failure to maintain effective systems of internal and disclosure controls could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operation and financial condition.

Effective internal and disclosure controls are necessary for the Company to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud, and to operate successfully as a public company. If the Company cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, its reputation and operating results would be harmed. As part of the Company’s ongoing monitoring of internal controls, it may discover material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in its internal controls that require remediation. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The Company continually works on improving its internal controls. However, the Company cannot be certain that these measures will ensure that it implements and maintains adequate controls over its financial processes and reporting. Any failure to maintain effective controls or to timely implement any necessary improvement of the Company’s internal and disclosure controls could, among other things, result in losses from fraud or error, harm the Company’s reputation, or cause investors to lose confidence in the Company’s reported financial information, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operation and financial condition.

The Company is subject to certain risks with respect to liquidity.

Liquidity refers to the Company's ability to generate sufficient cash flows to support its operations and to fulfill its obligations, including commitments to originate loans, to repay wholesale borrowings and other liabilities, and to satisfy the withdrawal of deposits by its customers.

The Company's primary sources of liquidity are the cash flows generated through the repayment of loans and securities, cash flows from the sale of loans and securities, deposits gathered organically through the Bank's branch network, from socially motivated depositors, city and state agencies and deposit brokers and borrowed funds, primarily in the form of wholesale borrowings from the FHLB-NY. In addition, and depending on current market conditions, the Company has the ability to access the capital markets from time to time.

Deposit flows, calls of investment securities and wholesale borrowings, and prepayments of loans and mortgage-related securities are strongly influenced by such external factors as the direction of interest rates, whether actual or perceived, local and national economic conditions and competition for deposits and loans in the markets the Bank serves. Furthermore, changes to the FHLB-NY's underwriting guidelines for wholesale borrowings may limit or restrict the Bank's ability to borrow, and could therefore have a significant adverse impact on liquidity.

A decline in available funding could adversely impact the Bank's ability to originate loans, invest in securities, and meet expenses, or to fulfill such obligations as repaying borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands.

Carver may not be able to utilize its income tax benefits.

The Company's ability to utilize the deferred tax asset generated by New Markets Tax Credit income tax benefits as well as other deferred tax assets depends on its ability to meet the NMTC compliance requirements and its ability to generate sufficient taxable income from operations in the future. Since the Bank has not generated sufficient taxable income to utilize tax credits as they were earned, a deferred tax asset has been recorded in the Company's financial statements. For additional information regarding Carver's NMTC, refer to Item 7, "Variable Interest Entities."

The future recognition of Carver's deferred tax asset is highly dependent upon Carver's ability to generate sufficient taxable income. A valuation allowance is required to be maintained for any deferred tax assets that we estimate are more likely than not to be unrealizable, based on available evidence at the time the estimate is made. In assessing Carver's need for a valuation allowance, we rely upon estimates of future taxable income. Although we use the best available information to estimate future taxable income, underlying estimates and assumptions can change over time as a result of unanticipated events or circumstances influencing our projections. Valuation allowances related to deferred tax assets can be affected by changes to tax laws, statutory rates, and future taxable income levels. The Company determined that it would not be able to realize all of its net deferred tax assets in the future, as such a charge to income tax expense in the second quarter of fiscal 2011 was made. Conversely, if the Company were to determine that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net carrying amounts, the Company would decrease the recorded valuation allowance through a decrease in income tax expense in the period in which that determination was made.

On June 29, 2011, the Company raised $55 million of equity. The capital raise triggered a change in control under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Generally, Section 382 limits the utilization of an entity's net operating loss carry forwards, general business credits, and recognized built-in losses upon a change in ownership. The Company is subject to an annual limitation of approximately $0.9 million. The Company has a net deferred tax asset (“DTA”) of approximately $23.7 million. Based on management's calculations, the Section 382 limitation has resulted in previous reductions of the deferred tax asset of $5.8 million. The Company also continues to maintain a valuation allowance for the remaining net deferred tax asset of $23.7 million. The Company is unable to determine how much, if any, of the remaining DTA will be utilized.

Risks associated with cyber-security could negatively affect our earnings.

The financial services industry has experienced an increase in both the number and severity of reported cyber attacks aimed at gaining unauthorized access to bank systems as a way to misappropriate assets and sensitive information, corrupt and destroy data, or cause operational disruptions

We have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of security breaches, but such events may still occur or may not be adequately addressed if they do occur. Although we rely on security safeguards to secure our data, these safeguards may not fully protect our systems from compromises or breaches.

We also rely on the integrity and security of a variety of third party processors, payment, clearing and settlement systems, as well as the various participants involved in these systems, many of which have no direct relationship with us. Failure by these participants or their systems to protect our customers' transaction data may put us at risk for possible losses due to fraud or operational disruption.

Our customers are also the target of cyber attacks and identity theft. Large scale identity theft could result in customers' accounts being compromised and fraudulent activities being performed in their name. We have implemented certain safeguards against these types of activities but they may not fully protect us from fraudulent financial losses.

The occurrence of a breach of security involving our customers' information, regardless of its origin, could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers and business and subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, and could expose us to litigation and possible financial liability. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

System failure or breaches of Carver’s network security could subject it to increased operating costs as well as litigation and other liabilities.

The computer systems and network infrastructure Carver and its third-party service providers use could be vulnerable to unforeseen problems. Carver’s operations are dependent upon its ability to protect its computer equipment against damage from physical theft, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure or a similar catastrophic event, as well as from security breaches, denial of service attacks, viruses, worms and other disruptive problems caused by hackers. Any damage or failure that causes an interruption in Carver’s operations could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations. Computer break-ins, phishing and other disruptions may occur, and in infrequent cases have occurred, and could jeopardize the security of information stored in and transmitted through Carver’s computer systems and network infrastructure, which may result in significant liability to Carver and may cause existing and potential customers to refrain from doing business with Carver. Although Carver, with the help of third-party service providers, intends to continue to implement security technology and establish operational procedures designed to prevent such damage, its security measures may not be successful. In addition, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the algorithms Carver and its third-party service providers use to encrypt and protect customer transaction data. A failure of such security measures could have a material adverse effect on Carver’s financial condition and results of operations.

It is possible that a significant amount of time and money may be spent to rectify the harm caused by a breach or hack. While Carver has general liability insurance, there are limitations on coverage as well as dollar amount. Furthermore, cyber incidents carry a greater risk of injury to Carver’s reputation. Finally, depending on the type of incident, banking regulators can impose restrictions on Carver’s business and consumer laws may require reimbursement of customer loss.

We are subject to risks and losses resulting from fraudulent activities that could adversely impact our financial performance and results of operations.

As a bank, we are susceptible to fraudulent activity that may be committed against us or our clients, which may result in financial losses or increased costs to us or our clients, disclosure or misuse of our information or our client information, misappropriation of assets, privacy breaches against our clients, litigation or damage to our reputation. We are most subject to fraud and compliance risk in connection with the origination of loans, ACH transactions, wire transactions, ATM transactions, checking transactions, and debit cards that we have issued to our customers and through our online banking portals.

On June 7, 2021, the Bank became aware of a possible fraud incident involving the unauthorized use of a borrower’s account through a third-party vendor’s online cash management system. The Bank’s preliminary investigation of this matter indicates that unauthorized wires totaling $2.1 million were fraudulently withdrawn from the borrower’s money market account at the Bank from May 12, 2021 through June 1, 2021. The preliminary investigation indicates that an unauthorized person or entity was provided access to the borrower’s account through a third party online banking system. The Bank contacted the appropriate regulatory and law enforcement agencies, as well as its insurance provider. The total exposure to the Bank as a result of this incident is $2.1 million. However, the Bank is pursuing all available sources of recovery and other means of mitigating the potential loss. If any resulting loss is not insured or exceeds applicable insurance limits, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company's business could suffer if it fails to retain skilled people.

The Company's success depends on its ability to attract and retain key employees reflecting current market opportunities and challenges. Competition for the best people is intense, and the Company's size and limited resources may present additional challenges in being able to retain the best possible employees, which could adversely affect the results of operations.

Risks Related to Future Stock Issuances

A future issuance of stock could dilute the value of our common stock.

We may sell additional shares of common stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for such shares, in subsequent public or private offerings. As of March 31, 2021, there were 3,333,268 shares of our common stock outstanding. Future issuance of any new shares could cause further dilution in the value of our outstanding shares of common stock. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our common stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for such shares, or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of shares of our common stock will have on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock.

Risks Related to the Competitive Matters

Strong competition within the Bank's market areas could adversely affect profits and slow growth.

The New York metropolitan area has a high density of financial institutions, of which many are significantly larger than Carver Federal and with greater financial resources. Additionally, various large out-of-state financial institutions may continue to enter the New York metropolitan area market. All are considered competitors to varying degrees.

Carver Federal faces intense competition both in making loans and attracting deposits. Competition for loans, both locally and in the aggregate, comes principally from mortgage banking companies, commercial banks, savings banks and savings and loan associations. Most direct competition for deposits comes from commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations and credit unions. The Bank also faces competition for deposits from money market mutual funds and other corporate and government securities funds, as well as from other financial intermediaries, such as brokerage firms and insurance companies. Market area competition is a factor in pricing the Bank's loans and deposits, which could reduce net interest income. Competition also makes it more challenging to effectively grow loan and deposit balances. The Company's profitability depends upon its continued ability to successfully compete in its market areas.

Risks Related to the Accounting Matters

A new accounting standard will likely require us to increase our allowance for loan losses and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board has adopted a new accounting standard that will be effective for the Company for our first fiscal year after December 15, 2022. This standard, referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) will require financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans, and

recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for loan losses. This will change the current method of providing allowances for loan losses that are probable, which would likely require us to increase our allowance for loan losses, and to increase the types of data we would need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses. Any increase in our allowance for loan losses or expenses incurred to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

Not Applicable.

ITEM 2.PROPERTIES.

The Bank currently conducts its business through one administrative office and seven branches (including the Harlem West 125th Street Main branch) and four separate ATM locations. The following table sets forth certain information regarding Carver Federal's offices and other material properties at March 31, 2021. The Bank believes that such facilities are suitable and adequate for its operational needs.

Branches

Address

City/State

Year Opened

Owned or
Leased

Lease
Expiration Date

Main Branch

75 West 125th Street

New York, NY

1996

Leased

2/2028

Crown Heights Branch

1009-1015 Nostrand Avenue

Brooklyn, NY

1975

Leased

12/2025

St. Albans Branch

115-02 Merrick Boulevard

Jamaica, NY

1996

Leased

2/2026

Malcolm X Blvd. Branch

142 Malcolm X Boulevard

New York, NY

2001

Leased

4/2026

Atlantic Terminal Branch

4 Hanson Place

Brooklyn, NY

2003

Leased

4/2024

Flatbush Branch

833 Flatbush Avenue

Brooklyn, NY

2009

Leased

8/2022

Restoration Plaza

1392 Fulton Street

Brooklyn, NY

2009

Leased

10/2023

ATM Centers

Fulton Street

1950 Fulton Street

Brooklyn, NY

2005

Leased

1/2023

ATM Machines

Atlantic Terminal Mall

139 Flatbush Avenue

Brooklyn, NY

2004

Leased

4/2024

Atlantic Center

625 Atlantic Avenue

Brooklyn, NY

2006

Leased

3/2022

Brooklyn Navy Yard

141-07 Flushing Avenue

Brooklyn, NY

2019

Leased

10/2023

Administrative Office

1825 Park Avenue

New York, NY

2018

Leased

12/2028

ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, the Company and the Bank or one of its wholly-owned subsidiaries are parties to various legal proceedings incident to their business. At March 31, 2021, certain claims, suits, complaints and investigations (collectively “proceedings”) involving the Company and the Bank or a subsidiary, arising in the ordinary course of business, have been filed or are pending. The Company is unable at this time to determine the ultimate outcome of each proceeding, but believes, after discussions with legal counsel representing the Company and the Bank or the subsidiary in these proceedings, that it has meritorious defenses to each proceeding and appropriate measures have been taken to defend the interests of the Company, Bank or subsidiary. There were no legal proceedings pending or known to be contemplated against us that in the opinion of management, would be expected to have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company or the Bank.

ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not Applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Our shares of common stock are traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CARV". At March 31, 2021, there were 3,333,268 shares of common stock outstanding, held by approximately 546 stockholders of record.

As previously disclosed in a Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 29, 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors announced that Carver suspended payment of the quarterly cash dividend on its common stock.

Under OCC regulations, the Bank will not be permitted to pay dividends to the Company on its capital stock if its regulatory capital would be reduced below applicable regulatory capital requirements or if its stockholders' equity would be reduced below the amount required to be maintained for the liquidation account, which was established in connection with the Bank's conversion to stock form. The OCC capital distribution regulations applicable to savings institutions (such as the Bank) that meet their regulatory capital requirements permit, after not less than 30 days prior notice to and non-objection by the FRB, capital distributions during a calendar year that do not exceed the Bank's net income for that year plus its retained net income for the prior two years. For information concerning the Bank's liquidation account, see Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In addition, the Company is subject to restrictions under the Agreement that affect their ability to pay dividends. See Item 1 - Overview - Enforcement Actions.

On August 6, 2002, the Company announced a stock repurchase program to repurchase up to 15,442 shares of its outstanding common stock. As of March 31, 2021, 11,744 shares of its common stock have been repurchased in open market transactions at an average price of $235.80 per share (as adjusted for 1-for-15 reverse stock split that occurred on October 27, 2011). The Company reissued shares as restricted stock in accordance with their management recognition plan. No shares were repurchased pursuant to the stock repurchase program during fiscal 2021. As a result of the Company's participation in the TARP CDCI, the Treasury's prior approval was required to make further repurchases. The Treasury converted its preferred stock into common stock, which the Treasury continued to hold. On August 6, 2020, the Company repurchased all 2,321,286 shares of its common stock held by the Treasury for an aggregate purchase price of $2.5 million. The purchase price was funded by a third party grant. As of this date, the Company is not bound by the TARP CDCI restrictions as the Treasury is no longer a common stockholder of the Company.

Carver has the following equity compensation plans:

(1) The 2006 Stock Incentive Plan became effective in September 2006 and provides for discretionary option grants, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock to those employees and directors so selected by the Compensation Committee.

(2) The Carver Bancorp, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan became effective in September 2014 and provides for discretionary option grants, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock to those officers and directors selected by the Company’s Compensation Committee.

Additional information regarding Carver's equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference from the section entitled "Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans" in the Proxy Statement (as defined below in Item 10).

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

There were no unregistered securities to report which have not been previously included in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or a Current Report on Form 8-K.

ITEM 6.SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

The following selected consolidated financial and other data is as of and for the years ended March 31 and is derived in part from, and should be read in conjunction with the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes:


$ in thousands	2021			2020			2019			2018			2017
Selected Financial Condition Data:
Assets	$	676,748		$	578,770		$	563,713		$	693,910		$	687,861
Loans held-for-sale	—			—			—			—			944
Total loans receivable, net	478,409			423,786			424,182			472,627			540,492
Investment securities	94,314			75,980			90,982			72,784			72,446
Cash and cash equivalents	75,591			47,540			31,228			134,558			58,686
Deposits	556,559			488,815			480,196			586,883			579,176
Advances from the FHLB-NY and other borrowed money	37,222			13,573			21,403			38,403			49,403
Equity	52,301			48,894			47,136			51,971			47,398
Number of deposit accounts	33,400			30,496			31,447			31,972			34,582
Number of branches	7			7			8			9			9

Operating Data:
Interest income	20,307			21,627			23,230			24,359			26,126
Interest expense	4,420			5,631			6,141			5,280			4,918
Net interest income before provision for (recovery of) loan losses	15,887			15,996			17,089			19,079			21,208
Provision for (recovery of) for loan losses	(100)			19			(270)			135			29
Net interest income after provision for (recovery of) loan losses	15,987			15,977			17,359			18,944			21,179
Non-interest income	6,198			3,739			4,649			14,359			4,618
Non-interest expense	26,081			25,139			27,944			27,982			28,531
(Loss) income before income tax (benefit) expense	(3,896)			(5,423)			(5,936)			5,321			(2,734)
Income tax (benefit) expense	—			—			—			(33)			119

Net (loss) income attributable to Carver Bancorp, Inc.	(3,896)			(5,423)			(5,936)			5,354			(2,853)
Basic (loss) earnings per common share	(1.14)			(1.47)			(1.60)			0.58			(0.77)
Diluted (loss) earnings per common share	(1.14)			(1.47)			(1.60)			0.58			(0.77)


Selected Statistical Data:
Return on average assets (1)	(0.58)		%	(0.95)		%	(0.96)		%	0.81		%	(0.41)		%
Return on average stockholders' equity (2) (10)	(8.24)		%	(10.51)		%	(12.93)		%	11.17		%	(5.88)		%
Return on average stockholders' equity, excluding AOCI (2) (10)	(8.25)		%	(10.52)		%	(12.31)		%	10.77		%	(5.78)		%
Net interest margin (3)	2.49		%	2.95		%	2.80		%	2.94		%	3.11		%
Average interest rate spread (4)	2.30		%	2.69		%	2.57		%	2.78		%	2.97		%
Efficiency ratio (5)	118.09		%	127.38		%	128.55		%	83.68		%	110.47		%
Operating expense to average assets (6)	3.91		%	4.39		%	4.51		%	4.23		%	4.09		%
Average stockholders' equity to average assets (7) (10)	7.09		%	9.00		%	7.41		%	7.24		%	6.96		%
Average stockholders' equity, excluding AOCI, to average assets (7) (10)	7.08		%	9.00		%	7.79		%	7.51		%	7.07		%
Dividend payout ratio (8)	—			—			—			—			—

Asset Quality Ratios:
Non-performing assets to total assets (9)	1.07		%	1.19		%	1.90		%	1.13		%	1.50		%
Non-performing loans to total loans receivable (9)	1.49		%	1.58		%	2.40		%	1.39		%	1.54		%
Allowance for loan losses to total loans receivable	1.06		%	1.15		%	1.08		%	1.07		%	0.93		%

(1)Net income (loss) divided by average total assets.

(2)Net income (loss) divided by average total stockholders' equity.

(3)Net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.

(4)Combined weighted average interest rate earned less combined weighted average interest rate cost.

(5)Operating expense divided by sum of net interest income and non-interest income.

(6)Non-interest expense divided by average total assets.

(7)Average stockholders' equity divided by average assets for the period ended.

(8)Dividends paid to common stockholders as a percentage of net income available to common stockholders.

(9)Non-performing assets consist of nonaccrual loans, loans held-for-sale and real estate owned.

(10)See Non-GAAP Financial Measures disclosure below for comparable GAAP measures.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to evaluating the Company's results of operations in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), management routinely supplements their evaluation with an analysis of certain non-GAAP financial measures, such as the return on average stockholders' equity excluding average accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"), and average stockholders' equity excluding AOCI to average assets. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures provide information that is useful to investors in understanding the Company's underlying operating performance and trends, and facilitates comparisons with the performance of other banks and thrifts.

Return on equity measures how efficiently we generate profits from the resources provided by our net assets. Return on average stockholders' equity is calculated by dividing annualized net income (loss) attributable to Carver by average stockholders' equity, excluding AOCI. Management believes that this performance measure explains the results of the Company's ongoing businesses in a manner that allows for a better understanding of the underlying trends in the Company's current businesses. For purposes of the Company's presentation, AOCI includes the changes in the market or fair value of its investment portfolio. These fluctuations have been excluded due to the unpredictable nature of this item and is not necessarily indicative of current operating or future performance.


$ in thousands	2021			2020			2019			2018			2017
Average Stockholders' Equity
Average Stockholders' Equity	$	47,306		$	51,609		$	45,920		$	47,943		$	48,533
Average AOCI	57			43			(2,315)			(1,779)			(802)
Average Stockholders' Equity, excluding AOCI	$	47,249		$	51,566		$	48,235		$	49,722		$	49,335

Return on Average Stockholders' Equity	(8.24)		%	(10.51)		%	(12.93)		%	11.17		%	(5.88)		%
Return on Average Stockholders' Equity, excluding AOCI	(8.25)		%	(10.52)		%	(12.31)		%	10.77		%	(5.78)		%

Average Stockholders' Equity to Average Assets	7.09		%	9.00		%	7.41		%	7.24		%	6.96		%
Average Stockholders' Equity, excluding AOCI, to Average Assets	7.08		%	9.00		%	7.79		%	7.51		%	7.07		%

ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements presented elsewhere in this report.

Executive Summary

Carver concluded fiscal 2021 with a net loss of $3.9 million compared to net loss of $5.4 million for the prior year period. The change in our results of operations was primarily driven by increases in non-interest income and non-interest expense. The business climate continues to present significant challenges as banks continue to absorb heightened regulatory costs and compete for limited loan demand. Carver continues to focus on diversifying its loan portfolio with C&I lending to local small businesses and strives to generate new loan production and to purchase loans at suitable prices. In addition, the Bank launched a program introducing new deposit products and expanded its digital online services into nine states across the Northeast and Washington D.C.

the vaccines developed, causing federal, state and local governments to take additional actions to contain COVID-19 or to treat its impact. Even after formal restrictions have been lifted, changes in the behavior of customers, businesses and their employees – including social distancing – as a result of the pandemic, are unknown. The Company is closely monitoring its asset quality, liquidity, and capital positions. Management is actively working to minimize the current and future impact of this unprecedented situation, and is making adjustments to operations where appropriate or necessary to help slow the spread of the virus. In addition, as a result of further actions that may be taken to contain or reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company may experience changes in the value of collateral securing outstanding loans, reductions in the credit quality of borrowers and the inability of borrowers to repay loans in accordance with their terms. The Company is actively managing the credit risk in its loan portfolio, including reviewing the industries that the Company believes are most likely to be impacted by emerging COVID-19 events. These and similar factors and events may have substantial negative effects on the business, financial condition, and results of operations of the Company and its customers.

Critical Accounting Policies

Various elements of accounting policies, by their nature, are inherently subject to estimation techniques, valuation assumptions and other subjective assessments. Carver's policy with respect to the methodologies used to determine the allowance for loan and lease losses, securities impairment, and assessment of the recoverability of the deferred tax asset are the most critical accounting policies. These policies are important to the presentation of Carver's financial condition and results of operations, and involve a high degree of complexity, requiring management to make difficult and subjective judgments, which often require assumptions or estimates about highly uncertain matters. Such assumptions and estimates are susceptible to significant changes in today's economic environment. Changes in these judgments, assumptions or estimates could result in material differences in the Company's results of operations or financial condition.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses

The adequacy of the Bank's ALLL is determined in accordance with the Interagency Policy Statement on the Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (the “Interagency Policy Statement”) released by the OCC on December 13, 2006, and in accordance with ASC Subtopics 450-20 "Loss Contingencies" and 310-10 "Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan." Compliance with the Interagency Policy Statement includes management's review of the Bank's loan portfolio, including the identification and review of individual problem situations that may affect a borrower's ability to repay. In addition, management reviews the overall portfolio quality through an analysis of delinquency and non-performing loan data, estimates of the value of underlying collateral, current charge-offs and other factors that may affect the portfolio, including a review of regulatory examinations, an assessment of current and expected economic conditions and changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio.

The ALLL reflects management's evaluation of the loans presenting identified loss potential, as well as the risk inherent in various components of the portfolio. There is significant judgment applied in estimating the ALLL. These assumptions and estimates are susceptible to significant changes based on the current environment. Further, any change in the size of the loan portfolio or any of its components could necessitate an increase in the ALLL even though there may not be a decline in credit quality or an increase in potential problem loans. As such, there can never be assurance that the ALLL accurately reflects the actual loss potential inherent in a loan portfolio.

General Reserve Allowance

Carver's maintenance of a general reserve allowance in accordance with ASC Subtopic 450-20 includes the Bank's evaluating the risk to loss potential of homogeneous pools of loans based upon historical loss factors and a review of nine different environmental factors that are then applied to each pool. The main pools of loans (“Loan Type”) are:

•One-to-four family

•Multifamily

•Commercial Real Estate

•Business Loans

•Consumer (including Overdraft Accounts)

period that occurs after the earlier actual losses. During the period between the loss-causing events and the eventual confirmations of losses, conditions may have changed. There is always a time lag between the period over which average charge-off rates are calculated and the date of the financial statements. During that period, conditions may have changed. Another factor influencing the General Reserve is the Bank’s loss emergence period ("LEP") assumptions which represent the Bank’s estimate of the average amount of time from the point at which a loss is incurred to the point at which the loss is confirmed, either through the identification of the loss or a charge-off. Based upon adequate management information systems and effective methodologies for estimating losses, management has established a LEP floor of one year on all pools. In some pools, such as in its Commercial Real Estate, Multifamily and Business pools, the Bank demonstrates a LEP in excess of 12 months. The Bank also recognizes losses in accordance with regulatory charge-off criteria.

Because actual loss experience may not adequately predict the level of losses inherent in a portfolio, the Bank reviews nine qualitative factors to determine if reserves should be adjusted based upon any of those factors. As the risk ratings worsen, some of the qualitative factors tend to increase. The nine qualitative factors the Bank considers and may utilize are:

1.Changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses (Policy & Procedures).

2.Changes in relevant economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various market segments (Economy).

3.Changes in the nature or volume of the loan portfolio and in the terms of loans (Nature & Volume).

4.Changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff (Management).

5.Changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified loans (Problem Assets).

6.Changes in the quality of the loan review system (Loan Review).

7.Changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans (Collateral Values).

8.The existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations (Concentrations).

9.The effect of other external forces such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the existing portfolio (External Forces).

Specific Reserve Allowance

Carver also maintains a specific reserve allowance for criticized and classified loans individually reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC Subtopic 310-10 guidelines. The amount assigned to the specific reserve allowance is individually determined based upon the loan. The ASC Subtopic 310-10 guidelines require the use of one of three approved methods to estimate the amount to be reserved and/or charged off for such credits. The three methods are as follows:

1.The present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate,

2.The loan's observable market price; or

3.The fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.

The Bank may choose the appropriate ASC Subtopic 310-10 measurement on a loan-by-loan basis for an individually impaired loan, except for an impaired collateral dependent loan. Guidance requires impairment of a collateral dependent loan to be measured using the fair value of collateral method. A loan is considered "collateral dependent" when the repayment of the debt will be provided solely by the underlying collateral, and there are no other available and reliable sources of repayment.

All substandard and doubtful loans and any other loans that the Chief Credit Officer deems appropriate for review, are identified and reviewed for individual evaluation for impairment in accordance with ASC Subtopic 310-10. Carver also performs impairment analysis for all TDRs. If it is determined that it is probable the Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due according with the contractual terms of the loan agreement, the loan is categorized as impaired. Loans determined to be impaired are evaluated to determine the amount of impairment based on one of the three measurement methods noted above. In accordance with guidance, if there is no impairment amount, no reserve is established for the loan.

Troubled Debt Restructured Loans

under the restructured terms discounted at the loan's original effective interest rate, and the loan's original carrying value. For a collateral dependent loan, the Bank records an impairment charge when the current estimated fair value of the property that collateralizes the impaired loan, if any, is less than the recorded investment in the loan. TDR loans remain on nonaccrual status until they have performed in accordance with the restructured terms for a period of at least six months.

Interagency Statement on Loan Modifications and Reporting for Financial Institutions Working with Customers Affected by the Coronavirus

On March 22, 2020, the federal banking agencies issued an interagency statement to provide additional guidance to financial institutions who are working with borrowers affected by COVID-19. The statement provided that agencies will not criticize institutions for working with borrowers and will not direct supervised institutions to automatically categorize all COVID-19 related loan modifications as troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). The agencies have confirmed with staff of the Financial Accounting Standards Board that short-term modifications made on a good faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief, are not TDRs. This includes short-term (e.g., six months) modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other delays in payment that are insignificant. Borrowers considered current are those that are less than 30 days past due on their contractual payments at the time a modification program is implemented.

The statement further provided that working with borrowers that are current on existing loans, either individually or as part of a program for creditworthy borrowers who are experiencing short-term financial or operational problems as a result of COVID-19, generally would not be considered TDRs. For modification programs designed to provide temporary relief for current borrowers affected by COVID-19, financial institutions may presume that borrowers that are current on payments are not experiencing financial difficulties at the time of the modification for purposes of determining TDR status, and thus no further TDR analysis is required for each loan modification in the program.

The statement indicated that the agencies’ examiners will exercise judgment in reviewing loan modifications, including TDRs, and will not automatically adversely risk rate credits that are affected by COVID-19, including those considered TDRs.

In addition, the statement noted that efforts to work with borrowers of one-to-four family residential mortgages, where the loans are prudently underwritten, and not past due or carried on nonaccrual status, will not result in the loans being considered restructured or modified for the purposes of their risk-based capital rules. With regard to loans not otherwise reportable as past due, financial institutions are not expected to designate loans with deferrals granted due to COVID-19 as past due because of the deferral.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”)

The CARES Act, which became law on March 27, 2020, provide emergency economic relief to combat the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) and stimulate the economy. The law had several provisions relevant to financial institutions, including:

•The ability of a borrower of a federally backed mortgage loan (VA, FHA, USDA, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae) experiencing financial hardship due, directly or indirectly, to the COVID-19 pandemic to request forbearance from paying their mortgage by submitting a request to the borrower’s servicer affirming their financial hardship during the COVID-19 emergency. Such a forbearance will be granted for up to 180 days, which can be extended for an additional 180-day period upon the request of the borrower. During that time, no fees, penalties or interest beyond the amounts scheduled or calculated as if the borrower made all contractual payments on time and in full under the mortgage contract will accrue on the borrower’s account. Except for vacant or abandoned property, the servicer of a federally backed mortgage is prohibited from taking any foreclosure action, including any eviction or sale action, for not less than the 60-day period beginning March 18, 2020.

to a tenant for late payment of rent. Additionally, a multifamily borrower that receives a forbearance may not require a tenant to vacate a dwelling unit before a date that is 30 days after the date on which the borrower provides the tenant notice to vacate and may not issue a notice to vacate until after the expiration of the forbearance.

Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2021 (the “CRRSA Act”)

On December 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2021 ("CRRSA Act") was signed into law, which also contains provisions that could directly impact financial institutions including extending the time that insured depository institutions and depository institution holding companies have to comply with the current expected credit losses (CECL) account standing and extending the authority granted to banks under the CARES Act to elect to temporarily suspend the requirements under U.S. GAAP applicable to troubled debt restructurings for loan modifications related to the COVID-19 pandemic for any loan that was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019. The act directs financial regulators to support community development financial institutions and minority depository institutions and directs Congress to re-appropriate $429 billion in unobligated CARES Act funds. The PPP, which was originally established under the CARES Act, was also extended under the CRRSA Act.

Securities Impairment

The Bank’s available-for-sale securities portfolio is carried at estimated fair value, with any unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income. Securities that the Bank has the intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at amortized cost. The fair values of securities in the Bank's portfolio are based on published or securities dealers’ market values and are affected by changes in interest rates. On a quarterly basis, the Bank reviews and evaluates the securities portfolio to determine if the decline in the fair value of any security below its cost basis is other-than-temporary. The Bank generally views changes in fair value caused by changes in interest rates as temporary, which is consistent with its experience. The amount of an other-than-temporary impairment, when there are credit and non-credit losses on a debt security which management does not intend to sell, and for which it is more likely than not that the Bank will not be required to sell the security prior to the recovery of the non-credit impairment, the portion of the total impairment that is attributable to the credit loss would be recognized in earnings, and the remaining difference between the debt security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value would be included in other comprehensive (loss) income. This guidance also requires additional disclosures about investments in an unrealized loss position and the methodology and significant inputs used in determining the recognition of other-than-temporary impairment. The Bank does not have any securities that are classified as having other-than-temporary impairment in its investment portfolio at March 31, 2021.

Deferred Tax Assets

The Company records income taxes in accordance with ASC 740 Topic “Income Taxes,” as amended, using the asset and liability method. Income tax expense (benefit) consists of income taxes currently payable/(receivable) and deferred income taxes. Temporary differences between the basis of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and tax purposes are measured as of the balance sheet date. Deferred tax liabilities or recognizable deferred tax assets are calculated on such differences, using current statutory rates, which result in future taxable or deductible amounts. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Where applicable, deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance for any portion determined not likely to be realized. Management is continually reviewing the operation of the Company with a view to the future. Based on management's current analysis and the appropriate accounting literature, management is of the opinion that a full valuation allowance is appropriate. This valuation allowance could subsequently be adjusted, by a charge or credit to income tax expense, as changes in facts and circumstances warrant.

On June 29, 2011, the Company raised $55 million of equity, which resulted in a $51.4 million increase in equity after considering the effect of various expenses associated with the capital raise. The capital raise triggered a change in control under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Generally, Section 382 limits the utilization of an entity's net operating loss carryforwards, general business credits, and recognized built-in losses upon a change in ownership. The Company is currently subject to an annual limitation of approximately $870 thousand. A valuation allowance for net deferred tax asset of $23.7 million has been recorded. The valuation allowance was initially recorded during fiscal 2011, and has remained through March 31, 2021, as management concluded and continues to conclude that it is “more likely than not” that the Company will not be able to fully realize the benefit of its deferred tax assets. However, tax legislation passed during the Company's fiscal year 2018 now permits a corporation to receive refunds for AMT credits even if there is no taxable income. As a result, at March 31, 2018, the valuation allowance was reduced by $340 thousand, the amount of the Company's AMT credits. The amount of the AMT credits recorded as a deferred tax asset was $0 at March 31, 2020. The AMT credit was $143 thousand as

of March 31, 2020, all of which was requested to be refunded to the Company upon the recently filed fiscal year 2020 federal tax return.

Asset/Liability Management

The Company's primary earnings source is net interest income, which is affected by changes in the level of interest rates, the relationship between the rates on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the impact of interest rate fluctuations on asset prepayments, the level and composition of deposits and assets, and the credit quality of earning assets. Management's asset/liability objectives are to maintain a strong, stable net interest margin, to utilize the Company's capital effectively without taking undue risks, to maintain adequate liquidity and to manage its exposure to changes in interest rates.

The economic environment is uncertain regarding future interest rate trends. Management monitors the Company's cumulative gap position, which is the difference between the sensitivity to rate changes on the Company's interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. In addition, the Company uses various tools to monitor and manage interest rate risk, such as a model that projects net interest income based on increasing or decreasing interest rates.

Discussion of Market Risk-Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis

As a financial institution, the Bank's primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on a large portion of the Company's assets and liabilities, and the market value of all interest-earning assets, other than those which are short-term in maturity. Based upon the Company's nature of operations, it is not subject to foreign currency exchange or commodity price risk. The Company does not own any trading assets.

The Company seeks to manage its interest rate risk by monitoring and controlling the variation in repricing intervals between its assets and liabilities. To a lesser extent, it also monitors its interest rate sensitivity by analyzing the estimated changes in market value of its assets and liabilities assuming various interest rate scenarios. As discussed more fully below, there are a variety of factors that influence the repricing characteristics of any given asset or liability.

The matching of assets and liabilities may be analyzed by examining the extent to which such assets and liabilities are “interest rate sensitive” and by monitoring an institution's interest rate sensitivity gap. An asset or liability is said to be interest rate sensitive within a specific period if it will mature or reprice within that period. The interest rate sensitivity gap is defined as the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within a specific period of time and the amount of interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing within that same time period. A gap is considered positive when the amount of interest rate sensitive assets exceeds the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities and is considered negative when the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities exceeds the amount of interest rate sensitive assets. Generally, during a period of falling interest rates, a negative gap could result in an increase in net interest income, while a positive gap could adversely affect net interest income. Conversely, during a period of rising interest rates a negative gap could adversely affect net interest income, while a positive gap could result in an increase in net interest income. As illustrated below, the Company had a positive one-year gap equal to 17.64% of total rate sensitive assets at March 31, 2021. As a result, the Company's net interest income may be positively affected by rising interest rates and may be negatively affected by falling interest rates.

The following table sets forth information regarding the projected maturities, prepayments and repricing of the major rate-sensitive asset and liability categories of the Company as of March 31, 2021. Maturity repricing dates have been projected by applying estimated prepayment rates based on the current rate environment. The repricing and other assumptions are not necessarily representative of the Company's actual results. Classifications of items in the table below are different from those presented in other tables and the financial statements and accompanying notes included herein and do not reflect non-performing loans:


$ in thousands	<3 Mos.			3-12 Mos.			1-3 Yrs.			3-5 Yrs.			5-10 Yrs.			10+ Yrs.			Non-Interest Bearing		Total
Rate Sensitive Assets:
Loans	$	42,284		$	113,443		$	152,620		$	98,442		$	60,115		$	12,783		$	—	$	479,687
Short-term investments	72,305			—			—			—			—			—			—		72,305
Long-term investments	2,217			8,546			23,948			11,097			26,094			17,662			—		89,564
Other assets	—			—			—			—			—			—			35,192		35,192
Total assets	$	116,806		$	121,989		$	176,568		$	109,539		$	86,209		$	30,445		$	35,192	$	676,748

Rate Sensitive Liabilities:
Non-maturity deposits	$	3,143		$	9,649		$	24,403		$	22,911		$	51,337		$	303,358		$	—	$	414,801


Term deposits	54,922			57,908			29,691			10,104			99			—			—		152,724
Borrowings	—			—			23,705			13,403			—			—			—		37,108
Other liabilities	—			—			—			—			—			—			19,814		19,814
Equity	—			—			—			—			—			—			52,301		52,301
Total liabilities and equity	$	58,065		$	67,557		$	77,799		$	46,418		$	51,436		$	303,358		$	72,115	$	676,748

Interest sensitivity gap	$	58,741		$	54,432		$	98,769		$	63,121		$	34,773		$	(272,913)		$	(36,923)	$	—

Cumulative interest sensitivity gap	$	58,741		$	113,173		$	211,942		$275,063			$309,836			$	36,923		$	—	$	—

Ratio of cumulative gap to total rate sensitive assets	9.16		%	17.64		%	33.04		%	42.87		%	48.29		%	5.76		%	—		—

The table above assumes that fixed maturity deposits are not withdrawn prior to maturity and that transaction accounts will decay as disclosed in the table above.

Certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the table above. Although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in the market interest rates. The interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while rates on other types of assets and liabilities may lag behind changes in market interest rates. Certain assets, such as adjustable-rate mortgages, generally have features that restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. In the event of a change in interest rates, prepayments and early withdrawal levels would likely deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table. Additionally, credit risk may increase as many borrowers may experience an inability to service their debt in the event of a rise in interest rate. Virtually all of the adjustable-rate loans in the Company's portfolio contain conditions that restrict the periodic change in interest rate.

Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”) Analysis. As part of its efforts to maximize net interest income while managing risks associated with changing interest rates, management also uses the EVE methodology. EVE is the present value of expected net cash flows from existing assets less the present value of expected cash flows from existing liabilities plus the present value of net expected cash inflows from existing financial derivatives and off-balance sheet contracts. At March 31, 2021, the Company did not report any holdings in financial derivative contracts.

Under this methodology, interest rate risk exposure is assessed by reviewing the estimated changes in EVE that would hypothetically occur if interest rates rapidly rise or fall along the yield curve. Projected values of EVE at both higher and lower interest rate risk scenarios are compared to base case values (no change in rates) to determine the sensitivity to changing interest rates.

Presented below, as of March 31, 2021, is an analysis of the Company's interest rate risk as measured by changes in EVE for instantaneous parallel shifts of +400/-200 basis points change in market interest rates. Such limits have been established with consideration of the impact of various rate changes and the Compamy's current capital position.


$ in thousands	Economic Value of Equity
Change in Rate	$ Amount	$ Change	% Change
+400 bps	109,000	40,000	58.0	%
+300 bps	104,000	35,000	50.7	%
+200 bps	96,000	27,000	39.1	%
+100 bps	85,000	16,000	23.2	%
0 bps	69,000
-100 bps	43,000	(26,000)	(37.7)	%
-200 bps	8,000	(61,000)	(88.4)	%

Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodology used in the above interest rate risk measurements. Modeling changes in EVE require the making of certain assumptions, which may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. In this regard, the models presented assume that the composition of our interest sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured and also assumes that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration to maturity or repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Accordingly, although the EVE table provides an indication of the Company's interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on the Company's net interest income and may differ from actual results.

Average Balance, Interest and Average Yields and Rates

The following table sets forth certain information relating to Carver Federal's average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities, and their related average yields and costs for the years ended March 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019. The table also presents information for the fiscal years indicated with respect to the difference between the weighted average yield earned on interest-earning assets and the weighted average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities, or “interest rate spread,” which savings institutions have traditionally used as an indicator of profitability. Another indicator of an institution's profitability is its “net interest margin,” which is its net interest income divided by the average balance of interest-earning assets. Net interest income is affected by the interest rate spread and by the relative amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. When interest-earning assets approximate or exceed interest-bearing liabilities, any positive interest rate spread will generate net interest income:


	2021						2020						2019
$ in thousands	Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/ Cost		Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/ Cost		Average Balance		Interest		Average Yield/ Cost
Interest-Earning Assets:
Loans (1)	$	456,112	$	18,552	4.07	%	$	423,454	$	18,959	4.48	%	$	442,218	$	19,470	4.40	%
Mortgage-backed securities	41,513		708		1.71	%	49,407		1,230		2.49	%	52,002		1,265		2.43	%
Investment securities	50,727		953		1.88	%	37,717		868		2.30	%	51,505		1,252		2.43	%


Other investments	90,857		94		0.10	%	32,364		570		1.76	%	63,555		1,243		1.96	%
Total interest-earning assets	639,209		20,307		3.18	%	542,942		21,627		3.99	%	609,280		23,230		3.81	%
Non-interest-earning assets	27,704						30,207						10,135
Total assets	$	666,913					$	573,149					$	619,415

Interest-Bearing Liabilities:
Deposits
Interest-bearing checking	$	37,313	$	30	0.08	%	$	23,765	$	29	0.12	%	$	25,159	$	30	0.12	%
Savings and clubs	107,820		235		0.22	%	97,453		256		0.26	%	100,838		265		0.26	%
Money market	125,867		525		0.42	%	100,796		533		0.53	%	98,061		466		0.48	%
Certificates of deposit	192,637		2,974		1.54	%	188,285		3,799		2.02	%	250,260		4,427		1.77	%
Mortgagors deposits	2,257		6		0.27	%	2,219		23		1.04	%	2,142		44		2.05	%
Total deposits	465,894		3,770		0.81	%	412,518		4,640		1.12	%	476,460		5,232		1.10	%
Borrowed money	38,005		650		1.71	%	21,600		991		4.59	%	17,521		909		5.19	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities	503,899		4,420		0.88	%	434,118		5,631		1.30	%	493,981		6,141		1.24	%
Non-interest-bearing liabilities:
Demand deposits	85,890						58,548						59,525
Other liabilities	29,818						28,874						19,989
Total liabilities	619,607						521,540						573,495

Stockholders' equity	47,306						51,609						45,920
Total liabilities & equity	$	666,913					$	573,149					$	619,415
Net interest income			$	15,887					$	15,996					$	17,089

Average interest rate spread					2.30	%					2.69	%					2.57	%

Net interest margin					2.49	%					2.95	%					2.80	%

Ratio of average interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities					126.85	%					125.07	%					123.34	%

(1) Includes nonaccrual loans.
(2) Includes FHLB-NY stock.

Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table sets forth information regarding the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in volume of interest related assets and liabilities have affected the Company's interest income and expense during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands). For each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided for changes attributable to: (1) changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate); (2) changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by old volume). Changes in rate/volume variance are allocated proportionately between changes in rate and changes in volume.


	2021 vs. 2020 Increase (Decrease) due to						2020 vs. 2019 Increase (Decrease) due to
$ in thousands	Volume		Rate		Total		Volume		Rate		Total
Interest-Earning Assets:
Loans	$	1,463	$	(1,870)	$	(407)	$	(827)	$	316	$	(511)
Mortgage-backed securities	(196)		(326)		(522)		(63)		28		(35)
Investment securities	299		(214)		85		(335)		(49)		(384)


Other investments	1,031		(1,507)		(476)		(611)		(62)		(673)
Total interest-earning assets	2,597		(3,917)		(1,320)		(1,836)		233		(1,603)

Interest-Bearing Liabilities:
Deposits
Interest-bearing checking	17		(16)		1		(1)		—		(1)
Savings and clubs	27		(48)		(21)		(9)		—		(9)
Money market savings	132		(140)		(8)		13		54		67
Certificates of deposit	88		(913)		(825)		(1,096)		468		(628)
Mortgagors deposits	—		(17)		(17)		2		(23)		(21)
Total deposits	264		(1,134)		(870)		(1,091)		499		(592)
Borrowed money	753		(1,094)		(341)		211		(129)		82
Total interest-bearing liabilities	1,017		(2,228)		(1,211)		(880)		370		(510)

Net change in net interest income	$	1,580	$	(1,689)	$	(109)	$	(956)	$	(137)	$	(1,093)

Comparison of Financial Condition at March 31, 2021 and 2020

Assets

At March 31, 2021, total assets were $676.7 million, reflecting an increase of $97.9 million, or 16.9%, from total assets of $578.8 million at March 31, 2020. The increase was attributable to a $28.1 million increase in cash and cash equivalents, and increases of $54.6 million and $18.3 million in the Bank's net loan and investment portfolios, respectively.

Total cash and cash equivalents increased $28.1 million, or 59.2%, from $47.5 million at March 31, 2020 to $75.6 million at March 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in total deposits of $67.8 million and a $23.6 million increase in advances from the FHLB and other borrowings. These increases were partially offset by investment purchases and loan originations and purchases.

Total investment securities increased $18.3 million, or 24.1%, to $94.3 million at March 31, 2021, compared to $76.0 million at March 31, 2020. The Bank sold $37.8 million of securities out of the available-for-sale portfolio, recognizing gains of $1.2 million during the current fiscal year. The proceeds were reinvested along with excess cash towards new securities purchases with a higher yield as part of management's strategy to restructure the Bank's investment portfolio and to improve its overall mix and duration.

Gross portfolio loans increased $54.8 million to $483.5 million at March 31, 2021, compared to $428.7 million at March 31, 2020, primarily due to new loan originations of $114.5 million, of which $41.9 million were part of the SBA's Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"), and $26.8 million were from loan pool purchases. The new volume was partially offset by attrition and payoffs of $86.5 million, primarily in residential and non-owner occupied commercial real estate mortgage loans.

Liabilities and Equity

Liabilities

Total liabilities increased $94.5 million, or 17.8%, to $624.4 million at March 31, 2021, compared to $529.9 million at March 31, 2020, primarily due to increases in total deposits and other borrowings related to the PPP.

Deposits increased $67.8 million, or 13.9%, to $556.6 million at March 31, 2021, compared to $488.8 million at March 31, 2020, due primarily to PPP loan funds deposited by the program borrowers into their accounts at the Bank and new

deposit account relationships established as the Bank launched a program introducing new products and expanded its digital online account openings into nine states across the Northeast and Washington D.C.

Advances from the FHLB-NY and other borrowed money increased $23.6 million to $37.2 million at March 31, 2021, compared to $13.6 million at March 31, 2020 as the Bank secured advances on its PPP liquidity facility ("PPPLF") at the Federal Reserve to fund PPP loans. At March 31, 2021, the Bank had no outstanding borrowings from the FHLB-NY.

Equity

Total equity increased $3.4 million, or 7.0%, to $52.3 million at March 31, 2021, compared to $48.9 million at March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to capital raised from several equity transactions that were completed outside of the ordinary course of business during the fiscal year. These were partially offset by an increase of $4.1 million in unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale and a net loss of $3.9 million for the fiscal year.

Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

Net Loss

The Company reported a net loss of $3.9 million for fiscal year 2021, compared to net loss of $5.4 million for the prior year period. The change in our results was primarily driven by an increase in non-interest income and recoveries of loan losses compared to a provision for loan loss in the prior year, which were partially offset by an increase in non-interest expense and decline in net interest income compared to the prior fiscal year.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income decreased $0.1 million, or 0.6%, to $15.9 million for fiscal year 2021, compared to $16.0 million for the prior year period. The decrease was attributable to a $1.3 million decrease in interest income, partially offset by a $1.2 million decrease in interest expense for the period.

Interest income decreased $1.3 million, or 6.0%, to $20.3 million, compared to $21.6 million for the prior year period. Interest income on mortgage-backed securities decreased $0.5 million due to a decline in average balances and rates compared to the prior year. Interest income on money market investments decreased $0.5 million as the $58.9 million increase in the average balance of the Bank's interest-bearing account at the Federal Reserve Bank was offset by a 1.77% decrease in interest rates. Interest income on loans decreased $0.4 million, or 2.1%, comprised of a decrease of $1.9 million due to a 41 basis-point decline in the overall yield of the loan portfolio resulting primarily from attrition of above market-rate purchased residential loans, which also caused acceleration of premiums. This was partially offset by an increase in interest income of $1.5 million due to a $32.7 million increase in average loan balances.

Interest expense decreased $1.2 million, or 21.4%, to $4.4 million compared to $5.6 million for the prior year period. Interest expense on deposits decreased $0.8 million, or 17.4%, primarily due to a decrease in the average rates of certificates of deposit. Interest expense on borrowings decreased $0.3 million, or 30.0%, from the prior fiscal year despite an increase in the average borrowings as the Bank secured advances on the PPPLF at the Federal Reserve at a lower cost to borrow of 35 basis points in order to support its PPP program.

Provision for Loan Losses

The Bank recorded a $0.1 million recovery of loan loss for fiscal year 2021, compared to a $19 thousand provision for loan losses for the prior year period. The prior year provision was primarily related to overdraft deposit chargeoffs. For the year ended March 31, 2021, net recoveries of $294 thousand were recognized, compared to net recoveries of $281 thousand in the prior year period. Total chargeoffs of $78 thousand were recognized for fiscal year 2021, compared to total chargeoffs of $183 thousand for the prior fiscal year. At March 31, 2021, nonaccrual loans totaled $7.2 million, or 1.1% of total assets, compared to $6.8 million, or 1.2% of total assets at March 31, 2020. The ALLL was $5.1 million at March 31, 2021, which represents a ratio of the ALLL to nonaccrual loans of 71.5%, compared to 73.0% at March 31, 2020. The ratio of the allowance for loan losses to total loans receivable was 1.06% at March 31, 2021, compared to 1.15% at March 31, 2020.

Non-interest Income

Non-interest income for the twelve months ended March 31, 2021 increased $2.5 million, or 67.6%, to $6.2 million compared to $3.7 million in the prior year period. Other non-interest income for the current fiscal year included $1.2 million

fees earned from a new correspondent banking relationship and $0.5 million grant income provided by UBS for the Company to extend working capital loans and financial education to small businesses owned and operated by minorities. In addition, non-interest income included $1.2 million gains recognized from the sales of securities during the fiscal year, as management restructured the Bank's investment portfolio. These increases were partially offset by lower depository fees compared to the prior fiscal year due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on branch activities.

Non-interest Expense

Non-interest expense for the twelve months ended March 31, 2021 increased $1.0 million, or 4.0%, to $26.1 million compared to $25.1 million for the the prior year period. Net equipment and data processing costs were higher compared to the prior fiscal year due to new hardware/software contracts related to technology upgrades required to facilitate the infrastructure for a remote work environment due to the ongoing pandemic, and one-time conversion costs associated with the Bank's upgrade to a new core banking system. In addition, FDIC premiums were lower in the prior year since the Bank was eligible for the FDIC small bank assessment credit.

Income Taxes

The Company did not have any federal, state and local income tax expense as of March 31, 2021 and 2020. State and local capital tax expenses of $0.1 million and $0.2 million for fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively, were included in other non-interest expense on the statements of operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of the Bank's ability to generate adequate cash to meet its financial obligations. The principal cash requirements of a financial institution are to cover potential deposit outflows, fund increases in its loan and investment portfolios and ongoing operating expenses. The Bank's primary sources of funds are deposits, borrowed funds and principal and interest payments on loans, mortgage-backed securities and investment securities. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans, mortgage-backed securities and investment securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan and mortgage-backed securities prepayments are strongly influenced by changes in general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. Carver Federal monitors its liquidity utilizing guidelines that are contained in a policy developed by its management and approved by its Board of Directors. Carver Federal's several liquidity measurements are evaluated on a frequent basis.

Management believes Carver Federal’s short-term assets have sufficient liquidity to cover loan demand, potential fluctuations in deposit accounts and to meet other anticipated cash requirements, including interest payments on our subordinated debt securities. Additionally, Carver Federal has other sources of liquidity including the ability to borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLB-NY") utilizing unpledged mortgage-backed securities and certain mortgage loans, the sale of available-for-sale securities and the sale of certain mortgage loans. Net borrowings increased $23.6 million during fiscal year 2021 as the Bank secured advances on the PPP liquidity facility ("PPPLF") at the Federal Reserve at a rate of 35 basis points to fund PPP loans. The Bank had no advances outstanding from the FHLB-NY at March 31, 2021. At March 31, 2021, based on available collateral held at the FHLB-NY, Carver Federal had the ability to borrow an additional $42.7 million on a secured basis, utilizing mortgage-related loans and securities as collateral. The bank has the ability to pledge additional loans as collateral in order to borrow up to 30% of its total assets.

The Bank's most liquid assets are cash and short-term investments. The level of these assets is dependent on the Bank's operating, investing and financing activities during any given period. At March 31, 2021 and 2020, assets qualifying for short-term liquidity, including cash and cash equivalents, totaled $75.6 million and $47.5 million, respectively.

The most significant potential liquidity challenge the Bank faces is variability in its cash flows as a result of mortgage refinance activity. When mortgage interest rates decline, customers’ refinance activities tend to accelerate, causing the cash flow from both the mortgage loan portfolio and the mortgage-backed securities portfolio to accelerate. In contrast, when mortgage interest rates increase, refinance activities tend to slow, causing a reduction of liquidity. However, in a rising rate environment, customers generally tend to prefer fixed rate mortgage loan products over variable rate products. Carver Federal is also at risk to deposit outflows due to a competitive interest rate environment.

The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows present the change in cash from operating, investing and financing activities. During fiscal year 2021, total cash and cash equivalents increased $28.1 million to $75.6 million reflecting cash provided by financing activities of $102.8 million and cash provided by operating activities of $2.2 million, partially offset by cash used in investing activities of $77.0 million. Net cash provided by financing activities of $102.8 million resulted from net

increases in deposits and borrowings of $67.7 million and $23.7 million, respectively. The net increase in deposits was primarily due to PPP loan funds deposited by the program borrowers into their accounts at the Bank and new deposit account relationships established across the Northeast as the Bank launched a program introducing new products and expanded its digital online account openings into nine states and Washington D.C. The $23.7 million increase in other borrowings was attributable to advances secured on the Bank's PPP liquidity facility at the Federal Reserve to fund PPP loans. In addition, the Company raised capital through the issuance of common and preferred shares. Net cash used in investing activities of $77.0 million was attributable to securities purchases and loan originations and purchases, net of principal repayments and payoffs.

Potential Mortgage Representation and Warranty Liabilities

During the period 2004 through 2009, the Bank originated 1-4 family residential mortgage loans and sold the loans to the FNMA. The loans were sold to FNMA with the standard representations and warranties for loans sold to the GSE's. The Bank may be required to repurchase these loans in the event of breaches of these representations and warranties. In the event of a repurchase, the Bank is typically required to pay the unpaid principal balance as well as outstanding interest and fees. The Bank then recovers the loan or, if the loan has been foreclosed, the underlying collateral. The Bank is exposed to any losses on repurchased loans after giving effect to any recoveries on the collateral.

Through fiscal 2011, none of the loans sold to FNMA were repurchased by the Bank. During the periods from fiscal 2012 through 2015, 20 loans that had been sold to FNMA were repurchased by the Bank. No loans have been repurchased by the Bank subsequent to fiscal 2015. At March 31, 2021 the Bank continues to service 100 loans with a principal balance of $16.4 million for FNMA that were sold with standard representations and warranties.

Management has established a representation and warranty reserve for losses associated with the repurchase of mortgage loans sold by the Bank to FNMA that we consider to be both probable and reasonably estimable. These reserves are reported in the consolidated statement of financial condition as a component of other liabilities. The Bank has not received a request to repurchase any of these loans since the second quarter of fiscal 2015, and there have not been any additional requests from FNMA for loans to be reviewed. The reserves totaled $181 thousand as of March 31, 2021. The table below summarizes changes in our representation and warranty reserves in fiscal 2021:


$ in thousands	March 31, 2021
Representation and warranty repurchase reserve, as of March 31, 2020 (1)	$	226
Net adjustment to reserve for repurchase losses (2)	(45)

Representation and warranty repurchase reserve, as of March 31, 2021 (1)	$	181

(1) Reported in consolidated statements of financial condition as a component of other liabilities.

(2) Component of other non-interest expense.

Additional information related to the representation and warranty reserve, including factors that may impact the adequacy of the reserves and the ultimate amount of losses incurred is found in “Note 15 Commitments and Contingencies.”

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations

The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers and in connection with its overall investment strategy. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit, interest rate and liquidity risk. In accordance with GAAP, these instruments are not recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Such instruments primarily include lending obligations, including commitments to originate mortgage and consumer loans and to fund unused lines of credit. The Bank also has contractual obligations related to operating leases. See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the Bank's outstanding lending commitments and contractual obligations at March 31, 2021.

The Bank has contractual obligations at March 31, 2021 as follows:


$ in thousands	Payments due by period
Contractual Obligations	Total		Less than 1 year		1 - 3 years		3 - 5 years		More than 5 years
Certificates of deposit	$	152,751	$	114,045	$	28,351	$	10,259	$	96
Debt obligations:

Other borrowings	23,895		72		23,820		3		—
Guaranteed preferred beneficial interest in junior subordinated debentures	16,513		—		—		—		16,513
Total debt obligations	40,408		72		23,820		3		16,513
Operating lease obligations:
Lease obligations for rental properties	18,564		2,748		5,293		4,907		5,616
Total contractual obligations	$	211,723	$	116,865	$	57,464	$	15,169	$	22,225

Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs")

The Company's subsidiary, Carver Statutory Trust I, is not consolidated with Carver Bancorp Inc. for financial reporting purposes in accordance with the FASB's ASC Topic 810 regarding the consolidation of variable interest entities. Carver Statutory Trust I was formed in 2003 for the purpose of issuing $13 million aggregate liquidation amount of floating rate Capital Securities due September 17, 2033 (“Capital Securities”) and $0.4 million of common securities (which are the only voting securities of Carver Statutory Trust I), which are 100% owned by Carver Bancorp Inc., and using the proceeds to acquire junior subordinated debentures issued by Carver Bancorp, Inc. Carver Bancorp, Inc. has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the Capital Securities along with all obligations of Carver Statutory Trust I under the trust agreement relating to the Capital Securities.

The Bank's subsidiary, CCDC, was formed to facilitate its participation in local economic development and other community-based activities. In June 2006, CCDC was selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury, in a highly competitive process, to receive an award of $59 million in NMTC. CCDC won a second NMTC award of $65 million in May 2009, and a third award of $25 million in August 2011. The NMTC awards provide a credit to Carver Federal against federal income taxes when the Bank makes qualified investments. The credits are allocated over seven years from the time of the qualified investment. Alternatively, the Bank can utilize the awards in projects where another investor entity provides funding and receives the tax benefits of the award in exchange for the Bank receiving fee income.

CCDC provides funding to underlying projects. While providing funding to investments in the NMTC eligible projects, CCDC retained a 0.01% interest in other special purpose entities created to facilitate the investments, with the investors owning the remaining 99.99%. CCDC also provides certain administrative services to these entities and receives servicing fee income during the term of the qualifying projects. The Bank has determined that it and CCDC do not have the sole power to direct the activities of these special purpose entities that significantly impact the entities' performance, and therefore are not the primary beneficiaries of these entities. The Bank has a contingent obligation to reimburse the investors for any loss or shortfall incurred as a result of the NMTC project not being in compliance with certain regulations that would void the investor's ability to otherwise utilize tax credits stemming from the award. The NMTC compliance period was completed for all these entities, which were dissolved upon exiting the NMTC projects.

The Bank's unconsolidated VIEs, in which the Company holds significant variable interests or has continuing involvement through servicing a majority of assets in a VIE are presented in the table below.


	Involvement with SPE (000s)						Funded Exposure				Unfunded Exposure				Total
	Recognized Gain (Loss) (000's)		Total Rights transferred		Significant unconsolidated VIE assets		Total Involvement with SPE asset		Debt Investments		Equity Investments		Funding Commitments		Maximum exposure to loss
Carver Statutory Trust I(1)	$	—	$	—	$	13,400	$	13,400	$	16,110	$	400	$	—	$	—	$	16,510

1 Carver Statutory Trust debt investment includes deferred interest of $3.1 million, which was paid on June 16, 2021.

Regulatory Capital Position

The Bank must satisfy minimum capital standards established by the OCC. For a description of the OCC capital regulation, see “Item 1-Regulation and Supervision-Federal Banking Regulation-Capital Requirements.” Regardless of Basel III's minimum requirements, Carver, as a result of the Formal Agreement, was issued an Individual Minimum Capital Ratio letter by the OCC, which requires the Bank to maintain minimum regulatory capital levels of 9% for its Tier 1 leverage ratio and 12% for its total risk-based capital ratio.

At March 31, 2021, the Bank had a common equity Tier 1 ratio, Tier 1 leverage ratio, Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio, and total risk-based capital ratio of 14.41%, 10.01%, 14.41% and 15.56%, respectively. For additional information regarding Carver Federal's Regulatory Capital and Ratios, refer to Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Stockholders' Equity.”

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

The financial statements and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere herein have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The impact of inflation is reflected in the increased cost of Carver Federal's operations. Unlike most industrial companies, nearly all the assets and liabilities of the Bank are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a greater impact on Carver Federal's performance than do the effects of the general level of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the prices of goods and services.

ITEM 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

See discussion of Market Risk-Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

ITEM 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

Carver Bancorp, Inc.

New York, New York

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial condition of Carver Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended March 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at March 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended March 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the Consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the Consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the Consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the Consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for loan losses

As described in Notes 2 and 4 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company has a gross loan portfolio of $483.5 million and related allowance for loan losses of $5.1 million as of March 31, 2021. The allowance for loan losses includes a general reserve of $5.0 million and a specific reserve of $0.1 million. In calculating the general reserve component of the allowance for loan losses, the Company segregates the loan portfolio by loan pools and utilizes nine qualitative factors in addition to quantitative factors (historical loss experience).

We identified the qualitative factors used by management to estimate the general reserve portion of the allowance for loan losses, specifically the economic factor, as a critical audit matter. Significant management judgment is required in the evaluation of the economic factor, which include consideration of local, national economic trends, and the impact of

COVID-19. Auditing these complex judgments and assumptions involves especially challenging auditor judgment due to the nature and extent of audit evidence and effort required to address these matters.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

•Evaluating the reasonableness of assumptions used by management in forming the economic factor, by assessing whether the assumptions reflected relevant considerations and were reasonable and reliable for the purpose used.

•Evaluating the appropriateness of the data used by management in developing the economic factor by comparing it to third-party data and evaluating any contradictory evidence identified.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2016.

New York, New York

June 29, 2021


CARVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

$ in thousands except per share data	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash and due from banks	$	75,337	$	47,280
Money market investments	254		260
Total cash and cash equivalents	75,591		47,540

Investment securities:
Available-for-sale, at fair value	86,507		65,829
Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value of $8,140 and $10,564 at March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020, respectively)	7,807		10,151

Total investment securities	94,314		75,980



Loans receivable:
Real estate mortgage loans	333,422		339,825
Commercial business loans	147,680		85,659
Consumer loans	2,447		3,248
Loans, net of deferred fees and costs	483,549		428,732
Allowance for loan losses	(5,140)		(4,946)
Total loans receivable, net	478,409		423,786
Premises and equipment, net	4,611		5,377
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB-NY”) stock, at cost	552		568
Accrued interest receivable	2,640		2,052
Right-of-use assets	15,344		17,614
Other assets	5,287		5,853
Total assets	$	676,748	$	578,770

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
LIABILITIES
Deposits:
Non-interest bearing checking	$	110,525	$	57,489
Interest-bearing deposits
Interest-bearing checking	45,605		24,016
Savings	108,199		97,812
Money market	137,230		112,634
Certificates of deposit	152,723		194,287
Escrow	2,277		2,577
Total interest-bearing deposits	446,034		431,326
Total deposits	556,559		488,815
Advances from the FHLB-NY and other borrowed money	37,222		13,573
Operating lease liability	16,003		18,153
Other liabilities	14,663		9,335
Total liabilities	624,447		529,876
EQUITY
Preferred stock (par value $0.01 per share: 17,601 and 45,118 Series D shares, with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share, issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	17,601		45,118
Preferred stock (par value $0.01 per share: 3,177 Series E shares, with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share, issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021)	3,177		—
Preferred stock (par value $0.01 per share: 5,000 Series F shares, with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share, issued and outstanding at March 31, 2021)	5,000		—
Common stock (par value $0.01 per share: 10,000,000 shares authorized; 5,837,071 and 3,701,449 issued; 3,333,268 and 3,699,505 shares outstanding at March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	58		61
Additional paid-in capital	75,204		55,476
Accumulated deficit	(42,656)		(52,285)
Treasury stock, at cost (2,503,803 and 1,944 shares at March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	(2,908)		(408)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(3,175)		932
Total equity	52,301		48,894
Total liabilities and equity	$	676,748	$	578,770

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


CARVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

	Years Ended March 31,
$ in thousands except per share data	2021		2020
Interest income:
Loans	$	18,552	$	18,959
Mortgage-backed securities	708		1,230
Investment securities	953		868
Money market investments	94		570
Total interest income	20,307		21,627

Interest expense:
Deposits	3,770		4,640
Advances and other borrowed money	650		991
Total interest expense	4,420		5,631
Net interest income	15,887		15,996
(Recovery of) provision for loan losses	(100)		19
Net interest income after (recovery of) provision for loan losses	15,987		15,977

Non-interest income:
Depository fees and charges	2,637		3,147
Loan fees and service charges	357		342
Gain on sale of securities, net	1,193		—
Gain on sale of loans, net	—		66



Other	2,011		184
Total non-interest income	6,198		3,739

Non-interest expense:
Employee compensation and benefits	11,180		11,372
Net occupancy expense	4,402		4,529
Equipment, net	1,719		1,502
Data processing	2,871		1,753
Consulting fees	160		244
Federal deposit insurance premiums	355		133
Other	5,394		5,606
Total non-interest expense	26,081		25,139

Loss before income tax expense	(3,896)		(5,423)
Income tax expense	—		—
Net loss	$	(3,896)	$	(5,423)

Loss per common share:
Basic	$	(1.14)	$	(1.47)
Diluted	$	(1.14)	$	(1.47)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


CARVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

	Years Ended March 31,
$ in thousands	2021		2020
Net loss	$	(3,896)	$	(5,423)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Change in unrealized (loss) gain of securities available-for-sale, net of income tax expense of $0	(5,300)		1,871

Less: Reclassification adjustment for realized gains on sales of available-for-sale securities, net of income tax expense of $0 (due to full valuation allowance)	1,193		—

Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax	(4,107)		1,871
Total comprehensive loss, net of tax	$	(8,003)	$	(3,552)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


CARVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

$ in thousands	Preferred Stock		Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Equity


Balance—March 31, 2019	45,118		61		55,514		(52,201)		(417)		(939)		47,136
Net loss	—		—		—		(5,423)		—		—		(5,423)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—		—		—		—		1,871		1,871
Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of ASU 2016-02	—		—		—		5,339		—		—		5,339
Treasury stock activity	—		—		9		—		—		—		9
Stock based compensation expense					(47)				9				(38)
Balance—March 31, 2020	45,118		61		55,476		(52,285)		(408)		932		48,894
Net loss	—		—		—		(3,896)		—		—		(3,896)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—		—		—		—		(4,107)		(4,107)
Conversion of Series D preferred stock to common stock	(13,994)		17		13,977		—		—		—		—
Stock relinquishment	(13,523)		(2)				13,525		—		—		—
Capital contribution	—		—		2,500		—		—		—		2,500
Repurchase of common stock	—		—		—		—		(2,500)		—		(2,500)
Issuance of common stock	—		4		3,193		—		—		—		3,197
Issuance of Series E preferred stock	3,177		—		—		—		—		—		3,177
Issuance of Series F preferred stock	5,000		—		—		—		—		—		5,000

Stock based compensation expense	—		(22)		58		—		—		—		36
Balance—March 31, 2021	$	25,778	$	58	$	75,204	$	(42,656)	$	(2,908)	$	(3,175)	$	52,301

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


CARVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Years Ended March 31,
$ in thousands	2021		2020
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$	(3,896)	$	(5,423)



Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
(Recovery of) provision for loan losses	(100)		19
Stock based compensation expense	36		(38)
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,017		965

Gain on sale of real estate owned, net of market value adjustment	(80)		(208)
Gain on sale of securities, net	(1,193)		—
Gain on sale of loans, net	—		(66)


Amortization and accretion of loan premiums and discounts and deferred charges	641		501
Amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts - securities	590		989

Increase in accrued interest receivable	(588)		(33)
Decrease in other assets	593		3,397
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities	5,192		(134)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	2,212		(31)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of investments: Available-for-sale	(74,475)		—

Proceeds from sales of investments: Available-for-sale	37,802		—
Proceeds from principal payments, maturities and calls of investments: Available-for-sale	12,530		14,937
Proceeds from principal payments, maturities and calls of investments: Held-to-maturity	2,303		949
Loans held-for-investment, net of (originations) and repayments/payoffs and maturities	(28,350)		34,391

Loans purchased from third parties	(26,814)		(35,496)


Proceeds on sale of loans	—		1,360


Redemption of FHLB-NY stock	16		358
Purchase of premises and equipment	(256)		(1,286)

Proceeds from sale of real estate owned	260		511
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(76,984)		15,724
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase in deposits	67,744		8,619
Net increase (decrease) in FHLB-NY advances and other borrowings	23,705		(8,000)

Contribution of capital	2,500		—
Repurchase of common stock	(2,500)		—
Issuance of common stock	3,197		—
Issuance of preferred stock	8,177		—

Net cash provided by financing activities	102,823		619
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	28,051		16,312
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	47,540		31,228
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	75,591	$	47,540

Supplemental cash flow information:
Noncash financing and investing activities




Recognition of right-of-use asset	$	—	$	19,951
Recognition of operating lease liability	—		20,335
Recognition of finance lease asset	13		216
Recognition of finance lease liability	13		206
Retirement of preferred stock	13,523		—
Retirement of common stock	2		—

Cash paid for:
Interest	$	3,904	$	4,867
Income taxes	57		53

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

CARVER BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION

Nature of operations

Carver Bancorp, Inc. (on a stand-alone basis, the “Company” or “Registrant”), was incorporated in May 1996 and its principal wholly-owned subsidiaries are Carver Federal Savings Bank (the “Bank” or “Carver Federal”) and Alhambra Holding Corp., an inactive Delaware corporation. Carver Federal's wholly-owned subsidiaries are CFSB Realty Corp., Carver Community Development Corporation (“CCDC”) and CFSB Credit Corp., which is currently inactive. The Bank has a real estate investment trust, Carver Asset Corporation ("CAC"), that was formed in February 2004.

“Carver,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refers to the Company along with its consolidated subsidiaries. The Bank was chartered in 1948 and began operations in 1949 as Carver Federal Savings and Loan Association, a federally-chartered mutual savings and loan association. The Bank converted to a federal savings bank in 1986. On October 24, 1994, the Bank converted from a mutual holding company structure to stock form and issued 2,314,375 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share. On October 17, 1996, the Bank completed its reorganization into a holding company structure (the “Reorganization”) and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

Carver Federal’s principal business consists of attracting deposit accounts through its branches and investing those funds in mortgage loans and other investments permitted by federal savings banks. The Bank has seven branches located throughout the City of New York that primarily serve the communities in which they operate.

In September 2003, the Company formed Carver Statutory Trust I (the “Trust”) for the sole purpose of issuing trust preferred securities and investing the proceeds in an equivalent amount of floating rate junior subordinated debentures of the Company. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, “Consolidation,” Carver Statutory Trust I is unconsolidated for financial reporting purposes. On September 17, 2003, Carver Statutory Trust I issued 13,000 shares, liquidation amount $1,000 per share, of floating rate capital securities. Gross proceeds from the sale of these trust preferred debt securities of $13 million, and proceeds from the sale of the trust's common securities of $0.4 million, were used to purchase approximately $13.4 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's floating rate junior subordinated debt securities due 2033. The trust preferred debt securities are redeemable at par quarterly at the option of the Company beginning on or after September 17, 2008, and have a mandatory redemption date of September 17, 2033. Cash distributions on the trust preferred debt securities are cumulative and payable at a floating rate per annum resetting quarterly with a margin of 3.05% over the three-month LIBOR. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2017, the Company applied for and was granted regulatory approval to settle all outstanding debenture interest payments through September 2016. Such payments were made in September 2016. Interest on the debentures has been deferred beginning with the December 2016 payment, per the terms of the agreement, which permit such deferral for up to twenty consecutive quarters, as the Company is prohibited from making payments without prior regulatory approval. During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2021, the Company applied for and was granted regulatory approval to settle all outstanding debenture interest payments through June 2021. Full payment was made on June 16, 2021. The interest rate was 3.23% and the total amount of deferred interest was $3.1 million at March 31, 2021.

Carver relies primarily on dividends from Carver Federal to pay cash dividends to its stockholders, to engage in share repurchase programs and to pay principal and interest on its trust preferred debt obligation. The OCC regulates all capital distributions, including dividend payments, by Carver Federal to Carver, and the FRB regulates dividends paid by Carver. As the subsidiary of a savings and loan association holding company, Carver Federal must file a notice or an application (depending on the proposed dividend amount) with the OCC (and a notice with the FRB) prior to the declaration of each capital distribution. The OCC will disallow any proposed dividend, for among other reasons, that would result in Carver Federal’s failure to meet the OCC minimum capital requirements. In accordance with the Agreement defined directly below, Carver Federal is currently prohibited from paying any dividends without prior OCC approval, and, as such, has suspended Carver’s regular quarterly cash dividend on its common stock. There are no assurances that dividend payments to Carver will resume.

Regulation

On October 23, 2015, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted resolutions requiring, among other things, written approval from the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia prior to the declaration or payment of dividends, any increase in debt by the Company, or the redemption of Company common stock.

On May 24, 2016, the Bank entered into a Formal Agreement ("the Agreement") with the OCC to undertake certain compliance-related and other actions as further described in the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on May 27, 2016. As a result of the Agreement, the Bank must obtain the approval of the OCC prior to effecting any change in its directors or senior executive officers. The Bank may not declare or pay dividends or make any other capital distributions, including to the Company, without first filing an application with the OCC and receiving the prior approval of the OCC. Furthermore, the Bank must seek the OCC's written approval and the FDIC's written concurrence before entering into any "golden parachute payments" as that term is defined under 12 U.S.C. § 1828(k) and 12 C.F.R. Part 359. As a result of the Formal Agreement, Carver was issued an Individual Minimum Capital Ratio ("IMCR") letter by the OCC, which requires the Bank to maintain minimum regulatory capital levels of 9% for its Tier 1 leverage ratio and 12% for its total risk-based capital ratio.

NOTE 2.SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of consolidated financial statement presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Bank and the Bank's wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, Carver Asset Corporation, CFSB Realty Corp., CCDC, and CFSB Credit Corp., which is currently inactive. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated statement of financial condition and revenues and expenses for the period then ended. Amounts subject to significant estimates and assumptions are items such as the allowance for loan losses, realization of deferred tax assets, assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of securities, and the fair value of financial instruments. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance for loan losses or future writedowns of real estate owned may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions in the areas where Carver Federal has extended mortgages and other credit instruments. Actual results could differ significantly from those assumptions. Current market conditions increase the risk and complexity of the judgments in these estimates.

In addition, the OCC, Carver Federal's regulator, as an integral part of its examination process, periodically reviews Carver Federal's allowance for loan losses and, if applicable, real estate owned valuations. The OCC may require Carver Federal to recognize additions to the allowance for loan losses or additional writedowns of real estate owned based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

Recent Events

COVID-19 continues to have a significant, negative effect on families and businesses in New York and throughout the United States. While New York State went through a phased reopening upon expiration of an earlier executive order to shelter in place, maintain social distancing and close all non-essential businesses statewide, there remains a significant amount of uncertainty as certain geographic areas continue to experience surges in COVID-19 cases and governments at all levels continue to react to changes in circumstances. The prolonged pandemic, or any other epidemic of this sort that ultimately harms the global economy, the U.S. economy or the markets in which we operate could adversely affect Carver’s operations. The long-term effects of COVID-19 on the Company’s business cannot be ascertained as there remains significant uncertainty regarding the breadth and duration of business disruptions related to the virus. At this time, it is unknown if the easing of restrictions on individuals and businesses will continue and if and when businesses and their employees will be able to fully resume normal activities. In addition, new information may emerge regarding the severity of COVID-19 or the effectiveness of the vaccines developed, causing federal, state and local governments to take additional actions to contain COVID-19 or to treat its impact. Even after formal restrictions have been lifted, changes in the behavior of customers, businesses and their employees – including social distancing – as a result of the pandemic, are unknown. The Company is closely monitoring its asset quality, liquidity, and capital positions. Management is actively working to minimize the current and future impact of this unprecedented situation, and is making adjustments to operations where appropriate or necessary to help slow the spread of the virus. In addition, as a result of further actions that may be taken to contain or reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company may experience changes in the value of collateral securing outstanding loans, reductions in the credit quality of borrowers and the inability of borrowers to repay loans in accordance with their terms. The Company is actively managing the credit risk in its loan portfolio, including reviewing the industries that the Company believes are most likely to be impacted by emerging COVID-19 events. These and similar factors and events may have substantial negative effects on the business, financial condition, and results of operations of the Company and its customers.

Cash and cash equivalents

For the purpose of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash, amounts due from depository institutions and other short-term instruments with an original maturity of three months or less. The amounts due from depository institutions include an interest-bearing account held at the Federal Reserve Bank where any additional cash reserve required on demand deposits would be maintained. Currently, this reserve requirement is zero since the Bank's vault cash satisfies cash reserve requirements for deposits.

Investment Securities

When purchased, debt securities are designated as either investment securities held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or trading.

Securities are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost only if the Bank has a positive intent and ability to hold such securities to maturity. Securities held-to-maturity are carried at cost, adjusted for the amortization of premiums and the accretion of discounts using the level-yield method over the remaining period until maturity.

If not classified as held-to-maturity or trading, securities are classified as available-for-sale based upon management's ability to sell in response to actual or anticipated changes in interest rates, resulting prepayment risk or any other factors. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value. Estimated fair values of securities are based on either published or security dealers' market value if available. If quoted or dealer prices are not available, fair value is estimated using quoted or dealer prices for similar securities.

Securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading securities and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings.

The Company adopted ASU 2016-01 on April 1, 2018; this standard required that all equity securities are measured at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses reflected in net income. In the prior fiscal year, equity securities measured at fair value reported any change in unrealized gains and losses through other comprehensive income.

The Company conducts periodic reviews to identify and evaluate each investment that has an unrealized holding loss. Unrealized holding gains or losses for securities available-for-sale are excluded from earnings and reported net of deferred income taxes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a component of Stockholders' Equity. Following Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") guidance, the amount of an other-than-temporary impairment when there are credit and non-credit losses on a debt security which management does not intend to sell, and for which it is more likely than not that the Bank will not be required to sell the security prior to the recovery of the non-credit impairment, the portion of the total impairment that is attributable to the credit loss would be recognized in earnings. The remaining difference between the debt security's amortized cost basis and its fair value would be included in other comprehensive income (loss). There were no other-than-temporary impairment charges recorded during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. Gains or losses on sales of securities of all classifications are recognized based on the specific identification method.

Loans Held-for-Sale

Loans are only transferred to held-for-sale classification upon the determination by Carver to sell a loan. Held-for-sale loans are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The initial charge-off, if any is required, will be taken upon the transfer to held-for-sale and absorbed through Carver's loan loss reserve. Subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in earnings as a valuation allowance. The valuation methodology for loans held-for-sale varies based upon the circumstances. Held-for-sale values may be based upon accepted offer amounts, appraised value of underlying mortgaged premises, prior loan loss experience of Carver in connection with recent loan sales for the loan type in question, and/or other acceptable valuation methods.

Loans Receivable

Loans receivable are carried at unpaid principal balances plus unamortized premiums, certain deferred direct loan origination costs and deferred loan origination fees and discounts, less the allowance for loan losses and charge-offs.

The Bank defers loan origination fees and certain direct loan origination costs and amortizes or accretes such amounts as an adjustment of yield over the contractual lives of the related loans using methodologies which approximate the interest method. Premiums and discounts on loans purchased are amortized or accreted as an adjustment of yield over the contractual

lives of the related loans, adjusted for prepayments when applicable, using methodologies which approximate the interest method.

Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when they are past due 90 days or more as to contractual obligations or when other circumstances indicate that collection is not probable. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, any interest accrued but not received is reversed against interest income. Payments received on a nonaccrual loan are either applied to protective advances, the outstanding principal balance or recorded as interest income, depending on an assessment of the ability to collect the loan. A nonaccrual loan may be restored to accrual status when principal and interest payments have been brought current and the loan has performed in accordance with its contractual terms for a reasonable period (generally six months).

If the Bank determines that a loan is impaired, the Bank next determines the amount of the impairment. The amount of impairment on collateral dependent loans is charged off within the given fiscal quarter. Generally the amount of the loan and negative escrow in excess of the appraised value less estimated selling costs, for the fair value of collateral valuation method, is charged off. For all other loans, impairment is measured as described below in Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses ("ALLL")

The adequacy of the Bank's ALLL is determined, in accordance with the Interagency Policy Statement on the Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (the “Interagency Policy Statement”) released by the OCC on December 13, 2006 and in accordance with ASC Subtopics 450-20 "Loss Contingencies" and 310-10 "Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan." Compliance with the Interagency Policy Statement includes management's review of the Bank's loan portfolio, including the identification and review of individual problem situations that may affect a borrower's ability to repay. In addition, management reviews the overall portfolio quality through an analysis of delinquency and non-performing loan data, estimates of the value of underlying collateral, current charge-offs and other factors that may affect the portfolio, including a review of regulatory examinations, an assessment of current and expected economic conditions and changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio.

General Reserve Allowance

Carver's maintenance of a general reserve allowance in accordance with ASC Subtopic 450-20 includes the Bank evaluating the risk of potential loss on homogeneous pools of loans based upon historical loss factors and a review of nine different environmental factors that are then applied to each pool. The pools of loans (“Loan Type”) are:

•One-to-four family

•Multifamily

•Commercial Real Estate

•Business Loans

•Consumer (including Overdraft Accounts)

The Bank next applies to each pool a risk factor that determines the level of general reserves for that specific pool. The Bank estimates its historical charge-offs via a lookback analysis. The actual historical loss experience by major loan category is expressed as a percentage of the outstanding balance of all loans within the category. As the loss experience for a particular loan category increases or decreases, the level of reserves required for that particular loan category also increases or decreases. The Bank’s historical charge-off rate reflects the period over which the charge-offs were confirmed and recognized, not the period over which the earlier losses occurred. That is, the charge-off rate measures the confirmation of losses over a period that occurs after the earlier actual losses. During the period between the loss-causing events and the eventual confirmations of losses, conditions may have changed. There is always a time lag between the period over which average charge-off rates are calculated and the date of the financial statements. During that period, conditions may have changed. Another factor influencing the General Reserve is the Bank’s loss emergence period ("LEP") assumptions which represent the Bank’s estimate of the average amount of time from the point at which a loss is incurred to the point at which the loss is confirmed, either through the identification of the loss or a charge-off. Based upon adequate management information systems and effective methodologies for estimating losses, management has established a LEP floor of one year on all pools. In some

pools, such as Commercial Real Estate, Multifamily and Business pools, the Bank demonstrates a LEP in excess of 12 months. The Bank also recognizes losses in accordance with regulatory charge-off criteria.