CB Financial Services, Inc. - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission file number: 001-36706

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (724) 966-5041

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes ☐   No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, computed by reference to the last sale price on June 30, 2018, as reported by the Nasdaq Global Market, was approximately $170.7 million.

As of March 15, 2019, the number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock was 5,433,289.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Proxy Statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders of the Registrant (Part III)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “indicate,” “would,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “target” and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

These forward-looking statements are based on our current beliefs and expectations, and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change. We are under no duty to and do not take any obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

Because of these and a wide variety of other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the expected results indicated by these forward-looking statements.

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “we,” “our,” and “us” refer to CB Financial Services, Inc., and Community Bank, unless the context indicates another meaning. In addition, we sometimes refer to CB Financial Services, Inc., as “CB,” or the “Company” and to Community Bank as the “Bank.”

CB Financial Services, Inc.

CB Financial Services, Inc. (the “Company”), a Pennsylvania corporation, is a bank holding company headquartered in Carmichaels, Pennsylvania. The Company’s common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “CBFV.” The Company conducts its operations primarily through its wholly owned subsidiary, Community Bank, a Pennsylvania-chartered commercial bank. At December 31, 2018, the Company, on a consolidated basis, had total assets of $1.3 billion, total deposits of $1.1 billion and shareholders’ equity of $137.6 million.

Copies of the reports the Company files electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) are available free of charge through the SEC’s website address at https://www.sec.gov and through the Bank’s website address at https://www.communitybank.tv.

Community Bank

Community Bank is a Pennsylvania-chartered commercial bank headquartered in Carmichaels, Pennsylvania. Community Bank is a community-oriented institution that conducts its business from its main office and 23 branches in Greene, Allegheny, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties in southwestern Pennsylvania; Brooke, Marshall, Ohio, Upshur and Wetzel Counties in West Virginia; and one office in Belmont County in Ohio by offering residential and commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans as well as a variety of deposit products for individuals and businesses in its market area. In addition, the Bank is the sole shareholder of Exchange Underwriters, Inc. ("Exchange Underwriters"), a wholly-owned subsidiary that is a full-service, independent insurance agency that offers property and casualty, commercial liability, surety and other insurance products.

The Bank was originally chartered in 1901 as The First National Bank of Carmichaels. In 1987, we changed our name to Community Bank, National Association. In December 2006, Community Bank completed a charter conversion from a national bank to a Pennsylvania-chartered commercial bank wholly-owned by the Company. Community Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) System. Our deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).

Our principal executive office is located at 100 North Market Street, Carmichaels, Pennsylvania, and our telephone number at that address is (724) 966-5041. Our website address is http://www.communitybank.tv. Information on this website is not and should not be considered to be a part of this Annual Report.

Merger

Effective April 30, 2018, the Company completed its merger with First West Virginia Bancorp (“FWVB”), the holding company for Progressive Bank, N.A. (“PB”), a national association. Through the merger, the Company anticipates future revenue and earnings growth from an expanded menu of financial services expanding the Company’s business footprint into the Ohio Valley. The merger added eight branches and expanded the Company’s reach into West Virginia with seven branches and one branch in Eastern Ohio. In connection with the merger, the Company issued approximately 1,317,647 shares of common stock and paid cash consideration of $9.8 million. The merger value is approximately $51.3 million.

The merger was accounted for as an acquisition in accordance with the acquisition method of accounting as detailed in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 805, Business Combinations. The acquisition method of accounting requires an acquirer to recognize the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their fair values as of the date of acquisition. This process is heavily reliant on measuring and estimating the fair values of all the assets and liabilities of the acquired entity. To the extent we do not have the requisite expertise to determine the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we engaged third-party valuation specialists to assist us in determining such values.

Market Area

The Company’s southwestern Pennsylvania market area consists of Greene, Allegheny, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties in southwestern Pennsylvania. Our branches located in Allegheny, Fayette, Washington and Westmoreland Counties are in the southern suburban area of metropolitan Pittsburgh. Our acquired branches from the FWVB merger extend the Company’s market area into West Virginia with seven branch locations in Brooke, Marshall, Ohio, Upshur and Wetzel Counties; and one branch location in Belmont County in Ohio. The area has been impacted by the energy industry through the extraction of untapped natural gas reserves in the Marcellus Shale Formation. The Marcellus Shale Formation extends throughout much of the Appalachian Basin and most of Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Eastern Ohio and is located near high-demand markets along the east coast. The proximity to these markets makes it an attractive target for energy development and has resulted in significant job creation through the development of gas wells and transportation of gas. Greene County is a significantly more rural county compared to the counties in which we have our other branches.

Based on data published by the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, the estimated populations of Allegheny, Greene, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties are approximately 1.2 million, 38,000, 208,000, 134,000 and 355,000, respectively. The December 2018 unemployment rates for Allegheny, Greene, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties were 3.7%, 4.3%, 3.8%, 5.3% and 3.9%, respectively, compared to a state-wide average of 3.9%. The average annual wage as of the second quarter of 2018 (the latest data available) in Allegheny, Greene, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties were $59,000, $53,000, $53,000, $39,000, and $44,000, respectively, compared to $54,000 statewide.

Data for our West Virginia and Ohio branch locations was obtained from the Federal Department of Labor and Statistics. The estimated populations of Brooke, Marshall, Ohio, Upshur and Wetzel Counties in West Virginia and Belmont County in Ohio are approximately 23,000, 32,000, 43,000, 25,000, 16,000 and 69,000, respectively. The December 2018 unemployment rates for Brooke, Marshall, Ohio, Upshur and Wetzel Counties in West Virginia and Belmont County in Ohio are 5.2%, 5.0%, 3.9%, 5.2%, 5.2% and 5.1%, respectively, compared to West Virginia and Ohio state-wide averages of 4.7% and 4.4%, respectively. The average annual wage as of the second quarter of 2018 (the latest data available) in Brooke, Marshall, Ohio, Upshur and Wetzel Counties in West Virginia and Belmont County in Ohio were $42,000, $66,000, $43,000, $39,000, $35,000 and $40,000, respectively, compared to West Virginia and Ohio statewide averages of $45,000 and $49,000, respectively.

Competition

We encounter significant competition both in attracting deposits and in originating real estate and other loans. Our most direct competition for deposits historically has come from other commercial banks, savings banks, savings associations and credit unions in our market area, and we expect continued strong competition from such financial institutions in the foreseeable future. The Company faces additional competition for deposits from online financial institutions and non-depository competitors, such as the mutual fund industry, securities and brokerage firms, and insurance companies. We compete for deposits by offering depositors a high level of personal service and expertise together with a wide range of financial services. Our deposit sources are primarily concentrated in the communities surrounding our banking offices located in Greene, Allegheny, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties in southwestern Pennsylvania; Brooke, Marshall, Ohio, Upshur and Wetzel Counties in West Virginia; and Belmont County in Ohio. As of June 30, 2018, our FDIC-insured deposit market share in the counties we serve out of 59 bank and thrift institutions with offices in Greene, Allegheny, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties in Pennsylvania; Brooke, Marshall, Ohio, Upshur and Wetzel Counties in West Virginia; and Belmont County in Ohio was 0.76%. Such data does not reflect deposits held by credit unions.

The competition for real estate and other loans comes principally from other commercial banks, mortgage banking companies, government-sponsored entities, savings banks and savings associations. This competition for loans has increased substantially in recent years. We compete for loans primarily through the interest rates and loan fees we charge and the efficiency and quality of services we provide to borrowers and home builders. Factors that affect competition include general and local economic conditions, current interest rate levels and the volatility of the mortgage markets.

Lending Activities

General. Historically, our principal lending activity has been the origination of residential loans secured by one- to four-family residential properties in our local market area and commercial real estate, construction, commercial and industrial, and consumer loans. At December 31, 2018, our net loans receivable totaled $903.3 million compared to $735.6 million at December 31, 2017. Our overall net loan growth was $167.7 million primarily the result of the FWVB merger and late 2017 efforts to deploy increasing deposit funds. Commercial real estate loans increased $78.1 million primarily due to a concerted effort to increase our market share with deploying FWVB acquired deposits into the lending market. Residential real estate loans increased $51.5 million and Construction loans increased $12.7 million primarily due to retaining mortgage loans as a result of rising interest rates which lead to a decline in sold mortgage loans and the origination of construction projects.

 
Loan Portfolio Composition. The Company primarily originates residential real estate, commercial real estate, construction, commercial and industrial, consumer and other loans. The following table sets forth the composition of the Company’s loan portfolio by type of loan at the dates indicated, excluding loans held for sale.

Residential Real Estate Loans. Residential real estate loans are comprised of loans secured by one- to four-family residential and, to a lesser extent, multifamily properties. Included in residential real estate loans are traditional one- to four-family mortgage loans, multifamily mortgage loans, home equity installment loans, and home equity lines of credit. We generate loans through our marketing efforts, existing customers and referrals, real estate brokers, builders and local businesses. At December 31, 2018, $325.0 million, or 35.6% of our total loan portfolio, was invested in residential loans.

One- to Four-Family Mortgage Loans. Historically our primary lending activity has been the origination of fixed-rate, one- to four-family, owner-occupied, residential mortgage loans with terms up to 30 years secured by property located in our market area. At December 31, 2018, one- to four-family mortgage loans totaled $216.2 million. Our fixed-rate one- to four-family residential mortgage loans are generally conforming loans, underwritten according to secondary market guidelines. We generally originate fixed-rate mortgage loans in amounts up to the maximum conforming loan limits established by the Federal Housing Finance Agency, which is generally $453,100 for single-family homes, except in certain high-cost areas in the United States. At December 31, 2018, we had 30 one- to four-family residential mortgage loans totaling $22.2 million with principal balances in excess of $453,100, commonly referred to as jumbo loans. Our fixed-rate mortgage loans amortize monthly with principal and interest due each month. These loans often remain outstanding for significantly shorter periods than their contractual terms because borrowers may refinance or prepay loans at their option without a prepayment penalty.

When underwriting one- to four-family mortgage loans, we review and verify each loan applicant’s income and credit history. Management believes that stability of income and past credit history are integral parts in the underwriting process. Written appraisals are generally required on real estate property offered to secure an applicant’s loan. We generally limit the loan-to-value ratios of one- to four-family residential mortgage loans to 80% of the purchase price or appraised value of the property, whichever is less. For one- to four-family real estate loans with loan-to-value ratios of over 80%, we generally require private mortgage insurance. We require fire and casualty insurance on all properties securing real estate loans. We require title insurance, or an attorney’s title opinion, as circumstances warrant.

Our one- to four-family mortgage loans customarily include due-on-sale clauses, which give us the right to declare a loan immediately due and payable in the event, among other things, that the borrower sells or otherwise disposes of the underlying real property serving as collateral for the loan.

Fixed-rate one- to four-family residential mortgage loans with terms of 15 years or more are originated for resale to the secondary market. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we originated $10.3 and $19.8 million of fixed-rate residential mortgage loans, respectively, which were subsequently sold in the secondary mortgage market.

The origination of fixed-rate mortgage loans versus adjustable-rate mortgage loans is monitored on an ongoing basis and is affected significantly by the level of market interest rates, customer preference, our interest rate risk position and our competitors’ loan products. We currently do not offer adjustable-rate mortgage loans, but in the past offered them for terms ranging up to 30 years. We did acquire adjustable-rate mortgage loans in the FWVB merger. Adjustable-rate mortgage loans secured by one- to four-family residential real estate totaled $27.8 million at December 31, 2018. Adjustable-rate mortgage loans make our loan portfolio more interest rate sensitive. However, as the interest income earned on adjustable-rate mortgage loans varies with prevailing interest rates, such loans do not offer predictable cash flows in the same manner as long-term, fixed-rate loans. Adjustable-rate mortgage loans carry increased credit risk associated with potentially higher monthly payments by borrowers as general market interest rates increase. It is possible that during periods of rising interest rates that the risk of delinquencies and defaults on adjustable-rate mortgage loans may increase due to the upward adjustment of interest costs to the borrower, resulting in increased loan losses.

We do not offer an “interest only” mortgage loan product on one- to four-family residential properties (where the borrower pays interest for an initial period, after which the loan converts to a fully amortizing loan). We also do not offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as “Option ARM” loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. We do not offer a “subprime loan” program (loans that generally target borrowers with weakened credit histories typically characterized by payment delinquencies, previous charge-offs, judgments, bankruptcies, or borrowers with questionable repayment capacity as evidenced by low credit scores or high debt-burden ratios) or Alt-A loans (traditionally defined as loans having less than full documentation). We may originate loans to consumers with a credit score below 660. This may be defined as subprime loans, however there are typically mitigating circumstances that according to FDIC guidance and our opinion would not designate such loans as “subprime.”

Home Equity Loans. At December 31, 2018, home equity loans totaled $108.8 million. Our home equity loans and lines of credit are generally secured by the borrower’s principal residence. The maximum amount of a home equity loan or line of credit is generally 85% of the appraised value of a borrower’s real estate collateral less the amount of any prior mortgages or related liabilities. Home equity loans and lines of credit are approved with both fixed and adjustable interest rates, which we determine based upon market conditions. Such loans are fully amortized over the life of the loan. Generally, the maximum term for home equity loans is 15 years.

Our underwriting standards for home equity loans include a determination of the applicant’s credit history and an assessment of the applicant’s ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan. The stability of the applicant’s monthly income may be determined by verification of gross monthly income from primary employment, and additionally from any verifiable secondary income. We also consider the length of employment with the borrower’s present employer. Creditworthiness of the applicant is of primary consideration; however, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the collateral in relation to the proposed loan amount.

Home equity loans entail greater risks than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans, which are secured by first lien mortgages. In such cases, collateral repossessed after a default may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance because of damage or depreciation in the value of the property or loss of equity to the first lien position. Further, home equity loan payments are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and therefore are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy. Finally, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans in the event of a default.

Commercial Real Estate Loans. We originate commercial real estate loans that are secured primarily by improved properties, such as retail facilities, office buildings and other non-residential buildings. At December 31, 2018, $287.1 million, or 31.5% of our total loan portfolio, consisted of commercial real estate loans.

Our commercial real estate loans generally have terms of up to 15 years and have adjustable interest rates. The adjustable rate loans are typically fixed for the first five years and adjust every five years thereafter. The maximum loan-to-value ratio of our commercial real estate loans is generally 75% to 80% of the lower of cost or appraised value of the property securing the loan.

We consider a number of factors in originating commercial real estate loans. We evaluate the qualifications and financial condition of the borrower, including project-level and global cash flows and debt service coverage, credit history and management expertise, as well as the value and condition of the property, securing the loan. When evaluating the qualifications of the borrower, we consider the financial resources of the borrower, the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar property and the borrower’s payment history with Community Bank and other financial institutions. In evaluating the property securing the loan, the factors considered include the net operating income of the mortgaged property before debt service and depreciation, and the ratio of the loan amount to the appraised value of the property. We generally will not lend to High Volatility Commercial Real Estate (HVCRE) projects. All commercial real estate loans are appraised by outside independent state certified general appraisers. Personal guarantees are generally obtained from the principals of commercial real estate loan borrowers, although this requirement may be waived in limited circumstances depending upon the loan-to-value ratio and the debt-service ratio associated with the loan. Community Bank requires property and casualty insurance and flood insurance if the property is in a flood zone area.

We underwrite commercial real estate loan participations to the same standards as loans originated by us. In addition, we consider the financial strength and reputation of the lead lender. We require the lead lender to provide a full closing package as well as annual financial statements for the borrower and related entities so that we can conduct an annual loan review for all loan participations. Loans secured by commercial real estate generally involve a greater degree of credit risk than residential mortgage loans and carry larger loan balances. This increased credit risk is a result of several factors, including the effects of general economic conditions on income producing properties and the successful operation or management of the properties securing the loans. Furthermore, the repayment of loans secured by commercial real estate is typically dependent upon the successful operation of the related business and real estate property. If the cash flow from the project is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired.

Construction Loans. We originate construction loans to individuals to finance the construction of residential dwellings and also originate loans for the construction of commercial properties, including hotels, apartment buildings, housing developments, and owner-occupied properties used for businesses. At December 31, 2018, $48.8 million, or 5.3% of our total loan portfolio, consisted of construction loans. Our construction loans generally provide for the payment of interest only during the construction phase, which is usually 12 to 18 months. At the end of the construction phase, the loan generally converts to a permanent residential or commercial mortgage loan. Loans generally can be made with a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 80% on both residential and commercial construction. Before making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we require a pro forma appraisal of the property, as completed by an independent licensed appraiser. We also will require an inspection of the property before disbursement of funds during the term of the construction loan. We typically do not lend to developers unless they maintain a 15% cash equity position in the project.

Commercial and Industrial Loans. We originate commercial and industrial loans and lines of credit to borrowers located in our market area that are generally secured by collateral other than real estate, such as equipment, inventory, and other business assets. At December 31, 2018, $113.2 million, or 12.4% of our total loan portfolio, consisted of commercial and industrial loans. The loans generally have terms of maturity from five to seven years with adjustable interest rates tied to the prime rate LIBOR or the weekly average of the FHLB of Pittsburgh three to ten year fixed rates. We generally obtain personal guarantees from the borrower or a third party as a condition to originating the loan. On a limited basis, we will originate unsecured business loans in those instances where the applicant’s financial strength and creditworthiness has been established. Commercial business loans generally bear higher interest rates than residential loans, but they also may involve a higher risk of default because their repayment is generally dependent on the successful operation of the borrower’s business.

Our underwriting standards for commercial business loans include a determination of the applicant’s ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan from normal cash flows generated in the applicant’s business. We assess the financial strength of each applicant through the review of financial statements and tax returns provided by the applicant. The creditworthiness of an applicant is derived from a review of credit reports as well as a search of public records. We periodically review business loans following origination. We request financial statements at least annually and review them for substantial deviations or changes that might affect repayment of the loan. Our loan officers may also visit the premises of borrowers to observe the business premises, facilities, and personnel and to inspect the pledged collateral. Underwriting standards for business loans are different for each type of loan depending on the financial strength of the applicant and the value of collateral offered as security. All commercial loans are assigned a risk rating. These ratings are reviewed annually by the independent loan review professionals.

Consumer Loans. We originate consumer loans that primarily consist of indirect auto loans and, to a lesser extent, secured and unsecured loans and lines of credit. As of December 31, 2018, consumer loans totaled $122.2 million, or 13.4%, of our total loan portfolio, of which $111.5 million were indirect auto loans. Consumer loans are generally offered on a fixed-rate basis. Our underwriting standards for consumer loans include a determination of the applicant’s credit history and an assessment of the applicant’s ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan. The stability of the applicant’s monthly income may be determined by verification of gross monthly income from primary employment, and additionally from any verifiable secondary income. We also consider the length of employment with the borrower’s present employer as well as the amount of time the borrower has lived in the local area. Creditworthiness of the applicant is of primary consideration; however, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the collateral in relation to the proposed loan amount.

Indirect auto loans are loans that are sold by auto dealerships to third parties, such as banks or other types of lenders. We work with various auto dealers throughout our lending area. The dealer collects information from the applicant and transmits it to us electronically for review, where we can either accept or reject applicants without ever meeting them. If the Bank approves the applicant’s request for financing, the Bank purchases the dealership-originated installment sales contract and is known as the holder in due course that is entitled to receive principal and interest payments from a borrower. As compensation for generating the loan, a portion of the rate is advanced to the dealer and accrued in a prepaid dealer reserve account. As a result, the Bank’s yield is below the interest rate because the Bank must wait for the stream of loan payments to be repaid. The Bank will receive a pro rata refund of the amount prepaid to the dealer only if the loan prepays within the first six months or if the collateral for the loan is repossessed. The Bank is responsible for pursuing repossession if the borrower defaults on payments.

Consumer loans entail greater risks than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans, particularly consumer loans secured by rapidly depreciating assets, such as automobiles, or loans that are unsecured. In such cases, collateral repossessed after a default may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance because of damage, loss or depreciation. Further, consumer loan payments are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and therefore are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy. Such events would increase our risk of loss on unsecured loans. Finally, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans in the event of a default.

Loan Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The following table summarizes the scheduled repayments of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2018. Demand loans, loans having no stated repayment schedule or maturity, and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less. Consumer loans consist primarily of indirect automobile loans whereby a portion of the rate is prepaid to the dealer and accrued in a prepaid dealer reserve account. Thus the true yield for the portfolio is significantly less than the note rate disclosed below.

The following table sets forth at December 31, 2018, the dollar amount of all fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans due after December 31, 2019.

Loan Approval Procedures and Authority

Our lending activities follow written, non-discriminatory underwriting standards and loan origination procedures established by the board of directors. In the approval process for residential loans, we assess the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the value of the property securing the loan. To assess the borrower’s ability to repay, we review the borrower’s income and expenses and employment and credit history. In the case of commercial real estate loans, we also review projected income, expenses and the viability of the project being financed. We generally require appraisals of all real property securing loans. Appraisals are performed by independent licensed appraisers. Community Bank’s loan approval policies and limits are also established by its board of directors. All loans originated by Community Bank are subject to its underwriting guidelines. Loan approval authorities vary based on loan size in the aggregate. Individual officer loan approval authority generally applies to loans of up to $1 million. Loans above that amount and up to $2 million may be approved by the Loan Committee. Loans between $2 million and $5 million may be approved by the Discount Committee, which includes five directors of the Bank. Loans in the aggregate over $5 million must be approved by the board of directors.

Delinquencies and Classified Assets

When a borrower fails to remit a required loan payment, a courtesy notice is sent to the borrower prior to the end of their appropriate grace period stressing the importance of paying the loan current. If a payment is not paid within the appropriate grace period, then a late notice is mailed. In addition, telephone calls are made and additional letters may be sent. For loans that are secured by real estate that become 30 days delinquent, an Act 6 Notice of Intention to Foreclose will be mailed stating to the borrower that they have 30 days to cure the default. In the event that the default is not cured by the 30th day then an Act 91 Notice of Foreclosure is mailed stating to the customer that they have 33 days to cure the default for Pennsylvania mortgages. Once the loan has become 90 or more days delinquent then it is forwarded to the Bank’s attorney to pursue other remedies or to file a mortgage foreclosure complaint. In the event that all collection efforts have not succeeded, then the property will proceed to a Sheriff Sale to be sold. Collection efforts continue on all loans until it is determined by the Executive Vice President and Chief Credit Officer, and the Collection Department Manager that the debt is uncollectable. For commercial loans, the borrower is contacted in an attempt to reestablish the loan to current payment status and ensure timely payments continue. Collection efforts continue until the loan is 60 days past due, at which time demand payment, default, and/or foreclosure procedures are initiated. We may consider loan workout arrangements with certain borrowers under certain circumstances.

Nonperforming Assets and Delinquent Loans. The Company reviews its loans on a regular basis and generally places loans on nonaccrual status when either principal or interest is 90 days or more past due. In addition, the Company places loans on nonaccrual status when we do not expect to receive full payment of interest or principal. Interest accrued and unpaid at the time a loan is placed on nonaccrual status is reversed from interest income. Loans that are 90 days or more past due may still accrue interest if they are well secured and in the process of collection. Once a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, the borrower must generally demonstrate at least six consecutive months of payment performance before the loan is eligible to return to accrual status.

Management monitors all past due loans and nonperforming assets. Such loans are placed under close supervision, with consideration given to the need for additions to the allowance for loan losses and (if appropriate) partial or full charge-off. At December 31, 2018, we had $327,000 of loans 90 days or more past due that were still accruing interest. Nonperforming assets decreased $347,000 to $7.2 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $7.6 million at December 31, 2017. The decrease in the level of nonperforming assets was primarily due to the charge-off of three commercial and industrial relationships in the first quarter of 2018. In addition, troubled debt restructured commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loans had loan payoffs and loan paydowns during the current year. This was partially offset by a commercial and industrial loan that entered into a TDR transaction that termed out the line of credit with a balloon payment at the loan maturity date.

Management believes the volume of nonperforming assets can be partially attributed to unique borrower circumstances as well as the economy in general. We have an experienced chief credit officer, collections and credit departments that monitor the loan portfolio and seek to prevent any deterioration of asset quality.

Real estate acquired through foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is classified as real estate owned until such time as it is sold. When real estate owned is acquired, it is recorded at the lower of the unpaid principal balance of the related loan, or its fair market value, less estimated selling expenses. Any further write-down of real estate owned is charged against earnings. At December 31, 2018, we owned $917,000 of property classified as real estate owned.

Nonperforming Assets. The following table sets forth the amounts and categories of our nonperforming assets at the dates indicated. Included in nonperforming loans and assets are troubled debt restructurings, which are loans whose contractual terms have been restructured in a manner that grants a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, gross interest income that would have been recorded had our non-accruing loans been current in accordance with their original terms was $66,000.

At December 31, 2018, we had no loans that were not currently classified as nonaccrual, 90 days past due or troubled debt restructurings, but where known information about possible credit problems of borrowers caused management to have serious concerns as to the ability of the borrowers to comply with present loan repayment terms and that may result in disclosure as nonaccrual, 90 days past due or troubled debt restructurings.

Classified Assets. Federal regulations provide that loans and other assets of lesser quality should be classified as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss” assets. An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” that the Company will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified “substandard,” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “uncollectible” and of such little value that their continuance as assets is not warranted. The Company designates an asset as “special mention” if the asset has a potential weakness that warrants management’s close attention. The Company uses an eight point internal risk rating system to monitor the credit quality of the overall loan portfolio. The first four categories are considered not criticized, and are aggregated as “pass” rated. The criticized rating categories used by management generally follow bank regulatory definitions. The special mention category includes assets that are currently protected but are below average quality, resulting in an undue credit risk, but not to the point of justifying a substandard classification. Loans in the substandard category have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt, and have a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if the weaknesses are not corrected. Those loans that typically represent a specific allocation of the allowance for loan losses are placed in the doubtful category. As part of the periodic exams of Community Bank by the FDIC and the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities, the staff of such agencies reviews our classifications and determines whether such classifications are adequate. Such agencies have, in the past, and may in the future require us to classify certain assets which management has not otherwise classified or require a classification more severe than established by management. The following table shows the principal amount of special mention and classified loans at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

The total amount of special mention and classified loans decreased $10.0 million, or 23.9%, to $31.7 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $41.6 million at December 31, 2017. The decrease in special mention loans was due to improved credit quality with the loan portfolio. In addition, as previously mentioned, three large originated commercial and industrial loans that had risk were charged-off in 2018. The decrease in substandard loans is primarily due to loan payoffs of originated commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loan relationships, these payoffs were by design and mitigated credit risk to the loan portfolio. In addition, a decrease in commercial and industrial loan relationships due to classified loan payoffs and paydowns.

Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. Management performs a quarterly evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance based on losses in the current loan portfolio, which includes an assessment of economic conditions, changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, loan loss experience, volume and severity of past due, classified and nonaccrual loans as well as other loan modifications, quality of the Company’s loan review system, the degree of oversight by the Company’s Board of Directors, existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations, effect of external factors, such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements and other relevant factors. While management uses the best information available to make such evaluations, future adjustments to the allowance may be necessary if economic conditions differ substantially from the assumptions used in making evaluations. Additions are made to the allowance through periodic provisions charged to income and recovery of principal and interest on loans previously charged-off. Losses of principal are charged directly to the allowance when a loss actually occurs or when a determination is made that the specific loss is probable. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revisions as more information becomes available.

The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. A loan is considered to be impaired when, based upon current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due for principal and interest according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at a loan’s effective interest rate, or as a practical expedient, the observable market price, or, if the loan is collateral dependent, the fair value of the underlying collateral. When the measurement of an impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, the impairment is recorded in a specific valuation allowance through a charge to the provision for loan losses. Any reserve for unfunded lending commitments represents management’s estimate of losses inherent in its unfunded loan commitments and is recorded in the allowance for loan losses on the consolidated Statement of Condition.

Groups of loans with similar risk characteristics are collectively evaluated for impairment based on the group’s historical loss experience adjusted for changes in trends, conditions and other relevant factors that affect repayment of the loans. Accordingly, we do not separately identify individual consumer and residential loans for impairment measurements, unless such loans are the subject of a restructuring agreement due to financial difficulties of the borrower.

The general component covers non-classified loans and is based on historical charge-off experience and expected loss given our internal risk rating process. The loan portfolio is stratified into homogeneous groups of loans that possess similar loss characteristics and an appropriate loss ratio adjusted for other qualitative factors is applied to the homogeneous pools of loans to estimate the incurred losses in the loan portfolio. The other qualitative factors considered by management include, but are not limited to, the following:

Commercial real estate loans generally have higher credit risks compared to one- to four-family residential mortgage loans, as they typically involve larger loan balances concentrated with single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. In addition, payment experience on loans secured by income-producing properties typically depends on the successful operation of the related real estate project, and this may be subject, to a greater extent, to adverse conditions in the real estate market and in the general economy.

Commercial and industrial business loans involve a greater risk of default than one- to four-residential mortgage loans of like duration because their repayment generally depends on the successful operation of the borrower’s business and the sufficiency of collateral, if any.

This specific valuation allowance is periodically adjusted for significant changes in the amount or timing of expected future cash flows, observable market price or fair value of the collateral. The specific valuation allowance, or allowance for impaired loans, is part of the total allowance for loan losses. Cash payments received on impaired loans that are considered non-accrual are recorded as a direct reduction of the recorded investment in the loan. When the recorded investment has been fully collected, receipts are recorded as recoveries to the allowance for loan losses until the previously charged-off principal is fully recovered. Subsequent amounts collected are recognized as interest income. If no charge-off exists, then once the recorded investment has been fully collected, any future amounts collected would be recognized as interest income. Impaired loans are not returned to accrual status until all amounts due, both principal and interest, are current and a sustained payment history has been demonstrated. Troubled Debt Restructuring (TDR) loans are generally considered impaired loans until such loans are performing in accordance with their modified terms. Once a TDR loan establishes a consistent payment history under the modified terms, then it is considered to return to accrual status. A constant payment history is generally demonstrated by payment under the modified terms for a period of least six consecutive months. The general component covers pools of loans by loan class, including commercial loans not considered impaired, as well as smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as residential real estate and consumer loans. An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect the Company’s estimate of probable losses. Generally, management considers all nonaccrual and TDR loans and certain renegotiated debt, when it exists, for impairment. The maximum period without payment that typically can occur before a loan is considered for impairment is 90 days. The past due status of loans receivable is determined based on contractual due dates for loan payments.

The allowance for loan losses increased $762,000, or 8.7%, to $9.6 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $8.8 million at December 31, 2017. Net charge-offs were $1.8 million during 2018 compared to $877,000 during 2017. The allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans ratio increased to 151.40% at December 31, 2018, compared to 121.31% at December 31, 2017. The increase was due to a decrease in nonperforming loans, mainly attributed to decreases in commercial real estate and commercial and industrial non-accrual loans, loan payoffs of TDR commercial and industrial loans and an increase in the allowance for loan losses.

Although we maintain our allowance for loan losses at a level that we consider to be adequate to provide for potential losses, there can be no assurance that such losses will not exceed the estimated amounts or that we will not be required to make additions to the allowance for loan losses in the future. Future additions to our allowance for loan losses and changes in the related ratio of the allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans are dependent upon the economy, changes in real estate values and interest rates, the view of the regulatory authorities toward adequate loan loss reserve levels, and inflation. Management will continue to periodically review the entire loan portfolio to determine the extent, if any, to which further additional loan loss provisions may be deemed necessary.

Analysis of the Allowance for Loan Losses. The following table summarizes changes in the allowance for loan losses by loan categories for each year indicated and additions to the allowance for loan losses, which have been charged to operations. Loans acquired in connection with mergers were recorded at their estimated fair value at the acquisition date and did not include a carryover of the pre-merger allowance for loan losses.