CATERPILLAR INC - Quarter Report: 2016 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

[X] QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016

[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 1-768

CATERPILLAR INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)		37-0602744 (IRS Employer I.D. No.)

100 NE Adams Street, Peoria, Illinois (Address of principal executive offices)		61629 (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(309) 675-1000

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	o

Non-accelerated filer	o	Smaller reporting company	o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

At March 31, 2016, 583,868,746 shares of common stock of the registrant were outstanding.

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Part I. Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	51
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	74
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	74

Part II. Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	75
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	*
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	75
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	*
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	*
Item 5.	Other Information	*
Item 6.	Exhibits	76

* Item omitted because no answer is called for or item is not applicable.

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Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions except per share data)



	Three Months Ended March 31
	2016			2015
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	8,780		$	11,961
Revenues of Financial Products	681			741
Total sales and revenues	9,461			12,702

Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	6,822			8,760
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,088			1,249
Research and development expenses	508			524
Interest expense of Financial Products	152			150
Other operating (income) expenses	397			317
Total operating costs	8,967			11,000

Operating profit	494			1,702

Interest expense excluding Financial Products	129			129
Other income (expense)	—			194

Consolidated profit before taxes	365			1,767

Provision (benefit) for income taxes	92			521
Profit of consolidated companies	273			1,246

Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	(1		)	2

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	272			1,248

Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	1			3

Profit ¹	$	271		$	1,245

Profit per common share	$	0.46		$	2.06

Profit per common share – diluted ²	$	0.46		$	2.03

Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
– Basic	582.8			604.9
– Diluted²	587.7			612.7

Cash dividends declared per common share	$	—		$	—

¹ Profit attributable to common stockholders.

² Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)



	Three Months Ended March 31
	2016			2015

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	272		$	1,248
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $32; 2015 - $(85)	408			(786		)

Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Current year prior service credit (cost), net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $(69); 2015 - $0	118			—
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $5; 2015 - $4	(10		)	(9		)

Derivative financial instruments:
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $(6); 2015 - $9	9			(14		)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $(5); 2015 - $(14)	9			24

Available-for-sale securities:
Gains (losses) deferred, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $(5); 2015 - $(4)	6			8
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings, net of tax (provision)/benefit of: 2016 - $(1); 2015 - $1	2			(2		)

Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	542			(779		)
Comprehensive income	814			469
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	(1		)	(3		)
Comprehensive income attributable to stockholders	$	813		$	466

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)



	March 31, 2016			December 31, 2015
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$	5,886		$	6,460
Receivables – trade and other	6,856			6,695
Receivables – finance	9,310			8,991
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,847			1,662
Inventories	9,849			9,700
Total current assets	33,748			33,508

Property, plant and equipment – net	15,935			16,090
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,159			1,170
Long-term receivables – finance	13,527			13,651
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	2,486			2,489
Intangible assets	2,741			2,821
Goodwill	6,710			6,615
Other assets	2,001			1,998
Total assets	$	78,307		$	78,342

Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	13		$	9
Financial Products	7,804			6,958
Accounts payable	5,101			5,023
Accrued expenses	3,142			3,116
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,158			1,994
Customer advances	1,328			1,146
Dividends payable	—			448
Other current liabilities	1,593			1,671
Long-term debt due within one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	568			517
Financial Products	5,508			5,360
Total current liabilities	26,215			26,242

Long-term debt due after one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	8,914			8,960
Financial Products	15,556			16,209
Liability for postemployment benefits	8,600			8,843
Other liabilities	3,269			3,203
Total liabilities	62,554			63,457
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 10 and 13)
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock of $1.00 par value:
Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000 Issued shares: (3/31/16 and 12/31/15 – 814,894,624) at paid-in amount	5,247			5,238
Treasury stock (3/31/16 – 231,025,878 shares; 12/31/15 – 232,572,734 shares) at cost	(17,595		)	(17,640		)
Profit employed in the business	29,517			29,246
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,493		)	(2,035		)
Noncontrolling interests	77			76
Total stockholders’ equity	15,753			14,885
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	78,307		$	78,342

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)



	Common stock			Treasury stock			Profit employed in the business		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			Noncontrolling interests			Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	5,016		$	(15,726	)	$	28,515	$	(1,059	)	$	80		$	16,826
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—			—			1,245		—			3			1,248
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—			—			—		(786		)	—			(786		)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—			—			—		(9		)	—			(9		)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—			—			—		10			—			10
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—			—			—		6			—			6
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	—			—			—		—			(7		)	(7		)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 2,257,067	(58		)	90			—		—			—			32
Stock-based compensation expense	135			—			—		—			—			135
Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation	8			—			—		—			—			8
Common shares repurchased: 4,779,963 ¹	—			(400		)	—		—			—			(400		)
Balance at March 31, 2015	$	5,101		$	(16,036	)	$	29,760	$	(1,838	)	$	76		$	17,063

Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	5,238		$	(17,640	)	$	29,246	$	(2,035	)	$	76		$	14,885
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—			—			271		—			1			272
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—			—			—		408			—			408
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—			—			—		108			—			108
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—			—			—		18			—			18
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—			—			—		8			—			8
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	—			—			—		—			(1		)	(1		)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 1,546,856	(90		)	45			—		—			—			(45		)
Stock-based compensation expense	101			—			—		—			—			101
Net excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation	(6		)	—			—		—			—			(6		)
Other	4			—			—		—			1			5
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	5,247		$	(17,595	)	$	29,517	$	(1,493	)	$	77		$	15,753


¹	See Note 11 regarding shares repurchased.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)



	Three Months Ended March 31
	2016			2015
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	272		$	1,248
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	740			753
Other	269			(88		)
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other	14			6
Inventories	(74		)	(89		)
Accounts payable	211			228
Accrued expenses	33			35
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	(852		)	(1,027		)
Customer advances	174			25
Other assets – net	(145		)	365
Other liabilities – net	(153		)	(186		)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	489			1,270

Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others	(357		)	(437		)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(383		)	(389		)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	173			167
Additions to finance receivables	(2,014		)	(2,122		)
Collections of finance receivables	2,047			2,241
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	10			43
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(12		)	(29		)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	—			167
Proceeds from sale of securities	49			83
Investments in securities	(62		)	(70		)
Other – net	(23		)	(38		)
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(572		)	(384		)

Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(448		)	(424		)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	(1		)	(7		)
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	(45		)	32
Treasury shares purchased	—			(400		)
Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation	1			17
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	1			2
Financial Products	1,210			1,527
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(3		)	(6		)
Financial Products	(1,703		)	(2,313		)
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	486			950
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(502		)	(622		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	11			(42		)
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments	(574		)	222
Cash and short-term investments at beginning of period	6,460			7,341
Cash and short-term investments at end of period	$	5,886		$	7,563

All short-term investments, which consist primarily of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, are considered to be cash equivalents.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)


1.	A. Nature of operations

Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories:

Machinery, Energy & Transportation – Represents the aggregate total of Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segments and related corporate items and eliminations.

Financial Products – Primarily includes the company’s Financial Products Segment. This category includes Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial), Caterpillar Financial Insurance Services (Insurance Services) and their respective subsidiaries.

B. Basis of presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, (c) the consolidated financial position at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, (d) the consolidated changes in stockholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 and (e) the consolidated cash flow for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015. The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 (2015 Form 10-K).

The December 31, 2015 financial position data included herein is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2015 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation. See Note 1C., Note 2, Note 7 and Note 15 for more information.

Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)

We have affiliates, suppliers and dealers that are VIEs of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Although we have provided financial support, we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of each entity.

Our maximum exposure to loss from VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary was as follows:




(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Receivables - trade and other	$	31	$	19
Receivables - finance	463		466
Long-term receivables - finance	68		62
Other assets	34		35
Guarantees	192		175
Total	$	788	$	757

C. Change in Accounting Principle

Effective January 1, 2016, we changed our accounting principle for recognizing actuarial gains and losses and expected return on plan assets for our defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans. Prior to 2016, actuarial gains and losses were recognized as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and were generally

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amortized into earnings in future periods. Under the new principle, actuarial gains and losses will be immediately recognized through net benefit cost upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. In addition, we have changed our policy for recognizing the expected returns on plan assets from a market-related value method (based on a three-year smoothing of asset returns) to a fair value method. We believe these changes are preferable as they accelerate the recognition of changes in fair value of plan assets and actuarial gains and losses in our Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, provide greater transparency of our economic obligations in accounting results and better align with the fair value principles by recognizing the effects of economic and interest rate changes on pension and other postretirement benefit assets and liabilities in the year in which the gains and losses are incurred. These changes have been applied retrospectively to prior years. As of January 1, 2015, the cumulative effect of the change resulted in a decrease of $5 billion in Profit employed in the business and a corresponding increase of $5 billion in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Following are the changes to financial statement line items as a result of the accounting principle change for the periods presented in the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements:




Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations
(Dollars in millions except per share data)
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2016							Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
	As Reported		Previous Accounting Method		Effect of Accounting Change			Recast		Previously Reported		Effect of Accounting Change
Cost of goods sold	$	6,822	$	6,881	$	(59	)	$	8,760	$	8,843	$	(83	)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	$	1,088	$	1,124	$	(36	)	$	1,249	$	1,318	$	(69	)
Research and development expenses	$	508	$	518	$	(10	)	$	524	$	546	$	(22	)
Other operating (income) expenses	$	397	$	397	$	—		$	317	$	318	$	(1	)
Total operating costs	$	8,967	$	9,072	$	(105	)	$	11,000	$	11,175	$	(175	)
Operating profit	$	494	$	389	$	105		$	1,702	$	1,527	$	175
Other income (expense)	$	—	$	4	$	(4	)	$	194	$	157	$	37
Consolidated profit before taxes	$	365	$	264	$	101		$	1,767	$	1,555	$	212
Provision for income taxes	$	92	$	61	$	31		$	521	$	443	$	78
Profit of consolidated companies	$	273	$	203	$	70		$	1,246	$	1,112	$	134
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	272	$	202	$	70		$	1,248	$	1,114	$	134
Profit	$	271	$	201	$	70		$	1,245	$	1,111	$	134
Profit per common share	$	0.46	$	0.34	$	0.12		$	2.06	$	1.84	$	0.22
Profit per common share - diluted	$	0.46	$	0.34	$	0.12		$	2.03	$	1.81	$	0.22

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Consolidated Statement of Financial Position
(Dollars in millions)
	March 31, 2016
	As Reported			Previous Accounting Method			Effect of Accounting Change
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	$	2,486		$	2,476		$	10
Liability for postemployment benefits	$	8,600		$	8,581		$	19
Profit employed in the business	$	29,517		$	34,409		$	(4,892	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(1,493	)	$	(6,376	)	$	4,883

	December 31, 2015
	Recast			Previously Reported			Effect of Accounting Change
Profit employed in the business	$	29,246		$	34,208		$	(4,962	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(2,035	)	$	(6,997	)	$	4,962




Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow
(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2016									Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Cash flow from operating activities:	As Reported			Previous Accounting Method			Effect of Accounting Change			Recast			Previously Reported			Effect of Accounting Change
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	272		$	202		$	70		$	1,248		$	1,114		$	134
Adjustments for non-cash items: Other	$	269		$	265		$	4		$	(88	)	$	(51	)	$	(37	)
Other assets – net	$	(145	)	$	(176	)	$	31		$	365		$	288		$	77
Other liabilities – net	$	(153	)	$	(48	)	$	(105	)	$	(186	)	$	(12	)	$	(174	)

2. New accounting guidance

Revenue recognition – In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued new revenue recognition guidance to provide a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers. Under the new guidance, an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. A five step model has been introduced for an entity to apply when recognizing revenue. The new guidance also includes enhanced disclosure requirements, and is effective January 1, 2018, with early adoption permitted for January 1, 2017. Entities have the option to apply the new guidance under a retrospective approach to each prior reporting period presented, or a modified retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of initially applying the new guidance recognized at the date of initial application within the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders' Equity. We plan to adopt the new guidance effective January 1, 2018 and are in the process of evaluating the effect of the new guidance on our financial statements.

Variable interest entities (VIE) – In February 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance on the consolidation of VIEs. The new guidance revises previous guidance by establishing an analysis for determining whether a limited partnership or similar entity is a VIE and whether outsourced decision-maker fees are considered variable interests. In addition, the new guidance revises how a reporting entity evaluates economics and related parties when assessing who should consolidate a VIE. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016 and did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

Presentation of debt issuance costs – In April 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance which requires debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying value of the associated debt liability. Prior to the issuance of the new guidance, debt issuance costs were required to be presented in the balance sheet as an

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asset. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016 and was applied retrospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

Fair value disclosures for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value per share – In May 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance which removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy investments measured at net asset value (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient for fair value. The new guidance requires that the amount of these investments continue to be disclosed to reconcile the fair value hierarchy disclosure to the balance sheet. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016 and was applied retrospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

Simplifying the measurement of inventory – In July 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance which requires that inventory be measured at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Prior to the issuance of the new guidance, inventory was measured at the lower of cost or market. Replacing the concept of market with the single measurement of net realizable value is intended to create efficiencies for preparers. Inventory measured using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method and the retail inventory method are not impacted by the new guidance. The guidance is effective January 1, 2017. We do not expect the adoption to have a material impact on our financial statements.

Simplifying the accounting for measurement-period adjustments – In September 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance which eliminates the requirement for an acquirer in a business combination to restate prior period financial statements for measurement period adjustments. An acquirer in a business combination is required to report provisional amounts when measurements are incomplete at the end of the reporting period covering the business combination. Prior to the issuance of the new guidance, an acquirer was required to adjust such provisional amounts by restating prior period financial statements. Under the new guidance, the acquirer will recognize the measurement-period adjustment in the period the adjustment is determined. The guidance was effective January 1, 2016 and was applied prospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on our financial statements.

Balance sheet classification of deferred taxes - In November 2015, the FASB issued accounting guidance that requires all deferred tax assets and liabilities, along with any related valuation allowance, to be classified as noncurrent on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Previous guidance requires the deferred taxes for each jurisdiction to be presented as a net current asset or liability and net noncurrent asset or liability. As a result of the new guidance, each jurisdiction will now only have one net noncurrent deferred tax asset or liability. The new guidance does not change the existing requirement that only permits offsetting deferred tax assets and liabilities within a single jurisdiction. We had the option to apply the new guidance prospectively or retrospectively. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the new guidance effective January 1, 2016 and applied it retrospectively. The adoption resulted in the reclassification of current deferred tax assets and liabilities to noncurrent assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. For the year ended December 31, 2015, Deferred and refundable income taxes were reduced by $910 million (the remaining balance of $616 million was reclassified to Prepaid expenses and other current assets), Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes were increased by $835 million, Other current liabilities were reduced by $59 million and Other liabilities were reduced by $16 million.

Recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities - In January 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance that affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities accounted for under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. Under the new guidance, all equity investments in unconsolidated entities (other than those accounted for using the equity method of accounting) will generally be measured at fair value through earnings. There will no longer be an available-for-sale classification for equity securities with readily determinable fair values. For financial liabilities when the fair value option has been elected, changes in fair value due to instrument-specific credit risk will be recognized separately in other comprehensive income. In addition, the FASB clarified guidance related to the valuation allowance assessment when recognizing deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2018, with the cumulative effect adjustment from initially applying the new guidance recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of the beginning of the year of adoption. The impact on our financial statements at the time of adoption will primarily be based on changes in the fair value of our available-for-sale equity securities subsequent to January 1, 2018, which will be recorded through earnings.

Lease accounting - In February 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance that revises the accounting for leases. Under the new guidance, lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases. The new guidance will continue to classify leases as either financing or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition. The accounting applied by a lessor under the new guidance will be substantially equivalent to current lease

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accounting guidance. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2019 with early adoption permitted. The new standard is required to be applied with a modified retrospective approach to each prior reporting period presented and provides for certain practical expedients. We are in the process of evaluating the effect of the new guidance on our financial statements.

Stock-based compensation - In March 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payments. The new guidance changes how reporting entities account for certain aspects of share-based payments, including the accounting for income taxes and the classification of the tax impact on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow. The new guidance is effective January 1, 2017 with early adoption permitted. We are in the process of evaluating the effect of the new guidance on our financial statements.

3. Stock-based compensation

Accounting for stock-based compensation requires that the cost resulting from all stock-based payments be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award. Our stock-based compensation primarily consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs) and stock-settled stock appreciation rights (SARs). Awards granted prior to 2015 generally vest three years after the date of grant (cliff vesting). The awards granted in 2015 and 2016 generally vest according to a three-year graded vesting schedule. Beginning in 2015, PRSUs were granted. PRSUs generally have a three-year performance period and cliff vest at the end of the period based upon achievement of performance targets established at the time of grant.

Upon separation from service, if the participant is 55 years of age or older with more than five years of service, the participant meets the criteria for a "Long Service Separation" and all outstanding stock options, SARs and RSUs will vest. Outstanding PRSUs granted to employees with a "Long Service Separation" will vest at the end of the performance period based upon achievement of the performance target. For awards granted prior to 2016, if the "Long Service Separation" criteria are met, the vested options/SARs will have a life that is the lesser of ten years from the original grant date or five years from the separation date. For awards granted in 2016, the vested options/SARs will have a life equal to ten years from the original grant date.

We recognized pretax stock-based compensation expense in the amount of $101 million and $135 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively:




	Three Months Ended March 31, 2016					Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
	Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price		Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options	4,243,272	$	20.64	$	74.77	7,939,497	$	23.61	$	83.34
RSUs	1,085,505	$	68.04	$	74.77	1,690,661	$	77.55	$	83.02
PRSUs	614,347	$	64.71	$	74.77	132,068	$	77.47	$	82.90

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The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively:




	Grant Year
	2016	2015
Weighted-average dividend yield	3.23%	2.27%
Weighted-average volatility	31.1%	28.4%
Range of volatilities	22.5-33.4%	19.9-35.9%
Range of risk-free interest rates	0.62-1.73%	0.22-2.08%
Weighted-average expected lives	8 years	8 years

As of March 31, 2016, the total remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards was $308 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of approximately 2.2 years.

4. Derivative financial instruments and risk management

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate swaps and commodity forward and option contracts. Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers. Risk management practices, including the use of financial derivative instruments, are presented to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors at least annually.

All derivatives are recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position at their fair value. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow to be paid (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until they are reclassified to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments and the ineffective portion of designated derivative instruments are reported in current earnings. Cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments are classified within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow. Cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments are included in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items. When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.

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Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to five years. As of March 31, 2016, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts was approximately 15 months.

We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any Australian dollar, Brazilian real, British pound, Canadian dollar, Chinese yuan, euro, Indian rupee, Japanese yen, Mexican peso, Norwegian krona, Singapore dollar, Swiss franc or Thailand baht forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. Designation is performed on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of Machinery, Energy & Transportation foreign currency contracts are undesignated.

As of March 31, 2016, $8 million of deferred net gains, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position), are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations) over the next twelve months when earnings are affected by the hedged transactions. The actual amount recorded in Other income (expense) will vary based on exchange rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings.

In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions, and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our receivables and debt, and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Substantially all such foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts are undesignated.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate derivatives to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding. Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds. Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

As of March 31, 2016, $4 million of deferred net losses, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position), related to Machinery, Energy & Transportation forward rate agreements, are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Interest expense excluding Financial Products in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations) over the next twelve months.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of their receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate swaps to meet the match-funding objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.

As of March 31, 2016, less than $1 million of deferred net losses, net of tax, included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position), related to Financial Products floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps, are expected to be reclassified to current earnings (Interest expense of Financial Products in the Consolidated Statement of Results of

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Operations) over the next twelve months. The actual amount recorded in Interest expense of Financial Products will vary based on interest rates at the time the hedged transactions impact earnings.

We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps at both Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products. The gains or losses associated with these swaps at the time of liquidation are amortized into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

Commodity Price Risk

Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw material. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.

Our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers. Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.

Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position are as follows:




(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated Statement of Financial	Asset (Liability) Fair Value
	Position Location	March 31, 2016			December 31, 2015
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	39		$	12
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(26		)	(25		)
Interest rate contracts
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	1			1
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	54			51
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(3		)	(4		)
		$	65		$	35
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	$	9		$	2
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	—			(9		)
Financial Products	Receivables – trade and other	22			3
Financial Products	Long-term receivables – trade and other	32			36
Financial Products	Accrued expenses	(10		)	(6		)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Receivables – trade and other	1			—
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Accrued expenses	(8		)	(12		)
		$	46		$	14

The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments are as follows:




(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015

Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	1,841	$	2,040
Financial Products	$	3,945	$	3,539

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The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. The amounts exchanged by the parties are calculated by reference to the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices.

The effect of derivatives designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows:



Fair Value Hedges
		Three Months Ended March 31, 2016					Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
(Millions of dollars)	Classification	Gains (Losses) on Derivatives		Gains (Losses) on Borrowings			Gains (Losses) on Derivatives			Gains (Losses) on Borrowings
Interest rate contracts
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	$	3	$	(4	)	$	(1	)	$	1
		$	3	$	(4	)	$	(1	)	$	1




Cash Flow Hedges
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
				Recognized in Earnings
(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings			Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	16		Other income (expense)	$	(10	)	$	—
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—			Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2		)	—
Financial Products	(1		)	Interest expense of Financial Products	(2		)	—
	$	15			$	(14	)	$	—



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
				Recognized in Earnings
	Amount of Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI (Effective Portion)			Classification of Gains (Losses)	Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI to Earnings			Recognized in Earnings (Ineffective Portion)
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(25	)	Other income (expense)	$	(35	)	$	—
Interest rate contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—			Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2		)	—
Financial Products	2			Interest expense of Financial Products	(1		)	—
	$	(23	)		$	(38	)	$	—

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The effect of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows:




(Millions of dollars)	Classification of Gains (Losses)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2016			Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Foreign exchange contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	$	22		$	(55	)
Financial Products	Other income (expense)	(4		)	(28		)
Commodity contracts
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	Other income (expense)	—			(6		)
		$	18		$	(89	)

We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements generally also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is generally not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

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The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event is as follows:




March 31, 2016							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	49	$	—	$	49	$	(26	)	$	—	$	23
Financial Products	109		—		109		(5		)	—		104
Total	$	158	$	—	$	158	$	(31	)	$	—	$	127



March 31, 2016									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(34	)	$	—	$	(34	)	$	26	$	—	$	(8	)
Financial Products	(13		)	—		(13		)	5		—		(8		)
Total	$	(47	)	$	—	$	(47	)	$	31	$	—	$	(16	)



December 31, 2015							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Position		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount of Assets
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	14	$	—	$	14	$	(14	)	$	—	$	—
Financial Products	91		—		91		(5		)	—		86
Total	$	105	$	—	$	105	$	(19	)	$	—	$	86



December 31, 2015									Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Statement of Financial Position
(Millions of dollars)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities			Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Position			Financial Instruments		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount of Liabilities
Derivatives
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	(46	)	$	—	$	(46	)	$	14	$	—	$	(32	)
Financial Products	(10		)	—		(10		)	5		—		(5		)
Total	$	(56	)	$	—	$	(56	)	$	19	$	—	$	(37	)

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5. Inventories

Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) are comprised of the following:




(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Raw materials	$	2,500	$	2,467
Work-in-process	1,897		1,857
Finished goods	5,205		5,122
Supplies	247		254
Total inventories	$	9,849	$	9,700

6. Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies

Investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies, included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, were as follows:




Caterpillar’s investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies:
(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Investments in equity method companies	$	200	$	203
Plus: Investments in cost method companies	46		43
Total investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies	$	246	$	246

In February 2015, we sold our 35 percent equity interest in the third party logistics business, formerly Caterpillar Logistics Services LLC, to an affiliate of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. and investment funds affiliated with Rhône Capital LLC for $177 million, which was comprised of $167 million in cash and a $10 million note receivable included in Long-term receivables - trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. As a result of the sale, we recognized a pretax gain of $120 million (included in Other income (expense)) and derecognized the carrying value of our noncontrolling interest of $57 million, which was previously included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. The gain on the disposal is included as a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. The sale of this investment supports Caterpillar's increased focus on growth opportunities in its core businesses.

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7. Intangible assets and goodwill

A. Intangible assets

Intangible assets are comprised of the following:




		March 31, 2016
(Millions of dollars)	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,525	$	(859	)	$	1,666
Intellectual property	11	1,629		(663		)	966
Other	14	176		(67		)	109
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,330	$	(1,589	)	$	2,741



		December 31, 2015
	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,489	$	(809	)	$	1,680
Intellectual property	11	1,660		(626		)	1,034
Other	12	174		(67		)	107
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,323	$	(1,502	)	$	2,821

Amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 was $82 million and $87 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:



(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Nine Months of 2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	Thereafter
$247	$330	$321	$320	$312	$1,211

B. Goodwill

No goodwill was impaired during the three months ended March 31, 2016 or 2015.

As discussed in Note 15, effective January 1, 2016, we revised our reportable segments in line with the changes to our organization structure. As a result of these changes, $118 million of goodwill was reassigned to Energy & Transportation from All Other segments.

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The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2016 were as follows:




(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2015			Acquisitions		Other Adjustments ¹		March 31, 2016
Construction Industries
Goodwill	$	285		$	—	$	15	$	300
Impairments	(22		)	—		—		(22		)
Net goodwill	263			—		15		278
Resource Industries
Goodwill	4,145			—		57		4,202
Impairments	(580		)	—		—		(580		)
Net goodwill	3,565			—		57		3,622
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill	2,738			—		18		2,756
All Other ²
Goodwill	49			—		5		54
Consolidated total
Goodwill	7,217			—		95		7,312
Impairments	(602		)	—		—		(602		)
Net goodwill	$	6,615		$	—	$	95	$	6,710

¹ Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.

²Includes All Other operating segments (See Note 15).

8. Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, that have been classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. In addition, Insurance Services has an equity security investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment. These investments are primarily included in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of debt and equity securities are included, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position). Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are generally determined using the specific identification method for debt and equity securities and are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

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The cost basis and fair value of debt and equity securities were as follows:



	March 31, 2016						December 31, 2015
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		Cost Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)		Fair Value
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	12	$	—	$	12	$	9	$	—	$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	72		—		72		71		1		72

Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	707		13		720		701		7		708
Asset-backed securities	126		1		127		129		—		129

Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	283		5		288		291		1		292
Residential	11		—		11		12		—		12
Commercial	58		2		60		59		2		61

Equity securities
Large capitalization value	242		35		277		243		30		273
Real estate investment trust (REIT)	50		1		51		25		—		25
Smaller company growth	37		15		52		37		17		54
Total	$	1,598	$	72	$	1,670	$	1,577	$	58	$	1,635

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Available-for-sale investments in an unrealized loss position that are not other-than-temporarily impaired:

	March 31, 2016
	Less than 12 months¹				12 months or more ¹				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	64	$	1	$	27	$	—	$	91	$	1
Asset-backed securities	15		—		9		1		24		1
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	76		9		5		1		81		10
Small company growth	10		2		1		—		11		2
Total	$	165	$	12	$	42	$	2	$	207	$	14



	December 31, 2015
	Less than 12 months ¹				12 months or more ¹				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	$	242	$	3	$	27	$	1	$	269	$	4
Asset-backed securities	84		1		10		1		94		2
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	135		1		57		1		192		2
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	97		8		2		—		99		8
Smaller company growth	14		1		—		—		14		1
Total	$	572	$	14	$	96	$	3	$	668	$	17

¹ Indicates length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

Corporate Bonds. The unrealized losses on our investments in corporate bonds and asset-backed securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost basis. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2016.

Equity Securities. The unrealized losses on our investments in equity securities relate to inherent risks of individual holdings and/or their respective sectors. We do not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2016.

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The cost basis and fair value of the available-for-sale debt securities at March 31, 2016, by contractual maturity, is shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.



	March 31, 2016
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	168	$	169
Due after one year through five years	667		679
Due after five years through ten years	54		55
Due after ten years	28		28
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities	283		288
Residential mortgage-backed securities	11		11
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	58		60
Total debt securities – available-for-sale	$	1,269	$	1,290



Sales of Securities:
	Three Months Ended March 31
(Millions of dollars)	2016		2015
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	49	$	83
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	1	$	5
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	1	$	1

9. Postretirement benefits

A. Pension and postretirement benefit costs

At December 31, 2015, we changed our method for calculating the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost. Historically, these components were determined utilizing a single weighted-average discount rate based on the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. Beginning in 2016, we elected to utilize a full yield curve approach in the estimation of service and interest costs by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. We made this change to provide a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by improving the correlation between the projected cash flows to the corresponding spot rates along the yield curve. This change will have no impact on our year-end pension and other postretirement liabilities and has been accounted for prospectively as a change in accounting estimate beginning in the first quarter of 2016. The discount rates used to measure the 2016 service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost are provided in the table below. Under the previous method the discount rate used for these components of cost would have been 4.2 percent for U.S. pensions, 3.2 percent for non-U.S. pensions and 4.1 percent for other postretirement benefits (OPEB). Compared to the method used in 2015, this change lowered pension and OPEB expense by $45 million and increased profit per share by $0.06 for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

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	U.S. Pension Benefits						Non-U.S. Pension Benefits						Other Postretirement Benefits
(Millions of dollars)	March 31						March 31						March 31
	2016			2015			2016			2015			2016			2015
For the three months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	30		$	46		$	23		$	29		$	20		$	25
Interest cost	129			151			30			39			33			46
Expected return on plan assets	(189		)	(224		)	(58		)	(69		)	(11		)	(14		)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit) ¹	—			—			—			—			(15		)	(13		)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	(30		)	(27		)	(5		)	(1		)	27			44
Curtailments and termination benefits ²	—			—			—			—			(2		)	—
Total cost (benefit) included in operating profit	$	(30	)	$	(27	)	$	(5	)	$	(1	)	$	25		$	44

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net cost:
Discount rate used to measure service cost	4.5		%	3.8		%	2.9		%	3.3		%	4.4		%	3.9		%
Discount rate used to measure interest cost	3.4		%	3.8		%	2.8		%	3.3		%	3.3		%	3.9		%
Expected rate of return on plan assets	6.9		%	7.4		%	6.1		%	6.8		%	7.5		%	7.8		%
Rate of compensation increase	4.0		%	4.0		%	3.5		%	4.0		%	4.0		%	4.0		%

Prior service cost (credit) for both pension and other postretirement benefits are generally amortized using the straight-line method over the average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits from the plan. For pension plans in which all or almost all of the plan's participants are inactive and other postretirement benefit plans in which all or almost all of the plan's participants are fully eligible for benefits under the plan, prior service cost (credit) are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining life expectancy of those participants.


²	Curtailments and termination benefits were recognized in Other operating (income) expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

We made $63 million of contributions to our pension plans during the three months ended March 31, 2016. We currently anticipate full-year 2016 contributions of approximately $150 million, all of which are required. We made $77 million of contributions to our pension plans during the three months ended March 31, 2015.

B. Defined contribution benefit costs

Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans were as follows:




	Three Months Ended March 31
(Millions of dollars)	2016		2015
U.S. Plans	$	85	$	83
Non-U.S. Plans	18		18
	$	103	$	101

10. Guarantees and product warranty

Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees

We have provided an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers. The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers. We also provided guarantees to third-parties related to the performance of contractual obligations by certain Caterpillar dealers. These guarantees have varying terms and cover potential financial losses incurred by the third-parties resulting from the dealers’ nonperformance.

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Customer loan guarantees

We provide loan guarantees to third-party lenders for financing associated with machinery purchased by customers. These guarantees have varying terms and are secured by the machinery. In addition, Cat Financial participates in standby letters of credit issued to third parties on behalf of their customers. These standby letters of credit have varying terms and beneficiaries and are secured by customer assets.

Supplier consortium performance guarantee

We have provided a guarantee to one of our customers in Brazil related to the performance of contractual obligations by a supplier consortium to which one of our Caterpillar subsidiaries is a member. The guarantee covers potential damages (some of them capped) incurred by the customer resulting from the supplier consortium’s non-performance. The guarantee will expire when the supplier consortium performs all its contractual obligations, which is expected to be completed in 2025.

Third party logistics business lease guarantees

We have provided guarantees to third-party lessors for certain properties leased by a third party logistics business, formerly Caterpillar Logistics Services LCC, in which we sold our 35 percent equity interest in the first quarter of 2015 (see Note 6). The guarantees are for the possibility that the third party logistics business would default on real estate lease payments. The guarantees were granted at lease inception and generally will expire at the end of the lease terms.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the related liability was $12 million. The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) we could be required to make under the guarantees are as follows:



(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees	$	224	$	216
Customer loan guarantees	61		47
Supplier consortium performance guarantee	299		286
Third party logistics business lease guarantees	107		107
Other guarantees	26		25
Total guarantees	$	717	$	681

Cat Financial provides guarantees to repurchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity. The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers. This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program. Cat Financial has a loan purchase agreement with the SPC that obligates Cat Financial to purchase certain loans that are not paid at maturity. Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee, which provides a source of liquidity for the SPC. Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC. As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the SPC’s assets of $1,230 million and $1,211 million, respectively, are primarily comprised of loans to dealers and the SPC’s liabilities of $1,229 million and $1,210 million, respectively, are primarily comprised of commercial paper. The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial's creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

Our product warranty liability is determined by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory. Generally, historical claim rates are based on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America). Specific rates are developed for each product shipment month and are updated monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.

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(Millions of dollars)	2016
Warranty liability, January 1	$	1,354
Reduction in liability (payments)	(220		)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	219
Warranty liability, March 31	$	1,353



(Millions of dollars)	2015
Warranty liability, January 1	$	1,426
Reduction in liability (payments)	(874		)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	802
Warranty liability, December 31	$	1,354

11. Profit per share




Computations of profit per share:	Three Months Ended March 31
(Dollars in millions except per share data)	2016		2015
Profit for the period (A) ¹	$	271	$	1,245
Determination of shares (in millions):
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)	582.8		604.9
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price	4.9		7.8
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C)²	587.7		612.7
Profit per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B)	$	0.46	$	2.06
Assuming full dilution (A/C)²	$	0.46	$	2.03
Shares outstanding as of March 31 (in millions)	583.9		603.6


¹	Profit attributable to common stockholders.


²	Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

SARs and stock options to purchase 29,093,289 and 22,360,627 common shares were outstanding for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive.

In January 2014, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock, which will expire on December 31, 2018. During the first quarter of 2015, a total of approximately 4.8 million shares of our common stock were repurchased through the open market at an aggregate cost to Caterpillar of $400 million. Through the end of the first quarter of 2016, approximately $4.5 billion of the $10.0 billion authorization was spent.

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12. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

Comprehensive income and its components are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, included in the Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity, consisted of the following:




(Millions of dollars)	Foreign currency translation			Pension and other postretirement benefits			Derivative financial instruments			Available-for-sale securities			Total

Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	(1,953	)	$	(69	)	$	(50	)	$	37		$	(2,035	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	408			118			9			6			541
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(10		)	9			2			1
Other comprehensive income (loss)	408			108			18			8			542
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	(1,545	)	$	39		$	(32	)	$	45		$	(1,493	)

Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	(992	)	$	(31	)	$	(119	)	$	83		$	(1,059	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(786		)	—			(14		)	8			(792		)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (income) loss	—			(9		)	24			(2		)	13
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(786		)	(9		)	10			6			(779		)
Balance at March 31, 2015	$	(1,778	)	$	(40	)	$	(109	)	$	89		$	(1,838	)

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The effect of the reclassifications out of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations is as follows:




		Three Months Ended March 31
(Millions of dollars)	Classification of income (expense)	2016			2015

Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)	Note 9 ¹	$	15		$	13
Tax (provision) benefit		(5		)	(4		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	10		$	9

Derivative financial instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other income (expense)	$	(10	)	$	(35	)
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense excluding Financial Products	(2		)	(2		)
Interest rate contracts	Interest expense of Financial Products	(2		)	(1		)
Reclassifications before tax		(14		)	(38		)
Tax (provision) benefit		5			14
Reclassifications net of tax		$	(9	)	$	(24	)

Available-for-sale securities:
Realized gain (loss)	Other income (expense)	$	(3	)	$	3
Tax (provision) benefit		1			(1		)
Reclassifications net of tax		$	(2	)	$	2

Total reclassifications from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		$	(1	)	$	(13	)

¹Amounts are included in the calculation of net periodic benefit cost. See Note 9 for additional information.

13. Environmental and legal matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing our use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs are accrued against our earnings. Costs are accrued based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

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subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL and related structures. The Company is cooperating with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

On September 10, 2014, the SEC issued to Caterpillar a subpoena seeking information concerning the Company’s accounting for the goodwill relating to its acquisition of Bucyrus International Inc. in 2011 and related matters. The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation, and the Company is cooperating with the SEC regarding its ongoing investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

On March 20, 2014, Brazil’s Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) published a Technical Opinion which named 18 companies and over 100 individuals as defendants, including two subsidiaries of Caterpillar Inc., MGE - Equipamentos e Serviços Ferroviários Ltda. (MGE) and Caterpillar Brasil Ltda. The publication of the Technical Opinion opened CADE's official administrative investigation into allegations that the defendants participated in anticompetitive bid activity for the construction and maintenance of metro and train networks in Brazil. While companies cannot be held criminally liable for anticompetitive conduct in Brazil, criminal charges have been brought against two current employees of MGE and one former employee of MGE involving the same conduct alleged by CADE. The Company has responded to all requests for information from the authorities. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate the potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

On October 24, 2013, Progress Rail received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. The subpoena requests documents and information from Progress Rail, United Industries Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Progress Rail, and Caterpillar Inc. relating to allegations that Progress Rail conducted improper or unnecessary railcar inspections and repairs and improperly disposed of parts, equipment, tools and other items. In connection with this subpoena, Progress Rail was informed by the U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California that it is a target of a criminal investigation into potential violations of environmental laws and alleged improper business practices. The Company is cooperating with the authorities and is currently in discussions regarding a potential resolution of the matter. Although the Company believes a loss is probable, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos and welding fumes exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters or intellectual property rights. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

14. Income taxes

The provision for income taxes in the first quarter reflects an estimated annual tax rate of 25 percent, compared to 29.5 percent for the first quarter of 2015 and 25.5 percent for the full-year 2015 excluding a $42 million discrete tax charge. The full-year rate for 2015 of 25.5 percent was lower than the first-quarter 2015 rate, primarily due to changes in the geographic mix of profits from a tax perspective along with the impact of the permanent renewal of the U.S. research and development tax credit in the fourth quarter.

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On January 30, 2015, we received a Revenue Agent's Report (RAR) from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) indicating the end of the field examination of our U.S. tax returns for 2007 to 2009 including the impact of a loss carryback to 2005. The RAR proposed tax increases and penalties for these years of approximately $1 billion primarily related to two significant areas that we are vigorously contesting through the IRS Appeals process. In the first area, the IRS has proposed to tax in the United States profits earned from certain parts transactions by one of our non-U.S. subsidiaries, Caterpillar SARL (CSARL), based on the IRS examination team's application of the "substance-over-form" or "assignment-of-income" judicial doctrines. We believe that the relevant transactions complied with applicable tax laws and did not violate judicial doctrines. We have filed U.S. tax returns on this same basis for years after 2009. In the second area, the IRS disallowed approximately $125 million of foreign tax credits that arose as a result of certain financings unrelated to CSARL. Based on the information currently available, we do not anticipate a significant increase or decrease to our unrecognized tax benefits for these matters within the next 12 months. We currently believe the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

15. Segment information


A.	Basis for segment information

Our Executive Office is comprised of five Group Presidents, a Senior Vice President, an Executive Vice President and a CEO. Group Presidents are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage. The Senior Vice President leads the Caterpillar Enterprise System Group and the Executive Vice President leads the Law and Public Policy Division. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President level. As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President reporting structure.

Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation are led by Group Presidents. One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by a Group President who also has responsibility for Corporate Services. Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads two smaller operating segments that are included in the All Other operating segments. The Caterpillar Enterprise System Group and Law and Public Policy Division are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment.

Effective January 1, 2016, we made the following changes to segment reporting. These changes were made to reflect changes in organizational accountabilities and refinements to our internal reporting.


•	Responsibility for remanufacturing of Cat engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies moved from the All Other operating segments to Energy & Transportation.


•	Responsibility for business strategy, product management, development, manufacturing, marketing and product support for forestry and paving products moved from the All Other operating segments to Construction Industries.


•	Responsibility for business strategy, product management, development, manufacturing, marketing and product support for industrial and waste products moved from the All Other operating segments to Resource Industries.


•	Responsibility for sales and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America moved from the All Other operating segments to Energy & Transportation.


•	Internal charges for component manufacturing and logistics services provided by All Other operating segments to Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation in excess of cost have been adjusted to approximate cost, resulting in a reduction in profit in the All Other operating segments and corresponding increases in profit in the other three segments.


•	Costs that previously had been included in Corporate costs, primarily for company-wide strategies such as information technology and manufacturing process transformation, have been included in the ME&T operating segments that benefit from the costs.

Segment information for 2015 has been retrospectively adjusted to conform to the 2016 presentation.

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B.	Description of segments

We have six operating segments, of which four are reportable segments. Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segments:

Construction Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure, forestry and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes backhoe loaders, small wheel loaders, small track-type tractors, skid steer loaders, multi-terrain loaders, mini excavators, compact wheel loaders, telehandlers, select work tools, small, medium and large track excavators, wheel excavators, medium wheel loaders, compact track loaders, medium track-type tractors, track-type loaders, motor graders, pipelayers, forestry products, paving products and related parts. In addition, Construction Industries has responsibility for an integrated manufacturing cost center. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Resource Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, quarry, waste, and material handling applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors, large mining trucks, hard rock vehicles, longwall miners, electric rope shovels, draglines, hydraulic shovels, track and rotary drills, highwall miners, large wheel loaders, off-highway trucks, articulated trucks, wheel tractor scrapers, wheel dozers, landfill compactors, soil compactors, material handlers, continuous miners, scoops and haulers, hardrock continuous mining systems, select work tools, machinery components, electronics and control systems and related parts. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing and research and development. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Energy & Transportation: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related parts across industries serving power generation, industrial, oil and gas and transportation applications, including marine and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management, development, manufacturing, marketing, sales and product support of turbines and turbine-related services, reciprocating engine powered generator sets, integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry, reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; the remanufacturing of Cat engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; the business strategy, product design, product management, development, manufacturing, remanufacturing, leasing and service of diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Financial Products Segment: Provides financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment, as well as some financing for Caterpillar sales to dealers. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides various forms of insurance to customers and dealers to help support the purchase and lease of our equipment.

All Other operating segments: Primarily includes activities such as: the business strategy, product management, development, and manufacturing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, tires and rims, ground engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals and rubber, and sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat products; parts distribution; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration including a wholly-owned dealer in Japan, dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segments are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting.


C.	Segment measurement and reconciliations

There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting. The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences:

•

Machinery, Energy & Transportation segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable, and customer advances. Liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances are generally managed at the corporate level and are not included in segment operations. Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets.

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•	Segment inventories and cost of sales are valued using a current cost methodology.


•	Goodwill allocated to segments is amortized using a fixed amount based on a 20 year useful life. This methodology difference only impacts segment assets; no goodwill amortization expense is included in segment profit. In addition, only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later has been allocated to segments.


•	The present value of future lease payments for certain Machinery, Energy & Transportation operating leases is included in segment assets. The estimated financing component of the lease payments is excluded.

•

Currency exposures for Machinery, Energy & Transportation are generally managed at the corporate level and the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year are not included in segment profit. The net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting is recorded as a methodology difference.


•	Stock-based compensation expense is not included in segment profit.


•	Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service and prior service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference.


•	Machinery, Energy & Transportation segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and excludes interest expense and other income/expense items. Financial Products Segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 35 to 39 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items. Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations. For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:


•	Corporate costs: These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization.

•

Restructuring costs: Primarily costs for employee separation costs, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other Operating (Income) Expenses. Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs primarily for accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation, inventory write-downs and sales discounts and payments to dealers and customers related to discontinued products. A table, Reconciliation of Restructuring costs on page 37, has been included to illustrate how segment profit would have been impacted by the restructuring costs. See Note 18 for more information.


•	Methodology differences: See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.


•	Timing: Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, certain costs are reported on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting.

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Reportable Segments
Three Months Ended March 31
(Millions of dollars)
	2016
	External sales and revenues		Inter- segment sales and revenues		Total sales and revenues		Depreciation and amortization		Segment profit			Segment assets at March 31		Capital expenditures
Construction Industries	$	4,043	$	8	$	4,051	$	113	$	440		$	5,840	$	28
Resource Industries	1,449		71		1,520		155		(96		)	8,448		35
Energy & Transportation	3,278		632		3,910		166		410			8,131		147
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	8,770	$	711	$	9,481	$	434	$	754		$	22,419	$	210
Financial Products Segment	743		—		743		205		168			37,236		297
Total	$	9,513	$	711	$	10,224	$	639	$	922		$	59,655	$	507

	2015
	External sales and revenues		Inter- segment sales and revenues		Total sales and revenues		Depreciation and amortization		Segment profit			Segment assets at December 31		Capital expenditures
Construction Industries	$	5,014	$	23	$	5,037	$	140	$	745		$	6,176	$	40
Resource Industries	1,971		87		2,058		147		96			8,931		35
Energy & Transportation	4,915		794		5,709		167		1,024			8,769		159
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	11,900	$	904	$	12,804	$	454	$	1,865		$	23,876	$	234
Financial Products Segment	795		—		795		215		227			35,729		294
Total	$	12,695	$	904	$	13,599	$	669	$	2,092		$	59,605	$	528

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Reconciliation of Sales and revenues:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments				Consolidated Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments	$	8,770		$	743	$	—			$	9,513
All Other operating segments	38			—		—				38
Other	(28		)	16		(78		)	¹	(90		)
Total sales and revenues	$	8,780		$	759	$	(78	)		$	9,461

Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Total external sales and revenues from reportable segments	$	11,900		$	795	$	—			$	12,695
All Other operating segments	72			—		—				72
Other	(11		)	18		(72		)	¹	(65		)
Total sales and revenues	$	11,961		$	813	$	(72	)		$	12,702
¹ Elimination of Financial Products revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation.

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Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products			Consolidated Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
Total profit from reportable segments	$	754		$	168		$	922
All Other operating segments	(7		)	—			(7		)
Cost centers	25			—			25
Corporate costs	(159		)	—			(159		)
Timing	32			—			32
Restructuring costs	(159		)	(2		)	(161		)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	(3		)	—			(3		)
Postretirement benefit expense	55			—			55
Stock-based compensation expense	(97		)	(4		)	(101		)
Financing costs	(135		)	—			(135		)
Equity in (profit) loss of unconsolidated affiliated companies	2			—			2
Currency	(40		)	—			(40		)
Other income/expense methodology differences	(56		)	—			(56		)
Other methodology differences	(14		)	5			(9		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	198		$	167		$	365

Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Total profit from reportable segments	$	1,865		$	227		$	2,092
All Other operating segments	(7		)	—			(7		)
Cost centers	18			—			18
Corporate costs	(140		)	—			(140		)
Timing	19			—			19
Restructuring costs	(35		)	—			(35		)
Methodology differences:							—
Inventory/cost of sales	(35		)	—			(35		)
Postretirement benefit expense	69			—			69
Stock-based compensation expense	(129		)	(6		)	(135		)
Financing costs	(136		)	—			(136		)
Equity in (profit) loss of unconsolidated affiliated companies	(2		)	—			(2		)
Currency	10			—			10
Other income/expense methodology differences	59			—			59
Other methodology differences	(18		)	8			(10		)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	1,538		$	229		$	1,767

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Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:

As noted above, restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. Had we included the amounts in the segments' results, the profit would have been as shown below:



Reconciliation of Restructuring costs:
(Millions of dollars)	Segment profit			Restructuring costs			Segment profit with restructuring costs
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
Construction Industries	$	440		$	(22	)	$	418
Resource Industries	(96		)	(25		)	(121		)
Energy & Transportation	410			(100		)	310
Financial Products Segment	168			(2		)	166
All Other operating segments	(7		)	(5		)	(12		)
Total	$	915		$	(154	)	$	761

Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Construction Industries	$	745		$	(23	)	$	722
Resource Industries	96			(8		)	88
Energy & Transportation	1,024			(3		)	1,021
Financial Products Segment	227			—			227
All Other operating segments	(7		)	(1		)	(8		)
Total	$	2,085		$	(35	)	$	2,050

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Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products			Consolidating Adjustments			Consolidated Total
March 31, 2016
Total assets from reportable segments	$	22,419		$	37,236		$	—		$	59,655
All Other operating segments	1,411			—			—			1,411
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	4,744			—			—			4,744
Intercompany receivables	2,107			—			(2,107		)	—
Investment in Financial Products	4,194			—			(4,194		)	—
Deferred income taxes	3,156			—			(750		)	2,406
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,080			—			—			4,080
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	2,015			—			—			2,015
Operating lease methodology difference	(201		)	—			—			(201		)
Inventory methodology differences	(2,263		)	—			—			(2,263		)
Intercompany loan included in Financial Products' assets	—			—			(1,000		)	(1,000		)
Liabilities included in segment assets	7,922			—			—			7,922
Other	(313		)	(83		)	(66		)	(462		)
Total assets	$	49,271		$	37,153		$	(8,117	)	$	78,307

December 31, 2015
Total assets from reportable segments	$	23,876		$	35,729		$	—		$	59,605
All Other operating segments	1,405			—			—			1,405
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and short-term investments	5,340			—			—			5,340
Intercompany receivables	1,087			—			(1,087		)	—
Investment in Financial Products	3,888			—			(3,888		)	—
Deferred income taxes	3,208			—			(793		)	2,415
Goodwill and intangible assets	3,571			—			—			3,571
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	1,585			—			—			1,585
Operating lease methodology difference	(213		)	—			—			(213		)
Inventory methodology differences	(2,646		)	—			—			(2,646		)
Liabilities included in segment assets	8,017			—			—			8,017
Other	(567		)	(93		)	(77		)	(737		)
Total assets	$	48,551		$	35,636		$	(5,845	)	$	78,342

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Reconciliations of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidated Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	434		$	205	$	639
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segments	52			—		52
Cost centers	40			—		40
Other	(1		)	10		9
Total depreciation and amortization	$	525		$	215	$	740

Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	$	454		$	215	$	669
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segments	49			—		49
Cost centers	37			—		37
Other	(10		)	8		(2		)
Total depreciation and amortization	$	530		$	223	$	753



Reconciliations of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)	Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments			Consolidated Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	210		$	297	$	—		$	507
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segments	16			—		—			16
Cost centers	12			—		—			12
Timing	217			—		—			217
Other	(76		)	73		(9		)	(12		)
Total capital expenditures	$	379		$	370	$	(9	)	$	740

Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	$	234		$	294	$	—		$	528
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segments	25			—		—			25
Cost centers	19			—		—			19
Timing	253			—		—			253
Other	(54		)	63		(8		)	1
Total capital expenditures	$	477		$	357	$	(8	)	$	826

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16. Cat Financial financing activities

Allowance for credit losses

The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the losses inherent in Cat Financial’s finance receivable portfolio and includes consideration of accounts that have been individually identified as impaired, as well as pools of finance receivables where it is probable that certain receivables in the pool are impaired but the individual accounts cannot yet be identified. In identifying and measuring impairment, management takes into consideration past loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of underlying collateral and current economic conditions.

Accounts are identified for individual review based on past-due status and using information available about the customer, such as financial statements, news reports and published credit ratings, as well as general information regarding industry trends and the economic environment in which Cat Financial’s customers operate. The allowance for credit losses attributable to finance receivables that are individually evaluated and determined to be impaired is based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables. In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial also considers credit enhancements such as additional collateral and contractual third-party guarantees. The allowance for credit losses attributable to the remaining accounts not yet individually identified as impaired is estimated based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default, our estimate of the loss emergence period and the estimated loss given default. In addition, qualitative factors not able to be fully captured in the loss forecast models including industry trends, macroeconomic factors and model imprecision are considered in the evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses. These qualitative factors are subjective and require a degree of management judgment.

Cat Financial’s allowance for credit losses is segregated into two portfolio segments:

•Customer - Finance receivables with retail customers.

•Dealer - Finance receivables with Caterpillar dealers.

A portfolio segment is the level at which the company develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses.

Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Typically, Cat Financial’s finance receivables within a geographic area have similar credit risk profiles and methods for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial’s classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:


•	North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States or Canada.


•	Europe - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.


•	Asia Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia.


•	Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide.


•	Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Central and South American countries and Mexico.


•	Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines worldwide and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems worldwide.

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An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:




(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2016
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer			Dealer			Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	327		$	9		$	336
Receivables written off	(38		)	—			(38		)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	7			—			7
Provision for credit losses	29			(1		)	28
Other	5			—			5
Balance at end of period	$	330		$	8		$	338

Individually evaluated for impairment	$	58		$	—		$	58
Collectively evaluated for impairment	272			8			280
Ending Balance	$	330		$	8		$	338

Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	606		$	—		$	606
Collectively evaluated for impairment	18,955			3,592			22,547
Ending Balance	$	19,561		$	3,592		$	23,153




(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2015
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer			Dealer			Total
Balance at beginning of year	$	388		$	10		$	398
Receivables written off	(196		)	—			(196		)
Recoveries on receivables previously written off	41			—			41
Provision for credit losses	119			(1		)	118
Other	(25		)	—			(25		)
Balance at end of year	$	327		$	9		$	336

Individually evaluated for impairment	$	65		$	—		$	65
Collectively evaluated for impairment	262			9			271
Ending Balance	$	327		$	9		$	336

Recorded Investment in Finance Receivables:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	601		$	—		$	601
Collectively evaluated for impairment	18,788			3,570			22,358
Ending Balance	$	19,389		$	3,570		$	22,959

Credit quality of finance receivables

At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit-rating agency ratings, loan-to-value ratios and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status and collection experience as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss.

In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire finance receivable balance past due when any installment is over 30 days past due. The tables below summarize the recorded investment of finance receivables by aging category.

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	March 31, 2016
(Millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Finance Receivables		91+ Still Accruing
Customer
North America	$	62	$	29	$	30	$	121	$	7,993	$	8,114	$	5
Europe	15		11		64		90		2,364		2,454		12
Asia Pacific	34		22		29		85		1,593		1,678		12
Mining	16		13		62		91		1,691		1,782		1
Latin America	54		114		243		411		1,916		2,327		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	5		14		28		47		3,159		3,206		—
Dealer
North America	—		—		—		—		2,226		2,226		—
Europe	—		—		—		—		145		145		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		604		604		—
Mining	—		—		—		—		4		4		—
Latin America	—		—		—		—		610		610		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		—		3		3		—
Total	$	186	$	203	$	456	$	845	$	22,308	$	23,153	$	31




	December 31, 2015
(Millions of dollars)	31-60 Days Past Due		61-90 Days Past Due		91+ Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Finance Receivables		91+ Still Accruing
Customer
North America	$	45	$	12	$	30	$	87	$	7,850	$	7,937	$	4
Europe	18		7		44		69		2,358		2,427		9
Asia Pacific	21		12		21		54		1,647		1,701		6
Mining	6		1		68		75		1,793		1,868		1
Latin America	45		31		199		275		1,998		2,273		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		1		35		36		3,147		3,183		2
Dealer
North America	—		—		—		—		2,209		2,209		—
Europe	—		—		—		—		149		149		—
Asia Pacific	—		—		—		—		552		552		—
Mining	—		—		—		—		4		4		—
Latin America	—		—		—		—		653		653		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		—		3		3		—
Total	$	135	$	64	$	397	$	596	$	22,363	$	22,959	$	22

Impaired finance receivables

For all classes, a finance receivable is considered impaired, based on current information and events, if it is probable that Cat Financial will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms. Impaired finance receivables include finance receivables that have been restructured and are considered to be troubled debt restructurings.

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There were no impaired finance receivables as of March 31, 2016 or December 31, 2015, for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial’s recorded investment in impaired finance receivables and the related unpaid principal balances and allowance for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows:



	March 31, 2016						December 31, 2015
(Millions of dollars)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
North America	$	20	$	20	$	—	$	12	$	12	$	—
Europe	39		39		—		41		41		—
Asia Pacific	4		4		—		1		1		—
Mining	79		79		—		84		84		—
Latin America	27		27		—		28		28		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	268		267		—		242		241		—
Total	$	437	$	436	$	—	$	408	$	407	$	—

Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
North America	$	15	$	13	$	4	$	14	$	13	$	4
Europe	11		11		6		11		10		5
Asia Pacific	35		35		5		34		34		4
Mining	11		11		4		11		11		3
Latin America	53		53		22		53		53		21
Caterpillar Power Finance	44		44		17		70		70		28
Total	$	169	$	167	$	58	$	193	$	191	$	65

Total Impaired Finance Receivables
North America	$	35	$	33	$	4	$	26	$	25	$	4
Europe	50		50		6		52		51		5
Asia Pacific	39		39		5		35		35		4
Mining	90		90		4		95		95		3
Latin America	80		80		22		81		81		21
Caterpillar Power Finance	312		311		17		312		311		28
Total	$	606	$	603	$	58	$	601	$	598	$	65

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	Three Months Ended March 31, 2016				Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
(Millions of dollars)	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Impaired Finance Receivables With No Allowance Recorded
North America	$	14	$	—	$	14	$	—
Europe	40		—		44		—
Asia Pacific	2		—		3		—
Mining	81		1		102		2
Latin America	27		—		32		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	253		3		135		1
Total	$	417	$	4	$	330	$	3

Impaired Finance Receivables With An Allowance Recorded
North America	$	14	$	—	$	6	$	—
Europe	12		—		14		—
Asia Pacific	33		1		26		—
Mining	11		—		63		1
Latin America	51		1		46		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	59		—		128		—
Total	$	180	$	2	$	283	$	2

Total Impaired Finance Receivables
North America	$	28	$	—	$	20	$	—
Europe	52		—		58		—
Asia Pacific	35		1		29		—
Mining	92		1		165		3
Latin America	78		1		78		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	312		3		263		1
Total	$	597	$	6	$	613	$	5

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable (generally after 120 days past due). Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when the finance receivable becomes current and collection of remaining amounts is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms.

As of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, there were no finance receivables on non-accrual status for the Dealer portfolio segment.

The investment in customer finance receivables on non-accrual status was as follows:




(Millions of dollars)	March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
North America	$	40	$	31
Europe	56		39
Asia Pacific	18		15
Mining	135		106
Latin America	262		217
Caterpillar Power Finance	57		77
Total	$	568	$	485

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Troubled Debt Restructurings

A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, extended skip payment periods and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest.

There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2016 or 2015 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, were as follows:




	Three Months Ended March 31, 2016					Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
(Millions of dollars)	Number of Contracts	Pre-TDR Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Pre-TDR Recorded Investment		Post-TDR Recorded Investment
North America	11	$	10	$	10	3	$	1	$	1
Asia Pacific	4	3		3		—	—		—
Latin America	2	—		—		—	—		—
Caterpillar Power Finance	4	39		27		2	83		80
Total ¹	21	$	52	$	40	5	$	84	$	81

TDRs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default during the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows:




	Three Months Ended March 31, 2016			Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
(Millions of dollars)	Number of Contracts	Post-TDR Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts	Post-TDR Recorded Investment
North America	4	$	—	4	$	1
Europe	13	1		—	—
Asia Pacific	3	—		—	—
Latin America	1	—		1	—
Total	21	$	1	5	$	1

17. Fair value disclosures

A. Fair value measurements

The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:


•	Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.


•	Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.


•	Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

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When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1. In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates. These measurements are classified within Level 3.

Fair value measurements are classified according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation. A measurement may therefore be classified within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk. Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled. For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price. For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.

Investments in debt and equity securities

Investments in certain debt and equity securities, primarily at Insurance Services, have been classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets. Fair values for other government bonds, corporate bonds and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds.

In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment.

See Note 8 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities.

Derivative financial instruments

The fair value of interest rate swap derivatives is primarily based on models that utilize the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows. The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on a valuation model that discounts cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

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Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value, primarily related to Financial Products, included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 are summarized below:



	March 31, 2016
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Available-for-sale securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	12	$	—	$	—	$	12
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		72		—		72
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		720		—		720
Asset-backed securities	—		127		—		127
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		288		—		288
Residential	—		11		—		11
Commercial	—		60		—		60
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	277		—		—		277
Smaller company growth	52		—		—		52
Total available-for-sale securities	341		1,278		—		1,619
REIT	—		—		51		51
Derivative financial instruments, net	—		111		—		111
Total Assets	$	341	$	1,389	$	51	$	1,781



	December 31, 2015
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Available-for-sale securities
Government debt
U.S. treasury bonds	$	9	$	—	$	—	$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		72		—		72
Corporate bonds
Corporate bonds	—		708		—		708
Asset-backed securities	—		129		—		129
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		292		—		292
Residential	—		12		—		12
Commercial	—		61		—		61
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	273		—		—		273
Smaller company growth	54		—		—		54
Total available-for-sale securities	336		1,274		—		1,610
REIT	—		—		25		25
Derivative financial instruments, net	—		49		—		49
Total Assets	$	336	$	1,323	$	25	$	1,684

The fair value of our REIT investment is measured based on NAV, which is considered a Level 3 input. A roll-forward for the three months ended March 31, 2016 of our REIT investment, which was purchased during the fourth quarter of 2015, is as follows.

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(Millions of dollars)	REIT
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	25
Purchases of securities	25
Sale of securities	—
Gains (losses) included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	1
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	51

In addition to the amounts above, Cat Financial impaired loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is considered impaired when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable. In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables' effective interest rate, or the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables. In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had impaired loans with a fair value of $69 million and $91 million as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

B. Fair values of financial instruments

In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we used the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:

Cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximated fair value.

Restricted cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximated fair value. Restricted cash and short-term investments are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Finance receivables

Fair value was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

Wholesale inventory receivables

Fair value was estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

Short-term borrowings

Carrying amount approximated fair value.

Long-term debt

Fair value for fixed and floating rate debt was estimated based on quoted market prices.

Guarantees

The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions.

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Please refer to the table below for the fair values of our financial instruments.



	Fair Value of Financial Instruments
	March 31, 2016				December 31, 2015
(Millions of dollars)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Fair Value Levels	Reference
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	5,886	$	5,886	$	6,460	$	6,460	1
Restricted cash and short-term investments	65		65		52		52		1
Investments in debt and equity securities	1,670		1,670		1,635		1,635		1, 2 & 3	Note 8
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases ¹)	16,753		16,826		16,515		16,551		3	Note 16
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases ¹)	1,704		1,669		1,821		1,775		3	Note 16
Foreign currency contracts – net	66		66		13		13		2	Note 4
Interest rate swaps – net	52		52		48		48		2	Note 4

Liabilities
Short-term borrowings	7,817		7,817		6,967		6,967		1
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	9,482		11,234		9,477		10,691		2
Financial Products	21,064		21,596		21,569		21,904		2
Commodity contracts – net	7		7		12		12		2	Note 4
Guarantees	12		12		12		12		3	Note 10


¹	Total excluded items have a net carrying value at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 of $6,409 million and $6,452 million, respectively.

18. Restructuring costs

Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, eligible separation costs are recognized at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, eligible costs are recognized when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable.

For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we recognized $161 million of restructuring costs. The costs included $82 million of long-lived asset impairments, $31 million of employee separation costs and $11 million of other restructuring costs and were recognized in Other operating (income) expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. In addition, for the three months ended March 31, 2016, we incurred costs related to our restructuring programs of $37 million. These costs were primarily for accelerated depreciation and inventory write-downs and were recognized primarily in Cost of goods sold. The restructuring costs in 2016 were related to our decision to discontinue production of on-highway vocational trucks and other restructuring actions across the company, most of which were related to our September 2015 announcement regarding significant restructuring and cost reduction actions to lower our operating costs in response to weak economic and business conditions. For the three months ended March 31, 2015, we recognized $35 million of restructuring costs, which included $34 million of employee separation costs and $1 million of long-lived asset impairments. For the first three months of 2015, the restructuring costs were primarily related to facility closures and workforce reductions in Europe.

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Restructuring costs for the year ended December 31, 2015 were $898 million which included $641 million of employee separation costs, $127 million of long-lived asset impairments and $82 million of defined benefit retirement plan curtailment losses and were recognized in Other operating (income) expense. In addition, in 2015 we incurred costs related to our restructuring programs of $48 million. These costs were primarily for accelerated depreciation and inventory write-downs and were recognized primarily in Cost of goods sold. The restructuring costs in 2015 were related to several restructuring programs across the company.

Restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes. See Note 15 for more information.

The following table summarizes the 2015 and 2016 employee separation activity:




(Millions of dollars)	Total
Liability balance at December 31, 2014	$	182
Increase in liability (separation charges)	641
Reduction in liability (payments)	(340		)
Liability balance at December 31, 2015	$	483
Increase in liability (separation charges)	31
Reduction in liability (payments)	(405		)
Liability balance at March 31, 2016	$	109

As part of our September 2015 announcement, we offered a voluntary retirement enhancement program to qualifying U.S. employees, various voluntary separation programs outside of the U.S. and implemented additional involuntary separation programs throughout the company. We have eliminated approximately 5,300 positions since then. As of December 31, 2015, we incurred $379 million of employee separation costs and $82 million of defined benefit retirement plan curtailment losses related to these programs. Additionally, we incurred $31 million of employee separation costs in the first quarter of 2016. Substantially all of the employee separation costs included in the December 31, 2015 liability balance were paid in the first quarter of 2016. Most of the March 31, 2016 liability balance is expected to be paid in 2016.

In February 2016, we made the decision to discontinue production of on-highway vocational trucks. Based on the current business climate in the truck industry and a thorough evaluation of the business, the company decided it would withdraw from this market. We estimate restructuring costs incurred under the restructuring plan to be $120 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we recognized $74 million of restructuring costs primarily for long-lived asset impairments related to this restructuring plan. The remaining costs are expected to be recognized in 2016.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

First-quarter 2016 sales and revenues were $9.461 billion, a 26 percent decrease from first-quarter 2015 sales and revenues of $12.702 billion. Sales declined across the company with substantial reductions in construction, oil and gas, mining and rail reflecting continued weak conditions in many of the industries we serve. Profit per share for the first quarter of 2016 was $0.46, a 77 percent decrease from first-quarter 2015 profit per share of $2.03. Profit was $271 million in the first quarter of 2016, a decrease of 78 percent from $1.245 billion in the first quarter of 2015. Profit declined primarily due to lower sales volume.

Highlights for the first quarter of 2016 include:


•	First-quarter sales and revenues were $9.461 billion, compared with $12.702 billion in the first quarter of 2015. Sales decreased in Energy & Transportation, Construction Industries and Resource Industries. Financial Products’ revenues also decreased.


•	Restructuring costs were $161 million in the first quarter of 2016 with an after-tax impact of $0.21 per share, compared with restructuring costs of $35 million in the first quarter of 2015 with an after-tax impact of $0.04 per share.


•	Profit per share was $0.46 in the first quarter of 2016 and excluding restructuring costs of $0.21 per share was $0.67 per share. Profit in the first quarter of 2015 was $2.03 per share and excluding restructuring costs of $0.04 per share was $2.07 per share.


•	Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) operating cash flow was $218 million in the first quarter of 2016, compared to $1.042 billion in the first quarter of 2015.


•	ME&T debt-to-capital ratio was 37.7 percent at March 31, 2016 compared to 39.0 percent at the end of 2015.

Restructuring Costs

In the first quarter of 2016, we continued our focus on structural cost reduction to help improve our long-term results. Restructuring costs of $161 million were related to our decision to discontinue production of on-highway vocational trucks and other restructuring actions across the company. For 2016, we anticipate these restructuring actions will result in costs of about $550 million.

Notes:


•	Effective January 1, 2016, we made several changes that impacted the accounting for pension and other post-employment benefits. See Retirement Benefits discussion on page 66. We also made changes to organizational accountabilities and internal reporting that impacted segment results. Our 2015 financial information has been recast to be consistent with the 2016 presentation.


•	Glossary of terms is included on pages 58-60; first occurrence of terms shown in bold italics.


•	Information on non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 67.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2016 COMPARED WITH THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2015

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in Consolidated Sales and Revenues between the first quarter of 2015 (at left) and the first quarter of 2016 (at right). Items favorably impacting sales and revenues appear as upward stair steps with the corresponding dollar amounts above each bar, while items negatively impacting sales and revenues appear as downward stair steps with dollar amounts reflected in parentheses above each bar. Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company's Board of Directors and employees.

Sales and Revenues

Total sales and revenues were $9.461 billion in the first quarter of 2016, compared with $12.702 billion in the first quarter of 2015, a decline of $3.241 billion, or 26 percent. The decrease was primarily due to lower sales volume. While sales for both new equipment and aftermarket parts declined in all segments, most of the decrease was for new equipment. The unfavorable impact of price realization and currency also contributed to the decline. We expect the relative strength of the U.S. dollar will negatively impact sales in 2016.

Dealer machine and engine inventories increased about $300 million in the first quarter of 2016 and about $900 million in the first quarter of 2015. For the full year of 2016, we expect dealers will continue to reduce inventories. Dealers are independent, and there could be many reasons for changes in their inventory levels. In general, dealers adjust inventory based on their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers.

Sales declined in all regions. In North America, sales decreased 26 percent due to both lower end-user demand, primarily in Energy & Transportation, and the unfavorable impact of changes in dealer inventories, primarily in Construction Industries. In EAME, sales declined 24 percent, primarily in Africa/Middle East due to weak economic conditions resulting from low oil and other commodity prices. Asia/Pacific sales declined 23 percent, primarily due to lower end-user demand for Energy & Transportation applications and products used in mining. Sales decreased 43 percent in Latin America, primarily due to widespread economic weakness across the region. The most significant decreases were in Brazil and Mexico.

Sales decreased in all segments. Energy & Transportation’s sales declined 33 percent largely due to lower end-user demand for oil and gas and transportation applications. Construction Industries’ sales decreased 19 percent, primarily due to the unfavorable impact of changes in dealer inventories, lower demand from end users and unfavorable price realization. Resource Industries’ sales declined 26 percent, mostly due to continued low end-user demand. Financial Products’ segment revenues were down 7 percent, primarily due to lower average earning assets and lower average financing rates.

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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in Consolidated Operating Profit between the first quarter of 2015 (at left) and the first quarter of 2016 (at right). Items favorably impacting operating profit appear as upward stair steps with the corresponding dollar amounts above each bar, while items negatively impacting operating profit appear as downward stair steps with dollar amounts reflected in parentheses above each bar. Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company's Board of Directors and employees. The bar entitled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation other operating (income) expenses.

Operating profit for the first quarter of 2016 was $494 million, compared with $1.702 billion in the first quarter of 2015. The decrease of $1.208 billion was primarily due to lower sales volume, including an unfavorable mix of products, resulting from continued weak commodity prices globally and economic weakness in developing countries. In addition, price realization and restructuring costs were unfavorable. These items were partially offset by favorable period costs and variable manufacturing costs.

The unfavorable price realization resulted from competitive market conditions and an unfavorable geographic mix of sales. We continue to see competitive pressure that started in the last half of 2015 driven by excess industry capacity, unfavorable currency pressure, as the impact of the stronger dollar benefited competitors based outside the United States, and an overall weak economic environment. We expect the current competitive pressure to continue for the remainder of the year, particularly in Construction Industries and Resource Industries. However, we expect that most of the year-over-year weakness will occur in the first half of 2016, as price realization was more negative in the second half of 2015 compared to the first half.

Variable manufacturing costs were favorable, primarily due to improved material costs. Period costs were lower, primarily resulting from substantial restructuring and cost reduction actions and lower short-term incentive compensation expense. The reductions impacted period manufacturing costs and selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A). Research and development expenses (R&D) were about flat.

Restructuring costs of $161 million in the first quarter of 2016 were related to our decision to discontinue production of on-highway vocational trucks and other restructuring actions across the company. In the first quarter of 2015, restructuring costs were $35 million.

Short-term incentive compensation expense is directly related to financial and operational performance, measured against targets set annually. First-quarter 2016 expense was about $120 million. First-quarter 2015 expense was about $215 million.

Other Profit/Loss Items

▪

Other income/expense in the first quarter of 2016 was zero, compared with income of $194 million in the first quarter of 2015. The unfavorable change was primarily due to the absence of a gain of $120 million on the sale of the remaining 35 percent interest in our former third-party logistics business. In addition, the net impact from currency translation and hedging gains and losses was unfavorable. There were net losses in the first quarter of 2016, compared to net gains in the first quarter of 2015.

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▪

Segment Information

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region



(Millions of dollars)	Total			% Change		North America			% Change		Latin America			% Change		EAME			% Change		Asia/ Pacific			% Change
First Quarter 2016
Construction Industries ¹	$	4,043		(19	)%	$	2,058		(18	)%	$	231		(52	)%	$	847		(17	)%	$	907		(9	)%
Resource Industries ²	1,449			(26	)%	604			(23	)%	268			(14	)%	262			(43	)%	315			(23	)%
Energy & Transportation ³	3,278			(33	)%	1,566			(34	)%	200			(53	)%	982			(21	)%	530			(40	)%
All Other Segments ⁴	38			(47	)%	15			(42	)%	1			(75	)%	9			(63	)%	13			(28	)%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(28		)	—		(24		)			(1		)			(2		)			(1		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	8,780			(27	)%	4,219			(26	)%	699			(43	)%	2,098			(24	)%	1,764			(23	)%

Financial Products Segment	743			(7	)%	459			2	%	87			(19	)%	98			(10	)%	99			(23	)%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(62		)			(34		)			(14		)			(4		)			(10		)
Financial Products Revenues	681			(8	)%	425			—	%	73			(25	)%	94			(10	)%	89			(24	)%

Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	9,461		(26	)%	$	4,644		(24	)%	$	772		(41	)%	$	2,192		(23	)%	$	1,853		(23	)%

First Quarter 2015
Construction Industries ¹	$	5,014				$	2,520				$	480				$	1,017				$	997
Resource Industries ²	1,971					789					311					462					409
Energy & Transportation ³	4,915					2,368					425					1,244					878
All Other Segments ⁴	72					26					4					24					18
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(11		)			(16		)			1					1					3
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	11,961					5,687					1,221					2,748					2,305

Financial Products Segment	795					451					107					109					128
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(54		)			(28		)			(10		)			(5		)			(11		)
Financial Products Revenues	741					423					97					104					117

Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	12,702				$	6,110				$	1,318				$	2,852				$	2,422


¹	Does not include inter-segment sales of $8 million and $23 million in first quarter 2016 and 2015, respectively.


²	Does not include inter-segment sales of $71 million and $87 million in first quarter 2016 and 2015, respectively.


³	Does not include inter-segment sales of $632 million and $794 million in first quarter 2016 and 2015, respectively.


⁴	Does not include inter-segment sales of $92 million and $103 million in first quarter 2016 and 2015, respectively.

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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	First Quarter 2015			Sales Volume			Price Realization			Currency			Other			First Quarter 2016			$ Change			% Change

Construction Industries	$	5,014		$	(701	)	$	(172	)	$	(98	)	$	—		$	4,043		$	(971	)	(19	)%
Resource Industries	1,971			(463		)	(38		)	(21		)	—			1,449			(522		)	(26	)%
Energy & Transportation	4,915			(1,543		)	(24		)	(70		)	—			3,278			(1,637		)	(33	)%
All Other Segments	72			(33		)	—			(1		)	—			38			(34		)	(47	)%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(11		)	(19		)	—			2			—			(28		)	(17		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	11,961			(2,759		)	(234		)	(188		)	—			8,780			(3,181		)	(27	)%

Financial Products Segment	795			—			—			—			(52		)	743			(52		)	(7	)%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(54		)	—			—			—			(8		)	(62		)	(8		)
Financial Products Revenues	741			—			—			—			(60		)	681			(60		)	(8	)%

Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	12,702		$	(2,759	)	$	(234	)	$	(188	)	$	(60	)	$	9,461		$	(3,241	)	(26	)%



Operating Profit / (Loss) by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	First Quarter 2016			First Quarter 2015			$ Change			% Change
Construction Industries	$	440		$	745		$	(305	)	(41	)%
Resource Industries	(96		)	96			(192		)	(200	)%
Energy & Transportation	410			1,024			(614		)	(60	)%
All Other Segments	(7		)	(7		)	—			—	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(357		)	(319		)	(38		)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	390			1,539			(1,149		)	(75	)%

Financial Products Segment	168			227			(59		)	(26	)%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(1		)	3			(4		)
Financial Products	167			230			(63		)	(27	)%
Consolidating Adjustments	(63		)	(67		)	4
Consolidated Operating Profit / (Loss)	$	494		$	1,702		$	(1,208	)	(71	)%

Construction Industries

Construction Industries’ sales were $4.043 billion in the first quarter of 2016, a decrease of $971 million, or 19 percent, from the first quarter of 2015. The decrease in sales was due to lower volume, unfavorable price realization and the unfavorable impact of currency. While sales declined for both new equipment and aftermarket parts, substantially all of the decrease was for new equipment.


▪	About half of the sales volume decline was due to the unfavorable impact of changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories in both the first quarter of 2016 and the first quarter of 2015; however, the increase was greater in the first quarter of 2015. In addition, deliveries to end users were lower.


▪	Price realization was unfavorable $172 million due to competitive market conditions including the impact of the stronger dollar, which benefited competitors based outside the United States.


▪	The unfavorable impact of currency was due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to most other currencies.

Sales decreased in all regions.

▪

In North America, the sales decline was primarily due to dealers increasing inventories more significantly in the first quarter of 2015 than the first quarter of 2016. In addition, although residential and nonresidential construction activity is improving, sales to end users were lower than the first quarter of 2015. We believe declines in construction activity related to oil and gas have resulted in the availability of existing construction equipment for other purposes. We expect this trend will continue to negatively impact our sales volume in 2016. Unfavorable price realization resulted from competitive market conditions.


▪	In Latin America, end-user demand was down across the region, with the most significant declines in Brazil due to depressed economic conditions and in Mexico due to weak construction activity.

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▪

Lower sales in EAME were primarily due to unfavorable price realization and lower end-user demand. Price realization was unfavorable across the region due to competitive market conditions. The decline in end-user demand was most significant in oil-producing economies that depend on oil revenues to fund expenditures for roads and other infrastructure projects. In addition, sales declined in South Africa where we believe an uncertain regulatory and political environment contributed to lower end-user demand.


▪	Sales in Asia/Pacific were down as a result of the unfavorable impact of changes in dealer inventories, which were about flat in the first quarter of 2016 and increased in the first quarter of 2015. Deliveries to end users were up slightly, primarily in China. It is unclear whether this is a trend that will continue.

Construction Industries’ profit was $440 million in the first quarter of 2016, compared with $745 million in the first quarter of 2015. The decrease in profit was primarily due to lower sales volume, including an unfavorable mix of products and unfavorable price realization resulting from competitive market conditions. The decline was partially offset by favorable costs, primarily due to restructuring and cost reduction actions and lower material costs.

Resource Industries

Resource Industries’ sales were $1.449 billion in the first quarter of 2016, a decrease of $522 million, or 26 percent, from the first quarter of 2015. The decline was primarily due to lower sales volume. Sales were lower for both new equipment and aftermarket parts.

The sales decrease was primarily due to lower end-user demand across all regions. In addition, the sales decline in EAME was partially due to the unfavorable impact of changes in dealer inventories, as dealers lowered inventories in the first quarter of 2016, compared to increasing inventories in the first quarter of 2015.

Commodity prices improved from their recent lows, but excess supply remains. It is not clear at this time that the current prices are either sustainable or sufficient to drive increased demand for equipment. Difficult financial conditions for many mining customers around the world persist. Mining customers continued to focus on improving productivity in existing mines and reducing their total capital expenditures, as they have for several years. As a result, sales and new orders in Resource Industries continue to be weak.

Resource Industries incurred a loss of $96 million in the first quarter of 2016, compared with profit of $96 million in the first quarter of 2015. The unfavorable change was due to lower sales volume and negative price realization. This was partially offset by improved period manufacturing and SG&A expenses due to restructuring and cost reduction actions.

Energy & Transportation

Energy & Transportation’s sales were $3.278 billion in the first quarter of 2016, a decrease of $1.637 billion, or 33 percent, from the first quarter of 2015. The decrease was primarily the result of lower sales volume. Sales decreased in all applications with more than 80 percent of the decline in oil and gas and transportation.

▪

Oil and Gas - Sales continued to decrease in much of the world due to low oil prices. Although oil prices were low in the first quarter of 2015, our sales benefited from a strong order backlog. The sales decline was most significant in equipment used for gas compression, well servicing and production, with the most significant impact in North America. The decline in sales of equipment for gas compression was primarily in reciprocating engines.

While oil prices have improved since the beginning of 2016, it is not clear at this time that the current price level is either sustainable or sufficient to drive increased demand for equipment. We monitor a number of factors in addition to oil prices that shape our expectations, including recent order rates, quotation activity, our current backlog, trends in retail statistics and discussions with our customers. Based on all of these factors, we do not see the current oil price driving a turnaround in demand for our products in 2016.

▪

Transportation - Sales decreased in all geographic regions. The most significant decline was in North America, primarily due to significant weakness in the rail industry. We believe our sales into the rail industry are being negatively impacted by significantly lower carload volumes. In addition, the first quarter of 2015 benefited from deliveries of locomotives that began production in 2014. In Asia/Pacific, the decrease was due to the absence of a large locomotive sale in the first quarter of 2015 and a decline for equipment used in marine applications.


▪	Power Generation - Sales decreased significantly in Latin America and North America, slightly in EAME and were about flat in Asia/Pacific. The decline is primarily due to weak economic conditions in Latin America and the absence of several large projects in North America.

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▪	Industrial - Sales were lower in Asia/Pacific, Latin America and North America and about flat in EAME. The decline in sales was primarily due to lower end-user demand for most industrial applications.

Energy & Transportation’s profit was $410 million in the first quarter of 2016, compared with $1.024 billion in the first quarter of 2015. The decline was due to a decrease in sales volume, partially offset by lower costs primarily due to restructuring and cost reduction actions and favorable material costs.

Financial Products Segment

Financial Products’ revenues were $743 million in the first quarter of 2016, a decrease of $52 million, or 7 percent, from the first quarter of 2015. The decline was primarily due to lower average earning assets and lower average financing rates. Average earning assets were down in Asia/Pacific, Latin America and EAME, partially offset by higher average earning assets in North America. Average financing rates decreased across all regions.

Financial Products’ profit was $168 million in the first quarter of 2016, compared with $227 million in the first quarter of 2015. The decrease was primarily due to a $17 million decrease in net yield on average earning assets reflecting geographic mix changes and currency impacts, an $11 million increase in the provision for credit losses at Cat Financial and a $10 million unfavorable impact from lower average earning assets.

At the end of the first quarter of 2016, past dues at Cat Financial were 2.78 percent, compared with 3.08 percent at the end of the first quarter of 2015 and 2.14 percent at the end of 2015. There is some seasonality in past due percentages and it is common to see an increase in the first quarter. Write-offs, net of recoveries, were $31 million for the first quarter of 2016, compared with $12 million for the first quarter of 2015. The increase in write-offs, net of recoveries, was primarily driven by the Caterpillar Power Finance and North American portfolios.

As of March 31, 2016, Cat Financial's allowance for credit losses totaled $340 million, or 1.21 percent of net finance receivables, compared with $392 million, or 1.38 percent of net finance receivables at March 31, 2015. The allowance for credit losses at year-end 2015 was $338 million, or 1.22 percent of net finance receivables.

Corporate Items and Eliminations

Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $358 million in the first quarter of 2016, an increase of $42 million from the first quarter of 2015. Corporate items and eliminations include: corporate-level expenses; restructuring costs; timing differences, as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis; retirement benefit costs other than service cost; currency differences for ME&T, as segment profit is reported using annual fixed exchange rates; cost of sales methodology differences as segments use a current cost methodology; and inter-segment eliminations.

The increase in expense from the first quarter of 2015 was primarily due to a $126 million increase in restructuring costs, partially offset by lower stock-based compensation expense and methodology differences.

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RESTRUCTURING COSTS

Restructuring costs are a reconciling item between Segment profit and Consolidated profit before taxes.

The following table summarizes the 2015 and 2016 employee separation activity:




(Millions of dollars)	Total
Liability balance at December 31, 2014	$	182
Increase in liability (separation charges)	641
Reduction in liability (payments)	(340		)
Liability balance at December 31, 2015	$	483
Increase in liability (separation charges)	31
Reduction in liability (payments)	(405		)
Liability balance at March 31, 2016	$	109

In February 2016, we made the decision to discontinue production of on-highway vocational trucks. Based on the current business climate in the truck industry and a thorough evaluation of the business, the company decided it would withdraw form this market. We estimate restructuring costs incurred under the restructuring plan to be $120 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, we recognized $74 million of restructuring costs primarily for long-lived asset impairments related to this restructuring plan. The remaining costs are expected to be recognized in 2016.

Additional restructuring actions are being contemplated including the consolidation and closures of manufacturing facilities occurring through 2018. For full-year 2016, we expect restructuring costs will be about $550 million. We expect that restructuring actions will result in a benefit to operating costs, primarily SG&A expenses and Cost of goods sold of about $700 million in 2016 compared with 2015.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS


1.	All Other Segments - Primarily includes activities such as: the business strategy, product management, development, and manufacturing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, tires and rims, ground engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals and rubber, and sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat products; parts distribution; distribution services

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responsible for dealer development and administration including a wholly owned dealer in Japan, dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience.


2.	Consolidating Adjustments - Elimination of transactions between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

Construction Industries - A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure, forestry and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes backhoe loaders, small wheel loaders, small track-type tractors, skid steer loaders, multi-terrain loaders, mini excavators, compact wheel loaders, telehandlers, select work tools, small, medium and large track excavators, wheel excavators, medium wheel loaders, compact track loaders, medium track-type tractors, track-type loaders, motor graders, pipelayers, forestry and paving products.

Currency - With respect to sales and revenues, currency represents the translation impact on sales resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. With respect to operating profit, currency represents the net translation impact on sales and operating costs resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. Currency includes the impact on sales and operating profit for the Machinery, Energy & Transportation lines of business only; currency impacts on Financial Products’ revenues and operating profit are included in the Financial Products’ portions of the respective analyses. With respect to other income/expense, currency represents the effects of forward and option contracts entered into by the company to reduce the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates (hedging) and the net effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our foreign currency assets and liabilities for consolidated results (translation).

Debt-to-Capital Ratio - A key measure of Machinery, Energy & Transportation’s financial strength used by management. The metric is defined as Machinery, Energy & Transportation’s short-term borrowings, long-term debt due within one year and long-term debt due after one year (debt) divided by the sum of Machinery, Energy & Transportation’s debt and stockholders’ equity. Debt also includes Machinery, Energy & Transportation’s long-term borrowings from Financial Products.


6.	EAME - A geographic region including Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).


7.	Earning Assets - Assets consisting primarily of total finance receivables net of unearned income, plus equipment on operating leases, less accumulated depreciation at Cat Financial.

Energy & Transportation - A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related parts across industries serving power generation, industrial, oil and gas and transportation applications, including marine and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support of turbines and turbine-related services, reciprocating engine powered generator sets, integrated systems used in the electric power generation industry, reciprocating engines and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; the remanufacturing of Cat® engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; the business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, remanufacturing, leasing and service of diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America.

Financial Products Segment - Provides financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Cat and other equipment, as well as some financing for Caterpillar sales to dealers. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides various forms of insurance to customers and dealers to help support the purchase and lease of our equipment. Financial Products Segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.


10.	Latin America - A geographic region including Central and South American countries and Mexico.


11.	Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) - Represents the aggregate total of Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other Segments and related corporate items and eliminations.


12.	Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other Operating (Income) Expenses - Comprised primarily of gains/losses on disposal of long-lived assets, gains/losses on divestitures and legal settlements and accruals. Restructuring costs classified as other operating expenses on the Results of Operations are presented separately on the Operating Profit Comparison.


13.	Pension and other postemployment benefit (OPEB) costs - Costs for the company’s defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans.

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14.

Period Costs - Includes period manufacturing costs, selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses excluding the impact of currency. Period manufacturing costs support production but are defined as generally not having a direct relationship to short-term changes in volume. Examples include machinery and equipment repair, depreciation on manufacturing assets, facility support, procurement, factory scheduling, manufacturing planning and operations management. SG&A and R&D costs are not linked to the production of goods or services and include marketing, legal and financial services and the development of new and significant improvements in products or processes.


15.	Price Realization - The impact of net price changes excluding currency and new product introductions. Price realization includes geographic mix of sales, which is the impact of changes in the relative weighting of sales prices between geographic regions.

16.

Resource Industries - A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, quarry, waste, and material handling applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors, large mining trucks, hard rock vehicles, longwall miners, electric rope shovels, draglines, hydraulic shovels, track and rotary drills, highwall miners, large wheel loaders, off-highway trucks, articulated trucks, wheel tractor scrapers, wheel dozers, landfill compactors, soil compactors, material handlers, continuous miners, scoops and haulers, hardrock continuous mining systems, select work tools, machinery components and electronics and control systems. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including integrated manufacturing and research and development.

17.

Restructuring Costs - Primarily costs for employee separation costs, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other Operating (Income) Expenses. Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs primarily for accelerated depreciation and equipment relocation (primarily included in Cost of goods sold) and sales discounts and payments to dealers and customers related to discontinued products (included in Sales of ME&T).

18.

Sales Volume - With respect to sales and revenues, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation as well as the incremental revenue impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. With respect to operating profit, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation combined with product mix as well as the net operating profit impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. Product mix represents the net operating profit impact of changes in the relative weighting of Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales with respect to total sales.

19.

Variable Manufacturing Costs - Represents volume-adjusted costs excluding the impact of currency. Variable manufacturing costs are defined as having a direct relationship with the volume of production. This includes material costs, direct labor and other costs that vary directly with production volume such as freight, power to operate machines and supplies that are consumed in the manufacturing process.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Sources of funds

We generate significant capital resources from operating activities, which are the primary source of funding for our Machinery, Energy & Transportation operations. Funding for these businesses is also available from commercial paper and long-term debt issuances. Financial Products' operations are funded primarily from commercial paper, term debt issuances and collections from the existing portfolio. Despite continued weaknesses in many of the industries we serve, we had positive operating cash flow in the first quarter of 2016 within both our Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products' operations. On a consolidated basis, we ended the first quarter of 2016 with $5.89 billion of cash, a decrease of $574 million from year-end 2015. We intend to maintain a strong cash and liquidity position. Our cash balances are held in numerous locations throughout the world with approximately $4.8 billion held by our non-U.S. subsidiaries. Amounts held by non-U.S. subsidiaries are available for general corporate use. However, if all of the cash held by non-U.S. subsidiaries were repatriated to the United States, a portion would be subject to additional U.S. tax.

Consolidated operating cash flow for the first quarter of 2016 was $489 million, down from $1.27 billion for the same period last year. The decrease was primarily due to lower profit before tax within the Machinery, Energy & Transportation business as well as higher employee separation payments in the first quarter of 2016 versus the first quarter of 2015. These employee separation payments were primarily related to the voluntary retirement enhancement program offered in the United States and announced in September 2015. Partially offsetting these items were lower short-term incentive compensation payments in 2016 compared to the same period a year ago. See further discussion of operating cash flow under Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

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Total debt as of March 31, 2016 was $38.36 billion, an increase of $350 million from year-end 2015. Debt related to Financial Products increased $341 million, primarily due to weakening of the U.S. dollar during the first quarter of 2016. Debt related to Machinery, Energy & Transportation increased $9 million in the first quarter of 2016.

We have three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial for general liquidity purposes. Based on management's allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to Machinery, Energy & Transportation as of March 31, 2016 was $2.75 billion. Our three Global Credit Facilities are:


•	The 364-day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $0.82 billion is available to Machinery, Energy, & Transportation) expires in September 2016.


•	The three-year facility, as amended and restated in September 2015, of $2.73 billion (of which $0.72 billion is available to Machinery, Energy & Transportation) now expires in September 2018.


•	The five-year facility, as amended and restated in September 2015, of $4.62 billion (of which $1.21 billion is available to Machinery, Energy & Transportation) now expires in September 2020.

At March 31, 2016, Caterpillar's consolidated net worth was $15.71 billion, which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined as the consolidated stockholders' equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

At March 31, 2016, Cat Financial's covenant interest coverage ratio was 1.98 to 1. This is above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain/(loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility.

In addition, at March 31, 2016, Cat Financial's covenant leverage ratio was 7.70 to 1. This is below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1, calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility.

In the event Caterpillar or Cat Financial does not meet one or more of their respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of Cat Financial's other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable, may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At March 31, 2016, there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.

Our total credit commitments and available credit as of March 31, 2016 were:



	March 31, 2016
(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation			Financial Products
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	$	10,500		$	2,750		$	7,750
Other external	4,139			224			3,915
Total credit lines available	14,639			2,974			11,665
Less: Commercial paper outstanding	(6,619		)	—			(6,619		)
Less: Utilized credit	(1,592		)	(13		)	(1,579		)
Available credit	$	6,428		$	2,961		$	3,467

The other external consolidated credit lines with banks as of March 31, 2016 totaled $4.14 billion. These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements. Caterpillar or Cat Financial may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines.

In the event that Caterpillar or Cat Financial, or any of their debt securities, experiences a credit rating downgrade, it would likely result in an increase in our borrowing costs and make access to certain credit markets more difficult. In the event economic conditions deteriorate such that access to debt markets becomes unavailable, our Machinery, Energy & Transportation's operations would rely on cash flow from operations, use of existing cash balances, borrowings from Cat Financial and access to our Credit Facility. Our Financial Products' operations would rely on cash flow from its existing portfolio, existing cash balances, access to our Credit Facility and other credit line facilities of Cat Financial and potential borrowings from Caterpillar. In addition, we

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maintain a support agreement with Cat Financial, which requires Caterpillar to remain the sole owner of Cat Financial and may, under certain circumstances, require Caterpillar to make payments to Cat Financial should Cat Financial fail to maintain certain financial ratios.

Machinery, Energy & Transportation

Net cash provided by operating activities was $218 million in the first quarter of 2016, compared with $1.04 billion for the same period in 2015. The decrease was primarily due to lower profit before tax, driven by lower sales across the company, as well as higher employee separation payments in the first quarter of 2016 versus the first quarter of 2015. These employee separation payments were primarily related to the voluntary retirement enhancement program offered in the United States and announced in September 2015. Partially offsetting these items were lower short-term incentive compensation payments in 2016 compared to the same period a year ago.

Net cash used for investing activities in the first quarter of 2016 was $1.32 billion, compared with net cash used of $331 million in the first quarter of 2015. The increase was due to Machinery, Energy & Transportation's lending activity with Financial Products entities.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the first quarter of 2016 was $509 million, compared with net cash used of $786 million in the first quarter of 2015. The favorable change was primarily due to Machinery, Energy & Transportation's borrowings from Financial Products entities as well as the absence of common stock repurchases in the first quarter of 2016, as compared with the first quarter of 2015.

Our priorities for the use of cash are to maintain a strong financial position in support of our credit rating, provide capital to support growth, appropriately fund employee benefit plans, pay dividends and repurchase common stock.

Strong financial position – A key measure of Machinery, Energy & Transportation's financial strength used by management is Machinery, Energy & Transportation's debt-to-capital ratio. Debt-to-capital is defined as short-term borrowings, long-term debt due within one year and long-term debt due after one year (debt) divided by the sum of debt and stockholders' equity. Debt also includes Machinery, Energy & Transportation's long-term borrowings from Financial Products. The debt-to-capital ratio for Machinery, Energy & Transportation was 37.7 percent at March 31, 2016, within our target range of 30 to 45 percent. The Machinery, Energy & Transportation's debt-to-capital ratio was 39.0 percent at December 31, 2015. The decrease in the debt-to-capital ratio was due to an increase in equity related to favorable foreign currency translation adjustments as well as profit from the first quarter of 2016.

Capital to support growth – Capital expenditures were $379 million during the first quarter of 2016, compared to $477 million for the same period in 2015. We expect Machinery, Energy and Transportation's capital expenditures in 2016 to be lower than 2015.

Appropriately funded employee benefit plans – At January 1, 2016, we changed our accounting principle for pension and other postretirement plans. Under the new principle, actuarial gains and losses are immediately recognized through earnings upon remeasurement, at least annually in the fourth quarter, and expected returns on plan assets are recognized using a fair value method. The change in accounting principle will have no effect on our funding requirements, cash flows or employees' benefits. See Retirement Benefits section for additional information on the change in accounting.

We made $63 million of contributions to our pension plans during the first quarter of 2016. We currently anticipate full-year 2016 contributions of approximately $150 million, all of which are required. We made $77 million of contributions to our pension plans during the first quarter of 2015.

Paying dividends – Dividends totaled $448 million in the first quarter of 2016, representing 77 cents per share paid. Each quarter, our Board of Directors reviews the company's dividend for the applicable quarter. The Board evaluates the financial condition of the company and considers the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company's liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets to determine whether to maintain or change the quarterly dividend.

Common stock repurchases – In January 2014, the Board of Directors approved an authorization to repurchase up to $10 billion of Caterpillar common stock (the 2014 Authorization), which will expire on December 31, 2018. We did not purchase any Caterpillar common stock in the first quarter of 2016. As of March 31, 2016, $5.47 billion remained available under the 2014 Authorization. Caterpillar's basic shares outstanding as of March 31, 2016 were approximately 584 million.

Financial Products

Financial Products' operating cash flow was $355 million in the first quarter of 2016, compared with $276 million for the same period a year ago. Net cash used for investing activities was $1.26 billion for the first quarter of 2016, compared with $9 million for the same period in 2015. The change was primarily due to the impact of intercompany lending. Net cash provided by financing

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activities was $916 million for the first quarter of 2016, compared with $72 million for the same period in 2015. The change was primarily due to the impact of intercompany borrowings.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

For a discussion of the Company's critical accounting policies, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Critical accounting policies that have been revised since our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K are as follows.

Fair values for goodwill impairment tests - We test goodwill for impairment annually, at the reporting unit level, and whenever events or circumstances make it likely that an impairment may have occurred, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate or a decision to sell all or a portion of a reporting unit. We perform our annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1 and monitor for interim triggering events on an ongoing basis.

Goodwill is reviewed for impairment utilizing either a qualitative assessment or a two-step process. If we choose to perform a qualitative assessment and determine the fair value more likely than not exceeds the carrying value, no further evaluation is necessary. For reporting units where we perform the two-step process, the first step requires us to compare the fair value of each reporting unit, which we primarily determine using an income approach based on the present value of discounted cash flows, to the respective carrying value, which includes goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, the goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying value is higher than the fair value, there is an indication that an impairment may exist and the second step is required. In step two, the implied fair value of goodwill is calculated as the excess of the fair value of a reporting unit over the fair values assigned to its assets and liabilities. If the implied fair value of goodwill is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit's goodwill, the difference is recognized as an impairment loss.

The impairment test process requires valuation of the respective reporting unit, which we primarily determine using an income approach based on a discounted five year forecasted cash flow with a year-five residual value. The residual value is computed using the constant growth method, which values the forecasted cash flows in perpetuity. The income approach is supported by a reconciliation of our calculated fair value for Caterpillar to the company's market capitalization. The assumptions about future cash flows and growth rates are based on each reporting unit's long-term forecast and are subject to review and approval by senior management. A reporting unit’s discount rate is a risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital, which we believe approximates the rate from a market participant's perspective. The estimated fair value could be impacted by changes in market conditions, interest rates, growth rates, tax rates, costs, pricing and capital expenditures.

In 2015, our Resource Industries segment had two reporting units with goodwill: Hauling & Extraction and Material Handling & Underground. The October 1, 2015 goodwill impairment test indicated the fair value of the Hauling & Extraction reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by approximately 15 percent, and the fair value of Material Handling & Underground was substantially above its carrying value.

Effective January 1, 2016, product responsibility for off-highway trucks and wheel tractor scrapers transferred from Hauling & Extraction to Material Handling & Underground, and the former Hauling & Extraction reporting unit was renamed Surface Mining & Technology. Surface Mining & Technology’s product portfolio primarily includes large mining trucks, electric rope shovels, draglines, hydraulic shovels and related parts. As a result of the transfer in product responsibility, approximately $500 million of goodwill was reassigned from Hauling & Extraction to Material Handling & Underground based on the relative fair value of the products transferred to the total fair value of Hauling & Extraction. After the reassignment of goodwill, Surface Mining & Technology and Material Handling & Underground had goodwill of approximately $1.2 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively, as of January 1, 2016.

Because the former Hauling & Extraction reporting unit’s fair value was not substantially in excess of its carrying value as of October 1, 2015, we tested Surface Mining & Technology's goodwill for impairment as of January 1, 2016 in conjunction with the transfer of off-highway trucks and wheel tractor scrapers to Material Handling & Underground. The valuation was based on our January 1, 2016 estimates of future cash flows, which continued to reflect weakness in current economic conditions and in the mining industry. Our equipment is used to extract and haul copper, iron ore, coal, oil sands, aggregates, gold and other minerals and ores. The demand for our equipment and related parts is highly cyclical and significantly impacted by commodity prices, although the impact may vary by reporting unit. As of January 1, 2016, we expected sales and cash flows to decline in 2016, and improve over the remainder of the five year forecast period. Based on our estimates for long-term growth, profits and cash flows, the fair value of the Surface Mining & Technology reporting unit continued to exceed its carrying value by approximately 15 percent as of January 1, 2016.

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Currently, we expect Surface Mining & Technology sales to decline about 20 percent in 2016 compared to 2015 as a result of the low commodity price environment and difficult financial conditions for many mining customers around the world. We considered the actual results for the three months ending March 31, 2016 for Surface Mining & Technology along with our most recent sales forecast for 2016 which was substantially consistent with the January 1, 2016 forecast, and concluded a triggering event did not occur at March 31, 2016. No triggering events were identified for the remaining reporting units as of March 31, 2016.

An unfavorable change in our expectations for the financial performance of our reporting units, particularly long-term growth and profitability, would reduce the fair value of our reporting units. The energy and mining industries are major users of our products, including the coal, iron ore, gold, copper, oil and natural gas industries. Decisions to purchase our products are dependent upon the performance of those industries, which in turn are dependent in part on commodity prices. Lower commodity prices or industry specific circumstances that have a negative impact to the valuation assumptions may reduce the fair value of our reporting units. Should such events occur and it becomes more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value has fallen below its carrying value, we will perform an interim goodwill impairment test(s), in addition to the annual impairment test. Future impairment tests may result in a goodwill impairment, depending on the outcome of both step one and step two of the impairment review process. A goodwill impairment would be reported as a non-cash charge to earnings.

Postretirement benefits - Primary actuarial assumptions were determined as follows:

•

The U.S. expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is based on our estimate of long-term passive returns for equities and fixed income securities weighted by the allocation of our plan assets. Based on historical performance, we increase the passive returns due to our active management of the plan assets. A similar process is used to determine the rate for our non-U.S. pension plans. This rate is impacted by changes in general market conditions, but because it represents a long-term rate, it is not significantly impacted by short-term market swings. Changes in our allocation of plan assets would also impact this rate. For example, a shift to more fixed income securities would lower the rate. A decrease in the rate would increase our expense.

•

The assumed discount rate is used to discount future benefit obligations back to today’s dollars. The U.S. discount rate is based on a benefit cash flow-matching approach and represents the rate at which our benefit obligations could effectively be settled as of our measurement date, December 31. The benefit cash flow-matching approach involves analyzing Caterpillar’s projected cash flows against a high quality bond yield curve, calculated using a wide population of corporate Aa bonds available on the measurement date. The very highest and lowest yielding bonds (top and bottom 10 percent) are excluded from the analysis. A similar approach is used to determine the assumed discount rate for our most significant non-U.S. plans.

Discount rates are sensitive to changes in interest rates. A decrease in the discount rate would increase our obligation and future expense.


•	The expected rate of compensation increase is used to develop benefit obligations using projected pay at retirement. It represents average long-term salary increases. This rate is influenced by our long-term compensation policies. An increase in the rate would increase our obligation and expense.

•

The assumed health care trend rate represents the rate at which health care costs are assumed to increase and is based on historical and expected experience. Changes in our projections of future health care costs due to general economic conditions and those specific to health care (e.g., technology driven cost changes) will impact this trend rate. An increase in the trend rate would increase our obligation and expense.

The effects of actual results differing from our assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions are considered actuarial gains or losses. At January 1, 2016, we changed our accounting principle for recognizing actuarial gains and losses and expected return

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on plan assets for our pension and other postretirement benefit plans to a more preferable policy under U.S. GAAP. Under the new principle, actuarial gains and losses will be immediately recognized through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. In addition, we have changed our policy for recognizing the expected returns on plan assets from a market-related value method (based on a three-year smoothing of asset returns) to a fair method. These changes have been applied retrospectively to prior years.

See Note 9 for further information regarding the accounting for postretirement benefits.

OTHER MATTERS

Environmental and Legal Matters

On January 8, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requests documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL and related structures. The Company is cooperating with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

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and repairs and improperly disposed of parts, equipment, tools and other items. In connection with this subpoena, Progress Rail was informed by the U.S. Attorney for the Central District of California that it is a target of a criminal investigation into potential violations of environmental laws and alleged improper business practices. The Company is cooperating with the authorities and is currently in discussions regarding a potential resolution of the matter. Although the Company believes a loss is probable, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

Retirement Benefits

At December 31, 2015, we changed our method for calculating the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost. Historically, these components were determined utilizing a single weighted-average discount rate based on the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. Beginning in 2016, we elected to utilize a full yield curve approach in the estimation of service and interest costs by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. We made this change to provide a more precise measurement of service and interest costs by improving the correlation between the projected cash flows to the corresponding spot rates along the yield curve. This change will have no impact on our year-end pension and OPEB liabilities and has been accounted for prospectively as a change in accounting estimate beginning in the first quarter of 2016. Compared to the method used in 2015, this change lowered pension and OPEB expense by $45 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, and we expect this change will result in lower pension and OPEB expense by approximately $180 million for 2016.

Effective January 1, 2016, we changed our accounting principle for recognizing actuarial gains and losses and expected return on plan assets for our pension and OPEB plans. Prior to 2016, actuarial gains and losses were recognized as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and were generally amortized into earnings in future periods. Under the new principle, actuarial gains and losses will be immediately recognized through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement. In addition, we have changed our policy for recognizing the expected returns on plan assets from a market-related value method (based on a three-year smoothing of asset returns) to a fair value method. We believe these changes are preferable as they accelerate the recognition of changes in fair value of plan assets and actuarial gains and losses in our income statement, provide greater transparency of our economic obligations in accounting results and better align with the fair value principles by recognizing the effects of economic and interest rate changes on pension and OPEB assets and liabilities in the year in which the gains and losses are incurred. These changes have been applied retrospectively to prior years.

We recognized a benefit of $10 million related to our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans for the three months ended March 31, 2016, as compared to cost of $16 million for the three months ended March 31, 2015. The decrease in expense is due to lower interest cost primarily due to the adoption of a full yield curve approach in the estimation of interest cost (discussed above) and lower service cost primarily due to fewer employees earning benefits under our plans as a result of the U.S. voluntary retirement enhancement program that was implemented in the fourth quarter of 2015. This is partially offset by an increase in expense due to a lower expected return on plan assets as a result of a lower asset base in 2016 compared to 2015 and a decrease in the expected rate of return on plan assets.

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Order Backlog

The dollar amount of backlog believed to be firm was approximately $13.1 billion at March 31, 2016 and $13.0 billion at December 31, 2015. The order backlog as of March 31, 2016 was about the same in total and by segment as compared to December 31, 2015. Compared to the first quarter of 2015, the order backlog declined about $3.5 billion with decreases in all segments. Of the total backlog, approximately $4.1 billion at March 31, 2016 was not expected to be filled in the following twelve months.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

The following definitions are provided for the non-GAAP financial measures used in this report. These non-GAAP financial measures have no standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures for other companies. Management does not intend for these items to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related GAAP measures.

We have incurred restructuring costs during the three month periods ending March 31, 2016 and 2015. We believe it is important to separately quantify the profit-per-share impact of restructuring costs in order for our results to be meaningful to our readers as these costs are incurred in the current year to generate longer term benefits. Reconciliation of profit per share excluding restructuring costs to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, profit per share - diluted are as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31
	2016		2015
Profit per share - diluted	$	0.46	$	2.03
Per share restructuring costs ¹	0.21		0.04
Profit per share excluding restructuring costs	$	0.67	$	2.07
¹ At effective tax rate excluding discrete items.

Supplemental Consolidating Data

We are providing supplemental consolidating data for the purpose of additional analysis. The data has been grouped as follows:

Consolidated – Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Machinery, Energy & Transportation – Caterpillar defines Machinery, Energy & Transportation as it is presented in the supplemental data as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis. Machinery, Energy & Transportation information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products. Financial Products' information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment. The nature of these businesses is different, especially with regard to the financial position and cash flow items. Caterpillar management utilizes this presentation internally to highlight these differences. We also believe this presentation will assist readers in understanding our business.

Financial Products – Our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Cat Financial and Insurance Services.

Consolidating Adjustments – Eliminations of transactions between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

Pages 68 to 73 reconcile Machinery, Energy & Transportation with Financial Products on the equity basis to Caterpillar Inc. consolidated financial information.

Table of Contents

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)



				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation ¹			Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	8,780		$	8,780		$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	681			—			759		(78		)	²
Total sales and revenues	9,461			8,780			759		(78		)

Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	6,822			6,822			—		—
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,088			955			139		(6		)	³
Research and development expenses	508			508			—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	152			—			155		(3		)	⁴
Other operating (income) expenses	397			105			298		(6		)	³
Total operating costs	8,967			8,390			592		(15		)

Operating profit	494			390			167		(63		)

Interest expense excluding Financial Products	129			140			—		(11		)	⁴
Other income (expense)	—			(52		)	—		52			⁵

Consolidated profit before taxes	365			198			167		—

Provision (benefit) for income taxes	92			40			52		—
Profit of consolidated companies	273			158			115		—

Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	(1		)	(1		)	—		—
Equity in profit of Financial Products’ subsidiaries	—			114			—		(114		)	⁶

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	272			271			115		(114		)

Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	1			—			1		—

Profit ⁷	$	271		$	271		$	114	$	(114	)


¹	Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.


²	Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from Machinery, Energy & Transportation.


³	Elimination of net expenses recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation paid to Financial Products.


⁴	Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and Machinery, Energy & Transportation.


⁵	Elimination of discount recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.


⁶	Elimination of Financial Products’ profit due to equity method of accounting.


⁷	Profit attributable to common stockholders.

Table of Contents

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2015

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)



			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation ¹		Financial Products			Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	11,961	$	11,961	$	—		$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	741		—		813			(72		)	²
Total sales and revenues	12,702		11,961		813			(72		)

Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	8,760		8,760		—			—
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,249		1,114		133			2			³
Research and development expenses	524		524		—			—
Interest expense of Financial Products	150		—		151			(1		)	⁴
Other operating (income) expenses	317		24		299			(6		)	³
Total operating costs	11,000		10,422		583			(5		)

Operating profit	1,702		1,539		230			(67		)

Interest expense excluding Financial Products	129		139		—			(10		)	⁴
Other income (expense)	194		138		(1		)	57			⁵

Consolidated profit before taxes	1,767		1,538		229			—

Provision (benefit) for income taxes	521		453		68			—
Profit of consolidated companies	1,246		1,085		161			—

Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	2		2		—			—
Equity in profit of Financial Products’ subsidiaries	—		159		—			(159		)	⁶

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	1,248		1,246		161			(159		)

Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	3		1		2			—

Profit⁷	$	1,245	$	1,245	$	159		$	(159	)


¹	Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.


²	Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from Machinery, Energy & Transportation.


³	Elimination of net expenses recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation paid to Financial Products.


⁴	Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and Machinery, Energy & Transportation.


⁵	Elimination of discount recorded by Machinery, Energy & Transportation on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.


⁶	Elimination of Financial Products’ profit due to equity method of accounting.


⁷	Profit attributable to common stockholders.

Table of Contents

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Financial Position

At March 31, 2016

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)



				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation ¹			Financial Products			Consolidating Adjustments
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$	5,886		$	4,744		$	1,142		$	—
Receivables – trade and other	6,856			4,528			1,328			1,000			^2,3
Receivables – finance	9,310			—			13,435			(4,125		)	³
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,847			954			898			(5		)	⁴
Inventories	9,849			9,849			—			—
Total current assets	33,748			20,075			16,803			(3,130		)

Property, plant and equipment – net	15,935			11,668			4,267			—
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,159			128			207			824			^2,3
Long-term receivables – finance	13,527			—			14,381			(854		)	³
Investments in Financial Products subsidiaries	—			4,194			—			(4,194		)	⁵
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	2,486			3,156			80			(750		)	⁶
Intangible assets	2,741			2,735			6			—
Goodwill	6,710			6,693			17			—
Other assets	2,001			622			1,392			(13		)	⁴
Total assets	$	78,307		$	49,271		$	37,153		$	(8,117	)

Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings	$	7,817		$	13		$	7,804		$	—
Short-term borrowings with consolidated companies	—			1,000			2,028			(3,028		)	⁷
Accounts payable	5,101			5,009			189			(97		)	⁸
Accrued expenses	3,142			2,864			278			—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,158			1,136			22			—
Customer advances	1,328			1,328			—			—
Other current liabilities	1,593			1,236			371			(14		)	^6,9
Long-term debt due within one year	6,076			568			5,508			—
Total current liabilities	26,215			13,154			16,200			(3,139		)

Long-term debt due after one year	24,470			8,944			15,556			(30		)	⁷
Liability for postemployment benefits	8,600			8,600			—			—
Other liabilities	3,269			2,820			1,203			(754		)	^6,9
Total liabilities	62,554			33,518			32,959			(3,923		)
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock	5,247			5,247			918			(918		)	⁵
Treasury stock	(17,595		)	(17,595		)	—			—
Profit employed in the business	29,517			29,517			3,854			(3,854		)	⁵
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,493		)	(1,493		)	(706		)	706			⁵
Noncontrolling interests	77			77			128			(128		)	⁵
Total stockholders’ equity	15,753			15,753			4,194			(4,194		)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	78,307		$	49,271		$	37,153		$	(8,117	)


¹	Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.


²	Elimination of receivables between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.


³	Reclassification of Machinery, Energy & Transportation's trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.


⁴	Elimination of Machinery, Energy & Transportation's insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.


⁵	Elimination of Financial Products’ equity which is accounted for by Machinery, Energy & Transportation on the equity basis.


⁶	Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets / liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.


⁷	Elimination of debt between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.


⁸	Elimination of payables between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.


⁹	Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.

Table of Contents

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Financial Position

At December 31, 2015

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)



				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation ¹			Financial Products			Consolidating Adjustments
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and short-term investments	$	6,460		$	5,340		$	1,120		$	—
Receivables – trade and other	6,695			3,564			345			2,786			^2,3
Receivables – finance	8,991			—			12,891			(3,900		)	³
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,662			817			850			(5		)	⁴
Inventories	9,700			9,700			—			—
Total current assets	33,508			19,421			15,206			(1,119		)

Property, plant and equipment – net	16,090			11,888			4,202			—
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,170			121			215			834			^2,3
Long-term receivables – finance	13,651			—			14,516			(865		)	³
Investments in Financial Products subsidiaries	—			3,888			—			(3,888		)	⁵
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	2,489			3,208			74			(793		)	⁶
Intangible assets	2,821			2,815			6			—
Goodwill	6,615			6,598			17			—
Other assets	1,998			612			1,400			(14		)	⁴
Total assets	$	78,342		$	48,551		$	35,636		$	(5,845	)

Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings	$	6,967		$	9		$	6,958		$	—
Short-term borrowings with consolidated companies	—			—			1,096			(1,096		)	⁷
Accounts payable	5,023			4,848			193			(18		)	⁸
Accrued expenses	3,116			2,841			275			—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	1,994			1,951			43			—
Customer advances	1,146			1,146			—			—
Dividends payable	448			448			—			—
Other current liabilities	1,671			1,315			373			(17		)	^6,9
Long-term debt due within one year	5,877			517			5,360			—
Total current liabilities	26,242			13,075			14,298			(1,131		)

Long-term debt due after one year	25,169			8,991			16,209			(31		)	⁷
Liability for postemployment benefits	8,843			8,843			—			—
Other liabilities	3,203			2,757			1,241			(795		)	^6,9
Total liabilities	63,457			33,666			31,748			(1,957		)
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock	5,238			5,238			911			(911		)	⁵
Treasury stock	(17,640		)	(17,640		)	—			—
Profit employed in the business	29,246			29,246			3,747			(3,747		)	⁵
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,035		)	(2,035		)	(896		)	896			⁵
Noncontrolling interests	76			76			126			(126		)	⁵
Total stockholders’ equity	14,885			14,885			3,888			(3,888		)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	78,342		$	48,551		$	35,636		$	(5,845	)


¹	Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.


²	Elimination of receivables between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.


³	Reclassification of Machinery, Energy & Transportation's trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.


⁴	Elimination of Machinery, Energy & Transportation's insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.


⁵	Elimination of Financial Products’ equity which is accounted for by Machinery, Energy & Transportation on the equity basis.


⁶	Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets / liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.


⁷	Elimination of debt between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.


⁸	Elimination of payables between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.


⁹	Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.

Table of Contents

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Cash Flow

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2016

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)



				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation ¹			Financial Products			Consolidating Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	272		$	271		$	115		$	(114	)	²
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	740			525			215			—
Undistributed profit of Financial Products	—			(107		)	—			107			³
Other	269			204			16			49			⁴
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables - trade and other	14			41			20			(47		)	^{4, 5}
Inventories	(74		)	(74		)	—			—
Accounts payable	211			288			2			(79		)	⁴
Accrued expenses	33			34			(1		)	—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	(852		)	(831		)	(21		)	—
Customer advances	174			174			—			—
Other assets – net	(145		)	(118		)	17			(44		)	⁴
Other liabilities – net	(153		)	(189		)	(8		)	44			⁴
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	489			218			355			(84		)

Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures - excluding equipment leased to others	(357		)	(356		)	(1		)	—
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(383		)	(23		)	(369		)	9			⁴
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	173			21			159			(7		)	⁴
Additions to finance receivables	(2,014		)	—			(2,662		)	648			⁵
Collections of finance receivables	2,047			—			2,849			(802		)	⁵
Net intercompany purchased receivables	—			—			(229		)	229			⁵
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	10			—			10			—
Net intercompany borrowings	—			(927		)	(1,000		)	1,927			⁶
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(12		)	(12		)	—			—
Proceeds from sale of securities	49			4			45			—
Investments in securities	(62		)	(5		)	(57		)	—
Other – net	(23		)	(23		)	(7		)	7			⁸
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(572		)	(1,321		)	(1,262		)	2,011

Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(448		)	(448		)	(7		)	7			⁷
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	(1		)	(1		)	—			—
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	(45		)	(45		)	7			(7		)	⁸
Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation	1			1			—			—
Net intercompany borrowings	—			1,000			927			(1,927		)	⁶
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)	1,211			1			1,210			—
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)	(1,706		)	(3		)	(1,703		)	—
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	486			4			482			—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(502		)	509			916			(1,927		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	11			(2		)	13			—
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments	(574		)	(596		)	22			—
Cash and short-term investments at beginning of period	6,460			5,340			1,120			—
Cash and short-term investments at end of period	$	5,886		$	4,744		$	1,142		$	—


¹	Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.


²	Elimination of Financial Products’ profit after tax due to equity method of accounting.


³	Elimination of non-cash adjustment for the undistributed earnings from Financial Products.


⁴	Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.


⁵	Reclassification of Financial Products' cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.


⁶	Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.


⁷	Elimination of dividend from Financial Products to Machinery, Energy & Transportation.


⁸	Elimination of change in investment and common stock related to Financial Products.

Table of Contents

Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Cash Flow

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2015

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)



				Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated			Machinery, Energy & Transportation ¹			Financial Products			Consolidating Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	1,248		$	1,246		$	161		$	(159	)	²
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	753			530			223			—
Undistributed profit of Financial Products	—			(59		)	—			59			³
Other	(88		)	(55		)	(87		)	54			⁴
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables - trade and other	6			54			(34		)	(14		)	^{4, 5}
Inventories	(89		)	(85		)	—			(4		)	⁴
Accounts payable	228			169			43			16			⁴
Accrued expenses	35			26			9			—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	(1,027		)	(1,009		)	(18		)	—
Customer advances	25			25			—			—
Other assets – net	365			246			36			83			⁴
Other liabilities – net	(186		)	(46		)	(57		)	(83		)	⁴
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	1,270			1,042			276			(48		)

Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures - excluding equipment leased to others	(437		)	(435		)	(2		)	—
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(389		)	(42		)	(355		)	8			⁴
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	167			6			162			(1		)	⁴
Additions to finance receivables	(2,122		)	—			(2,901		)	779			^5,8
Collections of finance receivables	2,241			—			2,954			(713		)	⁵
Net intercompany purchased receivables	—			—			118			(118		)	⁵
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	43			—			43			—
Net intercompany borrowings	—			(8		)	—			8			⁶
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(29		)	(29		)	—			—
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	167			174			—			(7		)	⁸
Proceeds from sale of securities	83			3			80			—
Investments in securities	(70		)	(4		)	(66		)	—
Other – net	(38		)	4			(42		)	—
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(384		)	(331		)	(9		)	(44		)

Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(424		)	(424		)	(100		)	100			⁷
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	(7		)	(7		)	—			—
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	32			32			—			—
Treasury shares purchased	(400		)	(400		)	—			—
Excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation	17			17			—			—
Net intercompany borrowings	—			—			8			(8		)	⁶
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)	1,529			2			1,527			—
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)	(2,319		)	(6		)	(2,313		)	—
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	950			—			950			—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(622		)	(786		)	72			92
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(42		)	(24		)	(18		)	—
Increase (decrease) in cash and short-term investments	222			(99		)	321			—
Cash and short-term investments at beginning of period	7,341			6,317			1,024			—
Cash and short-term investments at end of period	$	7,563		$	6,218		$	1,345		$	—


¹	Represents Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries with Financial Products accounted for on the equity basis.


²	Elimination of Financial Products' profit after tax due to equity method of accounting.


³	Elimination of non-cash adjustment for the undistributed earnings from Financial Products.


⁴	Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.


⁵	Reclassification of Financial Products' cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.


⁶	Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.


⁷	Elimination of dividend from Financial Products to Machinery, Energy & Transportation.


⁸	Elimination of proceeds received from Financial Products related to Machinery, Energy & Transportation's sale of businesses and investments.

Table of Contents

Forward-looking Statements

Certain statements in this Form 10-Q relate to future events and expectations and are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believe,” “estimate,” “will be,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “project,” “intend,” “could,” “should” or other similar words or expressions often identify forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our outlook, projections, forecasts or trend descriptions. These statements do not guarantee future performance, and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.

Caterpillar’s actual results may differ materially from those described or implied in our forward-looking statements based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (i) global and regional economic conditions and economic conditions in the industries we serve; (ii) government monetary or fiscal policies and infrastructure spending; (iii) commodity price changes, component price increases, fluctuations in demand for our products or significant shortages of component products; (iv) disruptions or volatility in global financial markets limiting our sources of liquidity or the liquidity of our customers, dealers and suppliers; (v) political and economic risks, commercial instability and events beyond our control in the countries in which we operate; (vi) failure to maintain our credit ratings and potential resulting increases to our cost of borrowing and adverse effects on our cost of funds, liquidity, competitive position and access to capital markets; (vii) our Financial Products segment’s risks associated with the financial services industry; (viii) changes in interest rates or market liquidity conditions; (ix) an increase in delinquencies, repossessions or net losses of Cat Financial’s customers; (x) new regulations or changes in financial services regulations; (xi) a failure to realize, or a delay in realizing, all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions, joint ventures or divestitures; (xii) international trade policies and their impact on demand for our products and our competitive position; (xiii) our ability to develop, produce and market quality products that meet our customers’ needs; (xiv) the impact of the highly competitive environment in which we operate on our sales and pricing; (xv) failure to realize all of the anticipated benefits from initiatives to increase our productivity, efficiency and cash flow and to reduce costs; (xvi) additional restructuring costs or a failure to realize anticipated savings or benefits from past or future cost reduction actions; (xvii) inventory management decisions and sourcing practices of our dealers and our OEM customers; (xviii) compliance with environmental laws and regulations; (xix) alleged or actual violations of trade or anti-corruption laws and regulations; (xx) additional tax expense or exposure; (xxi) currency fluctuations; (xxii) our or Cat Financial’s compliance with financial covenants; (xxiii) increased pension plan funding obligations; (xxiv) union disputes or other employee relations issues; (xxv) significant legal proceedings, claims, lawsuits or government investigations; (xxvi) changes in accounting standards; (xxvii) failure or breach of IT security; (xxviii) adverse effects of unexpected events including natural disasters; and (xxix) other factors described in more detail under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 16, 2016 for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 4 – “Derivative financial instruments and risk management” included in Part I, Item 1 and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

During the first quarter of 2016, there has been no change in the company's internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Table of Contents

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 13 – "Environmental and legal matters" included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

No shares were repurchased during the first quarter of 2016.

Other Purchases of Equity Securities



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased ¹	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased Under the Program	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that may yet be Purchased under the Program
January 1-31, 2016	16,237	$	65.85	N/A	N/A
February 1-29, 2016	3,028	$	67.32	N/A	N/A
March 1-31, 2016	589,457	$	71.68	N/A	N/A
Total	608,722	$	71.50

¹ Represents shares delivered back to issuer for the payment of taxes resulting from the vesting of restricted stock units for employees and Directors.

Non-U.S. Employee Stock Purchase Plans

As of March 31, 2016, we had 29 employee stock purchase plans (the "EIP Plans") that are administered outside the United States for our non-U.S. employees, which had approximately 14,000 active participants in the aggregate. During the first quarter of 2016, approximately 267,000 shares of Caterpillar common stock were purchased by the EIP Plans pursuant to the terms of such plans.

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Item 6. Exhibits



11		Computations of Earnings per Share (included in Note 11 of this Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended March 31, 2016).

18.1		Letter of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, dated May 2, 2016, relating to change in accounting principles.

31.1		Certification of Douglas R. Oberhelman, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2		Certification of Bradley M. Halverson, Group President and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32		Certification of Douglas R. Oberhelman, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc. and Bradley M. Halverson, Group President and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	CATERPILLAR INC.


May 2, 2016	/s/ Douglas R. Oberhelman	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
	(Douglas R. Oberhelman)


May 2, 2016	/s/ Bradley M. Halverson	Group President and Chief Financial Officer
	(Bradley M. Halverson)


May 2, 2016	/s/ James B. Buda	Executive Vice President, Law and Public Policy
	(James B. Buda)


May 2, 2016	/s/ Jananne A. Copeland	Chief Accounting Officer
	(Jananne A. Copeland)

Table of Contents

EXHIBIT INDEX



Exhibit No.		Description

11		Computations of Earnings per Share (included in Note 11 of this Form 10-Q filed for the quarter ended March 31, 2016).

18.1		Letter of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, dated May 2, 2016, relating to change in accounting principles.

31.1		Certification of Douglas R. Oberhelman, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2		Certification of Bradley M. Halverson, Group President and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32		Certification of Douglas R. Oberhelman, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc. and Bradley M. Halverson, Group President and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document