CASSAVA SCIENCES INC - Quarter Report: 2020 March (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_____________________



Form 10-Q

_____________________



For the Quarterly Period Ended March  31, 2020

or



Commission File Number: 000-29959

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Cassava Sciences, Inc.

 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)





7801 N. Capital of Texas Highway,  Suite 260,  Austin,  TX 78731

 (512)  501-2444

(Address, including zip code, of registrant’s principal executive offices and

telephone number, including area code)



Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:





Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☑   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐   No ☑

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.





 



 

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CASSAVA SCIENCES, INC.



TABLE OF CONTENTS



 



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PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION



Item 1. Financial Statements



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See accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.

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See accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.

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See accompanying notes to condensed financial statements.

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Cassava Sciences, Inc.



Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(Unaudited)



Note 1.  General and Liquidity



Cassava Sciences, Inc. (the “Company”) develops proprietary drugs that offer significant improvements to patients and healthcare professionals. The Company generally focuses its drug development efforts on disorders of the nervous system.



The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, the financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management of the Company, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March  31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim period or for the year 2020.  For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.  



Liquidity



The Company has incurred significant net losses and negative cash flows since inception, and as a result has an accumulated deficit of $169.7 million at March 31, 2020.  The Company expects its cash requirements to be significant in the future. The amount and timing of the Company’s future cash requirements will depend on regulatory and market acceptance of its product candidates and the resources it devotes to researching and developing, formulating, manufacturing, commercializing and supporting its products. The Company may seek additional funding through public or private financing in the future, if such funding is available and on terms acceptable to the Company. There are no assurances that additional financing will be available on favorable terms, or at all. However, management believes that the current working capital position will be sufficient to meet the Company’s working capital needs for at least the next 12 months.



The recent, widespread outbreak of a novel infectious disease called Coronavirus Disease 2019, or COVID-19, has not significantly impacted the Company’s operations or financial condition as of May 6, 2020. However, this pandemic has created a dynamic and uncertain situation in the national economy. The Company continues to closely monitor the latest information to make timely, informed business decisions and public disclosures regarding the potential impact of pandemic on its operations and financial condition. The scope of pandemic is unprecedented and its long-term impact on the Company’s operations and financial condition cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.





Note 2.  Significant Accounting Policies 

 

Use of Estimates 

 

The Company makes estimates and assumptions in preparing its financial statements in conformity with GAAP. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenue earned and expenses incurred during the reporting period. The Company evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis, including those estimates related to agreements, research collaborations and investments. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. 

 

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Concentration of Credit Risk 

 

The Company invests in cash and cash equivalents. The Company considers highly-liquid financial instruments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Highly liquid investments that are considered

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cash equivalents include money market funds, certificates of deposits, and treasury bills. The Company maintains its investments at one financial institution.



Fair Value Measurements



The Company reports its cash and cash equivalents at fair value as Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 using the following inputs:





If a financial instrument uses inputs that fall in different levels of the hierarchy, the instrument will be categorized based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value calculation. Certificates of deposit totaling $20.0 million and $13.0 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, are included within cash equivalents as a Level 2 input. The fair value of the remainder of cash and cash equivalents was based on Level 1 inputs at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. 

 

Proceeds from Grants 

 

 During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company received reimbursements totaling $1.3 million and $0.8 million pursuant to National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) research grants, respectively.  The Company records the proceeds from these grants as reductions to its research and development expenses. 

  

Non-cash Stock-based Compensation  

 

The Company recognizes non-cash expense for the fair value of all stock options and other share-based awards. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option valuation model (“Black-Scholes”) to calculate the fair value of stock options, using the single-option award approach and straight-line attribution method. For all options granted, it recognizes the resulting fair value as expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of each respective stock option, generally four years. 

 

The Company has granted share-based awards that vest upon achievement of certain performance criteria (“Performance Awards”). The Company multiplies the number of Performance Awards by the fair market value of its common stock on the date of grant to calculate the fair value of each award. It estimates an implicit service period for achieving performance criteria for each award. The Company recognizes the resulting fair value as expense over the implicit service period when it concludes that achieving the performance criteria is probable. It periodically reviews and updates as appropriate its estimates of implicit service periods and conclusions on achieving the performance criteria. Performance Awards vest and common stock is issued upon achievement of the performance criteria.

 

Net Loss per Share

 

The Company computes basic net loss per share on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the reporting period. Diluted net loss per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus potential dilutive common shares outstanding using the treasury-stock method. Potential dilutive common shares consist of outstanding common stock options and warrants.  There is no difference between the Company’s net loss and comprehensive loss.

 

The Company included the following in the calculation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share data):



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The Company excluded common stock options and warrants outstanding from the calculation of net loss per share, diluted, because the effect of including options and warrants outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.

 

Fair Value of Financial Instruments   

Financial instruments include accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The estimated fair value of certain financial instruments may be determined using available market information or other appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop estimates of fair value; therefore, the estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized or would be paid in a current market exchange. The effect of using different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may be material to the estimated fair value amounts. The carrying amounts of accounts payable and accrued liabilities are at cost, which approximates fair value due to the short maturity of those instruments.

 

Income Taxes  

 

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases.  Deferred tax balances are adjusted to reflect tax rates based on currently enacted tax laws, which will be in effect in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse.  The Company has accumulated significant deferred tax assets that reflect the tax effects of net operating loss and tax credit carryovers and temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Realization of certain deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings. The Company is uncertain about the timing and amount of any future earnings. Accordingly, the Company offsets these deferred tax assets with a valuation allowance.



The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes”, which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. These provisions require recognition of the impact of a tax position in the Company’s financial statements only if that position is more likely than not of being sustained upon examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. Any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions will be reflected as a component of income tax expense.



Research Contract Costs and Accruals

The Company has entered into various research and development contracts with research institutions and other third-party vendors. These agreements are generally cancelable, and related payments are recorded as research and development expenses as incurred. The Company records accruals for estimated ongoing research costs. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the studies including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates are made in determining the accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates. The Company’s historical accrual estimates have not been materially different from actual costs.   



Right-of-use Asset and Liability



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The Company has a single non-cancelable operating lease for approximately 6,000 square feet of office space in Austin, Texas that expires on December 31, 2020, which is used for the development of novel drugs.

 

The Company recognize assets and liabilities that arise from leases.  For operating leases, the Company is required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in the statement of financial position. The Company utilized a discount rate of 5.5% to determine the present value of the future lease payments which represents the Company’s incremental borrowing rate.



The Company recorded a reduction of the non-current portion of the lease liability and an offsetting reduction in the right-of-use assets of $22,500 during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. See additional information regarding leases in Note 5 – Commitments.

 

 

Note 3.  Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation Expense



Stockholders’ Equity Activity during the Three Months Ended March  31, 2020 and 2019



During the three months ended March  31, 2020 and 2019,  the Company’s common stock outstanding and stockholders’ equity changed as follows:







At-the-Market (ATM) Common Stock Offering 



On March 27, 2020,  the Company established an at-the-market offering program (ATM) to sell, from time to time, shares of Company common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100,000,000 in transactions pursuant to a shelf registration statement that was declared effective by the SEC on May 5, 2020. The Company is obligated to pay a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock in the offering. The Company is not obligated to sell any shares in the offering. 



There were no common stock sales under the ATM during the three months ended March 31, 2020.  



Common Stock Warrants



In August 2018, the Company issued warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 9.1 million shares of its common stock in conjunction with an offering of its common stock. As of March 31, 2020, 1.6 million warrants remain outstanding, each with a strike price of $1.25 per share. Subject to certain ownership limitations described in the

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warrants, the warrants will remain exercisable until expiration on February 17, 2021. The warrants will be exercisable on a “cashless” basis in certain circumstances, including while there is no effective registration statement registering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants at any time until the expiry of the warrants. Such registration statement was declared effective by the SEC on January 30, 2019. The warrants provide that holders will have the right to participate in any rights offering or distribution of assets together with the holders of common stock on an as-exercised basis.



During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company received proceeds of $3.6 million from the exercise of 2.9 million warrants. There were no warrants exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2019.



Subsequent to March 31, 2020, the Company received proceeds of $62,500 from the exercise of an additional 50,000 warrants. 



Stock Option and Performance Award Activity in 2020



During the three months ended March  31, 2020, stock options and unvested Performance Awards outstanding under the Company’s stock option plans changed as follows:









The weighted average exercise price of options outstanding at March  31, 2020 was $12.22. As outstanding options vest over the current remaining vesting period of 2.5 years, the Company expects to recognize non-cash expense of $2.0 million. If and when outstanding Performance Awards vest, the Company would recognize non-cash expense of $2.3 million over the implicit service period.



Stock-based Compensation Expense in 2020



During the three months ended March  31, 2020 and 2019,  the Company’s non-cash stock-based compensation expenses were as follows (in thousands):

 

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

  

In January 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the Company’s 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”). The Company’s Board of Directors or a designated committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for administration of the 2018 Plan and determines the terms and conditions of each option granted, consistent with the terms of the 2018 Plan. The Company’s employees, directors, and consultants are eligible to receive awards under the 2018 Plan, including grants of stock options and performance awards. Share-based awards generally expire ten years from the date of grant. The 2018 Plan provides for issuance of up to 1,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share under the 2018 Plan, subject to adjustment as provided in the 2018 Plan.

  

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When stock options or performance awards are exercised net of the exercise price and taxes, the number of shares of stock issued is reduced by the number of shares equal to the amount of taxes owed by the award recipient and that number of shares are cancelled. The Company then uses its cash to pay tax authorities the amount of statutory taxes owed by and on behalf of the award recipient.





Note 4.  Income Taxes 



The Company did not provide for income taxes during the three months ended March  31, 2020, because it has projected a net loss for the full year 2020 for which any benefit will be offset by an increase in the valuation allowance. There was also no provision for income taxes for the three months ended March  31, 2019.



 

Note 5.  Commitments



The Company conducts its product research and development programs through a combination of internal and collaborative programs that include, among others, arrangements with universities, contract research organizations and clinical research sites. The Company has contractual arrangements with these organizations that are cancelable. The Company’s obligations under these contracts are largely based on services performed.



The Company has a non-cancelable operating lease for approximately 6,000 square feet of office space in Austin, Texas that expires on December 31, 2020. Minimum lease payments as of March  31, 2020 were as follows (in thousands):







Building rent expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 totaled $25,000 and $24,000, respectively. These amounts were equal to the Company’s operating cash outflow from operating leases.

 



Note 6.  Collaboration Agreement



The Company had formerly entered into a Development and License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Durect Corporation around certain controlled-release technology. On March 20, 2019, the Company gave notice of termination for such License Agreement.  This and other actions effectively ended the Company’s development of any product candidates related to such technology.





Note 7.  Sale of Property and Equipment



During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company completed the sale, to an independent third party, of fully depreciated surplus manufacturing equipment and received net proceeds totaling $100,000.





Note 8.  Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements



In December 2019, the FABS issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Simplifying Accounting for Income Taxes as part of its initiative to reduce complexity in the accounting standards. The guidance amended certain disclosure requirements that had become redundant, outdated or superseded. Additionally, this guidance amends accounting for the interim period effects of changes in tax laws or rates, and simplifies aspects of the

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accounting for franchise taxes. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020, and is applicable for the Company in fiscal 2021. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not anticipate that this guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.



In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction Between Topic 808 and Topic 606. The amendments in this update provide guidance on how to assess whether certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for within the revenue recognition standard. The amendments in this update are effective for interim and annual periods for the Company beginning on January 1, 2020. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.



In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”), which is designed to improve the effectiveness of disclosures by removing, modifying and adding disclosures related to fair value measurements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.  





Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations



This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Cassava Sciences, Inc.’s (the “Company,”, “we,” “us,” or “our”) financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Operating results are not necessarily indicative of results that may occur in future periods.



This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain statements that are considered forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Reform Act of 1995. We intend that such statements be protected by the safe harbor created thereby. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “should,” “will” and “would” or the negatives of these terms or other comparable terminology.



The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and our actual results and the timing of events may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Examples of such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to statements about:

















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Such forward-looking statements and our business involve risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to the following:  

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Please also refer to the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, as such risk factors may be amended, updated or modified periodically in our reports filed with the SEC for further information on these and other risks affecting us.

 

We caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because our future results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by them. We do not intend to update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, relating to the matters discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, except as required by law.



Our research programs in neurodegeneration benefit from longstanding scientific and financial support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The contents of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are solely our responsibility and do not necessarily represent any official views of NIH.



Overview



Cassava Sciences, Inc. is a clinical stage biotechnology company. Our mission is to detect and treat neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Our novel science is based on stabilizing – but not removing – a critical protein in the brain.



Over the past 10 years, we have combined state-of-the-art technology with new insights in neurobiology to develop novel solutions for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Our strategy is to leverage our unique scientific/clinical platform to develop a first-in-class program for treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s.  



We currently have two clinical-stage biopharmaceutical assets under development:







Our scientific approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease seeks to simultaneously improve both neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. We believe our ability to improve multiple vital functions in the brain represents a new, different and crucial approach to address Alzheimer’s disease.

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Our lead therapeutic product candidate, PTI-125, is a proprietary small molecule (oral) drug. PTI-125 targets an altered form of a protein called filamin A (FLNA) in the Alzheimer’s brain. Published studies have demonstrated that the altered form of FLNA causes neuronal dysfunction, neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation.



We believe PTI-125 improves brain health by reverting altered FLNA back to its native, healthy confirmation, thus countering the downstream toxic effects of altered FLNA. We have generated and published experimental and clinical evidence of improved brain health with PTI-125. Importantly, PTI-125 is not dependent on clearing amyloid from the brain. Since PTI-125 has a unique mechanism of action, we believe its potential therapeutic effects may be additive or synergistic with that of other therapeutic candidates aiming to treat neurodegeneration.



PTI-125 has demonstrated a multitude of beneficial effects in animal models of disease, including normalizing neurotransmission, decreasing neuroinflammation, suppressing neurodegeneration, and restoring memory and cognition.



In 2019, we completed a small, first-in-human, clinical-proof-of-concept, open-label Phase 2a study of PTI-125 in the U.S., with substantial support from the National Institute on Aging (NIA), a division of NIH. Treatment with PTI-125 for 28 days significantly improved key biomarkers of Alzheimer’s pathology, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation (p<0.001).  Biomarkers effects were seen in all patients in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. To our knowledge, no other drug candidate has improved an entire panel of biomarkers of in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.



In March 2020, we announced the completion of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, confirmatory study of PTI-125 in 64 patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease, 50-85 years of age, with MMSE scores 16 to 26. Study participants received PTI-125 100 mg, 50 mg or matching placebo, twice-daily, for 28 continuous days. The study’s primary endpoint is the effect of PTI-125 on levels of tau protein, as compared to placebo, with other biomarker assessments. We expect to announce Phase 2b results approximately mid-2020.



On March 25, 2020, we announced the initiation of an open-label extension study to evaluate PTI-125 in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. This open-label, multi-center, extension study will monitor the long-term safety and tolerability of PTI-125 at 100 mg twice-daily for 12 months. The study’s target enrollment is approximately 100 patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease, including patients from prior studies of PTI-125. This study is approximately 20% enrolled.



Our diagnostic effort, called SavaDx, is an early-stage program focused on detecting Alzheimer’s disease from a small sample of blood, possibly years before the overt appearance of clinical symptoms. We are developing SavaDx as a fast, accurate and quantitative blood-based investigational biomarker/diagnostic to detect and monitor Alzheimer's disease. The goal is to make the detection of Alzheimer’s disease as simple as getting a blood test. 



Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects cognition, function and behavior. An estimated 5.8 million Americans are living with Alzheimer’s disease in 2020, according to the Alzheimer’s Association, a non-profit organization. There are no disease-modifying drug therapies to treat the disease.



PTI-125 and SavaDx were both discovered and designed in-house and were characterized by our academic collaborators during research activities that were conducted from approximately 2008 to date. We own exclusive, worldwide rights to these drug assets and related technologies, without royalty obligations to any third party. Our patent protection in this area currently runs through 2034.



Impact of COVID-19 on our Business



In these times of pandemic, our top priorities are to protect the health, well-being, and safety of our employees and partners, while still focusing on the key drivers of our business. We believe we remain on-track to achieve our major strategic objectives for 2020. We have not experienced major disruptions across our drug manufacturing operations or supply of materials. Our broad spectrum of technical consultants, scientific advisors and service providers continue to provide timely services. We have adapted flexible business practices, such as remote work arrangements and temporary travel restrictions, to insure we continue to operate safety and cautiously while also meeting our public health responsibilities. We recognize the pandemic has created a dynamic and uncertain situation

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in the national economy. We continue to closely monitor the latest information to make timely, informed business decisions and public disclosures regarding the potential impact of pandemic on our operations. However, the scope of pandemic is unprecedented and its long-term impact on our operations cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.



Financial Overview



We have yet to generate any revenues from product sales. We have an accumulated deficit of $169.7 million at March  31, 2020. These losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in connection with research and development activities, salaries and other personnel-related costs and general corporate expenses. Research and development activities include costs of preclinical and clinical trials as well as clinical supplies associated with our drug candidates. Salaries and other personnel-related costs include non-cash stock-based compensation associated with stock options and other equity awards granted to employees and non-employees. Our operating results may fluctuate substantially from period to period as a result of the timing of reimbursement from NIH grants, preclinical activities, enrollment rates of clinical trials for our drug candidates and our need for clinical supplies.



We expect to continue to use significant cash resources in our operations for the next several years. Our cash requirements for operating activities and capital expenditures may increase substantially in the future as we: 

















Product revenue will depend on our ability to receive regulatory approvals for, and successfully market, our product candidates. If our development efforts result in regulatory approval and successful commercialization of our product candidates, we will generate revenue from direct sales of our drugs and/or, if we license our drugs to future collaborators, from the receipt of license fees and royalties from sales of licensed products. We conduct our research and development programs through a combination of internal and collaborative programs. We rely on arrangements with universities, our collaborators, contract research organizations and clinical research sites for a significant portion of our product development efforts.

We focus substantially all of our research and development efforts in the area of neurology. The following table summarizes expenses which have been reduced for reimbursements received for NIH grants (in thousands):



Research and development expenses include compensation, contractor fees and supplies as well as allocated common costs. Contractor fees and supplies generally include expenses for preclinical studies and clinical trials and costs for formulation and manufacturing activities. Other common costs include the allocation of common costs such as facilities. During the three months ended March  31, 2020 and 2019, we received $1.3 million and $0.8 million from NIH research grants, respectively. These reimbursements were recorded as a reduction to our research and development expenses.



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Our technology has been applied across certain of our product candidates. Data, know-how, personnel, clinical results, research results and other matters related to the research and development of any one of our product candidates also relate to, and further the development of, our other product candidates. As a result, costs allocated to a specific drug candidate may not necessarily reflect the actual costs surrounding research and development of that product candidate due to cross application of the foregoing.



Estimating the dates of completion of clinical development, and the costs to complete development, of our drug candidates would be highly speculative, subjective and potentially misleading. Pharmaceutical products take a significant amount of time to research, develop and commercialize. The clinical trial portion of the development of a new drug alone usually spans several years. We expect to reassess our future research and development plans based on our review of data we receive from our current research and development activities. The cost and pace of our future research and development activities are linked and subject to change.





Critical Accounting Policies



The preparation of our financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and interest income in our financial statements and accompanying notes. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis, including those estimates related to agreements, research collaborations and investments. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The following items in our financial statements require significant estimates and judgments:





We have granted share-based awards that vest upon achievement of certain performance criteria, or Performance Awards. We multiply the number of Performance Awards by the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant to calculate the fair value of each award. We estimate an implicit service period for achieving performance criteria for each award. We recognize the resulting fair value as expense over the implicit service period when we conclude that achieving the performance criteria is probable. We periodically review and update as appropriate our estimates of implicit service periods and conclusions on achieving the performance criteria. Performance Awards vest and common stock is issued upon achievement of the performance criteria.



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We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes”, which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. These provisions require recognition of the impact of a tax position in our financial statements only if that position is more likely than not of being sustained upon examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. Any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions will be reflected as a component of income tax expense.







Results of Operations – Three Months Ended March 31, 2020 and 2019



Research and Development Expense



Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs of drug development work associated with our product candidates, including:





Research and development expenses were $0.5 million and $0.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. While Phase 2 clinical program costs were higher in 2020, the 5%  decrease was due primarily to an increase in grant funding received from NIH compared to the prior year. Receipts from NIH grants are recorded as a reduction in research and development expenses. During the three months ended March  31, 2020 and 2019, we received $1.3 million and $0.8 million from research grants from NIH, respectively.



Our research and development expenses may fluctuate from period to period due to the timing and scope of our development activities, the timing and amount of any reimbursement from NIH, and the results of clinical trials and pre-clinical studies.



General and Administrative Expense



General and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs, allocated expenses and other expenses for outside professional services, including legal, human resources, audit and accounting services. Personnel costs consist of salaries, bonus, benefits and stock-based compensation. Allocated expenses consist primarily of facility costs. We incur expenses associated with operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”), additional insurance expenses, additional audit expenses, investor relations activities, Sarbanes-Oxley compliance expenses and other administrative expenses and professional services.



General and administrative expenses were $0.8 million and $0.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The 11% decrease was due primarily to a decrease in non-cash stock-based compensation related expense. 



We expect our general and administrative expenses during the remainder of 2020 to be consistent with 2019 expenses.



Gain on Sale of Property and Equipment

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During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we completed the sale, to an independent third party, of fully depreciated surplus manufacturing equipment and received net proceeds totaling $100,000. There was no gain on sale of property and equipment during the three months ended March 31, 2019.



We expect any future gain on sale of property and equipment, if any, to be infrequent.



Interest Income



Interest and other income, net, was $72,000 and $92,000 during the three months ended March  31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We expect interest income to decrease in 2020 compared to 2019 due to fluctuations in interest rates partially offset by higher cash balances due to proceeds from the exercise of common stock warrants in 2020.



Liquidity and Capital Resources



Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through public and private stock offerings, payments received under collaboration agreements and interest earned on our investments. We intend to continue to use our capital resources to fund research and development activities, capital expenditures, working capital requirements and other general corporate purposes. As of March 31, 2020, cash and cash equivalents were $25.6 million.



Common Stock Warrants



In August 2018, we issued warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 9.1 million shares of our common stock in conjunction with an offering of our common stock.  As of March 31, 2020, 1.6 million warrants remain outstanding, each with a strike price of $1.25 per share. Subject to certain ownership limitations described in the warrants, the warrants will remain exercisable until expiration on February 17, 2021. The warrants will be exercisable on a “cashless” basis in certain circumstances, including while there is no effective registration statement registering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants at any time until the expiry of the warrants. Such registration statement was declared effective by the SEC on January 30, 2019. The warrants provide that holders will have the right to participate in any rights offering or distribution of assets together with the holders of common stock on an as-exercised basis.



During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we received proceeds of $3.6 million from the exercise of 2.9 million warrants. There were no warrants exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2019.



Subsequent to March 31, 2020, we received proceeds of $62,500 from the exercise of an additional 50,000 warrants.



At-the-Market Common Stock Offering 



On March 27, 2020,  we established an at-the-market offering program (ATM) to sell, from time to time, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100 million in transactions pursuant to a shelf registration statement that was declared effective by the SEC on May 5, 2020.  We are obligated to pay a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock in the offering. We are not obligated to sell any shares in the offering. 



There were no common stock sales under the ATM during the three months ended March 31, 2020. 



NIH Research Grant Awards



Our research has been supported by NIH under multiple research grant awards. Strong, long-term support from NIH has allowed us to advance our two lead product candidates, PTI-125 and SavaDx, into clinical development.



In March 2020, we were awarded a supplemental research funding grant from NIH of up to $374,000. In April 2020,  we were awarded a  research grant from NIH of up to $2.5 million. These new, non-dilutive research grants are intended to strengthen our clinical program of PTI-125,  our investigational drug to treat Alzheimer’s disease. All of our NIH research grant awards are paid out in increments based on milestone-based technical progress. 

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Use of Cash



Net cash used in operating activities was $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, resulting primarily from the net loss reported of $1.2 million partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $0.3 million and changes in operating liabilities of $0.2 million.



 Net cash used in operating activities was $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, resulting primarily from the net loss reported of $1.3 million partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $0.3 million and changes in operating liabilities of $0.4 million.



Net cash provided by investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was $100,000 for proceeds received from the sale of property and equipment.  Net cash used in investing activities was $18,000 for the three months ended March  31, 2019, resulting primarily from the purchase of equipment. 



Net cash provided by financing activities during the three months ended March  31, 2020 was $3.6 million, resulting from proceeds from exercise of common stock warrants during the period.  



Net cash used in financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2019 was $0.1 million, resulting primarily from the issuance costs incurred during the period.



We have a non-cancelable operating lease for approximately 6,000 square feet of office space in Austin, Texas that expires on December 31, 2020. Future minimum lease payments total $75,000 for the nine months ending December 31, 2020.



We have an accumulated deficit of $169.7 million as of March 31, 2020. We expect our cash requirements to be significant in the future. The amount and timing of our future cash requirements will depend on regulatory and market acceptance of our drug candidates, the resources we devote to researching and developing, formulating, manufacturing, commercializing and supporting our products and other corporate needs. We believe that our current resources will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. We may seek additional future funding through public or private financing in the future, if such funding is available and on terms acceptable to us. However, there are no assurances that additional financing will be available on favorable terms, or at all.





Off-balance Sheet Arrangements



As of March 31, 2020, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. Therefore, we are not materially exposed to financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in these relationships. We do not have relationships or transactions with persons or entities that derive benefits from their non-independent relationship with us or our related parties.



 

Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk



Per Item 305(e) of Regulation S-K, the information called for by this Item 3 is not required. 



 

Item 4. Controls and Procedures



Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer,  evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer (as Principal Executive Officer) and our Chief Financial Officer (as Principal Financial Officer) have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information we are required to

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disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.



Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March  31, 2020, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.



Changes in internal control over financial reporting.  There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified during the three months ended March  31, 2020 that has material affected, or is reasonable likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. 



 

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION



Item 1.  Legal Proceedings



None.



Item 1A.  Risk Factors



There have been no material changes to our risk factors from those disclosed under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10‑K. The risks and uncertainties described in our 2019 Annual Report on Form 10‑K are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. 





Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds



None.





Item 3.  Defaults Upon Senior Securities



None.





Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures



Not applicable.





Item 5.  Other Information



None.



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Item 6.  Exhibits



The following exhibits have been filed with this report:









 

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SIGNATURES





Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

























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