CASTLE BIOSCIENCES INC - Quarter Report: 2023 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


(Mark One)
☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _________

Commission File Number: 001-38984

CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware						77-0701774
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

505 S. Friendswood Drive, Suite 401, Friendswood, Texas						77546
(Address of principal executive offices)						(Zip Code)

(866) 788-9007

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share	CSTL	The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of ‘‘large accelerated filer,’’ ‘‘accelerated filer,’’ ‘‘smaller reporting company,’’ and ‘‘emerging growth company’’ in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of April 24, 2023, there were 26,691,286 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, issued and outstanding.

Table of Contents


		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022	1
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	2
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	4
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	5
	Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	35
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	35
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	35
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	81
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	81
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	81
Item 5.	Other Information	81
Item 6.	Exhibits	81
SIGNATURES		83

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)



	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
ASSETS	(unaudited)
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	114,821	$	122,948
Marketable investment securities	117,234		135,677
Accounts receivable, net	27,728		23,476
Inventory	4,520		3,980
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	6,797		6,207
Total current assets	271,100		292,288
Long-term accounts receivable, net	1,218		1,087
Property and equipment, net	18,254		14,315
Operating lease assets	11,401		12,181
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	124,126		126,348
Other assets – long-term	792		1,110
Total assets	$	426,891	$	447,329

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	$	9,961	$	4,731
Accrued compensation	12,796		24,358

Operating lease liabilities	1,779		1,777
Other accrued and current liabilities	5,607		5,262
Total current liabilities	30,143		36,128

Noncurrent operating lease liabilities	11,103		11,533
Deferred tax liability	441		428
Other liabilities	55		90
Total liabilities	41,742		48,179
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; no shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022	—		—
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 200,000,000 shares authorized as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 26,686,201 and 26,553,681 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	27		27
Additional paid-in capital	575,367		560,409
Accumulated deficit	(190,109)		(160,905)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(136)		(381)
Total stockholders’ equity	385,149		399,150
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	426,891	$	447,329

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except per share data)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
NET REVENUES	$	42,037	$	26,852
OPERATING EXPENSES
Cost of sales (exclusive of amortization of acquired intangible assets)	10,182		5,944
Research and development	14,393		10,761
Selling, general and administrative	46,762		30,453
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	2,222		1,648
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	—		2,562

Total operating expenses, net	73,559		51,368
Operating loss	(31,522)		(24,516)
Interest income	2,336		30
Interest expense	(4)		(3)


Loss before income taxes	(29,190)		(24,489)
Income tax expense	14		134
Net loss	$	(29,204)	$	(24,623)





Loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(1.10)	$	(0.97)



Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted	26,607		25,424

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net loss	$	(29,204)	$	(24,623)
Other comprehensive income:
Net unrealized gain on marketable investment securities	245		—
Comprehensive loss	$	(28,959)	$	(24,623)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands, except share data)


	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2022	—	$	—	25,378,520	$	25	$	505,482	$	(93,767)	$	—	$	411,740
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		8,419		—		—		8,419
Exercise of common stock options	—	—		62,102	—		399		—		—		399
Issuance of common stock from vested restricted stock units and payment of employees’ taxes	—	—		2,466	—		(56)		—		—		(56)
Issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan	—	—		42,332	—		1,457		—		—		1,457

Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(24,623)		—		(24,623)
BALANCE, MARCH 31, 2022	—	$	—	25,485,420	$	25	$	515,701	$	(118,390)	$	—	$	397,336














BALANCE, JANUARY 1, 2023	—	$	—	26,553,681	$	27	$	560,409	$	(160,905)	$	(381)	$	399,150
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		—	—		13,525		—		—		13,525
Exercise of common stock options	—	—		30,495	—		95		—		—		95
Issuance of common stock from vested restricted stock units and payment of employees’ taxes	—	—		24,835	—		(314)		—		—		(314)
Issuance of common stock under the employee stock purchase plan	—	—		77,190	—		1,652		—		—		1,652

Net unrealized gain on marketable investment securities	—	—		—	—		—		—		245		245
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(29,204)		—		(29,204)
BALANCE, MARCH 31, 2023	—	$	—	26,686,201	$	27	$	575,367	$	(190,109)	$	(136)	$	385,149

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

(in thousands)


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022

OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss	$	(29,204)	$	(24,623)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	2,892		2,151
Stock-based compensation expense	13,525		8,419
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	—		2,562
Deferred income taxes	13		123
Accretion of discounts on marketable investment securities	(1,229)		—
Other	211		12
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(4,383)		(2,725)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(654)		(357)
Inventory	(540)		(329)
Operating lease assets	331		222
Other assets	319		42
Accounts payable	3,896		187
Operating lease liabilities	(68)		(226)
Accrued compensation	(11,562)		(6,917)

Other accrued and current liabilities	1,014		29

Net cash used in operating activities	(25,439)		(21,430)

INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of property and equipment	(3,338)		(402)


Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	5		—
Purchases of marketable investment securities	(30,083)		—
Proceeds from maturities of marketable investment securities	50,000		—


Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	16,584		(402)

FINANCING ACTIVITIES

Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	95		399
Payment of employees’ taxes on vested restricted stock units	(314)		(56)
Proceeds from contributions to the employee stock purchase plan	982		897
Repayment of principal portion of finance lease liabilities	(35)		(24)
Net cash provided by financing activities	728		1,216

NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	(8,127)		(20,616)
Beginning of period	122,948		329,633
End of period	$	114,821	$	309,017

DISCLOSURE OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Accrued purchases of property and equipment	$	2,730	$	32
Deferred acquisition costs	$	—	$	1,026





Property and equipment acquired with tenant improvement allowance	$	89	$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

1. Organization and Description of Business

Castle Biosciences, Inc. (the ‘‘Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware on September 12, 2007. We are a commercial-stage diagnostics company focused on providing clinicians and their patients with personalized, clinically actionable information to inform treatment decisions and improve health outcomes. We are based in Friendswood, Texas (a suburb of Houston, Texas) and our laboratory operations are conducted at our facilities located in Phoenix, Arizona and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

We have a history of recurring net losses and negative cash flows and as of March 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $190.1 million. We believe our cash and cash equivalents of $114.8 million, marketable investment securities of $117.2 million as of March 31, 2023 and revenue from our test reports will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements through at least the 12-month period following the date that these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were issued.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Castle Biosciences, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (‘‘U.S. GAAP’’). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2023 and the condensed consolidated statements of operations, the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are unaudited. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of our consolidated financial position as of March 31, 2023 and the results of our consolidated operations and our consolidated cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are also unaudited. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023, any other interim periods, or any future year or period. The balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date. Certain disclosures have been condensed or omitted from the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "2022 Form 10-K") for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 28, 2023.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates include revenue recognition, the valuation of stock-based compensation, assessing future tax exposure and the realizability of deferred tax assets, the useful lives and recoverability of long-lived assets, the goodwill impairment test, the valuation of acquired intangible assets and the valuation of contingent consideration and other contingent liabilities. We base these estimates on historical and anticipated results, trends, and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and recorded revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

Cash and Cash Equivalents including Concentrations of Credit Risk

Cash equivalents consist of short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Our cash equivalents consist of money market funds, which are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), that are primarily invested in short-term U.S. government obligations. Cash deposits at financial institutions may exceed the amount of insurance provided by the FDIC. Management believes that we are not exposed to significant credit risk on our cash deposits due to the financial position of the financial institutions in which deposits are held.

Marketable Investment Securities

All debt securities are recognized in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (‘‘FASB’’) Accounting Standards Codification (‘‘ASC’’) Topic 320, Investments-Debt Securities (‘‘ASC 320’’). Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such determination at each balance sheet date. All debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and are recorded at fair value in accordance with ASC 320. We recognize the unrealized gains and losses related to changes in fair value as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within total stockholders’ equity, net of any related deferred income tax effects, on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Premiums or discounts from par value are amortized to interest income over the life of the underlying investment. Realized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are calculated at the individual security level and included in interest income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Impairments of available-for-sale debt securities, if any, are recorded in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Notes 5 and 10 for further details.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), we follow a five-step process to recognize revenues: (1) identify the contract with the customer, (2) identify the performance obligations, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations and (5) recognize revenues when the performance obligations are satisfied. We have determined that we have a contract with the patient when the treating clinician orders the test. Our contracts generally contain a single performance obligation, which is the delivery of the test report, and we satisfy our performance obligation at a point in time upon the delivery of the test report to the treating clinician, at which point we can bill for the report. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled, or the transaction price, and considers the effects of variable consideration. See Note 3 for further details.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses

We classify accounts receivable balances that are expected to be paid more than one year from the consolidated balance sheet date as noncurrent assets. The estimated timing of payment utilized as a basis for classification as noncurrent is determined by analyses of historical payor-specific payment experience, adjusted for known factors that are expected to change the timing of future payments.

We accrue an allowance for credit losses against our accounts receivable based on management’s current estimate of amounts that will not be collected. Management’s estimates are typically based on historical loss information adjusted for current conditions. We generally do not perform evaluations of customers’ financial condition and generally do not require collateral. Historically, our credit losses have not been significant. The allowance for credit losses was zero as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Adjustments for implicit price concessions attributable to variable consideration, as discussed below, are incorporated into the measurement of the accounts receivable balances and are not part of the allowance for credit losses.

Accrued Compensation

We accrue for liabilities under discretionary employee and executive bonus plans. Our estimated compensation liabilities are based on progress against corporate objectives approved by our board of directors, compensation levels of eligible individuals and target bonus percentage levels. Our board of directors reviews and evaluates the performance against these objectives and ultimately determines the actual achievement levels attained. We also accrue for liabilities under employee sales incentive bonus plans with accruals based on performance achieved to date compared to established targets. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we accrued approximately $5,858,000 and $18,209,000, respectively, for liabilities associated with these bonus plans. These amounts are classified as current or noncurrent accrued liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets based on the expected timing of payment.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense for equity instruments issued to employees is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the awards. The fair value of employee stock options and offerings under the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) are estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing valuation model. For restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”), the fair value is equal to the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant. For awards with graded vesting and only service conditions, we recognize compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. For options and RSUs, the requisite service period is generally the awards’ vesting period (typically four years). PSUs vest upon the achievement of certain performance conditions and the provision of service with us through a specified period. Accruals of compensation cost for PSUs are based on the probable outcome of the performance conditions and are reassessed each reporting period. We recognize compensation cost for PSUs separately for each vesting tranche on a ratable basis over the requisite service period. The requisite service period for PSUs is based on an analysis of vesting requirements and performance conditions for the particular award. Certain employees are entitled to acceleration of vesting of a portion of their awards upon retirement, subject to age, years of service and notice requirements. In these cases, the requisite service period takes into consideration the employee’s retirement eligibility, and is reassessed at each reporting date. For the ESPP, the requisite service period is generally the period of time from the offering date to the purchase date. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss is defined as a change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. Comprehensive loss is made up of net loss plus net unrealized gain (loss) on marketable investment securities, which is our only other item of other comprehensive income (loss).

3. Revenue

All of our revenues from contracts with customers are associated with the provision of diagnostic and prognostic testing services. Our revenues are primarily attributable to our DecisionDx®-Melanoma test for cutaneous melanoma. We also provide a test for patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (“SCC”), DecisionDx®-SCC, a test for use in patients with suspicious pigmented lesions, MyPath® Melanoma, a test for uveal melanoma (“UM”), DecisionDx®-UM and a test for patients diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus (“BE”), the TissueCypher® Barrett’s Esophagus Test. We also began offering a pharmacogenomics (“PGx”) testing service focused on mental health, IDgenetix®, following a business combination completed in April 2022. Information on the disaggregation of revenues is included below.

Once we satisfy our performance obligations and bill for the service, the timing of the collection of payments may vary based on the payment practices of the third-party payor and the existence of contractually established reimbursement rates. The payments for our services are primarily made by third-party payors, including Medicare and commercial health insurance carriers. Certain contracts contain a contractual commitment of a reimbursement rate that differs from our list prices. However, absent a positive coverage policy, with or without a contractually committed reimbursement rate, with a commercial carrier or governmental program, our diagnostic tests may or may not be paid by these entities. In addition, patients do not enter into direct agreements with us that commit them to pay any portion of the cost of the tests in the event that their insurance provider declines to reimburse us. We may pursue, on a case-by-case basis, reimbursement from such patients in the form of co-payments and co-insurance, in accordance with the contractual obligations that we have with the insurance carrier or health plan. These situations may result in a delay in the collection of payments.

The Medicare claims that are covered by Medicare are generally paid at a rate established on Medicare’s Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule or by the respective Medicare contractor within 30 days from receipt. Medicare claims that were either submitted to Medicare prior to the local coverage determination (“LCD”) or other coverage commencement date or are not covered but meet the definition of being medically reasonable and necessary pursuant to the controlling Section 1862(a)(1)(A) of the Social Security Act are generally appealed and may ultimately be paid at the first (termed ‘‘redetermination’’), second (termed ‘‘reconsideration’’) or third level of appeal (de novo hearing with an Administrative Law Judge). A successful appeal at any of these levels may result in prompt payment.

In the absence of Medicare coverage, contractually established reimbursements rates or other coverage, we have concluded that our contracts include variable consideration because the amounts paid by Medicare or commercial

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

health insurance carriers may be paid at less than our standard rates or not paid at all, with such differences considered implicit price concessions. Variable consideration attributable to these price concessions is measured at the expected value using the ‘‘most likely amount’’ method under ASC 606. The amounts are estimated using historical average collection rates by test type and payor category taking into consideration the range of possible outcomes, the predictive value of our past experiences, the time period of when uncertainties expect to be resolved and the amount of consideration that is susceptible to factors outside of our influence, such as the judgment and actions of third parties. Such variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainties with respect to the amount are resolved. Variable consideration may be constrained and excluded from the transaction price in situations where there is no contractually agreed upon reimbursement coverage or in the absence of a predictable pattern and history of collectability with a payor. Accordingly, in such situations revenues are recognized on the basis of actual cash collections. Variable consideration for Medicare claims that are not covered by Medicare, including those claims undergoing appeal, is deemed to be fully constrained due to factors outside our influence (e.g., judgment or actions of third parties) and the uncertainty of the amount to be received is not expected to be resolved for a long period of time. Variable consideration is evaluated each reporting period and adjustments are recorded as increases or decreases in revenues. Included in revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were $1,336,000 of net negative revenue adjustments and $602,000 of net positive revenue adjustments, respectively, associated with changes in estimated variable consideration related to performance obligations satisfied in previous periods. These amounts include (i) adjustments for actual collections versus estimated amounts and (ii) cash collections and the related recognition of revenue in current period for tests delivered in prior periods due to the release of the constraint on variable consideration.

Because our contracts with customers have an expected duration of one year or less, we have elected the practical expedient in ASC 606 to not disclose information about our remaining performance obligations. Any incremental costs to obtain contracts are recorded as selling, general and administrative expenses as incurred due to the short duration of our contracts. Contract balances consisted solely of accounts receivable (both current and noncurrent) as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Disaggregation of Revenues

The table below provides the disaggregation of revenue by type (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Dermatologic(1)	$	35,911	$	24,339
Non-Dermatologic(2)	6,126		2,513
Total net revenues	$	42,037	$	26,852

(1)Consists of DecisionDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-SCC and Diagnostic GEP offering.

(2)Consists of TissueCypher, DecisionDx-UM and IDgenetix.

Payor Concentration

We rely upon reimbursements from third-party government payors (primarily Medicare) and private-payor insurance companies to collect accounts receivable related to sales of our diagnostic and prognostic tests.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

Our significant third-party payors and their related revenues as a percentage of total revenues and accounts receivable balances are as follows:


	Percentage of Revenues
	Three Months Ended March 31,				Percentage of Accounts Receivable (current) as of				Percentage of Accounts Receivable (noncurrent) as of
	2023		2022		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Medicare	49	%	53	%	23	%	28	%	*		*
Payor A	15	%	10	%	17	%	14	%	16	%	16	%
Payor B	*		*		*		*		10	%	*

* Less than 10%

There were no other third-party payors that individually accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue or accounts receivable for the periods shown in the table above.

4. Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share reflects the additional dilution from potential issuances of common stock, such as stock issuable pursuant to the exercise of stock options, vesting of RSUs and PSUs or purchases under the ESPP. The treasury stock method is used to calculate the potential dilutive effect of these common stock equivalents. Contingently issuable PSU awards are included in the computation of diluted loss per share when the applicable performance criteria would be met and the common shares would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the contingency period. However, potentially dilutive shares are excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share when their effect is antidilutive.

Because we reported a net loss for all periods presented, all potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive and are excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for such periods.

The table below provides the weighted-average number of potential common shares associated with outstanding securities not included in our calculation of diluted loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 because to do so would be antidilutive or, in the case of PSUs, the applicable performance conditions have not yet been met (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Stock options	3,389	3,541
RSUs and PSUs	3,420	1,140
ESPP	279	91
Total	7,088	4,772

In addition, in connection with the acquisition of AltheaDx, Inc. (“AltheaDx”), we may be required to issue shares of our common stock to satisfy the contingent consideration obligations, pending the outcome of certain commercial and regulatory milestones, as required by the definitive agreement to acquire AltheaDx. For purposes of calculating diluted loss per share, no such shares were assumed to have been issued because none of the applicable conditions have been met to date. See Note 10 for additional information.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

5. Marketable Investment Securities

The following tables present our available-for-sale debt securities (in thousands):


	March 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized				Estimated Fair Value
			Gains		Losses
U.S. government securities	$	117,370	$	—	$	(136)	$	117,234
Total	$	117,370	$	—	$	(136)	$	117,234


	December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized				Estimated Fair Value
			Gains		Losses
U.S. government securities	$	136,058	$	—	$	(381)	$	135,677
Total	$	136,058	$	—	$	(381)	$	135,677

Although available to be sold to meet operating needs or otherwise, securities are generally held through maturity. We classify all investments as current assets, as these are readily available for use in current operations. The cost of securities sold is determined based on the specific identification method for purposes of recording gains and losses.

There were no realized gains or losses on sales of investments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

We evaluated our investment portfolio under the available-for-sale debt securities impairment model guidance and determined our investment portfolio is comprised of low-risk, investment grade securities. As of March 31, 2023, unrealized losses on our available-for-sale investments are not attributed to credit risk. We believe that an allowance for credit losses is unnecessary because the unrealized losses on certain of our marketable investment securities are due to market factors. No credit-related or noncredit-related impairment losses were recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The allowance for credit losses was zero as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

As of March 31, 2023, all of our available-for-sale debt securities had contractual maturities of one year or less. Accrued interest receivable is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in our unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the accrued interest receivable balance was immaterial.

Additional information relating to the fair value of marketable investment securities can be found in Note 10.

6. Acquisitions

AltheaDx, Inc.

On April 26, 2022, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the equity interests in AltheaDx which offers the IDgenetix test that focuses on mental health. We acquired AltheaDx for $30.5 million in cash and $17.1 million in common stock issued, for total consideration of $47.6 million. We have concluded that the transaction represents a business combination under ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. The financial results of AltheaDx have been included in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements since the date of the acquisition. For further details refer to our consolidated financial statements included in our 2022 From 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information

The following unaudited pro forma financial information for the three months ended March 31, 2022 combines our historical financial results and the results of AltheaDx, assuming that the companies were combined as of January 1, 2021, and includes adjustments for amortization expense from the acquired intangible assets and additional stock-based compensation expense. The following unaudited pro forma financial information (in thousands) is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of (i) the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisition had taken place as of January 1, 2021 or (ii) the results of operations that are expected in future periods:


	Pro Forma Data
	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2022
Net revenues	$	26,999
Net loss	$	(27,883)

7. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Lab equipment(1)	$	9,868	$	9,721
Leasehold improvements	6,273		5,171
Computer equipment	3,565		4,336
Furniture and fixtures	1,779		1,660
Construction in progress	2,294		1,275
Total	23,779		22,163
Less accumulated depreciation(1)	(5,525)		(7,848)
Property and equipment, net	$	18,254	$	14,315

(1) As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 includes lab equipment under finance lease of $369 thousand and $369 thousand, respectively and accumulated depreciation of $172 thousand and $137 thousand, respectively.

Depreciation expense was recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cost of sales (exclusive of amortization of acquired intangible assets)	$	295	$	169
Selling, general and administrative	296		244
Research and development	79		90
Total	$	670	$	503

8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net

Goodwill

The balance of our goodwill was $10.7 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. There were no accumulated impairments of goodwill as of March 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

Other Intangible Assets, Net

Our other intangible assets, net consist of the following (in thousands):


	March 31, 2023
	Gross carrying value		Accumulated amortization		Net		Weighted-Average Remaining Life (in years)
Developed technology	$	125,317	$	(12,297)	$	113,020	12.8
Assembled workforce	563		(149)		414		3.8
Total other intangible assets, net	$	125,880	$	(12,446)	$	113,434


	December 31, 2022
	Gross carrying value		Accumulated amortization		Net		Weighted-Average Remaining Life (in years)
Developed technology	$	125,317	$	(10,102)	$	115,215	12.9
Assembled workforce	563		(122)		441		4.0
Total other intangible assets, net	$	125,880	$	(10,224)	$	115,656

Amortization expense of intangible assets was $2.2 million and $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

9. Other Accrued and Current Liabilities

Other accrued and current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Clinical studies	$	3,000	$	1,822
Accrued service fees	1,992		2,125
ESPP contributions	230		900

Other	385		415
Total	$	5,607	$	5,262

10. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used in measuring fair value. There are three levels to the fair value hierarchy based on the reliability of inputs, as follows:

Level 1 – Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring us to develop our own assumptions.

Financial instruments measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. The use of different assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on estimated fair values. Accordingly, the fair value estimates disclosed, or amounts recorded may not be indicative of the amount that we or holders of the instruments could realize in a current market exchange.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

The table below provides information, by level within the fair value hierarchy, of our financial assets and liabilities that are accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):


	As of March 31, 2023
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Items (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets
Money market funds(1)	$	94,280	$	—	$	—	$	94,280
U.S. government securities(2)	$	117,234	$	—	$	—	$	117,234
Liabilities
Contingent consideration(3)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—


	As of December 31, 2022
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Items (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets
Money market funds(1)	$	108,673	$	—	$	—	$	108,673
U.S. government securities(2)	$	135,677	$	—	$	—	$	135,677
Liabilities
Contingent consideration(3)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1)Classified as “Cash and cash equivalents” in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(2)Classified as “Marketable investment securities” in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(3)Current portion, if any, classified as “Other accrued and current liabilities” in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Contingent Consideration

In connection with our acquisition of Cernostics, Inc. (“Cernostics”) in December 2021, we recorded a liability for contingent consideration of up to $50.0 million that could have been payable based on the achievement of certain commercial milestones relating to the year ending December 31, 2022 (“Cernostics Earnout Payments”). At our sole discretion, we could have settled Cernostics Earnout Payments in cash or shares of our common stock, the aggregate of which could not have exceeded 5,034,653 shares. Any Cernostics Earnout Payments in shares of our common stock could have been based on the volume weighted-average price of our common stock for the 15 trading days ending December 30, 2022. There were no Cernostics Earnout Payments that became payable because the commercial milestones were not achieved during the earnout period and the final valuation of the contingent consideration was assessed to be zero as of December 31, 2022. In the first quarter of 2022 the fair value of the contingent consideration associated with our acquisition of Cernostics increased by $2.6 million with no similar activity in the first quarter of 2023.

In connection with our acquisition of AltheaDx, we agreed to pay contingent consideration of up to $75.0 million based on the achievement of certain commercial milestones relating to the 2022, 2023, and 2024 commercial milestones (“AltheaDx Earnout Payments”). The portion of the AltheaDx Earnout Payments associated with the commercial milestones for the year ended December 31, 2022 was not paid since the applicable commercial milestones were not met. This portion represented $35.0 million of the $75.0 million total potential payment obligation, exclusive of the catch-up payment in 2023 of $17.5 million which will become payable if all 2023 commercial milestones are fully met. Therefore, a potential payment obligation of up to $57.5 million with respect to

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

the remaining commercial milestones for 2023 and 2024 remains as of March 31, 2023. If the settlement of the remaining portion of the AltheaDx Earnout Payments would have occurred as of March 31, 2023, no amounts would have been due based on no achievement of the commercial milestones to date.

The contingent consideration was classified as a Level 3 fair value measurement due to the use of significant unobservable inputs and a Monte Carlo simulation to determine its fair value. The Monte Carlo simulation uses projections of the commercial milestones for the applicable period as well as the corresponding targets and approximate timing of payment based on the terms of the arrangement. The valuation of the AltheaDx contingent consideration was zero as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and no gains or losses were recorded associated with changes in fair value during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The contingent consideration liability is remeasured at fair value at each reporting period taking into account any updated assumptions or changes in circumstances. Any changes in the fair value are recorded as gains or losses in our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe there is no threatened litigation or litigation pending that could have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

12. Stock Incentive Plans and Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Incentive Plans

Effective January 1, 2023, an additional 1,327,684 shares became available under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) pursuant to an automatic annual increase. The 2019 Plan provides for automatic annual increases to the number of shares authorized for issuance, equal to 5% of our common shares outstanding as of the immediately preceding year end, through January 1, 2029. As of March 31, 2023, we have granted awards of 24,197 in excess of the number of shares authorized for issuance under the 2019 Plan.

On December 22, 2022, our board of directors approved the 2022 Inducement Plan (the “Inducement Plan”). Our Inducement Plan provides for the grant of RSU awards and other stock awards made as an inducement material to the grantee’s entering into employment with us to the extent such grantee was not previously an employee of ours or is entering into employment following a bona fide period of non-employment with us. As of March 31, 2023, there have been no awards granted under the 2022 Inducement Plan.

Stock Options

Stock option activity under our stock plans for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is set forth below:


		Weighted-Average
	Stock Options Outstanding	Exercise Price		Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	3,419,840	$	35.11

Granted	91	$	27.21
Exercised	(30,595)	$	3.10
Forfeited/Cancelled	(39,167)	$	47.11
Balance as of March 31, 2023	3,350,169	$	35.26	7.2	$	11,371


Exercisable at March 31, 2023	2,178,539	$	30.99	6.8	$	11,030

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

Restricted Stock Units

RSUs represent the right to receive shares of our common stock at a specified future date, subject to vesting. Our RSUs generally vest annually from the grant date in four equal installments subject to the holder’s continued service with us. We issue new shares to satisfy RSUs upon vesting.

The following table summarizes our RSU activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023:


	Restricted Stock Units Outstanding	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022	3,477,922	$	27.56
Granted	43,218	$	27.02
Vested(1)	(36,992)	$	40.90
Forfeited/Cancelled	(114,067)	$	27.72
Balance as of March 31, 2023	3,370,081	$	27.40

(1)The aggregate number of shares withheld upon vesting for employee tax obligations was 12,082 for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units

PSUs represent the right to receive shares of our common stock contingent upon the achievement of certain financial performance measures. We issue new shares to satisfy PSUs upon vesting.

The following table summarizes our PSU activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023:


	Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units Outstanding	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022	196,033	$	23.23
Granted	—	$	—
Vested	—	$	—
Forfeited/Cancelled	—	$	—
Balance as of March 31, 2023	196,033	$	23.23

Retirement Policy

In January 2023, our Board approved a retirement policy (the “Retirement Policy”) that provides for acceleration of a portion of unvested awards that were granted to certain eligible employees upon meeting age, years of service and notice requirements. We considered the adoption of the Retirement Policy to be a modification of existing awards under ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. The modification did not result in any incremental compensation cost. However, adoption of the policy resulted in a new estimate of the requisite service period for certain awards. In connection with the implementation of the Retirement Policy, we accelerated the recognition of compensation expense of $0.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The ESPP provides for certain automatic increases in the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance, which resulted in an additional 265,536 shares becoming available under the ESPP effective January 1, 2023. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we issued 77,190 of common stock pursuant to scheduled purchases under the ESPP. As of March 31, 2023, 1,002,945 shares remained available for issuance under the ESPP.

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CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

(UNAUDITED)

Determining Fair Value - Summary of Assumptions

We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of each option grant on the date of grant or any other measurement date. The following table sets forth the assumptions used to determine the fair value of stock options:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Average expected term (years)	5.8	6.1
Expected stock price volatility	68.34% - 76.01%	68.34% - 68.44%
Risk-free interest rate	1.54% - 4.21%	1.63% - 1.64%
Dividend yield	—%	—%

The following table sets forth assumptions used to determine the fair value of the purchase rights issued under the ESPP:


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023	2022
Average expected term (years)	1.3	1.3
Expected stock price volatility	72.80% - 82.61%	62.98% - 66.75%
Risk-free interest rate	4.77% - 5.07%	0.60% - 1.30%
Dividend yield	—%	—%

We use the closing price of our common stock on the date of grant to determine the fair value of RSUs and PSUs.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cost of sales (exclusive of amortization of acquired intangible assets)	$	1,272	$	853
Research and development	2,587		1,828
Selling, general and administrative	9,666		5,738
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	13,525	$	8,419

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options was $17.39 and $22.76 per option, respectively, and the weighted-average grant date fair value of the purchase rights granted under the ESPP was $11.00 and $19.91 per share, respectively. As of March 31, 2023, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to outstanding awards was $118,403,000, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.8 years. The total unrecognized compensation cost will be adjusted for forfeitures in future periods as they occur.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited financial statements and notes thereto as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, including the section entitled “Critical Accounting Estimates,” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 28, 2023. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “Castle,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Castle Biosciences, Inc.

Forward-Looking Statements

The information in this discussion contains forward-looking statements and information within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the impacts of COVID-19 on our business, our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects and plans and objectives of management. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “will,” “would” or the negative or plural of these terms or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements that we make. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, the risks set forth in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our other filings with the SEC. The forward-looking statements are applicable only as of the date on which they are made, and we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, except as may be required by law.

Overview

Castle Biosciences is applying innovative diagnostics to inform disease management and improve patient outcomes. For the diseases that our portfolio of tests cover, we believe the traditional approach to developing a treatment plan for cancers and other diseases using clinical and pathology factors alone is inadequate and can be improved by incorporating the personalized information our diagnostic and prognostic tests provide.

Our Test Portfolio

We currently offer five proprietary multi-analyte assays with algorithmic analysis (“MAAA”) tests for use in the dermatologic, ocular and gastroenterology fields. We also offer a proprietary pharmacogenomics (“PGx”) test to guide optimal drug treatment for patients suffering from depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions following our acquisition of AltheaDx, Inc. (“AltheaDx”) in April 2022, as discussed below.

Currently, our revenue is primarily generated by our DecisionDx-Melanoma risk stratification test for cutaneous melanoma, our DecisionDx-SCC risk stratification test for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (“SCC”), our TissueCypher risk stratification test for Barrett’s esophagus (“BE”) and our DecisionDx-UM risk stratification test for uveal melanoma (“UM”).

Test Overview

Our Dermatologic Tests

Our lead product is DecisionDx-Melanoma, a proprietary risk stratification gene expression profile (“GEP”) test that predicts the risk of metastasis or recurrence for patients diagnosed with invasive cutaneous melanoma. In a typical year, we estimate approximately 130,000 patients are diagnosed with invasive cutaneous melanoma in the United States, representing an estimated U.S. total addressable market (“TAM”) of approximately $540 million. We launched DecisionDx-Melanoma in May 2013.

DecisionDx‑SCC is our proprietary GEP test for use in patients with SCC, with one or more risk factors (also referred to as “high-risk” SCC). We estimate 20% of SCC patients, or 200,000 annually in the United States, are

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classified as high risk, representing an estimated U.S. TAM of approximately $820 million. We launched DecisionDx-SCC in August 2020.

Initially, we offered both our MyPath Melanoma test and our DiffDx-Melanoma test under an offering that we referred to as our Diagnostic GEP offering for use in patients with a melanocytic lesion and uncertainty related to the malignancy of the lesion. Of the two million suspicious pigmented lesions biopsied annually in the United States, we estimate approximately 300,000 of those present a difficult-to-diagnose melanocytic lesion, representing an estimated U.S. TAM of approximately $600 million associated with these two tests. We launched DiffDx-Melanoma in November 2020 and began to offer MyPath Melanoma following our acquisition of Myriad myPath, LLC (“Myriad MyPath Laboratory”) from Myriad Genetics, Inc. in 2021. Our internal data indicates that we have improved the technical performance of MyPath Melanoma such that it is now comparable to the technical performance of DiffDx-Melanoma. As such, following an internal assessment of the clinical value of offering both tests, we made the decision to suspend the clinical offering of DiffDx-Melanoma in February 2023.

Our Gastroenterology Test

The TissueCypher Barrett’s Esophagus Test is the world’s first precision medicine test designed to predict future development of high-grade dysplasia (“HGD”) and/or esophageal cancer in patients with non-dysplastic (“ND”), indefinite dysplasia (“IND”) or low-grade dysplasia (“LGD”) BE. We estimate approximately 415,000 patients annually undergo an endoscopic biopsy with a subsequent diagnosis of ND, IND or LGD BE, representing an estimated U.S. TAM of approximately $1 billion. We began offering the TissueCypher Barrett’s Esophagus Test following our acquisition of Cernostics, Inc. (“Cernostics”) in December 2021.

Our Uveal Melanoma Test

DecisionDx-UM is a proprietary, risk stratification GEP test that predicts the risk of metastasis for patients with UM. We believe DecisionDx-UM is the standard of care in the management of newly diagnosed UM in the majority of ocular oncology practices in the United States. We estimate approximately 2,000 patients in the United States are diagnosed annually with UM, representing an estimated U.S. TAM of approximately $10 million. We launched DecisionDx-UM in January 2010.

Our Mental Health Test

IDgenetix is a PGx test for depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions. IDgenetix is designed to provide important genetic information to clinicians to help guide personalized treatment plans for their patients, with the potential to help patients achieve a faster therapeutic response and improve their chances of remission by identifying appropriate medications more efficiently than the standard of care trial-and-error approach. We estimate a U.S. TAM of approximately $5 billion associated with this test. We began offering the IDgenetix test following our acquisition of AltheaDx in April 2022.

Commercial Expansion Efforts

In late April 2022, we acquired AltheaDx which has a commercial team covering approximately 20 outside sales territories. In September 2022, we added additional outside territories for our TissueCypher Barrett’s Esophagus Test and established a new commercial sales team dedicated to our Diagnostic GEP offering, with the current dermatologic commercial team shifting to focus primarily on DecisionDx-Melanoma and DecisionDx-SCC. We expect the new sales teams to be fully integrated into our commercial operations by the second quarter of 2023.

We will continue to assess market response in determining further commercial expansions.

Reimbursement

The primary source of revenue for our products is reimbursement from third-party payors, which includes government payors, such as Medicare, and commercial payors, such as insurance companies. Achieving broad coverage and reimbursement of our current products by third-party payors and continued Medicare coverage are key components of our financial success. De novo coverage by government and third-party payors for our pipeline tests will be important over time.

We bill third-party payors and patients for the tests we perform. The majority of our revenue collections is paid by third-party insurers, including Medicare. We have received Medicare coverage for our DecisionDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-SCC, MyPath Melanoma, DecisionDx-UM, TissueCypher and IDgenetix tests which meet certain criteria for Medicare and Medicare Advantage beneficiaries, representing approximately 60 million covered lives. A ‘‘covered life’’ means a subscriber, or a dependent of a subscriber, who is insured under an insurance carrier’s policy.

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The Medicare rates discussed below are prior to giving effect to applicable sequestration in effect from time to time as described in further detail under “Government Regulation and Product Approval—Healthcare Reform” included in Item 1, Business, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

DecisionDx-Melanoma

LCD

Palmetto GBA MolDX (“Palmetto”), the Medicare Administrative Contractor (“MAC”) responsible for administering MolDX, the program that assesses molecular diagnostic technologies, issued a final expanded local coverage determination (“LCD”) for DecisionDx-Melanoma, effective November 22, 2020. With this expanded LCD and the accompanying billing and coding articles, we estimate that a significant majority of the DecisionDx-Melanoma tests performed for Medicare patients will meet the coverage criteria. Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLC (“Noridian”), the MAC responsible for administering claims for laboratory services performed in Arizona, has adopted the same coverage policy as Palmetto and also issued an expanded final LCD for DecisionDx-Melanoma, effective December 6, 2020. More recently, Palmetto converted the DecisionDx-Melanoma test-specific LCD to a “foundational” LCD. This LCD was issued as final May 19, 2022 with Noridian issuing the same on June 16, 2022. The final LCDs did not result in any change in coverage.

ADLT

On May 17, 2019, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) determined that DecisionDx-Melanoma meets the criteria for “new Advanced Diagnostic Laboratory Test (“ADLT”)” status. Beginning in 2022, the rate for DecisionDx-Melanoma is set annually based upon the median private payor rate for the first half of the second preceding calendar year. For example, the rate for 2023 was set using median private payor rate data from January 1, 2021 to June 30, 2021. Our rate for 2022 was $7,193 per test and continues to be $7,193 per test for 2023.

DecisionDx-UM

LCD

Palmetto issued a final LCD for DecisionDx-UM, which became effective in July 2017, and Noridian issued a similar LCD that became effective in September 2017. The Noridian LCD provides for coverage to determine metastatic risk in connection with the management of a patient’s newly diagnosed UM and to guide surveillance and referral to medical oncology for those patients. Similar to cutaneous melanoma, the median age at diagnosis for UM is estimated at 58-62 years old. The Medicare eligible population represents close to 45% of the addressable market.

ADLT

On May 17, 2019, CMS determined that DecisionDx-UM meets the criteria for “existing advanced diagnostic laboratory test” status, also referred to as “existing ADLT” status. Our rate is set annually based upon the median private payor rate for the first half of the second preceding calendar year. For example, the rate for 2023 was set using median private payor rate data from January 1, 2021 to June 30, 2021. Our rate for 2022 was $7,776 per test and our rate for 2023 remains at $7,776 per test.

Diagnostic GEP Offering

MyPath Melanoma

MyPath Melanoma is currently covered under a MolDX LCD policy through Noridian that became effective in June 2019.

ADLT

MyPath Melanoma was approved as a new ADLT in September 2019. The rate for 2022 was $1,950 per test. Our 2023 rate is set at $1,755 per test, based on data submitted by the predecessor owner of the Myriad MyPath Laboratory relating to the first half of 2021. Rates for our MyPath Melanoma test continues to be set annually based upon the median private payor rate for the first half of the second preceding calendar year.

DiffDx-Melanoma

In early 2021, we submitted our technical assessment dossier for DiffDx-Melanoma. The dossier was accepted as complete in the first quarter of 2021. In June 2022, Palmetto and Noridian each posted a draft LCD that would provide coverage criteria for DiffDx-Melanoma, and each of the comment periods closed during the third quarter of 2022. We believe the LCD for DiffDx-Melanoma will be finalized near the end of the second quarter of 2023. However, there is no assurance that any draft or final LCD will match our expectations, be posted in a timeframe consistent with our historical experience or will be posted at all.

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In the second quarter of 2022, we obtained a Proprietary Laboratory Analyses (“PLA”) code for DiffDx-Melanoma. DiffDx-Melanoma is going through CMS’s gapfill pricing process in 2023, which we expect to conclude in late 2023. The gapfill process consists of several steps throughout the calendar year. First, individual MACs develop gapfill rates and report them to CMS. Using this information, CMS then posts preliminary rates and commences a public comment period. After evaluating public comments, CMS posts updated rates and begins accepting requests to reconsider these rates, known as reconsideration requests. After CMS processes any reconsideration requests, the gapfill rates are considered final. In April 2023, CMS posted a preliminary determination of a gapfill rate for DiffDx-Melanoma of $1,950 per test, which is subject to a public comment period and any reconsideration requests. We cannot predict at this time what the final gapfill rate will be.

DecisionDx‑SCC

In the first quarter of 2022, we requested that Novitas Solutions (“Novitas”) conduct a medical review of our DecisionDx-SCC test. That review was completed towards the end of that quarter. In the second quarter of 2022, following the completion of a requested medical review and pricing of our DecisionDx-SCC test by Novitas, we obtained a PLA code and began receiving reimbursement from Novitas for DecisionDx-SCC at a rate of $3,873 per test.

On June 9, 2022, Novitas posted a draft oncology biomarker LCD that proposes to rely upon evidentiary reviews sourced from three databases for all oncology biomarker tests: ClinGen, OncoKB and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (“NCCN”). We believe the purpose of the proposals in this draft LCD are to streamline future reviews. Two of the databases do not review GEP tests and NCCN has not yet, to our knowledge, reviewed DecisionDx-SCC. If finalized as proposed, then DecisionDx-SCC would not be included as a covered test in the associated billing and coding article. The comment period for the draft LCD ended on September 6, 2022. We cannot predict whether this draft LCD will be finalized as proposed or what the timing of any final LCD might be.

In November 2022, CMS set our rate of reimbursement for DecisionDx-SCC at $3,873 per test. DecisionDx-SCC is going through CMS’s gapfill pricing process in 2023, which we expect to conclude in late 2023. The gapfill process consists of several steps throughout the calendar year, as discussed above. In April 2023, CMS posted a preliminary determination of a gapfill rate for DecisionDx-SCC of $3,159 per test, which is subject to a public comment period and any reconsideration requests. We expect our current rate of $3,873 per test to be maintained through the gapfill process and for the final gapfill rate to go into effect on January 1, 2024, although we cannot predict at this time what the final gapfill rate will be.

Separately, in the second quarter of 2020, we submitted our technical assessment dossier for DecisionDx-SCC to Palmetto and Noridian. The dossier was accepted as complete in the third quarter of 2020. To date, neither Palmetto nor Noridian has posted a draft LCD for DecisionDx-SCC.

TissueCypher

TissueCypher is processed in our Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania laboratory and falls under the Medicare jurisdiction managed by Novitas which previously reviewed TissueCypher. We receive payments for claims according to the published Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule (“CLFS”) rate. For 2022, the published CLFS payment rate was $2,513 for the test.

On March 24, 2022, CMS determined that TissueCypher meets the criteria for “new ADLT” status. From April 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022, CMS has set the initial period rate equal to the original list price of $2,350. Effective January 1, 2023, the published CLFS rate for TissueCypher is $4,950, which will remain effective through December 31, 2024. This rate is based on the median private payor rates received between April 1, 2022 and August 31, 2022.

IDgenetix

Our IDgenetix test was processed in our San Diego laboratory until the lab's closure in December 2022, at which time we began processing the test in our Arizona laboratory. As previously discussed, Noridian is the MAC responsible for administering claims for laboratory services performed in Arizona and California laboratories.

IDgenetix is currently covered under an LCD policy through MolDX and an accompanying billing and coding article through Noridian. The Medicare coverage includes depression and the following seven additional mental health conditions beyond major depressive disorder: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The IDgenetix multi-gene panel is currently reimbursed by Medicare at approximately $1,500 per test. IDgenetix has historically been billed to Medicare using a multi-test unspecified Current Procedural Terminology (“CPT”) code along with the IDgenetix test-specific MolDX Z-code (the “IDgenetix Z-Code”). In February 2023,

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MolDX notified us that as part of its annual CPT code updates IDgenetix should shift billing to a different multi-test generic gene sequencing CPT code and continue using the IDgenetix Z-Code beginning in March 2023. The New CPT Code is currently contractor priced at $917 while it goes through CMS’s gapfill pricing process in 2023. The New CPT Code does not describe all of the components of the IDgenetix test. We, therefore, do not believe the New CPT Code, in conjunction with the IDgenetix Z-Code, provides additional specificity and thus we believe the New CPT Code is not appropriate for IDgenetix.

Delivered Test Reports

The number of test reports we generate is a key indicator that we use to assess our business. A test report is generated when we receive a sample in our laboratory, and then the relevant test information is entered into our Laboratory Information Management System, the expression of the biomarkers is measured, then a proprietary algorithmic analysis of the combined biomarkers is performed to generate a report providing the results of that analysis, which is sent to the clinician who ordered the test.

The number of test reports delivered by us during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the year ended December 31, 2022 are presented in the table below:


	Proprietary Dermatologic GEP Tests
	DecisionDx- Melanoma	DecisionDx-SCC	Diagnostic GEP offering (1)	Dermatologic Total	DecisionDx-UM	TissueCypher Barrett’s Esophagus Test	IDgenetix(2)	Grand Total
Q1 2023	7,583	2,411	980	10,974	409	1,383	2,150	14,916





Q1 2022	6,023	1,142	950	8,115	456	56	—	8,627
Q2 2022	7,125	1,344	955	9,424	431	352	827	11,034
Q3 2022	7,354	1,636	834	9,824	392	690	1,208	12,114

Q4 2022	7,301	1,845	822	9,968	432	1,030	1,214	12,644
For year ended December 31, 2022	27,803	5,967	3,561	37,331	1,711	2,128	3,249	44,419

(1)Includes MyPath Melanoma and DiffDx-Melanoma. We offered both MyPath Melanoma and DiffDx-Melanoma under our Diagnostic GEP offering until February 2023 when we suspended the offering of DiffDx-Melanoma, as discussed above.

(2)We began offering the IDgenetix test on April 26, 2022, following our acquisition of AltheaDx. Includes both single-gene and multi-gene tests.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we delivered 14,916 total test reports, an increase of 72.9% compared to 8,627 in the same period of 2022. Our dermatologic test report volume increased by 35.2% compared to the prior period in 2022 largely driven by continued growth from our DecisionDx-Melanoma and DecisionDx-SCC tests. Other tests (non-dermatologic) contributed to the overall total test reports increase from our TissueCypher and IDgenetix tests. For a discussion of how we recognize revenue derived from our tests, refer to “Net Revenues” under “Components of Results of Operations” below.

We continue to see new clinicians order our dermatologic tests for the first time. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, we saw approximately 539 and 592, respectively, new ordering clinicians for our dermatologic tests. Total ordering clinicians for our dermatologic tests were approximately 4,525 and 3,629 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

For additional information on the metrics we disclose, refer to “Information About Certain Metrics” below.

In developing our DecisionDx-SCC and DiffDx-Melanoma tests, we believed that in addition to addressing significant unmet clinical needs, we would see opportunities for leverage, as many of the clinicians currently ordering DecisionDx-Melanoma would likely be the same clinicians who would find value in our DecisionDx-SCC test. For example, we found that for the three months ended March 31, 2023, approximately 56% of all clinicians ordering DecisionDx-SCC had also ordered our DecisionDx-Melanoma test during that same period.

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Information About Certain Metrics

The following provides additional information about certain metrics we have disclosed in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation.

Test Reports Delivered

Test reports delivered represents the number of completed test reports delivered by us during the reporting period indicated. The period in which a test report is delivered does not necessarily correspond with the period the related revenue, if any, is recognized, due to the timing and amount of adjustments for variable consideration under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). We use this metric to evaluate the growth in adoption of our tests and to measure against our internal performance objectives. We believe this metric is useful to investors in evaluating the volume of our business activity from period-to-period that may not be discernible from our reported revenues under ASC 606.

New Ordering Clinicians

New ordering clinicians for our dermatologic tests represents the number of clinicians who ordered a dermatologic test from us for the first time during the reporting period specified. Our dermatologic tests consist of DecisionDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-SCC, MyPath Melanoma and DiffDx-Melanoma. We believe this metric is useful in evaluating the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts in establishing new relationships with clinicians and increasing the adoption of our suite of dermatologic tests. We also believe this metric provides useful information to investors in assessing our ability to expand the use of our dermatologic tests. Since this metric is based upon the reporting period in which an order is placed, it does not necessarily correspond to the reporting period in which a test report was delivered or revenue was recognized.

Other Events

Impact of Macroeconomic Conditions

Macroeconomic conditions, including uncertainties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, economic slowdowns, labor shortages, recessions or market corrections, supply chain disruptions, inflation and monetary policy shifts, bank failures or other disruptions in in the banking system or financing markets, rising interest rates and tightening of credit markets resulting from the conflict or other evolving macroeconomic developments, continue to have direct and indirect impacts on our business and could in the future materially impact our results of operations and financial condition. We continue to actively monitor the impact of these macroeconomic factors on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The extent of the impact of these factors on our operational performance and financial condition, including our ability to execute our business strategies and initiatives in the expected timeframe, will depend on future developments, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted; however, any continued or renewed disruption resulting from these factors could negatively impact our business.

Our Financial Results

Our net (loss) income may fluctuate significantly from period to period, depending on the timing of our planned development activities, the growth of our sales and marketing activities and the timing of revenue recognition under ASC 606. We expect our expenses will increase substantially over time as we:

•execute clinical studies to generate evidence supporting our current and future product candidates;

•execute our commercialization strategy for our current and future commercial products;

•continue our ongoing and planned development of new products in our pipeline;

•seek to discover and develop additional product candidates;

•hire additional scientific and research and development staff; and

•add additional operational, financial and management information systems and personnel.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

We believe there are several important factors that have impacted, and that we expect will continue to impact, our operating performance and results of operations, including:

•Report volume. We believe that the number of reports we deliver to clinicians is an important indicator of the growth of adoption among the healthcare provider community. Our revenue and costs are affected by the volume of testing and mix of customers. Our performance depends on our ability to retain and broaden

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adoption with existing prescribing clinicians, as well as attract new clinicians. Our report volume could be negatively impacted by developments related to evolving macroeconomic developments, as discussed above.

•Reimbursement. We believe that expanding reimbursement is an important indicator of the value of our products. Payors require extensive evidence of clinical utility, clinical validity, patient outcomes and health economic benefits in order to provide reimbursement for diagnostic products. Our revenue depends on our ability to demonstrate the value of our products to these payors.

•Gross margin. We believe that our gross margin is an important indicator of the operating performance of our business. Higher gross margins reflect the average selling price of our tests, as well as the operating efficiency of our laboratory operations.

•Expansion of our sales force and marketing programs. We believe the expansion of our direct sales force and marketing organization to educate clinicians and pathologists on the value of our molecular diagnostic testing products will significantly impact our performance.

•Integrating acquisitions. Revenue growth, operational results and advances to our business strategy depends on our ability to integrate any acquisitions into our existing business and effectively scale their operations. The integration of acquired assets may impact our revenue growth, increase the cost of operations or may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business.

•New product development. A significant aspect of our business is our investment in research and development activities, including activities related to the development of new products. In addition to the development of new product candidates, we believe these studies are critical to gaining clinician adoption of new products and driving favorable coverage decisions by payors for such products.

Components of the Results of Operations

Net Revenues

We generate revenues from the sale of our products. Currently, our revenues are primarily derived from the sale of DecisionDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-SCC, TissueCypher and DecisionDx-UM. We bill third-party payors and patients for the tests we perform.

Under ASC 606, we recognize revenue at the amount we expect to be entitled, subject to a constraint for variable consideration, in the period in which our tests are delivered to the treating clinicians. We have determined that our contracts contain variable consideration under ASC 606 because the amounts paid by third-party payors may be paid at less than our standard rates or not paid at all, with such differences considered implicit price concessions. Variable consideration is recognized only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur in future periods when the uncertainties are resolved. Variable consideration is evaluated each reporting period and adjustments are recorded as increases or decreases in revenues. Variable consideration for Medicare claims that are not covered by Medicare, including those claims undergoing appeal, is deemed to be fully constrained due to factors outside our influence (e.g., judgment or actions of third parties) and the uncertainty of the amount to be received is not expected to be resolved for a long period of time. For these fully constrained claims, we generally recognize revenue in the period the uncertainty is favorably resolved, if at all. Due to potential future changes in Medicare coverage policies and appeal cycles, insurance coverage policies, contractual rates and other trends in the reimbursement of our tests, our revenues may fluctuate significantly from period to period. Our ability to recognize revenue for a test is dependent on the development of reimbursement experience and obtaining coverage decisions. For tests with limited reimbursement experience or no coverage, we recognize revenues on the basis of actual cash collections.

Our ability to increase our revenues will depend on our ability to further penetrate our target markets, and, in particular, generate sales through our direct sales force, develop and commercialize additional tests, including through acquisitions, obtain reimbursement from additional third-party payors and increase our reimbursement rate for tests performed.

Cost of Sales (exclusive of amortization of acquired intangible assets)

The components of our cost of sales are material and service costs associated with testing samples, personnel costs (including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense), electronic medical record set up costs, order and delivery systems, shipping charges to transport samples, third-party test fees, and allocated overhead including rent, information technology costs, equipment and facilities depreciation and utilities. Costs

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associated with testing samples are recorded when the test is processed regardless of whether and when revenues are recognized with respect to that test. As a result, our cost of sales as a percentage of revenues may vary significantly from period to period because we do not recognize all revenues in the period in which the associated costs are incurred. We expect cost of sales in absolute dollars to increase as the number of tests we perform increases. Additionally, we expect cost of sales to increase with the expansion of laboratory capacity and staffing in advance of the anticipated growth of our recently launched tests and tests acquired through acquisitions. For example, we expect to commence operations in a new expanded laboratory facility in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the second quarter of 2023.

Gross margin and gross margin percentage are key indicators we use to assess our business. See the table in “Results of Operations—Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022” for details.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses include costs incurred to develop our diagnostic and prognostic tests, collect clinical samples and conduct clinical studies to develop and support our products. These costs consist of personnel costs (including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense), prototype materials, laboratory supplies, consulting costs, regulatory costs, electronic medical records set up costs, costs associated with setting up and conducting clinical studies and allocated overhead, including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation and utilities. We expense all research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in research and development activities related to developing enhanced and new products.

We expect to use a portion of our cash and cash equivalents and marketable investment securities to further support and accelerate our research and development activities, including two important studies that are underway to support our DecisionDx-Melanoma test. The first is the CONNECTION study, which is collecting long-term outcomes for up to 10,000 patients who have been tested with DecisionDx-Melanoma. The second is the DECIDE study, which is designed to determine the association of GEP test results with sentinel lymph node biopsy (“SLNB”) surgical decisions in patients eligible for SLNB as well as to track outcomes for patients who did and did not undergo SLNB. In February 2023, we announced the publication of data from the DECIDE study presenting DecisionDx-Melanoma test results influenced 85% of clinicians’ decisions regarding the SLNB surgical procedure. Additionally, use of the tests’ results within current guideline recommendations led to a significant reduction in SLNB procedures performed, demonstrating the clinical value of the test to guide risk-aligned patient care. Also, in 2021, we initiated our IDENTITY Study, a 4,800 patient, prospective, multi-center clinical study to develop, validate and bring to market a pipeline test aimed at predicting response to systemic therapy in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and related inflammatory skin conditions. As of March 31, 2023, we have 55 committed sites and 632 patients enrolled in our IDENTITY study.

We previously funded the PERSONALize study, which was evaluating the use of DecisionDx-Melanoma in patients eligible for adjuvant therapy. Other of our sponsored studies are designed to provide risk stratification analyses within various subgroups. These studies have shown statistically and clinically significant risk stratification separation. Based upon this currently available and anticipated future data, in the second quarter of 2022 we decided to close the PERSONALize study.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses include executive, selling and marketing, legal, finance and accounting, human resources and billing functions. These expenses consist of personnel costs (including salaries, bonuses, benefits and stock-based compensation expense), direct marketing expenses, audit and legal expenses, consulting costs, payor outreach programs and allocated overhead, including rent, information technology, equipment depreciation, and utilities. Other administrative and professional services expenses within SG&A are expected to increase with the scale of our business, but selling and marketing-related expenses are expected to increase significantly, consistent with our growth strategy.

Amortization of Acquired Intangible Assets

Amortization of acquired intangible assets is primarily associated with developed technology obtained through acquisitions, such as our acquisitions of the Myriad MyPath Laboratory in May 2021, Cernostics in December 2021 and AltheaDx in April 2022.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

Change in fair value of contingent consideration is associated with our acquisitions of Cernostics and AltheaDx and the related contingent consideration of up to $50.0 million and $75.0 million, respectively, payable based on the

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achievement of certain commercial milestones relating to the year ending December 31, 2022 in the case of Cernostics, and the years ending December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, in the case of AltheaDx. No amounts were paid relating to the year ended December 31, 2022 for Cernostics and AltheaDx since the applicable commercial milestones were not achieved. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our contingent consideration liability for AltheaDx was zero.

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of earnings on cash and cash equivalents, primarily money market funds, and marketable investment securities, primarily short-term U.S. government obligations.

Interest Expense

Interest expense is primarily attributable to finance leases.

Income Tax (Benefit) Expense

Our consolidated financial statements do not reflect any federal or state income tax benefits attributable to the pre-tax losses we have incurred, due to the uncertainty of realizing a benefit from those items. As of December 31, 2022, we had federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $207.2 million, of which $106.1 million will begin to expire in 2029 if not utilized to offset federal taxable income, and $101.1 million may be carried forward indefinitely. Also, as of December 31, 2022, we had state NOL carryforwards of $114.0 million, which begin to expire in 2028 if not utilized to offset state taxable income.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended March 31,				Change
	2023		2022
	(unaudited)
Net revenues	$	42,037	$	26,852	$	15,185	56.6	%
Operating expenses
Cost of sales (exclusive of amortization of acquired intangible assets)	10,182		5,944		4,238		71.3	%
Research and development	14,393		10,761		3,632		33.8	%
Selling, general and administrative	46,762		30,453		16,309		53.6	%
Amortization of acquired intangible assets	2,222		1,648		574		34.8	%
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	—		2,562		(2,562)		(100.0)	%

Total operating expenses, net	73,559		51,368		22,191		43.2	%
Operating loss	(31,522)		(24,516)		(7,006)		(28.6)	%
Interest income	2,336		30		2,306		NM
Interest expense	(4)		(3)		(1)		(33.3)	%


Loss before income taxes	(29,190)		(24,489)		(4,701)		(19.2)	%
Income tax expense	14		134		(120)		(89.6)	%
Net loss	$	(29,204)	$	(24,623)	$	(4,581)	(18.6)	%

NM = Not meaningful

The following table indicates the amount of stock-based compensation expense (non-cash) reflected in the line items above (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(unaudited)
Cost of sales (exclusive of amortization of acquired intangible assets)	$	1,272	$	853	$	419
Research and development	2,587		1,828		759
Selling, general and administrative	9,666		5,738		3,928
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	13,525	$	8,419	$	5,106

The following table provides a disaggregation of net revenues by type (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(unaudited)
Dermatologic(1)	$	35,911	$	24,339	$	11,572
Non-Dermatologic(2)	6,126		2,513		3,613
Total net revenues	$	42,037	$	26,852	$	15,185

(1)Consists of DecisionDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-SCC and Diagnostic GEP offering.

(2)Consists of TissueCypher, DecisionDx-UM and IDgenetix.

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The following table presents the calculation of gross margin (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022			Change
	(unaudited)
Net revenues	$	42,037		$	26,852		$	15,185
Less: Cost of sales (exclusive of amortization of acquired intangible assets)	10,182			5,944			4,238
Less: Amortization of acquired intangible assets	2,222			1,648			574
Gross margin	$	29,633		$	19,260		$	10,373
Gross margin percentage	70.5		%	71.7		%	(1.2)		%

Net Revenues

Net revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $15.2 million, or 56.6%, to $42.0 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, due to a $11.6 million increase in revenue from our dermatologic tests and a $3.6 million increase in revenue from our non-dermatologic tests.

The increase from our dermatologic tests was primarily due to a 25.9% increase in DecisionDx-Melanoma test report volumes, the effect of receiving Medicare coverage for DecisionDx-SCC beginning in the second quarter of 2022 and a 111.1% increase in DecisionDx-SCC test report volumes.

The increase in revenue from our non-dermatologic tests of $3.6 million was primarily attributable to increased TissueCypher test report volumes in the first quarter of 2023 compared to initial test report volumes in the first quarter of 2022, after we first began offering the test in December 2021, and the effect of the increase in the Medicare reimbursement rate. Also contributing to the increase in non-dermatologic revenues was our IDgenetix test, which we acquired with AltheaDx in April 2022.

The increases in total net revenues were partially offset by the effect of variations in revenue adjustments related to tests delivered in previous periods, associated with changes in estimated variable consideration, which were $1.3 million of net negative revenue adjustments for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $0.6 million of net positive revenue adjustments for the three months ended March 31, 2022. These amounts include (i) adjustments for actual collections versus estimated amounts and (ii) cash collections and the related recognition of revenue in current period for tests delivered in prior periods due to the release of the constraint on variable consideration.

Cost of Sales (exclusive of amortization of acquired intangible assets)

Cost of sales (exclusive of amortization of acquired intangible assets) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased by $4.2 million, or 71.3%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to higher personnel costs and increased expenditures on supplies, third-party services and rent. Personnel costs increased primarily due to headcount associated with our increase in testing and volume, including headcount increases attributable to our acquisition of AltheaDx. The increased personnel costs also reflect higher salaries and wages for existing employees. Supply and service expenses have increased due to higher laboratory activity, which is attributable to higher test volumes. Due to the nature of our business, a significant portion of our cost of sales expenses represents fixed costs associated with our testing operations. Accordingly, our cost of sales expense will not necessarily increase or decrease commensurately with the change in net revenues from period to period. We expect our cost of sales expenses (exclusive of amortization of acquired intangible assets) to continue to increase in future periods as we hire additional laboratory personnel and related resources to support our expected growth in volume for our dermatologic, gastrointestinal, mental health and pipeline tests.

Gross Margin

Our gross margin percentage was 70.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to 71.7% for the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to higher personnel costs attributable to increases in laboratory headcount as well as higher rates of pay, higher amortization expense associated with our acquired intangible assets and variations in revenue adjustments related to tests delivered in previous periods.

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Research and Development

Research and development expenses increased by $3.6 million, or 33.8%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. Approximately 70.6% of the increase was attributable to higher personnel costs, primarily due to expansions in headcount in support of our growth, higher pay rates and higher stock-based compensation expense, and approximately 25.7% is attributable to higher costs for clinical studies, partially offset by decreases in advisory costs. We expect to continue to increase our research and development expenses as we fund ongoing evidence development related to our existing products as well as additional pipeline programs.

Selling, General and Administrative

The following table provides a breakdown of SG&A expenses (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Change
	(unaudited)
Sales and marketing	$	29,945	$	18,221	$	11,724
General and administrative	16,817		12,232		4,585
Total selling, general and administrative expense	$	46,762	$	30,453	$	16,309

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $11.7 million, or 64.3%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to three months ended March 31, 2022. Approximately $7.0 million, or 59.8%, of the increase is attributable to higher personnel costs including salaries, stock-based compensation and bonuses. Personnel costs have increased through the expansions of our dermatology-facing and non-dermatology-facing commercial teams and outside sales forces, including increases associated with our acquisition of AltheaDx in April 2022. In addition, higher personnel costs also reflect salary increases for members of our existing sales force. The remainder of the increase in sales and marketing expenses was primarily associated with travel, training events and conferences fees. The higher expenses for training events and travel reflect an increase in our sales and commercial operations related to our expanded headcount. Stock-based compensation expense included in sales and marketing was $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $2.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

General and administrative expenses increased by $4.6 million, or 37.5%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase is primarily attributable to $3.4 million in higher personnel costs including stock-based compensation, salaries, and bonuses. The higher personnel costs reflect expanded headcount in our administrative support functions, including that related to the acquisition of AltheaDx, as well as higher rates of salaries and wages. Stock-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expense was $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The remainder of the increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily associated with general increases across various categories.

Amortization of Acquired Intangible Assets

Amortization of acquired intangible assets increased by $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase is primarily associated with amortization of developed technology attributable to the acquisition of AltheaDx in April 2022.

Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration

In the first quarter of 2022 the fair value of the contingent consideration associated with our acquisition of Cernostics increased by $2.6 million with no similar activity in the first quarter of 2023.

Interest Income

Interest income increased by $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily as a result of higher interest rates and our purchases of marketable investment securities beginning in the third quarter of 2022.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense, which is allocated among cost of sales, research and development expense and SG&A expense, totaled $13.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $8.4 million for

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the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase is primarily due to the effect of our annual grant of awards in December 2022. We expect material increases in stock-based compensation expense in future periods, attributable to both existing awards outstanding and anticipated additional grants to our current and future employees. As of March 31, 2023, we had 562 employees compared to 400 as of March 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to outstanding awards was $118.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.8 years.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Our principal sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents, marketable investment securities and cash generated from the sale of our products. All of our marketable investment securities are considered investment grade, are readily available for use in current operations and have contractual maturities of one year or less. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had marketable investment securities of $117.2 million and $135.7 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $114.8 million and $122.9 million, respectively.

Since becoming a public company, our liquidity has been primarily derived from the revenue generated from the sale of our products, proceeds from our initial public offering of common stock on July 29, 2019 (the “IPO”), follow-on public offerings of common stock in June 2020 and December 2020 and bank debt, which has since been repaid in full. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable investment securities and anticipated cash generated from sales of our products will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. However, we have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and could result in us depleting our capital resources sooner than expected.

As mentioned above, we expect to use a portion of our cash and cash equivalents and marketable investment securities to further support and accelerate our research and development activities, including the clinical studies noted above in “Components of the Results of Operations—Research and Development.”

Material Cash Requirements

Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue to be, compensation and related expenses, clinical research and development services, laboratory operations, equipment and related supplies, legal and other regulatory expenses, general administrative costs and, from time to time, expansion of our laboratory and office facilities in support of our growth. We anticipate that a substantial portion of our cash requirements in the foreseeable future will relate to the further commercialization of our currently marketed products, the development of our future product candidates in our pipeline and the potential commercialization of these pipeline products, should their development be successful.

In April 2022, we acquired AltheaDx, for $30.5 million in cash and $17.1 million in shares of our common stock. We agreed to pay contingent consideration of up $75.0 million, 50% in cash and 50% in common stock, based on the achievement of certain commercial milestones relating to the years ending December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024. The portion associated with the commercial milestones for the year ended December 31, 2022 was not paid since the applicable commercial milestones were not met. This portion represented $35.0 million of the $75.0 million total potential payment obligation, exclusive of a potential catch-up payment in 2023 of $17.5 million which will become payable if all 2023 commercial milestones are fully met. Therefore, a potential payment obligation of up to $57.5 million with respect to the remaining commercial milestones for 2023 and 2024 remains as of March 31, 2023. In each case, the number of shares of our common stock that may be issued in connection with the commercial milestone payments is subject to limitations, as discussed in Note 10 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Our actual liability with respect to these commercial milestone payments from our acquisition will depend, in part, on our ability to successfully integrate IDgenetix (acquired from AltheaDx) into our suite of commercial product offerings and the timing thereof. See Note 6 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information on recent acquisitions.

Since our inception, we have generally incurred significant losses and negative cash flows. For the year ended December 31, 2022 we had a net loss of $67.1 million and an accumulated deficit of $160.9 million as of December 31, 2022. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we had a net loss of $29.2 million and an accumulated deficit of $190.1 million as of March 31, 2023. Our ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful commercialization of our currently marketed products and the products we plan to launch in the future as well as our spending on research and development activities. We expect to incur additional expenses and losses in the future as we invest in the commercialization of our existing products and the development and commercialization of our current pipeline products and future product candidates. Further,

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we expect that any acquisitions of businesses, products, assets or technologies will also increase our expenses. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable investment securities and anticipated cash generated from the sale of our commercial products will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. We believe we will meet longer-term expected cash requirements and obligations through a combination of existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable investment securities and anticipated cash generated from sales of our products and issuances of equity securities or debt offerings. However, we have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect. There are numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing genomic tests, including, among others, the uncertainty of:

•successful commencement and completion of clinical study protocols;

•successful identification and acquisition of tissue samples;

•the development and validation of genomic classifiers; and

•acceptance of new genomic tests by clinicians, patients and third-party payors.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of product candidates, we are unable to estimate our exact working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on and could increase significantly as a result of, many factors, including those listed above as well as those listed in Part II, Item 1A., “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We do not currently have any committed external source of funds. In the event additional funding is required, we expect that we would use a combination of equity and debt financings, which may not be available to us when needed, on terms that we deem to be favorable or at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of common stockholders. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making acquisitions or capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Any disruptions to, or volatility in, the credit and financial markets or any deterioration in overall economic conditions may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain, more costly and/or more dilutive. If we are unable to raise additional funds through debt or equity financing or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product discovery and development activities or future commercialization efforts.

Leases

We have entered into various operating and finance leases, which are primarily associated with our laboratory facilities and office space.

Total undiscounted future minimum payment obligations under our operating leases and finance leases as of March 31, 2023 totaled approximately $23.1 million, of which $1.5 million is payable through the remainder of 2023 and $21.6 million is payable through the end of 2033. The leases expire on various dates through 2033 and provide certain options to renew for additional periods. On April 18, 2023, we amended an existing lease agreement to lease additional laboratory space in Phoenix, Arizona. Upon us occupying the additional laboratory space, we expect this lease to increase our undiscounted future minimum payment obligations by a total of approximately $1.7 million.

We expect our lease obligations may increase in the future as we expand our facilities, operations and headcount in support of the anticipated growth in our portfolio of commercial products and pipeline tests.

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Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash and cash equivalents for each of the periods presented (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,
		2023		2022
		(unaudited)
Net cash used in operating activities		$	(25,439)	$	(21,430)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		16,584		(402)
Net cash provided by financing activities		728		1,216
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		(8,127)		(20,616)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		122,948		329,633
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period		$	114,821	$	309,017

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $25.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and was primarily attributable to the net loss of $29.2 million, decreases in accrued compensation of $11.6 million, increases in accounts receivable of $4.4 million, increases in accretion of discounts on marketable investment securities of $1.2 million and increases in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $0.7 million, partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $13.5 million, change in accounts payable of $3.9 million, depreciation and amortization of $2.9 million and a change in other accrued and current liabilities of $1.0 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $21.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, and was primarily attributable to the net loss of $24.6 million, decreases in accrued compensation of $6.9 million and increases in accounts receivable of $2.7 million, partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $8.4 million, change in fair value of contingent consideration of $2.6 million and depreciation and amortization of $2.2 million.

The $4.0 million additional net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022 is primarily due to cash requirements associated with the increases in operating expenses, the majority of which were attributable to salaries, bonuses and benefits due to our growth in headcount, as discussed in further detail under “Results of Operations—Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022” above. The effect of the higher expenses on net cash used in operating activities was partially offset by cash inflows from the higher revenues. First quarter 2023 cash use reflects payout of employee annual cash bonuses as well as certain health care benefit payments totaling $17.7 million, that are not expected to recur during the remainder of 2023. In comparison, we paid $11.6 million during the same period in 2022 towards annual cash bonuses and certain health care benefits.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $16.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and consisted primarily of the maturity of marketable investment securities of $50.0 million, partially offset by purchases of marketable investment securities of $30.1 million and purchases of property and equipment of $3.3 million. Net cash used in investing activities was $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and resulted from the purchases of property and equipment of $0.4 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and consisted primarily of $1.0 million of proceeds from contributions to our 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), $0.1 million of proceeds from exercise of common stock options, partially offset by the $0.3 million payment of employee taxes attributable to the vesting of Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”).

Net cash provided by financing activities was $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, and primarily consisted of $0.9 million in proceeds from contributions to the ESPP and $0.4 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

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Inflation

In 2021, the rate of inflation in the United States began to increase and then rose to levels not experienced in over 40 years, but began subsiding in the second half of 2022. We are experiencing inflationary pressures, primarily in increased personnel costs and price increases for certain lab supplies. We anticipate possible inflationary impacts on other cost areas in the future. The extent of any future impacts from inflation on our business and our results of operations will be dependent upon how long the elevated inflation levels persist and the extent to which the rate of inflation were to further increase, if at all, neither of which we are able to predict. If elevated levels of inflation were to persist or if the rate of inflation were to accelerate, the purchasing power of our cash and cash equivalents and marketable investment securities may be further diminished, our expenses could increase faster than anticipated and we may utilize our capital resources sooner than expected. Further, given the complexities of the reimbursement landscape in which we operate, our payors may be unwilling or unable to increase reimbursement rates to compensate for inflationary impacts. As such, the effects of inflation may adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Critical Accounting Estimates

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, except as noted below, there were no significant changes to the information discussed under “Critical Accounting Estimates” included in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The following is an updated discussion of our critical accounting estimates related to the determination of the requisite service period with respect to stock-based compensation. This information should be read in conjunction with our other information on critical accounting estimates included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Stock-Based Compensation—Requisite Service Period

For awards with graded vesting and only service conditions, we recognize compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. For options and RSUs, the requisite service period is generally the awards’ vesting period (typically four years). Performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) vest upon the achievement of certain performance conditions and the provision of service with us through a specified period. Accruals of compensation cost for PSUs are based on the probable outcome of the performance conditions and are reassessed each reporting period. We recognize compensation cost for PSUs separately for each vesting tranche on a ratable basis over the requisite service period. The requisite service period for PSUs is based on an analysis of vesting requirements and performance conditions for the particular award. Certain employees are entitled to acceleration of vesting of a portion of their awards upon retirement, subject to age, years of service and notice requirements. In these cases, the requisite service period takes into consideration the employee’s retirement eligibility, and is reassessed at each reporting date. For the ESPP, the requisite service period is generally the period of time from the offering date to the purchase date.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023. Based upon the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the first quarter of 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe there is no pending or threatened litigation that could have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Risk Factors Summary

We face many risks and uncertainties, as more fully described in this section under the heading “Risk Factors.” Some of these risks and uncertainties are summarized below. The summary below does not contain all of the information that may be important to you, and you should read this summary together with the more detailed discussion of these risks and uncertainties contained in “Risk Factors.”

Risks Related to our Financial Condition

•A significant portion of our revenue comes from a small number of third-party payors.

•Due to how we recognize revenue, our quarterly and annual revenues may not reflect our underlying business.

•We have incurred significant losses since inception, and we may never achieve profitability.

•We are an early, commercial-stage company and have a limited operating history, which may make it difficult to evaluate our current business and predict our future performance.

•Our quarterly and annual operating results and cash flows may fluctuate in the future, which could cause the market price of our stock to decline substantially.

•If our internal control over financial reporting is not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause adverse effects on our business and may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our stock price.

•We may need to raise additional capital to fund our existing operations, commercialize new products, or expand our operations.

Risks Related to our Business

•Our revenue currently depends primarily on sales of DecisionDx-Melanoma and our other dermatologic tests, and we will need to generate sufficient revenue from this and other products to grow our business.

•Unfavorable U.S. and global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

•The failure of financial institutions or transactional counterparties could adversely affect our current and projected business operations, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

•Public health crises, such as pandemics or similar outbreaks, could adversely impact our business.

•Billing for our products is complex and requires substantial time and resources to collect payment.

•We rely on third parties for sample collection, preparation and delivery.

•We rely on our database of samples for some of the development and improvement of our products. Depletion or loss of our samples could significantly harm our business.

•If our primary clinical laboratory facility becomes damaged or inoperable or we are required to vacate our existing facility, our ability to conduct our laboratory analysis and pursue our research and development efforts may be jeopardized.

•New product development involves a lengthy and complex process, and we may be unable to develop and commercialize, or receive reimbursement for, on a timely basis, or at all, new products.

•We rely on limited or sole suppliers for some of the reagents, equipment, chips and other materials used by our products, and we may not be able to find replacements or transition to alternative suppliers.

•The sizes of the TAM for our current and future products have not been established with precision and may be smaller than we estimate.

•The diagnostic testing industry is subject to rapid change, which could make our current or future products obsolete.

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Risks Related to Reimbursement and Government Regulation

•We generally have limited reimbursement coverage for our products, and if third-party payors, including government and commercial payors, do not provide sufficient coverage of, or adequate reimbursement for, our products, our commercial success, including revenue, will be negatively affected.

•We conduct business in a heavily regulated industry, and failure to comply with federal, state and foreign laboratory licensing requirements including those established by CMS and the applicable requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or any other regulatory authority, could cause us to lose the ability to perform our tests, experience disruptions to our business, or become subject to administrative or judicial sanctions.

•Interim, topline and preliminary data from our clinical studies that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

•Changes in healthcare policy, statutes or regulations, or our ability to comply with applicable healthcare requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

•If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our technology, our ability to successfully commercialize our products may be impaired.

•Our commercial success depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing upon the intellectual property rights of third parties.

•We depend on information technology systems that we license from third parties. Any failure of such systems or loss of licenses to the software that comprises an essential element of such systems could significantly harm our business.

Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Growth and Other Risks Related to Our Business

•We are highly dependent on the services of our key personnel, including our President and Chief Executive Officer.

•Our employees, clinical investigators, consultants, speakers, vendors and any current or potential commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

•We have engaged in, and may continue to engage in, strategic transactions, such as the acquisition of businesses, assets, products or technologies, which could be disruptive to our existing operations, divert the attention of our management team and adversely impact our liquidity, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.

•Product or professional liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit our commercialization of our products.

•Our business could be adversely affected by natural disasters, public health epidemics and other events beyond our control.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

•The price of our common stock may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

•We have broad discretion in the use of working capital and may not use it effectively or in ways that increase our share price.

•We have and may continue to enter into related party transactions that create conflicts of interest, or the appearance of conflicts of interest, which may harm our business and cause our stock price to decline.

•The concentration of our stock ownership will likely limit your ability to influence corporate matters, including the ability to influence the outcome of director elections and other matters requiring stockholder approval.

•Delaware law and provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.

•Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

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Risk Factors

You should consider carefully the risks described below, as well as the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, before deciding whether to purchase, hold or sell shares of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the following risks could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or growth prospects or cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements we have made in this report and those we may make from time to time. You should consider all of the factors described as well as the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” when evaluating our business. The risk factors set forth below that are marked with an asterisk (*) are new or contain changes to the similarly titled risk factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition

A significant portion of our revenue comes from a small number of third-party payors.

Our revenue for our test reports provided for patients covered by Medicare as a percentage of total revenue, was 53% and 57% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Additionally, there is a commercial payor from which 12% of our revenue from patients were derived for the year ended December 31, 2022. If our largest current payors were to significantly reduce, or cease to pay, the amount they reimburse for our products, or if they do not reach favorable coverage and reimbursement decisions for our products, or attempt to recover amounts they had already paid, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and cause significant fluctuations in our results of operations.

Due to how we recognize revenue, our quarterly and annual revenues may not reflect our underlying business.*

We have concluded that our contracts include variable consideration because the amounts paid by Medicare or commercial health insurance carriers may be paid at less than our standard rates or not paid at all, with such differences considered implicit price concessions. Variable consideration attributable to these price concessions is measured at the expected value using the ‘‘most likely amount’’ method under ASC 606. The amounts are estimated using historical average collection rates by test type and payor category taking into consideration the range of possible outcomes, the predictive value of our past experiences, the time period of when uncertainties expect to be resolved and the amount of consideration that is susceptible to factors outside of our influence, such as the judgment and actions of third parties. Determining variable consideration through a consideration of these factors involves a significant level of estimation uncertainty, and our estimations may turn out to be incorrect. Such variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainties with respect to the amount are resolved. Variable consideration may be constrained and excluded from the transaction price in situations where there is no contractually agreed upon reimbursement coverage or in the absence of a predictable pattern and history of collectability with a payor. Variable consideration for Medicare claims for which there are no existing positive coverage decisions, including those claims undergoing appeal, is deemed to be fully constrained due to factors outside our influence (e.g., judgment or actions of third parties) and the uncertainty of the amount to be received is not expected to be resolved for a long period of time. Variable consideration is evaluated each reporting period and adjustments are recorded as increases or decreases in revenues. As a result of the timing and amount of adjustments for variable consideration, our operating results and comparisons of such results on a period-to-period basis may be difficult to understand and may not be meaningful. In addition, these fluctuations in revenue may make it difficult for us, for research analysts and for investors to accurately forecast our revenue and operating results. If our revenue or operating results fall below expectations, the price of our common stock would likely decline.

We have incurred significant losses since inception, and we may never achieve profitability.*

Since our inception, we have had a history of net losses. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we had a net loss of $67.1 million and as of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $160.9 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we had a net loss of $29.2 million and as of March 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $190.1 million. We cannot predict if we will achieve profitability in the near future or at all. We

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expect to incur losses in the future as we plan to invest significant additional funds toward the expansion of our commercial organization, the conduct of clinical utility and validity studies to support adoption of our products and the development or acquisition of additional products. We also expect significant increases in our stock-based compensation expense in future periods due to additional awards outstanding, attributable to increased headcount. Additionally, our performance could be affected by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, economic slowdowns, labor shortages, recessions or market corrections, supply chain disruptions, inflation and monetary policy shifts, bank failures or other disruptions in in the banking system or financing markets, rising interest rates and tightening of credit markets resulting from the conflict or other evolving macroeconomic developments. Due to the requirements associated with being a public company, including those associated with no longer qualifying as an emerging growth company, we expect to continue incurring significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses. We also expect that any acquisitions of businesses, assets, products or technologies will increase our expenses. These increased expenses will make it harder for us to achieve future profitability or generate positive cash flows. We may also incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, many of which are beyond our control, including the other risks described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, adoption of our products, coverage of and reimbursement rates for our products from third-party payors, and future research and development activities. Our failure to achieve profitability in the future could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and make it more difficult or costly for us to raise additional capital.

We are an early, commercial-stage company and have a limited operating history, which may make it difficult to evaluate our current business and predict our future performance.

We are an early commercial-stage company and have a limited operating history. Our limited operating history may make it difficult to evaluate our current business and this makes predictions about our future success or viability subject to significant uncertainty. In particular, we intend to use a portion of our working capital to increase our headcount, including through the expansion of our laboratory testing operations, sales and marketing and research and development teams, which will increase our operating costs in a manner not historically reflected in our consolidated financial statements. These anticipated changes in our operating expenses may make it difficult to evaluate our current business, assess our future performance relative to prior performance and accurately predict our future performance.

We will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by early commercial-stage companies, including those associated with increasing the size of our organization and the prioritization of our commercial, research and business development activities. If we do not address these risks successfully, our business could suffer.

Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and affect our reported operating results.

Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC, and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in accounting standards or practices can have a significant effect on our reported results and may even affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. Changes to existing rules or the questioning of current practices may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business.

Our quarterly and annual operating results and cash flows may fluctuate in the future, which could cause the market price of our stock to decline substantially.

Numerous factors, many of which are outside our control may cause or contribute to significant fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results. For example, following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 we experienced decreases in revenue and test report volumes. These fluctuations may make financial planning and forecasting uncertain. In addition, these fluctuations may result in unanticipated decreases in our available cash, which could negatively affect our business and prospects. In addition, one or more of such factors may cause our revenue or operating expenses in one period to be disproportionately higher or lower relative to the others. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may be difficult to understand and may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results as indicative of our future performance.

In addition, a significant portion of our operating expense is relatively fixed in nature, and planned expenditures are based in part on expectations regarding future revenue. Accordingly, unexpected revenue shortfalls could decrease our gross margins and cause significant changes in our operating results from quarter to quarter. If this occurs, the trading price of our stock could fall substantially.

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This variability and unpredictability caused by factors such as those described above could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any guidance we may provide, or if the guidance we provide is below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated guidance we may provide.

If our internal control over financial reporting is not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause adverse effects on our business and may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our stock price.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports in a timely manner. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

If we fail to adequately staff our accounting and finance function or fail to maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting, any new or recurring material weaknesses could prevent our management from concluding our internal control over financial reporting is effective and could result in our auditor issuing an adverse opinion on our internal control over financial reporting. If we identify any future significant deficiencies or material weaknesses, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, our ability to prevent material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements could be impaired, a material misstatement in our consolidated financial statements could occur and we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports, which could cause our business to suffer and our stock price to decline.

Since becoming a publicly traded company in 2019, we have increased the headcount of our accounting and finance functions to further support the demands placed upon us as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”). We expect to continue expending significant time and resources related to our internal control over financial reporting, including by further expanding our finance and accounting staff over time, but there can be no assurance our efforts will be effective.

We may need to raise additional capital to fund our existing operations, commercialize new products or expand our operations.*

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable investment securities and anticipated cash generated from sales of our products will be sufficient to fund our operations for the foreseeable future. If our available cash and cash equivalents, marketable investment securities and anticipated cash generated from sales of our products are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements including because of lower demand for our products, lower than currently expected rates of reimbursement from third-party payors or other risks described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q, we may finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements. We do not currently have any committed external source of funds. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

We may consider raising additional capital in the future to expand our business, to pursue strategic investments, to take advantage of financing opportunities or for other reasons, including to:

•increase our sales and marketing efforts for the DecisionDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-SCC, MyPath Melanoma, DiffDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-UM, TissueCypher and IDgenetix tests and address competitive developments among these or future commercial products;

•fund ongoing evidence development for our existing products as well as additional pipeline programs;

•expand our laboratory testing facility and related testing capacity;

•expand our technologies into other types of skin cancer, ocular cancer, gastrointestinal or mental health management and detection products;

•acquire, license or invest in technologies;

•acquire or invest in complementary businesses or assets; and

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•finance capital expenditures and general and administrative expenses.

Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

•our ability to achieve revenue growth;

•our rate of progress in establishing payor coverage and reimbursement arrangements with third-party payors;

•our rate of progress in, and cost of the sales, marketing, coverage and reimbursement activities associated with, establishing adoption of our lead product, DecisionDx-Melanoma, among our other products;

•the cost of expanding our laboratory operations and offerings, including our sales, marketing, coverage and reimbursement efforts;

•our rate of progress in, and cost of research and development activities associated with, diagnostic products in research and early development;

•the potential cost of, and delays in, the development of new products as a result of changes in regulatory oversight applicable to our products;

•acquisitions of businesses, assets, products or technologies;

•the duration and effects of elevated inflation;

•the effects on our operations of general political and economic conditions and evolving macroeconomic developments, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, economic slowdowns, labor shortages, recessions or market corrections, supply chain disruptions, inflation and monetary policy shifts, bank failures or other disruptions in in the banking system or financing markets, rising interest rates and tightening of credit markets resulting from the conflict or other evolving macroeconomic developments; and

•the effect of competing technological and market developments.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making acquisitions or capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or products, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

Any disruptions to, or volatility in, the credit and financial markets or any deterioration in overall economic conditions may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain, more costly and/or more dilutive. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our commercialization, research and development efforts or grant rights to third parties to market and/or develop products that we would otherwise prefer to market and develop ourselves.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our revenue currently depends primarily on sales of DecisionDx-Melanoma, and we will need to generate sufficient revenue from this and other products to grow our business.*

Our revenue in 2022 and 2021 was primarily derived from the sale of our lead product, DecisionDx-Melanoma. While we also derive revenue from our other tests, we expect that the majority of our revenue for at least the next several years will be derived from sales of DecisionDx-Melanoma as well as our other dermatologic tests.

We believe that our long-term commercial success, and ability to generate revenue, will depend on our ability to develop and market additional products, on our ability to increase market penetration for our existing and potential future products and on our ability to obtain favorable coverage and reimbursement policies from government payors, such as Medicare, and from private payors, such as insurance companies.

Without positive coverage policies, our products may not be reimbursed and we may not be able to recognize revenue. If we are unable to increase sales and expand coverage and reimbursement for DecisionDx-Melanoma and our other tests, develop and commercialize other products, and successfully obtain coverage and adequate

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reimbursement for such products, our revenue and our ability to achieve profitability would be impaired, and the market price of our stock could decline substantially.

Unfavorable U.S. and global economic conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.*

Our results of operations could be adversely affected by general conditions in the U.S. and global economies, the U.S. and global financial markets and adverse macroeconomic developments. U.S. and global market and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, disrupted and volatile due to many factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, economic slowdowns, labor shortages, recessions or market corrections, supply chain disruptions, inflation and monetary policy shifts, bank failures or other disruptions in in the banking system or financing markets, rising interest rates and tightening of credit markets resulting from the conflict or other evolving macroeconomic developments, among others. General business and economic conditions that could affect our business, financial condition or results of operations include fluctuations in economic growth, debt and equity capital markets, liquidity of the global financial markets, the availability and cost of credit, investor and consumer confidence, and the strength of the economies in which we, our collaborators, our manufacturers and our suppliers operate.

A severe or prolonged global economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business. For example, inflation rates, particularly in the United States, have increased recently to levels not seen in years, and increased inflation may result in increases in our operating costs (including our labor costs), reduced liquidity and limits on our ability to access credit or otherwise raise capital on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, the U.S. Federal Reserve has raised, and may again raise, interest rates in response to concerns about inflation, which coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks. Risks of a prolonged global economic downturn are particularly true in Europe, which is undergoing a continued severe economic crisis. A weak or declining economy could also strain our suppliers and manufacturers, possibly resulting in supply disruption. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

Additionally, financial markets around the world experienced volatility following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022. In response to the invasion, the United States, United Kingdom (“UK”) and European Union (“EU”), along with others, imposed significant new sanctions and export controls against Russia, Russian banks and certain Russian individuals and may implement additional sanctions or take further punitive actions in the future. The full economic and social impact of the sanctions imposed on Russia (as well as possible future punitive measures that may be implemented), as well as the counter measures imposed by Russia, in addition to the ongoing military conflict between Ukraine and Russia, which could conceivably expand into the surrounding region, remains uncertain; however, both the conflict and related sanctions have resulted and could continue to result in disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability and/or supply chain continuity in both Europe and globally, and has introduced significant uncertainty into global markets. In particular, the Russia-Ukraine conflict has contributed to rapidly rising costs of living (driven largely by higher energy prices) in Europe and other advanced economies. Further, a weak or declining economy could strain our suppliers, manufacturers and collaborators, possibly resulting in additional supply disruption for our product candidates. As a result, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected by the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, particularly to the extent it escalates to involve additional countries, further economic sanctions or wider military conflict. If economic conditions in Europe and other key markets for our business and the business of our suppliers, manufacturers and collaborators remain uncertain or deteriorate further, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, we could experience adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

The failure of financial institutions or transactional counterparties could adversely affect our current and projected business operations, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.*

The recent closures of Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), Signature Bank and First Republic Bank have resulted in broader financial institution liquidity risk and concerns. Although we held a small portion of our cash and cash equivalents at SVB as of March 31, 2023, and have not experienced an adverse impact to our liquidity or to our current and projected business operations, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, future adverse developments with respect to specific financial institutions or the broader financial services industry may lead to market-wide liquidity shortages that could materially harm our business and financial condition. In this regard, we continue to maintain our cash at SVB and other banks, often in balances that exceed the current Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limits, and the failure of any bank in which we deposit our funds could reduce the amount of cash we have available for our operations or delay our ability to access such funds or collect

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receivables. Any such failure may increase the possibility of a sustained deterioration of financial market liquidity, or illiquidity at clearing, cash management and/or custodial financial institutions. In the event we have a commercial relationship with a bank that has failed or is otherwise distressed, we may experience delays or other issues in meeting our financial obligations. If other banks and financial institutions fail or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, our ability to access our cash, cash equivalents and investments, including transferring funds, making payments or receiving funds may be threatened and our ability to raise additional capital could be substantially impaired, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. In any event, if the financial market disruptions and economic slowdown deepen or persist, we may not be able to access additional capital on favorable terms, or at all, which could negatively affect our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy.

Public health crises, such as pandemics or similar outbreaks, could adversely impact our business.

The COVID-19 pandemic, and federal, state and local government responses to these events, adversely impacted our business. Adverse impacts included reduced demand for our test reports, as well as disruptions to the business or operations of physicians and other healthcare providers who order our test reports and the third-party payors responsible for reimbursement for our tests, customers and other third parties with whom we conduct business.

Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we experienced declines in orders and test report volume in certain periods. For example, in the second quarter of 2020, test reports delivered for our lead product, DecisionDx-Melanoma, decreased 18.5% compared to the second quarter of 2019. We believe these decreases in our test report volume were linked to delays and/or cancellations in patient visits, resulting in fewer diagnostic biopsies and thus a reduction in the number of diagnoses of cutaneous melanoma in response, as well as the cumulative impact on promotional responsiveness as a result of reduced sales calls per day and in-person sales calls during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Similar future events, and responses to such events, could also adversely impact and disrupt our business, including, but not limited to:

•decreased test report volume due to a decline in orders of our tests as patient visits for routine examinations and biopsies have been, and may continue to be, delayed and/or canceled;

•disruption of our sales and commercialization activities due to limitations on our ability to communicate with clinicians as a result of travel restrictions and hindered means of communicating with clinicians;

•delays or disruptions by third parties in the collection, preparation or delivery of the samples that we test;

•delays or difficulties in delivering test reports, interruptions in research and development and other limitations of key business activities due to members of our workforce becoming ill, compliance with applicable vaccination mandates and/or stay-at-home or other similar orders imposed by or that may be imposed by state and local governments, including at our Phoenix, Arizona; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Friendswood, Texas locations;

•delayed reimbursement from third-party payors, disruption in our supply channel and other adverse impacts on our business resulting from the negative effects a pandemic on our suppliers, service providers and other third parties on whom we rely; and

•delayed or postponed interactions with regulators and other important agencies and contractors, due to limitations in employee resources, travel restrictions or forced furlough of government employees.

The receipt of government payments or other assistance during a public crisis or pandemic could generate negative publicity or other adverse impacts for our Company.

Under legislation enacted (or that may be enacted) by the United States federal government in response to public health crises or pandemics, we could receive cash payments or other forms of assistance allocated to healthcare and other companies, the receipt of which could generate negative publicity, harm our reputation, trigger a review or audit by applicable government agencies and/or adversely impact our stock price. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic we received $1.9 million of government payments in the form of provider relief funds from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”). Although we do not believe the receipt of these funds was perceived negatively by the public, we can provide no assurance regarding future public reactions to similar events. Further, the terms and conditions of such payments or other assistance may be subject to restrictive terms and conditions, which may be ambiguous or subject to further modification, interpretation and guidance issued by governments on an ongoing basis. In the event we fail to comply with any of the terms or conditions associated with

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a payment we receive or if the terms and conditions or related interpretations change, we may be required to return it.

Billing for our products is complex and requires substantial time and resources to collect payment.

Billing for clinical laboratory testing services is complex, time-consuming and expensive. Depending on the billing arrangement and applicable law, we bill various payors, including Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance companies, private healthcare institutions, and patients, all of which have different billing requirements. We generally bill third-party payors for products and pursue reimbursement on a case-by-case basis where pricing contracts are not in place. To the extent laws or contracts require us to bill patient co-payments or co-insurance, we must also comply with these requirements. We may also face increased risk in our collection efforts, including potential write-offs of accounts receivable and long collection cycles, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Several factors make the billing process complex, including:

•differences between the billing rates and reimbursement rates for our products;

•compliance with complex federal and state regulations related to billing government healthcare programs, including Medicare, Medicaid, Veterans Health Administration and TRICARE;

•risk of government audits related to billing;

•disputes among payors as to which party is responsible for payment;

•differences in coverage and information and billing requirements among payors, including the need for prior authorization and/or advanced notification;

•the effect of patient co-payments or co-insurance and our ability to collect such payments from patients;

•changes to billing codes used for our products;

•changes to requirements related to our current or future clinical studies, including our registry studies, which can affect eligibility for payment;

•ongoing monitoring provisions of LCDs for our products, which can affect the circumstances under which a claim would be considered medically necessary;

•incorrect or missing billing information; and

•the resources required to manage the billing and claims appeals process.

We use standard industry CPT billing codes to bill for our products. If these codes were to change, there is a risk of an error being made in the claim adjudication process. Such errors can occur with claims submission, third-party transmission or in the processing of the claim by the payor. Claim adjudication errors may result in a delay in payment processing or a reduction in the amount of the payment we receive.

As we introduce new products, we may need to add new codes to our billing process as well as our financial reporting systems. Failure or delays in effecting these changes in external billing and internal systems and processes could negatively affect our collection rates, revenue and cost of collecting.

Additionally, our billing activities require us to implement compliance procedures and oversight, train and monitor our employees, and undertake internal audits to evaluate compliance with applicable laws and regulations as well as internal compliance policies and procedures. When payors deny our claims, we may challenge the reason, low payment amount or payment denials. Payors also conduct external audits to evaluate payments, which add further complexity to the billing process. If the payor makes an overpayment determination, there is a risk that we may be required to return all or some portion of prior payments we have received.

Additionally, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “ACA”) requires providers and suppliers to report and return any overpayments received from government payors under the Medicare and Medicaid programs within 60 days of identification. Failure to identify and return such overpayments exposes the provider or supplier to liability under federal false claims laws. These billing complexities, and the related uncertainty in obtaining payment for our products, could negatively affect our revenue and cash flow, our ability to achieve profitability, and the consistency and comparability of our results of operations.

In addition to the complexities noted above, we rely upon a third-party software application in the administration of our billing and collection process. Any significant disruption in our billing operations or the discovery of a deficiency

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in the design of our billing process could adversely impact our ability to generate and send invoices, calculate revenues, track payments and collect our accounts receivable. Although to date we have not experienced any disruptions or identified any deficiencies with our billing process or billing system, there can be no assurances that any disruptions or deficiencies will not occur in the future. Additionally, any failure in the design or operation of our internal controls related to our billing and collection processes could adversely impact our ability to conclude on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and could cause our auditor to issue an adverse opinion on our internal control over financial reporting.

We rely on third parties for sample collection, preparation and delivery. Any defects in sample collection or preparation by such third parties and any delays in delivery of such samples could cause errors in our test reports and affect our ability to deliver test reports in a timely manner or at all, which could significantly harm our business.

The samples that we test are biopsied (if applicable), preserved, prepared and delivered to us by third parties, including dermatopathologists and laboratory facilities. As such, we rely on these third parties to prepare, label and deliver the samples that we test in compliance with applicable laws and guidelines, and in a timely manner. Therefore, the accuracy and correctness of the test reports that we deliver are dependent on proper chain of custody and appropriate methods of sample collection or preparation utilized by these third parties, and our ability to timely deliver reports is dependent upon the ability of these third parties to provide these samples to us in a timely manner. The ability of these third parties to provide these samples to us in a timely manner could be delayed by events beyond our control, including but not limited to operational problems, natural disasters and public health epidemics. Any errors in any part of the sample collection or preparation process could render us unable to process tests, or deliver test reports, or cause us to deliver incorrect test reports, potentially resulting in harm to patients whose clinicians implement a change in treatment decisions based upon our test report. If we are unable to timely deliver test reports, clinicians may be less likely to recommend and order our products and our revenues could be adversely affected. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could significantly harm our reputation and our results of operations, causing significant harm to our business.

We rely on our database of samples for some of the development and improvement of our products. Depletion or loss of our samples could significantly harm our business.

The development and validation of accurate products is a complex process that requires access to tissue specimens and long-term outcomes data. Our research and development efforts to improve our existing commercial products and develop new pipeline products may require the depletion of our existing database of samples. If our samples are lost or destroyed, or substantially depleted before we are able to generate meaningful data, we may be unable to improve our existing products, continue the development of pipeline products or validate product candidates. While we have historically been able to create and maintain a large sample bank to expand the clinical use of our products and develop new products, we may be unable to do so in the future. If we were unable to maintain or replenish our sample bank, we may be unable to improve our products or develop new products.

If one or more of our primary clinical laboratory facilities becomes damaged or inoperable or we are required to vacate our existing facility, our ability to conduct our laboratory analysis and pursue our research and development efforts may be jeopardized.*

We currently perform our testing and store our database of tumor samples at both our Phoenix, Arizona and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania clinical laboratory facilities. Our facilities and equipment could be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including war, fire, earthquake, power loss, communications failure, terrorism, burglary, public health crises (including restrictions that may be imposed on businesses by state and local governments under stay-at-home or similar orders and mandates) or other events, which may make it difficult or impossible for us to perform our testing services for some period of time or to receive and store samples. The inability to perform tests or to reduce the backlog of sample analysis that could develop if our facilities become inoperable, for even a short period of time, may result in the loss of revenue, loss of customers or harm to our reputation, and we may be unable to regain that revenue, those customers or repair our reputation in the future. Furthermore, integral parties in our supply chain are operating from single sites, increasing their vulnerability to natural disasters and man-made disasters or other sudden, unforeseen and severe adverse events.

In addition, the loss of our tissue samples due to such events could limit or prevent our ability to conduct research and development analysis on existing tests as well as tests in active pipeline development.

While we have a business continuity plan in place, and intentionally built out two clinical laboratories in adjacent buildings in Phoenix, Arizona to not only support our growth but to provide certain operational redundancy, our facilities and the equipment we use to perform our testing and research and development could be unavailable or

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costly and time-consuming to repair or replace. It would be difficult, time-consuming and expensive to rebuild our facilities, to locate and qualify a new facility, replace certain pieces of equipment or license or transfer our proprietary technology to a third-party, particularly in light of licensure and accreditation requirements. Even in the unlikely event that we are able to find a third party with such qualifications to enable us to resume our operations, we may be unable to negotiate commercially reasonable terms.

We carry insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, but this insurance may not cover all of the risks associated with damage or disruption to our business, may not provide coverage in amounts sufficient to cover our potential losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

Our current or future products may not achieve or maintain significant commercial market acceptance.

We believe our commercial success is dependent upon our ability to continue to successfully market and sell our products, to continue to expand our current relationships and develop new relationships with healthcare providers, to expand and maintain coverage for our products, and to develop and commercialize new products. Our ability to achieve and maintain commercial market acceptance of our existing and future products will depend on a number of factors, including:

•our ability to increase awareness of our products through successful clinical utility and validity studies;

•the rate of adoption of our products by physicians and other healthcare providers;

•our ability to achieve guideline inclusion for our products;

•the timeliness with which we can provide our clinical reports to the ordering clinician;

•the timing and scope of any regulatory approval for our products, if such approvals become required, and maintaining ongoing compliance with regulatory requirements;

•our ability to obtain and maintain positive coverage decisions for our products from government and commercial payors;

•our ability to obtain and maintain adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, such as Medicare, which accounted for 53% and 57% of our revenue from test reports for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, with an additional third-party payor accounting for 12% of our revenue from test reports for the year ended December 31, 2022;

•the impact of our investments in research and development and commercial growth;

•negative publicity regarding our or our competitors’ products resulting from scientific publications, or defects or errors in the products; and

•our ability to further validate our products through clinical research and accompanying publications.

We cannot assure you that we will be successful in addressing each of these factors or other factors that might affect the market acceptance of our products. If we are unsuccessful in achieving and maintaining market acceptance of our products, our business and results of operations will suffer.

New product development involves a lengthy and complex process, and we may be unable to develop and commercialize, or receive reimbursement for, on a timely basis, or at all, new products.

We continually seek to develop new product offerings, which requires us to devote considerable resources to research and development. Before we can commercialize a new pipeline product, we will need to expend significant resources in order to conduct substantial research and development, including clinical utility and validity studies, and further develop and scale our laboratory processes and infrastructure to accommodate additional products. For example, in 2021, we launched our innovative pipeline to develop a genomic test aimed at predicting response to systemic therapy in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and related inflammatory skin conditions. We have initiated our IDENTITY Study, a 4,800 patient, prospective, multi-center clinical study to develop and validate this inflammatory skin disease pipeline test with the expectation of having initial validation and development data in 2023 and in launching this pipeline test by the end of 2025.

Our product development process takes time and involves a high degree of risk, and such development efforts may fail for many reasons, including failure of the product to perform as expected, failure to successfully complete analytic and clinical validation, or failure to demonstrate the clinical utility of the product.

As we develop new products, we will have to make significant investments in research and development, marketing, selling, coverage and reimbursement activities. Typically, few research and development projects result in a

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commercialized product, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully develop new products that can be commercialized. At any point, we may abandon development of a product or we may be required to expend considerable resources conducting research, which would adversely affect the timing for generating potential revenue from a new product and our ability to invest in other products in our pipeline. If a clinical validation study fails to demonstrate the prospectively defined endpoints of the study or if we fail to sufficiently demonstrate analytical validity or clinical utility, we might choose to abandon the development of the product, which could harm our business. In addition, competitors may develop and commercialize competing products or technologies faster than us or at a lower cost.

We may experience limits on our revenue if we are unable to increase and support adoption of our products by physicians and other healthcare providers.

Physicians and other healthcare providers may be unwilling to adopt our products due to their reliance on existing traditional clinical and pathology staging criteria and our ability to generate revenue from our products would be significantly impaired if we were unable to educate physicians, healthcare providers, patients and third-party payors about the benefits and advantages of our products. The COVID-19 crisis has impacted our in-person healthcare interactions, such as field-based sales and medical affairs, and we have had to convert visits, programs and projects to be performed online and by telephone. Although our in-person healthcare interactions have returned to more normal levels, they may become subject to restrictions or cancellations from time to time, due to the uncertainties surrounding the duration, extent and ongoing impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, possibly impacting the effectiveness of our efforts. We will need to continue to educate physicians and pathologists about the benefits and cost-effectiveness of our products through published papers, presentations at scientific conferences, one-on-one marketing efforts by our sales force and one-on-one education by our medical affairs team. However, physicians and other healthcare providers may be reluctant to adopt our products in circumstances where our products are not incorporated into the current standard of care or practice guidelines. For example, while clinical utility of DecisionDx-Melanoma has been demonstrated in peer-reviewed publications, SLNB surgery is the most widely used pathology staging tool by clinicians for determining a cutaneous melanoma patient’s metastatic risk. Whether healthcare providers adopt DecisionDx-Melanoma as a complementary or triage diagnostic method relative to the SLNB surgery will depend on our ability to increase awareness of DecisionDx-Melanoma and its clinical validation.

In addition, all of our testing services are performed by our certified laboratories located in Phoenix, Arizona; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (“CLIA”) rather than by local laboratory or pathology practices. Accordingly, it may be difficult for us to collect samples from pathologists, and pathologists may be reluctant to support our testing services.

We rely on limited or sole suppliers for some of the reagents, equipment, chips and other materials used by our products, and we may not be able to find replacements or transition to alternative suppliers.

We rely on limited or sole suppliers for certain reagents and other materials and components that we use for our products. Some of these items are unique to these suppliers and vendors. While we have developed alternate sourcing strategies for these materials and vendors, we cannot be certain whether these strategies will be effective or the alternative sources will be available when we need them. If these suppliers can no longer provide us with the materials we need, if the materials do not meet our quality specifications or are otherwise unusable, if we cannot obtain acceptable substitute materials, or if we elect to change suppliers, an interruption in laboratory operations could occur, we may not be able to deliver patient reports on a timely basis, or at all, and we may incur higher one-time switching costs. Any such interruption may significantly affect our future revenue, cause us to incur higher costs, and harm our customer relationships and reputation. In addition, in order to mitigate these risks, we maintain inventories of these supplies at higher levels than would be the case if multiple sources of supply were available. If our testing volume decreases or we switch suppliers, we may hold excess supplies with expiration dates that occur before use which would adversely affect our losses and cash flow position. As we introduce any new products, we may experience supply issues as we ramp up test volume, or encounter additional disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability and global supply chain continuity as a result of the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, particularly if we contract with suppliers with operations or commercial relationships in Eastern Europe or to the extent the conflict escalates to involve additional countries, further economic sanctions or wider military conflict. If we should encounter delays or difficulties in securing, reconfiguring or revalidating the equipment, reagents or other materials we require for our products, our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation could be adversely affected.

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If our products do not meet the expectations of clinicians and patients, our operating results, reputation and business could suffer.

Our success depends on clinician and patient confidence that we can provide reliable, high-quality information that will improve treatment outcomes, lower healthcare costs and enable better patient care. We believe that patients, physicians and other healthcare providers are likely to be particularly sensitive to defects and errors in our products, including if our products fail to accurately predict risk of metastasis with high accuracy from samples, and there can be no guarantee that our products will meet their expectations. As a result, the failure of our products to perform as expected could significantly impair our operating results and our reputation, including if we become subject to legal claims arising from any defects or errors in our products or reports.

If we are unable to compete successfully, our business will suffer and we may be unable to increase or sustain our revenue or achieve profitability.

We face competition from companies and academic institutions that have either developed or may seek to develop products intended to compete with our products.

In addition, competitors may develop their own versions of our solutions in countries where we do not have patents or where our intellectual property rights are not recognized and compete with us in those countries, including encouraging the use of their solutions by clinicians in other countries.

Some potential competitors may have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and market penetration, substantially greater financial, technological and research and development resources and selling and marketing capabilities, and more experience dealing with third-party payors. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to changes in customer requirements, devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products than we do or sell their products at prices designed to win significant levels of market share. We may not be able to compete effectively against these organizations. Increased competition and cost-saving initiatives on the part of governmental entities and other third-party payors are likely to result in pricing pressures, which could harm our sales, profitability or ability to gain market share. In addition, competitors may be acquired by, receive investments from or enter into other commercial relationships with larger, well-established and well-financed companies. Certain potential competitors may be able to secure key inputs from vendors on more favorable terms, devote greater resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing policies and devote substantially more resources to test development than we can. In addition, companies or governments that control access to testing through umbrella contracts or regional preferences could promote our competitors or prevent us from performing certain services. If we are unable to compete successfully against current and future competitors, our business will suffer and we may be unable to increase market acceptance and sales of our products, which could prevent us from increasing our revenue or achieving profitability and could cause our stock price to decline. As we add new tests and services, we will face many of these same competitive risks for these new tests.

The sizes of the TAM for our current and future products have not been established with precision and may be smaller than we estimate.

Our estimates of the TAM for the DecisionDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-UM, DecisionDx-SCC, MyPath Melanoma, DiffDx-Melanoma, TissueCypher and IDgenetix tests are based on a number of internal and third-party estimates, including, without limitation, the annual rate of patients with the applicable indications, the list price of our products relative to the reimbursement we expect to receive from third-party payors and the assumed prices at which we can sell our products in markets that have not been established. While we believe our assumptions and the data underlying our estimates are reasonable, these assumptions and estimates may not be correct and the conditions supporting our assumptions or estimates may change at any time, thereby reducing the predictive accuracy of these underlying factors. As a result, our estimates of the annual TAM for our current or future products may prove to be incorrect. If the actual number of patients who would benefit from our products, the price at which we can sell future products, or the annual TAM for our products is smaller than we have estimated, it may impair our sales growth and have an adverse impact on our business.

The diagnostic testing industry is subject to rapid change, which could make our current or future products obsolete.

Our industry is characterized by rapid changes, including technological and scientific breakthroughs, frequent new product introductions and enhancements and evolving industry standards, all of which could make our current products and the other products we are developing obsolete. Our future success will depend on our ability to keep pace with the evolving needs of clinicians and patients on a timely and cost-effective basis and to pursue new market opportunities that develop as a result of scientific and technological advances. In recent years, there have

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been numerous advances in technologies relating to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. There have also been advances in methods used to analyze very large amounts of molecular information. We must continuously enhance our existing products and develop new products to keep pace with evolving standards of care. If we do not update our products to reflect new scientific knowledge about cancer biology, information about new cancer therapies or relevant clinical studies, our products could become obsolete and sales of our current products and any new products we develop could decline or fail to grow as expected.

Risks Related to Reimbursement and Government Regulation

We generally have limited reimbursement coverage for our products, and if third-party payors, including government and commercial payors, do not provide sufficient coverage of, or adequate reimbursement for, our products, our commercial success, including revenue, will be negatively affected.*

Our revenue depends on achieving broad coverage and adequate reimbursement for our products from third-party payors, including both government and commercial third-party payors. If third-party payors do not provide coverage of, or do not provide adequate reimbursement for, a substantial portion of the list price of our products, we may need to seek additional payment from the patient beyond any co-payments and deductibles, which may adversely affect demand for our products. Coverage determinations by a third-party payor may depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, a third-party payor’s determination of whether our products are appropriate, medically necessary or cost-effective. If we are unable to provide third-party payors with sufficient evidence of the clinical utility and validity of our products, they may not provide coverage, or may provide limited coverage, which will adversely affect our revenues and our ability to succeed. To the extent that more competitors enter our markets, the availability of coverage and the reimbursement rate for our products may decrease as we encounter pricing pressure from these competitors.

Since each third-party payor makes its own decision as to whether to establish a policy to cover our products, enter into a contract with us and set the amount it will reimburse for a product, these negotiations are a time-consuming and costly process, and they do not guarantee that the third-party payor will provide coverage or adequate reimbursement for our products. In addition, the determinations by a third-party payor whether to cover our products and the amount it will reimburse for them are often made on an indication-by-indication basis.

In cases where there is no coverage policy or we do not have a contracted rate for reimbursement as a participating provider, the patient is typically responsible for a greater share of the cost of the product, which may result in further delay of our revenue, increase our collection costs or decrease the likelihood of collection.

Our claims for reimbursement from third-party payors may be denied upon submission, and we may need to take additional steps to receive payment, such as appealing the denials. Such appeals and other processes are time-consuming and expensive and may not result in payment. Third-party payors may perform audits of historically paid claims and attempt to recoup funds years after the funds were initially distributed if the third-party payors believe the funds were paid in error or determine that our products were medically unnecessary. If a third-party payor audits our claims and issues a negative audit finding, and we are not able to overturn the audit findings through appeal, the recoupment may result in a material adverse effect on our revenue. Additionally, in some cases commercial third-party payors for whom we are not a participating provider may elect at any time to review claims previously paid and determine the amount they paid was too much. In these situations, the third-party payor will typically notify us of their decision and then offset whatever amount they determine they overpaid against amounts they owe us on current claims. We cannot predict when, or how often, a third-party payor might engage in these reviews and we may not be able to dispute these retroactive adjustments.

Variable consideration is evaluated each reporting period and adjustments are recorded as increases or decreases in revenues. Variable consideration for Medicare claims that are not covered by Medicare, including those claims undergoing appeal, is deemed to be fully constrained due to factors outside our influence (e.g., judgment or actions of third parties) and the uncertainty of the amount to be received is not expected to be resolved for a long period of time. For these fully constrained claims, we generally recognize revenue in the period the uncertainties are resolved, if favorable. Due to potential future changes in Medicare coverage policies and appeal cycles, insurance

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coverage policies, contractual rates and other trends in the reimbursement of our tests, our revenues may fluctuate significantly from period to period.

Although we are an in-network participating provider with some commercial third-party payors, including several Blue Cross Blue Shield plans, and certain large, national commercial third-party payors, including Aetna, other commercial third-party payors have issued non-coverage policies that currently categorize our tests as experimental or investigational. If we are not successful in obtaining coverage from third-party payors, in reversing existing non-coverage policies, or if other third-party payors issue similar non-coverage policies, this could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Palmetto GBA MolDX, the MAC responsible for administering MolDX, the program that assesses molecular diagnostic technologies, issued a final LCD for DecisionDx-Melanoma, which became effective on December 3, 2018, and issued a final expanded local coverage LCD for DecisionDx-Melanoma, effective November 22, 2020. Noridian, the MAC responsible for administering claims for laboratory services performed in Arizona, has adopted the same coverage policy as Palmetto and also issued an expanded final LCD for DecisionDx-Melanoma, effective December 6, 2020. More recently, Palmetto converted the DecisionDx-Melanoma test-specific LCD to a “foundational” LCD. This LCD was issued as final May 19, 2022 with Noridian issuing the same on June 16, 2022. The final LCDs did not result in any change in coverage.

Separately, Palmetto issued a final LCD for DecisionDx-UM effective July 10, 2017. This LCD provides for coverage of DecisionDx-UM to determine metastatic risk in connection with the management of a patient’s newly diagnosed UM and to guide surveillance and referral to medical oncology for those patients.

We worked with Palmetto to obtain these positive coverage decisions through the submission of a detailed dossier of analytical and clinical data to substantiate that the tests meet Medicare’s medical necessity requirements. Per their joint operating agreement, Noridian, the MAC responsible for administering claims for laboratory services performed in Arizona, has adopted the same coverage policy as Palmetto for DecisionDx-UM and DecisionDx-Melanoma.

Separately, we also have received Medicare coverage for our MyPath Melanoma, DecisionDx-SCC, TissueCypher and IDgenetix tests.

The process to obtain Medicare coverage is lengthy, time-consuming, has changed over time, may change in the future and requires significant dedication of resources, and as we develop new products, we may be unsuccessful in receiving Medicare coverage for those products or in maintaining our current Medicare coverage. On a periodic basis, CMS requests bids for its MAC services, and MAC jurisdictions have changed in the past. A change in our MAC, or future changes in the MolDX program, the elimination of the program, or a change in the administrator of that program, may affect our ability to obtain Medicare coverage and reimbursement for products for which we have coverage, for products for which we do not yet have coverage, or for any products we may launch in the future, or delay payments for our tests.

Under Medicare, payment for products like ours is generally made under the CLFS with payment amounts assigned to specific procedure billing codes. Medicare reimbursement rates for our tests are subject to change and may decrease from those currently in effect. For example, in February 2023, MolDX notified us that as part of its annual CPT code updates IDgenetix should shift billing to a different multi-test generic gene sequencing CPT code and continue using the IDgenetix Z-Code beginning in March 2023. The New CPT Code is currently contractor priced at $917 while it goes through CMS’s gapfill pricing process in 2023. Prior to shifting to the New CPT Code, IDgenetix was reimbursed by Medicare at approximately $1,500 per test. The New CPT Code does not describe all of the components of the IDgenetix test. We, therefore, do not believe the New CPT Code, in conjunction with the IDgenetix Z-Code, provides additional specificity and thus we believe the New CPT Code is not appropriate for IDgenetix.

In April 2014, Congress passed the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (“PAMA”) which included substantial changes to the way in which clinical laboratory services are paid under Medicare. Under PAMA, certain laboratories are required to report to CMS commercial third-party payor payment rates and volumes for each test they perform. CMS uses this data to calculate a weighted median payment rate for each test, which will be used to establish revised Medicare CLFS reimbursement rates for the test. Laboratories that fail to report the required payment information may be subject to substantial civil monetary penalties. We bill Medicare for our products, and therefore we are subject to reporting requirements under PAMA.

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2022. We believe the LCD for DiffDx-Melanoma will be finalized near the end of the second quarter of 2023. However, there is no assurance that any draft or final LCD will match our expectations, be posted in a timeframe consistent with our historical experience or will be posted at all.

In the first quarter of 2022, we requested that Novitas conduct a medical review of our DecisionDx-SCC test. That review was completed towards the end of that quarter. In the second quarter of 2022, following the completion of a requested medical review and pricing of our DecisionDx-SCC test by Novitas, we obtained a PLA code and began receiving reimbursement from Novitas for DecisionDx-SCC at a rate of $3,873 per test.

On June 9, 2022, Novitas posted a draft oncology biomarker LCD that proposes to rely upon evidentiary reviews sourced from three databases for all oncology biomarker tests: ClinGen, OncoKB and NCCN. We believe the purpose of the proposals in this draft LCD are to streamline future reviews. Two of the databases do not review GEP tests and NCCN has not yet, to our knowledge, reviewed DecisionDx-SCC. If finalized as proposed, then DecisionDx-SCC would not be included as a covered test in the associated billing and coding article. The comment period for the draft LCD ended on September 6, 2022. We cannot predict whether this draft LCD will be finalized as proposed or what the timing of any final LCD might be.

If we are unable to obtain and maintain adequate reimbursement rates from commercial third-party payors, this may adversely affect our Medicare rate. It is unclear what impact new pricing structures, such as those adopted under PAMA, may have on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

The U.S. federal government continues to show significant interest in pursuing healthcare reform and reducing healthcare costs. Similarly, commercial third-party payors may seek to reduce costs by limiting coverage or reducing reimbursement for our products. Any government-adopted reform measures or changes to commercial third-party payor coverage and reimbursement policies could cause significant pressure on the pricing of, and reimbursement for, healthcare products and services, including our products, which could decrease demand for our products, and adversely affect our sales and revenue.

In addition, some third-party payors have implemented, or are in the process of implementing, laboratory benefit management programs, often using third-party benefit managers to manage these programs. The stated goals of these programs are to help improve the quality of outpatient laboratory services, support evidence-based guidelines for patient care and lower costs. The impact on laboratories, such as ours, of active laboratory benefit management by third parties is unclear, and we expect that it could have a negative impact on our revenue in the short term. It is possible that third-party payors will resist reimbursement for the products that we offer, in favor of less expensive products, may require pre-approval for our products or may impose additional pricing pressure on and substantial administrative burden for reimbursement for our products.

We expect to continue to focus substantial resources on increasing coverage and reimbursement for our current products and any future products we may develop. We believe it may take several years to achieve broad coverage and adequate contracted reimbursement with a majority of third-party payors for our products.

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However, we cannot predict whether, under what circumstances, or at what payment levels third-party payors will cover and reimburse our products. If we fail to establish and maintain broad adoption of, and coverage and reimbursement for, our products, our ability to generate revenue could be harmed and our future prospects and our business could suffer.

Our products are currently marketed as laboratory developed tests, and any changes in regulations or the FDA’s enforcement discretion for laboratory developed tests, or violations of regulations by us, could adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition.

The diagnostics industry is highly regulated, and we cannot assure you that the regulatory environment in which we operate will not change significantly and adversely in the future. In many instances, there are no significant regulatory or judicial interpretations of these laws and regulations. Although the FDA has statutory authority to assure that medical devices are safe and effective for their intended uses, the FDA has generally exercised its enforcement discretion and not enforced applicable regulations with respect to in vitro diagnostics that are designed, manufactured and used within a single laboratory. These tests are referred to as laboratory developed tests (“LDTs”). We currently market our products as LDTs.

The FDA has adopted a policy of enforcement discretion with respect to LDTs whereby the FDA does not actively require premarket review of LDTs or otherwise impose its requirements applicable to other medical devices on LDTs. However, the FDA has stated its intention to modify its enforcement discretion policy with respect to LDTs. The FDA could ultimately modify its current approach to LDTs in a way that would subject our products marketed as LDTs to the enforcement of additional regulatory requirements. Moreover, legislative measures have recently been proposed in Congress that, if ultimately enacted, could provide the FDA with additional authority to require premarket review of and regulate LDTs. If and when such changes to the regulatory framework occur, we could for the first time be subject to enforcement of regulatory requirements as a device manufacturer such as registration and listing requirements, medical device reporting requirements and the requirements of the FDA’s Quality System Regulation. We may be required to conduct clinical trials prior to continuing to sell our existing products or launching any other products we may develop. This may increase the cost of conducting, or otherwise harm, our business.

Moreover, even if the FDA does not modify its policy of enforcement discretion, the FDA may disagree that we are marketing our LDTs within the scope of its policy of enforcement discretion and may impose significant regulatory requirements. While we believe that we are currently in material compliance with applicable laws and regulations as historically enforced by the FDA, we cannot assure you that the FDA will agree with our determination. A determination that we have violated these laws and regulations, or a public announcement that we are being investigated for possible violations, could adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition.

If the FDA begins to actively regulate our diagnostic products, we may be required to obtain premarket clearance under Section 510(k) of the U.S. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) or a premarket approval (“PMA”). The process for submitting a 510(k) premarket notification and receiving FDA clearance usually takes from three to 12 months, but it can take significantly longer and clearance is never guaranteed. The process for submitting and obtaining FDA approval of a PMA is much more costly, lengthy and uncertain. It generally takes from one to three years or even longer, and approval is not guaranteed. PMA approval typically requires extensive clinical data and can be significantly longer, more expensive and more uncertain than the 510(k) clearance process. Despite the time, effort and expense expended, there can be no assurance that a particular device ultimately will be cleared or approved by the FDA through either the 510(k) clearance process or the PMA process on a timely basis, or at all. Moreover, there can be no assurance that any cleared or approved labeling claims will be consistent with our current claims or adequate to support continued adoption of and reimbursement for our products. If premarket review is required for some or all of our products, the FDA may require that we stop selling our products pending clearance or approval, which would negatively impact our business. Even if our products are allowed to remain on the market prior to clearance or approval, demand or reimbursement for our products may decline if there is uncertainty about our products, if we are required to label our products as investigational by the FDA, or if the FDA limits the labeling claims we are permitted to make for our products. As a result, we could experience significantly increased development costs and a delay in generating additional revenue from our products, or from other pipeline products.

If the FDA imposes significant changes to the regulation of LDTs it could reduce our revenues or increase our costs and adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition.

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We conduct business in a heavily regulated industry, and failure to comply with federal, state and foreign laboratory licensing requirements including those established by CMS and the applicable requirements of the FDA or any other regulatory authority, could cause us to lose the ability to perform our tests, experience disruptions to our business, or become subject to administrative or judicial sanctions.

The diagnostics industry is highly regulated, and the laws and regulations governing the marketing of diagnostic tests are extremely complex. Areas of the regulatory environment that may affect our ability to conduct business include, without limitation:

•federal and state laws applicable to test ordering, documentation of tests ordered, billing practices and claims payment and/or regulatory agencies enforcing those laws and regulations;

•federal and state fraud and abuse laws;

•federal and state laboratory anti-mark-up laws;

•coverage and reimbursement levels by Medicare, Medicaid, other governmental payors and private insurers;

•restrictions on coverage of and reimbursement for tests;

•federal and state laws governing laboratory testing, including CLIA, and state licensing laws and accreditation requirements;

•federal and state laws and enforcement policies governing the development, use and distribution of diagnostic medical devices, including LDTs;

•federal, state and local laws governing the handling and disposal of medical and hazardous waste;

•federal and state Occupational Safety and Health Administration rules and regulations; and

•the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) and similar state health data privacy laws.

In particular, the FDCA defines a medical device to include any instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component, part, or accessory, intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals. Our products are considered by the FDA to be subject to regulation as medical devices, and marketed under FDA’s policy of enforcement discretion for LDTs. Among other things, pursuant to the FDCA and its implementing regulations, the FDA regulates the research, testing, manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, premarket clearance or approval, marketing and promotion, and sales and distribution of medical devices in the United States to ensure that medical products distributed domestically are safe and effective for their intended uses. In addition, the FDA regulates the import and export of medical devices manufactured between the United States and international markets.

CLIA Certifications

We are subject to CLIA, a federal law that regulates clinical laboratories that perform testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease. CLIA regulations establish specific standards with respect to personnel qualifications, facility administration, proficiency testing, quality control, quality assurance and inspections. Any testing subject to CLIA regulation must be performed in a CLIA-certified or accredited lab. CLIA certification or accreditation is also required in order for us to be eligible to bill state and federal healthcare programs, as well as commercial third-party payors, for our products.

The College of American Pathologists (“CAP”) maintains a clinical laboratory accreditation program. While not required for the operation of a CLIA-certified laboratory, many private insurers require CAP accreditation as a condition to contracting with clinical laboratories to cover their tests. In addition, some countries outside the United States require CAP accreditation as a condition to permitting clinical laboratories to test samples taken from their citizens. CAP accredited laboratories are surveyed for compliance with CAP standards every two years in order to maintain accreditation. Failure to maintain CAP accreditation could have a material adverse effect on the sales of our products and the results of our operations. Therefore, to maintain our CLIA accreditation, we have elected to be subject to survey and inspection every two years by CAP. Moreover, CLIA inspectors may make random inspections of our laboratory from time to time.

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We have a current CLIA accreditation under the CAP program to conduct our tests at our clinical reference laboratories in Phoenix, Arizona. The most recent CAP inspection of our Phoenix, Arizona laboratories occurred in October 2022.

We currently have a CLIA certificate of registration for our Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania laboratories which expires in February 2024. In November 2022, our Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania passed CAP inspection and received CAP accreditation. We have since applied for, and are currently waiting to receive, our updated CLIA accreditation for our Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania laboratories.

In addition, certain states require our laboratories to be licensed in specific states in order to test specimens from those states. Accordingly, our laboratories are licensed by California, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and New York. Other states do not currently require additional licensure they may adopt similar requirements in the future.

Although we have obtained licenses from states where we believe we are required to be licensed, we may become aware of other states that require out-of-state laboratories to obtain licensure in order to accept specimens from the state, and it is possible that other states currently have such requirements or will have such requirements in the future.

In order to test specimens from New York, LDTs must be approved by the New York State Department of Health (“NYSDOH”) on a test-by-test basis before they are offered. Our laboratory director and laboratory operations must also be separately qualified and approved through the state of New York. DecisionDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-CMSeq, DecisionDx-UM, DecisionDx-PRAME, DecisionDx-UMSeq, DecisionDx-SCC, MyPath Melanoma, DiffDx-Melanoma and IDgenetix have each been approved. In July 2022, we submitted TissueCypher for review by the NYSDOH and expect a response in the first quarter of 2023. Our laboratory director has been qualified by the NYSDOH. We are subject to periodic inspection by the NYSDOH and are required to demonstrate ongoing compliance with the NYSDOH regulations and standards. Our most recent inspection was in October 2022 and we were deemed to be compliant with the NYSDOH regulations and standards. To the extent the NYSDOH had identified any instances of non-compliance, and we were unable to remedy such non-compliance, the State of New York could withdraw approval for our products to test samples from New York state. We will need to seek the NYSDOH approval of any future LDTs we develop and want to offer for clinical testing to New York residents, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain such approval.

We may also be subject to regulation in foreign jurisdictions as we seek to expand international utilization of our products or such jurisdictions adopt new licensure requirements, which may require review of our products in order to offer them or may have other limitations such as restrictions on the transport of human tissue samples necessary for us to perform our tests that may limit our ability to make our products available outside of the United States. Complying with licensure requirements in new jurisdictions may be expensive, time-consuming and subject us to significant and unanticipated delays.

Failure to comply with applicable clinical laboratory licensure requirements may result in a range of enforcement actions, including suspension, limitation or revocation of our CLIA accreditation and/or state licenses, imposition of a directed plan of action, onsite monitoring, civil monetary penalties, criminal sanctions and revocation of the laboratory’s approval to receive Medicare and Medicaid payment for its services, as well as significant adverse publicity. Any sanction imposed under CLIA, its implementing regulations, or state or foreign laws or regulations governing clinical laboratory licensure or our failure to renew our CLIA accreditation, or a state or foreign license, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if we were able to bring our laboratory back into compliance, we could incur significant expenses and potentially lose revenue in doing so.

Doing business with the public sector, including the U.S. government, subjects us to risk of audits, investigations, sanctions and penalties.

We have entered into, and may enter into in the future, contracts with the U.S. government or other governmental entities, and this subjects us to statutes and regulations applicable to companies doing business with the government. For example, we have a U.S. Federal Supply Schedule contract with the Veterans Health Administration covering our skin cancer tests. Government contracts normally contain additional requirements that may increase our costs of doing business, reduce our profits (or increase our losses) and expose us to liability for failure to comply with these terms and conditions. Such requirements may include mandatory socioeconomic compliance requirements, including labor requirements, non-discrimination and affirmative action programs and environmental compliance requirements. Being a government contractor also subjects us to reviews, audits and investigations regarding our compliance. If we fail to comply with our obligations associated with being a

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government contractor, our contracts may be subject to termination, and we may be subject to financial and/or other liability under our contracts, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

The FDA may modify its enforcement discretion policy with respect to LDTs in a risk-based manner, and we may become subject to extensive regulatory requirements and may be required to conduct additional clinical trials prior to continuing to sell our existing tests or launching any other tests we may develop, which may increase the cost of conducting, or otherwise harm, our business.

If the FDA changes or ends its policy of enforcement discretion with respect to LDTs, and our products become subject to the FDA’s requirements for premarket review of medical devices, we may be required to cease commercial sales of our products and conduct clinical trials prior to making submissions to the FDA to obtain premarket clearance or approval. If we are required to conduct such clinical trials, delays in the commencement or completion of clinical trials could significantly increase our product development costs and delay commercialization of any currently marketed testing that we may be required to cease selling or the commercialization of any future tests that we may develop. Many of the factors that may cause or lead to a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to delay or denial of regulatory clearance or approval. The commencement of clinical trials may be delayed due to insufficient patient enrollment, which is a function of many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the protocol, the proximity of patients to clinical sites and the eligibility criteria for the clinical trial.

The FDA requires medical device manufacturers to comply with, among other things, current good manufacturing practices for medical devices, known as the Quality System Regulation, which requires manufacturers to follow elaborate design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures during the manufacturing process; the medical device reporting regulation, which requires that manufacturers report to the FDA if their device may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to a death or serious injury if it were to recur; labeling regulations, including the FDA’s general prohibition against promoting products for unapproved or ‘‘off-label’’ uses; and the reports of corrections and removals regulation, which requires manufacturers to report to the FDA if a device correction or removal was initiated to reduce a risk to health posed by the device or to remedy a violation of the FDCA caused by the device which may present a risk to health.

Even if we were able to obtain FDA clearance or approval for one or more of our products, if required, a diagnostic test may be subject to limitations on the indications for which it may be marketed or to other regulatory conditions. In addition, such clearance or approval may contain requirements for costly post-market testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the test.

In addition, the FDA’s and other regulatory authorities’ policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approvals. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing authorization that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Interim, topline and preliminary data from our clinical studies that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose preliminary or topline data from our clinical studies, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the topline results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Topline data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary data we previously published. As a result, topline data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. From time to time, we may also disclose interim data from our clinical studies. Interim data from clinical studies that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as more patient data become available. Adverse differences between preliminary or interim data and final data could significantly harm our reputation and marketing efforts.

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Further, others, including healthcare providers or payors, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular product candidate or product and our company in general. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study is based on what is typically extensive information, and you or others may not agree with what we determine is the material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure, and any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant with respect to future decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise regarding our business. If the topline or interim data that we report differ from actual results, or if others, including healthcare providers or payors, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to commercialize, our product candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition.

Changes in healthcare policy could increase our costs, decrease our revenues and impact sales of and reimbursement for our products.

In March 2010, the ACA became law. This law substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both government and commercial third-party payors, and significantly impacted our industry. Among other things, the ACA required medical device manufacturers to pay a sales tax equal to 2.3% of the price for which such manufacturer sells its medical devices, and began to apply to sales of taxable medical devices after December 31, 2012, but was suspended in 2016. Further, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the medical device tax and “Cadillac” tax on high-cost employer-sponsored health coverage and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminated the health insurer tax.

Since 2016, there have been efforts to repeal all or part of the ACA, and the previous administration and the U.S. Congress have taken action to roll back certain provisions of the ACA. For example, on June 17, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed a challenge on procedural grounds that argued the ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress. Further, there have been a number of health reform measures by the Biden administration that have impacted the ACA. For example, on August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) into law, which among other things, extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in ACA marketplaces through plan year 2025. It is possible that the ACA will be subject to judicial or Congressional challenges in the future. It is unclear how any additional healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration will impact the ACA and our business.

On August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 was signed into law, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to providers by 2% per fiscal year, effective on April 1, 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, including the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, will remain in effect until 2031, unless additional Congressional action is taken. Under current legislation, the actual reduction in Medicare payments will vary from 1% in 2022 to up to 4% in the final fiscal year of this sequester.

We anticipate there will continue to be proposals by legislators at both the federal and state levels, regulators and commercial third-party payors to reduce costs while expanding individual healthcare benefits. Certain of these changes could impose additional limitations on the prices we will be able to charge for our products, the coverage of or the amounts of reimbursement available for our products from third-party payors, including government and commercial payors.

We are subject to numerous federal and state healthcare statutes and regulations, and complying with laws pertaining to our business is an expensive and time-consuming process. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties and a material adverse effect to our business and operations.

Physicians, other healthcare providers and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation of our products. Our arrangements with healthcare providers, third-party payors and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that affect the business and financial arrangements and relationships through which we market and sell our products. The laws that affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

•the federal Anti-Kickback Statute (“AKS”), which prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The term ‘‘remuneration’’ has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, such as specimen collection materials or test kits. There are a

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number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, however these are drawn narrowly. Additionally, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. Violations are subject to civil and criminal fines and monetary penalties of up to $100,000 for each violation, plus up to three times the remuneration involved, imprisonment of up to ten years and exclusion from government healthcare programs. In addition, the ACA codified case law that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the AKS constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act (“FCA”);

•the Stark Law, which prohibits a physician from making a referral for certain designated health services covered by the Medicare or Medicaid program, including laboratory and pathology services, if the physician or an immediate family member of the physician has a financial relationship with the entity providing the designated health services and prohibits that entity from billing, presenting or causing to be presented a claim for the designated health services furnished pursuant to the prohibited referral, unless an exception applies. Sanctions for violating the Stark Law include denial of payment, civil monetary penalties and exclusion from the federal healthcare programs. Failure to refund amounts received as a result of a prohibited referral on a timely basis may constitute a false or fraudulent claim and may result in civil penalties and additional penalties under the FCA;

•federal civil and criminal false claims laws, such as the FCA, which can be enforced by private citizens through civil qui tam action, and civil monetary penalty laws prohibit individuals or entities from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented through distribution of template medical necessity language or other coverage and reimbursement information, false, fictitious or fraudulent claims for payment or approval by the federal government, including federal healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim, or knowingly making a false statement to improperly avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. In addition, a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the AKS constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the FCA. Private individuals can bring FCA ‘‘qui tam’’ actions, on behalf of the government and such individuals, commonly known as ‘‘whistleblowers,’’ may share in amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement. When an entity is determined to have violated the federal civil FCA, the government may impose civil fines and penalties, plus treble damages, and exclude the entity from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs;

•the Eliminating Kickbacks in Recovery Act of 2018 (“EKRA”) prohibits payments for referrals to recovery homes, clinical treatment facilities, and laboratories. EKRA’s reach extends beyond federal healthcare programs to include private insurance (i.e., it is an “all payor” statute). For purposes of EKRA, the term “laboratory” is defined broadly and without reference to any connection to substance use disorder treatment. The law includes a limited number of exceptions, some of which closely align with corresponding federal AKS exceptions and safe harbors, and others that materially differ;

•HIPAA, which, among other things, imposes criminal liability for executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement or representation, in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Like the AKS, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

•HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”), and their implementing regulations, which imposes privacy, security and breach reporting obligations with respect to individually identifiable health information upon entities subject to the law, such as health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, known as covered entities, and their respective business associates, individuals or entities that perform services for them that involve individually identifiable health information as well as their covered subcontractors. Failure to comply with the HIPAA’s obligations can result in civil monetary penalties, and, in certain circumstances, criminal penalties. HITECH also created new tiers of civil monetary penalties, amended HIPAA to make civil and criminal penalties directly applicable to business associates, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in U.S. federal courts to enforce HIPAA and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions;

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•state laws that prohibit other specified practices, such as billing physicians for tests that they order or providing tests at no or discounted cost to induce physician or patient adoption; insurance fraud laws; waiving coinsurance, copayments, deductibles, and other amounts owed by patients; billing a state Medicaid program at a price that is higher than what is charged to one or more other third-party payors employing, exercising control over or splitting professional fees with licensed professionals in violation of state laws prohibiting fee splitting or the corporate practice of medicine and other professions;

•federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm consumers;

•the federal transparency requirements under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under the ACA, which requires, among other things, certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies reimbursed under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program to annually report to CMS information related to payments and other transfers of value provided to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), other healthcare professionals (such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners) and teaching hospitals and information regarding physician ownership and investment interests, including such ownership and investment interests held by a physician’s immediate family members. Failure to submit required information may result in civil monetary penalties for all payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests that are not timely, accurately, and completely reported in an annual submission, and may result in liability under other federal laws or regulations. We believe that we are exempt from these reporting requirements. We cannot assure you, however, that our regulators, principally the federal government, will agree with our determination, and a determination that we have violated these laws and regulations, or a public announcement that we are being investigated for possible violations, could adversely affect our business;

•the prohibition on reassignment of Medicare claims, which, subject to certain exceptions, precludes the reassignment of Medicare claims to any other part;

•state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may impose similar or more prohibitive restrictions, and may apply to items or services reimbursed by any non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; and

•federal, state, local and foreign laws that govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, including state health information privacy and data breach notification laws which govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of health-related and other personal information, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not pre-empted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

As a clinical laboratory, our business practices may face additional scrutiny from government regulatory agencies such as the Department of Justice, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) and CMS. Certain arrangements between clinical laboratories and referring physicians have been identified in fraud alerts issued by the OIG as implicating the AKS. The OIG has stated that it is particularly concerned about these types of arrangements because the choice of laboratory, as well as the decision to order laboratory tests, typically are made or strongly influenced by the physician, with little or no input from patients. Moreover, the provision of payments or other items of value by a clinical laboratory to a referral source could be prohibited under the Stark Law unless the arrangement meets all criteria of an applicable exception. The government has been active in enforcement of these laws as they apply to clinical laboratories.

We have entered into consulting and scientific advisory board arrangements, speaking arrangements and clinical research agreements with physicians and other healthcare providers, including some who could influence the use of our products. Because of the complex and far-reaching nature of these laws, regulatory agencies may view these transactions as prohibited arrangements that must be restructured, or discontinued, or for which we could be subject to other significant penalties. We could be adversely affected if regulatory agencies interpret our financial relationships with providers who may influence the ordering of and use of our products to be in violation of applicable laws.

The scope and enforcement of each of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change in the current environment of healthcare reform. Federal and state enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies, healthcare providers and other third parties, including charitable foundations, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry. It is possible that governmental authorities may conclude that our business practices, including our consulting arrangements with physicians, as well as our financial assistance programs, do not comply with

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current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance or case law involving applicable healthcare laws. Responding to investigations can be time and resource-consuming and can divert management’s attention from the business. Any such investigation or settlement could increase our costs or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business.

Ensuring that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations is costly. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other current or future governmental laws and regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting obligations and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could substantially disrupt our operations. If any of the physicians or other healthcare providers or entities with whom we do business is found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to significant criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs.

We are subject to certain U.S. anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws and regulations and may become subject to their similar foreign equivalents. We can face serious consequences for violations.

U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, export control, sanctions, and other trade laws and regulations prohibit, among other things, companies and their employees, agents, legal counsel, accountants, consultants, contractors, and other partners from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting, or receiving, directly or indirectly, corrupt or improper payments or anything else of value to or from recipients in the public or private sector. Violations of these trade laws can result in substantial criminal fines and civil penalties, imprisonment, the loss of trade privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. We also expect that we may engage in non-U.S. activities over time. We expect to rely on third-party suppliers and/or third parties to obtain necessary permits, licenses, and patent registrations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our personnel, agents, or partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have prior knowledge of such activities. Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences.

We are subject to stringent and changing state, federal, local, foreign, and other privacy and security laws, regulations, rules, contractual obligations, policies and other obligations, and our failure to comply or perceived failure to comply with those obligations could result in regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; loss of customers or sales; and other adverse business consequences.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store, use, transmit, disclose, or otherwise process (“Process”) confidential, proprietary, and sensitive data, including protected health information (“PHI”), personal information, credit card and other financial information, intellectual property and proprietary business information owned or controlled by ourselves or our customers, payors and other parties. Our data processing activities may subject us to numerous data privacy and security obligations, such as laws, regulations, guidance, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, contracts and other obligations that govern the Processing of personal information by us and on our behalf.

In the United States, numerous federal, state, and local governments have enacted data privacy and security laws, including federal health information privacy laws, state data breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws, federal and state consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act), and other similar laws (e.g., wiretapping laws). For example, HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, imposes specific requirements relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Additionally, California has enacted several laws governing the Processing of personal information, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”), which provides California residents certain rights relate to their personal information, the California Rights Privacy Act of 2020 (“CPRA”), effective January 1, 2023, which will expand the CCPA, including by applying to personal information of business representatives and employees and establishing a new regulatory agency to implement and enforce the law; and the California Confidentiality of Medical Information Act, which restricts the use and disclosure of health information and other personal information. Although the CCPA

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and the CPRA exempt some personal information processed in the context of clinical trials, the CCPA and CPRA, to the extent applicable to our business and operations, may increase compliance costs and potential liability with respect to other personal information we maintain about California residents. In addition, other states have enacted or proposed privacy laws, further complicating compliance efforts.

Outside the United States, there are also an increasing number of laws, regulations, industry standards and other obligations concerning privacy and security, including for example the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (“GDPR”) and the UK’s GDPR.

In addition, we may be unable to transfer personal data from Europe and other jurisdictions to the United States or other countries due to data localization requirements or limitations on cross-border data flows. Europe and other jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring data to be localized or limiting the transfer of personal data to other countries. In particular, the European Economic Area (“EEA”) and the UK have significantly restricted the transfer of personal data to the United States and other countries whose privacy laws it believes are inadequate. Other jurisdictions may adopt similarly stringent interpretations of their data localization and cross-border data transfer laws. Although there are currently various mechanisms that may be used to transfer personal data from the EEA and the UK to the United States in compliance with law, such as the EEA and the UK’s standard contractual clauses, these mechanisms are subject to legal challenges, and there is no assurance that we can satisfy or rely on these measures to lawfully transfer personal data to the United States. If there is no lawful manner for us to transfer personal data from the EEA, the UK, or other jurisdictions to the United States, or if the requirements for a legally-compliant transfer are too onerous, we could face significant adverse consequences, including the interruption or degradation of our operations, the need to relocate part of or all of our business or data processing activities to other jurisdictions at significant expense, increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines and penalties, the inability to transfer data and work with partners, vendors and other third parties, and injunctions against our processing or transferring of personal data necessary to operate our business. Additionally, companies that transfer personal data out of the EEA and UK to other jurisdictions, particularly to the United States, are subject to increased scrutiny from regulators, individual litigants, and activist groups. Some European regulators have ordered certain companies to suspend or permanently cease certain transfers of personal data out of Europe for allegedly violating the GDPR’s cross-border data transfer limitations.

In addition, privacy advocates and industry groups have proposed, and may in the future propose, standards with which we are legally or contractually bound to comply. In addition to data privacy and security laws, we are contractually subject to industry standards adopted by industry groups and may become subject to such obligations in the future. For example, we are subject to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (“PCI DSS”). The PCI DSS requires companies to adopt certain measures to ensure the security of cardholder information, including using and maintaining firewalls, adopting proper password protections for certain devices and software, and restricting data access. Noncompliance with PCI DSS can result in penalties ranging from $5,000 to $100,000 per month by credit card companies, litigation, damage to our reputation, and revenue losses. We rely on vendors to process payment card data, and those vendors may be subject to PCI DSS, and our business may be negatively affected if our vendors are fined or suffer other consequences as a result of PCI DSS noncompliance.

More generally, we are also bound by contractual obligations related to data privacy and security, and our efforts to comply with such obligations may not be successful. For example, certain privacy laws, such as the GDPR, the CCPA, and the CPRA, may require our customers to impose specific contractual restrictions on their service providers. Additionally, we publish privacy policies and other statements regarding data privacy and security, and, if these policies or statements are found to be deficient, lacking in transparency, deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our practices, we could experience adverse consequences.

Obligations related to data privacy and security are quickly changing in an increasingly stringent fashion, creating regulatory uncertainty as to the effective future legal framework. These obligations may be subject to varying applications and interpretations, which may be inconsistent or conflicting among jurisdictions, creating complex compliance issues for us and our clients. Preparing for and complying with these obligations requires us to devote significant resources (including, without limitation, financial and time-related resources).

These obligations may necessitate changes to our information technologies, systems, and practices and to those of any third parties that process personal information on our behalf. In addition, these obligations may require us to change our business model or to take on more onerous obligations in our contracts. Although we endeavor to comply with all applicable obligations, we may, at times, fail or be perceived to have failed to do so. Moreover, despite our efforts, our personnel or third parties upon whom we rely on may fail to comply with such obligations, which could negatively impact our business operations and compliance posture. Failure or perceived failure to comply with these obligations could result in significant consequences, including but not limited to government

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enforcement actions (which could include civil, criminal, and administrative penalties), private litigation, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight, bans on processing personal information, and orders to destroy or not use personal information. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, or financial condition, including but not limited to: increase our cost of providing our services, decrease demand for our services, reduce our revenue, interrupt our business operations, limit our ability to develop our services, expenditure of time and resources to defend any claim or inquiry, and adverse publicity.

Ethical, legal and social concerns related to the use of genetic information could reduce demand for our products.

Genetic testing has raised ethical, legal, and social issues regarding privacy and the appropriate uses of the resulting information. Governmental authorities have, through the Genetic Information Nondisclosure Act of 2008, and could further, for social or other purposes, limit or regulate the use of genetic information or genetic testing or prohibit testing for genetic predisposition to certain conditions, particularly for those that have no known cure. Ethical and social concerns may also influence governmental authorities to deny or delay the issuance of patents for technology relevant to our business. While we do not currently perform genetic tests for genetic predisposition to certain conditions, these concerns may lead patients to refuse to use, or clinicians to be reluctant to order, our genomic tests or genetic tests for somatic mutations even if permissible. These and other ethical, legal and social concerns may limit market acceptance of our products or reduce the potential markets for our products, either of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain sufficient intellectual property protection for our technology, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize diagnostic tests similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our products may be impaired.

We rely on patent protection as well as trademark, copyright, trade secret and other intellectual property rights protection as well as nondisclosure, confidentiality and other contractual restrictions to protect our brands and proprietary tests and technologies, all of which provide limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. If we fail to protect our intellectual property, third parties may be able to compete more effectively against us. In addition, we may incur substantial litigation costs in our attempts to recover or restrict use of our intellectual property.

As is the case with other life science companies, our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain protection of the intellectual property we may own solely or jointly with others or in-license from others, particularly patents, in the United States and other countries with respect to our products and technologies. We apply for patents covering our products and technologies and uses thereof, as we deem appropriate. However, obtaining and enforcing life sciences patents is costly, time-consuming and complex, and we may fail to apply for patents on important tests, services and technologies in a timely fashion or at all, or we may fail to apply for patents in potentially relevant jurisdictions. We may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications, or maintain, enforce and license any patents that may issue from such patent applications, at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

We may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the rights to patents licensed from or to third parties. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business.

Our patent portfolio as of December 31, 2022 includes 15 issued U.S. patents and ten pending U.S. patent applications, with foreign counterparts. It is possible that none of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents in a timely fashion or at all, and even if patents are granted, they may not provide a basis for intellectual property protection of commercially viable tests or services, may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be challenged and invalidated by third parties. It is possible that others will design around our future patented technologies. We may not be successful in defending any such challenges made against our patents or patent applications. Any successful third-party challenge to our patents could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of such patents and increased competition to our business. Even if our patents are held valid and enforceable, they may still be found insufficient to provide protection against competing products and services sufficient to achieve our business objectives. We may have to challenge the patents or patent applications of third parties, such as to counter infringement or unauthorized use. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, or may refuse to enjoin the other party from using the technology at issue

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on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. Even if we prevail against an infringer in a U.S. district court or foreign trial-level court, there is always the risk that the infringer will file an appeal and the initial court judgment will be overturned at the appeals court and/or that an adverse decision will be issued by the appeals court relating to the validity or enforceability of our patents. The outcome of patent litigation or other proceeding can be uncertain, and any attempt by us to enforce our patent rights against others or to challenge the patent rights of others may not be successful, or, if successful, may take substantial time and result in substantial cost, and may divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.

The patent positions of life sciences companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. No consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in such companies’ patents has emerged to date in the United States or elsewhere. Courts frequently render opinions in the life sciences field that may affect the patentability of certain inventions or discoveries, including opinions that may affect the patentability of methods for analyzing or comparing DNA sequences.

In particular, the patent positions of companies engaged in the development and commercialization of genomic diagnostic tests are particularly uncertain. Various courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court, have rendered decisions that affect the scope of patentability of certain inventions or discoveries relating to certain diagnostic tests and related methods. These decisions state, among other things, that a patent claim that recites an abstract idea, natural phenomenon or law of nature (for example, the relationship between particular genetic variants and cancer) are not themselves patentable. Precisely what constitutes a law of nature is uncertain, and it is possible that certain aspects of genetic diagnostics tests would be considered natural laws. Accordingly, the evolving case law in the United States may adversely affect our ability to obtain patents and may facilitate third-party challenges to any owned or licensed patents. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of many other countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to life science technologies, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents in such countries. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.

To the extent our intellectual property offers inadequate protection, or is found to be invalid or unenforceable, we would be exposed to a greater risk of direct competition, and our competitive position could be adversely affected, as could our business. Both the patent application process and the process of managing patent disputes can be time-consuming and expensive. Moreover, if a third party has intellectual property rights that cover the practice of our technology, we may not be able to fully exercise or extract value from our intellectual property rights. The following examples are illustrative:

•others may be able to develop and/or practice technology that is similar to our technology or aspects of our technology, but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or control, assuming such patents have issued or do issue;

•we or our licensors or any future strategic partners might not have been the first to conceive or reduce to practice the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own or have exclusively licensed;

•we or our licensors or any future strategic partners might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions;

•others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;

•it is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents;

•issued patents that we own or have exclusively licensed may not provide us with any competitive advantage, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;

•our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive tests for sale in our major commercial markets;

•third parties performing manufacturing or testing for us using our products or technologies could use the intellectual property of others without obtaining a proper license;

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•parties may assert an ownership interest in our intellectual property and, if successful, such disputes may preclude us from exercising exclusive rights over that intellectual property;

•we may not develop or in-license additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

•we may not be able to obtain and maintain necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms, or at all; and

•the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.

Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business and results of operations.

Changes in patent law in the United States and other jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

As is the case with other life sciences companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents relating to our research programs and products. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the life sciences industry involves both technological and legal complexity and is therefore costly, time consuming and inherently uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States or the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) rules and regulations could increase these uncertainties and costs. Patent reform legislation in the United States and other countries, including the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (“AIA”), signed into law on September 16, 2011, could increase those uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. The AIA includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and provide more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents. These include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent in USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings. For applications filed after March 15, 2013 that do not claim the benefit of applications filed before that date, the AIA transitioned the United States from a first to invent system to a first-inventor-to-file system in which, assuming that the other statutory requirements are met, the first inventor to file a patent application will be entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third party was the first to invent the claimed invention. The AIA and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications, our ability to obtain future patents, and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations.

Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. courts, the USPTO and the relevant law-making bodies in other countries, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

Our in-licensed intellectual property has been discovered through government funded programs and thus may be subject to federal regulations such as ‘‘march-in’’ rights, certain reporting requirements and a preference for U.S.-based companies, and compliance with such regulations may limit our exclusive rights, and limit our ability to contract with non-U.S. manufacturers.

Intellectual property rights that have been in-licensed pursuant to the License Agreement with The Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (“WUSTL”) have been generated through the use of U.S. government funding, and are therefore subject to certain federal regulations. As a result, the United States federal government may retain certain rights to intellectual property embodied in our current or future product candidates under the Bayh-Dole Act. These federal government rights include a ‘‘nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license’’ to use inventions for any governmental purpose. The Bayh-Dole Act also provides federal agencies with ‘‘march-in rights.’’ March-in rights allow the government, in specified circumstances, to require the contractor or successors in title to the patent to grant a ‘‘nonexclusive, partially exclusive, or exclusive license’’ to a ‘‘responsible applicant or applicants’’ if it determines that (1) adequate steps have not been taken to commercialize the invention, (2) government action is necessary to meet public health or safety needs or (3) government action is necessary to meet requirements for public use under federal regulations. If the patent owner refuses to do so, the government may grant the license itself.

The U.S. government also has the right to take title to these inventions if the licensor fails to disclose the invention to the government or fails to file an application to register the intellectual property within specified time limits.

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Intellectual property generated under a government funded program is also subject to certain reporting requirements, compliance with which may require us to expend substantial resources. In addition, the U.S. government requires that any products embodying any of these inventions or produced through the use of any of these inventions be manufactured substantially in the United States, and the License Agreement requires that we comply with this requirement. This preference for U.S. industry may be waived by the federal agency that provided the funding if the owner or assignee of the intellectual property can show that reasonable but unsuccessful efforts have been made to grant licenses on similar terms to potential licensees that would be likely to manufacture substantially in the United States or that under the circumstances domestic manufacture is not commercially feasible. This preference for U.S. industry may limit our ability to contract with non-U.S. product manufacturers for products covered by such intellectual property. To the extent any of our owned or future in-licensed intellectual property is also generated through the use of U.S. government funding, the provisions of the Bayh-Dole Act may similarly apply.

Issued patents covering our products and related technologies could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability. Some of our patents or patent applications (including licensed patents) have been, are being or may be challenged at a future point in time in an opposition, nullification, derivation, reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review or interference action in court or before patent offices or similar proceedings for a given period after allowance or grant, during which time third parties can raise objections against such grant. In the course of such proceedings, which may continue for a protracted period of time, the patent owner may be compelled to limit the scope of the allowed or granted claims thus attacked, or may lose the allowed or granted claims altogether. Any successful third-party challenge to our patents in this or any other proceeding could result in the unenforceability or invalidity of such patents, which may lead to increased competition to our business, which could harm our business. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future diagnostic tests.

We may not be aware of all third-party intellectual property rights potentially relating to our products. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until approximately 18 months after filing or, in some cases (e.g., U.S. applications for which a request not to publish has been filed), not until such patent applications issue as patents. We might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by each of our pending patent applications and we might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions. To determine the priority of these inventions, we have and may have to participate in interference proceedings, derivation proceedings or other post-grant proceedings declared by the USPTO that could result in substantial cost to us. The outcome of such proceedings is uncertain. We can give no assurance that all of the potentially relevant art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found; overlooked prior art could be used by a third party to challenge the validity, enforceability and scope of our patents or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. As a result, we may not be able to obtain or maintain protection for certain inventions. No assurance can be given that other patent applications will not have priority over our patent applications. In addition, changes to the patent laws of the United States allow for various post-grant opposition proceedings that have not been extensively tested, and their outcome is therefore uncertain. Therefore, the validity, enforceability and scope of our patents in the United States and other countries cannot be predicted with certainty and, as a result, any patents that we own or license may not provide sufficient protection against our competitors. Furthermore, if third parties bring these proceedings against our patents, we could experience significant costs and management distraction.

Our commercial success depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing upon the intellectual property rights of third parties.

The life sciences industry is subject to rapid technological change and substantial litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. Our potential competitors in both the United States and abroad, may have substantially greater resources and are likely to make substantial investments in patent portfolios and competing technologies, and may apply for or obtain patents that could prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use and sell our products. Numerous third-party patents exist in fields relating to our products and technologies, and it is difficult for industry participants, including us, to identify all third-party patent rights relevant to our products and technologies. Moreover, because some patent applications are maintained as confidential for a certain period of time, we cannot be certain that third parties have not filed patent applications that cover our products and technologies.

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Patents could be issued to third parties that we may ultimately be found to infringe. Third parties may have or obtain valid and enforceable patents or proprietary rights that could block us from using our technology. Our failure to obtain or maintain a license to any technology that we require may materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, we would be exposed to a threat of litigation.

From time to time, we may be party to, or threatened with, litigation or other proceedings with third parties, including non-practicing entities, who allege that our products, components of our products, and/or proprietary technologies infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. The types of situations in which we may become a party to such litigation or proceedings include:

•we may initiate litigation or other proceedings against third parties seeking to invalidate the patents held by those third parties or to obtain a judgment that our products or technologies do not infringe those third parties’ patents;

•we may participate at substantial cost in International Trade Commission proceedings to abate importation of products that would compete unfairly with our products or technologies;

•if a competitor files patent applications that claim technology also claimed by us or our licensors, we or our licensors may be required to participate in interference, derivation or opposition proceedings to determine the priority of invention, which could jeopardize our patent rights and potentially provide a third party with a dominant patent position;

•if third parties initiate litigation claiming that our products or technologies infringe their patent or other intellectual property rights, we will need to defend against such proceedings;

•if third parties initiate litigation or other proceedings seeking to invalidate patents owned by or licensed to us or to obtain a declaratory judgment that their products, services, or technologies do not infringe our patents or patents licensed to us, we will need to defend against such proceedings;

•we may be subject to ownership disputes relating to intellectual property, including disputes arising from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products and technologies; and

•if a license to necessary technology is terminated, the licensor may initiate litigation claiming that our products or technologies infringe or misappropriate its patent or other intellectual property rights and/or that we breached our obligations under the license agreement, and we would need to defend against such proceedings.

These lawsuits and proceedings, regardless of merit, are time-consuming and expensive to initiate, maintain, defend or settle, and could divert the time and attention of managerial and technical personnel, which could materially adversely affect our business. Any such claim could also force us to do one or more of the following:

•incur substantial monetary liability for infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights, which we may have to pay if a court decides that the diagnostic test or technology at issue infringes or violates the third party’s rights, and if the court finds that the infringement was willful, we could be ordered to pay treble damages and the third party’s attorneys’ fees;

•stop manufacturing, offering for sale, selling, using, importing, exporting or licensing the diagnostic test or technology incorporating the allegedly infringing technology or stop incorporating the allegedly infringing technology into such test or technology;

•obtain from the owner of the infringed intellectual property right a license, which may require us to pay substantial upfront fees or royalties to sell or use the relevant technology and which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all;

•redesign our products and technologies so they do not infringe or violate the third party’s intellectual property rights, which may not be possible or may require substantial monetary expenditures and time;

•enter into cross-licenses with applicable third party, which could weaken our overall intellectual property position;

•lose the opportunity to license our technology to others or to collect royalty payments based upon successful protection and assertion of our intellectual property against others;

•find alternative suppliers for non-infringing technologies, which could be costly and create significant delay; or

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•relinquish rights associated with one or more of our patent claims if our claims are held invalid or otherwise unenforceable.

Third parties may be able to sustain the costs of complex intellectual property litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, intellectual property litigation, regardless of its outcome, may cause negative publicity, adversely impact our business, cause delays, or prohibit us from marketing or otherwise commercializing our products and technologies. Any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional funds or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation, financial condition or cash flows.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation, financial condition or cash flows.

We depend on information technology systems that we license from third parties. Any failure of such systems or loss of licenses to the software that comprises an essential element of such systems could significantly harm our business.

We depend on information technology systems for significant elements of our operations, such as our Laboratory Information Management System, including test validation, specimen tracking and quality control, our bioinformatics analytical software systems, our test report generating systems and billing systems. Essential elements of these systems depend on software that we license from third parties. If we are unable to maintain the licenses to this software or our software providers discontinue or alter the programs on which we rely, it could render our test reports unreliable or hinder our ability to generate accurate test reports, among other things. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

We rely on licenses from third parties, and if we lose these licenses or are not able to obtain licenses to third-party technology on reasonable grounds or at all, then we may not be able to continue to commercialize existing diagnostic tests, be subjected to future litigation and may not be able to commercialize new diagnostic tests in the future.

We are party to certain royalty-bearing license agreements that grant us rights to use certain intellectual property, including patents and patent applications, in certain specified fields of use. Although we intend to develop products and technologies through our own internal research, we may need to obtain additional licenses from others to advance our research, development and commercialization activities. Our license agreements impose, and we expect that future license agreements will impose, various development, diligence, commercialization and other obligations on us.

In the future, we may identify third-party technology we may need, including to develop or commercialize new diagnostic tests or services. In return for the use of a third party’s technology, we may agree to pay the licensor royalties based on sales of our solutions. Royalties are a component of the cost of our products or services and affect our margins. We may also need to negotiate licenses to patents or patent applications before or after introducing a commercialized test. The in-licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to in-license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights for technologies that we may consider attractive or necessary.

These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. Furthermore, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. In addition, we expect that competition for the in-licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights for technologies that are attractive to us may increase in the future, which may mean fewer suitable opportunities for us as well as higher acquisition or licensing costs. We may not be able to obtain necessary or strategic licenses to patents or patent applications, and our business may suffer if we are unable to enter into these licenses on acceptable terms or at all, if any necessary licenses are subsequently terminated, if the licensors fail to abide by the terms of the licenses or fail to prevent infringement by third parties, or if the licensed patents or other rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable.

In spite of our efforts, our licensors might conclude that we have materially breached our obligations under such license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing or limiting our ability to

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develop and commercialize tests and technology covered by these license agreements. If these in-licenses are terminated, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors or other third parties might have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, tests identical to ours and we may be required to cease our development and commercialization activities. For example, we license certain intellectual property from WUSTL that is incorporated into DecisionDx-UM. In 2022, we provided over 1,700 test reports for DecisionDx-UM. If the License Agreement were terminated, we would be unable to continue to issue test reports and thus sales of DecisionDx-UM. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

Moreover, disputes may arise with respect to any one of our licensing agreements, including:

•the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

•the extent to which our products, technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

•the sublicensing of patent and other rights under our collaborative development relationships;

•our diligence obligations under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

•the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our partners; and

•the priority of invention of patented technology.

If we do not prevail in such disputes, we may lose any of such license agreements.

In addition, the agreements under which we currently license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations.

The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected diagnostic tests, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

Our failure to maintain such licenses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any of these licenses could be terminated, such as if either party fails to abide by the terms of the license, or if the licensor fails to prevent infringement by third parties or if the licensed patents or other rights are found to be invalid or unenforceable. Absent the license agreements, we may infringe patents subject to those agreements, and if the license agreements are terminated, we may be subject to litigation by the licensor. Litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. If we do not prevail, we may be required to pay damages, including treble damages, attorneys’ fees, costs and expenses, royalties or, be enjoined from selling our products or services, which could adversely affect our ability to offer our products or services, our ability to continue operations and our financial condition.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our products in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. The requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly developing countries, and the breadth of patent claims allowed can be inconsistent. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own tests or products and may also export infringing tests or products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as in the United States. These products may compete with our products. Our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of many other countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to life science technologies, which could make it difficult

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for us to stop the infringement of our patents in such countries. We do not have patent rights in certain foreign countries in which a market may exist. Moreover, in foreign jurisdictions where we do have patent rights, proceedings to enforce our patent rights could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license. We may not be able to stop a competitor from marketing and selling in foreign countries tests, products and services that are the same as or similar to our products and technologies, in which case our competitive position in the international market would be harmed.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, the value of our technology could be materially adversely affected and our business could be harmed.

In addition to pursuing patents on our technology, we also rely on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position. We take steps to protect our trade secrets, in part, by entering into agreements, including confidentiality agreements, non-disclosure agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements, with our employees, consultants, academic institutions, corporate partners and, when needed, our advisers. However, we cannot be certain that such agreements have been entered into with all relevant parties, and we cannot be certain that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. For example, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and once disclosed, we are likely to lose trade secret protection and may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Such agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements, and we may not be able to prevent such unauthorized disclosure. If we are required to assert our rights against such party, it could result in significant cost and distraction.

Monitoring unauthorized disclosure is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to prevent such disclosure are, or will be, adequate. If we were to enforce a claim that a third party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets, it would be expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome would be unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets.

We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our confidential proprietary information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems, but it is possible that these security measures could be breached. If any of our confidential proprietary information were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, absent patent protection, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We do and may employ individuals who previously worked with universities or other companies, including potential competitors. We could in the future be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed alleged trade secrets or other confidential information of current or former employers or competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and independent contractors do not use the intellectual property, proprietary information, know-how or trade secrets of others in their work for us, we may become subject to claims that we caused an individual to breach the terms of his or her non-competition or non-solicitation agreement, or that we or these individuals have, inadvertently or otherwise, used or disclosed the alleged trade secrets or other proprietary information of a current or former employer or competitor. Although, we are currently not subject to any such claims.

While we may litigate to defend ourselves against these claims, even if we are successful, litigation could result in substantial costs and could be a distraction to management and other employees. If our defenses to these claims fail, in addition to requiring us to pay monetary damages, a court could prohibit us from using technologies or features that are essential to our products, if such technologies or features are found to incorporate or be derived from the trade secrets or other proprietary information of the current or former employers. Therefore, we could be required to obtain a license from such third-party employer to commercialize our products or technology. Such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

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Moreover, any such litigation or the threat thereof may adversely affect our reputation, our ability to form strategic alliances or sublicense our rights to collaborators, engage with scientific advisors or hire employees or consultants, each of which would have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

We have not yet registered certain of our trademarks in all of our potential markets, although we have registrations for, among others, DecisionDx, DiffDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-UM, DecisionDx-Melanoma, DecisionDx-SCC, MyPath Melanoma, TissueCypher and IDgenetix in the United States. Our current or future registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or descriptive determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names or may be forced to stop using these names, which we need for name recognition by potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. During trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections. Although we would be given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in the USPTO and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. In addition, third parties have used trademarks similar and identical to our trademarks in foreign jurisdictions and have filed or may in the future file for registration of such trademarks. If they succeed in registering or developing common law rights in such trademarks, and if we are not successful in challenging such third-party rights, we may not be able to use these trademarks to market our products in those countries. If we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. We may license our trademarks and trade names to third parties, such as distributors. Although these license agreements may provide guidelines for how our trademarks and trade names may be used, a breach of these agreements or misuse of our trademarks and tradenames by our licensees may jeopardize our rights in or diminish the goodwill associated with our trademarks and trade names.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our patents and other intellectual property.

We or our licensors may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we or our licensors may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of employees, consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or our or our licensors’ ownership of our owned or in-licensed patents, trade secrets or other intellectual property. If we or our licensors fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, right to use, or right to exclude others from using, intellectual property that is important to our products. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Our assignment agreements may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various required procedures, document submissions, fee payments and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications must be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States at several stages over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we employ an outside firm and rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees due to non-U.S. patent agencies. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting

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in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction, such as failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we, or our licensors, fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our products and technologies, potential competitors may be able to enter the market without infringing our patents and this circumstance would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our products for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan, and the protection patents afford is limited. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the term of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our products are obtained, once the patent term has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive tests or products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of potential new tests or products, patents protecting such tests or products might expire before or shortly after such tests or products are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing tests or other products similar or identical to ours.

Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Growth and Other Risks Related to Our Business

We are highly dependent on the services of our key personnel.*

We are highly dependent on the services of our key personnel, including Derek J. Maetzold, our President and Chief Executive Officer. Although we have entered into agreements with our key personnel regarding their employment, they are not for a specific term and each may terminate their employment with us at any time, though we are not aware of any present intention of any of these individuals to leave us.

Our research and development programs and laboratory operations depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists and technicians. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified scientists and technicians in the future due to the competition for qualified personnel among life science businesses, particularly near our laboratory facilities and office spaces located in Phoenix, Arizona; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and our corporate headquarters in Friendswood, Texas. We also face competition from universities and public and private research institutions in recruiting and retaining highly qualified scientific personnel. We may have difficulties locating, recruiting or retaining qualified salespeople. Recruiting and retention difficulties can limit our ability to support our research and development and sales programs. This competition has become exacerbated by the increase in employee resignations currently taking place throughout the United States as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is commonly referred to as the “great resignation.” We may also experience employee turnover as a result of the ongoing “great resignation.” In response to competition, rising inflation rates and labor shortages, we may need to adjust employee cash compensation, which would affect our operating costs and our margins, or equity compensation, which would affect our outstanding share count and cause dilution to existing stockholders. All of our employees are at-will, which means that either we or the employee may terminate their employment at any time.

With respect to equity compensation, as of March 31, 2023, we have granted awards in excess of the number of shares authorized for issuance under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”). Although the 2019 Plan provides for automatic increases in the number of shares authorized for issuance annually through January 1, 2029, there can be no assurances that these increases will be adequate to support our requirements for future equity awards or that we will be able to obtain approval from our stockholders in the future should we require authorization for the issuance of additional shares. In December 2022, our board of directors adopted a separate equity plan, the 2022 Inducement Plan (the “Inducement Plan”), to be used exclusively for grants of awards as an inducement material to new employees entering into employment with us. However, the Inducement Plan cannot be used to grant ongoing equity awards to existing employees. If we are unable to provide adequate or competitive equity compensation, we may have to adjust other elements of our compensation packages and may encounter difficulties attracting and retaining personnel.

Our employees, clinical investigators, consultants, speakers, vendors and any current or potential commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, clinical study investigators, consultants, speakers, vendors and any potential commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates: federal laws and regulations or those of comparable foreign regulatory authorities, including those laws that require the reporting of

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true, complete and accurate information; manufacturing standards; federal and state health and data privacy, security, fraud and abuse, government price reporting, transparency reporting requirements, and other healthcare laws and regulations in the United States and abroad; sexual harassment and other workplace misconduct; or laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. Such misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical studies, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees, as well as a disclosure program and other applicable policies and procedures, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, exclusion from government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional integrity reporting and oversight obligations, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

We may be unable to manage our future growth effectively, which could make it difficult to execute our business strategy.

We have experienced significant revenue growth in a short period of time. We may not achieve similar growth rates in future periods. You should not rely on our operating results for any prior periods as an indication of our future operating performance. To effectively manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to maintain and enhance our financial, accounting, human resources, laboratory operations, customer support and sales administration systems, processes and controls. Failure to effectively manage our anticipated growth could lead us to over-invest or under-invest in development, operational and administrative infrastructure, result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, systems, or internal controls, give rise to operational mistakes, losses, loss of customers, productivity or business opportunities, and result in loss of employees and reduced productivity of remaining employees.

We also anticipate further growth in our business operations. For example, since May 2021, we have completed the acquisitions of Myriad MyPath Laboratory, Cernostics and AltheaDx, each of which we expect will contribute to our future growth. These acquisitions and other future growth could create strain on our organizational, administrative and operational infrastructure, including laboratory operations, quality control, customer service and sales organization management. We expect to continue increasing our headcount and hire more specialized personnel in the future as we grow our business and expand our product offerings. We will need to continue to hire, train and manage additional qualified scientists, laboratory personnel, client and account services personnel, and sales and marketing staff and improve and maintain our technology to effectively manage our growth. If our new hires perform poorly, if we are unsuccessful in hiring, training, managing and integrating these new employees or if we are not successful in retaining our existing employees, our business may be harmed.

In addition, our anticipated growth could require significant capital expenditures and might divert financial resources from other projects such as the development of new diagnostic tests and services. As we commercialize additional diagnostic and prognostic tests, we may need to incorporate new equipment, implement new technology systems, automate or otherwise improve the efficiency of our operational processes or hire new personnel with different qualifications. Failure to manage this growth or transition could result in turnaround time delays, higher costs, declining quality, deteriorating customer service, and slower responses to competitive challenges. A failure in any one of these areas could make it difficult for us to meet market expectations for our products and could damage our reputation and the prospects for our business.

We may not be able to maintain the quality or expected turnaround times of our products, or satisfy customer demand as it grows. Our ability to manage our growth properly will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures. The time and resources required to implement these new systems and procedures is uncertain, and failure to complete this in a timely and efficient manner could adversely affect our operations. If our management is unable to effectively manage our anticipated growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our revenue could decline or grow more slowly than expected and we may be unable to implement our business strategy. The quality of our products and services may suffer, which could negatively affect our reputation and harm our ability to retain and attract customers.

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We have engaged in, and may continue to engage in, strategic transactions, such as the acquisition of businesses, assets, products or technologies, which could be disruptive to our existing operations, divert the attention of our management team and adversely impact our liquidity, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations.*

From time to time, we may consider strategic opportunities and engage in transactions such as acquisitions of businesses, assets, products or technologies, as well as technology licenses or investments in complementary businesses. For example, in May 2021, December 2021 and April 2022, we completed the acquisitions of the Myriad MyPath Laboratory, Cernostics and AltheaDx, respectively. These and any other strategic acquisition transactions may entail numerous operational and financial risks, including:

•delays, difficulties and higher than expected costs associated with integration activities, such as those involving operational processes, regulatory and licensure compliance, personnel and information technology systems;

•difficulties in scaling and growing the operations of acquired businesses in a cost-efficient manner;

•disruption of our existing business operations and diversion of management’s time, focus and attention;

•decreases in our liquidity and operating cash flows, increases in our overall operating costs, substantial amounts of amortization expense, increased capital expenditure requirements and non-recurring charges, including possible impairments of acquired assets and losses on the remeasurement of contingent consideration;

•incurrence of substantial debt or dilutive issuances of equity securities, the assumption of additional liabilities, exposure to unknown liabilities and being subject to disputes with former owners of acquired businesses;

•inability to retain key personnel of any acquired businesses; and

•failure to realize any of the anticipated revenues, synergies, efficiencies or other benefits of a transaction within our estimated time frame or at all.

With regard to our acquisitions of the Myriad MyPath Laboratory, Cernostics and AltheaDx, actual results may differ materially from our plans and expectations. For example, there can be no assurances regarding our ability to successfully scale and integrate the MyPath Melanoma, TissueCypher and IDgenetix tests into our commercial offerings and the ability of the combined strengths of Castle, the Myriad MyPath Laboratory, Cernostics or AltheaDx to position us for continued growth and success as a leader in the diagnostics space. Further, there are inherent execution and business risks associated with managing the integration and growth objectives of more than one acquisition at the same time and such circumstances may have the effect of heightening the operational and financial risks related to acquisitions noted above and the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section.

We are unable to predict the timing, size or nature of any future transactions, whether they will be completed or financed on favorable terms, if at all, or what the impact of those transactions might be on our financial results, including if such transactions are not effectively and profitably integrated into our business. Our failure to successfully complete the integration of any business that we acquire could have an adverse effect on our prospects, business activities, cash flows, financial condition, results of operations and stock price. Additionally, our ability to successfully integrate, manage and derive financial and other benefits from any acquired business, asset, product or technology cannot be assured given our limited historical experience with such transactions.

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes to offset future taxable income and taxes may be subject to limitations.

As of December 31, 2022, we had federal net operating loss NOL carryforwards of approximately $207.2 million, of which $106.1 million will begin to expire in 2029 if not utilized to offset taxable income, and $101.1 million may be carried forward indefinitely. Also, as of December 31, 2022, we had state NOL carryforwards of $114.0 million, which begin to expire in 2028 if not utilized to offset state taxable income.

Under the legislation known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”), as modified by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), federal NOLs generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such NOL carryforwards is limited to 80% of taxable income.

In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an ‘‘ownership change’’ (which is generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by

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value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. For example, with respect to the NOLs we obtained in our acquisitions of Cernostics and AltheaDx, $36,347,000 of NOLs are expected to expire unused as a result of Section 382 limitations. We have experienced ownership changes in the past and we may also experience additional ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control. If an ownership change occurs and our ability to use our NOL carryforwards is materially limited, it would harm our future operating results by effectively increasing our future tax obligations. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOL carryforwards is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.

Changes in tax laws or regulations that are applied adversely to us or our customers may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition or results of operations.

New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. For example, the TCJA, the CARES Act and the IRA enacted many significant changes to the U.S. tax laws. Further guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities with respect to such legislation may affect us, and certain aspects of such legislation could be repealed or modified in future legislation. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to federal tax laws. Future tax reform legislation could have a material impact on the value of our deferred tax assets and could increase our future U.S. tax expense.

Effective January 1, 2022, the TCJA eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenses for tax purposes in the year incurred and requires taxpayers to capitalize and subsequently amortize such expenses over five years for research activities conducted in the United States and over 15 years for research activities conducted outside the United States. Unless the United States Department of the Treasury issues regulations that narrow the application of this provision to a smaller subset of our research and development expenses or the provision is deferred, modified, or repealed by Congress, it could harm our future operating results by effectively increasing our future tax obligations. The actual impact of this provision will depend on multiple factors, including the amount of research and development expenses we will incur, whether we achieve sufficient income to fully utilize such deductions and whether we conduct our research and development activities inside or outside the United States.

If our information technology systems or data, or those of third parties upon which we rely, are or were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including but not limited to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; loss of customers or sales; and other adverse consequences.*

In the ordinary course of business, we and the third parties upon which we rely (such as contractors and consultants) Process proprietary, confidential, and sensitive information (including but not limited to intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information).

Cyber-attacks, malicious internet-based activity, online and offline fraud and other similar activities threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our proprietary, confidential, and sensitive information and information technology systems, and those of the third parties upon which we rely. Such threats are prevalent, continue to increase, and are becoming increasingly difficult to detect. These threats come from a variety of sources, including threat actors, traditional computer “hackers,” organized criminal threat actors, personnel (such as through theft or misuse), hacktivists, sophisticated nation-states, and nation-state-supported actors. Some actors now engage and are expected to continue to engage in cyber-attacks, including without limitation nation-state actors for geopolitical reasons and in conjunction with military conflicts and defense activities. During times of war and other major conflicts, we and the third parties upon which we rely may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of these attacks, including retaliatory cyber-attacks, that could materially disrupt our systems and operations, supply chain, and ability to produce, sell and distribute our goods and services. Despite the implementation of security measures designed to protect against a security incident, we and the third parties upon which we rely (such as our contractors and consultants) are vulnerable to a variety of evolving threats including but not limited to service interruptions, system malfunction, natural disasters, terrorism, war, public health crises, telecommunication and electrical failures, malware (including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions), malicious code, ransomware, supply chain attacks, credential harvesting, denial-of-service attacks (such as credential stuffing), social engineering and other attempts to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our proprietary, confidential and sensitive information. In particular, ransomware attacks have become increasingly prevalent and

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severe and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations, loss of data and income, reputational harm, and diversion of funds. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting such payments. Future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations) could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, as our systems could be negatively affected by vulnerabilities present in acquired or integrated entities’ systems and technologies. Furthermore, we may discover security issues that were not found during due diligence of such acquired or integrated entities, and it may be difficult to integrate companies into our information technology environment and security program. We manage and maintain our applications and information utilizing a combination of on-site systems, managed data centers, and cloud-based data centers, and we are increasingly dependent upon information technology systems, infrastructure and information to operate our business. It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality, availability and integrity of such information. We also have outsourced elements of our operations to third parties, including third-party service providers and technologies to help operate critical business systems to Process proprietary, confidential and sensitive information, and as a result we manage a number of third-party contractors who have access to our proprietary, confidential and sensitive information. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ cybersecurity information security practices is limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. While we may be entitled to damages if our third-party service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award. Additionally, supply-chain attacks have also increased in frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that third parties and infrastructure in our supply chain or our third-party partners’ supply chains have not been compromised or that they do not contain exploitable defects or bugs that could result in a breach of or disruption to our information technology systems (including our services) or the third-party information technology systems that support us and our services.

Any of the previously identified or similar threats could cause a disruption or security incident, which could result in unauthorized, unlawful, or accidental loss of, damage to, modification of, destruction of, alteration of, encryption of, disclosure of, access to, or acquisition of our information and could interrupt our ability to provide our services. While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident or material security incident to date, we cannot assure you that our data protection efforts and our investment in information technology have or will prevent security incidents. We take steps to detect and remediate vulnerabilities but may not be able to detect and remediate all vulnerabilities because the threats and techniques used to exploit the vulnerability change frequently and are often sophisticated in nature. Therefore, such vulnerabilities could be exploited but may not be detected until after a security incident has occurred. These vulnerabilities pose material risks to our business. Applicable data privacy and security obligations may require us to notify relevant stakeholders of security incidents, including affected individuals, the Secretary of the HHS, states Attorneys General and others. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosures or failure to comply could lead to adverse consequences.

If we or a third party upon whom we rely experience a security incident or are perceived to have experienced a security incident, we may experience government enforcement actions, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight, restrictions on Processing data (including personal information), litigation, indemnification obligations, negative publicity, reputational harm, monetary fund diversions, interruptions in our operations, and other harms. Such consequences may disrupt our operations (including our ability to conduct our analyses, provide test results, bill payors or patients, process claims and appeals, provide customer assistance, conduct research and development activities, collect, process, and prepare company financial information, provide information about our products and other patient and physician education and outreach efforts through our website, and manage the administrative aspects of our business), damage our reputation, negatively impact our ability to grow our business, and others. For example, we maintain a tumor specimen database comprised of over 60,000 samples. Some of these samples were used to develop and validate DecisionDx-Melanoma, and, of those, some are currently being used to improve upon the test and some will be used in the future. If we were to lose this database, our ability to further validate, improve and therefore maintain and grow sales of DecisionDx-Melanoma could be significantly impaired.

Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and there can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages if we fail to comply with applicable privacy and security obligations. Additionally, while we may be entitled to damages if our third-party service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award. We cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient to protect us from or adequately mitigate liabilities or damages with respect to claims, costs, expenses, litigation, fines, penalties, business loss, information loss, regulatory actions

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or material adverse impacts arising out of our privacy and security practices, Processing or security incidents we may experience, or that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

In addition to experiencing a security incident, third parties may gather, collect, or infer sensitive information about us from public sources, data brokers, or other means that reveals competitively sensitive details about our organization and could be used to undermine our competitive advantage or market position.

Product or professional liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit our commercialization of our products.

We face an inherent risk of product and professional liability exposure related to our products. The marketing, sale and use of our products could lead to the filing of product liability claims were someone to allege that our products identified or reported inaccurate or incomplete information, or otherwise failed to perform as designed. We may also be subject to liability for errors in, a misunderstanding of or inappropriate reliance upon, the information we provide in the ordinary course of our business activities.

If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our products caused injury or otherwise failed to function properly, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

•decreased demand for our current tests any tests that we may develop, and the inability to commercialize such tests;

•injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

•reluctance of experts willing to conduct our clinical studies;

•initiation of investigations by regulators;

•significant costs to defend the related litigation and diversion of management’s time and our resources;

•substantial monetary awards to study subjects or patients;

•product recalls, withdrawals or labeling, or marketing or promotional restrictions; and

•loss of revenue.

We currently carry product liability insurance. However, the amount of this insurance may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

International expansion of our business exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial, and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the United States.

While we currently accept orders from customers outside of the United States, our historical business strategy has been directed toward customers within the United States. Our long-term business strategy contemplates potential international expansion. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including:

•multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as privacy regulations, tax laws, export and import restrictions, economic sanctions and embargoes, employment laws, regulatory requirements and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;

•limits in our ability to penetrate international markets if we are not able to perform tests locally;

•logistics and regulations associated with shipping tissue samples, including infrastructure conditions and transportation delays;

•difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations;

•failure to obtain regulatory approvals for the commercialization of our products in various countries;

•complexities and difficulties in obtaining intellectual property protection and enforcing our intellectual property;

•complexities associated with managing multiple payor reimbursement regimes, government payors, or patient self-pay systems;

•financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting accounts receivable, the impact of local and regional financial crises on demand and payment for our products and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;

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•natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism, and political unrest, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions; and

•regulatory and compliance risks that relate to maintaining accurate information and control over sales and distributors’ activities that may fall within the purview of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) its books and records provisions, or its anti-bribery provisions.

Additionally, financial markets around the world experienced volatility following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022. In response to the invasion, the United States, UK and EU, along with others, imposed significant new sanctions and export controls against Russia, Russian banks and certain Russian individuals and may implement additional sanctions or take further punitive actions in the future. The full economic and social impact of the sanctions imposed on Russia (as well as possible future punitive measures that may be implemented), as well as the counter measures imposed by Russia, in addition to the ongoing military conflict between Ukraine and Russia, which could conceivably expand into the surrounding region, remains uncertain; however, both the conflict and related sanctions have resulted and could continue to result in disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability, and/or supply chain continuity, in both Europe and globally, and has introduced significant uncertainty into global markets. While we do not operate in Russia or Ukraine, as the adverse effects of this conflict continue to develop and potentially spread, both in Europe and throughout the rest of the world, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected, particularly to the extent this conflict escalates to involve additional countries, further economic sanctions or wider military conflict. Any of these factors could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, our revenue and results of operations.

Requirements associated with being a public company will continue to increase our costs as well as divert significant company resources and management attention.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act or the other rules and regulations of the SEC and any securities exchange relating to public companies. Sarbanes-Oxley, as well as rules subsequently adopted by the SEC and Nasdaq to implement provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley, impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. Further, pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the SEC has adopted additional rules and regulations in these areas, such as mandatory ‘‘say on pay’’ voting requirements. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations. For example, during 2022, the SEC adopted new rules covering pay versus performance disclosures, "clawback" policies and insider trading plans. Future changes in regulations and disclosure obligations may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. Compliance with the various reporting and other requirements applicable to public companies requires considerable time and attention of management. We cannot assure you that we will satisfy our obligations as a public company on a timely basis.

We expect the rules and regulations applicable to public companies will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. If we are unable to comply with these requirements on a timely basis or if the attention of our management and personnel is diverted from other business concerns, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The increased costs will increase our net loss or decrease our net income, and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business or increase the prices of our products. In addition, as we expand, it may be more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified personnel to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We, and the third parties with whom we share our facilities, are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Each of our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological and radioactive materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. We could be held liable for any resulting damages in the event of contamination or injury resulting from the use of hazardous materials by us or the third parties with

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whom we share our facilities, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research and development. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

Our business could be adversely impacted by inflation.*

Our business could be adversely affected by natural disasters, public health epidemics and other events beyond our control.

Although we maintain crisis management plans, our business operations are subject to interruption by natural disasters and other events and catastrophes beyond our control, including, but not limited to, earthquakes, floods, fires, tornadoes, hurricanes, power or other utility outages, telecommunications failures and public health crises. Further, outbreaks of epidemic diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic discussed above, or Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, or the fear of such events, could provoke responses, including government-imposed travel restrictions that could impede the mobility and effectiveness of our sales force, disrupt our operations or those of our suppliers and service providers. The ultimate impact of any of these or similar events is highly uncertain and could have a material adverse impact on our operations.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may lose all or part of your investment.*

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

•our operating performance and the performance of other similar companies;

•our success in marketing and selling our products;

•reimbursement determinations by third-party payors and reimbursement rates for our products;

•changes in our projected operating results that we provide to the public, our failure to meet these projections or changes in recommendations by securities analysts that elect to follow our common stock;

•regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;

•the level of expenses related to product development and clinical studies for our products;

•our ability to achieve product development goals in the timeframes we announce;

•announcements of clinical study results, regulatory developments, acquisitions, strategic alliances or significant agreements by us or by our competitors;

•the success or failure of our efforts to acquire, license or develop additional tests;

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•recruitment or departure of key personnel;

•general economic conditions and market conditions specific to our industry;

•interest rates and the rate of inflation;

•the extent and duration of the impacts on our operations of general political and economic conditions, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, economic slowdowns, recessions or market corrections, the duration and effects of elevated inflation, rising interest rates and tightening of credit markets resulting from the conflict or other evolving macroeconomic developments;

•trading activity by a limited number of stockholders who together beneficially own a significant percentage of our outstanding common stock;

•general investor interest in emerging growth stocks;

•the size of our market float; and

•any other factors discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

In addition, the stock market in general, and diagnostic and life sciences companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our securities, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, stockholders of other companies have filed securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business and adversely affect our business.

If there are substantial sales of shares of our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline.

The price of our common stock could decline if there are substantial sales of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant stockholders, or if there is a large number of shares of our common stock available for sale and the market perceives that sales will occur. Shares held by directors, executive officers and other affiliates are subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 under the Securities Act.

Certain of our stockholders have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or our stockholders. We have registered shares of common stock that we have issued and may issue under our employee equity incentive plans. As a result, these shares will be able to be sold freely in the public market upon issuance.

The market price of the shares of our common stock could decline as a result of the sale of a substantial number of our shares of common stock in the public market or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares.

We have broad discretion in the use of working capital and may not use it effectively or in ways that increase our share price.

We cannot specify with any certainty the particular uses of working capital, but we currently expect such uses will include: funding selling and marketing activities, including expansion of our sales force to support the ongoing commercialization of current and future products; research and development related to the continued support of our current products, as well as the development of our product pipeline; and other general corporate purposes, including acquisitions and the costs associated with being a public company. The failure by our management to apply our working capital effectively could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Pending its use, we may invest working capital in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our investors.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our common stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our common stock price and trading volume to decline.

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Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. For example, our directors or executive officers could inadvertently fail to disclose a new relationship or arrangement causing us to fail to make any related party transaction disclosures. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. In addition, we do not have a risk management program or processes or procedures for identifying and addressing risks to our business in other areas.

We have and may continue to enter into related party transactions that create conflicts of interest, or the appearance of conflicts of interest, which may harm our business and cause our stock price to decline.*

We have entered into related party transactions that create conflicts of interest between our interests and the interests of our directors and executive officers. For example, we employ three children and a brother-in-law of Derek J. Maetzold, our President and Chief Executive Officer, three children and a son-in-law of Kristen M. Oelschlager, our Chief Operating Officer, and the son of Tobin W. Juvenal, our Chief Commercial Officer, in each case in non-officer positions. Additionally, Derek J. Maetzold and Daniel M. Bradbury, the chair of our board of directors, each served on the board of directors of AltheaDx, a commercial-stage molecular diagnostics company that we acquired in April 2022. Further, each of the following individuals was a direct or indirect beneficial owner of AltheaDx securities and received consideration in the transaction: Mr. Bradbury; Mr. Maetzold; Thomas Sullivan, John Maetzold and Peter Maetzold, immediate family members of Mr. Maetzold; Frank Stokes, our Chief Financial Officer; Tobin Juvenal, our Chief Commercial Officer; Kristen Oelschlager, our Chief Operating Officer; and Joshua Albers and Allysa Topel, immediate family members of Ms. Oelschlager.

These types of related party arrangements are required to be disclosed in our public filings based on certain criteria. We may engage in other transactions in the future involving our executive officers, directors and their family members and/or entities which they control or are affiliated, which could cause individuals in our management to seek to advance their economic interests or the economic interests of certain related parties above ours. Although we have a written policy on related party transactions that involves independent review and oversight by the audit committee of our board of directors, there can be no assurances that conflicts of interest will not exist, or that we will be able to adequately address or mitigate any actual or perceived conflicts of interest, and stockholders, analysts, proxy advisory firms, the news media and other parties may view these transactions as representing conflicts of interest or as otherwise inappropriate, which may result in negative public perception and reputational harm, and could impair our ability to enter into new customer relationships or attract and retain employees. Potential, perceived and actual conflicts of interest could cause investors to question the independence of our management, the adequacy and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures or the integrity of our corporate governance procedures and compensation practices, which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock and our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are a smaller reporting company and we cannot be certain if the scaled disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

Effective as of June 30, 2022, we requalified as a smaller reporting company as defined in the Exchange Act. We began to take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies beginning our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for our second quarter ended June 30, 2022 and will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as the market value of our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

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We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these scaled disclosures. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared nor paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, stockholders must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.

The concentration of our stock ownership will likely limit your ability to influence corporate matters, including the ability to influence the outcome of director elections and other matters requiring stockholder approval.*

Based upon shares outstanding as of March 31, 2023, our executive officers, directors and the known holders of more than 5% of our outstanding common stock, in the aggregate, beneficially owned approximately 32% of our common stock. As a result, these stockholders, acting together, will have significant influence over all matters that require approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. Corporate actions might be taken even if other stockholders oppose them. This concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company that other stockholders may view as beneficial.

Delaware law and provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.

Provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in our control or change in our management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares or transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. Therefore, these provisions could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws:

•permit our board of directors to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with any rights, preferences and privileges as they may designate (including the right to approve an acquisition or other change in our control);

•provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the board of directors;

•provide that the board of directors or any individual director may only be removed with cause and the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66-2/3% of the voting power of all of our then outstanding common stock;

•provide that all vacancies, including newly created directorships, may, except as otherwise required by law, be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum;

•divide our board of directors into three classes;

•require that any action to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meetings of stockholders and not be taken by written consent;

•provide that stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide notice in writing in a timely manner and also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice;

•do not provide for cumulative voting rights (therefore allowing the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors to elect all of the directors standing for election, if they should so choose);

•provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the chairperson of the board, our Chief Executive Officer or by the board of directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of authorized directors;

•provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if and only if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter

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jurisdiction, any state court located within the State of Delaware or, if and only if all such state courts lack subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the sole and exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim against us or any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees, arising out of or pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws; (iv) any action or proceeding to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws; (v) any action or proceeding as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; and (vi) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in all cases to the fullest extent permitted by law and subject to the court’s having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants; provided these provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws will not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction; and

•provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, subject to and contingent upon a final adjudication in the State of Delaware of the enforceability of such exclusive forum provision.

The amendment of any of these provisions, with the exception of the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock and designate any rights, preferences and privileges thereto, would require approval by the holders of at least 66-2/3% of our then-outstanding common stock.

In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. These provisions may prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a certain period of time. A Delaware corporation may opt out of this provision by express provision in its original certificate of incorporation or by amendment to its certificate of incorporation or bylaws approved by its stockholders. However, we have not opted out of this provision.

These and other provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by our then-current board of directors, including delay or impede a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. The existence of these provisions could negatively affect the price of our common stock and limit opportunities for you to realize value in a corporate transaction.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if and only if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state court located within the State of Delaware or, if and only if all such state courts lack subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) will be the sole and exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action or proceeding asserting a claim against us or any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees arising out of or pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws; (iv) any action or proceeding to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; (v) any action or proceeding as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; and (vi) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in all cases to the fullest extent permitted by law and subject to the court’s having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants; provided these provisions would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the

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Exchange Act. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, subject to and contingent upon a final adjudication in the State of Delaware of the enforceability of such exclusive forum provision. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. This may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions and there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.

These choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees and may discourage these types of lawsuits. Furthermore, the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable. If a court were to find the choice of forum provisions contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Use of Proceeds from IPO of Common Stock

On July 29, 2019, we completed our IPO, pursuant to which we issued and sold 4,600,000 shares of our common stock, including 600,000 shares associated with the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, at a price to the public of $16.00 per share.

The offer and sale of all of the shares of our common stock in the IPO were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to our Registration Statements on Form S-1, as amended (File Nos. 333-232369 and 333-232796), which were declared or became effective on July 24, 2019.

There has been no material change in our planned use of the net proceeds from the IPO as described in the final prospectus filed with the SEC on July 26, 2019 relating to our Registration Statements on Form S-1 (File Nos. 333-232369 and 333-232796).

Since the effective date of our registration statement through March 31, 2023, we have not used any of the net proceeds from the IPO. Pending such uses, we have invested, and plan to continue to invest, the balance of the net proceeds from the IPO in cash and cash equivalent securities or highly liquid investment securities.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.


Exhibit Number						Description of document
2.1#+						Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 18, 2021, by and among the Registrant, Space Merger Sub, Inc., Cernostics, Inc., and Shareholder Representative Services LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, as amended, originally filed with the SEC on December 6, 2021.
2.2#+						Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated April 4, 2022, by and among the Registrant, AltheaDx, Inc., Acorn Merger Sub, Inc. and Fortis Advisors LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 4, 2022.

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Exhibit Number						Description of document
3.1						Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 29, 2019.
3.2						Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 29, 2019.
4.1						Form of Common Stock Certificate of the Registrant, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-232369), as amended, originally filed with the SEC on June 26, 2019.
4.2						Sixth Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated July 12, 2019, by and among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-232369), as amended, originally filed with the SEC on June 26, 2019.
10.1†						Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy, as amended effective January 31, 2023, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.
10.2†						Castle Biosciences, Inc. Retirement Policy Approved January 13, 2023, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.
10.3						Third Amendment to Standard Office Lease, dated February 9, 2023, by and between the Registrant and Alturas Siete II, LLC, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.
10.4*						Fourth Amendment to Standard Office Lease, dated April 18, 2023, by and between the Registrant and Alturas Siete II, LLC.
31.1*						Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act.
31.2*						Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Exchange Act.
32.1**						Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(b) or 15d-14(b) of the Exchange Act, and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
101.INS*						Inline XBRL Instance Document—the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File as its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
101.CAL*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.DEF*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
101.LAB*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE*						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.
104*						Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

_____________________________________

* Filed herewith

** Furnished herewith.

# Certain schedules or exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit will be furnished to the SEC upon request; provided, however, that we may request confidential treatment pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act for any schedule or exhibit so furnished.

+ Pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K, certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted (indicated by “[***]”) because the Company has determined that the information is not material and is the type that the Company treats as private or confidential.

† Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

CASTLE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

Date:

May 3, 2023

By:

/s/ Derek J. Maetzold

Derek J. Maetzold
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)

Date:

May 3, 2023

By:

/s/ Frank Stokes

Frank Stokes
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)