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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C.  20549

 FORM 10-Q 

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                    to

Commission File Number:  1-768

CATERPILLAR INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

37-0602744

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)

(IRS Employer I.D. No.)

5205 N. O'Connor Boulevard,

Suite 100,

Irving,

Texas

75039

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (972) 891-7700 

Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report: N/A

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class			Trading Symbol (s)			Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock ($1.00 par value)			CAT			New York Stock Exchange			¹
5.3% Debentures due September 15, 2035			CAT35			New York Stock Exchange

¹    In addition to the New York Stock Exchange, Caterpillar common stock is also listed on stock exchanges in France and Switzerland.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. 

Large accelerated filer			☒			Accelerated filer			☐
Non-accelerated filer			☐			Smaller reporting company			☐
						Emerging growth company			☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐  No ☒

At September 30, 2023, 509,084,743 shares of common stock of the registrant were outstanding.

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Table of Contents

 

Part I. Financial Information
Item 1.			Financial Statements			3
Item 2.			Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			47
Item 3.			Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			75
Item 4.			Controls and Procedures			75
Part II. Other Information
Item 1.			Legal Proceedings			76
Item 1A.			Risk Factors			76
Item 2.			Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities			76
Item 3.			Defaults Upon Senior Securities			*
Item 4.			Mine Safety Disclosures			*
Item 5.			Other Information			76
Item 6.			Exhibits			77

 

* Item omitted because no answer is called for or item is not applicable.

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Part I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 

Item 1.  Financial Statements

Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions except per share data)

			Three Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation			$	15,988					$	14,278
Revenues of Financial Products			822						716
Total sales and revenues			16,810						14,994
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold			10,583						10,202
Selling, general and administrative expenses			1,624						1,401
Research and development expenses			554						476
Interest expense of Financial Products			280						151
Other operating (income) expenses			320						339
Total operating costs			13,361						12,569
Operating profit			3,449						2,425
Interest expense excluding Financial Products			129						109
Other income (expense)			195						242
Consolidated profit before taxes			3,515						2,558
Provision (benefit) for income taxes			734						527
Profit of consolidated companies			2,781						2,031
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies			12						9
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			2,793						2,040
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests			(1)						(1)
Profit 1			$	2,794					$	2,041
Profit per common share			$	5.48					$	3.89
Profit per common share – diluted 2			$	5.45					$	3.87
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
– Basic			509.8						525.0
– Diluted 2			512.6						527.6

 

1    Profit attributable to common shareholders.

2   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

 

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)

			Three Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			$	2,793					$	2,040
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
Foreign currency translation:			(205)						(618)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:			(3)						(1)
Derivative financial instruments:			(62)						(191)
Available-for-sale securities:			(16)						(44)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax			(286)						(854)
Comprehensive income			2,507						1,186
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests			(1)						(1)
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders			$	2,508					$	1,187

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions except per share data)

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation			$	47,632					$	40,703
Revenues of Financial Products			2,358						2,127
Total sales and revenues			49,990						42,830
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold			31,751						29,736
Selling, general and administrative expenses			4,615						4,172
Research and development expenses			1,554						1,413
Interest expense of Financial Products			742						377
Other operating (income) expenses			1,496						908
Total operating costs			40,158						36,606
Operating profit			9,832						6,224
Interest expense excluding Financial Products			385						326
Other income (expense)			354						755
Consolidated profit before taxes			9,801						6,653
Provision (benefit) for income taxes			2,194						1,423
Profit of consolidated companies			7,607						5,230
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies			52						20
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			7,659						5,250
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests			—						(1)
Profit 1			$	7,659					$	5,251
Profit per common share			$	14.93					$	9.91
Profit per common share – diluted 2			$	14.85					$	9.85
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (millions)
– Basic			513.0						530.1
– Diluted 2			515.7						533.2

1    Profit attributable to common shareholders.

2   Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method. 

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions)

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			$	7,659					$	5,250
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (Note 13):
Foreign currency translation:			260						(1,392)
Pension and other postretirement benefits:			(8)						(3)
Derivative financial instruments:			(19)						(254)
Available-for-sale securities:			(8)						(151)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax			225						(1,800)
Comprehensive income			7,884						3,450
Less: comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interests			—						(1)
Comprehensive income attributable to shareholders			$	7,884					$	3,451

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) 

			September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			$	6,545					$	7,004
Receivables – trade and other			9,134						8,856
Receivables – finance			9,608						9,013
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			5,138						2,642
Inventories			17,580						16,270
Total current assets			48,005						43,785
Property, plant and equipment – net			12,287						12,028
Long-term receivables – trade and other			1,110						1,265
Long-term receivables – finance			11,907						12,013
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes			2,719						2,213
Intangible assets			604						758
Goodwill			5,268						5,288
Other assets			4,891						4,593
Total assets			$	86,791					$	81,943
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation			$	—					$	3
Financial Products			4,218						5,954
Accounts payable			7,827						8,689
Accrued expenses			4,669						4,080
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits			2,300						2,313
Customer advances			2,333						1,860
Dividends payable			—						620
Other current liabilities			3,115						2,690
Long-term debt due within one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation			1,043						120
Financial Products			7,619						5,202
Total current liabilities			33,124						31,531
Long-term debt due after one year:
Machinery, Energy & Transportation			8,470						9,498
Financial Products			15,789						16,216
Liability for postemployment benefits			4,060						4,203
Other liabilities			4,841						4,604
Total liabilities			66,284						66,052
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 11 and 14)
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock of $1.00 par value:
Authorized shares: 2,000,000,000 Issued shares: (9/30/23 and 12/31/22 – 814,894,624) at paid-in amount			6,698						6,560
Treasury stock: (9/30/23 – 305,809,881 shares; 12/31/22 – 298,549,134 shares) at cost			(33,865)						(31,748)
Profit employed in the business			49,888						43,514
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			(2,232)						(2,457)
Noncontrolling interests			18						22
Total shareholders’ equity			20,507						15,891
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity			$	86,791					$	81,943

 

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) 

			Common stock						Treasury stock						Profit employed in the business						Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)						Noncontrolling interests						Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Balance at June 30, 2022			$	6,464					$	(29,501)					$	41,263					$	(2,499)					$	32					$	15,759
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			—						—						2,041						—						(1)						2,040
Foreign currency translation, net of tax			—						—						—						(618)						—						(618)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax			—						—						—						(1)						—						(1)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax			—						—						—						(191)						—						(191)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax			—						—						—						(44)						—						(44)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 75,534			(5)						4						—						—						—						(1)
Stock-based compensation expense			55						—						—						—						—						55
Common shares repurchased: 7,575,322 1			—						(1,385)						—						—						—						(1,385)
Other			9						(1)						—						—						—						8
Balance at September 30, 2022			$	6,523					$	(30,883)					$	43,304					$	(3,353)					$	31					$	15,622
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Balance at June 30, 2023			$	6,478					$	(33,391)					$	47,094					$	(1,946)					$	21					$	18,256
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			—						—						2,794						—						(1)						2,793
Foreign currency translation, net of tax			—						—						—						(205)						—						(205)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax			—						—						—						(3)						—						(3)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax			—						—						—						(62)						—						(62)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax			—						—						—						(16)						—						(16)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 824,973			—						59						—						—						—						59
Stock-based compensation expense			60						—						—						—						—						60
Common shares repurchased: 1,883,487 1			—						(530)						—						—						—						(530)
Outstanding authorized accelerated share repurchase			150						—						—						—						—						150
Other			10						(3)						—						—						(2)						5
Balance at September 30, 2023			$	6,698					$	(33,865)					$	49,888					$	(2,232)					$	18					$	20,507

1 See Note 12 for additional information.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

(Dollars in millions) 

			Common stock						Treasury stock						Profit employed in the business						Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)						Noncontrolling interests						Total
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Balance at December 31, 2021			$	6,398					$	(27,643)					$	39,282					$	(1,553)					$	32					$	16,516
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			—						—						5,251						—						(1)						5,250
Foreign currency translation, net of tax			—						—						—						(1,392)						—						(1,392)
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax			—						—						—						(3)						—						(3)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax			—						—						—						(254)						—						(254)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax			—						—						—						(151)						—						(151)
Dividends declared 1			—						—						(1,229)						—						—						(1,229)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 1,529,753			(67)						69						—						—						—						2
Stock-based compensation expense			162						—						—						—						—						162
Common shares repurchased: 17,007,819 2			—						(3,309)						—						—						—						(3,309)
Other			30						—						—						—						—						30
Balance at September 30, 2022			$	6,523					$	(30,883)					$	43,304					$	(3,353)					$	31					$	15,622
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Balance at December 31, 2022			$	6,560					$	(31,748)					$	43,514					$	(2,457)					$	22					$	15,891
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			—						—						7,659						—						—						7,659
Foreign currency translation, net of tax			—						—						—						260						—						260
Pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax			—						—						—						(8)						—						(8)
Derivative financial instruments, net of tax			—						—						—						(19)						—						(19)
Available-for-sale securities, net of tax			—						—						—						(8)						—						(8)
Dividends declared 1			—						—						(1,285)						—						—						(1,285)
Common shares issued from treasury stock for stock-based compensation: 2,238,728			(71)						108						—						—						—						37
Stock-based compensation expense			178						—						—						—						—						178
Common shares repurchased: 9,499,655 2			—						(2,209)						—						—						—						(2,209)
Other			31						(16)						—						—						(4)						11
Balance at September 30, 2023			$	6,698					$	(33,865)					$	49,888					$	(2,232)					$	18					$	20,507

1 Dividends per share of common stock of $2.50 and $2.31 were declared in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

2 See Note 12 for additional information.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			$	7,659					$	5,250
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization			1,599						1,661
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes			(448)						(349)
Loss on divestiture			572						—
Other			205						132
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other			(319)						365
Inventories			(1,424)						(3,088)
Accounts payable			(532)						786
Accrued expenses			588						70
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits			—						15
Customer advances			516						751
Other assets – net			128						57
Other liabilities – net			338						(623)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities			8,882						5,027
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others			(1,061)						(868)
Expenditures for equipment leased to others			(1,177)						(1,023)
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment			563						666
Additions to finance receivables			(11,082)						(9,914)
Collections of finance receivables			10,391						9,738
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables			40						50
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)			(67)						(44)
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)			(14)						1
Proceeds from sale of securities			747						2,080
Investments in securities			(3,689)						(2,399)
Other – net			32						15
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities			(5,317)						(1,698)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid			(1,901)						(1,820)
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued			36						2
Common shares repurchased			(2,209)						(3,309)
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months):
Financial Products			6,360						5,570
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months):
Machinery, Energy & Transportation			(99)						(20)
Financial Products			(4,360)						(5,269)
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)			(1,726)						(1,311)
Other – net			—						(1)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities			(3,899)						(6,158)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash			(119)						(79)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash			(453)						(2,908)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period			7,013						9,263
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period			$	6,560					$	6,355

 Cash equivalents primarily represent short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of generally three months or less.

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

 

1.                                   A.  Nature of operations

 

Information in our financial statements and related commentary are presented in the following categories:

 

Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – We define ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.

 

Financial Products – We define Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

B.  Basis of presentation

 

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of (a) the consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, (b) the consolidated comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, (c) the consolidated financial position at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, (d) the consolidated changes in shareholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and (e) the consolidated cash flow for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.  The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The information included in this Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in our company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2022 Form 10-K).

 

The December 31, 2022 financial position data included herein is derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2022 Form 10-K but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.

Cat Financial has end-user customers and dealers that are variable interest entities (VIEs) of which we are not the primary beneficiary. Our maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these VIEs is limited to the credit risk inherently present in the financial support that we have provided. Credit risk was evaluated and reflected in our financial statements as part of our overall portfolio of finance receivables and related allowance for credit losses. See Note 11 for further discussions on a consolidated VIE.

2.                                   New accounting guidance

A. Adoption of new accounting standards

Supplier finance programs (ASU 2022-04) - In September 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance to enhance the transparency of supplier finance programs. The new standard requires annual disclosure of the key terms of the program, a description of where in the financial statements amounts outstanding under the program are presented, a rollforward of such amounts, and interim disclosure of amounts outstanding as of the end of each period. The guidance does not affect recognition, measurement, or financial statement presentation of supplier finance programs. The ASU was effective on January 1, 2023, except for the rollforward, which is effective on January 1, 2024. Our adoption of this guidance results in the following disclosures relating to our supplier finance programs and related obligations.

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We facilitate voluntary supplier finance programs (the “Programs”) through participating financial institutions. The Programs are available to a wide range of suppliers and allow them the option to manage their cash flow. We are not a party to the agreements between the participating financial institutions and the suppliers in connection with the Programs. The range of payment terms, typically 60-90 days, we negotiate with our suppliers is consistent, irrespective of whether a supplier participates in the Programs. The amount of obligations outstanding that are confirmed as valid to the participating financial institutions for suppliers who voluntarily participate in the Programs, included in Accounts payable in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, were $825 million and $862 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We adopted the following ASUs effective January 1, 2023, none of which had a material impact on our financial statements:

ASU			Description
2021-08			Business combinations
2022-02			Financial instruments - Credit losses
2022-06			Reference rate reform

B. Accounting standards issued but not yet adopted

We consider the applicability and impact of all ASUs. We assessed the ASUs and determined that they either were not applicable or were not expected to have a material impact on our financial statements.

3.                                   Sales and revenue contract information

Trade receivables represent amounts due from dealers and end users for the sale of our products, and include amounts due from wholesale inventory financing provided by Cat Financial for a dealer’s purchase of inventory. We recognize trade receivables from dealers and end users in Receivables – trade and other and Long-term receivables – trade and other in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Trade receivables from dealers and end users were $7,825 million, $7,551 million and $7,267 million as of September 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Long-term trade receivables from dealers and end users were $494 million, $506 million and $624 million as of September 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

For certain contracts, we invoice for payment when contractual milestones are achieved. We recognize a contract asset when a sale is recognized before achieving the contractual milestones for invoicing. We reduce the contract asset when we invoice for payment and recognize a corresponding trade receivable. Contract assets are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Contract assets were $212 million, $247 million and $187 million as of September 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

We invoice in advance of recognizing the sale of certain products. We recognize advanced customer payments as a contract liability in Customer advances and Other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. Contract liabilities were $2,816 million, $2,314 million and $1,557 million as of September 30, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. We reduce the contract liability when revenue is recognized. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized $197 million and $1,333 million, respectively, of revenue that was recorded as a contract liability at the beginning of 2023. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $124 million and $781 million, respectively.

As of September 30, 2023, we have entered into contracts with dealers and end users for which sales have not been recognized as we have not satisfied our performance obligations and transferred control of the products. The dollar amount of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original duration greater than one year is $13.2 billion, with about one-half of the amount expected to be completed and revenue recognized in the twelve months following September 30, 2023. We have elected the practical expedient not to disclose unsatisfied performance obligations with an original contract duration of one year or less. Contracts with an original duration of one year or less are primarily sales to dealers for machinery, engines and replacement parts.

See Note 16 for further disaggregated sales and revenues information.

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4.                                    Stock-based compensation

 

Accounting for stock-based compensation requires that the cost resulting from all stock-based payments be recognized in the financial statements based on the grant date fair value of the award.  Our stock-based compensation consists of stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs).

We recognized pretax stock-based compensation expense of $60 million and $178 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $55 million and $162 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

The following table illustrates the type and fair value of the stock-based compensation awards granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023																		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
			Shares Granted						Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share						Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price						Shares Granted						Weighted-Average Fair Value Per Share						Weighted-Average Grant Date Stock Price
Stock options			777,275						$	75.79					$	253.98					1,029,202						$	51.69					$	196.70
RSUs			379,426						$	253.98					$	253.98					484,025						$	196.70					$	196.70
PRSUs			221,869						$	253.98					$	253.98					258,900						$	196.70					$	196.70

 

The following table provides the assumptions used in determining the fair value of the stock-based awards for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

 

			Grant Year
			2023						2022
Weighted-average dividend yield			2.60%						2.60%
Weighted-average volatility			31.0%						31.7%
Range of volatilities			28.5% - 35.5%						25.3% - 36.8%
Range of risk-free interest rates			3.92% - 5.03%						1.03% - 2.00%
Weighted-average expected lives			7 years						8 years

 

As of September 30, 2023, the total remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested stock-based compensation awards was $167 million, which will be amortized over the weighted-average remaining requisite service periods of approximately 1.8 years.

 

5.                                     Derivative financial instruments and risk management

 

Our earnings and cash flow are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and commodity prices.  Our Risk Management Policy (policy) allows for the use of derivative financial instruments to prudently manage foreign currency exchange rate, interest rate and commodity price exposures.  Our policy specifies that derivatives are not to be used for speculative purposes.  Derivatives that we use are primarily foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts, interest rate contracts and commodity forward and option contracts.  Our derivative activities are subject to the management, direction and control of our senior financial officers.  We present at least annually to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors on our risk management practices, including our use of financial derivative instruments.

 

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We recognize all derivatives at their fair value on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. On the date the derivative contract is entered into, we designate the derivative as (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flow (cash flow hedge) or (3) an undesignated instrument. We record in current earnings changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged recognized asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk. We record in AOCI changes in the fair value of a derivative that is qualified, designated and highly effective as a cash flow hedge, to the extent effective, on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position until we reclassify them to earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.  We report changes in the fair value of undesignated derivative instruments in current earnings. We classify cash flows from designated derivative financial instruments within the same category as the item being hedged on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.  We include cash flows from undesignated derivative financial instruments in the investing category on the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.

 

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions.  This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position and linking cash flow hedges to specific forecasted transactions or variability of cash flow.

We also formally assess, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the designated derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flow of hedged items.  When a derivative is determined not to be highly effective as a hedge or the underlying hedged transaction is no longer probable, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively, in accordance with the derecognition criteria for hedge accounting.

 

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

 

Foreign currency exchange rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the U.S. dollar value of sales made and costs incurred in foreign currencies. Movements in foreign currency rates also affect our competitive position as these changes may affect business practices and/or pricing strategies of non-U.S.-based competitors. Additionally, we have balance sheet positions denominated in foreign currencies, thereby creating exposure to movements in exchange rates.

 

Our ME&T operations purchase, manufacture and sell products in many locations around the world. As we have a diversified revenue and cost base, we manage our future foreign currency cash flow exposure on a net basis. We use foreign currency forward and option contracts to manage unmatched foreign currency cash inflow and outflow. Our objective is to minimize the risk of exchange rate movements that would reduce the U.S. dollar value of our foreign currency cash flow. Our policy allows for managing anticipated foreign currency cash flow for up to approximately five years. As of September 30, 2023, the maximum term of these outstanding contracts at inception was approximately 60 months.

 

We generally designate as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract any foreign currency forward or option contracts that meet the requirements for hedge accounting and the maturity extends beyond the current quarter-end. We perform designation on a specific exposure basis to support hedge accounting. The remainder of ME&T foreign currency contracts are undesignated.  

 

In managing foreign currency risk for our Financial Products operations, our objective is to minimize earnings volatility resulting from conversion and the remeasurement of net foreign currency balance sheet positions and future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our policy allows the use of foreign currency forward, option and cross currency contracts to offset the risk of currency mismatch between our assets and liabilities and exchange rate risk associated with future transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Our foreign currency forward and option contracts are primarily undesignated. We designate fixed-to-fixed cross currency contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against movements in exchange rates on foreign currency fixed-rate assets and liabilities.

 

Interest Rate Risk

 

Interest rate movements create a degree of risk by affecting the amount of our interest payments and the value of our fixed-rate debt. Our practice is to use interest rate contracts to manage our exposure to interest rate changes.

 

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Our ME&T operations generally use fixed-rate debt as a source of funding.  Our objective is to minimize the cost of borrowed funds.  Our policy allows us to enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts and forward rate agreements to meet that objective. We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges at inception of the contract, and we designate certain forward rate agreements as cash flow hedges at inception of the contract.

Financial Products operations has a match-funding policy that addresses interest rate risk by aligning the interest rate profile (fixed or floating rate and duration) of Cat Financial’s debt portfolio with the interest rate profile of our receivables portfolio within predetermined ranges on an ongoing basis. In connection with that policy, we use interest rate derivative instruments to modify the debt structure to match assets within the receivables portfolio. This matched funding reduces the volatility of margins between interest-bearing assets and interest-bearing liabilities, regardless of which direction interest rates move.

 

Our policy allows us to use fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed and floating-to-floating interest rate contracts to meet the match-funding objective.  We designate fixed-to-floating interest rate contracts as fair value hedges to protect debt against changes in fair value due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.  We designate most floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts as cash flow hedges to protect against the variability of cash flows due to changes in the benchmark interest rate.

 

We have, at certain times, liquidated fixed-to-floating and floating-to-fixed interest rate contracts at both ME&T and Financial Products. We amortize the gains or losses associated with these contracts at the time of liquidation into earnings over the original term of the previously designated hedged item.

 

Commodity Price Risk

 

Commodity price movements create a degree of risk by affecting the price we must pay for certain raw materials. Our policy is to use commodity forward and option contracts to manage the commodity risk and reduce the cost of purchased materials.

 

Our ME&T operations purchase base and precious metals embedded in the components we purchase from suppliers.  Our suppliers pass on to us price changes in the commodity portion of the component cost. In addition, we are subject to price changes on energy products such as natural gas and diesel fuel purchased for operational use.

 

Our objective is to minimize volatility in the price of these commodities. Our policy allows us to enter into commodity forward and option contracts to lock in the purchase price of a portion of these commodities within a five-year horizon. All such commodity forward and option contracts are undesignated.

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The location and fair value of derivative instruments reported in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)			Fair Value
			September 30, 2023												December 31, 2022
			Assets 1						Liabilities 2						Assets 1						Liabilities 2
Designated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts			$	411					$	(163)					$	462					$	(152)
Interest rate contracts			52						(346)						93						(288)
Total			$	463					$	(509)					$	555					$	(440)
Undesignated derivatives
Foreign exchange contracts			$	32					$	(48)					$	65					$	(47)
Commodity contracts			11						(2)						24						(9)
Total			$	43					$	(50)					$	89					$	(56)
1 Assets are classified on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as Receivables - trade and other or Long-term receivables - trade and other.
2 Liabilities are classified on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as Accrued expenses or Other liabilities.

The total notional amounts of the derivative instruments as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $23.4 billion and $24.3 billion, respectively. The notional amounts of the derivative financial instruments do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties. We calculate the amounts exchanged by the parties by referencing the notional amounts and by other terms of the derivatives, such as foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity prices.

Gains (Losses) on derivative instruments are categorized as follows:

(Millions of dollars)			Three Months Ended September 30,
			Fair Value / Undesignated Hedges												Cash Flow Hedges
			Gains (Losses) Recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations1												Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI												Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI2
			2023						2022						2023						2022						2023						2022
Foreign exchange contracts			$	19					$	(2)					$	10					$	18					$	80					$	289
Interest rate contracts			(34)						(5)						3						26						14						7
Commodity contracts			14						(42)						—						—						—						—
Total			$	(1)					$	(49)					$	13					$	44					$	94					$	296
1 Foreign exchange contract and Commodity contract gains (losses) are included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are included in Interest expense of Financial Products and Interest expense excluding Financial Products.
2 Foreign exchange contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense of Financial Products.

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(Millions of dollars)			Nine Months Ended September 30,
			Fair Value / Undesignated Hedges												Cash Flow Hedges
			Gains (Losses) Recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations 1												Gains (Losses) Recognized in AOCI												Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI 2
			2023						2022						2023						2022						2023						2022
Foreign exchange contracts			$	22					$	(32)					$	42					$	195					$	43					$	638
Interest rate contracts			(95)						12						15						103						41						(2)
Commodity contract			2						3						—						—						—						—
Total			$	(71)					$	(17)					$	57					$	298					$	84					$	636
1 Foreign exchange contract and Commodity contract gains (losses) are included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are included in Interest expense of Financial Products and Interest expense excluding Financial Products.
2 Foreign exchange contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Other income (expense). Interest rate contract gains (losses) are primarily included in Interest expense of Financial Products.

The following amounts were recorded on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:

(Millions of dollars)			Carrying Value of the Hedged Liabilities												Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Value of the Hedged Liabilities
			September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022						September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Long-term debt due within one year			$	249					$	—					$	(4)					$	—
Long-term debt due after one year			4,732						4,173						(343)						(280)
Total			$	4,981					$	4,173					$	(347)					$	(280)

We enter into International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting agreements within ME&T and Financial Products that permit the net settlement of amounts owed under their respective derivative contracts. Under these master netting agreements, net settlement generally permits the company or the counterparty to determine the net amount payable for contracts due on the same date and in the same currency for similar types of derivative transactions. The master netting agreements may also provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with a counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event.

Collateral is typically not required of the counterparties or of our company under the master netting agreements. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no cash collateral was received or pledged under the master netting agreements.

The effect of the net settlement provisions of the master netting agreements on our derivative balances upon an event of default or termination event was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)			September 30, 2023												December 31, 2022
			Assets						Liabilities						Assets						Liabilities
Gross Amounts Recognized			$	506					$	(559)					$	644					$	(496)
Financial Instruments Not Offset			(221)						221						(233)						233
Net Amount			$	285					$	(338)					$	411					$	(263)

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6.                                     Inventories

 

Inventories (principally using the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method) were comprised of the following:

 

(Millions of dollars)			September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Raw materials			$	6,798					$	6,370
Work-in-process			1,650						1,452
Finished goods			8,788						8,138
Supplies			344						310
Total inventories			$	17,580					$	16,270

    

7.                                     Intangible assets and goodwill

 

A.  Intangible assets

 

Intangible assets were comprised of the following:

 

									September 30, 2023
(Millions of dollars)			Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)						Gross Carrying Amount 1						Accumulated Amortization 1						Net
Customer relationships			16						$	2,224					$	(1,774)					$	450
Intellectual property			14						503						(393)						110
Other			17						117						(73)						44
Total finite-lived intangible assets			15						$	2,844					$	(2,240)					$	604

									December 31, 2022
			Weighted Amortizable Life (Years)						Gross Carrying Amount						Accumulated Amortization						Net
Customer relationships			16						$	2,233					$	(1,675)					$	558
Intellectual property			12						1,473						(1,320)						153
Other			16						132						(85)						47
Total finite-lived intangible assets			14						$	3,838					$	(3,080)					$	758
1 For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, $1.0 billion of intangible assets were fully amortized and have been removed.

Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $44 million and $174 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $70 million and $213 million, respectively. Amortization expense related to intangible assets is expected to be:

(Millions of dollars)
Remaining Three Months of 2023						2024						2025						2026						2027						Thereafter
$44						$174						$165						$94						$31						$96

 

B.  Goodwill

 

No goodwill was impaired during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022.

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The changes in carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were as follows: 

(Millions of dollars)						December 31, 2022																		Other Adjustments 1						September 30, 2023
Construction Industries
Goodwill						$	287																	$	(18)					$	269
Impairments						(22)																		—						(22)
Net goodwill						265																		(18)						247
Resource Industries
Goodwill						4,130																		5						4,135
Impairments						(1,175)																		—						(1,175)
Net goodwill						2,955																		5						2,960
Energy & Transportation
Goodwill						2,947																		(2)						2,945
Impairments						(925)																		—						(925)
Net goodwill						2,022																		(2)						2,020
All Other 2
Goodwill						46																		(5)						41
Impairments						—																		—						—
Net goodwill						46																		(5)						41
Consolidated total
Goodwill						7,410																		(20)						7,390
Impairments						(2,122)																		—						(2,122)
Net goodwill						$	5,288																	$	(20)					$	5,268

1 Other adjustments are comprised primarily of foreign currency translation.

2 Includes All Other operating segment (See Note 16).

8.                                     Investments in debt and equity securities

 

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities, which we record at fair value and primarily include in Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

We classify debt securities primarily as available-for-sale. We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of available-for-sale debt securities, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position). We include the unrealized gains and losses arising from the revaluation of the equity securities in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. We generally determine realized gains and losses on sales of investments using the specific identification method for available-for-sale debt and equity securities and include them in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

The cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized gains and losses included in equity (AOCI in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position) were as follows:

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Available-for-sale debt securities			September 30, 2023																		December 31, 2022
(Millions of dollars)			Cost Basis						Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)						Fair Value						Cost Basis						Unrealized Pretax Net Gains (Losses)						Fair Value
Government debt securities
U.S. treasury bonds			$	9					$	—					$	9					$	9					$	—					$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds			57						(4)						53						60						(5)						55
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds and other debt securities			2,823						(93)						2,730						2,561						(95)						2,466
Asset-backed securities			193						(4)						189						187						(5)						182
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency			429						(45)						384						364						(31)						333
Residential			3						(1)						2						3						(1)						2
Commercial			137						(11)						126						127						(10)						117
Total available-for-sale debt securities			$	3,651					$	(158)					$	3,493					$	3,311					$	(147)					$	3,164

Available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position:
			September 30, 2023
			Less than 12 months 1												12 months or more 1												Total
(Millions of dollars)			Fair Value						Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses
Government debt securities
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds			$	19					$	—					$	25					$	4					$	44					$	4
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds			1,660						29						972						64						2,632						93
Asset-backed securities			35						—						88						4						123						4
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency			102						4						281						41						383						45
Residential			—						—						2						1						2						1
Commercial			18						1						108						10						126						11
Total			$	1,834					$	34					$	1,476					$	124					$	3,310					$	158

			December 31, 2022
			Less than 12 months 1												12 months or more 1												Total
(Millions of dollars)			Fair Value						Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses						Fair Value						Unrealized Losses
Government debt securities
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds			$	19					$	1					$	20					$	4					$	39					$	5
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds			1,815						46						357						50						2,172						96
Asset-backed securities			75						2						55						3						130						5
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency			229						16						98						15						327						31
Residential			2						—						1						1						3						1
Commercial			63						5						54						5						117						10
Total			$	2,203					$	70					$	585					$	78					$	2,788					$	148
1 Indicates the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

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The unrealized losses on our investments in government debt securities, corporate debt securities, and mortgage-backed debt securities relate to changes in underlying interest rates and credit spreads since time of purchase. We do not intend to sell the investments, and it is not likely that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their respective amortized cost basis. In addition, we did not expect credit-related losses on these investments as of September 30, 2023.

The cost basis and fair value of available-for-sale debt securities at September 30, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay and creditors may have the right to call obligations.        

			September 30, 2023
(Millions of dollars)			Cost Basis						Fair Value
Due in one year or less			$	940					$	929
Due after one year through five years			1,812						1,737
Due after five years through ten years			262						248
Due after ten years			68						67
U.S. governmental agency mortgage-backed securities			429						384
Residential mortgage-backed securities			3						2
Commercial mortgage-backed securities			137						126
Total debt securities – available-for-sale			$	3,651					$	3,493

Sales of available-for-sale debt securities:
			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022						2023						2022
Proceeds from the sale of available-for-sale securities			$	271					$	204					$	710					$	474
Gross gains from the sale of available-for-sale securities			—						—						—						1
Gross losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities			1						—						1						1

In addition, we had $2,550 million of investments in time deposits classified as held-to-maturity debt securities as of September 30, 2023. We did not have any investments classified as held-to-maturity debt securities as of December 31, 2022. All these investments mature within one year and we include them in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We record held-to-maturity debt securities at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at September 30, 2023 and 2022 were $(11) million and $(12) million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the net unrealized gains (losses) for equity securities held at September 30, 2023 and 2022 were $(25) million and $(97) million, respectively.

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9.                                     Postretirement benefits

 

A.  Pension and postretirement benefit costs    

			U.S. Pension Benefits												Non-U.S. Pension Benefits												Other Postretirement Benefits
			September 30,												September 30,												September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022						2023						2022						2023						2022
For the three months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost			$	—					$	—					$	10					$	15					$	16					$	24
Interest cost			164						100						30						17						36						20
Expected return on plan assets			(173)						(167)						(40)						(33)						(2)						(3)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)			—						—						—						—						(3)						(1)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1			$	(9)					$	(67)					$	—					$	(1)					$	47					$	40
For the nine months ended:
Components of net periodic benefit cost:
Service cost			$	—					$	—					$	30					$	40					$	50					$	74
Interest cost			492						301						91						53						108						60
Expected return on plan assets			(517)						(502)						(120)						(100)						(8)						(9)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)			—						—						—						—						(9)						(4)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) 1			$	(25)					$	(201)					$	1					$	(7)					$	141					$	121

1 The service cost component is included in Operating costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations. All other components are included in Other income (expense) in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations.

We made $56 million and $320 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement plans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. We currently anticipate full-year 2023 contributions of approximately $372 million.

 

B.  Defined contribution benefit costs

 

Total company costs related to our defined contribution plans, which are included in Operating Costs in the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

 

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022						2023						2022
U.S. Plans			$	120					$	87					$	405					$	236
Non-U.S. Plans			27						29						85						85
			$	147					$	116					$	490					$	321

The increase in the U.S. defined contribution benefit costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to the fair value adjustments related to our non-qualified deferred compensation plans.

 

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10.                              Leases

Revenues from finance and operating leases, primarily included in Revenues of Financial Products on the Consolidated Statement of Results of Operations, were as follows:

						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)						2023						2022						2023						2022
Finance lease revenue						$	106					$	105					$	315					$	326
Operating lease revenue						286						270						836						819
Total						$	392					$	375					$	1,151					$	1,145

We present revenues net of sales and other related taxes.

11.                              Guarantees and product warranty

 

Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees

Dealer performance guarantees mainly consists of an indemnity to a third-party insurance company for potential losses related to performance bonds issued on behalf of Caterpillar dealers.  The bonds have varying terms and are issued to insure governmental agencies against nonperformance by certain dealers. The guarantees began to expire during the third quarter of 2023. No payments were made under the guarantees.

We have dealer performance guarantees and third-party performance guarantees that do not limit potential payment to end users related to indemnities and other commercial contractual obligations. In addition, we have entered into contracts involving industry standard indemnifications that do not limit potential payment. For these unlimited guarantees, we are unable to estimate a maximum potential amount of future payments that could result from claims made.

No significant loss has been experienced or is anticipated under any of these guarantees.  At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the related recorded liability was $4 million and $2 million, respectively. The maximum potential amount of future payments that we can estimate (undiscounted and without reduction for any amounts that may possibly be recovered under recourse or collateralized provisions) and we could be required to make under the guarantees was as follows:

 

(Millions of dollars)			September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Caterpillar dealer performance guarantees			$	42					$	188
Other guarantees			341						323
Total guarantees			$	383					$	511

 

Cat Financial provides guarantees to purchase certain loans of Caterpillar dealers from a special-purpose corporation (SPC) that qualifies as a variable interest entity.  The purpose of the SPC is to provide short-term working capital loans to Caterpillar dealers.  This SPC issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to fund its loan program. Cat Financial receives a fee for providing this guarantee.  Cat Financial is the primary beneficiary of the SPC as its guarantees result in Cat Financial having both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the SPC’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses, and therefore Cat Financial has consolidated the financial statements of the SPC.  As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the SPC’s assets of $1.54 billion and $971 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of loans to dealers, and the SPC’s liabilities of $1.54 billion and $970 million, respectively, were primarily comprised of commercial paper.  The assets of the SPC are not available to pay Cat Financial’s creditors. Cat Financial may be obligated to perform under the guarantee if the SPC experiences losses. No loss has been experienced or is anticipated under this loan purchase agreement.

We determine our product warranty liability by applying historical claim rate experience to the current field population and dealer inventory.  Generally, we base historical claim rates on actual warranty experience for each product by

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machine model/engine size by customer or dealer location (inside or outside North America).  We develop specific rates for each product shipment month and update them monthly based on actual warranty claim experience.  

The reconciliation of the change in our product warranty liability balances for the nine months ended September 30 was as follows:

			First Nine Months
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022
Warranty liability, beginning of period			$	1,761					$	1,689
Reduction in liability (payments)			(617)						(589)
Increase in liability (new warranties)			724						562
Warranty liability, end of period			$	1,868					$	1,662

12.                               Profit per share

 

Computations of profit per share:									Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in millions except per share data)									2023						2022						2023						2022
Profit for the period (A) 1									$	2,794					$	2,041					$	7,659					$	5,251
Determination of shares (in millions):
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding (B)									509.8						525.0						513.0						530.1
Shares issuable on exercise of stock awards, net of shares assumed to be purchased out of proceeds at average market price									2.8						2.6						2.7						3.1
Average common shares outstanding for fully diluted computation (C) 2									512.6						527.6						515.7						533.2
Profit per share of common stock:
Assuming no dilution (A/B)									$	5.48					$	3.89					$	14.93					$	9.91
Assuming full dilution (A/C) 2									$	5.45					$	3.87					$	14.85					$	9.85
Shares outstanding as of September 30, (in millions)																					509.1						520.4
1 Profit attributable to common shareholders.
2 Diluted by assumed exercise of stock-based compensation awards using the treasury stock method.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we excluded 0.8 million and 2.1 million of outstanding stock options, respectively, from the computation of diluted earnings per share because the effect would have been antidilutive.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we repurchased 1.9 million and 9.5 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $0.5 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we repurchased 7.6 million and 17.0 million shares of Caterpillar common stock, respectively, at an aggregate cost of $1.4 billion and $3.3 billion, respectively. We made these purchases through the combination of accelerated stock repurchase agreements with a third-party financial institution and open market transactions in 2023 and 2022.

13.                         Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

We present comprehensive income and its components in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. Changes in the balances for each component of AOCI were as follows:

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			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022						2023						2022
Foreign currency translation:
Beginning balance			$	(1,863)					$	(2,282)					$	(2,328)					$	(1,508)
Gains (losses) on foreign currency translation			(194)						(592)						(235)						(1,328)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)			10						26						(2)						64
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency translation			(204)						(618)						(233)						(1,392)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings			(1)						—						493						—
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)			—						—						—						—
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings			(1)						—						493						—
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax			(205)						(618)						260						(1,392)
Ending balance			$	(2,068)					$	(2,900)					$	(2,068)					$	(2,900)
Pension and other postretirement benefits
Beginning balance			$	(44)					$	(64)					$	(39)					$	(62)
Current year prior service credit (cost)			—						—						—						—
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)			—						—						—						—
Net current year prior service credit (cost)			—						—						—						—
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost			(3)						(1)						(9)						(4)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)			—						—						(1)						(1)
Net amortization of prior service (credit) cost			(3)						(1)						(8)						(3)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax			(3)						(1)						(8)						(3)
Ending balance			$	(47)					$	(65)					$	(47)					$	(65)
Derivative financial instruments
Beginning balance			$	71					$	(66)					$	28					$	(3)
Gains (losses) deferred			13						44						57						298
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)			5						35						14						71
Net gains (losses) deferred			8						9						43						227
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings			(94)						(296)						(84)						(636)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)			(24)						(96)						(22)						(155)
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings			(70)						(200)						(62)						(481)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax			(62)						(191)						(19)						(254)
Ending balance			$	9					$	(257)					$	9					$	(257)
Available-for-sale securities
Beginning balance			$	(110)					$	(87)					$	(118)					$	20
Gains (losses) deferred			(22)						(55)						(12)						(188)
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)			(5)						(11)						(3)						(37)
Net gains (losses) deferred			(17)						(44)						(9)						(151)
(Gains) losses reclassified to earnings			1						—						1						—
Less: Tax provision /(benefit)			—						—						—						—
Net (gains) losses reclassified to earnings			1						—						1						—
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax			(16)						(44)						(8)						(151)
Ending balance			$	(126)					$	(131)					$	(126)					$	(131)
Total AOCI Ending Balance at September 30			$	(2,232)					$	(3,353)					$	(2,232)					$	(3,353)

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14.                              Environmental and legal matters

The Company is regulated by federal, state and international environmental laws governing its use, transport and disposal of substances and control of emissions. In addition to governing our manufacturing and other operations, these laws often impact the development of our products, including, but not limited to, required compliance with air emissions standards applicable to internal combustion engines. We have made, and will continue to make, significant research and development and capital expenditures to comply with these emissions standards.

We are engaged in remedial activities at a number of locations, often with other companies, pursuant to federal and state laws. When it is probable we will pay remedial costs at a site, and those costs can be reasonably estimated, we accrue the investigation, remediation, and operating and maintenance costs against our earnings. We accrue costs based on consideration of currently available data and information with respect to each individual site, including available technologies, current applicable laws and regulations, and prior remediation experience. Where no amount within a range of estimates is more likely, we accrue the minimum. Where multiple potentially responsible parties are involved, we consider our proportionate share of the probable costs. In formulating the estimate of probable costs, we do not consider amounts expected to be recovered from insurance companies or others. We reassess these accrued amounts on a quarterly basis. The amount recorded for environmental remediation is not material and is included in Accrued expenses. We believe there is no more than a remote chance that a material amount for remedial activities at any individual site, or at all the sites in the aggregate, will be required.

In addition, we are involved in other unresolved legal actions that arise in the normal course of business. The most prevalent of these unresolved actions involve disputes related to product design, manufacture and performance liability (including claimed asbestos exposure), contracts, employment issues, environmental matters, intellectual property rights, taxes (other than income taxes) and securities laws. The aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of accrued liabilities, if any, associated with these unresolved legal actions is not material. In some cases, we cannot reasonably estimate a range of loss because there is insufficient information regarding the matter. However, we believe there is no more than a remote chance that any liability arising from these matters would be material. Although it is not possible to predict with certainty the outcome of these unresolved legal actions, we believe that these actions will not individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial position or liquidity.

15.                              Income taxes

 

The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was 22.4 percent compared to 21.4 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was 20.9 percent compared to 20.6 percent for the three months ended September 30, 2022.

The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 22.5 percent, compared with 23 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2022 was 23.2 percent.

The 2023 estimated annual tax rate excludes the impact of the nondeductible loss of $586 million related to the divestiture of the company's Longwall business. In the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $88 million due to a change in the valuation allowance for certain deferred tax assets. In addition, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $54 million for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense, compared with a $18 million benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the company also recorded discrete benefits of $90 million to reflect changes in estimates related to prior years.

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16.                              Segment information

 

A.    Basis for segment information

 

Our Executive Office is comprised of a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), four Group Presidents, a Chief Financial Officer (CFO), a Chief Legal Officer and a Chief Human Resources Officer. The Group Presidents and CFO are accountable for a related set of end-to-end businesses that they manage.  The Chief Legal Officer leads the Law, Security and Public Policy Division. The Chief Human Resources Officer leads the Human Resources Organization. The CEO allocates resources and manages performance at the Group President/CFO level.  As such, the CEO serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker, and operating segments are primarily based on the Group President/CFO reporting structure.

 

Three of our operating segments, Construction Industries, Resource Industries and Energy & Transportation are led by Group Presidents.  One operating segment, Financial Products, is led by the CFO who also has responsibility for Corporate Services. Corporate Services is a cost center primarily responsible for the performance of certain support functions globally and to provide centralized services; it does not meet the definition of an operating segment. One Group President leads one smaller operating segment that is included in the All Other operating segment.  The Law, Security and Public Policy Division and the Human Resources Organization are cost centers and do not meet the definition of an operating segment.

B.    Description of segments

 

We have five operating segments, of which four are reportable segments. Following is a brief description of our reportable segments and the business activities included in the All Other operating segment:

 

Construction Industries: A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; cold planers; compactors; compact track loaders; forestry machines; material handlers; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; track-type loaders; track-type tractors (small, medium); track excavators (mini, small, medium, large); wheel excavators; wheel loaders (compact, small, medium); and related parts and work tools. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

Resource Industries:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including strategic procurement, lean center of excellence, integrated manufacturing, research and development for hydraulic systems, automation, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

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Energy & Transportation:  A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management, development and testing, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems and solutions used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; electrified powertrain and zero-emission power sources and service solutions development; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America. Inter-segment sales are a source of revenue for this segment.

 

Financial Products Segment:  Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services, as well as financing for power generation facilities that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, revolving charge accounts, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from ME&T, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

 

All Other operating segment:  Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience. Results for the All Other operating segment are included as a reconciling item between reportable segments and consolidated external reporting.

 

C.    Segment measurement and reconciliations

 

There are several methodology differences between our segment reporting and our external reporting.  The following is a list of the more significant methodology differences:

 

•ME&T segment net assets generally include inventories, receivables, property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangibles, accounts payable and customer advances. We generally manage at the corporate level liabilities other than accounts payable and customer advances, and we do not include these in segment operations.  Financial Products Segment assets generally include all categories of assets.

 

•We value segment inventories and cost of sales using a current cost methodology.

•We amortize goodwill allocated to segments using a fixed amount based on a 20-year useful life.  This methodology difference only impacts segment assets. We do not include goodwill amortization expense in segment profit. In addition, we have allocated to segments only a portion of goodwill for certain acquisitions made in 2011 or later.

•We generally manage currency exposures for ME&T at the corporate level and do not include in segment profit the effects of changes in exchange rates on results of operations within the year.  We report the net difference created in the translation of revenues and costs between exchange rates used for U.S. GAAP reporting and exchange rates used for segment reporting as a methodology difference.

•We do not include stock-based compensation expense in segment profit.

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•Postretirement benefit expenses are split; segments are generally responsible for service costs, with the remaining elements of net periodic benefit cost included as a methodology difference.

•We determine ME&T segment profit on a pretax basis and exclude interest expense and most other income/expense items.  We determine Financial Products Segment profit on a pretax basis and include other income/expense items.

Reconciling items are created based on accounting differences between segment reporting and our consolidated external reporting. Please refer to pages 30 to 33 for financial information regarding significant reconciling items.  Most of our reconciling items are self-explanatory given the above explanations.  For the reconciliation of profit, we have grouped the reconciling items as follows:

 

•Corporate costs:  These costs are related to corporate requirements primarily for compliance and legal functions for the benefit of the entire organization.

•Restructuring costs: May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments, contract terminations and divestiture impacts. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold. See Note 20 for more information.

•Methodology differences:  See previous discussion of significant accounting differences between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting.

•Timing:   Timing differences in the recognition of costs between segment reporting and consolidated external reporting. For example, we report certain costs on the cash basis for segment reporting and the accrual basis for consolidated external reporting.

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For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, sales and revenues by geographic region reconciled to consolidated sales and revenues were as follows:

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)						North America						Latin America						EAME						Asia/ Pacific						External Sales and Revenues						Intersegment Sales and Revenues						Total Sales and Revenues
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Construction Industries						$	4,078					$	555					$	1,351					$	997					$	6,981					$	18					$	6,999
Resource Industries						1,366						499						508						886						3,259						92						3,351
Energy & Transportation						2,966						460						1,428						901						5,755						1,104						6,859
Financial Products Segment						627						110						132						110						979			1			—						979
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments						9,037						1,624						3,419						2,894						16,974						1,214						18,188
All Other operating segment						16						(1)						5						10						30						76						106
Corporate Items and Eliminations						(126)						(20)						(22)						(26)						(194)						(1,290)						(1,484)
Total Sales and Revenues						$	8,927					$	1,603					$	3,402					$	2,878					$	16,810					$	—					$	16,810
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Construction Industries						$	3,106					$	799					$	1,247					$	1,084					$	6,236					$	40					$	6,276
Resource Industries						1,122						472						526						893						3,013						74						3,087
Energy & Transportation						2,422						468						1,280						827						4,997						1,189						6,186
Financial Products Segment						522						90						100						107						819			1			—						819
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments						7,172						1,829						3,153						2,911						15,065						1,303						16,368
All Other operating segment						16						—						4						15						35						68						103
Corporate Items and Eliminations						(53)						(20)						(12)						(21)						(106)						(1,371)						(1,477)
Total Sales and Revenues						$	7,135					$	1,809					$	3,145					$	2,905					$	14,994					$	—					$	14,994

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $181 million and $124 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region
(Millions of dollars)						North America						Latin America						EAME						Asia/ Pacific						External Sales and Revenues						Intersegment Sales and Revenues						Total Sales and Revenues
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Construction Industries						$	11,654					$	1,720					$	4,125					$	3,307					$	20,806					$	93					$	20,899
Resource Industries						4,016						1,511						1,624						2,940						10,091						250						10,341
Energy & Transportation						8,658						1,299						4,291						2,519						16,767						3,565						20,332
Financial Products Segment						1,795						316						364						329						2,804			1			—						2,804
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments						26,123						4,846						10,404						9,095						50,468						3,908						54,376
All Other operating segment						50						(1)						13						37						99						234						333
Corporate Items and Eliminations						(374)						(61)						(64)						(78)						(577)						(4,142)						(4,719)
Total Sales and Revenues						$	25,799					$	4,784					$	10,353					$	9,054					$	49,990					$	—					$	49,990
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Construction Industries						$	8,832					$	2,061					$	3,726					$	3,694					$	18,313					$	111					$	18,424
Resource Industries						3,167						1,337						1,609						2,554						8,667						211						8,878
Energy & Transportation						6,637						1,160						3,679						2,193						13,669						3,260						16,929
Financial Products Segment						1,530						250						293						327						2,400			1			—						2,400
Total sales and revenues from reportable segments						20,166						4,808						9,307						8,768						43,049						3,582						46,631
All Other operating segment						52						—						14						46						112						227						339
Corporate Items and Eliminations						(175)						(59)						(33)						(64)						(331)						(3,809)						(4,140)
Total Sales and Revenues						$	20,043					$	4,749					$	9,288					$	8,750					$	42,830					$	—					$	42,830

1 Includes revenues from Construction Industries, Resource Industries, Energy & Transportation and All Other operating segment of $515 million and $332 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, Energy & Transportation segment sales by end user application were as follows:

Energy & Transportation External Sales
						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)						2023						2022						2023						2022
Oil and gas						$	1,667					$	1,323					$	4,741					$	3,503
Power generation						1,598						1,320						4,527						3,518
Industrial						1,220						1,158						3,793						3,295
Transportation						1,270						1,196						3,706						3,353
Energy & Transportation External Sales						$	5,755					$	4,997					$	16,767					$	13,669

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Reconciliation of Consolidated profit before taxes:
(Millions of dollars)			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022						2023						2022
Profit from reportable segments:
Construction Industries			$	1,847					$	1,209					$	5,440					$	3,255
Resource Industries			730						506						2,234						1,222
Energy & Transportation			1,181						935						3,507						2,132
Financial Products Segment			203						220						675						675
Total profit from reportable segments			3,961						2,870						11,856						7,284
Profit from All Other operating segment			21						8						42						42
Cost centers			10						(37)						53						1
Corporate costs			(265)						(168)						(714)						(670)
Timing			22						(84)						(89)						(129)
Restructuring costs			(46)						(49)						(688)						(90)
Methodology differences:
Inventory/cost of sales			(2)						138						137						407
Postretirement benefit expense			(13)						82						(84)						293
Stock-based compensation expense			(60)						(55)						(178)						(162)
Financing costs			(13)						(75)						(115)						(269)
Currency			78						53						106						315
Other income/expense methodology differences			(164)						(109)						(468)						(287)
Other methodology differences			(14)						(16)						(57)						(82)
Total consolidated profit before taxes			$	3,515					$	2,558					$	9,801					$	6,653

Reconciliation of Assets:
(Millions of dollars)			September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
Assets from reportable segments:
Construction Industries			$	5,407					$	5,168
Resource Industries			5,831						5,775
Energy & Transportation			10,373						9,455
Financial Products Segment			34,953						34,269
Total assets from reportable segments			56,564						54,667
Assets from All Other operating segment			1,855						1,828
Items not included in segment assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			5,874						6,042
Deferred income taxes			2,601						2,098
Goodwill and intangible assets			4,413						4,248
Property, plant and equipment – net and other assets			6,969						4,234
Inventory methodology differences			(3,259)						(3,063)
Liabilities included in segment assets			12,227						12,519
Other			(453)						(630)
Total assets			$	86,791					$	81,943

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Reconciliation of Depreciation and amortization:
(Millions of dollars)
			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022						2023						2022
Depreciation and amortization from reportable segments:
Construction Industries			$	54					$	57					$	162					$	172
Resource Industries			66						92						235						275
Energy & Transportation			139						136						401						405
Financial Products Segment			186						183						545						556
Total depreciation and amortization from reportable segments			445						468						1,343						1,408
Items not included in segment depreciation and amortization:
All Other operating segment			59						56						176						172
Cost centers			23						20						65						63
Other			(2)						7						15						18
Total depreciation and amortization			$	525					$	551					$	1,599					$	1,661

Reconciliation of Capital expenditures:
(Millions of dollars)
			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
			2023						2022						2023						2022
Capital expenditures from reportable segments:
Construction Industries			$	105					$	74					$	188					$	149
Resource Industries			62						65						132						129
Energy & Transportation			249						167						595						444
Financial Products Segment			342						295						1,031						870
Total capital expenditures from reportable segments			758						601						1,946						1,592
Items not included in segment capital expenditures:
All Other operating segment			67						54						142						116
Cost centers			27						16						71						41
Timing			—						(35)						185						173
Other			(71)						(19)						(106)						(31)
Total capital expenditures			$	781					$	617					$	2,238					$	1,891

17.                             Cat Financial financing activities

 

Allowance for credit losses

Portfolio segments

A portfolio segment is the level at which Cat Financial develops a systematic methodology for determining its allowance for credit losses. Cat Financial's portfolio segments and related methods for estimating expected credit losses are as follows:

Customer

Cat Financial provides loans and finance leases to end-user customers primarily for the purpose of financing new and used Caterpillar machinery, engines and equipment for commercial use. Cat Financial also provides financing for power generation facilities that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. The average original term of Cat Financial's customer finance receivable portfolio was approximately 51 months with an average remaining term of approximately 27 months as of September 30, 2023.

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Cat Financial typically maintains a security interest in financed equipment and requires physical damage insurance coverage on the financed equipment, both of which provide Cat Financial with certain rights and protections. If Cat Financial's collection efforts fail to bring a defaulted account current, Cat Financial generally can repossess the financed equipment, after satisfying local legal requirements, and sell it within the Caterpillar dealer network or through third-party auctions.

Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses related to its customer finance receivables based on loss forecast models utilizing probabilities of default and the estimated loss given default based on past loss experience adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts capturing country and industry-specific economic factors.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, Cat Financial's forecasts reflected a continuation of the trend of relatively low unemployment rates and delinquencies within their portfolio. However, industry delinquencies show an increasing trend as persistently high inflation rates and consequent central bank actions are weakening global economic growth. The company believes the economic forecasts employed represent reasonable and supportable forecasts, followed by a reversion to long-term trends.

Dealer

Cat Financial provides financing to Caterpillar dealers in the form of wholesale financing plans. Cat Financial's wholesale financing plans provide assistance to dealers by financing their mostly new Caterpillar equipment inventory and rental fleets on a secured and unsecured basis. In addition, Cat Financial provides a variety of secured and unsecured loans to Caterpillar dealers.

    

Cat Financial estimates the allowance for credit losses for dealer finance receivables based on historical loss rates with consideration of current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

In general, Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment has not historically experienced large increases or decreases in credit losses based on changes in economic conditions due to its close working relationships with the dealers and their financial strength. Therefore, Cat Financial made no adjustments to historical loss rates during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Classes of finance receivables

Cat Financial further evaluates portfolio segments by the class of finance receivables, which is defined as a level of information (below a portfolio segment) in which the finance receivables have the same initial measurement attribute and a similar method for assessing and monitoring credit risk. Cat Financial's classes, which align with management reporting for credit losses, are as follows:

•North America - Finance receivables originated in the United States and Canada.

•EAME - Finance receivables originated in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Eurasia.

•Asia/Pacific - Finance receivables originated in Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.

•Mining - Finance receivables related to large mining customers worldwide.

•Latin America - Finance receivables originated in Mexico and Central and South American countries.

•Power - Finance receivables originated worldwide related to Caterpillar electrical power generation, gas compression and co-generation systems and non-Caterpillar equipment that is powered by these systems.

Receivable balances, including accrued interest, are written off against the allowance for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, they are considered uncollectible (generally upon repossession of the collateral). The amount of the write-off is determined by comparing the fair value of the collateral, less cost to sell, to the amortized cost. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance for credit losses when received.

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An analysis of the allowance for credit losses was as follows:

(Millions of dollars)			Three Months Ended September 30, 2023																		Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
			Customer						Dealer						Total						Customer						Dealer						Total
Beginning balance			$	265					$	50					$	315					$	290					$	82					$	372
Write-offs			(22)						—						(22)						(30)						—						(30)
Recoveries			13						—						13						17						—						17
Provision for credit losses 1			31						1						32						(2)						(17)						(19)
Other			(3)						—						(3)						(5)						—						(5)
Ending balance			$	284					$	51					$	335					$	270					$	65					$	335
			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023																		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
			Customer						Dealer						Total						Customer						Dealer						Total
Beginning balance			$	277					$	65					$	342					$	251					$	82					$	333
Write-offs			(63)						—						(63)						(68)						—						(68)
Recoveries			36						—						36						47						—						47
Provision for credit losses 1			35						(14)						21						46						(17)						29
Other			(1)						—						(1)						(6)						—						(6)
Ending balance			$	284					$	51					$	335					$	270					$	65					$	335
Finance Receivables			$	19,768					$	2,060					$	21,828					$	19,363					$	1,737					$	21,100
1 Excludes provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments and other miscellaneous receivables.

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Gross write-offs by origination year for the Customer portfolio segment were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)			Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
			2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						Prior						Revolving Finance Receivables						Total
North America			$	1					$	2					$	2					$	1					$	1					$	—					$	2					$	9
EAME			—						1						1						1						—						—						—						3
Asia/Pacific			—						2						3						1						—						—						—						6
Latin America			—						1						1						1						—						1						—						4
Total			$	1					$	6					$	7					$	4					$	1					$	1					$	2					$	22
			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
			2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						Prior						Revolving Finance Receivables						Total
North America			$	1					$	7					$	7					$	2					$	2					$	1					$	9					$	29
EAME			—						2						3						3						—						1						—						9
Asia/Pacific			—						3						6						4						1						—						—						14
Latin America			—						3						3						3						1						1						—						11
Total			$	1					$	15					$	19					$	12					$	4					$	3					$	9					$	63

Credit quality of finance receivables

At origination, Cat Financial evaluates credit risk based on a variety of credit quality factors including prior payment experience, customer financial information, credit ratings, loan-to-value ratios, probabilities of default, industry trends, macroeconomic factors and other internal metrics. On an ongoing basis, Cat Financial monitors credit quality based on past-due status as there is a meaningful correlation between the past-due status of customers and the risk of loss. In determining past-due status, Cat Financial considers the entire finance receivable past due when any installment is over 30 days past due.

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Customer

The tables below summarize the aging category of Cat Financial's amortized cost of finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment by origination year:

(Millions of dollars)			September 30, 2023
			2023						2022						2021						2020						2019						Prior						Revolving Finance Receivables												Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current			$	3,134					$	2,940					$	2,310					$	919					$	310					$	65					$	304											$	9,982
31-60 days past due			18						31						23						15						6						2						3												98
61-90 days past due			6						10						7						4						1						—						2												30
91+ days past due			5						19						18						10						5						3						2												62
EAME
Current			914						962						649						297						144						124						—												3,090
31-60 days past due			11						8						11						3						1						—						—												34
61-90 days past due			3						6						3						3						2						—						—												17
91+ days past due			4						16						18						9						3						1						—												51
Asia/Pacific
Current			722						660						361						103						21						6						—												1,873
31-60 days past due			2						12						10						4						1						—						—												29
61-90 days past due			1						3						3						4						1						—						—												12
91+ days past due			—						4						5						3						—						—						—												12
Mining
Current			807						730						420						143						92						49						49												2,290
31-60 days past due			—						—						—						—						—						—						—												—
61-90 days past due			—						—						1						—						—						2						—												3
91+ days past due			—						2						2						—						—						1						—												5
Latin America
Current			552						571						255						74						29						8						—												1,489
31-60 days past due			6						13						7						4						3						1						—												34
61-90 days past due			1						5						2						1						—						—						—												9
91+ days past due			1						15						9						8						8						20						—												61
Power
Current			46						68						69						86						30						122						162												583
31-60 days past due			—						—						—						—						—						1						—												1
61-90 days past due			—						—						—						—						—						—						—												—
91+ days past due			—						—						—						—						—						3						—												3
Totals by Aging Category
Current			$	6,175					$	5,931					$	4,064					$	1,622					$	626					$	374					$	515											$	19,307
31-60 days past due			37						64						51						26						11						4						3												196
61-90 days past due			11						24						16						12						4						2						2												71
91+ days past due			10						56						52						30						16						28						2												194
Total Customer			$	6,233					$	6,075					$	4,183					$	1,690					$	657					$	408					$	522											$	19,768

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(Millions of dollars)			December 31, 2022
			2022						2021						2020						2019						2018						Prior						Revolving Finance Receivables												Total Finance Receivables
North America
Current			$	3,915					$	3,276					$	1,525					$	653					$	206					$	34					$	240											$	9,849
31-60 days past due			25						26						18						12						4						1						4												90
61-90 days past due			9						15						7						3						1						—						3												38
91+ days past due			11						16						12						6						4						3						4												56
EAME
Current			1,270						953						477						280						155						68						—												3,203
31-60 days past due			10						12						7						1						1						—						—												31
61-90 days past due			8						4						3						1						—						—						—												16
91+ days past due			6						25						16						4						1						1						—												53
Asia/Pacific
Current			1,033						684						313						69						18						2						—												2,119
31-60 days past due			10						12						8						1						1						—						—												32
61-90 days past due			2						5						4						2						—						—						—												13
91+ days past due			2						6						6						4						—						—						—												18
Mining
Current			863						575						220						171						93						108						80												2,110
31-60 days past due			—						1						—						—						—						—						—												1
61-90 days past due			—						—						—						—						—						—						—												—
91+ days past due			—						—						—						—						—						1						—												1
Latin America
Current			770						400						150						69						26						20						—												1,435
31-60 days past due			7						8						4						2						—						1						—												22
61-90 days past due			2						5						1						1						—						—						—												9
91+ days past due			2						13						11						2						1						—						—												29
Power
Current			78						85						142						33						18						161						125												642
31-60 days past due			—						—						—						—						—						—						—												—
61-90 days past due			—						—						—						—						—						—						—												—
91+ days past due			—						—						—						—						—						5						—												5
Totals by Aging Category
Current			$	7,929					$	5,973					$	2,827					$	1,275					$	516					$	393					$	445											$	19,358
31-60 days past due			52						59						37						16						6						2						4												176
61-90 days past due			21						29						15						7						1						—						3												76
91+ days past due			21						60						45						16						6						10						4												162
Total Customer			$	8,023					$	6,121					$	2,924					$	1,314					$	529					$	405					$	456											$	19,772

Finance receivables in the Customer portfolio segment are substantially secured by collateral, primarily in the form of Caterpillar and other equipment. For those contracts where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, repayment of the outstanding amounts is generally expected to be provided through the operation or repossession and sale of the equipment.

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Dealer

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, Cat Financial's total amortized cost of finance receivables within the Dealer portfolio segment was current, with the exception of $44 million and $58 million, respectively, that were 91+ days past due in Latin America, all of which were originated in 2017.

Non-accrual finance receivables

Recognition of income is suspended and the finance receivable is placed on non-accrual status when management determines that collection of future income is not probable. Contracts on non-accrual status are generally more than 120 days past due. Recognition is resumed and previously suspended income is recognized when collection is considered probable. Payments received while the finance receivable is on non-accrual status are applied to interest and principal in accordance with the contractual terms. Interest earned but uncollected prior to the receivable being placed on non-accrual status is written off through Provision for credit losses when, in the judgment of management, it is considered uncollectible.

In Cat Financial's Customer portfolio segment, finance receivables which were on non-accrual status and finance receivables over 90 days past due and still accruing income were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)			September 30, 2023																		December 31, 2022
			Amortized Cost																		Amortized Cost
			Non-accrual With an Allowance						Non-accrual Without an Allowance						91+ Still Accruing						Non-accrual With an Allowance						Non-accrual Without an Allowance						91+ Still Accruing
North America			$	54					$	—					$	12					$	52					$	4					$	11
EAME			44						—						9						43						—						10
Asia/Pacific			8						—						5						11						—						7
Mining			4						—						1						—						1						—
Latin America			69						—						—						45						—						—
Power			9						—						—						5						11						—
Total			$	188					$	—					$	27					$	156					$	16					$	28

There were $44 million and $58 million, respectively, in finance receivables in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment on non-accrual status as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, all of which was in Latin America.

Modifications

Cat Financial periodically modifies the terms of their finance receivable agreements in response to borrowers’ financial difficulty. Typically, the types of modifications granted are payment deferrals, interest-only payment periods and/or term extensions. Many modifications Cat Financial grants are for commercial reasons or for borrowers experiencing some form of short-term financial stress and may result in insignificant payment delays. Cat Financial does not consider these borrowers to be experiencing financial difficulty. Modifications for borrowers Cat Financial does consider to be experiencing financial difficulty typically result in payment deferrals and/or reduced payments for a period of four months or longer, term extension of six months or longer or a combination of both.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were no finance receivable modifications granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in Cat Financial's Dealer portfolio segment. The amortized cost basis of finance receivables modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty in the Customer portfolio segment during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $13 million and $38 million, respectively. Total modifications with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty represented 0.06 percent and 0.17 percent of Cat Financial's finance receivable portfolio for the same periods, respectively.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the financial effects of term extensions for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty added a weighted average of 8 and 17 months, respectively, to the terms of modified contracts. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the financial effects of payment delays for

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borrowers experiencing financial difficulty resulted in weighted average payment deferrals and/or interest only payment periods of 6 and 7 months, respectively.

After Cat Financial modifies a finance receivable, they continue to track its performance under its most recent modified terms. As of September 30, 2023, all of the finance receivables modified with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are current except for $3 million in EAME that was 31-60 days past due.

The effect of most modifications made to finance receivables for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses based on the methodologies used to estimate the allowance; therefore, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification. On rare occasions when principal forgiveness is provided, the amount forgiven is written off against the allowance for credit losses.

18.                              Fair value disclosures

 

    A. Fair value measurements

 

The guidance on fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  This guidance also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques.  Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions.  In accordance with this guidance, fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:

 

•Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

•Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs or significant value-drivers are observable in active markets.

•Level 3 – Model-derived valuations in which one or more significant inputs or significant value-drivers are unobservable.

When available, we use quoted market prices to determine fair value, and we classify such measurements within Level 1.  In some cases where market prices are not available, we make use of observable market based inputs to calculate fair value, in which case the measurements are classified within Level 2.  If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon valuations in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including internally developed models that use, where possible, current market-based parameters such as interest rates, yield curves and currency rates.  These measurements are classified within Level 3.

 

We classify fair value measurements according to the lowest level input or value-driver that is significant to the valuation.  We may therefore classify a measurement within Level 3 even though there may be significant inputs that are readily observable.

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Fair value measurement includes the consideration of nonperformance risk.  Nonperformance risk refers to the risk that an obligation (either by a counterparty or Caterpillar) will not be fulfilled.  For financial assets traded in an active market (Level 1 and certain Level 2), the nonperformance risk is included in the market price.  For certain other financial assets and liabilities (certain Level 2 and Level 3), our fair value calculations have been adjusted accordingly.

 

Investments in debt and equity securities

We have investments in certain debt and equity securities that are recorded at fair value.  Fair values for our U.S. treasury bonds and large capitalization value and smaller company growth equity securities are based upon valuations for identical instruments in active markets.  Fair values for other government debt securities, corporate debt securities and mortgage-backed debt securities are based upon models that take into consideration such market-based factors as recent sales, risk-free yield curves and prices of similarly rated bonds.

We also have investments in time deposits classified as held-to-maturity debt securities. The fair value of these investments is based upon valuations observed in less active markets than Level 1. These investments have a maturity of less than one year and are recorded at amortized costs, which approximate fair value.

In addition, Insurance Services has an equity investment in a real estate investment trust (REIT) which is recorded at fair value based on the net asset value (NAV) of the investment and is not classified within the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 8 for additional information on our investments in debt and equity securities.

Derivative financial instruments

The fair value of interest rate contracts is primarily based on a standard industry accepted valuation model that utilizes the appropriate market-based forward swap curves and zero-coupon interest rates to determine discounted cash flows.  The fair value of foreign currency and commodity forward, option and cross currency contracts is based on standard industry accepted valuation models that discount cash flows resulting from the differential between the contract price and the market-based forward rate.

See Note 5 for additional information.

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Assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis at fair value included in our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

			September 30, 2023
(Millions of dollars)			Level 1						Level 2						Level 3						Measured at NAV						Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt securities
U.S. treasury bonds			$	9					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds			—						53						—						—						53
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds and other debt securities			—						2,730						—						—						2,730
Asset-backed securities			—						189						—						—						189
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency			—						384						—						—						384
Residential			—						2						—						—						2
Commercial			—						126						—						—						126
Total debt securities			9						3,484						—						—						3,493
Equity securities
Large capitalization value			204						—						—						—						204
Smaller company growth			31						—						—						—						31
REIT			—						—						—						184						184
Total equity securities			235						—						—						184						419
Derivative financial instruments - assets
Foreign currency contracts - net			—						232						—						—						232
Commodity contracts - net			—						9						—						—						9
Total assets			$	244					$	3,725					$	—					$	184					$	4,153
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments - liabilities
Interest rate contracts - net			$	—					$	294					$	—					$	—					$	294
Total liabilities			$	—					$	294					$	—					$	—					$	294

 

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			December 31, 2022
(Millions of dollars)			Level 1						Level 2						Level 3						Measured at NAV						Total Assets / Liabilities, at Fair Value
Assets
Debt securities
Government debt securities
U.S. treasury bonds			$	9					$	—					$	—					$	—					$	9
Other U.S. and non-U.S. government bonds			—						55						—						—						55
Corporate debt securities
Corporate bonds and other debt securities			—						2,416						50						—						2,466
Asset-backed securities			—						182						—						—						182
Mortgage-backed debt securities
U.S. governmental agency			—						333						—						—						333
Residential			—						2						—						—						2
Commercial			—						117						—						—						117
Total debt securities			9						3,105						50						—						3,164
Equity securities
Large capitalization value			203						—						—						—						203
Smaller company growth			31						—						—						—						31
REIT			—						—						—						207						207
Total equity securities			234						—						—						207						441
Derivative financial instruments - assets
Foreign currency contracts - net			—						328						—						—						328
Commodity contracts - net			—						15						—						—						15
Total Assets			$	243					$	3,448					$	50					$	207					$	3,948
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments - liabilities
Interest rate contracts - net			$	—					$	195					$	—					$	—					$	195
Total liabilities			$	—					$	195					$	—					$	—					$	195

In addition to the amounts above, certain Cat Financial loans are subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are classified as Level 3 measurements. A loan is measured at fair value when management determines that collection of contractual amounts due is not probable and the loan is individually evaluated.  In these cases, an allowance for credit losses may be established based either on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the receivables’ effective interest rate, the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent receivables, or the observable market price of the receivable.  In determining collateral value, Cat Financial estimates the current fair market value of the collateral less selling costs. Cat Financial had loans carried at fair value of $57 million and $68 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.  

 

    B. Fair values of financial instruments

 

In addition to the methods and assumptions we use to record the fair value of financial instruments as discussed in the Fair value measurements section above, we use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments:

Cash and cash equivalents

Carrying amount approximates fair value. We classify cash and cash equivalents as Level 1. See Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

 

Restricted cash and short-term investments

Carrying amount approximates fair value.  We include restricted cash and short-term investments in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We classify these instruments as Level 1 except for time deposits which are Level 2, and certain corporate debt securities which are Level 3. See Note 8 for additional information.

 

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Finance receivables

We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

 

Wholesale inventory receivables

We estimate fair value by discounting the future cash flows using current rates, representative of receivables with similar remaining maturities.

 

Short-term borrowings

Carrying amount approximates fair value. We classify short-term borrowings as Level 1. See Consolidated Statement of Financial Position.

 

Long-term debt

We estimate fair value for fixed and floating rate debt based on quoted market prices.

Guarantees

The fair value of guarantees is based upon our estimate of the premium a market participant would require to issue the same guarantee in a stand-alone arms-length transaction with an unrelated party. If quoted or observable market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions. We classify guarantees as Level 3. See Note 11 for additional information.

Our financial instruments not carried at fair value were as follows:

 

						September 30, 2023												December 31, 2022
(Millions of dollars)						Carrying  Amount						Fair  Value						Carrying  Amount						Fair  Value						Fair Value Levels						Reference
Assets
Finance receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1 )						$	14,894					$	14,365					$	13,965					$	13,377					3						Note 17
Wholesale inventory receivables – net (excluding finance leases 1)						1,075						1,032						827						778						3
Liabilities
Long-term debt (including amounts due within one year)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation						9,513						8,712						9,618						9,240						2
Financial Products						23,408						22,806						21,418						20,686						2

1    Represents finance leases and failed sale leasebacks of $6,816 million and $7,325 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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19.                         Other income (expense)

			Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Millions of dollars)			2023						2022						2023						2022
Investment and interest income			$	135					$	52					$	324					$	98
Foreign exchange gains (losses) 1			17						134						(15)						405
License fee income			37						37						111						106
Net periodic pension and OPEB income (cost), excluding service cost			(12)						67						(37)						201
Gains (losses) on securities			6						—						(15)						(59)
Miscellaneous income (loss)			12						(48)						(14)						4
Total			$	195					$	242					$	354					$	755

1 Includes gains (losses) from foreign exchange derivative contracts. See Note 5 for further details.

20.                              Restructuring costs

Our accounting for employee separations is dependent upon how the particular program is designed. For voluntary programs, we recognize eligible separation costs at the time of employee acceptance unless the acceptance requires explicit approval by the company. For involuntary programs, we recognize eligible costs when management has approved the program, the affected employees have been properly notified and the costs are estimable.

Restructuring costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

(Millions of dollars)						Three Months Ended September 30,												Nine Months Ended September 30,
						2023						2022						2023						2022
Employee separations 1						$	10					$	39					$	32					$	62
Longwall divestiture 1						—						—						586						—
Contract terminations 1						—						1						—						1
Long-lived asset impairments 1						2						(4)						4						1
Other 2						34						13						66						26
Total restructuring costs						$	46					$	49					$	688					$	90
1 Recognized in Other operating (income) expenses.
2 Represents costs related to our restructuring programs, primarily for inventory write-downs, accelerated depreciation, project management and equipment relocation, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

The restructuring costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were primarily related to the divestiture of the company's Longwall business within Resource Industries. The divestiture closed on February 1, 2023 and resulted in a pre-tax loss of approximately $586 million, primarily a non-cash item driven by the release of $494 million of accumulated foreign currency translation. The transaction is subject to certain post-closing adjustments. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the restructuring costs were primarily related to actions across the company including strategic actions to address a small number of products.

In 2023 and 2022, all restructuring costs are excluded from segment profit.

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The following table summarizes the 2023 and 2022 employee separation activity:

(Millions of dollars)						Nine Months Ended September 30,
						2023						2022
Liability balance, beginning of period						$	39					$	61
Increase in liability (separation charges)						32						62
Reduction in liability (payments)						(55)						(63)
Liability balance, end of period						$	16					$	60

Most of the liability balance at September 30, 2023 is expected to be paid in 2023 and 2024.

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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to provide information that will assist the reader in understanding the company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements between select periods and the primary factors that accounted for those changes. In addition, we discuss how certain accounting principles, policies and critical estimates affect our Consolidated Financial Statements. Our discussion also contains certain forward-looking statements related to future events and expectations as well as a discussion of the many factors that we believe may have an impact on our business on an ongoing basis. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our discussion of cautionary statements and significant risks to the company’s business under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors of the 2022 Form 10-K.

Highlights for the third quarter of 2023 include:

•Total sales and revenues for the third quarter of 2023 were $16.810 billion, an increase of $1.816 billion, or 12 percent, compared with $14.994 billion in the third quarter of 2022. Sales were higher across the three primary segments.

•Operating profit margin was 20.5 percent for the third quarter of 2023, compared with 16.2 percent for the third quarter of 2022. Adjusted operating profit margin was 20.8 percent for the third quarter of 2023, compared with 16.5 percent for the third quarter of 2022.

•Third-quarter 2023 profit per share was $5.45, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $5.52. Third-quarter 2022 profit per share was $3.87, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $3.95.

•Caterpillar ended the third quarter of 2023 with $6.5 billion of enterprise cash.

Highlights for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 include:

•Total sales and revenues were $49.990 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $7.160 billion, or 17 percent, compared with $42.830 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

•Operating profit margin was 19.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with 14.5 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Adjusted operating profit margin was 21.0 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with 14.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

•Profit per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $14.85, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $15.98. Profit per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was $9.85, and excluding the items in the table below, adjusted profit per share was $9.99.

•Enterprise operating cash flow was $8.9 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

•In order for our results to be more meaningful to our readers, we have separately quantified the impact of several significant items. A detailed reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 65.

			Three Months Ended September 30, 2023									Three Months Ended September 30, 2022									Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023									Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
(Dollars in millions except per share data)			Profit Before Taxes			Profit Per Share						Profit Before Taxes			Profit Per Share						Profit Before Taxes			Profit Per Share						Profit Before Taxes			Profit Per Share
Profit			$	3,515		$	5.45					$	2,558		$	3.87					$	9,801		$	14.85					$	6,653		$	9.85
Restructuring costs - Longwall divestiture			—			—						—			—						586			1.13						—			—
Other restructuring costs			46			0.07						49			0.08						102			0.17						90			0.14
Deferred tax valuation allowance adjustments			—			—						—			—						—			(0.17)						—			—
Adjusted profit			$	3,561		$	5.52					$	2,607		$	3.95					$	10,489		$	15.98					$	6,743		$	9.99

Overview

Total sales and revenues for the third quarter of 2023 were $16.810 billion, an increase of $1.816 billion, or 12 percent, compared with $14.994 billion in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users, partially offset by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and lower services sales volume. Dealer inventory increased more during the third quarter of 2022 than during the third quarter of 2023.

Third-quarter 2023 profit per share was $5.45, compared with $3.87 profit per share in the third quarter of 2022. Profit per share for both quarters included restructuring costs. Profit for the third quarter of 2023 was $2.794 billion, an increase of $753 million, or 37 percent, compared with $2.041 billion for the third quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative (SG&A) and research and development (R&D) expenses, higher manufacturing costs and unfavorable impacts from foreign currency exchange.

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Trends and Economic Conditions

Outlook for Key End Markets

In Construction Industries, we continue to see positive momentum for North America. We expect continued growth in non-residential construction in North America due to the positive impact of government-related infrastructure investments and a healthy pipeline of construction projects. Although residential construction growth has moderated, we expect it to remain healthy. In Asia Pacific, excluding China, we expect growth due to public infrastructure spending and supportive commodity prices. We expect continued weakness in China. In EAME, we anticipate the region will be slightly down. Continued weakness in Europe is expected to be partially offset by strong construction demand in the Middle East. Construction activity in Latin America is expected to be about flat versus a strong 2022 performance.

In Resource Industries, within mining, customer product utilization remains high, the number of parked trucks remains low and the age of the fleet remains high, which supports future demand for our equipment and services. Order rates are slightly lower than we expected at this time, reflecting capital discipline by customers. The energy transition is expected to support increased commodity demand over time, expanding our total addressable market and providing further opportunities for long-term profitable growth. We expect heavy construction and quarry and aggregates to remain at healthy levels due to major infrastructure and non-residential construction projects.

In Energy & Transportation, in Oil & Gas reciprocating engines, although customers remain disciplined, we are encouraged by continued strength in demand for gas compression. Power Generation reciprocating engine demand is expected to remain strong, primarily driven by data center growth. New equipment turbines and turbine-related services in both Oil & Gas and Power Generation remain robust. Industrial demand is expected to soften slightly from the recent high levels. In Transportation, we anticipate strength in high-speed marine as customers continue to upgrade aging fleets.

Company Trends and Expectations

For the full-year 2023, we expect a strong top line supported by price realization and higher sales of equipment to end users. The environment remains positive with an improving supply chain, a strong backlog and healthy demand across most end markets.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we expect slightly higher sales and revenues compared to the fourth quarter of 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2023, price realization is expected to remain favorable as compared to the fourth quarter of 2022. We expect sales of equipment to end users to remain positive. We also expect an unfavorable impact from the changes in dealer inventories. We expect dealer inventory to decrease in the fourth quarter of 2023, compared to an increase in the fourth quarter of 2022.

We continue to expect operating profit to increase in 2023, compared to 2022. While we expect price realization to remain positive, the magnitude of the year-over-year benefit is expected to moderate in the fourth quarter of 2023 as we continue to lap prior year price increases. Incentive compensation is expected to be higher in the fourth quarter of 2023 compared to the fourth quarter of 2022. Within other income (expense), we do not expect the significant, unfavorable impacts from foreign currency exchange that occurred in the fourth quarter of 2022 to re-occur in the fourth quarter of 2023. We continue to anticipate higher pension expense in 2023, compared to 2022, due to higher interest costs from higher interest rates. The change is estimated to be just over $300 million for the full year as compared to 2022, or about $80 million per quarter.

For the full-year 2024, we expect continued strength in most of our key end markets as supported by our strong backlog, resulting in another good year.

Global Business Conditions

We continue to monitor a variety of external factors around the world, such as supply chain disruptions, inflationary cost and labor pressures. Areas of particular focus include certain components, transportation and raw materials. Contingency plans have been developed and continue to be modified to minimize supply chain challenges that may impact our ability to meet increasing customer demand. We continue to assess the environment to determine if additional actions need to be taken.

Risk Factors

Risk factors are disclosed within Item 1A. Risk Factors of the 2022 Form 10-K.

Notes:

•Glossary of terms is included on pages 59 - 61; first occurrence of terms shown in bold italics.

•Information on non-GAAP financial measures is included on page 65.

•Certain amounts may not add due to rounding.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

 

THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023 COMPARED WITH THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the third quarter of 2022 (at left) and the third quarter of 2023 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s board of directors and employees.

Total sales and revenues for the third quarter of 2023 were $16.810 billion, an increase of $1.816 billion, or 12 percent, compared with $14.994 billion in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users, partially offset by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and lower services sales volume. Dealer inventory increased more during the third quarter of 2022 than during the third quarter of 2023.

Sales were higher across the three primary segments.

North America sales increased 26 percent due to higher sales of equipment to end users and favorable price realization.

Sales decreased 13 percent in Latin America due to the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease during the third quarter of 2023.

EAME sales increased 8 percent due to favorable price realization.

Asia/Pacific sales were about flat. Favorable price realization and the impact from changes in dealer inventories were offset by lower sales of equipment to end users, unfavorable currency impacts, primarily related to the Australian dollar and Japanese yen, and lower services sales volume. Dealer inventory increased more during the third quarter of 2023 than during the third quarter of 2022.

Dealer inventory increased by $600 million during the third quarter of 2023, compared with an increase of $700 million during the third quarter of 2022. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rentals and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers.

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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)			Third Quarter 2022						Sales Volume						Price Realization						Currency						Inter-Segment / Other						Third Quarter 2023						$ Change						% Change
Construction Industries			$	6,276					$	62					$	662					$	21					$	(22)					$	6,999					$	723					12		%
Resource Industries			3,087						(81)						336						(9)						18						3,351						264						9		%
Energy & Transportation			6,186						415						298						45						(85)						6,859						673						11		%
All Other Segment			103						(7)						2						—						8						106						3						3		%
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(1,374)						(38)						—						4						81						(1,327)						47
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales			14,278						351						1,298						61						—						15,988						1,710						12		%
Financial Products Segment			819						—						—						—						160						979						160						20		%
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(103)						—						—						—						(54)						(157)						(54)
Financial Products Revenues			716						—						—						—						106						822						106						15		%
Consolidated Sales and Revenues			$	14,994					$	351					$	1,298					$	61					$	106					$	16,810					$	1,816					12		%

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region

			North America												Latin America												EAME												Asia/Pacific												External Sales and Revenues												Inter-Segment												Total Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)			$						% Chg						$						% Chg						$						% Chg						$						% Chg						$						% Chg						$						% Chg						$						% Chg
Third Quarter 2023
Construction Industries			$	4,078					31		%				$	555					(31		%)				$	1,351					8		%				$	997					(8		%)				$	6,981					12		%				$	18					(55		%)				$	6,999					12		%
Resource Industries			1,366						22		%				499						6		%				508						(3		%)				886						(1		%)				3,259						8		%				92						24		%				3,351						9		%
Energy & Transportation			2,966						22		%				460						(2		%)				1,428						12		%				901						9		%				5,755						15		%				1,104						(7		%)				6,859						11		%
All Other Segment			16						—		%				(1)						—		%				5						25		%				10						(33		%)				30						(14		%)				76						12		%				106						3		%
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(35)												1												—												(3)												(37)												(1,290)												(1,327)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales			8,391						26		%				1,514						(13		%)				3,292						8		%				2,791						(1		%)				15,988						12		%				—						—		%				15,988						12		%
Financial Products Segment			627						20		%				110						22		%				132						32		%				110						3		%				979			1			20		%				—						—		%				979						20		%
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(91)												(21)												(22)												(23)												(157)												—												(157)
Financial Products Revenues			536						15		%				89						27		%				110						25		%				87						(3		%)				822						15		%				—						—		%				822						15		%
Consolidated Sales and Revenues			$	8,927					25		%				$	1,603					(11		%)				$	3,402					8		%				$	2,878					(1		%)				$	16,810					12		%				$	—					—		%				$	16,810					12		%
Third Quarter 2022
Construction Industries			$	3,106											$	799											$	1,247											$	1,084											$	6,236											$	40											$	6,276
Resource Industries			1,122												472												526												893												3,013												74												3,087
Energy & Transportation			2,422												468												1,280												827												4,997												1,189												6,186
All Other Segment			16												—												4												15												35												68												103
Corporate Items and Eliminations			1												—												—												(4)												(3)												(1,371)												(1,374)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales			6,667												1,739												3,057												2,815												14,278												—												14,278
Financial Products Segment			522												90												100												107												819			1									—												819
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(54)												(20)												(12)												(17)												(103)												—												(103)
Financial Products Revenues			468												70												88												90												716												—												716
Consolidated Sales and Revenues			$	7,135											$	1,809											$	3,145											$	2,905											$	14,994											$	—											$	14,994

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $181 million and $124 million in the third quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the third quarter of 2022 (at left) and the third quarter of 2023 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s board of directors and employees. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation's other operating (income) expenses.

Operating profit for the third quarter of 2023 was $3.449 billion, an increase of $1.024 billion, or 42 percent, compared with $2.425 billion in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization, including a favorable geographic mix of sales, and higher sales volume, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses and higher manufacturing costs. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives, higher short-term incentive compensation expense and an unfavorable change in fair value adjustments related to deferred compensation plans. Unfavorable manufacturing costs were driven by lower freight being more than offset by higher material costs, unfavorable cost absorption, increased period manufacturing costs and the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies. Cost absorption was unfavorable as inventory increased during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease in the third quarter of 2023.

Operating profit margin was 20.5 percent for the third quarter of 2023, compared with 16.2 percent for the third quarter of 2022.

Profit (Loss) by Segment
(Millions of dollars)			Third Quarter 2023						Third Quarter 2022						$ Change						%  Change
Construction Industries			$	1,847					$	1,209					$	638					53		%
Resource Industries			730						506						224						44		%
Energy & Transportation			1,181						935						246						26		%
All Other Segment			21						8						13						163		%
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(386)						(373)						(13)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation			3,393						2,285						1,108						48		%
Financial Products Segment			203						220						(17)						(8		%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations			18						30						(12)
Financial Products			221						250						(29)						(12		%)
Consolidating Adjustments			(165)						(110)						(55)
Consolidated Operating Profit			$	3,449					$	2,425					$	1,024					42		%

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Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items

▪Interest expense excluding Financial Products in the third quarter of 2023 was $129 million, compared with $109 million in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was due to higher average borrowing rates.

▪Other income (expense) in the third quarter of 2023 was income of $195 million, compared with income of $242 million in the third quarter of 2022. The change was primarily driven by unfavorable impacts from foreign currency exchange and pension and other postemployment benefit (OPEB) plan costs, partially offset by higher investment and interest income and favorable impacts from commodity hedges and unrealized gains on marketable securities.

▪The provision for income taxes for the third quarter of 2023 reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 22.5 percent, compared with 23 percent for the third quarter of 2022, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2022 was 23.2 percent.

The company recorded a $34 million benefit in the third quarter of 2023 compared to a $20 million benefit in the third quarter of 2022 due to a decrease from the second-quarter estimated annual tax rate. In the third quarter of 2023, the company also recorded a discrete tax benefit of $22 million for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense. In the third quarter of 2022, the company also recorded a discrete benefit of $41 million to reflect changes in estimates related to prior years.

Construction Industries

Construction Industries’ total sales were $6.999 billion in the third quarter of 2023, an increase of $723 million, or 12 percent, compared with $6.276 billion in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization.

▪In North America, sales increased due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization. Higher sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased more during the third quarter of 2023 than during the third quarter of 2022.

▪Sales decreased in Latin America primarily due to lower sales volume, partially offset by favorable price realization. Lower sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and lower sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory increased during the third quarter of 2022, compared with a decrease during the third quarter of 2023.

▪In EAME, sales increased mainly due to favorable price realization and favorable currency impacts primarily related to the euro.

▪Sales decreased in Asia/Pacific primarily due to lower sales volume. Lower sales volume was driven by lower sales of equipment to end users, partially offset by the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased during the third quarter of 2023, compared with a decrease during the third quarter of 2022.

Construction Industries’ profit was $1.847 billion in the third quarter of 2023, an increase of $638 million, or 53 percent, compared with $1.209 billion in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization.

Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 26.4 percent in the third quarter of 2023, compared with 19.3 percent in the third quarter of 2022.

Resource Industries

Resource Industries’ total sales were $3.351 billion in the third quarter of 2023, an increase of $264 million, or 9 percent, compared with $3.087 billion in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization, partially offset by lower sales volume. Sales volume decreased as higher sales of equipment to end users were more than offset by lower aftermarket parts sales volume and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased during the third quarter of 2022, while remaining about flat during the third quarter of 2023.

Resource Industries’ profit was $730 million in the third quarter of 2023, an increase of $224 million, or 44 percent, compared with $506 million in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization, partially offset by lower sales volume, including an unfavorable mix of products.

Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 21.8 percent in the third quarter of 2023, compared with 16.4 percent in the third quarter of 2022.

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Energy & Transportation

Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)						Third Quarter 2023						Third Quarter 2022						$ Change						%  Change
Oil and Gas						$	1,667					$	1,323					$	344					26		%
Power Generation						1,598						1,320						278						21		%
Industrial						1,220						1,158						62						5		%
Transportation						1,270						1,196						74						6		%
External Sales						5,755						4,997						758						15		%
Inter-segment						1,104						1,189						(85)						(7		%)
Total Sales						$	6,859					$	6,186					$	673					11		%

Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $6.859 billion in the third quarter of 2023, an increase of $673 million, or 11 percent, compared with $6.186 billion in the third quarter of 2022. Sales increased across all applications. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization.

▪Oil and Gas – Sales increased for turbines and turbine-related services. Sales also increased in reciprocating engines used in well servicing applications.

▪Power Generation – Sales increased in large reciprocating engines, primarily data center applications.

▪Industrial – Sales increased primarily in EAME and Latin America.

▪Transportation – Sales increased in rail services.

Energy & Transportation’s profit was $1.181 billion in the third quarter of 2023, an increase of $246 million, or 26 percent, compared with $935 million in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by higher SG&A/R&D expenses, unfavorable manufacturing costs and currency impacts. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives and higher short-term incentive compensation expense. Unfavorable manufacturing costs reflected lower freight being more than offset by higher material costs, increased period manufacturing costs, the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies and the unfavorable impact from inventory write-downs.

Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 17.2 percent in the third quarter of 2023, compared with 15.1 percent in the third quarter of 2022.

Financial Products Segment

Financial Products' segment revenues were $979 million in the third quarter of 2023, an increase of $160 million, or 20 percent, compared with $819 million in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher average financing rates across all regions.

Financial Products’ segment profit was $203 million in the third quarter of 2023, a decrease of $17 million, or 8 percent, compared with $220 million in the third quarter of 2022. The decrease was mainly due to the absence of prior year reserve releases for credit losses at Cat Financial, partially offset by a favorable impact from mark-to-market adjustments on derivative contracts.

At the end of the third quarter of 2023, past dues at Cat Financial were 1.96 percent, compared with 2.00 percent at the end of the third quarter of 2022. Write-offs, net of recoveries, were $9 million for the third quarter of 2023, compared with $13 million for the third quarter of 2022. As of September 30, 2023, Cat Financial's allowance for credit losses totaled $340 million, or 1.23 percent of finance receivables, compared with $320 million, or 1.15 percent of finance receivables at June 30, 2023. The allowance for credit losses at year-end 2022 was $346 million, or 1.29 percent of finance receivables.

Corporate Items and Eliminations

Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $368 million in the third quarter of 2023, an increase of $25 million from the third quarter of 2022. Decreased expenses due to timing differences were more than offset by higher corporate costs, unfavorable impacts of segment reporting methodology differences and an unfavorable change in fair value adjustments related to deferred compensation plans.

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NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2023 COMPARED WITH NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2022

CONSOLIDATED SALES AND REVENUES

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated sales and revenues between the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (at left) and the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s board of directors and employees.

Total sales and revenues were $49.990 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $7.160 billion, or 17 percent, compared with $42.830 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased more during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, than the during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Sales were higher in the three primary segments.

North America sales increased 30 percent driven by higher sales of equipment to end users, favorable price realization and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased more during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Sales were about flat in Latin America. Favorable price realization was offset by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and lower services sales volume. Dealer inventory increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared to a decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

EAME sales increased 11 percent due to favorable price realization and higher sales of equipment to end users.

Asia/Pacific sales increased 4 percent driven by favorable price realization and the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts, primarily related to the Australian dollar and Japanese yen, and lower sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory increased more during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Dealer inventory increased about $2.9 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with an increase of about $1.6 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Dealers are independent, and the reasons for changes in their inventory levels vary, including their expectations of future demand and product delivery times. Dealers’ demand expectations take into account seasonal changes, macroeconomic conditions, machine rentals and other factors. Delivery times can vary based on availability of product from Caterpillar factories and product distribution centers.

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Sales and Revenues by Segment
(Millions of dollars)			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022						Sales Volume						Price Realization						Currency						Inter-Segment / Other						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023						$ Change						% Change
Construction Industries			$	18,424					$	495					$	2,233					$	(235)					$	(18)					$	20,899					$	2,475					13		%
Resource Industries			8,878						326						1,183						(85)						39						10,341						1,463						16		%
Energy & Transportation			16,929						1,968						1,195						(65)						305						20,332						3,403						20		%
All Other Segment			339						(13)						2						(2)						7						333						(6)						(2		%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(3,867)						(77)						1						3						(333)						(4,273)						(406)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales			40,703						2,699						4,614						(384)						—						47,632						6,929						17		%
Financial Products Segment			2,400						—						—						—						404						2,804						404						17		%
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(273)						—						—						—						(173)						(446)						(173)
Financial Products Revenues			2,127						—						—						—						231						2,358						231						11		%
Consolidated Sales and Revenues			$	42,830					$	2,699					$	4,614					$	(384)					$	231					$	49,990					$	7,160					17		%

Sales and Revenues by Geographic Region

			North America												Latin America												EAME												Asia/Pacific												External Sales and Revenues												Inter-Segment												Total Sales and Revenues
(Millions of dollars)			$						% Chg						$						% Chg						$						% Chg						$						% Chg						$						% Chg						$						% Chg						$						% Chg
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Construction Industries			$	11,654					32		%				$	1,720					(17		%)				$	4,125					11		%				$	3,307					(10		%)				$	20,806					14		%				$	93					(16		%)				$	20,899					13		%
Resource Industries			4,016						27		%				1,511						13		%				1,624						1		%				2,940						15		%				10,091						16		%				250						18		%				10,341						16		%
Energy & Transportation			8,658						30		%				1,299						12		%				4,291						17		%				2,519						15		%				16,767						23		%				3,565						9		%				20,332						20		%
All Other Segment			50						(4		%)				(1)						—		%				13						(7		%)				37						(20		%)				99						(12		%)				234						3		%				333						(2		%)
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(115)												(1)												(3)												(12)												(131)												(4,142)												(4,273)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales			24,263						30		%				4,528						(1		%)				10,050						11		%				8,791						4		%				47,632						17		%				—						—		%				47,632						17		%
Financial Products Segment			1,795						17		%				316						26		%				364						24		%				329						1		%				2,804			1			17		%				—						—		%				2,804						17		%
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(259)												(60)												(61)												(66)												(446)												—												(446)
Financial Products Revenues			1,536						10		%				256						33		%				303						16		%				263						(4		%)				2,358						11		%				—						—		%				2,358						11		%
Consolidated Sales and Revenues			$	25,799					29		%				$	4,784					1		%				$	10,353					11		%				$	9,054					3		%				$	49,990					17		%				$	—					—		%				$	49,990					17		%
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Construction Industries			$	8,832											$	2,061											$	3,726											$	3,694											$	18,313											$	111											$	18,424
Resource Industries			3,167												1,337												1,609												2,554												8,667												211												8,878
Energy & Transportation			6,637												1,160												3,679												2,193												13,669												3,260												16,929
All Other Segment			52												—												14												46												112												227												339
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(43)												(1)												(2)												(12)												(58)												(3,809)												(3,867)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation Sales			18,645												4,557												9,026												8,475												40,703												—												40,703
Financial Products Segment			1,530												250												293												327												2,400			1									—												2,400
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(132)												(58)												(31)												(52)												(273)												—												(273)
Financial Products Revenues			1,398												192												262												275												2,127												—												2,127
Consolidated Sales and Revenues			$	20,043											$	4,749											$	9,288											$	8,750											$	42,830											$	—											$	42,830

1 Includes revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation of $515 million and $332 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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CONSOLIDATED OPERATING PROFIT

The chart above graphically illustrates reasons for the change in consolidated operating profit between the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (at left) and the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (at right). Caterpillar management utilizes these charts internally to visually communicate with the company’s board of directors and employees. The bar titled Longwall Divestiture is included in total restructuring costs. The bar titled Other includes consolidating adjustments and Machinery, Energy & Transportation’s other operating (income) expenses.

Operating profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $9.832 billion, an increase of $3.608 billion, or 58 percent, compared with $6.224 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs, higher SG&A/R&D expenses and the impact of the divestiture of the company's Longwall business. Unfavorable manufacturing costs largely reflected higher material costs, increased period manufacturing costs, the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies and unfavorable cost absorption, partially offset by lower freight. Cost absorption was unfavorable as inventory increased more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 than during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives and an unfavorable change in fair value adjustments related to deferred compensation plans.

In the first quarter of 2023, the divestiture of the company’s Longwall business was finalized, resulting in an unfavorable impact to operating profit of $586 million, primarily a non-cash item driven by the release of accumulated foreign currency translation.

Operating profit margin was 19.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with 14.5 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Profit (Loss) by Segment
(Millions of dollars)			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022						$ Change						%  Change
Construction Industries			$	5,440					$	3,255					$	2,185					67		%
Resource Industries			2,234						1,222						1,012						83		%
Energy & Transportation			3,507						2,132						1,375						64		%
All Other Segment			42						42						—						—		%
Corporate Items and Eliminations			(1,666)						(847)						(819)
Machinery, Energy & Transportation			9,557						5,804						3,753						65		%
Financial Products Segment			675						675						—						—		%
Corporate Items and Eliminations			60						30						30
Financial Products			735						705						30						4		%
Consolidating Adjustments			(460)						(285)						(175)
Consolidated Operating Profit			$	9,832					$	6,224					$	3,608					58		%

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Other Profit/Loss and Tax Items

▪Interest expense excluding Financial Products for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $385 million, compared with $326 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was due to higher average borrowing rates.

▪Other income (expense) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was income of $354 million, compared with income of $755 million for the nine months September 30, 2022. The change was primarily driven by unfavorable impacts from foreign currency exchange and pension and OPEB plan costs, partially offset by higher investment and interest income.

▪The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, reflected an estimated annual tax rate of 22.5 percent, compared with 23 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, excluding the discrete items discussed below. The comparative tax rate for full-year 2022 was 23.2 percent.

The 2023 estimated annual tax rate excludes the impact of the nondeductible loss of $586 million related to the divestiture of the company’s Longwall business. In the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $88 million due to a change in the valuation allowance for certain deferred tax assets. In addition, the company recorded a discrete tax benefit of $54 million for the settlement of stock-based compensation awards with associated tax deductions in excess of cumulative U.S. GAAP compensation expense, compared with a $18 million benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. In the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the company also recorded discrete benefits of $90 million to reflect changes in estimates related to prior years.

Construction Industries

Construction Industries’ total sales were $20.899 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $2.475 billion, or 13 percent, compared with $18.424 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization.

•In North America, sales increased due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. Higher sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased more during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

•Sales decreased in Latin America primarily due to lower sales volume, partially offset by favorable price realization. Lower sales volume was driven by the impact from changes in dealer inventories and lower sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, compared with a decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

•In EAME, sales increased primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. Higher sales volume was due to the impact from changes in dealer inventories, partially offset by lower sales of equipment to end users. Dealer inventory increased more during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

•Sales decreased in Asia/Pacific due to lower sales volume and unfavorable currency impacts, primarily related to the Japanese yen, Australian dollar and Chinese yuan, partially offset by favorable price realization. Lower sales volume was driven by lower sales of equipment to end users, partially offset by the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased more during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Construction Industries’ profit was $5.440 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $2.185 billion, or 67 percent, compared with $3.255 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization.

Construction Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 26.0 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with 17.7 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

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Resource Industries

Resource Industries’ total sales were $10.341 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.463 billion, or 16 percent, compared with $8.878 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume. The increase in sales volume was driven by higher sales of equipment to end users, partially offset by lower aftermarket parts sales volume and the impact from changes in dealer inventories. Dealer inventory increased more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Resource Industries’ profit was $2.234 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.012 billion, or 83 percent, compared with $1.222 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs. Unfavorable manufacturing costs were driven by higher materials costs, the impact of manufacturing inefficiencies and unfavorable cost absorption, partially offset by lower freight. Cost absorption was unfavorable as inventory increased more during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, than during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Resource Industries’ profit as a percent of total sales was 21.6 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with 13.8 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Energy & Transportation

Sales by Application
(Millions of dollars)						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022						$ Change						%  Change
Oil and Gas						$	4,741					$	3,503					$	1,238					35		%
Power Generation						4,527						3,518						1,009						29		%
Industrial						3,793						3,295						498						15		%
Transportation						3,706						3,353						353						11		%
External Sales						16,767						13,669						3,098						23		%
Inter-Segment						3,565						3,260						305						9		%
Total Sales						$	20,332					$	16,929					$	3,403					20		%

Energy & Transportation’s total sales were $20.332 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $3.403 billion, or 20 percent, compared with $16.929 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Sales increased across all applications and inter-segment sales. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher sales volume and favorable price realization.

•Oil and Gas – Sales increased for turbines and turbine-related services. Sales also increased in reciprocating engines used in well servicing and gas compression applications.

•Power Generation – Sales increased in large reciprocating engines, primarily data center applications, and small reciprocating engines. Turbines and turbine-related services increased as well.

•Industrial – Sales were up across all regions.

•Transportation – Sales increased in rail services and marine.

Energy & Transportation’s profit was $3.507 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.375 billion, or 64 percent, compared with $2.132 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was mainly due to favorable price realization and higher sales volume, partially offset by unfavorable manufacturing costs and higher SG&A/R&D expenses. Unfavorable manufacturing costs were driven by higher material costs. The increase in SG&A/R&D expenses was primarily driven by investments aligned with strategic initiatives.

Energy & Transportation’s profit as a percent of total sales was 17.2 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with 12.6 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

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Financial Products Segment

Financial Products’ segment revenues were $2.804 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $404 million, or 17 percent, compared with $2.400 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher average financing rates across all regions.

Financial Products’ segment profit was $675 million for both the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, primarily driven by a favorable impact from higher net yield on average earning assets, offset by an unfavorable impact from an increase in SG&A expenses.

Corporate Items and Eliminations

Expense for corporate items and eliminations was $1.606 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, an increase of $789 million from the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily driven by the impact of the divestiture of the company's Longwall business and an unfavorable change in fair value adjustments related to deferred compensation plans.

In the first quarter of 2023, the divestiture of the company’s Longwall business was finalized, resulting in an unfavorable impact to operating profit of $586 million, primarily a non-cash item driven by the release of accumulated foreign currency translation. This impact was included in total restructuring costs.

RESTRUCTURING COSTS

In 2023, we expect to incur about $700 million of restructuring costs, which includes a pre-tax loss of approximately $586 million from the divestiture of our Longwall business within Resource Industries on February 1, 2023. In addition, we expect to incur about $100 million of restructuring costs this year primarily related to strategic actions to address a small number of products. We expect that prior restructuring actions will result in an incremental benefit to operating costs, primarily Cost of goods sold and SG&A expenses of about $75 million in 2023 compared with 2022.

Additional information related to restructuring costs is included in Note 20 - "Restructuring Costs" of Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements".

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1.Adjusted Operating Profit Margin – Operating profit excluding restructuring costs, which include the divestiture of the company’s Longwall business, as a percent of sales and revenues.

2.Adjusted Profit Per Share – Profit per share excluding restructuring costs, which include the divestiture of the company’s Longwall business, and a discrete tax benefit to adjust deferred tax balances.

3.All Other Segment – Primarily includes activities such as: business strategy; product management and development; manufacturing and sourcing of filters and fluids, undercarriage, ground-engaging tools, fluid transfer products, precision seals, rubber sealing and connecting components primarily for Cat® products; parts distribution; integrated logistics solutions; distribution services responsible for dealer development and administration, including a wholly owned dealer in Japan; dealer portfolio management and ensuring the most efficient and effective distribution of machines, engines and parts; brand management and marketing strategy; and digital investments for new customer and dealer solutions that integrate data analytics with state-of-the-art digital technologies while transforming the buying experience.

4.Consolidating Adjustments – Elimination of transactions between Machinery, Energy & Transportation and Financial Products.

5.Construction Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in infrastructure and building construction applications. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes asphalt pavers; backhoe loaders; cold planers; compactors; compact track loaders; forestry machines; material handlers; motor graders; pipelayers; road reclaimers; skid steer loaders; telehandlers; track-type loaders; track-type tractors (small, medium); track excavators (mini, small, medium, large); wheel excavators; wheel loaders (compact, small, medium); and related parts and work tools.

6.Corporate Items and Eliminations – Includes corporate-level expenses, timing differences (as some expenses are reported in segment profit on a cash basis), methodology differences between segment and consolidated external reporting, certain restructuring costs and inter-segment eliminations.

7.Currency – With respect to sales and revenues, currency represents the translation impact on sales resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. With respect to operating profit, currency represents the net

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translation impact on sales and operating costs resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar. Currency only includes the impact on sales and operating profit for the Machinery, Energy & Transportation line of business; currency impacts on Financial Products revenues and operating profit are included in the Financial Products portions of the respective analyses. With respect to other income/expense, currency represents the effects of forward and option contracts entered into by the company to reduce the risk of fluctuations in exchange rates (hedging) and the net effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on our foreign currency assets and liabilities for consolidated results (translation).

8.Dealer Inventories – Represents dealer machine and engine inventories, excluding aftermarket parts.

9.EAME – A geographic region including Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Eurasia.

10.Earning Assets – Assets consisting primarily of total finance receivables net of unearned income, plus equipment on operating leases net of accumulated depreciation at Cat Financial.

11.Energy & Transportation – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using reciprocating engines, turbines, diesel-electric locomotives and related services across industries serving Oil and Gas, Power Generation, Industrial and Transportation applications, including marine- and rail-related businesses. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management, development and testing, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product and services portfolio includes turbines, centrifugal gas compressors, and turbine-related services; reciprocating engine-powered generator sets; integrated systems and solutions used in the electric power generation industry; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions for the marine and oil and gas industries; reciprocating engines, drivetrain and integrated systems and solutions supplied to the industrial industry as well as Cat machinery; electrified powertrain and zero-emission power sources and service solutions development; and diesel-electric locomotives and components and other rail-related products and services, including remanufacturing and leasing. Responsibilities also include the remanufacturing of Caterpillar reciprocating engines and components and remanufacturing services for other companies; and product support of on-highway vocational trucks for North America.

12.Financial Products – The company defines Financial Products as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

13.Financial Products Segment – Provides financing alternatives to customers and dealers around the world for Caterpillar products and services, as well as financing for power generation facilities that, in most cases, incorporate Caterpillar products. Financing plans include operating and finance leases, revolving charge accounts, installment sale contracts, repair/rebuild financing, working capital loans and wholesale financing plans. The segment also provides insurance and risk management products and services that help customers and dealers manage their business risk. Insurance and risk management products offered include physical damage insurance, inventory protection plans, extended service coverage and maintenance plans for machines and engines, and dealer property and casualty insurance. The various forms of financing, insurance and risk management products offered to customers and dealers help support the purchase and lease of Caterpillar equipment. The segment also earns revenues from Machinery, Energy & Transportation, but the related costs are not allocated to operating segments. Financial Products’ segment profit is determined on a pretax basis and includes other income/expense items.

14.Latin America – A geographic region including Central and South American countries and Mexico.

15.Machinery, Energy & Transportation (ME&T) – The company defines ME&T as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of its products.

16.Machinery, Energy & Transportation Other Operating (Income) Expenses – Comprised primarily of gains/losses on disposal of long-lived assets, gains/losses on divestitures and legal settlements and accruals.

17.Manufacturing Costs – Manufacturing costs exclude the impacts of currency and represent the volume-adjusted change for variable costs and the absolute dollar change for period manufacturing costs. Variable manufacturing costs are defined as having a direct relationship with the volume of production. This includes material costs, direct labor and other costs that vary directly with production volume, such as freight, power to operate machines and supplies that are consumed in the manufacturing process. Period manufacturing costs support production but are defined as generally not having a direct relationship to short-term changes in volume. Examples include machinery and equipment repair, depreciation on manufacturing assets, facility support, procurement, factory scheduling, manufacturing planning and operations management.

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18.Mark-to-market gains/losses – Represents the net gain or loss of actual results differing from the company’s assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions for our defined benefit pension and OPEB plans. These gains and losses are immediately recognized through earnings upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis as triggering events warrant remeasurement.

19.Pension and Other Postemployment Benefits (OPEB) – The company’s defined-benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans.

20.Price Realization – The impact of net price changes excluding currency and new product introductions. Price realization includes geographic mix of sales, which is the impact of changes in the relative weighting of sales prices between geographic regions.

21.Resource Industries – A segment primarily responsible for supporting customers using machinery in mining, heavy construction and quarry and aggregates. Responsibilities include business strategy, product design, product management and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales and product support. The product portfolio includes large track-type tractors; large mining trucks; hard rock vehicles; electric rope shovels; draglines; hydraulic shovels; rotary drills; large wheel loaders; off-highway trucks; articulated trucks; wheel tractor scrapers; wheel dozers; landfill compactors; soil compactors; select work tools; machinery components; electronics and control systems and related parts. In addition to equipment, Resource Industries also develops and sells technology products and services to provide customers fleet management, equipment management analytics, autonomous machine capabilities, safety services and mining performance solutions. Resource Industries also manages areas that provide services to other parts of the company, including strategic procurement, lean center of excellence, integrated manufacturing, research and development for hydraulic systems, automation, electronics and software for Cat machines and engines.

22.Restructuring Costs – May include costs for employee separation, long-lived asset impairments, contract terminations and divestiture impacts. These costs are included in Other operating (income) expenses except for defined-benefit plan curtailment losses and special termination benefits, which are included in Other income (expense). Restructuring costs also include other exit-related costs, which may consist of accelerated depreciation, inventory write-downs, building demolition, equipment relocation and project management costs and LIFO inventory decrement benefits from inventory liquidations at closed facilities, all of which are primarily included in Cost of goods sold.

23.Sales Volume – With respect to sales and revenues, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation as well as the incremental sales impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. With respect to operating profit, sales volume represents the impact of changes in the quantities sold for Machinery, Energy & Transportation combined with product mix as well as the net operating profit impact of new product introductions, including emissions-related product updates. Product mix represents the net operating profit impact of changes in the relative weighting of Machinery, Energy & Transportation sales with respect to total sales. The impact of sales volume on segment profit includes inter-segment sales.

24.Services – Enterprise services include, but are not limited to, aftermarket parts, Financial Products revenues and other service-related revenues. Machinery, Energy & Transportation segments exclude most Financial Products revenues.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 

Sources of funds

 

We generate significant capital resources from operating activities, which are the primary source of funding for our ME&T operations. Funding for these businesses is also available from commercial paper and long-term debt issuances. Financial Products’ operations are funded primarily from commercial paper, term debt issuances and collections from its existing portfolio. On a consolidated basis, we had positive operating cash flow in the first nine months of 2023 and ended the third quarter with $6.55 billion of cash, a decrease of $459 million from year-end 2022. In addition, ME&T has invested in bank time deposits with varying maturity dates within one year and available-for-sale debt securities that are considered highly liquid and are available for current operations. These ME&T securities were $4.27 billion as of September 30, 2023 and are included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position. We intend to maintain a strong cash and liquidity position.

Consolidated operating cash flow for the first nine months of 2023 was $8.88 billion, up $3.86 billion compared to the same period a year ago. The increase was primarily due to higher profit before taxes adjusted for non-cash items, including the loss on divestiture of the company's Longwall business.

Total debt as of September 30, 2023 was $37.14 billion, an increase of $146 million from year-end 2022. Debt related to ME&T decreased $99 million in the first nine months of 2023 while debt related to Financial Products increased $254 million.

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As of September 30, 2023, we had three global credit facilities with a syndicate of banks totaling $10.50 billion (Credit Facility) available in the aggregate to both Caterpillar and Cat Financial for general liquidity purposes. Based on management’s allocation decision, which can be revised from time to time, the portion of the Credit Facility available to ME&T as of September 30, 2023 was $2.75 billion. Information on our Credit Facility is as follows:

•In August 2023, we entered into a new 364-day facility. The 364-day facility of $3.15 billion (of which $825 million is available to ME&T) expires in August 2024.

•In August 2023, we amended and extended the three-year facility (as amended and restated, the "three-year facility"). The three-year facility of $2.73 billion (of which $715 million is available to ME&T) expires in August 2026.

•In August 2023, we amended and extended the five-year facility (as amended and restated, the "five-year facility"). The five-year facility of $4.62 billion (of which $1.21 billion is available to ME&T) expires in August 2028.

At September 30, 2023, Caterpillar’s consolidated net worth was $20.55 billion, which was above the $9.00 billion required under the Credit Facility. The consolidated net worth is defined in the Credit Facility as the consolidated shareholders’ equity including preferred stock but excluding the pension and other postretirement benefits balance within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

At September 30, 2023, Cat Financial’s covenant interest coverage ratio was 1.78 to 1. This was above the 1.15 to 1 minimum ratio calculated as (1) profit excluding income taxes, interest expense and net gain (loss) from interest rate derivatives to (2) interest expense calculated at the end of each fiscal quarter for the prior four consecutive fiscal quarter period, required by the Credit Facility.

In addition, at September 30, 2023, Cat Financial’s six-month covenant leverage ratio was 6.80 to 1. This was below the maximum ratio of debt to net worth of 10 to 1, calculated (1) on a monthly basis as the average of the leverage ratios determined on the last day of each of the six preceding calendar months and (2) at each December 31, required by the Credit Facility.

In the event Caterpillar or Cat Financial does not meet one or more of their respective financial covenants under the Credit Facility in the future (and are unable to obtain a consent or waiver), the syndicate of banks may terminate the commitments allocated to the party that does not meet its covenants. Additionally, in such event, certain of Cat Financial’s other lenders under other loan agreements where similar financial covenants or cross default provisions are applicable may, at their election, choose to pursue remedies under those loan agreements, including accelerating the repayment of outstanding borrowings. At September 30, 2023, there were no borrowings under the Credit Facility.

Our total credit commitments and available credit as of September 30, 2023 were:

			September 30, 2023
(Millions of dollars)			Consolidated						Machinery, Energy & Transportation						Financial Products
Credit lines available:
Global credit facilities			$	10,500					$	2,750					$	7,750
Other external			4,076						571						3,505
Total credit lines available			14,576						3,321						11,255
Less: Commercial paper outstanding			(3,738)						—						(3,738)
Less: Utilized credit			(1,036)						—						(1,036)
Available credit			$	9,802					$	3,321					$	6,481

The other external consolidated credit lines with banks as of September 30, 2023 totaled $4.08 billion. These committed and uncommitted credit lines, which may be eligible for renewal at various future dates or have no specified expiration date, are used primarily by our subsidiaries for local funding requirements. Caterpillar or Cat Financial may guarantee subsidiary borrowings under these lines.

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We receive debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies. Fitch maintains a "high-A" debt rating, while Moody’s and S&P maintain a “mid-A” debt rating. A downgrade of our credit ratings by any of the major credit rating agencies could result in increased borrowing costs and could make access to credit in certain markets more difficult. In the event economic conditions deteriorate such that access to debt markets becomes unavailable, ME&T’s operations would rely on cash flow from operations, use of existing cash balances, borrowings from Cat Financial and access to our committed credit facilities. Our Financial Products’ operations would rely on cash flow from its existing portfolio, existing cash balances, access to our committed credit facilities and other credit line facilities of Cat Financial, and potential borrowings from Caterpillar. In addition, we maintain a support agreement with Cat Financial, which requires Caterpillar to remain the sole owner of Cat Financial and may, under certain circumstances, require Caterpillar to make payments to Cat Financial should Cat Financial fail to maintain certain financial ratios.

We facilitate voluntary supplier finance programs (the “Programs”) through participating financial institutions. We account for the payments made under the Programs, the same as our other accounts payable, as a reduction to our cash flows from operations. We do not believe that changes in the availability of the Programs will have a significant impact on our liquidity. Additional information related to the Programs is included in Note 2 - "New accounting guidance" of Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements".

Machinery, Energy & Transportation

Net cash provided by operating activities was $7.96 billion in the first nine months of 2023, compared with net cash provided of $3.19 billion for the same period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher profit before taxes, adjusted for non-cash items, including the loss on divestiture of the company's Longwall business and lower working capital requirements. Within working capital, changes in inventories and accrued expenses favorably impacted cash flow but were partially offset by changes in accounts payable, customer advances and accounts receivable.

Net cash used for investing activities in the first nine months of 2023 was $3.89 billion, compared with net cash used of $881 million in the first nine months of 2022. The increase was due to higher investment in securities, net of proceeds from sale of securities, and an increase in capital spend.

Net cash used for financing activities during the first nine months of 2023 was $4.18 billion, compared with net cash used of $5.29 billion in the same period of 2022. The change was primarily due to lower share repurchases in the first nine months of 2023 along with favorable impacts from borrowing activity, partially offset by increased dividends paid.

While our short-term priorities for the use of cash may vary from time to time as business needs and conditions dictate, our long-term cash deployment strategy is focused on the following priorities. Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. Next, we intend to fund operational requirements and commitments. Then, we intend to fund priorities that profitably grow the company and return capital to shareholders through dividend growth and share repurchases. Additional information on cash deployment is as follows:

Strong financial position – Our top priority is to maintain a strong financial position in support of a mid-A rating. We track a diverse group of financial metrics that focus on liquidity, leverage, cash flow and margins which align with our cash deployment actions and the various methodologies used by the major credit rating agencies.

Operational excellence and commitments – Capital expenditures were $1.11 billion during the first nine months of 2023, compared to $880 million for the same period in 2022. We expect ME&T’s capital expenditures in 2023 to be about $1.50 billion. We made $320 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first nine months of 2023. We currently anticipate full-year 2023 contributions of approximately $372 million. In comparison, we made $299 million of contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans during the first nine months of 2022.

Fund strategic growth initiatives and return capital to shareholders – We intend to utilize our liquidity and debt capacity to fund targeted investments that drive long-term profitable growth focused in the areas of expanded offerings, services and sustainability, including acquisitions.

As part of our capital allocation strategy, ME&T free cash flow is a liquidity measure we use to determine the cash generated and available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases. We define ME&T free cash flow as cash from ME&T operations less capital expenditures, excluding discretionary pension and other postretirement benefit plan contributions and cash payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. A goal of our capital allocation strategy is to return substantially all ME&T free cash flow to shareholders over time in the form of dividends and share repurchases, while maintaining a mid-A rating.

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Our share repurchase plans are subject to the company’s cash deployment priorities and are evaluated on an ongoing basis considering the financial condition of the company, corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, the economic outlook, and the health and stability of global credit markets. The timing and amount of future repurchases may vary depending on market conditions and investing priorities. In May 2022, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2022 Authorization) of up to $15.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective August 1, 2022, with no expiration. In the first nine months of 2023, we repurchased $2.21 billion of Caterpillar common stock, with $10.59 billion remaining under the 2022 Authorization as of September 30, 2023. Our basic shares outstanding as of September 30, 2023 were approximately 509 million.

Each quarter, our Board of Directors reviews the company’s dividend for the applicable quarter. The Board evaluates the financial condition of the company and considers corporate cash flow, the company’s liquidity needs, the economic outlook, and the health and stability of global credit markets to determine whether to maintain or change the quarterly dividend. In October 2023, the Board of Directors approved maintaining our quarterly dividend representing $1.30 per share, and we continue to expect our strong financial position to support the dividend. Dividends paid totaled $1.90 billion in the first nine months of 2023.

Financial Products

Net cash provided by operating activities was $905 million in the first nine months of 2023, compared with $1.25 billion for the same period in 2022. Net cash used for investing activities was $1.25 billion for the first nine months of 2023, compared with net cash used of $228 million for the same period in 2022. The change was primarily due to portfolio related activity. Net cash provided by financing activities was $122 million in the first nine months of 2023 compared with net cash used of $872 million for the same period in 2022. The change was primarily due to higher portfolio funding requirements.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see Part I, Item 1. Note 2 - “New accounting guidance”.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

 

For a discussion of the company’s critical accounting estimates, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting estimates since our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

OTHER MATTERS

 

Information related to legal proceedings appears in Note 14—Environmental and Legal Matters of Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Retirement Benefits

We recognize mark-to-market gains and losses immediately through earnings upon the remeasurement of our pension and OPEB plans. Mark-to-market gains and losses represent the effects of actual results differing from our assumptions and the effects of changing assumptions. We will record the annual mark-to-market adjustment as of the measurement date, December 31, 2023. It is difficult to predict the December 31, 2023 adjustment amount, as it will be dependent primarily on changes in discount rates during 2023, and actual returns on plan assets differing from our expected returns for 2023.

Order Backlog

At the end of the third quarter of 2023, the dollar amount of backlog believed to be firm was approximately $28.1 billion, about $2.6 billion lower than the second quarter of 2023. The order backlog decreased across the three primary segments. Of the total backlog at September 30, 2023, approximately $6.1 billion was not expected to be filled in the following twelve months.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

 

We provide the following definitions for the non-GAAP financial measures used in this report. These non-GAAP financial measures have no standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and therefore are unlikely to be comparable to the calculation of similar measures for other companies. Management does not intend these items to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related GAAP measures.

 

We believe it is important to separately quantify the profit impact of three significant items in order for our results to be meaningful to our readers. These items consist of (i) restructuring costs related to the divestiture of the company's Longwall business, (ii) other restructuring costs and (iii) certain deferred tax valuation allowance adjustments. We do not consider these items indicative of earnings from ongoing business activities and believe the non-GAAP measure provides investors with useful perspective on underlying business results and trends and aids with assessing our period-over-period results. In addition, we provide a calculation of ME&T free cash flow as we believe it is an important measure for investors to determine the cash generation available for financing activities including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases.

Reconciliations of adjusted results to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are as follows:

(Dollars in millions except per share data)						Operating Profit						Operating Profit Margin						Profit Before Taxes						Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes						Effective Tax Rate						Profit						Profit per Share
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 - U.S. GAAP						$	3,449					20.5		%				$	3,515					$	734					20.9		%				$	2,794					$	5.45
Restructuring costs						46						0.3		%				46						10						20.0		%				36						0.07
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 - Adjusted						$	3,495					20.8		%				$	3,561					$	744					20.9		%				$	2,830					$	5.52
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 - U.S. GAAP						$	2,425					16.2		%				$	2,558					$	527					20.6		%				$	2,041					$	3.87
Restructuring costs						49						0.3		%				49						9						18.4		%				40						0.08
Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 - Adjusted						$	2,474					16.5		%				$	2,607					$	536					20.6		%				$	2,081					$	3.95
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023- U.S. GAAP						$	9,832					19.7		%				$	9,801					$	2,194					22.4		%				$	7,659					$	14.85
Restructuring costs - Longwall divestiture						586						1.2		%				586						—						—		%				586						1.13
Other restructuring costs						102						0.1		%				102						21						20.0		%				81						0.17
Deferred tax valuation allowance adjustments						—						—		%				—						88						—		%				(88)						(0.17)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 - Adjusted						$	10,520					21.0		%				$	10,489					$	2,303					22.0		%				$	8,238					$	15.98
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 - U.S. GAAP						$	6,224					14.5		%				$	6,653					$	1,423					21.4		%				$	5,251					$	9.85
Restructuring costs						90						0.2		%				90						13						14.0		%				77						0.14
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 - Adjusted						$	6,314					14.7		%				$	6,743					$	1,436					21.3		%				$	5,328					$	9.99

Reconciliations of ME&T free cash flow to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, net cash provided by operating activities are as follows:

(Millions of dollars)						Nine Months Ended September 30,
												2023						2022
ME&T net cash provided by operating activities 1												$	7,955					$	3,191
ME&T capital expenditures												(1,108)						(880)
Cash payments related to settlements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service												—						467
ME&T free cash flow												$	6,847					$	2,778
1 See reconciliation of ME&T net cash provided by operating activities to consolidated net cash provided by operating activities on pages 73 - 74.

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Supplemental Consolidating Data

 

We are providing supplemental consolidating data for the purpose of additional analysis.  The data has been grouped as follows:

 

Consolidated – Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries.

 

Machinery, Energy & Transportation – We define ME&T as it is presented in the supplemental data as Caterpillar Inc. and its subsidiaries, excluding Financial Products. ME&T’s information relates to the design, manufacturing and marketing of our products.

 

Financial Products – We define Financial Products as it is presented in the supplemental data as our finance and insurance subsidiaries, primarily Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (Cat Financial) and Caterpillar Insurance Holdings Inc. (Insurance Services). Financial Products’ information relates to the financing to customers and dealers for the purchase and lease of Caterpillar and other equipment.

 

Consolidating Adjustments – Eliminations of transactions between ME&T and Financial Products.

 

The nature of the ME&T and Financial Products businesses is different, especially with regard to the financial position and cash flow items. Caterpillar management utilizes this presentation internally to highlight these differences. We believe this presentation will assist readers in understanding our business.

Pages 67 to 74 reconcile ME&T and Financial Products to Caterpillar Inc. consolidated financial information. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

									Supplemental Consolidating Data
			Consolidated						Machinery, Energy & Transportation						Financial Products						Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation			$	15,988					$	15,988					$	—					$	—
Revenues of Financial Products			822						—						1,017						(195)			1
Total sales and revenues			16,810						15,988						1,017						(195)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold			10,583						10,586						—						(3)			2
Selling, general and administrative expenses			1,624						1,430						206						(12)			2
Research and development expenses			554						554						—						—
Interest expense of Financial Products			280						—						280						—
Other operating (income) expenses			320						25						310						(15)			2
Total operating costs			13,361						12,595						796						(30)
Operating profit			3,449						3,393						221						(165)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products			129						129						—						—
Other income (expense)			195						42						(12)						165			3
Consolidated profit before taxes			3,515						3,306						209						—
Provision (benefit) for income taxes			734						654						80						—
Profit of consolidated companies			2,781						2,652						129						—
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies			12						12						—						—
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			2,793						2,664						129						—
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests			(1)						(1)						—						—
Profit 4			$	2,794					$	2,665					$	129					$	—

 

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

4Profit attributable to common shareholders.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

 

									Supplemental Consolidating Data
			Consolidated						Machinery, Energy & Transportation						Financial Products						Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation			$	47,632					$	47,632					$	—					$	—
Revenues of Financial Products			2,358						—						2,907						(549)			1
Total sales and revenues			49,990						47,632						2,907						(549)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold			31,751						31,758						—						(7)			2
Selling, general and administrative expenses			4,615						4,139						507						(31)			2
Research and development expenses			1,554						1,554						—						—
Interest expense of Financial Products			742						—						742						—
Other operating (income) expenses			1,496						624						923						(51)			2
Total operating costs			40,158						38,075						2,172						(89)
Operating profit			9,832						9,557						735						(460)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products			385						385						—						—
Other income (expense)			354						18						(49)						385			3
Consolidated profit before taxes			9,801						9,190						686						(75)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes			2,194						1,993						201						—
Profit of consolidated companies			7,607						7,197						485						(75)
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies			52						55						—						(3)			4
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			7,659						7,252						485						(78)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests			—						(2)						5						(3)			5
Profit 6			$	7,659					$	7,254					$	480					$	(75)

 

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

4Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

5Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Profit attributable to common shareholders.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

									Supplemental Consolidating Data
			Consolidated						Machinery, Energy & Transportation						Financial Products						Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation			$	14,278					$	14,278					$	—					$	—
Revenues of Financial Products			716						—						852						(136)			1
Total sales and revenues			14,994						14,278						852						(136)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold			10,202						10,203						—						(1)			2
Selling, general and administrative expenses			1,401						1,271						136						(6)			2
Research and development expenses			476						476						—						—
Interest expense of Financial Products			151						—						151						—
Other operating (income) expenses			339						43						315						(19)			2
Total operating costs			12,569						11,993						602						(26)
Operating profit			2,425						2,285						250						(110)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products			109						110						—						(1)			3
Other income (expense)			242						160						(27)						109			4
Consolidated profit before taxes			2,558						2,335						223						—
Provision (benefit) for income taxes			527						464						63						—
Profit of consolidated companies			2,031						1,871						160						—
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies			9						11						—						(2)			5
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			2,040						1,882						160						(2)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests			(1)						(1)						2						(2)			6
Profit 7			$	2,041					$	1,883					$	158					$	—

 

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and ME&T.

4Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

5Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

7Profit attributable to common shareholders.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Results of Operations

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

 

									Supplemental Consolidating Data
			Consolidated						Machinery, Energy & Transportation						Financial Products						Consolidating Adjustments
Sales and revenues:
Sales of Machinery, Energy & Transportation			$	40,703					$	40,703					$	—					$	—
Revenues of Financial Products			2,127						—						2,493						(366)			1
Total sales and revenues			42,830						40,703						2,493						(366)
Operating costs:
Cost of goods sold			29,736						29,741						—						(5)			2
Selling, general and administrative expenses			4,172						3,714						475						(17)			2
Research and development expenses			1,413						1,413						—						—
Interest expense of Financial Products			377						—						377						—
Other operating (income) expenses			908						31						936						(59)			2
Total operating costs			36,606						34,899						1,788						(81)
Operating profit			6,224						5,804						705						(285)
Interest expense excluding Financial Products			326						327						—						(1)			3
Other income (expense)			755						497						(26)						284			4
Consolidated profit before taxes			6,653						5,974						679						—
Provision (benefit) for income taxes			1,423						1,250						173						—
Profit of consolidated companies			5,230						4,724						506						—
Equity in profit (loss) of unconsolidated affiliated companies			20						26						—						(6)			5
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			5,250						4,750						506						(6)
Less: Profit (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests			(1)						(1)						6						(6)			6
Profit 7			$	5,251					$	4,751					$	500					$	—

 

1Elimination of Financial Products’ revenues earned from ME&T.

2Elimination of net expenses recorded by ME&T paid to Financial Products.

3Elimination of interest expense recorded between Financial Products and ME&T.

4Elimination of discount recorded by ME&T on receivables sold to Financial Products and of interest earned between ME&T and Financial Products as well as dividends paid by Financial Products to ME&T.

5Elimination of equity profit (loss) earned from Financial Products’ subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

6Elimination of noncontrolling interest profit (loss) recorded by Financial Products for subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

7Profit attributable to common shareholders.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Financial Position

At September 30, 2023

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

									Supplemental Consolidating Data
			Consolidated						Machinery, Energy & Transportation						Financial Products						Consolidating Adjustments
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			$	6,545					$	5,874					$	671					$	—
Receivables – trade and other			9,134						3,550						602						4,982			1,2
Receivables – finance			9,608						—						14,782						(5,174)			2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			5,138						4,957						332						(151)			3
Inventories			17,580						17,580						—						—
Total current assets			48,005						31,961						16,387						(343)
Property, plant and equipment – net			12,287						8,243						4,044						—
Long-term receivables – trade and other			1,110						497						119						494			1,2
Long-term receivables – finance			11,907						—						12,441						(534)			2
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes			2,719						3,265						118						(664)			4
Intangible assets			604						604						—						—
Goodwill			5,268						5,268						—						—
Other assets			4,891						3,936						1,998						(1,043)			5
Total assets			$	86,791					$	53,774					$	35,107					$	(2,090)
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings			$	4,218					$	—					$	4,218					$	—
Accounts payable			7,827						7,734						297						(204)			6,7
Accrued expenses			4,669						4,218						451						—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits			2,300						2,252						48						—
Customer advances			2,333						2,320						1						12			7
Other current liabilities			3,115						2,515						775						(175)			4,8
Long-term debt due within one year			8,662						1,043						7,619						—
Total current liabilities			33,124						20,082						13,409						(367)
Long-term debt due after one year			24,259						8,510						15,789						(40)			9
Liability for postemployment benefits			4,060						4,060						—						—
Other liabilities			4,841						3,895						1,659						(713)			4
Total liabilities			66,284						36,547						30,857						(1,120)
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock			6,698						6,698						905						(905)			10
Treasury stock			(33,865)						(33,865)						—						—
Profit employed in the business			49,888						45,352						4,526						10			10
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			(2,232)						(978)						(1,254)						—
Noncontrolling interests			18						20						73						(75)			10
Total shareholders’ equity			20,507						17,227						4,250						(970)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity			$	86,791					$	53,774					$	35,107					$	(2,090)

 

1     Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.

2     Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.

3     Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.

4     Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.

5     Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.

6     Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.

7     Reclassification of Financial Products' payables to accrued expenses or customer advances.

8     Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products’ other liabilities.

9     Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.

10     Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Financial Position

At December 31, 2022

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

									Supplemental Consolidating Data
			Consolidated						Machinery, Energy & Transportation						Financial Products						Consolidating Adjustments
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			$	7,004					$	6,042					$	962					$	—
Receivables – trade and other			8,856						3,710						519						4,627			1,2
Receivables – finance			9,013						—						13,902						(4,889)			2
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			2,642						2,488						290						(136)			3
Inventories			16,270						16,270						—						—
Total current assets			43,785						28,510						15,673						(398)
Property, plant and equipment – net			12,028						8,186						3,842						—
Long-term receivables – trade and other			1,265						418						339						508			1,2
Long-term receivables – finance			12,013						—						12,552						(539)			2
Noncurrent deferred and refundable income taxes			2,213						2,755						115						(657)			4
Intangible assets			758						758						—						—
Goodwill			5,288						5,288						—						—
Other assets			4,593						3,882						1,892						(1,181)			5
Total assets			$	81,943					$	49,797					$	34,413					$	(2,267)
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings			$	5,957					$	3					$	5,954					$	—
Accounts payable			8,689						8,657						294						(262)			6
Accrued expenses			4,080						3,687						393						—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits			2,313						2,264						49						—
Customer advances			1,860						1,860						—						—
Dividends payable			620						620						—						—
Other current liabilities			2,690						2,215						635						(160)			4,7
Long-term debt due within one year			5,322						120						5,202						—
Total current liabilities			31,531						19,426						12,527						(422)
Long-term debt due after one year			25,714						9,529						16,216						(31)			8
Liability for postemployment benefits			4,203						4,203						—						—
Other liabilities			4,604						3,677						1,638						(711)			4
Total liabilities			66,052						36,835						30,381						(1,164)
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock			6,560						6,560						905						(905)			9
Treasury stock			(31,748)						(31,748)						—						—
Profit employed in the business			43,514						39,435						4,068						11			9
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			(2,457)						(1,310)						(1,147)						—
Noncontrolling interests			22						25						206						(209)			9
Total shareholders’ equity			15,891						12,962						4,032						(1,103)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity			$	81,943					$	49,797					$	34,413					$	(2,267)

 

1     Elimination of receivables between ME&T and Financial Products.

2     Reclassification of ME&T’s trade receivables purchased by Financial Products and Financial Products’ wholesale inventory receivables.

3     Elimination of ME&T’s insurance premiums that are prepaid to Financial Products.

4     Reclassification reflecting required netting of deferred tax assets/liabilities by taxing jurisdiction.

5     Elimination of other intercompany assets between ME&T and Financial Products.

6     Elimination of payables between ME&T and Financial Products.

7     Elimination of prepaid insurance in Financial Products' other liabilities.

8     Elimination of debt between ME&T and Financial Products.

9     Eliminations associated with ME&T’s investments in Financial Products’ subsidiaries.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Cash Flow

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

									Supplemental Consolidating Data
			Consolidated						Machinery, Energy & Transportation						Financial Products						Consolidating Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			$	7,659					$	7,252					$	485					$	(78)		1,5
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization			1,599						1,015						584						—
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes			(448)						(456)						8						—
Loss on divestiture			572						572						—						—
Other			205						309						(463)						359			2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other			(319)						(46)						70						(343)			2,3
Inventories			(1,424)						(1,420)						—						(4)			2
Accounts payable			(532)						(628)						26						70			2
Accrued expenses			588						557						31						—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits			—						1						(1)						—
Customer advances			516						515						1						—
Other assets – net			128						107						17						4			2
Other liabilities – net			338						177						147						14			2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities			8,882						7,955						905						22
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others			(1,061)						(1,088)						(16)						43			2
Expenditures for equipment leased to others			(1,177)						(20)						(1,165)						8			2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment			563						46						564						(47)			2
Additions to finance receivables			(11,082)						—						(12,493)						1,411			3
Collections of finance receivables			10,391						—						11,554						(1,163)			3
Net intercompany purchased receivables			—						—						429						(429)			3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables			40						—						40						—
Net intercompany borrowings			—						—						7						(7)			4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)			(67)						(67)						—						—
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)			(14)						(14)						—						—
Proceeds from sale of securities			747						553						194						—
Investments in securities			(3,689)						(3,340)						(349)						—
Other – net			32						43						(11)						—
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities			(5,317)						(3,887)						(1,246)						(184)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid			(1,901)						(1,901)						(155)						155			5
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued			36						36						—						—
Common shares repurchased			(2,209)						(2,209)						—						—
Net intercompany borrowings			—						(7)						—						7			4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)			6,360						—						6,360						—
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)			(4,459)						(99)						(4,360)						—
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)			(1,726)						(3)						(1,723)						—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities			(3,899)						(4,183)						122						162
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash			(119)						(55)						(64)						—
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash			(453)						(170)						(283)						—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period			7,013						6,049						964						—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period			$	6,560					$	5,879					$	681					$	—

 

1    Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

2    Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.

3    Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.

4    Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.

5    Elimination of dividend activity between Financial Products and ME&T.

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Caterpillar Inc.

Supplemental Data for Cash Flow

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

(Unaudited)

(Millions of dollars)

									Supplemental Consolidating Data
			Consolidated						Machinery, Energy & Transportation						Financial Products						Consolidating Adjustments
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit of consolidated and affiliated companies			$	5,250					$	4,750					$	506					$	(6)		1
Adjustments for non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization			1,661						1,072						589						—
Provision (benefit) for deferred income taxes			(349)						(294)						(55)						—
Other			132						(83)						(123)						338			2
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and divestitures:
Receivables – trade and other			365						97						21						247			2,3
Inventories			(3,088)						(3,074)						—						(14)			2
Accounts payable			786						701						74						11			2
Accrued expenses			70						28						42						—
Accrued wages, salaries and employee benefits			15						27						(12)						—
Customer advances			751						752						(1)						—
Other assets – net			57						128						(28)						(43)			2
Other liabilities – net			(623)						(913)						239						51			2
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities			5,027						3,191						1,252						584
Cash flow from investing activities:
Capital expenditures – excluding equipment leased to others			(868)						(860)						(10)						2			2
Expenditures for equipment leased to others			(1,023)						(20)						(1,024)						21			2
Proceeds from disposals of leased assets and property, plant and equipment			666						63						612						(9)			2
Additions to finance receivables			(9,914)						—						(10,584)						670			3
Collections of finance receivables			9,738						—						10,328						(590)			3
Net intercompany purchased receivables			—						—						678						(678)			3
Proceeds from sale of finance receivables			50						—						50						—
Net intercompany borrowings			—						—						5						(5)			4
Investments and acquisitions (net of cash acquired)			(44)						(44)						—						—
Proceeds from sale of businesses and investments (net of cash sold)			1						1						—						—
Proceeds from sale of securities			2,080						1,820						260						—
Investments in securities			(2,399)						(1,925)						(474)						—
Other – net			15						84						(69)						—
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities			(1,698)						(881)						(228)						(589)
Cash flow from financing activities:
Dividends paid			(1,820)						(1,820)						—						—
Common stock issued, including treasury shares reissued			2						2						—						—
Common shares repurchased			(3,309)						(3,309)						—						—
Net intercompany borrowings			—						(5)						—						5			4
Proceeds from debt issued (original maturities greater than three months)			5,570						—						5,570						—
Payments on debt (original maturities greater than three months)			(5,289)						(20)						(5,269)						—
Short-term borrowings – net (original maturities three months or less)			(1,311)						(138)						(1,173)						—
Other – net			(1)						(1)						—						—
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities			(6,158)						(5,291)						(872)						5
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash			(79)						(42)						(37)						—
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash			(2,908)						(3,023)						115						—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period			9,263						8,433						830						—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period			$	6,355					$	5,410					$	945					$	—

1    Elimination of equity profit earned from Financial Products' subsidiaries partially owned by ME&T subsidiaries.

2    Elimination of non-cash adjustments and changes in assets and liabilities related to consolidated reporting.

3    Reclassification of Financial Products’ cash flow activity from investing to operating for receivables that arose from the sale of inventory.

4    Elimination of net proceeds and payments to/from ME&T and Financial Products.

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Forward-looking Statements

Certain statements in this Form 10-Q relate to future events and expectations and are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as “believe,” “estimate,” “will be,” “will,” “would,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “target,” “guide,” “project,” “intend,” “could,” “should” or other similar words or expressions often identify forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements regarding our outlook, projections, forecasts or trend descriptions. These statements do not guarantee future performance and speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake to update our forward-looking statements.

Caterpillar’s actual results may differ materially from those described or implied in our forward-looking statements based on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (i) global and regional economic conditions and economic conditions in the industries we serve; (ii) commodity price changes, material price increases, fluctuations in demand for our products or significant shortages of material; (iii) government monetary or fiscal policies; (iv) political and economic risks, commercial instability and events beyond our control in the countries in which we operate; (v) international trade policies and their impact on demand for our products and our competitive position, including the imposition of new tariffs or changes in existing tariff rates; (vi) our ability to develop, produce and market quality products that meet our customers’ needs; (vii) the impact of the highly competitive environment in which we operate on our sales and pricing; (viii) information technology security threats and computer crime; (ix) inventory management decisions and sourcing practices of our dealers and our OEM customers; (x) a failure to realize, or a delay in realizing, all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions, joint ventures or divestitures; (xi) union disputes or other employee relations issues; (xii) adverse effects of unexpected events; (xiii) disruptions or volatility in global financial markets limiting our sources of liquidity or the liquidity of our customers, dealers and suppliers; (xiv) failure to maintain our credit ratings and potential resulting increases to our cost of borrowing and adverse effects on our cost of funds, liquidity, competitive position and access to capital markets; (xv) our Financial Products segment’s risks associated with the financial services industry; (xvi) changes in interest rates or market liquidity conditions; (xvii) an increase in delinquencies, repossessions or net losses of Cat Financial’s customers; (xviii) currency fluctuations; (xix) our or Cat Financial’s compliance with financial and other restrictive covenants in debt agreements; (xx) increased pension plan funding obligations; (xxi) alleged or actual violations of trade or anti-corruption laws and regulations; (xxii) additional tax expense or exposure, including the impact of U.S. tax reform; (xxiii) significant legal proceedings, claims, lawsuits or government investigations; (xxiv) new regulations or changes in financial services regulations; (xxv) compliance with environmental laws and regulations; (xxvi) catastrophic events, including global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic; and (xxvii) other factors described in more detail under the section entitled "Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors" of Caterpillar's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as such factors may be updated from time to time in Caterpillar's periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 3.  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

 

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 5 – “Derivative financial instruments and risk management” included in Part I, Item 1 and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q.

 

Item 4.  Controls and Procedures

 

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

 

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.  Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

 

During the third quarter of 2023, there has been no change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION

 

Item 1.  Legal Proceedings

 

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference from Note 14 – “Environmental and legal matters” included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.    

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors we previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period						Total Number of Shares Purchased2,3						Average Price Paid per Share2,3						Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program						Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased under the Program (in billions)1
July 1-31, 2023						518,457						$	228.66					518,457						$	10.970
August 1-31, 2023						684,126						$	277.72					684,126						$	10.780
September 1-30, 2023						680,904						$	279.03					680,904						$	10.590
Total						1,883,487						$	264.69					1,883,487
1 In May 2022, the Board approved a share repurchase authorization (the 2022 Authorization) of up to $15.0 billion of Caterpillar common stock effective August 1, 2022, with no expiration. As of September 30, 2023, $10.6 billion remained available under the 2022 Authorization.
2 During the second quarter of 2023, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement ("ASR") with a third-party financial institution to purchase $750 million of our common stock. In May 2023, upon payment of the $750 million to the financial institution, we received 2.8 million shares. In July 2023, upon final settlement of the ASR, we received an additional 0.5 million shares. In total, we repurchased 3.3 million shares under this ASR at an average price per share of $228.66.
3 In both August and September of 2023, we repurchased 0.7 million shares, respectively, for an aggregate of $380 million in open market transactions at an average price per share of $277.72 and $279.03, respectively.

Non-U.S. Employee Stock Purchase Plans

 

As of September 30, 2023, we had 28 employee stock purchase plans (the “EIP Plans”) that are administered outside the United States for our non-U.S. employees, which had approximately 14,000 active participants in the aggregate. During the third quarter of 2023, approximately 61,000 shares of Caterpillar common stock were purchased by the EIP Plans pursuant to the terms of such plans.

Item 5.     Other Information

On August 22, 2023, Andrew Bonfield, the Company's Chief Financial Officer, entered into a Rule 10b5-1 sales plan intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The sales plan will be in effect until the earlier of (1) November 20, 2024 and (2) the date on which an aggregate of 30,000 shares of our common stock have been sold under the plan.

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Item 6. Exhibits

10.1						364-Day Credit Agreement dated August 31, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 1, 2023).
10.2						Local Currency Addendum to the 364-Day Credit Agreement dated August 31, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 1, 2023).
10.3						Japan Local Currency Addendum to the 364-Day Credit Agreement dated August 31, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 1, 2023).
10.4						Amendment No. 1 to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Three-Year Facility) dated August 31, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 1, 2023).
10.5						Amendment No. 1 to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (Five-Year Facility) dated August 31, 2023 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 1, 2023).
31.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32						Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Caterpillar Inc. and Chief Financial Officer of Caterpillar Inc., as required pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS						Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104						Cover Page Interactive File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)

*Management contracts and compensatory plans and arrangements required to be filed as exhibits pursuant to Item 6 of this report.

The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

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SIGNATURES

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 

 

			CATERPILLAR INC.
November 1, 2023			/s/ D. James Umpleby III			Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
			D. James Umpleby III
November 1, 2023			/s/ Andrew R.J. Bonfield			Chief Financial Officer
			Andrew R.J. Bonfield
November 1, 2023			/s/ Derek Owens			Senior Vice President and General Counsel
			Derek Owens
November 1, 2023			/s/ William E. Schaupp			Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
			William E. Schaupp

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