CATERPILLAR INC - Quarter Report: 2022 September (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 1-768

CATERPILLAR INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

37-0602744

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)

(IRS Employer I.D. No.)

5205 N. O'Connor Boulevard,

Suite 100,

Irving,

Texas

75039

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (972) 891-7700

Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report: N/A

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol (s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($1.00 par value)	CAT	New York Stock Exchange	¹
8% Debentures due February 15, 2023	CAT23	New York Stock Exchange
5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035	CAT35	New York Stock Exchange

¹ In addition to the New York Stock Exchange, Caterpillar common stock is also listed on stock exchanges in France and Switzerland.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

At September 30, 2022, 520,409,355 shares of common stock of the registrant were outstanding.

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Part I. Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	45
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	75
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	75

Part II. Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	76
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	76
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	76
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	*
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	*
Item 5.	Other Information	*
Item 6.	Exhibits	77

* Item omitted because no answer is called for or item is not applicable.

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Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions except per share data)


	Three Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	14,278	$	11,707
Revenues of Financial Products	716		690
Total sales and revenues	14,994		12,397

Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	10,202		8,617
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,401		1,340
Research and development expenses	476		427
Interest expense of Financial Products	151		111
Other operating (income) expenses	339		238
Total operating costs	12,569		10,733

Operating profit	2,425		1,664

Interest expense excluding Financial Products	109		114
Other income (expense)	242		225

Consolidated profit before taxes	2,558		1,775

Provision (benefit) for income taxes	527		368
Profit of consolidated companies	2,031		1,407

Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	9		21

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	2,040		1,428

Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1)		2

Profit 1	$	2,041	$	1,426

Profit per common share	$	3.89	$	2.62

Profit per common share – diluted 2	$	3.87	$	2.60

Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
– Basic	525.0		544.0
– Diluted 2	527.6		547.6

1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.

2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)


	Three Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	2,040	$	1,428
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
Foreign currency translation:	(618)		(242)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:	(1)		(8)
Derivative financial instruments:	(191)		(31)
Available-for-sale securities:	(44)		(5)

Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(854)		(286)
Comprehensive income	1,186		1,142
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	(1)		2
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$	1,187	$	1,140

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions except per share data)


	Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	40,703	$	35,091
Revenues of Financial Products	2,127		2,082
Total sales and revenues	42,830		37,173

Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	29,736		25,510
Selling, general and administrative expenses	4,172		3,943
Research and development expenses	1,413		1,247
Interest expense of Financial Products	377		352
Other operating (income) expenses	908		854
Total operating costs	36,606		31,906

Operating profit	6,224		5,267

Interest expense excluding Financial Products	326		376
Other income (expense)	755		751

Consolidated profit before taxes	6,653		5,642

Provision (benefit) for income taxes	1,423		1,313
Profit of consolidated companies	5,230		4,329

Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	20		44

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	5,250		4,373

Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1)		4

Profit 1	$	5,251	$	4,369

Profit per common share	$	9.91	$	8.00

Profit per common share – diluted 2	$	9.85	$	7.94

Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
– Basic	530.1		545.8
– Diluted 2	533.2		550.2

1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.

2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)


	Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021

Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	5,250	$	4,373
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
Foreign currency translation:	(1,392)		(490)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:	(3)		(23)
Derivative financial instruments:	(254)		(19)
Available-for-sale securities:	(151)		(20)

Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(1,800)		(552)
Comprehensive income	3,450		3,821
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	(1)		4
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders	$	3,451	$	3,817

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)


	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	6,346	$	9,254
Receivables – trade and other	8,158		8,477
Receivables – finance	8,918		8,898

Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,295		2,788
Inventories	16,860		14,038
Total current assets	42,577		43,455

Property, plant and equipment – net	11,643		12,090
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,278		1,204
Long-term receivables – finance	11,859		12,707

Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	2,218		1,840
Intangible assets	806		1,042
Goodwill	6,092		6,324
Other assets	4,434		4,131
Total assets	$	80,907	$	82,793

Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	3	$	9
Financial Products	4,199		5,395
Accounts payable	8,260		8,154
Accrued expenses	4,013		3,757
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	2,204		2,242
Customer advances	1,831		1,087
Dividends payable	—		595
Other current liabilities	2,878		2,256
Long-term debt due within one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	120		45
Financial Products	6,694		6,307
Total current liabilities	30,202		29,847

Long-term debt due after one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	9,479		9,746
Financial Products	16,030		16,287
Liability for postemployment benefits	5,038		5,592
Other liabilities	4,536		4,805
Total liabilities	65,285		66,277
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 11 and 14)

Shareholders’ equity
Common stock of $1.00 par value:
Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000 Issued shares: (9/30/22 and 12/31/21 – 814,894,624) at paid-in amount	6,523		6,398
Treasury stock: (9/30/22 – 294,485,269 shares; 12/31/21 – 279,006,573 shares) at cost	(30,883)		(27,643)
Profit employed in the business	43,304		39,282
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(3,353)		(1,553)
Noncontrolling interests	31		32
Total shareholders’ equity	15,622		16,516
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	80,907	$	82,793

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)


	Common stock		Treasury stock		Profit employed in the business		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Noncontrolling interests		Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Balance at June 30, 2021	$	6,293	$	(25,240)	$	36,934	$	(1,154)	$	47	$	16,880
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—		—		1,426		—		2		1,428
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—		(242)		—		(242)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—		—		—		(8)		—		(8)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—		—		—		(31)		—		(31)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—		—		—		(5)		—		(5)
Change in ownership from noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		(16)		(16)
Dividends declared	—		—		1		—		—		1
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		(2)		(2)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 80,571	(5)		4		—		—		—		(1)
Stock-based compensation expense	58		—		—		—		—		58

Common shares repurchased: 6,610,438 1	—		(1,371)		—		—		—		(1,371)
Other	6		(1)		—		—		(1)		4
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	6,352	$	(26,608)	$	38,361	$	(1,440)	$	30	$	16,695

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	6,464	$	(29,501)	$	41,263	$	(2,499)	$	32	$	15,759
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—		—		2,041		—		(1)		2,040
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—		(618)		—		(618)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—		—		—		(1)		—		(1)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—		—		—		(191)		—		(191)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—		—		—		(44)		—		(44)



Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 75,534	(5)		4		—		—		—		(1)
Stock-based compensation expense	55		—		—		—		—		55
Common shares repurchased: 7,575,322 1	—		(1,385)		—		—		—		(1,385)

Other	9		(1)		—		—		—		8
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	6,523	$	(30,883)	$	43,304	$	(3,353)	$	31	$	15,622

1 See Note 12 for additional information.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)


	Common stock		Treasury stock		Profit employed in the business		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Noncontrolling interests		Total
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	6,230	$	(25,178)	$	35,167	$	(888)	$	47	$	15,378




Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—		—		4,369		—		4		4,373
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—		(490)		—		(490)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—		—		—		(23)		—		(23)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—		—		—		(19)		—		(19)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—		—		—		(20)		—		(20)
Change in ownership from noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		(16)		(16)
Dividends declared 1	—		—		(1,175)		—		—		(1,175)
Distribution to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		(4)		(4)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 3,410,146	(70)		192		—		—		—		122
Stock-based compensation expense	169		—		—		—		—		169

Common shares repurchased: 7,772,393 2	—		(1,622)		—		—		—		(1,622)
Other	23		—		—		—		(1)		22
Balance at September 30, 2021	$	6,352	$	(26,608)	$	38,361	$	(1,440)	$	30	$	16,695

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	6,398	$	(27,643)	$	39,282	$	(1,553)	$	32	$	16,516




Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	—		—		5,251		—		(1)		5,250
Foreign currency translation, net of tax	—		—		—		(1,392)		—		(1,392)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax	—		—		—		(3)		—		(3)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax	—		—		—		(254)		—		(254)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax	—		—		—		(151)		—		(151)

Dividends declared 1	—		—		(1,229)		—		—		(1,229)

Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 1,529,753	(67)		69		—		—		—		2
Stock-based compensation expense	162		—		—		—		—		162

Common shares repurchased: 17,007,819 2	—		(3,309)		—		—		—		(3,309)
Other	30		—		—		—		—		30
Balance at September 30, 2022	$	6,523	$	(30,883)	$	43,304	$	(3,353)	$	31	$	15,622

1 Dividends per share of common stock of $2.31 and $2.14 were declared in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

2 See Note 12 for additional information.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)


	Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	5,250	$	4,373
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,661		1,766

Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes	(349)		(321)
Other	132		102
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other	365		(326)
Inventories	(3,088)		(2,195)
Accounts payable	786		1,232
Accrued expenses	70		46
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	15		934
Customer advances	751		39
Other assets – net	57		138
Other liabilities – net	(623)		(2)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	5,027		5,786

Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others	(868)		(673)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(1,023)		(1,014)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	666		877
Additions to finance receivables	(9,914)		(9,603)
Collections of finance receivables	9,738		9,221
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	50		44
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(44)		(449)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	1		23
Proceeds from sale of securities	2,080		424
Investments in securities	(2,399)		(934)
Other – net	15		(8)
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(1,698)		(2,092)

Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(1,820)		(1,733)
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	2		122
Common shares repurchased	(3,309)		(1,622)

Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	—		494
Financial Products	5,570		6,437
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	(20)		(1,910)
Financial Products	(5,269)		(6,710)
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	(1,311)		1,324
Other – net	(1)		(4)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(6,158)		(3,602)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(79)		(9)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(2,908)		83
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	9,263		9,366
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	6,355	$	9,449

Cash equivalents primarily represent short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of generally three months or less.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. A. Nature of operations

Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories:

Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – We define ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.

Financial Products – We define Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

B. Basis of presentation

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, (c) the consolidated financial position at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, (d) the consolidated changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 and (e) the consolidated cash flow for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (2021 Form 10-K).

The December 31, 2021 financial position data included herein is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2021 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.

Cat Financial has end-user customers and dealers that are variable interest entities (VIEs) of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. Credit risk was evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. See Note 11 for further discussions on a consolidated VIE.

2. New accounting guidance

A. Adoption of new accounting standards

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We adopted the following ASUs effective January 1, 2022, none of which had a material impact on our financial statements:


ASU			Description
2020-06			Debt with conversion and other options and derivatives and hedging
2021-05			Lessor - Variable lease payments
2021-10			Government assistance

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B. Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We assessed the ASUs and determined that they either were not applicable or were not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

3. Sales and revenue contract information

Trade receivables represent amounts due from dealers and end users for the sale of our products, and include amounts due from wholesale inventory financing provided by Cat Financial for a dealer’s purchase of inventory. We recognize trade receivables from dealers (including wholesale inventory financing) and end users in Receivables – trade and other and Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Trade receivables from dealers and end users were $6,736 million, $7,267 million and $6,310 million as of September 30, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $448 million, $624 million and $657 million as of September 30, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

We invoice in advance of recognizing the sale of certain products. We recognize advanced customer payments as a contract liability in Customer advances and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Contract liabilities were $2,290 million, $1,557 million and $1,526 million as of September 30, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. We reduce the contract liability when revenue is recognized. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $124 million and $781 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2022. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $121 million and $795 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2021.

As of September 30, 2022, we have entered into contracts with dealers and end users for which sales have not been recognized as we have not satisfied our performance obligations and transferred control of the products. The dollar amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year is $10.9 billion, with about one-half of the amount expected to be completed and revenue recognized in the twelve months following September 30, 2022. We have elected the practical expedient not to disclose unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration of one year or less. Contracts with an original duration of one year or less are primarily sales to dealers for machinery, engines and replacement parts.

See Note 16 for further disaggregated sales and revenues information.

4. Stock-based compensation

Accounting for stock-based compensation requires that the cost resulting from all stock-based payments be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award. Our stock-based compensation consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs).

We recognized pretax stock-based compensation expense of $55 million and $162 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, and $58 million and $169 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively:



	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022					Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
	Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price		Shares Granted	Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share		Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options	1,029,202	$	51.69	$	196.70	1,084,821	$	56.30	$	219.76
RSUs	484,025	$	196.70	$	196.70	448,311	$	219.76	$	219.76
PRSUs	258,900	$	196.70	$	196.70	266,894	$	219.76	$	219.76

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The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively:



	Grant Year
	2022	2021
Weighted-average dividend yield	2.60%	2.60%
Weighted-average volatility	31.7%	32.9%
Range of volatilities	25.3% - 36.8%	29.2% - 45.8%
Range of risk-free interest rates	1.03% - 2.00%	0.06% - 1.41%
Weighted-average expected lives	8 years	8 years

As of September 30, 2022, the total remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards was $173 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of approximately 1.8 years.

5. Derivative financial instruments and risk management

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices. Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures. Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes. Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts. Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers. We present at least annually to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on our risk management practices, including our use of financial derivative instruments.

We recognize all derivatives at their fair value on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. We record in current earnings changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk. We record in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge, to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until we reclassify them to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. We report changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments in current earnings. We classify cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow. We include cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items. When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.

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Our ME&T operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to approximately five years. As of September 30, 2022, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts at inception was approximately 60 months.

We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any foreign currency forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. We perform designation on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of ME&T foreign currency contracts are undesignated.

In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.

Interest Rate Risk

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

Our ME&T operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding. Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds. Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate and duration) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate. We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.

We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both ME&T and Financial Products. We amortize the gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

Commodity Price Risk

Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw materials. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.

Our ME&T operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers. Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.

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Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were as follows:


(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value
	September 30, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Assets1		Liabilities2		Assets1		Liabilities2
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts	$	692	$	(394)	$	228	$	(64)
Interest rate contracts	94		(302)		38		(15)
Total	$	786	$	(696)	$	266	$	(79)

Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts	$	118	$	(78)	$	46	$	(42)
Commodity contracts	9		(43)		30		(9)
Total	$	127	$	(121)	$	76	$	(51)

1 Assets are classified on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as Receivables - trade and other or Long-term receivables - trade and other.
2 Liabilities are classified on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as Accrued expenses or Other liabilities.

The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were $24.8 billion and $18.9 billion, respectively. The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. We calculate the amounts exchanged by the parties by referencing the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices.

Gains (Losses) on derivative instruments are categorized as follows:


(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended September 30
	Fair Value / Undesignated Hedges				Cash Flow Hedges
	Gains (Losses) Recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations1				Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI				Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI2
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Foreign exchange contracts	$	(2)	$	46	$	18	$	42	$	289	$	90
Interest rate contracts	(5)		5		26		3		7		(5)
Commodity contracts	(42)		(30)		—		—		—		—
Total	$	(49)	$	21	$	44	$	45	$	296	$	85

1 Foreign exchange contract and Commodity contract gains (losses) are included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense of Financial Products.
2 Foreign exchange contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense of Financial Products in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

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(Millions of dollars)	Nine Months Ended September 30
	Fair Value / Undesignated Hedges				Cash Flow Hedges
	Gains (Losses) Recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations1				Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI				Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI2
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Foreign exchange contracts	$	(32)	$	77	$	195	$	130	$	638	$	187
Interest rate contracts	12		18		103		11		(2)		(23)
Commodity contract	3		35		—		—		—		—
Total	$	(17)	$	130	$	298	$	141	$	636	$	164

1 Foreign exchange contract and Commodity contract gains (losses) are included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense excluding Financial Products.
2 Foreign exchange contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense excluding Financial Products.

The following amounts were recorded on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:


(Millions of dollars)	Carrying Value of the Hedged Liabilities				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Value of the Hedged Liabilities
	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021		September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Long-term debt due within one year	$	—	$	755	$	—	$	5
Long-term debt due after one year	3,796		1,304		(227)		(2)
Total	$	3,796	$	2,059	$	(227)	$	3

We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within ME&T and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements may also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is typically not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event was as follows:


(Millions of dollars)	September 30, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Assets		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
Gross Amounts Recognized	$	913	$	(817)	$	342	$	(130)
Financial Instruments Not Offset	(282)		282		(114)		114
Cash Collateral Received	—		—		—		—
Net Amount	$	631	$	(535)	$	228	$	(16)

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6. Inventories

Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) were comprised of the following:



(Millions of dollars)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Raw materials	$	6,335	$	5,528
Work-in-process	1,836		1,318
Finished goods	8,387		6,907
Supplies	302		285
Total inventories	$	16,860	$	14,038

7. Intangible assets and goodwill

A. Intangible assets

Intangible assets were comprised of the following:



		September 30, 2022
(Millions of dollars)	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Customer relationships	16	$	2,183	$	(1,604)	$	579
Intellectual property	12	1,470		(1,287)		183
Other	16	128		(84)		44
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	3,781	$	(2,975)	$	806


		December 31, 2021
	Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Customer relationships	15	$	2,421	$	(1,709)	$	712
Intellectual property	12	1,472		(1,192)		280
Other	14	156		(106)		50
Total finite-lived intangible assets	14	$	4,049	$	(3,007)	$	1,042

Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $70 million and $213 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $75 million and $228 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:


(Millions of dollars)

Remaining Three Months of 2022	2023	2024	2025	2026	Thereafter
$70	$222	$163	$153	$85	$113

B. Goodwill

No goodwill was impaired during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 or 2021.

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The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were as follows:



(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2021		Acquisitions		Other Adjustments 1		September 30, 2022
Construction Industries
Goodwill	$	302	$	—	$	(39)	$	263
Impairments	(22)		—		—		(22)
Net goodwill	280		—		(39)		241
Resource Industries
Goodwill	4,182		—		(127)		4,055
Impairments	(1,175)		—		—		(1,175)
Net goodwill	3,007		—		(127)		2,880
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill	2,985		25		(81)		2,929
All Other 2
Goodwill	52		—		(10)		42
Consolidated total
Goodwill	7,521		25		(257)		7,289
Impairments	(1,197)		—		—		(1,197)
Net goodwill	$	6,324	$	25	$	(257)	$	6,092

1 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.

2 Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).

8. Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, which we record at fair value and primarily include in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We classify debt securities primarily as available-for-sale. We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of available-for-sale debt securities, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position). We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of the equity securities in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. We generally determine realized gains and losses on sales of investments using the specific identification method for available-for-sale debt and equity securities and include them in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

The cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:

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Available-for-sale debt securities	September 30, 2022						December 31, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		Cost Basis		Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)		Fair Value
Government debt securities
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	10	$	10	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	51		(2)		49		61		—		61

Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds and other debt securities	2,156		(108)		2,048		1,027		19		1,046
Asset-backed securities	185		(5)		180		175		1		176

Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	384		(36)		348		319		6		325
Residential	3		—		3		4		—		4
Commercial	139		(10)		129		98		1		99
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	2,928	$	(161)	$	2,767	$	1,694	$	27	$	1,721


Available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position:

	September 30, 2022
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Government debt securities
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	$	31	$	1	$	15	$	1	$	46	$	2


Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds	1,774		75		218		33		1,992		108
Asset-backed securities	102		4		35		1		137		5

Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	293		27		51		9		344		36

Commercial	88		7		41		3		129		10
	$	2,288	$	114	$	360	$	47	$	2,648	$	161


	December 31, 2021
	Less than 12 months 1				12 months or more 1				Total
(Millions of dollars)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds	$	270	$	4	$	33	$	1	$	303	$	5


Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	89		1		22		—		111		1


Total	$	359	$	5	$	55	$	1	$	414	$	6

1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

The unrealized losses on our investments in government debt securities, corporate debt securities, and mortgage-backed debt securities relate to changes in interest rates and credit-related yield spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their respective amortized cost basis. In addition, we did not expect credit-related losses on these investments as of September 30, 2022.

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The cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities at September 30, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.


	September 30, 2022
(Millions of dollars)	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	696	$	687
Due after one year through five years	1,354		1,277
Due after five years through ten years	282		256
Due after ten years	70		67
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities	384		348
Residential mortgage-backed securities	3		3
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	139		129
Total debt securities – available-for-sale	$	2,928	$	2,767


Sales of available-for-sale debt securities:
	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities	$	204	$	97	$	474	$	322
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities	—		1		1		3
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities	—		—		1		—

We did not have any investments classified as held-to-maturity debt securities as of September 30, 2022. We had $964 million of investments in time deposits classified as held-to-maturity debt securities as of December 31, 2021. All these investments mature within one year and we include them in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We record held-to-maturity debt securities at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.

For the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at September 30, 2022 and 2021 were $(12) million and $46 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at September 30, 2022 and 2021 were $(97) million and $65 million, respectively.

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9. Postretirement benefits

A. Pension and postretirement benefit costs


	U.S. Pension Benefits				Non-U.S. Pension Benefits				Other Postretirement Benefits
	September 30				September 30				September 30
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
For the three months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	15	$	15	$	24	$	25
Interest cost	100		82		17		16		20		16
Expected return on plan assets	(167)		(180)		(33)		(33)		(3)		(1)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—		(1)		(11)


Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1	$	(67)	$	(98)	$	(1)	$	(2)	$	40	$	29

For the nine months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost	$	—	$	—	$	40	$	44	$	74	$	75
Interest cost	301		247		53		43		60		48
Expected return on plan assets	(502)		(538)		(100)		(98)		(9)		(4)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—		(4)		(31)


Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1	$	(201)	$	(291)	$	(7)	$	(11)	$	121	$	88

1 The service cost component is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

We made $44 million and $299 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement plans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. We currently anticipate full-year 2022 contributions of approximately $357 million.

B. Defined contribution benefit costs

Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans, which are included in Operating Costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021		2022		2021
U.S. Plans	$	87	$	81	$	236	$	321
Non-U.S. Plans	29		29		85		83
	$	116	$	110	$	321	$	404

The decrease in the U.S. defined contribution benefit costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to the fair value adjustments related to our non-qualified deferred compensation plans.

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10. Leases

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Finance lease revenue	$	105	$	120	$	326	$	369
Operating lease revenue	270		275		819		850
Total	$	375	$	395	$	1,145	$	1,219

We present revenues net of sales and other related taxes.

11. Guarantees and product warranty

Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees

We have provided an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers. The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers. We also provided guarantees to third-parties related to the performance of contractual obligations by certain Caterpillar dealers. These guarantees have varying terms and cover potential financial losses incurred by the third parties resulting from the dealers’ nonperformance.

In 2016, we provided a guarantee to an end user related to the performance of contractual obligations by a Caterpillar dealer. Under the guarantee, which was set to expire in 2025, non-performance by the Caterpillar dealer could require Caterpillar to satisfy the contractual obligations by providing goods, services or financial compensation to the end user up to an annual designated cap. This guarantee was terminated during the first quarter of 2022. No payments were made under the guarantee.

Supplier consortium performance guarantee

We provided a guarantee to a customer in Europe related to the performance of contractual obligations by a supplier consortium to which one of our Caterpillar subsidiaries was a member. The guarantee covered potential damages incurred by the customer resulting from the supplier consortium's non-performance. The damages were capped except for failure of the consortium to meet certain obligations outlined in the contract in the normal course of business. The guarantee expired during the second quarter of 2022.

We have dealer performance guarantees and third-party performance guarantees that do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. In addition, we have entered into contracts involving industry standard indemnifications that do not limit potential payment. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees. At September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the related recorded liability was $3 million and $5 million, respectively. The maximum potential amount of future payments that we can estimate (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) and we could be required to make under the guarantees was as follows:


(Millions of dollars)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees	$	137	$	747

Supplier consortium performance guarantee	17		242

Other guarantees	284		232
Total guarantees	$	438	$	1,221

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Cat Financial provides guarantees to purchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity. The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers. This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program. Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee. Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the SPC’s assets of $1.09 billion and $888 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $1.09 billion and $888 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper. The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial’s creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

We determine our product warranty liability by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory. Generally, we base historical claim rates on actual warranty experience for each product by machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America). We develop specific rates for each product shipment month and update them monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.

The reconciliation of the change in our product warranty liability balances for the nine months ended September 30 was as follows:


	First Nine Months
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021
Warranty liability, beginning of period	$	1,689	$	1,612
Reduction in liability (payments)	(589)		(638)
Increase in liability (new warranties)	562		716
Warranty liability, end of period	$	1,662	$	1,690

12. Profit per share



Computations of profit per share:	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Dollars in millions except per share data)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Profit for the period (A) 1	$	2,041	$	1,426	$	5,251	$	4,369
Determination of shares (in millions):
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)	525.0		544.0		530.1		545.8
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price	2.6		3.6		3.1		4.4
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2	527.6		547.6		533.2		550.2
Profit per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B)	$	3.89	$	2.62	$	9.91	$	8.00
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2	$	3.87	$	2.60	$	9.85	$	7.94
Shares outstanding as of September 30 (in millions)					520.4		540.9

1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we excluded 2.1 million and 1.1 million of outstanding stock options, respectively, from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been antidilutive.

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For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we repurchased 7.6 million and 17.0 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $1.4 billion and $3.3 billion, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we repurchased 6.6 million and 7.8 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $1.4 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively. We made these purchases through a combination of accelerated stock repurchase agreements with third-party financial institutions and open market transactions.

In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2018 Authorization) of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. In May 2022, the Board approved a new share repurchase authorization (the 2022 Authorization) of up to $15.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective August 1, 2022, with no expiration. Utilization of the 2022 Authorization for all share repurchases commenced on August 1, 2022, leaving approximately $70 million unutilized under the 2018 Authorization as of September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2022, $13.7 billion remained available under the 2022 Authorization.

13. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

We present comprehensive income and its components in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in the balances for each component of AOCI were as follows:

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	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Foreign currency translation:
Beginning balance	$	(2,282)	$	(1,158)	$	(1,508)	$	(910)


Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	(592)		(230)		(1,328)		(461)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	26		12		64		29
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation	(618)		(242)		(1,392)		(490)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	—		—		—		—
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	—		—		—		—
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	—		—		—		—
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(618)		(242)		(1,392)		(490)
Ending balance	$	(2,900)	$	(1,400)	$	(2,900)	$	(1,400)



Pension and other postretirement benefits
Beginning balance	$	(64)	$	(47)	$	(62)	$	(32)


Current year prior service credit (cost)	—		—		—		—
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	—		—		—		—
Net current year prior service credit (cost)	—		—		—		—
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost	(1)		(11)		(4)		(31)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	—		(3)		(1)		(8)
Net amortization of prior service (credit) cost	(1)		(8)		(3)		(23)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(1)		(8)		(3)		(23)
Ending balance	$	(65)	$	(55)	$	(65)	$	(55)
Derivative financial instruments
Beginning balance	$	(66)	$	12	$	(3)	$	—


Gains (losses) deferred	44		45		298		141
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	35		3		71		22
Net gains (losses) deferred	9		42		227		119
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	(296)		(85)		(636)		(164)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(96)		(12)		(155)		(26)
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	(200)		(73)		(481)		(138)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(191)		(31)		(254)		(19)
Ending balance	$	(257)	$	(19)	$	(257)	$	(19)




Available-for-sale securities
Beginning balance	$	(87)	$	39	$	20	$	54


Gains (losses) deferred	(55)		(4)		(188)		(22)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	(11)		—		(37)		(4)
Net gains (losses) deferred	(44)		(4)		(151)		(18)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings	—		(1)		—		(3)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)	—		—		—		(1)
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings	—		(1)		—		(2)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(44)		(5)		(151)		(20)
Ending balance	$	(131)	$	34	$	(131)	$	34

Total AOCI Ending Balance at September 30	$	(3,353)	$	(1,440)	$	(3,353)	$	(1,440)

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14. Environmental and legal matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing its use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, we accrue the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs against our earnings. We accrue costs based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

On January 7, 2015, the Company received a grand jury subpoena from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of Illinois. The subpoena requested documents and information from the Company relating to, among other things, financial information concerning U.S. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries (including undistributed profits of non-U.S. subsidiaries and the movement of cash among U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries). The Company has received additional subpoenas relating to this investigation requesting additional documents and information relating to, among other things, the purchase and resale of replacement parts by Caterpillar Inc. and non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, dividend distributions of certain non-U.S. Caterpillar subsidiaries, and Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) and related structures. On March 2-3, 2017, agents with the Department of Commerce, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Internal Revenue Service executed search and seizure warrants at three facilities of the Company in the Peoria, Illinois area, including its former corporate headquarters. The warrants identify, and agents seized, documents and information related to, among other things, the export of products from the United States, the movement of products between the United States and Switzerland, the relationship between Caterpillar Inc. and CSARL, and sales outside the United States. It is the Company’s understanding that the warrants, which concern both tax and export activities, are related to the ongoing grand jury investigation. The Company is continuing to cooperate with this investigation. The Company is unable to predict the outcome or reasonably estimate any potential loss; however, we currently believe that this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, taxes (other than income taxes) and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

15. Income taxes

The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 23 percent, compared with 25 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2021 was approximately 23 percent.

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On September 8, 2022, the company reached a settlement with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that resolves all issues for tax years 2007 through 2016, without any penalties. The company's settlement includes, among other issues, the resolution of disputed tax treatment of profits earned by Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) from certain parts transactions. We vigorously contested the IRS's application of the "substance-over-form" or "assignment-of-income" judicial doctrines and its proposed increases to tax and imposition of accuracy related penalties. The settlement does not include any increases to tax in the United States based on those judicial doctrines and does not include any penalties. The final tax assessed by the IRS for all issues under the settlement was $490 million for the ten-year period. This amount was primarily paid in the nine months ending September 30, 2022, and the associated estimated interest of $250 million is expected to be paid by the end of 2022. The settlement was within the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and enables us to avoid the costs and burdens of further disputes with the IRS. As a result of the settlement, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $41 million to reflect changes in estimates of prior years' taxes and related interest, net of tax. We are subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the IRS, and tax years subsequent to 2016 are not yet under examination.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the company also recorded discrete tax benefits of $49 million to reflect other changes in estimates related to prior years' U.S. taxes, compared to $36 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. In addition, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $18 million for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense, compared with a $61 million benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

16. Segment information

A. Basis for segment information

Our Executive Office is comprised of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), four Group Presidents, a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), a Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel and a Chief Human Resources Officer. The Group Presidents and CFO are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage. The Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel leads the Law, Security and Public Policy Division. The Chief Human Resources Officer leads the Human Resources Organization. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President/CFO level. As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker, and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President/CFO reporting structure.

Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation are led by Group Presidents. One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by the CFO who also has responsibility for Corporate Services. Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads one smaller operating segment that is included in the All Other operating segment. The Law, Security and Public Policy Division and the Human Resources Organization are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment.

Segment information for 2021 has been recast due to a methodology change related to how we assign intersegment sales and segment profit from our technology products and services to Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation. This methodology change did not have a material impact on our segment results.

B. Description of segments

We have five operating segments, of which four are reportable segments. Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segment:

Construction Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; forestry machines; material handlers; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

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Resource Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; longwall miners; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including strategic procurement, lean center of excellence, integrated manufacturing, research and development for hydraulic systems, automation, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Energy & Transportation: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management, development and testing manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems and solutions used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; electrified powertrain and zero-emission power sources and service solutions development; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Financial Products Segment: Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from ME&T, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

All Other operating segment: Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segment are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting.

C. Segment measurement and reconciliations

There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting. The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences:

•ME&T segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable and customer advances. We generally manage at the corporate level liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances, and we do not include these in segment operations. Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets.

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•We value segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology.

•We amortize goodwill allocated to segments using a fixed amount based on a 20-year useful life. This methodology difference only impacts segment assets. We do not include goodwill amortization expense in segment profit. In addition, we have allocated to segments only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later.

•We generally manage currency exposures for ME&T at the corporate level and do not include in segment profit the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year. We report the net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting as a methodology difference.

•We do not include stock-based compensation expense in segment profit.

•Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference.

•We determine ME&T segment profit on a pretax basis and exclude interest expense and most other income/expense items. We determine Financial Products Segment profit on a pretax basis and include other income/expense items.

Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 30 to 33 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items. Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations. For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:

•Corporate costs: These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization.

•Restructuring costs: May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold. See Note 20 for more information.

•Methodology differences: See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.

•Timing: Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, we report certain costs on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:

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Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North America		Latin America		EAME		Asia/ Pacific		External Sales and Revenues			Intersegment Sales and Revenues		Total Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Construction Industries	$	3,106	$	799	$	1,247	$	1,084	$	6,236		$	40	$	6,276
Resource Industries	1,122		472		526		893		3,013			74		3,087
Energy & Transportation	2,422		468		1,280		827		4,997			1,189		6,186
Financial Products Segment	522		90		100		107		819		1	—		819
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	7,172		1,829		3,153		2,911		15,065			1,303		16,368
All Other operating segment	16		—		4		15		35			68		103
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(53)		(20)		(12)		(21)		(106)			(1,371)		(1,477)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	7,135	$	1,809	$	3,145	$	2,905	$	14,994		$	—	$	14,994

Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Construction Industries	$	2,417	$	528	$	1,240	$	1,076	$	5,261		$	(6)	$	5,255
Resource Industries	674		417		456		744		2,291			75		2,366
Energy & Transportation	1,924		329		1,144		744		4,141			936		5,077
Financial Products Segment	478		68		105		111		762		1	—		762
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	5,493		1,342		2,945		2,675		12,455			1,005		13,460
All Other operating segment	18		—		3		14		35			84		119
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(56)		(13)		(9)		(15)		(93)			(1,089)		(1,182)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	5,455	$	1,329	$	2,939	$	2,674	$	12,397		$	—	$	12,397

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $124 million and $87 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.


Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)	North America		Latin America		EAME		Asia/ Pacific		External Sales and Revenues			Intersegment Sales and Revenues		Total Sales and Revenues
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Construction Industries	$	8,832	$	2,061	$	3,726	$	3,694	$	18,313		$	111	$	18,424
Resource Industries	3,167		1,337		1,609		2,554		8,667			211		8,878
Energy & Transportation	6,637		1,160		3,679		2,193		13,669			3,260		16,929
Financial Products Segment	1,530		250		293		327		2,400		1	—		2,400
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	20,166		4,808		9,307		8,768		43,049			3,582		46,631
All Other operating segment	52		—		14		46		112			227		339
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(175)		(59)		(33)		(64)		(331)			(3,809)		(4,140)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	20,043	$	4,749	$	9,288	$	8,750	$	42,830		$	—	$	42,830

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Construction Industries	$	7,041	$	1,350	$	3,612	$	4,302	$	16,305		$	65	$	16,370
Resource Industries	2,130		1,309		1,455		1,965		6,859			232		7,091
Energy & Transportation	5,698		835		3,433		1,953		11,919			2,640		14,559
Financial Products Segment	1,442		195		301		359		2,297		1	—		2,297
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments	16,311		3,689		8,801		8,579		37,380			2,937		40,317
All Other operating segment	42		1		10		54		107			270		377
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(188)		(36)		(27)		(63)		(314)			(3,207)		(3,521)
Total Sales and Revenues	$	16,165	$	3,654	$	8,784	$	8,570	$	37,173		$	—	$	37,173

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $332 million and $263 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:


Energy & Transportation External Sales
	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Oil and gas	$	1,323	$	1,088	$	3,503	$	3,140
Power generation	1,320		1,010		3,518		3,025
Industrial	1,158		948		3,295		2,660
Transportation	1,196		1,095		3,353		3,094
Energy & Transportation External Sales	$	4,997	$	4,141	$	13,669	$	11,919


Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:

(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Profit from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	1,209	$	866	$	3,255	$	2,937
Resource Industries	506		280		1,222		941
Energy & Transportation	935		706		2,132		2,119
Financial Products Segment	220		173		675		660
Total profit from reportable segments	2,870		2,025		7,284		6,657
Profit from All Other operating segment	8		5		42		(2)
Cost centers	(37)		19		1		51
Corporate costs	(168)		(189)		(670)		(576)
Timing	(84)		(40)		(129)		(230)
Restructuring costs	(49)		(35)		(90)		(124)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales	138		73		407		80
Postretirement benefit expense	82		116		293		270
Stock-based compensation expense	(55)		(58)		(162)		(169)
Financing costs	(75)		(103)		(269)		(342)
Currency	53		19		315		255
Other income/expense methodology differences	(109)		(80)		(287)		(201)
Other methodology differences	(16)		23		(82)		(27)
Total consolidated profit before taxes	$	2,558	$	1,775	$	6,653	$	5,642

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Reconciliation of Assets:

(Millions of dollars)	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	5,439	$	4,547
Resource Industries	5,841		5,962
Energy & Transportation	9,394		9,253
Financial Products Segment	33,982		34,860
Total assets from reportable segments	54,656		54,622
Assets from All Other operating segment	1,729		1,678
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	5,403		8,428
Deferred income taxes	2,112		1,735
Goodwill and intangible assets	4,681		4,859
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets	3,714		4,056
Inventory methodology differences	(2,833)		(2,656)
Liabilities included in segment assets	11,973		10,777
Other	(528)		(706)
Total assets	$	80,907	$	82,793


Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Depreciation and amortization from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	57	$	60	$	172	$	178
Resource Industries	92		101		275		301
Energy & Transportation	136		144		405		428
Financial Products Segment	183		195		556		582
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments	468		500		1,408		1,489
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment	56		59		172		181
Cost centers	20		24		63		74
Other	7		10		18		22
Total depreciation and amortization	$	551	$	593	$	1,661	$	1,766

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Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)
	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Capital expenditures from reportable segments:
Construction Industries	$	74	$	56	$	149	$	120
Resource Industries	65		44		129		101
Energy & Transportation	167		115		444		339
Financial Products Segment	295		311		870		900
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments	601		526		1,592		1,460
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment	54		59		116		106
Cost centers	16		15		41		34
Timing	(35)		(13)		173		96
Other	(19)		—		(31)		(9)
Total capital expenditures	$	617	$	587	$	1,891	$	1,687

17. Cat Financial financing activities

Allowance for credit losses

Portfolio segments

A portfolio segment is the level at which Cat Financial develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Cat Financial's portfolio segments and related methods for estimating expected credit losses are as follows:

Customer

Cat Financial provides loans and finance leases to end-user customers primarily for the purpose of financing new and used Caterpillar machinery, engines and equipment for commercial use, the majority of which operate in construction-related industries. Cat Financial also provides financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. The average original term of Cat Financial's customer finance receivable portfolio was approximately 50 months with an average remaining term of approximately 26 months as of September 30, 2022.

Cat Financial typically maintains a security interest in financed equipment and requires physical damage insurance coverage on the financed equipment, both of which provide Cat Financial with certain rights and protections. If Cat Financial's collection efforts fail to bring a defaulted account current, Cat Financial generally can repossess the financed equipment, after satisfying local legal requirements, and sell it within the Caterpillar dealer network or through third-party auctions.

Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses related to its customer finance receivables based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default and the estimated loss given default based on past loss experience adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts capturing country and industry-specific economic factors.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, Cat Financial's forecasts for the markets in which it operates reflected a continuation of the trend of relatively low unemployment rates and delinquencies. However, high inflation rates and consequent central bank actions are weakening global economic growth. The company believes the economic forecasts employed represent reasonable and supportable forecasts, followed by a reversion to long-term trends.

Dealer

Cat Financial provides financing to Caterpillar dealers in the form of wholesale financing plans. Cat Financial's wholesale financing plans provide assistance to dealers by financing their mostly new Caterpillar equipment inventory and rental fleets on a secured and unsecured basis. In addition, Cat Financial provides a variety of secured and unsecured loans to Caterpillar dealers.

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Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses for dealer finance receivables based on historical loss rates with consideration of current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

In general, Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment has not historically experienced large increases or decreases in credit losses based on changes in economic conditions due to its close working relationships with the dealers and their financial strength. Therefore, Cat Financial made no adjustments to historical loss rates during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Classes of finance receivables

Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial's classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:

•North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States and Canada.

•EAME - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

•Asia/Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.

•Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide.

•Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico and Central and South American countries.

•Caterpillar Power Finance - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to marine vessels with Caterpillar engines and Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

Receivable balances, including accrued interest, are written off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible (generally upon repossession of the collateral). The amount of the write-off is determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, to the amortized cost. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.

An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:



(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022						Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
	Customer		Dealer		Total		Customer		Dealer		Total
Beginning balance	$	290	$	82	$	372	$	354	$	44	$	398
Write-offs	(30)		—		(30)		(91)		—		(91)
Recoveries	17		—		17		15		—		15
Provision for credit losses 1	(2)		(17)		(19)		17		38		55
Other	(5)		—		(5)		(3)		—		(3)
Ending balance	$	270	$	65	$	335	$	292	$	82	$	374

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Allowance for Credit Losses:	Customer		Dealer		Total		Customer		Dealer		Total
Beginning balance	$	251	$	82	$	333	$	431	$	44	$	475

Write-offs	(68)		—		(68)		(193)		—		(193)
Recoveries	47		—		47		39		—		39
Provision for credit losses 1	46		(17)		29		20		38		58
Other	(6)		—		(6)		(5)		—		(5)
Ending balance	$	270	$	65	$	335	$	292	$	82	$	374

Finance Receivables	$	19,363	$	1,737	$	21,100	$	19,967	$	1,931	$	21,898


1 Excludes provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments and other miscellaneous receivables.

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Credit quality of finance receivables

At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit ratings, loan-to-value ratios, probabilities of default, industry trends, macroeconomic factors and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss. In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire finance receivable past due when any installment is over 30 days past due.

Customer

The tables below summarize the aging category of Cat Financial's amortized cost of finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment by origination year:

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(Millions of dollars)	September 30, 2022
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current	$	3,151	$	3,632	$	1,765	$	811	$	289	$	64	$	233	$	9,945
31-60 days past due	18		25		19		13		6		2		4		87
61-90 days past due	5		9		4		2		1		1		2		24
91+ days past due	5		16		13		8		5		5		5		57

EAME
Current	873		1,014		511		309		179		81		—		2,967
31-60 days past due	6		12		5		4		—		—		—		27
61-90 days past due	2		4		5		1		1		—		—		13
91+ days past due	3		21		11		5		2		1		—		43

Asia/Pacific
Current	805		765		385		95		23		4		—		2,077
31-60 days past due	5		13		11		2		1		—		—		32
61-90 days past due	1		6		6		2		—		—		—		15
91+ days past due	1		8		6		6		1		—		—		22

Mining
Current	568		625		240		203		117		112		79		1,944
31-60 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		3		—		3
91+ days past due	—		—		1		—		3		1		—		5

Latin America
Current	584		443		176		86		24		14		—		1,327
31-60 days past due	5		9		5		2		12		—		—		33
61-90 days past due	4		4		2		1		—		—		—		11
91+ days past due	—		14		14		5		4		17		—		54

Caterpillar Power Finance
Current	40		91		145		75		30		170		118		669
31-60 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		—		—		—		—		8		—		8


Totals by Aging Category
Current	$	6,021	$	6,570	$	3,222	$	1,579	$	662	$	445	$	430	$	18,929
31-60 days past due	34		59		40		21		19		2		4		179
61-90 days past due	12		23		17		6		2		4		2		66
91+ days past due	9		59		45		24		15		32		5		189
Total Customer	$	6,076	$	6,711	$	3,324	$	1,630	$	698	$	483	$	441	$	19,363

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(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2021
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Finance Receivables		Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current	$	4,792	$	2,596	$	1,426	$	630	$	182	$	32	$	182	$	9,840
31-60 days past due	27		32		20		12		4		1		5		101
61-90 days past due	7		8		5		3		1		1		5		30
91+ days past due	9		17		12		13		5		4		5		65

EAME
Current	1,499		836		577		352		140		26		—		3,430
31-60 days past due	5		4		3		1		1		—		—		14
61-90 days past due	3		3		3		1		—		—		—		10
91+ days past due	3		11		2		2		—		2		—		20

Asia/Pacific
Current	1,271		803		307		71		16		2		—		2,470
31-60 days past due	10		14		10		2		—		—		—		36
61-90 days past due	3		7		4		1		—		—		—		15
91+ days past due	2		10		10		3		—		—		—		25

Mining
Current	851		347		307		193		36		161		36		1,931
31-60 days past due	6		—		—		—		—		—		—		6
61-90 days past due	1		—		—		—		4		—		—		5
91+ days past due	—		1		8		9		3		1		—		22

Latin America
Current	617		299		160		70		17		18		—		1,181
31-60 days past due	4		7		3		3		1		—		—		18
61-90 days past due	3		3		1		1		—		—		—		8
91+ days past due	4		9		9		7		7		14		—		50

Caterpillar Power Finance
Current	117		145		97		70		180		104		101		814
31-60 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
61-90 days past due	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
91+ days past due	—		—		—		—		—		44		—		44


Totals by Aging Category
Current	$	9,147	$	5,026	$	2,874	$	1,386	$	571	$	343	$	319	$	19,666
31-60 days past due	52		57		36		18		6		1		5		175
61-90 days past due	17		21		13		6		5		1		5		68
91+ days past due	18		48		41		34		15		65		5		226
Total Customer	$	9,234	$	5,152	$	2,964	$	1,444	$	597	$	410	$	334	$	20,135

Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment are substantially secured by collateral, primarily in the form of Caterpillar and other machinery. For those contracts where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, repayment of the outstanding amounts is generally expected to be provided through the operation or repossession and sale of the machinery.

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Dealer

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Cat Financial's total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $58 million and $78 million, respectively, that were 91+ days past due in Latin America, all of which were originated in 2017.

Non-accrual finance receivables

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable. Contracts on non-accrual status are generally more than 120 days past due or have been restructured in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR). Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when collection is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. Interest earned but uncollected prior to the receivable being placed on non-accrual status is written off through Provision for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, it is considered uncollectible.

In Cat Financial's Customer portfolio segment, finance receivables which were on non-accrual status and finance receivables over 90 days past due and still accruing income were as follows:



	September 30, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Amortized Cost						Amortized Cost
(Millions of dollars)	Non-accrual With an Allowance		Non-accrual Without an Allowance		91+ Still Accruing		Non-accrual With an Allowance		Non-accrual Without an Allowance		91+ Still Accruing

North America	$	54	$	5	$	10	$	47	$	9	$	12
EAME	42		—		4		18		1		2
Asia/Pacific	15		—		7		19		—		7
Mining	6		1		—		8		1		14
Latin America	57		—		—		52		4		1
Caterpillar Power Finance	9		11		—		40		11		—
Total	$	183	$	17	$	21	$	184	$	26	$	36

There was $2 million and $1 million of interest income recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status. There was $11 million and $9 million of interest income recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, for customer finance receivables on non-accrual status.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment on non-accrual status were $58 million and $78 million, respectively, all of which was in Latin America. There were no finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment more than 90 days past due and still accruing income as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and no interest income was recognized on dealer finance receivables on non-accrual status during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Troubled debt restructurings

A restructuring of a finance receivable constitutes a TDR when the lender grants a concession it would not otherwise consider to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties. Concessions granted may include extended contract maturities, inclusion of interest only periods, below market interest rates, payment deferrals and reduction of principal and/or accrued interest. Cat Financial individually evaluates TDR contracts and establishes an allowance based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivable's effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables or the observable market price of the receivable.

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There were no finance receivables modified as TDRs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 for the Dealer portfolio segment. Cat Financial’s finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment modified as TDRs were as follows:



(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022				Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
	Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost		Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost
Customer
North America	$	3	$	3	$	1	$	1
EAME	—		—		1		1
Asia/Pacific	—		—		4		4
Mining	15		15		—		—
Latin America	—		—		4		4
Caterpillar Power Finance	11		11		7		3
Total	$	29	$	29	$	17	$	13

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
	Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost		Pre-TDR Amortized Cost		Post-TDR Amortized Cost
North America	$	4	$	4	$	5	$	5
EAME	1		1		1		1
Asia/Pacific	—		—		4		4
Mining	15		15		11		5
Latin America	—		—		10		10
Caterpillar Power Finance	20		19		23		19
Total	$	40	$	39	$	54	$	44

The Post-TDR amortized costs in the Customer portfolio segment with a payment default (defined as 91+ days past due) which had been modified within twelve months prior to the default date, were as follows:



(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
Customer	2022		2021		2022		2021
North America	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1

Asia/Pacific	—		—		—		6
Mining	—		—		5		—
Latin America	—		—		—		15
Caterpillar Power Finance	—		—		—		5
Total	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	27

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18. Fair value disclosures

A. Fair value measurements

The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

•Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

•Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1. In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates. These measurements are classified within Level 3.

We classify fair value measurements according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation. We may therefore classify a measurement within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk. Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled. For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price. For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.

Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities that are recorded at fair value. Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets. Fair values for other government debt securities, corporate debt securities and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds.

We also have investments in time deposits classified as held-to-maturity debt securities. The fair value of these investments is based upon valuations observed in less active markets than Level 1. These investments have a maturity of less than one year and are recorded at amortized costs, which approximate fair value.

In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment and is not classified within the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 8 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities.

Derivative financial instruments

The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on a standard industry accepted valuation model that utilizes the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows. The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on standard industry accepted valuation models that discount cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

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See Note 5 for additional information.

Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:


	September 30, 2022
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt securities
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		49		—		—		49
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds and other debt securities	—		1,998		50		—		2,048
Asset-backed securities	—		180		—		—		180
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		348		—		—		348
Residential	—		3		—		—		3
Commercial	—		129		—		—		129
Total debt securities	10		2,707		50		—		2,767
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	183		—		—		—		183
Smaller company growth	40		—		—		—		40
REIT	—		—		—		208		208
Total equity securities	223		—		—		208		431
Derivative financial instruments - assets
Foreign currency contracts - net	—		338		—		—		338


Total assets	$	233	$	3,045	$	50	$	208	$	3,536
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments - liabilities

Interest rate contracts - net	$	—	$	208	$	—	$	—	$	208
Commodity contracts - net	—		34		—		—		34
Total liabilities	$	—	$	242	$	—	$	—	$	242

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	December 31, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Measured at NAV		Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt securities
U.S. treasury bonds	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds	—		61		—		—		61
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds and other debt securities	—		1,046		—		—		1,046
Asset-backed securities	—		176		—		—		176
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency	—		325		—		—		325
Residential	—		4		—		—		4
Commercial	—		99		—		—		99
Total debt securities	10		1,711		—		—		1,721
Equity securities
Large capitalization value	217		—		—		—		217
Smaller company growth	98		—		—		—		98
REIT	—		—		—		167		167
Total equity securities	315		—		—		167		482
Derivative financial instruments - assets
Foreign currency contracts - net	—		168		—		—		168
Interest rate contracts - net	—		23		—		—		23
Commodity contracts - net	—		21		—		—		21
Total Assets	$	325	$	1,923	$	—	$	167	$	2,415

In addition to the amounts above, certain Cat Financial loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is measured at fair value when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable and the loan is individually evaluated. In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables’ effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables, or the observable market price of the receivable. In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had loans carried at fair value of $90 million and $100 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

B. Fair values of financial instruments

In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:

Cash and cash equivalents

Carrying amount approximates fair value. We classify cash and cash equivalents as Level 1. See Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Restricted cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximates fair value. We include restricted cash and short-term investments in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We classify these instruments as Level 1 except for time deposits which are Level 2, and certain corporate debt securities which are Level 3. See Note 8 for additional information.

Finance receivables

We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

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Wholesale inventory receivables

We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

Short-term borrowings

Carrying amount approximates fair value. We classify short-term borrowings as Level 1. See Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

Long-term debt

We estimate fair value for fixed and floating rate debt based on quoted market prices.

Guarantees

The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions. We classify guarantees as Level 3. See Note 11 for additional information.

Our financial instruments not carried at fair value were as follows:



	September 30, 2022				December 31, 2021
(Millions of dollars)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Fair Value Levels	Reference
Assets
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1 )	$	13,931	$	13,356	$	13,837	$	13,836	3	Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)	768		724		773		753		3

Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	9,599		9,072		9,791		12,420		2
Financial Products	22,724		21,886		22,594		22,797		2

1 Represents finance leases and failed sale leasebacks of $7,083 million and $8,083 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

19. Other income (expense)


	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021		2022		2021
Investment and interest income	$	52	$	20	$	98	$	64
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1	134		47		405		110
License fee income	37		31		106		88
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost	67		111		201		333
Gains (losses) on securities	—		50		(59)		92
Miscellaneous income (loss)	(48)		(34)		4		64
Total	$	242	$	225	$	755	$	751

1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.

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20. Restructuring costs

Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, we recognize eligible separation costs at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, we recognize eligible costs when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable.

Restructuring costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:



(Millions of dollars)	Three Months Ended September 30				Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Employee separations 1	$	39	$	17	$	62	$	79
Contract terminations 1	1		1		1		1
Long-lived asset impairments 1	(4)		8		1		12

Other 2	13		9		26		32
Total restructuring costs	$	49	$	35	$	90	$	124


1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for accelerated depreciation, equipment relocation, inventory write-downs and project management, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

For both the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the restructuring costs were primarily related to actions across the company including strategic actions to address a small number of products.

In 2022 and 2021, all restructuring costs are excluded from segment profit.

The following table summarizes the 2022 and 2021 employee separation activity:



(Millions of dollars)	Nine Months Ended September 30
	2022		2021
Liability balance, beginning of period	$	61	$	164
Increase in liability (separation charges)	62		79
Reduction in liability (payments)	(63)		(159)
Liability balance, end of period	$	60	$	84

Most of the liability balance at September 30, 2022 is expected to be paid in 2022 and 2023.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to provide information that will assist the reader in understanding the company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements between select periods and the primary factors that accounted for those changes. In addition, we discuss how certain accounting principles, policies and critical estimates affect our Consolidated Financial Statements. Our discussion also contains certain forward-looking statements related to future events and expectations as well as a discussion of the many factors that we believe may have an impact on our business on an ongoing basis. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our discussion of cautionary statements and significant risks to the company’s business under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of the 2021 Form 10-K.

Highlights for the third quarter of 2022 include:

•Total sales and revenues for the third quarter of 2022 were $14.994 billion, an increase of $2.597 billion, or 21 percent, compared with $12.397 billion in the third quarter of 2021. Sales were higher across the three primary segments.

•Operating profit margin was 16.2 percent for the third quarter of 2022, compared with 13.4 percent for the third quarter of 2021. Adjusted operating profit margin was 16.5 percent for the third quarter of 2022, compared with 13.7 percent for the third quarter of 2021.

•Third-quarter 2022 profit per share was $3.87, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $3.95. Third-quarter 2021 profit per share was $2.60 and, excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $2.66.

•Caterpillar ended the third quarter of 2022 with $6.3 billion of enterprise cash.

Highlights for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 include:

•Total sales and revenues were $42.830 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $5.657 billion, or 15 percent, compared with $37.173 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

•Operating profit margin was 14.5 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 14.2 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Adjusted operating profit margin was 14.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 14.5 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

•Profit per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was $9.85 and, excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $9.99. Profit per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, was $7.94, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $8.13.

•Enterprise operating cash flow was $5.0 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

•In order for our results to be more meaningful to our readers, we have separately quantified the impact of several significant items. A detailed reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 65.



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2022				Three Months Ended September 30, 2021				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
(Dollars in millions except per share data)	Profit Before Taxes		Profit Per Share		Profit Before Taxes		Profit Per Share		Profit Before Taxes		Profit Per Share		Profit Before Taxes		Profit Per Share
Profit	$	2,558	$	3.87	$	1,775	$	2.60	$	6,653	$	9.85	$	5,642	$	7.94
Restructuring costs	49		0.08		35		0.06		90		0.14		124		0.19
Adjusted profit	$	2,607	$	3.95	$	1,810	$	2.66	$	6,743	$	9.99	$	5,766	$	8.13

Overview

Total sales and revenues for the third quarter of 2022 were $14.994 billion, an increase of $2.597 billion, or 21 percent, compared with $12.397 billion in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts primarily related to the euro, Japanese yen and Australian dollar. The increase in sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories, higher sales of equipment to end users and higher services. Dealers increased inventories by $700 million during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease of $300 million during the third quarter of 2021. Sales were higher across the three primary segments.

Third-quarter 2022 profit per share was $3.87, compared with $2.60 profit per share in the third quarter of 2021. Profit per share for both quarters included restructuring costs. Profit for the third quarter of 2022 was $2.041 billion, an increase of $615 million, or 43%, compared with $1.426 billion for the third quarter of 2021. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. SG&A/R&D expenses increased primarily due to investments aligned with the company's strategy for profitable growth and higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

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Global Business Conditions:

We continue to monitor a variety of external factors around the world, such as supply chain disruptions, inflationary cost and labor pressures. Areas of particular focus include certain components, transportation and raw materials. Transportation shortages have resulted in delays and increased costs. In addition, our suppliers are dealing with availability issues and freight delays, which leads to pressure on production in our facilities. Contingency plans have been developed and continue to be modified to minimize supply chain challenges that may impact our ability to meet increasing customer demand. We continue to assess the environment and are taking appropriate price actions in response to rising costs. We will continue to monitor the situation as conditions remain fluid and evolve throughout the year. We address these external factors throughout the discussion in the Consolidated Results of Operations section below.

Notes:

•Glossary of terms is included on pages 58 - 60; first occurrence of terms shown in bold italics.

•Information on non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 65.

•Certain amounts may not add due to rounding.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022 COMPARED WITH THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2021

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the third quarter of 2021 (at left) and the third quarter of 2022 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees.

Sales were higher across the three primary segments.

North America sales increased 33 percent due to favorable price realization, the impact from changes in dealer inventories, services and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealers increased inventories during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease during the third quarter of 2021.

Sales increased 36 percent in Latin America due to favorable price realization, higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories during the third quarter of 2022, compared with remaining about flat during the third quarter of 2021.

EAME sales increased 8 percent as unfavorable currency impacts, primarily related to the euro and British pound, were more than offset by favorable price realization, the impact from changes in dealer inventories and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealers increased inventories during the third quarter of 2022, compared with remaining about flat during the third quarter of 2021.

Asia/Pacific sales increased 9 percent driven by favorable price realization and the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts, related to the Japanese yen and Australian dollar. Dealers increased inventories during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease during the third quarter of 2021.

Dealers increased inventories by $700 million during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease of $300 million during the third quarter of 2021. Most of the increase related to timing differences between when we ship product to dealers and when the dealers, in turn, are able to deliver completed orders to customers. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rentals and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers. At year end, we expect dealer inventory levels to be similar to the third quarter of 2022.

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Compared to the fourth quarter of 2021, we expect higher sales to users and price realization to support the sales growth in the fourth quarter of 2022. We anticipate the fourth quarter will reflect our highest quarterly sales for the year, which is in line with typical seasonality.


Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Third Quarter 2021		Sales Volume		Price Realization		Currency		Inter-Segment / Other		Third Quarter 2022		$ Change		% Change

Construction Industries	$	5,255	$	423	$	781	$	(229)	$	46	$	6,276	$	1,021	19	%
Resource Industries	2,366		338		443		(59)		(1)		3,087		721		30	%
Energy & Transportation	5,077		618		409		(171)		253		6,186		1,109		22	%
All Other Segment	119		2		—		(2)		(16)		103		(16)		(13	%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(1,110)		16		2		—		(282)		(1,374)		(264)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	11,707		1,397		1,635		(461)		—		14,278		2,571		22	%

Financial Products Segment	762		—		—		—		57		819		57		7	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(72)		—		—		—		(31)		(103)		(31)
Financial Products Revenues	690		—		—		—		26		716		26		4	%

Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	12,397	$	1,397	$	1,635	$	(461)	$	26	$	14,994	$	2,597	21	%


Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region


	North America				Latin America				EAME				Asia/Pacific				External Sales and Revenues					Inter-Segment				Total Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)	$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$			% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg
Third Quarter 2022
Construction Industries	$	3,106	29	%	$	799	51	%	$	1,247	1	%	$	1,084	1	%	$	6,236		19	%	$	40	(767	%)	$	6,276	19	%
Resource Industries	1,122		66	%	472		13	%	526		15	%	893		20	%	3,013			32	%	74		(1	%)	3,087		30	%
Energy & Transportation	2,422		26	%	468		42	%	1,280		12	%	827		11	%	4,997			21	%	1,189		27	%	6,186		22	%
All Other Segment	16		(11	%)	—		—	%	4		33	%	15		7	%	35			—	%	68		(19	%)	103		(13	%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations	1				—				—				(4)				(3)					(1,371)				(1,374)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	6,667		33	%	1,739		36	%	3,057		8	%	2,815		9	%	14,278			22	%	—		—		14,278		22	%

Financial Products Segment	522		9	%	90		32	%	100		(5	%)	107		(4	%)	819		1	7	%	—		—		819		7	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(54)				(20)				(12)				(17)				(103)					—				(103)
Financial Products Revenues	468		6	%	70		27	%	88		(8	%)	90		(8	%)	716			4	%	—		—		716		4	%

Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	7,135	31	%	$	1,809	36	%	$	3,145	7	%	$	2,905	9	%	$	14,994		21	%	$	—	—		$	14,994	21	%

Third Quarter 2021
Construction Industries	$	2,417			$	528			$	1,240			$	1,076			$	5,261				$	(6)			$	5,255
Resource Industries	674				417				456				744				2,291					75				2,366
Energy & Transportation	1,924				329				1,144				744				4,141					936				5,077
All Other Segment	18				—				3				14				35					84				119
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(19)				—				—				(2)				(21)					(1,089)				(1,110)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	5,014				1,274				2,843				2,576				11,707					—				11,707

Financial Products Segment	478				68				105				111				762		1			—				762
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(37)				(13)				(9)				(13)				(72)					—				(72)
Financial Products Revenues	441				55				96				98				690					—				690

Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	5,455			$	1,329			$	2,939			$	2,674			$	12,397				$	—			$	12,397

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $124 million and $87 million in the third quarter of 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the third quarter of 2021 (at left) and the third quarter of 2022 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation's other operating (income) expenses.

Operating profit for the third quarter of 2022 was $2.425 billion, an increase of $761 million, or 46 percent, compared with $1.664 billion in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies, due to ongoing disruptions to the supply chain. SG&A/R&D expenses increased primarily due to investments aligned with the company's strategy for profitable growth, which included services growth and technology, such as digital, electrification and autonomy, as well as higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

Short-term incentive compensation expense was about $400 million in the third quarter of 2022, compared to about $350 million in the third quarter of 2021.

Operating profit margin was 16.2 percent for the third quarter of 2022, compared with 13.4 percent for the third quarter of 2021.

We expect higher sales volume and continued favorable price realization in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared with the fourth quarter of 2021. We anticipate the impact of favorable price realization to more than offset manufacturing cost increases, including manufacturing inefficiencies.


Profit by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Third Quarter 2022		Third Quarter 2021		$ Change		% Change
Construction Industries	$	1,209	$	866	$	343	40	%
Resource Industries	506		280		226		81	%
Energy & Transportation	935		706		229		32	%
All Other Segment	8		5		3		60	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(373)		(286)		(87)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	2,285		1,571		714		45	%

Financial Products Segment	220		173		47		27	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	30		(7)		37
Financial Products	250		166		84		51	%
Consolidating Adjustments	(110)		(73)		(37)
Consolidated Operating Profit	$	2,425	$	1,664	$	761	46	%

Corporate Items and Eliminations included corporate-level expenses, timing differences (as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis), methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting (the company values segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology), certain restructuring costs and inter-segment eliminations.

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Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items

▪Interest expense excluding Financial Products in the third quarter of 2022 was $109 million, compared with $114 million in the third quarter of 2021. The decrease was due to lower average debt outstanding during the third quarter of 2022, compared with the third quarter of 2021.

▪Other income (expense) in the third quarter of 2022 was income of $242 million, compared with income of $225 million in the third quarter of 2021. The change was primarily driven by favorable impacts from foreign currency exchange and higher investment and interest income, partially offset by lower gains on marketable securities and lower pension and other postemployment benefit (OPEB) plan income.

▪The provision for income taxes for the third quarter of 2022 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 23 percent, compared with 25 percent for the third quarter of 2021, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2021 was approximately 23 percent.

In the third quarter of 2022, the company reached a settlement with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that resolves all issues for tax years 2007 through 2016, without any penalties. The company’s settlement includes, among other issues, the resolution of disputed tax treatment of profits earned by Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) from certain parts transactions. We vigorously contested the IRS’s application of the “substance-over-form” or “assignment-of-income” judicial doctrines and its proposed increases to tax and imposition of accuracy related penalties. The settlement does not include any increases to tax in the United States based on those judicial doctrines and does not include any penalties. The final tax assessed by the IRS for all issues under the settlement was $490 million for the ten-year period. This amount was primarily paid in the third quarter of 2022, and the associated estimated interest of $250 million is expected to be paid by the end of 2022. The settlement was within the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and enables us to avoid the costs and burdens of further disputes with the IRS. As a result of the settlement, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $41 million to reflect changes in estimates of prior years’ taxes and related interest, net of tax. We are subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the IRS, and tax years subsequent to 2016 are not yet under examination.

The provision for income taxes in third quarter of 2022 also included a $20 million benefit due to a decrease in the estimated annual tax rate, compared to $39 million in the third quarter of 2021. The company also recorded a discrete tax benefit of $36 million to reflect changes in estimates related to the prior year’s U.S. taxes in the third quarter of 2021.

Construction Industries

Construction Industries’ total sales were $6.276 billion in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $1.021 billion, or 19 percent, compared with $5.255 billion in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts primarily related to the euro, Japanese yen and Australian dollar. The increase in sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease during the third quarter of 2021.

▪In North America, sales increased due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. Higher sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory decreased during the third quarter of 2021, compared with an increase during the third quarter of 2022. Dealer inventories in North America remained at relatively low levels.

▪Sales increased in Latin America primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. Higher sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased more during the third quarter of 2022 than during the third quarter of 2021.

▪In EAME, sales were about flat. Unfavorable currency impacts, primarily related to the euro, were offset by favorable price realization.

▪Sales were about flat in Asia/Pacific. Favorable price realization was offset by unfavorable currency impacts, primarily related to the Japanese yen and Australian dollar.

Construction Industries’ profit was $1.209 billion in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $343 million, or 40 percent, compared with $866 million in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives and higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 19.3 percent in the third quarter of 2022, compared with 16.5 percent in the third quarter of 2021.

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Construction Industries’ segment profit as a percent of total sales is expected to improve in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. We expect North America residential construction to moderate due to tightening financial conditions but remain at relatively high levels. We expect non-residential construction to strengthen due to investments related to government infrastructure initiatives. In Asia Pacific, excluding China, we expect moderate growth due to higher infrastructure spending and commodity prices. We expect continued weakness in China in the above 10-ton excavator industry. In EAME, business activity is expected to be flat to slightly down versus last year based on uncertain economic conditions in Europe. Construction activity in Latin America is expected to grow due to supportive commodity prices. We also expect favorable price realization in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. The favorable impact of price realization is expected to more than offset manufacturing cost increases in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Resource Industries

Resource Industries’ total sales were $3.087 billion in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $721 million, or 30 percent, compared with $2.366 billion in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. The increase in sales volume was due to the impact of changes in dealer inventories, higher sales of aftermarket parts and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory decreased during the third quarter of 2021, compared with an increase during the third quarter of 2022.

Resource Industries’ profit was $506 million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $226 million, or 81 percent, compared with $280 million in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives.

Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 16.4 percent in the third quarter of 2022, compared with 11.8 percent in the third quarter of 2021.

Resource Industries’ segment profit as a percent of total sales is expected to improve in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. Commodity prices remain supportive of continued investment. We expect production and utilization levels will remain elevated, and our autonomous solutions continue to gain momentum. We expect the continuation of high equipment utilization and a low level of parked trucks, which both support future demand for our equipment and services. In Heavy Construction and Quarry and Aggregates, we anticipate continued growth in the fourth quarter. We also expect price realization to be favorable in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. The favorable impact from price realization is expected to more than offset manufacturing cost increases in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Energy & Transportation


Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)	Third Quarter 2022		Third Quarter 2021		$ Change		% Change
Oil and Gas	$	1,323	$	1,088	$	235	22	%
Power Generation	1,320		1,010		310		31	%
Industrial	1,158		948		210		22	%
Transportation	1,196		1,095		101		9	%
External Sales	4,997		4,141		856		21	%
Inter-segment	1,189		936		253		27	%
Total Sales	$	6,186	$	5,077	$	1,109	22	%

Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $6.186 billion in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $1.109 billion, or 22 percent, compared with $5.077 billion in the third quarter of 2021. Sales increased across all applications and inter-segment sales. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts.

•Oil and Gas – Sales increased due to higher sales of reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and engines used in gas compression and well servicing applications. Turbines and turbine-related services were about flat.

•Power Generation – Sales increased in large reciprocating engines, primarily data center applications, and small reciprocating engines. Turbines and turbine-related services increased as well.

•Industrial – Sales were up across all regions.

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•Transportation – Sales increased in reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and marine applications. International locomotive deliveries were also higher.

Energy & Transportation’s profit was $935 million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $229 million, or 32 percent, compared with $706 million in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was driven by favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives, including electrification and services growth, higher labor-related costs and higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 15.1 percent in the third quarter of 2022, compared with 13.9 percent in the third quarter of 2021.

Energy & Transportation's segment profit as a percent of total sales is expected to improve in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. In Oil & Gas, we are encouraged by continued strength in reciprocating engine orders, especially for large engine repowers as asset utilization increases. New equipment orders for turbine and turbine–related services strengthened significantly, particularly in Oil & Gas. Power Generation orders remain healthy due to positive industry dynamics and continued data center strength. Industrial remains healthy with continued momentum in construction, agriculture and electric power. We also anticipate growth in high-speed marine as customers continue to upgrade aging fleets. We also expect favorable price realization in the fourth quarter of 2022, compared to the fourth quarter of 2021. The favorable impact from price realization is expected to more than offset manufacturing cost increases in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Financial Products Segment

Financial Products’ segment revenues were $819 million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $57 million, or 7 percent, compared with $762 million in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher average financing rates in North America and Latin America.

Financial Products’ segment profit was $220 million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $47 million, or 27 percent, compared with $173 million in the third quarter of 2021. The increase was mainly due to a favorable impact from a lower provision for credit losses at Cat Financial, partially offset by mark-to-market adjustments on derivative contracts.

At the end of the third quarter of 2022, past dues at Cat Financial were 2.00 percent, compared with 2.41 percent at the end of the third quarter of 2021. Past dues decreased across all our portfolio segments, with the exception of an increase in Latin America. Write-offs, net of recoveries, were $13 million for the third quarter of 2022, compared with $76 million for the third quarter of 2021. As of September 30, 2022, Cat Financial's allowance for credit losses totaled $339 million, or 1.30 percent of finance receivables, compared with $376 million, or 1.41 percent of finance receivables, at June 30, 2022. The allowance for credit losses at year-end 2021 was $337 million, or 1.22 percent of finance receivables.

Corporate Items and Eliminations

Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $343 million in the third quarter of 2022, an increase of $50 million from the third quarter of 2021, primarily driven by increased expenses due to timing differences, partially offset by favorable impacts of segment reporting methodology differences and lower corporate costs.

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NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022 COMPARED WITH NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2021

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the nine months ended September 30, 2021 (at left) and the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees.

Total sales and revenues were $42.830 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $5.657 billion, or 15 percent, compared with $37.173 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts related to the euro, Australian dollar and Japanese yen. The increase in sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories, services and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealers increased inventories about $1.6 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with remaining about flat during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Sales were higher in the three primary segments.

North America sales increased 26 percent driven by favorable price realization, the impact from changes in dealer inventories, services and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealers decreased inventories during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, compared with an increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Sales increased 30 percent in Latin America due to favorable price realization, higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

EAME sales increased 6 percent due to favorable price realization, higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts related to the euro and British pound. Dealers increased inventories more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Asia/Pacific sales increased 3 percent driven by favorable price realization, services and the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by lower sales of equipment to end users and unfavorable currency impacts related to the Australian dollar and Japanese yen. Dealers increased inventories during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with a decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Dealers increased inventories about $1.6 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with remaining about flat during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rentals and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers.

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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021		Sales Volume		Price Realization		Currency		Inter-Segment / Other		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022		$ Change		% Change

Construction Industries	$	16,370	$	723	$	1,737	$	(452)	$	46	$	18,424	$	2,054	13	%
Resource Industries	7,091		1,005		929		(126)		(21)		8,878		1,787		25	%
Energy & Transportation	14,559		1,314		784		(348)		620		16,929		2,370		16	%
All Other Segment	377		8		1		(4)		(43)		339		(38)		(10	%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(3,306)		48		(7)		—		(602)		(3,867)		(561)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	35,091		3,098		3,444		(930)		—		40,703		5,612		16	%

Financial Products Segment	2,297		—		—		—		103		2,400		103		4	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(215)		—		—		—		(58)		(273)		(58)
Financial Products Revenues	2,082		—		—		—		45		2,127		45		2	%

Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	37,173	$	3,098	$	3,444	$	(930)	$	45	$	42,830	$	5,657	15	%


Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region


	North America				Latin America				EAME				Asia/Pacific				External Sales and Revenues					Inter-Segment				Total Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)	$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg		$			% Chg		$		% Chg		$		% Chg
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Construction Industries	$	8,832	25	%	$	2,061	53	%	$	3,726	3	%	$	3,694	(14	%)	$	18,313		12	%	$	111	71	%	$	18,424	13	%
Resource Industries	3,167		49	%	1,337		2	%	1,609		11	%	2,554		30	%	8,667			26	%	211		(9	%)	8,878		25	%
Energy & Transportation	6,637		16	%	1,160		39	%	3,679		7	%	2,193		12	%	13,669			15	%	3,260		23	%	16,929		16	%
All Other Segment	52		24	%	—		(100	%)	14		40	%	46		(15	%)	112			5	%	227		(16	%)	339		(10	%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(43)				(1)				(2)				(12)				(58)					(3,809)				(3,867)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	18,645		26	%	4,557		30	%	9,026		6	%	8,475		3	%	40,703			16	%	—		—	%	40,703		16	%

Financial Products Segment	1,530		6	%	250		28	%	293		(3	%)	327		(9	%)	2,400		1	4	%	—		—	%	2,400		4	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(132)				(58)				(31)				(52)				(273)					—				(273)
Financial Products Revenues	1,398		4	%	192		20	%	262		(5	%)	275		(10	%)	2,127			2	%	—		—	%	2,127		2	%

Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	20,043	24	%	$	4,749	30	%	$	9,288	6	%	$	8,750	2	%	$	42,830		15	%	$	—	—	%	$	42,830	15	%

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Construction Industries	$	7,041			$	1,350			$	3,612			$	4,302			$	16,305				$	65			$	16,370
Resource Industries	2,130				1,309				1,455				1,965				6,859					232				7,091
Energy & Transportation	5,698				835				3,433				1,953				11,919					2,640				14,559
All Other Segment	42				1				10				54				107					270				377
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(89)				(1)				(1)				(8)				(99)					(3,207)				(3,306)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales	14,822				3,494				8,509				8,266				35,091					—				35,091

Financial Products Segment	1,442				195				301				359				2,297		1			—				2,297
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(99)				(35)				(26)				(55)				(215)					—				(215)
Financial Products Revenues	1,343				160				275				304				2,082					—				2,082

Consolidated Sales and Revenues	$	16,165			$	3,654			$	8,784			$	8,570			$	37,173				$	—			$	37,173

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $332 million and $263 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the nine months ended September 30, 2021 (at left) and the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s Board of Directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation’s other operating (income) expenses.

Operating profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was $6.224 billion, an increase of $957 million, or 18 percent, compared with $5.267 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses.

Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. For 2022, price realization is expected to more than offset manufacturing cost increases. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was driven by investments aligned with the company's strategy for profitable growth, which included services growth and technology, such as digital, electrification and autonomy, as well as higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

Short-term incentive compensation expense is directly related to financial and operational performance, measured against targets set annually. Expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was about $1.2 billion, compared with about $1.1 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. For 2022, short-term incentive compensation expense is expected to be about $1.6 billion, compared with $1.3 billion in 2021.

Operating profit margin was 14.5 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 14.2 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.


Profit (Loss) by Segment
(Millions of dollars)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021		$ Change		% Change
Construction Industries	$	3,255	$	2,937	$	318	11	%
Resource Industries	1,222		941		281		30	%
Energy & Transportation	2,132		2,119		13		1	%
All Other Segment	42		(2)		44		n/a
Corporate Items and Eliminations	(847)		(1,107)		260
Machinery, Energy & Transportation	5,804		4,888		916		19	%

Financial Products Segment	675		660		15		2	%
Corporate Items and Eliminations	30		(55)		85
Financial Products	705		605		100		17	%
Consolidating Adjustments	(285)		(226)		(59)
Consolidated Operating Profit	$	6,224	$	5,267	$	957	18	%

Corporate Items and Eliminations included corporate-level expenses, timing differences (as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis), methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting (the company values segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology), certain restructuring costs and inter-segment eliminations.

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Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items

▪Interest expense excluding Financial Products for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was $326 million, compared with $376 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The decrease was due to lower average debt outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

▪Other income (expense) for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was income of $755 million, about flat compared with income of $751 million for the nine months September 30, 2021. Favorable impacts from foreign currency exchange were offset by unrealized losses on marketable securities and lower pension and OPEB income.

▪The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 23 percent, compared with 25 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2021 was approximately 23 percent.

On September 8, 2022, the company reached a settlement with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that resolves all issues for tax years 2007 through 2016, without any penalties. The company’s settlement includes, among other issues, the resolution of disputed tax treatment of profits earned by Caterpillar SARL (CSARL) from certain parts transactions. We vigorously contested the IRS’s application of the “substance-over-form” or “assignment-of-income” judicial doctrines and its proposed increases to tax and imposition of accuracy related penalties. The settlement does not include any increases to tax in the United States based on those judicial doctrines and does not include any penalties. The final tax assessed by the IRS for all issues under the settlement was $490 million for the ten-year period. This amount was primarily paid in the nine months ending September 30, 2022, and the associated estimated interest of $250 million is expected to be paid by the end of 2022. The settlement was within the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions and enables us to avoid the costs and burdens of further disputes with the IRS. As a result of the settlement, we recorded a discrete tax benefit of $41 million to reflect changes in estimates of prior years’ taxes and related interest, net of tax. We are subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the IRS, and tax years subsequent to 2016 are not yet under examination.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the company also recorded discrete tax benefits of $49 million to reflect other changes in estimates related to prior years’ U.S. taxes, compared to $36 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021. In addition, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $18 million for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense, compared with a $61 million benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Construction Industries

Construction Industries’ total sales were $18.424 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $2.054 billion, or 13 percent, compared with $16.370 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts related to the euro, Japanese yen and Australian dollar. The increase in sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and higher sales of aftermarket parts, partially offset by lower sales of equipment to end users. Dealers increased inventories more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

•In North America, sales increased due to favorable price realization, the impact from changes in dealer inventories, higher sales of aftermarket parts and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealers decreased inventories during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, compared with an increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

•Sales increased in Latin America primarily due to higher sales of equipment to end users and favorable price realization.

•In EAME, sales increased as unfavorable currency impacts related to the euro were more than offset by favorable price realization and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

•Sales decreased in Asia/Pacific due to lower sales of equipment to end users and unfavorable currency impacts related to the Japanese yen and Australian dollar, partially offset by favorable price realization and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealers increased inventories during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with a decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

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Construction Industries’ profit was $3.255 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $318 million, or 11 percent, compared with $2.937 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives and higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 17.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 17.9 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Resource Industries

Resource Industries’ total sales were $8.878 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $1.787 billion, or 25 percent, compared with $7.091 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher sales of aftermarket parts, the impact from changes in dealer inventories and higher sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with a decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Resource Industries’ profit was $1.222 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $281 million, or 30 percent, compared with $941 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses were more than offset by favorable price realization and higher sales volume. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives.

Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 13.8 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 13.3 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Energy & Transportation


Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021		$ Change		% Change
Oil and Gas	$	3,503	$	3,140	$	363	12	%
Power Generation	3,518		3,025		493		16	%
Industrial	3,295		2,660		635		24	%
Transportation	3,353		3,094		259		8	%
External Sales	13,669		11,919		1,750		15	%
Inter-Segment	3,260		2,640		620		23	%
Total Sales	$	16,929	$	14,559	$	2,370	16	%

Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $16.929 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $2.370 billion, or 16 percent, compared with $14.559 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Sales increased across all applications and inter-segment sales. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts.

•Oil and Gas – Sales increased due to higher sales of reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and engines used in well servicing and gas compression applications, primarily in North America, partially offset by lower sales for turbines and turbine-related services.

•Power Generation – Sales increased in small reciprocating engine applications, reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and turbines and turbine-related services.

•Industrial – Sales were up across all regions.

•Transportation – Sales increased primarily in reciprocating engine aftermarket parts and marine applications. Rail services and international locomotives deliveries were also higher.

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Energy & Transportation’s profit was $2.132 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, about flat compared with $2.119 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. Unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses were offset by favorable price realization and higher sales volume. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, freight and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives and higher short-term incentive compensation expense.

Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 12.6 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with 14.6 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Financial Products Segment

Financial Products’ segment revenues were $2.400 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $103 million, or 4 percent, compared with $2.297 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment in North America and higher average financing rates in Latin America.

Financial Products’ segment profit was $675 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, an increase of $15 million, or 2 percent, compared with $660 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase was mainly due to a favorable impact from returned or repossessed equipment and lower provision for credit losses at Cat Financial, partially offset by an unfavorable impact from equity securities in Insurance Services and an increase in SG&A expenses.

Corporate Items and Eliminations

Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $817 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $345 million from the nine months ended September 30, 2021, primarily driven by favorable impacts of segment reporting methodology, a favorable change in fair value adjustments related to deferred compensation plans and lower expenses due to timing differences, partially offset by higher corporate costs.

RESTRUCTURING COSTS

In 2022, we expect to incur about $800 million of restructuring costs primarily related to strategic actions to address a small number of products. Approximately $600 million of the total is a non-cash charge related to the release of accumulated foreign currency translation losses that will be recognized upon the sale of a business containing some of these products, which may not occur until 2023. We expect that prior restructuring actions will result in an incremental benefit to operating costs, primarily Cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses of about $75 million in 2022 compared with 2021.

Additional information related to restructuring costs is included in Note 20 - "Restructuring Costs" of Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements".

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1.Adjusted Operating Profit Margin – Operating profit excluding restructuring costs as a percent of sales and revenues.

2.Adjusted Profit Per Share – Profit per share excluding restructuring costs.

3.All Other Segment – Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience.

4.Consolidating Adjustments – Elimination of transactions between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

5.Construction Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; compactors; cold planers; compact track and multi-terrain loaders; mini, small, medium and large track excavators; forestry machines; material handlers; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; small and medium track-type tractors; track-type loaders; wheel excavators; compact, small and medium wheel loaders; and related parts and work tools.

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6.Corporate Items and Eliminations – Includes corporate-level expenses, timing differences (as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis), methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting, certain restructuring costs and inter-segment eliminations.

7.Currency – With respect to sales and revenues, currency represents the translation impact on sales resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. With respect to operating profit, currency represents the net translation impact on sales and operating costs resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. Currency only includes the impact on sales and operating profit for the Machinery, Energy & Transportation line of business; currency impacts on Financial Products revenues and operating profit are included in the Financial Products portions of the respective analyses. With respect to other income/expense, currency represents the effects of forward and option contracts entered into by the company to reduce the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates (hedging) and the net effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our foreign currency assets and liabilities for consolidated results (translation).

8.Dealer Inventories – Represents dealer machine and engine inventories, excluding aftermarket parts.

9.EAME – A geographic region including Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

10.Earning Assets – Assets consisting primarily of total finance receivables net of unearned income, plus equipment on operating leases, less accumulated depreciation at Cat Financial.

11.Energy & Transportation – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management, development and testing manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems and solutions used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; electrified powertrain and zero-emission power sources and service solutions development; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America.

12.Financial Products – The company defines Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

13.Financial Products Segment – Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services, as well as financing for vehicles, power generation facilities and marine vessels that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

14.Latin America – A geographic region including Central and South American countries and Mexico.

15.Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – The company defines ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of its products.

16.Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other Operating (Income) Expenses – Comprised primarily of gains/losses on disposal of long-lived assets, gains/losses on divestitures and legal settlements and accruals.

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17.Manufacturing Costs – Manufacturing costs exclude the impacts of currency and represent the volume-adjusted change for variable costs and the absolute dollar change for period manufacturing costs. Variable manufacturing costs are defined as having a direct relationship with the volume of production. This includes material costs, direct labor and other costs that vary directly with production volume, such as freight, power to operate machines and supplies that are consumed in the manufacturing process. Period manufacturing costs support production but are defined as generally not having a direct relationship to short-term changes in volume. Examples include machinery and equipment repair, depreciation on manufacturing assets, facility support, procurement, factory scheduling, manufacturing planning and operations management.

18.Mark-to-market gains/losses – Represents the net gain or loss of actual results differing from the company’s assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans. These gains and losses are immediately recognized through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement.

19.Pension and Other Postemployment Benefits (OPEB) – The company’s defined-benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans.

20.Price Realization – The impact of net price changes excluding currency and new product introductions. Price realization includes geographic mix of sales, which is the impact of changes in the relative weighting of sales prices between geographic regions.

21.Resource Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; longwall miners; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including strategic procurement, lean center of excellence, integrated manufacturing, research and development for hydraulic systems, automation, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines.

22.Restructuring Costs – May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments and contract terminations. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

23.Sales Volume – With respect to sales and revenues, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation as well as the incremental sales impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. With respect to operating profit, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation combined with product mix as well as the net operating profit impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. Product mix represents the net operating profit impact of changes in the relative weighting of Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales with respect to total sales. The impact of sales volume on segment profit includes inter-segment sales.

24.Services – Enterprise services include, but are not limited to, aftermarket parts, Financial Products revenues and other service-related revenues. Machinery, Energy & Transportation segments exclude most Financial Products revenues.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Sources of funds

We generate significant capital resources from operating activities, which are the primary source of funding for our ME&T operations. Funding for these businesses is also available from commercial paper and long-term debt issuances. Financial Products’ operations are funded primarily from commercial paper, term debt issuances and collections from its existing portfolio. On a consolidated basis, we had positive operating cash flow in the first nine months of 2022 and ended the third quarter with $6.35 billion of cash, a decrease of $2.91 billion from year-end 2021. In addition, ME&T has invested in available-for-sale debt securities that are considered highly liquid and are available for current operations. These securities are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and were $982 million at the end of September 30, 2022. We intend to maintain a strong cash and liquidity position.

Consolidated operating cash flow for the first nine months of 2022 was $5.03 billion, down $759 million compared to the same period a year ago. The decrease was primarily due to payments for short-term incentive compensation in the first quarter of 2022 as well as higher cash taxes paid which includes payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Partially offsetting these items was higher profit adjusted for non-cash items during the first nine months of 2022 compared to the same period last year.

Total debt as of September 30, 2022 was $36.53 billion, a decrease of $1.26 billion from year-end 2021. Debt related to ME&T decreased $192 million in the first nine months of 2022 while debt related to Financial Products decreased $1.07 billion.

As of September 30, 2022, we had three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial for general liquidity purposes. Based on management’s allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to ME&T as of September 30, 2022 was $2.75 billion. Information on our Credit Facility is as follows:

•In September 2022, we entered into a new 364-day facility. The 364-day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $825 million is available to ME&T) expires in August 2023.

•In September 2022, we amended and restated the three-year facility (as amended and restated, the "three-year facility"). The three-year facility of $2.73 billion (of which $715 million is available to ME&T) expires in August 2025.

•In September 2022, we amended and restated the five-year facility (as amended and restated, the "five-year facility"). The five-year facility of $4.62 billion (of which $1.21 billion is available to ME&T) expires in September 2027.

At September 30, 2022, Caterpillar’s consolidated net worth was $15.69 billion, which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined in the Credit Facility as the consolidated shareholders’ equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

At September 30, 2022, Cat Financial’s covenant interest coverage ratio was 2.59 to 1. This was above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain (loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense calculated at the end of each calendar quarter for the rolling four quarter period then most recently ended, required by the Credit Facility.

In addition, at September 30, 2022, Cat Financial’s six-month covenant leverage ratio was 7.03 to 1. This was below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1, calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility.

In the event Caterpillar or Cat Financial does not meet one or more of their respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of Cat Financial’s other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At September 30, 2022, there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.

Our total credit commitments and available credit as of September 30, 2022 were:

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	September 30, 2022
(Millions of dollars)	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities	$	10,500	$	2,750	$	7,750
Other external	3,352		172		3,180
Total credit lines available	13,852		2,922		10,930
Less: Commercial paper outstanding	(3,723)		—		(3,723)
Less: Utilized credit	(684)		(3)		(681)
Available credit	$	9,445	$	2,919	$	6,526

The other external consolidated credit lines with banks as of September 30, 2022 totaled $3.35 billion. These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements. Caterpillar or Cat Financial may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines.

We receive debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies. Moody’s, Fitch and S&P maintain a “mid-A” debt rating. A downgrade of our credit ratings by any of the major credit rating agencies would result in increased borrowing costs and could make access to certain credit markets more difficult. In the event economic conditions deteriorate such that access to debt markets becomes unavailable, ME&T’s operations would rely on cash flow from operations, use of existing cash balances, borrowings from Cat Financial and access to our committed credit facilities. Our Financial Products’ operations would rely on cash flow from its existing portfolio, existing cash balances, access to our committed credit facilities and other credit line facilities of Cat Financial, and potential borrowings from Caterpillar. In addition, we maintain a support agreement with Cat Financial, which requires Caterpillar to remain the sole owner of Cat Financial and may, under certain circumstances, require Caterpillar to make payments to Cat Financial should Cat Financial fail to maintain certain financial ratios.

We facilitate voluntary supply chain finance programs (the “Programs”) through participating financial institutions. The Programs are available to a wide range of suppliers and allow them the option to manage their cash flow. We are not a party to the agreements between the participating financial institutions and the suppliers in connection with the Programs. The range of payment terms we negotiate with our suppliers is consistent, irrespective of whether a supplier participates in the Programs. The amounts payable to participating financial institutions for suppliers who voluntarily participate in the Programs and included in accounts payable in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were $894 million and $822 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The amounts settled through the Programs and paid to participating financial institutions were $4.0 billion and $2.9 billion during the first nine months of 2022 and 2021, respectively. We account for payments made under the Programs, the same as our other accounts payable, as a reduction to our cash flows from operations. We do not believe that changes in the availability of supply chain financing will have a significant impact on our liquidity.

Machinery, Energy & Transportation

Net cash provided by operating activities was $3.19 billion in the first nine months of 2022, compared with net cash provided of $4.90 billion for the same period in 2021. The decrease was primarily due to payments for short-term incentive compensation in the first quarter of 2022, higher payments for taxes which includes payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and increased working capital requirements during the first nine months of 2022 compared to the same period last year. Within working capital, changes in inventory, accounts payable and accrued expenses unfavorably impacted cash flow but were partially offset by favorable changes in customer advances and accounts receivable. Partially offsetting these unfavorable items was higher profit adjusted for non-cash items during the first nine months of 2022 compared to the same period a year ago.

Net cash used by investing activities in the first nine months of 2022 was $881 million, compared with net cash used of $487 million in the first nine months of 2021. The change was primarily due to decreased activity related to intercompany lending with Financial Products and was partially offset by decreases in net investment activity.

Net cash used for financing activities during the first nine months of 2022 was $5.29 billion, compared with net cash used of $4.67 billion in the same period of 2021. The change was primarily due to higher share repurchases in the first nine months of 2022 and the absence of proceeds from debt issuances which occurred in the first nine months of 2021. These items were partially offset by lower repayments of maturing debt during the first nine months of 2022.

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While our short-term priorities for the use of cash may vary from time to time as business needs and conditions dictate, our long-term cash deployment strategy is focused on the following priorities. Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. Next, we intend to fund operational requirements and commitments. Then, we intend to fund priorities that profitably grow the company and return capital to shareholders through dividend growth and share repurchases. Additional information on cash deployment is as follows:

Strong financial position – Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. We track a diverse group of financial metrics that focus on liquidity, leverage, cash flow and margins which align with our cash deployment actions and the various methodologies used by the major credit rating agencies.

Operational excellence and commitments – Capital expenditures were $880 million during the first nine months of 2022, compared to $693 million for the same period in 2021. We expect ME&T’s capital expenditures in 2022 to be about $1.4 billion. We made $299 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first nine months of 2022. We currently anticipate full-year 2022 contributions of approximately $357 million. In comparison, we made $229 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first nine months of 2021.

Fund strategic growth initiatives and return capital to shareholders – We intend to utilize our liquidity and debt capacity to fund targeted investments that drive long-term profitable growth focused in the areas of expanded offerings and services, including acquisitions.

As part of our capital allocation strategy, ME&T free cash flow is a liquidity measure we use to determine the cash generated and available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases. We define ME&T free cash flow as cash from ME&T operations less capital expenditures, excluding discretionary pension and other postretirement benefit plan contributions and cash payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. A goal of our capital allocation strategy is to return substantially all ME&T free cash flow to shareholders over time in the form of dividends and share repurchases, while maintaining our mid-A rating.

Our share repurchase plans are subject to the company’s cash deployment priorities and are evaluated on an ongoing basis considering the financial condition of the company and the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets. The timing and amount of future repurchases may vary depending on market conditions and investing priorities. In July 2018, the Board approved a repurchase authorization (the 2018 Authorization) of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. In May 2022, the Board approved a new share repurchase authorization (the 2022 Authorization) of up to $15.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective August 1, 2022, with no expiration. Utilization of the 2022 Authorization for all share repurchases commenced on August 1, 2022, leaving $70 million unutilized under the 2018 Authorization as of September 30, 2022. In the first nine months of 2022, we repurchased $3.31 billion of Caterpillar common stock, with $13.7 billion remaining under the 2022 Authorization as of September 30, 2022. Our basic shares outstanding as of September 30, 2022 were approximately 520 million.

Each quarter, our Board of Directors reviews the company’s dividend for the applicable quarter. The Board evaluates the financial condition of the company and considers the economic outlook, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, and the health and stability of global credit markets to determine whether to maintain or change the quarterly dividend. In October 2022, the Board of Directors approved maintaining our quarterly dividend representing $1.20 per share, and we continue to expect our strong financial position to support the dividend. Dividends paid totaled $1.82 billion in the first nine months of 2022.

Financial Products

Financial Products operating cash flow was $1.25 billion in the first nine months of 2022, compared with $1.10 billion for the same period a year ago. Net cash used for investing activities was $228 million for the first nine months of 2022, compared with net cash used of $468 million for the same period in 2021. The change was primarily due to portfolio related activity. Net cash used for financing activities was $872 million for the first nine months of 2022 compared with net cash used of $289 million for the same period in 2021. The change was primarily due to lower portfolio funding requirements.

Financial Products ended the third quarter of 2022 with $943 million of cash, including $142 million in Russia which is currently subject to local government restrictions that substantially limit transfer outside of the country.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Part I, Item 1. Note 2 - “New accounting guidance”.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

For a discussion of the company’s critical accounting estimates, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting estimates since our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

OTHER MATTERS

Information related to legal proceedings appears in Note 14—Environmental and Legal Matters of Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Retirement Benefits

We recognize mark-to-market gains and losses immediately through earnings upon the remeasurement of our pension and OPEB plans. Mark-to-market gains and losses represent the effects of actual results differing from our assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions. We will record the annual mark-to-market adjustment as of the measurement date, December 31, 2022. It is difficult to predict the December 31, 2022 adjustment amount, as it will be dependent primarily on changes in discount rates during 2022, and actual returns on plan assets differing from our expected returns for 2022.

Order Backlog

At the end of the third quarter of 2022, the dollar amount of backlog believed to be firm was approximately $30.0 billion, about $1.6 billion higher than the second quarter of 2022. The order backlog increase was primarily driven by Energy & Transportation and Construction Industries. Of the total backlog at September 30, 2022, approximately $5.7 billion was not expected to be filled in the following twelve months.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

We provide the following definitions for the non-GAAP financial measures used in this report. These non-GAAP financial measures have no standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures for other companies. Management does not intend these items to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related GAAP measures.

We believe it is important to separately quantify the profit impact of one significant item in order for our results to be meaningful to our readers. This item consists of restructuring costs, which were incurred to generate longer-term benefits. We do not consider this item indicative of earnings from ongoing business activities and believe the non-GAAP measure provides investors with useful perspective on underlying business results and trends and aids with assessing our period-over-period results. In addition, we provide a calculation of ME&T free cash flow as we believe it is an important measure for investors to determine the cash generation available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases.

Reconciliations of adjusted results to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are as follows:


(Dollars in millions except per share data)	Operating Profit		Operating Profit Margin		Profit Before Taxes		Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes		Effective Tax Rate		Profit		Profit per Share

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 - U.S. GAAP	$	2,425	16.2	%	$	2,558	$	527	20.6	%	$	2,041	$	3.87
Restructuring costs	49		0.3	%	49		9		18.4	%	40		$	0.08

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 - Adjusted	$	2,474	16.5	%	$	2,607	$	536	20.6	%	$	2,081	$	3.95

Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 - U.S. GAAP	$	1,664	13.4	%	$	1,775	$	368	20.7	%	$	1,426	$	2.60
Restructuring costs	35		0.3	%	35		6		15.0	%	29		$	0.06

Three Months Ended September 30, 2021 - Adjusted	$	1,699	13.7	%	$	1,810	$	374	20.7	%	$	1,455	$	2.66

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022- U.S. GAAP	$	6,224	14.5	%	$	6,653	$	1,423	21.4	%	$	5,251	$	9.85
Restructuring costs	90		0.2	%	90		13		14.0	%	77		$	0.14

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 - Adjusted	$	6,314	14.7	%	$	6,743	$	1,436	21.3	%	$	5,328	$	9.99

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 - U.S. GAAP	$	5,267	14.2	%	$	5,642	$	1,313	23.3	%	$	4,369	$	7.94
Restructuring costs	124		0.3	%	124		19		15.0	%	105		$	0.19

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 - Adjusted	$	5,391	14.5	%	$	5,766	$	1,332	23.1	%	$	4,474	$	8.13

Reconciliations of ME&T free cash flow to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, net cash provided by operating activities are as follows:



(Millions of dollars)	Nine Months Ended September 30
		2022		2021
ME&T net cash provided by operating activities 1		$	3,191	$	4,899

ME&T capital expenditures		(880)		(693)
Cash payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service		467		—
ME&T free cash flow		$	2,778	$	4,206
1 See reconciliation of ME&T net cash provided by operating activities to consolidated net cash provided by operating activities on pages 73 - 74.

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Supplemental Consolidating Data

We are providing supplemental consolidating data for the purpose of additional analysis. The data has been grouped as follows:

Consolidated – Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Machinery, Energy & Transportation – We define ME&T as it is presented in the supplemental data as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.

Financial Products – We define Financial Products as it is presented in the supplemental data as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

Consolidating Adjustments – Eliminations of transactions between ME&T and Financial Products.

The nature of the ME&T and Financial Products businesses is different, especially with regard to the financial position and cash flow items. Caterpillar management utilizes this presentation internally to highlight these differences. We believe this presentation will assist readers in understanding our business.

Pages 67 to 74 reconcile ME&T and Financial Products to Caterpillar Inc. consolidated financial information. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)


			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	14,278	$	14,278	$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	716		—		852		(136)		1
Total sales and revenues	14,994		14,278		852		(136)

Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	10,202		10,203		—		(1)		2
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,401		1,271		136		(6)		2
Research and development expenses	476		476		—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	151		—		151		—
Other operating (income) expenses	339		43		315		(19)		2
Total operating costs	12,569		11,993		602		(26)

Operating profit	2,425		2,285		250		(110)

Interest expense excluding Financial Products	109		110		—		(1)		3
Other income (expense)	242		160		(27)		109		4

Consolidated profit before taxes	2,558		2,335		223		—

Provision (benefit) for income taxes	527		464		63		—
Profit of consolidated companies	2,031		1,871		160		—

Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	9		11		—		(2)		5


Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	2,040		1,882		160		(2)

Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1)		(1)		2		(2)		6

Profit 7	$	2,041	$	1,883	$	158	$	—

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and ME&T.

4Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

5Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

7Profit attributable to common shareholders.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)


			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	40,703	$	40,703	$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	2,127		—		2,493		(366)		1
Total sales and revenues	42,830		40,703		2,493		(366)

Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	29,736		29,741		—		(5)		2
Selling, general and administrative expenses	4,172		3,714		475		(17)		2
Research and development expenses	1,413		1,413		—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	377		—		377		—
Other operating (income) expenses	908		31		936		(59)		2
Total operating costs	36,606		34,899		1,788		(81)

Operating profit	6,224		5,804		705		(285)

Interest expense excluding Financial Products	326		327		—		(1)		3
Other income (expense)	755		497		(26)		284		4

Consolidated profit before taxes	6,653		5,974		679		—

Provision (benefit) for income taxes	1,423		1,250		173		—
Profit of consolidated companies	5,230		4,724		506		—

Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	20		26		—		(6)		5


Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	5,250		4,750		506		(6)

Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	(1)		(1)		6		(6)		6

Profit 7	$	5,251	$	4,751	$	500	$	—

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and ME&T.

4Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

5Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

7Profit attributable to common shareholders.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)


			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	11,707	$	11,707	$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	690		—		787		(97)		1
Total sales and revenues	12,397		11,707		787		(97)

Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	8,617		8,618		—		(1)		2
Selling, general and administrative expenses	1,340		1,147		200		(7)		2
Research and development expenses	427		427		—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	111		—		111		—
Other operating (income) expenses	238		(56)		310		(16)		2
Total operating costs	10,733		10,136		621		(24)

Operating profit	1,664		1,571		166		(73)

Interest expense excluding Financial Products	114		114		—		—
Other income (expense)	225		143		9		73		3

Consolidated profit before taxes	1,775		1,600		175		—

Provision (benefit) for income taxes	368		331		37		—
Profit of consolidated companies	1,407		1,269		138		—

Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	21		23		—		(2)		4


Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	1,428		1,292		138		(2)

Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	2		1		3		(2)		5

Profit 6	$	1,426	$	1,291	$	135	$	—

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Profit attributable to common shareholders.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)


			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation	$	35,091	$	35,091	$	—	$	—
Revenues of Financial Products	2,082		—		2,371		(289)		1
Total sales and revenues	37,173		35,091		2,371		(289)

Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold	25,510		25,515		—		(5)		2
Selling, general and administrative expenses	3,943		3,471		483		(11)		2
Research and development expenses	1,247		1,247		—		—
Interest expense of Financial Products	352		—		352		—
Other operating (income) expenses	854		(30)		931		(47)		2
Total operating costs	31,906		30,203		1,766		(63)

Operating profit	5,267		4,888		605		(226)

Interest expense excluding Financial Products	376		376		—		—
Other income (expense)	751		819		56		(124)		3

Consolidated profit before taxes	5,642		5,331		661		(350)

Provision (benefit) for income taxes	1,313		1,158		155		—
Profit of consolidated companies	4,329		4,173		506		(350)

Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies	44		52		—		(8)		4


Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	4,373		4,225		506		(358)

Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	4		3		9		(8)		5

Profit 6	$	4,369	$	4,222	$	497	$	(350)

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Profit attributable to common shareholders.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Financial Position

At September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)


			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	6,346	$	5,403	$	943	$	—
Receivables – trade and other	8,158		3,134		652		4,372		1,2
Receivables – finance	8,918		—		13,446		(4,528)		2

Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,295		2,013		316		(34)		3
Inventories	16,860		16,860		—		—
Total current assets	42,577		27,410		15,357		(190)

Property, plant and equipment – net	11,643		7,810		3,833		—
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,278		319		512		447		1,2
Long-term receivables – finance	11,859		—		12,338		(479)		2

Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	2,218		2,745		106		(633)		4
Intangible assets	806		806		—		—
Goodwill	6,092		6,092		—		—
Other assets	4,434		3,663		1,946		(1,175)		5
Total assets	$	80,907	$	48,845	$	34,092	$	(2,030)

Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings	$	4,202	$	3	$	4,199	$	—

Accounts payable	8,260		8,149		267		(156)		6
Accrued expenses	4,013		3,622		391		—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	2,204		2,160		44		—
Customer advances	1,831		1,831		—		—

Other current liabilities	2,878		2,126		807		(55)		4,7
Long-term debt due within one year	6,814		120		6,694		—
Total current liabilities	30,202		18,011		12,402		(211)

Long-term debt due after one year	25,509		9,511		16,030		(32)		8
Liability for postemployment benefits	5,038		5,038		—		—
Other liabilities	4,536		3,659		1,565		(688)		4
Total liabilities	65,285		36,219		29,997		(931)
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock	6,523		6,523		905		(905)		9
Treasury stock	(30,883)		(30,883)		—		—
Profit employed in the business	43,304		38,898		4,395		11		9
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(3,353)		(1,946)		(1,407)		—
Noncontrolling interests	31		34		202		(205)		9
Total shareholders’ equity	15,622		12,626		4,095		(1,099)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	80,907	$	48,845	$	34,092	$	(2,030)

1 Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.

2 Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.

3 Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.

4 Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.

5 Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.

6 Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.

7 Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.

8 Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.

9 Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Financial Position

At December 31, 2021

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)


			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,254	$	8,428	$	826	$	—
Receivables – trade and other	8,477		3,279		435		4,763		1,2
Receivables – finance	8,898		—		13,828		(4,930)		2

Prepaid expenses and other current assets	2,788		2,567		358		(137)		3
Inventories	14,038		14,038		—		—
Total current assets	43,455		28,312		15,447		(304)

Property, plant and equipment – net	12,090		8,172		3,918		—
Long-term receivables – trade and other	1,204		375		204		625		1,2
Long-term receivables – finance	12,707		—		13,358		(651)		2


Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes	1,840		2,396		105		(661)		4
Intangible assets	1,042		1,042		—		—
Goodwill	6,324		6,324		—		—
Other assets	4,131		3,388		1,952		(1,209)		5
Total assets	$	82,793	$	50,009	$	34,984	$	(2,200)

Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings	$	5,404	$	9	$	5,395	$	—

Accounts payable	8,154		8,079		242		(167)		6
Accrued expenses	3,757		3,385		372		—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	2,242		2,186		56		—
Customer advances	1,087		1,086		1		—
Dividends payable	595		595		—		—
Other current liabilities	2,256		1,773		642		(159)		4,7
Long-term debt due within one year	6,352		45		6,307		—
Total current liabilities	29,847		17,158		13,015		(326)

Long-term debt due after one year	26,033		9,772		16,287		(26)		8
Liability for postemployment benefits	5,592		5,592		—		—
Other liabilities	4,805		4,106		1,425		(726)		4
Total liabilities	66,277		36,628		30,727		(1,078)
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock	6,398		6,398		919		(919)		9
Treasury stock	(27,643)		(27,643)		—		—
Profit employed in the business	39,282		35,390		3,881		11		9
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,553)		(799)		(754)		—
Noncontrolling interests	32		35		211		(214)		9
Total shareholders’ equity	16,516		13,381		4,257		(1,122)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	82,793	$	50,009	$	34,984	$	(2,200)

1 Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.

2 Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.

3 Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.

4 Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.

5 Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.

6 Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.

7 Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products' other liabilities.

8 Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.

9 Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Cash Flow

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)


			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	5,250	$	4,750	$	506	$	(6)	1
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,661		1,072		589		—



Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes	(349)		(294)		(55)		—
Other	132		(83)		(123)		338		2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other	365		97		21		247		2,3
Inventories	(3,088)		(3,074)		—		(14)		2
Accounts payable	786		701		74		11		2
Accrued expenses	70		28		42		—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	15		27		(12)		—
Customer advances	751		752		(1)		—
Other assets – net	57		128		(28)		(43)		2
Other liabilities – net	(623)		(913)		239		51		2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	5,027		3,191		1,252		584

Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others	(868)		(860)		(10)		2		2
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(1,023)		(20)		(1,024)		21		2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	666		63		612		(9)		2
Additions to finance receivables	(9,914)		—		(10,584)		670		3
Collections of finance receivables	9,738		—		10,328		(590)		3
Net intercompany purchased receivables	—		—		678		(678)		3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	50		—		50		—
Net intercompany borrowings	—		—		5		(5)		4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(44)		(44)		—		—
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	1		1		—		—
Proceeds from sale of securities	2,080		1,820		260		—
Investments in securities	(2,399)		(1,925)		(474)		—
Other – net	15		84		(69)		—
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(1,698)		(881)		(228)		(589)

Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(1,820)		(1,820)		—		—
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	2		2		—		—
Common shares repurchased	(3,309)		(3,309)		—		—

Net intercompany borrowings	—		(5)		—		5		4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)	5,570		—		5,570		—
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)	(5,289)		(20)		(5,269)		—
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	(1,311)		(138)		(1,173)		—
Other – net	(1)		(1)		—		—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(6,158)		(5,291)		(872)		5
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(79)		(42)		(37)		—
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(2,908)		(3,023)		115		—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	9,263		8,433		830		—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	6,355	$	5,410	$	945	$	—

1 Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

2 Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.

3 Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.

4 Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Cash Flow

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)


			Supplemental Consolidating Data
	Consolidated		Machinery, Energy & Transportation		Financial Products		Consolidating Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies	$	4,373	$	4,225	$	506	$	(358)	1,5
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization	1,766		1,162		604		—


Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes	(321)		(255)		(66)		—
Other	102		104		(135)		133		2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other	(326)		(338)		40		(28)		2,3
Inventories	(2,195)		(2,194)		—		(1)		2
Accounts payable	1,232		1,194		28		10		2
Accrued expenses	46		117		(71)		—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits	934		905		29		—
Customer advances	39		39		—		—
Other assets – net	138		133		24		(19)		2
Other liabilities – net	(2)		(193)		144		47		2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	5,786		4,899		1,103		(216)

Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others	(673)		(670)		(11)		8		2
Expenditures for equipment leased to others	(1,014)		(23)		(997)		6		2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment	877		71		818		(12)		2
Additions to finance receivables	(9,603)		—		(10,292)		689		3
Collections of finance receivables	9,221		—		9,946		(725)		3
Net intercompany purchased receivables	—		—		100		(100)		3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables	44		—		44		—
Net intercompany borrowings	—		1,000		3		(1,003)		4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)	(449)		(449)		—		—
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)	23		23		—		—
Proceeds from sale of securities	424		44		380		—
Investments in securities	(934)		(542)		(392)		—
Other – net	(8)		59		(67)		—
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(2,092)		(487)		(468)		(1,137)

Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(1,733)		(1,733)		(350)		350		5
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued	122		122		—		—
Common shares repurchased	(1,622)		(1,622)		—		—

Net intercompany borrowings	—		(3)		(1,000)		1,003		4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)	6,931		494		6,437		—
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)	(8,620)		(1,910)		(6,710)		—
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)	1,324		(10)		1,334		—
Other – net	(4)		(4)		—		—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(3,602)		(4,666)		(289)		1,353
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(9)		(14)		5		—
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	83		(268)		351		—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	9,366		8,822		544		—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	9,449	$	8,554	$	895	$	—

1 Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

2 Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.

3 Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.

4 Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.

5 Elimination of dividend activity between Financial Products and ME&T.

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Forward-looking Statements

Certain statements in this Form 10-Q relate to future events and expectations and are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believe,” “estimate,” “will be,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “target,” “guide,” “project,” “intend,” “could,” “should” or other similar words or expressions often identify forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our outlook, projections, forecasts or trend descriptions. These statements do not guarantee future performance and speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.

Caterpillar’s actual results may differ materially from those described or implied in our forward-looking statements based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (i) global and regional economic conditions and economic conditions in the industries we serve; (ii) commodity price changes, material price increases, fluctuations in demand for our products or significant shortages of material; (iii) government monetary or fiscal policies; (iv) political and economic risks, commercial instability and events beyond our control in the countries in which we operate; (v) international trade policies and their impact on demand for our products and our competitive position, including the imposition of new tariffs or changes in existing tariff rates; (vi) our ability to develop, produce and market quality products that meet our customers’ needs; (vii) the impact of the highly competitive environment in which we operate on our sales and pricing; (viii) information technology security threats and computer crime; (ix) inventory management decisions and sourcing practices of our dealers and our OEM customers; (x) a failure to realize, or a delay in realizing, all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions, joint ventures or divestitures; (xi) union disputes or other employee relations issues; (xii) adverse effects of unexpected events; (xiii) disruptions or volatility in global financial markets limiting our sources of liquidity or the liquidity of our customers, dealers and suppliers; (xiv) failure to maintain our credit ratings and potential resulting increases to our cost of borrowing and adverse effects on our cost of funds, liquidity, competitive position and access to capital markets; (xv) our Financial Products segment’s risks associated with the financial services industry; (xvi) changes in interest rates or market liquidity conditions; (xvii) an increase in delinquencies, repossessions or net losses of Cat Financial’s customers; (xviii) currency fluctuations; (xix) our or Cat Financial’s compliance with financial and other restrictive covenants in debt agreements; (xx) increased pension plan funding obligations; (xxi) alleged or actual violations of trade or anti-corruption laws and regulations; (xxii) additional tax expense or exposure, including the impact of U.S. tax reform; (xxiii) significant legal proceedings, claims, lawsuits or government investigations; (xxiv) new regulations or changes in financial services regulations; (xxv) compliance with environmental laws and regulations; (xxvi) the duration and geographic spread of, business disruptions caused by, and the overall global economic impact of, the COVID-19 pandemic; and (xxvii) other factors described in more detail under the section entitled "Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors" of Caterpillar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as such factors may be updated from time to time in Caterpillar's periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 5 – “Derivative financial instruments and risk management” included in Part I, Item 1 and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

During the third quarter of 2022, there has been no change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 14 – “Environmental and legal matters” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased2	Average Price Paid per Share2		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased under the Program (in billions)1
July 1-31, 2022	591,861	$	177.08	591,861	$	0.070
August 1-31, 2022	3,015,701	$	192.33	3,015,701	$	14.420
September 1-30, 2022	3,967,760	$	176.42	3,967,760	$	13.720
Total	7,575,322	$	182.80	7,575,322

1 In July 2018, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2018 Authorization) of up to $10.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective January 1, 2019, with no expiration. In May 2022, the Board approved a new share repurchase authorization (the 2022 Authorization) of up to $15.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective August 1, 2022, with no expiration. Utilization of the 2022 Authorization for all share repurchases commenced on August 1, 2022, leaving approximately $70 million unutilized under the 2018 Authorization as of September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2022, $13.7 billion remained available under the 2022 Authorization.


2 In July, August and September of 2022, we repurchased 0.6 million, 3.0 million and 4.0 million shares respectively, for an aggregate of $1.4 billion in open market transactions at an average price per share of $177.08, $192.33 and $176.42, respectively.

Non-U.S. Employee Stock Purchase Plans

As of September 30, 2022, we had 28 employee stock purchase plans (the “EIP Plans”) that are administered outside the United States for our non-U.S. employees, which had approximately 13,000 active participants in the aggregate. During the third quarter of 2022, approximately 81,000 shares of Caterpillar common stock were purchased by the EIP Plans pursuant to the terms of such plans.

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Item 6. Exhibits



10.1						Fourth Amendment to the Caterpillar Inc. 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan*

10.2						First Amendment to the Caterpillar Inc. 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan*

10.3						Second Amendment to the Caterpillar Inc. Supplemental Retirement Plan*

10.4						Fourth Amendment to the Caterpillar Inc. Supplemental Employees' Investment Plan*

10.5						Second Amendment to the Caterpillar Inc. Directors' Deferred Compensation Plan*

10.6						Fourth Amendment to the Caterpillar Inc. Deferred Employees' Investment Plan*

10.7						Fifth Amendment to the Caterpillar Inc. Supplement Deferred Compensation Plan*

10.8						364-Day Credit Agreement dated September 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference f r o m Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 6, 2022 )

10.9						Local Currency Addendum to the 364-Day Credit Agreement dated September 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 6, 2022)

10.10						Japan Local Currency Addendum to the 364-Day Credit Agreement dated September 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 6, 2022)

10.11						Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Three-Year Facility) dated September 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 t o the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 6, 2022)

10.12						Local Currency Addendum to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Three-Year Facility) dated September 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 6, 2022)

10.13						Japan Local Currency Addendum to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Three-Year Facility) dated September 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.6 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 6, 2022)

10.14						Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Five-Year Facility) dated September 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.7 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 6, 2022)

10.15						Local Currency Addendum to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Five-Year Facility) dated September 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.8 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 6, 2022)

10.16						Japan Local Currency Addendum to the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Five-Year Facility) dated September 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.9 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 6, 2022)

31.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32						Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc. and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002



101.INS						Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

101.SCH						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104						Cover Page Interactive File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)

*Management contracts and compensatory plans and arrangements required to be filed as exhibits pursuant to Item 6 of this report.

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The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	CATERPILLAR INC.


November 2, 2022	/s/ D. James Umpleby III	Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
	D. James Umpleby III



November 2, 2022	/s/ Andrew R.J. Bonfield	Chief Financial Officer
	Andrew R.J. Bonfield



November 2, 2022	/s/ Suzette M. Long	Chief Legal Officer and General Counsel
	Suzette M. Long



November 2, 2022	/s/ William E. Schaupp	Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
	William E. Schaupp