CECO ENVIRONMENTAL CORP - Annual Report: 2016 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark one)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016

or

For the transition period from              to             

Commission File No. 0-7099

CECO ENVIRONMENTAL CORP.

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (513) 458-2600

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act:    None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐   No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (check one)

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $260.6 million based upon the closing market price and shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2016. For the purpose of the foregoing calculation only, all directors and executive officers of the registrant and owners of more than 10% of the registrant’s common stock are assumed to be affiliates of the registrant. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily conclusive for any other purpose.

As of March 6, 2017, the registrant had 34,386,723 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for the 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which is to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report to the extent described herein.

CECO Corporation and Subsidiaries

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

For the year ended December 31, 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Any statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than statements of historical fact, including statements about management’s beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements and should be evaluated as such. These statements are made on the basis of management’s views and assumptions regarding future events and business performance. Words such as “estimate,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “target,” “project,” “should,” “may,” “will” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such statements. Potential risks and uncertainties are discussed in more detail in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses and realize the synergies from acquisitions, as well as a number of factors related to our business, including economic and financial market conditions generally and economic conditions in CECO’s service areas; dependence on fixed price contracts and the risks associated therewith, including actual costs exceeding estimates and method of accounting for contract revenue; fluctuations in operating results from period to period due to seasonality of the business; the effect of growth on CECO’s infrastructure, resources, and existing sales; the ability to expand operations in both new and existing markets; the potential for contract delay or cancellation; changes in or developments with respect to any litigation or investigation; the potential for fluctuations in prices for manufactured components and raw materials; the substantial amount of debt incurred in connection with our recent acquisitions and our ability to repay or refinance it or incur additional debt in the future; the impact of federal, state or local government regulations; economic and political conditions generally; and the effect of competition in the environmental, energy, and fluid handling and filtration industries. Many of these risks are beyond management’s ability to control or predict. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should the assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material aspects from those currently anticipated. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements as they speak only to our views as of the date the statement is made. Except as required under the federal securities laws or the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, CECO undertakes no obligation to update or review any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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PART I

General

CECO Environmental Corp. and its consolidated subsidiaries (“CECO,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a diversified global provider of leading highly engineered technologies to the environmental, energy, and fluid handling and filtration industrial segments, targeting specific niche-focused end markets through an attractive asset-light business model, strategically balanced across the world. CECO has over $5 billion of installed equipment base with end users, which we target to expand and grow a higher recurring revenue of aftermarket products and services. CECO’s well-respected brands, technologies and solutions have been evolving for well over 50 years to become leading-edge technologies in specific niche global end markets.

To achieve our mission of being a world-class global leader in the markets we serve and to maximize the availability, reliability and efficiency of our customers’ operating assets, we continue to focus on increasing our recurring revenue stream from aftermarket parts and services, as well as continuously improving the efficiencies and capabilities of our technologies. We also continue to focus on operational excellence strategies as a central theme to improving our earnings and cash flows.

We believe we succeed in winning customer orders because of the relationships we have developed, the long history of performance and reliability of our systems and products, our ability to deliver products in compliance with our customers’ needs and our advanced technical engineering capabilities on complex projects. We work closely with our customers to design, custom-engineer and fabricate our systems and products to meet their specific needs. Our customers include some of the largest natural gas processors, transmission and distribution companies, refineries, power generators, boiler manufacturers, compressor manufacturers, metals and minerals, industrial manufacturing, engineering and construction companies in the world.  Reliable product performance, timely delivery, customer satisfaction and advanced engineering are critical in maintaining our competitive position.

CECO was incorporated in the State of New York in 1966 and reincorporated in the State of Delaware in January 2002. The Company has been publicly traded since January 1, 1978 and its common stock trades on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol “CECE.”

We operate through three reportable segments, as follows:

Energy Segment (“Energy”)

Our Energy segment provides customized solutions for the power and petrochemical industry. This includes gas turbine exhaust systems, dampers and diverters, gas and liquid separation and filtration equipment, selective catalytic reduction (“SCR”) and selective non-catalytic reduction (“SNCR”) systems, acoustical components and silencers, secondary separators (nuclear plant reactor vessels) and expansion joints, the design and manufacture of technologies for flue gas and diverter dampers, non-metallic expansion joints, natural gas turbine exhaust systems, and silencer and precipitator applications, primarily for coal-fired and natural gas power plants, refining, oil production and petrochemical processing, as well as a variety of other industries.

Environmental Segment (“Environmental”)

Our Environmental segment provides the design and manufacture of product recovery and air pollution control technologies that enable our customers to meet compliance targets for toxic emissions, fumes, volatile organic compounds, process and industrial odors. These products and solutions include high efficiency cyclone systems, scrubbers, regenerative thermal and catalytic oxidizers, dust collectors and baghouses, standard and engineered industrial ducting, fabric filters and cartridge collectors, ventilation and exhaust systems for emissions and contaminants, and process cooling systems for steel in rolling mills. This segment also provides component parts for industrial air systems and provides cost effective alternatives to traditional duct components, as well as custom metal engineered fabrication services. These products and services are applicable to a wide variety of industries.

Fluid Handling and Filtration Segment (“FHF”)

Our Fluid Handling and Filtration segment provides the design and manufacture of high quality pump, filtration and fume exhaust solutions. This includes centrifugal pumps for corrosive, abrasive and high temperature liquids, filter products for air and liquid filtration, precious metal recovery systems, carbonate precipitators, and technologically advanced air movement and exhaust systems. These products are applicable to a wide variety of industries, particularly the aquarium/aquaculture, plating and metal finishing, food and beverage, chemical/petrochemical, wastewater treatment, desalination and pharmaceutical markets.

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Industry Overview

We serve a large industrial market for environmental, energy, and fluid handling and filtration. This market is a highly fragmented, multi-billion dollar, global market.

We believe demand for our products and services will continue to be driven by the following factors:

Natural gas delivery is a complex process that refines raw natural gas for industrial, commercial or residential uses. Initially, raw natural gas is extracted from the earth and cleansed of contaminants such as dirt and water at the well site. The natural gas is then transported through a gathering facility to a processing facility, where it is processed to meet quality standards set by pipeline and distribution companies, such as specified levels of solids, liquids and other gases.  After processing, the natural gas is transmitted for storage or through an extensive network of pipelines to consumers.

These factors, individually or collectively, tend to cause increases in industrial capital spending that are not directly impacted by general economic conditions, expansion, or capacity increases. In contrast, favorable conditions in the economy generally lead to plant expansions and the construction of new industrial sites. However, in a weak economy, customers tend to lengthen the time from their initial inquiry to the purchase order, or defer purchases.

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Strategy

Our goal is to become the global leader in environmental, energy, fluid handling and filtration products and services by delivering exceptional value for our customers, shareholders, and employees.  Management is evaluating and refreshing our corporate strategy.  Our core focus is:

Our strategy utilizes our resource capabilities to help customers meet specific regulatory requirements within their business processes through optimal design and integration, improvement of efficiencies, reduction in maintenance and extension of the life of our customer’s infrastructure. Our engineering and design expertise in environmental, energy, and fluid handling and filtration, combined with our comprehensive suite of product and service offerings allow us to provide customers with a one-stop, cost-effective solution to meet their integrated abatement needs.

Competitive Strengths

Leading Market Position as a Complete Solution Provider. We believe we are a leading provider of critical solutions in the environmental, energy, and fluid handling and filtration industries. The multi-billion dollar global market is highly fragmented with numerous small and regional contracting firms separately supplying engineering services, fabrication, installation, testing and monitoring, products and spare parts. We offer our customers a complete end-to-end solution, including engineering and project management services, procurement and fabrication, construction and installation, aftermarket support, and sale of consumables, which allows our customers to avoid dealing with multiple vendors when managing projects.

Long-standing experience and customer relationships in growing industry. We have serviced the needs of our target markets for well over 50 years. Our extensive experience and expertise in providing diversified solutions enhances our overall customer relationships, and provides us with a competitive advantage in our markets relative to other companies in the industry. We believe this is evidenced by strong relationships with many of our world-class customers. We believe no single competitor has the resources to offer a similar portfolio of product and service capabilities. We offer the depth of a large organization, while our lean organizational structure keeps us close to our customers and markets, allowing us to offer rapid and complete solutions in each unique situation.

Global Diversification and Broad Customer Base. The global diversity of our operations and customer base provides us with multiple growth opportunities. As of December 31, 2016, we had a diversified customer base of approximately 5,400 active customers across a range of industries. Our customers represent some of the largest refineries, power, chemical processes, metals and minerals, energy market and industrial manufacturing companies. We believe that the diversity of our customers and end markets mitigates our risk of a potential fluctuation or downturn in demand from any individual industry or particular customer. We believe we have the resources and capabilities to meet the needs of our customers as they upgrade and expand domestically as well as into new international markets. Once systems have been installed and a relationship has been established with the customer, we are often awarded repetitive service and maintenance business as the customers’ processes change and modifications or additions to their systems become necessary.

Experienced Management and Engineering Team. Our senior management team has substantial experience in the environmental, energy, and fluid handling and filtration segments. The business experience of our management team enables us to

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pursue our strategy. Our senior management team is supported by a strong operating management team, which possesses extensive operational and managerial experience, most of which has been with us and our family of companies. Our workforce includes approximately 230 engineers, designers, and project managers whose significant specialized industry experience and technical expertise enables them to have a deep understanding of the solutions that will best suit the needs of our customers. The experience and stability of our management, operating and engineering teams have been crucial to our growth, developing and maintaining customer relationships, and increasing our market share.

Disciplined Acquisition Program with Successful Integration. We believe that we have demonstrated an ability to successfully acquire and integrate companies with complementary product or service offerings. We will continue to seek and execute additional strategic acquisitions and focus on expanding our product service and breadth, as well as entering into new adjacent markets. We believe that the breadth and diversity of our products and services and our ability to deliver full solutions to various end markets provides us with multiple sources of stable growth and a competitive advantage relative to other players in the industry.

Expand Customer Base and Penetrate End Markets through Global Market Coverage. We constantly look for opportunities to gain new customers and penetrate geographic locations and end markets with existing products and services or acquire new product or service opportunities.

We intend to continue to expand our sales force, customer base, and end markets, and have continued to pursue potential attractive growth opportunities both domestically and globally, including international projects in Asia, South America, and EMEA.

Develop Innovative Solutions. We intend to continue to leverage our engineering and manufacturing expertise and strong customer relationships to develop new customized products to address the identified needs of our customers or a particular end market. We thoroughly analyze new product opportunities by considering projected demand for the product or service, price point, and expected operating costs, and only pursue those opportunities that we believe will contribute to earnings growth in the near-term. In addition, we continually improve our traditional technologies and adapt them to new industries and processes.

Maintain Strong Customer Focus. We enjoy a diversified customer base of approximately 5,400 active customers across a broad base of industries, including power, municipalities, chemical, industrial manufacturing, refining, petrochemical, metals, minerals and mining, hospitals and universities. We believe that there are multiple opportunities for us to expand our penetration of existing markets and customers.

Products and Services

We believe we are a leading provider of critical solutions to the environmental, energy, and fluid handling and filtration segments. We focus on engineering, designing, building, and installing systems that capture, clean and destroy airborne contaminants from industrial facilities as well as equipment that control emissions from such facilities, as well as fluid handling and filtration systems. We provide a wide spectrum of products and services including dampers and diverters, selective catalytic reduction and selective non-catalytic reduction systems, cyclonic technology, thermal oxidizers, filtration systems, scrubbers, fluid handling equipment and plant engineering services and engineered design build fabrication.

Project Design and Research and Development

We focus our development efforts on designing and introducing new and improved approaches and methodologies that produce better system performance for our customers, and often improve customer process performance. We produce specialized products that are often tailored to the specifications of a customer or application. We continually collaborate with our customers to develop the proper solution and ensure customer satisfaction.

The project development cycle may follow many different paths depending on the specifics of the job and end-market. The cycle normally takes between one and six months from concept and design to production, but may vary significantly depending on developments that occur during the process, including among others, the emergence of new environmental demands, changes in design specifications and ability to obtain necessary approvals.

Sales, Marketing and Support

Our global selling strategy is to provide a solutions-based approach by being a single source provider of technology products and services. The strategy involves expanding our scope of products and services through selective acquisitions and the formation of new business units that are then integrated. We believe this strategy provides a discernible competitive advantage. We execute this strategy by utilizing our portfolio of in-house technologies and those of third-party equipment suppliers. Many of these have been long standing relationships, which have evolved from pure supplier roles to value-added business partnerships. This enables us to leverage

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existing business with selective alliances of suppliers and application specific engineering expertise. Our products primarily compete on the basis of price, performance, speed of delivery, quality, customer support, and single source. Our value proposition to customers is to provide competitively priced, customized solutions. Our industry-specific knowledge, accompanied by our product and service offerings, provides valuable synergies for design innovation.

We sell and market our products and services with our own direct sales force, including employees in the United States, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Canada, United Arab Emirates, India, Mexico, China, and Singapore, in conjunction with outside sales representatives in North America, South America, EMEA, Asia, and India. We expect to continue expanding our sales and support capabilities and our network of outside sales representatives in key regions domestically and internationally.

Much of our marketing effort consists of individual visits to customers, dissemination of sales and advertising materials, such as product announcements, brochures, magazine articles, advertisements and cover or article features in trade journals and other publications. We also participate in public relations and promotional events, including industry tradeshows and technical conferences. We have an internal marketing organization that is responsible for these initiatives.

Our customer service organization or sales force provides our customers with technical assistance, use and maintenance information as well as other key information regarding their purchase. We also actively provide our customers with access to key information regarding changes and pending changes in environmental regulations as well as new product or service developments. We believe that maintaining a close relationship with our customers and providing them with the support they request improves their level of satisfaction and enables us to foresee their potential future product needs or service demands. Moreover, they can lead to sales of annual service and support contracts as well as consumables. Our website (www.cecoenviro.com) also provides our customers with online tools and technical resources.

Quality Assurance

In engineered systems, quality is defined as system performance. We review with our customers, before the contract is signed, the technical specification and the efficiency of the equipment that will be customized to meet their specific needs. We then review these same parameters internally to assure that warranties will be met. Standard project management and production management tools are used to help ensure that all work is done to specification and that project schedules are met. Equipment is tested at the site to ensure it is functioning properly. Historically, our warranty expense has been very low.

Customers

We are not dependent upon any single customer, and no customer comprised 10% or more of our consolidated revenues for 2016, 2015 or 2014. We do not believe the loss of any one of our customers would have a material adverse effect on us.

Suppliers and Subcontractors

We purchase our raw materials and supplies from a variety of global sources. When possible, we directly secure angle iron and sheet plate products from steel mills, whereas other materials are purchased from a variety of steel service centers. Steel prices have been volatile, but we typically mitigate the risk of higher prices by including a “surcharge” on our standard products. On contract work, we mitigate the risk of higher prices by including the current price in our estimate and generally include price inflation clauses for protection.

We believe we have a good relationship with our suppliers and do not anticipate any difficulty in continuing to purchase such items on terms acceptable to us. We have not experienced difficulty in procuring a sufficient supply of materials in the past. We typically agree to billing terms with our suppliers ranging from net 30 to 45 days. To the extent that our current suppliers are unable or unwilling to continue to supply us with materials, we believe that we would be able to obtain such materials from other suppliers on acceptable terms.

Typically, on turnkey projects, we subcontract such things as manufacturing, electrical work, concrete work, controls, conveyors and insulation. We use subcontractors with whom we have good working relationships and review each project at the beginning and on an ongoing basis to help ensure that all work is being done according to our specifications. Subcontractors are generally paid when we are paid by our customers according to the terms of our contract with the customer.  The Company’s asset-light business model focuses on effective management of subcontractors, which allows the Company to achieve targeted working capital levels through reduction in certain assets and reduced capital expenditures.

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Backlog

Backlog is a representation of the amount of revenue expected from complete performance of firm fixed-price contracts that have not been completed for products and services we expect to substantially deliver within the next 12 to 18 months. Our customers may have the right to cancel a given order, although historically cancellations have been rare. Backlog was approximately $197.0 million and $211.2 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Substantially all 2015 backlog was completed in 2016. Most of the 2016 backlog is expected to be completed in 2017. Backlog is not defined by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and our methodology for calculating backlog may not be consistent with methodologies used by other companies.

Competition

The markets we serve are highly fragmented with numerous small and regional participants.  We believe no single company competes with us across the full range of our systems and products.  Competition in the markets we serve is based on a number of considerations, including price, timeliness of delivery, technology, applications experience, know-how, reputation, product warranties and service.  Demand for our product can vary period over period depending on conditions in the markets we serve.  Revenue recognized during the period is correlated with the orders booked in prior periods.  We believe our reputation, technical engineering capabilities and service differentiate us from many of our competitors, including those competitors who often offer products at a lower price.

Due to the size and shipping weight of many of our projects, localized manufacturing/fabrication capabilities are very important to our customers. As a result, competition varies widely by region and industry. The market for our engineered products is reasonably competitive and is characterized by technological change, continuously changing environment regulations, and evolving customer requirements. We believe that the additional competitive factors in our markets include:

We believe we compete favorably with respect to these factors.

Government Regulations

We believe our operations are in material compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations. We believe that changes in environmental laws and regulations create opportunity given the nature of our business.

We are subject to the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) and comparable state statutes. We believe we are in material compliance with OSHA and state requirements, including general industry standards, record keeping requirements and monitoring of occupational exposures. In general, we expect to increase our expenditures to comply with stricter industry and regulatory safety standards when needed. Although such expenditures cannot be accurately estimated at this time, we do not believe that they will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, employee and third-party nondisclosure/confidentiality agreements and license agreements to protect our intellectual property. We sell most of our products under a number of registered trade names, brand names and registered trademarks, which we believe are widely recognized in the industry. While we hold patents within a number of our businesses, we do not view our patents to be material to our business.

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Financial Information about Geographic Areas

For 2016, 2015 and 2014, sales to customers outside the United States, including export sales, accounted for approximately 37%, 38% and 30%, respectively, of consolidated net sales. The largest portion of these sales were to Asian and European customers. Of consolidated long-lived assets, $34.8 million and $51.8 million were located outside of the United States as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our operations outside of the United States are subject to additional risks, which are fully described in “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Employees

We had approximately 970 full-time and 15 part-time employees as of December 31, 2016. The facilities in Greensboro, North Carolina, Louisville, Kentucky, Columbia, Tennessee, and Telford, Pennsylvania are unionized except for selling, engineering, design, administrative and operating management personnel. None of our other employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relationship with our employees to be satisfactory. In total, as of December 31, 2016, 175 employees were represented by international or independent labor unions under various union contracts that expire at various intervals.

Executive Officers of the Registrant

The following are the executive officers of the Company as of March 6, 2017. The terms of all officers expire at the next annual meeting of the board of directors and upon the election of the successors of such officers.

Jason DeZwirek became a director of the Company in February 1994 and Chairman of the Board in May 2013. Previously, he served as Secretary of the Company from February 1998 until September 2013. He also serves as a member of the Board of Directors of the Company’s subsidiaries. In 1999, Mr. DeZwirek founded Kaboose Inc., a family focused online media company. Mr. DeZwirek served as the Chairman and CEO of Kaboose Inc. until its sale to Disney Online (a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company) and Barclays Private Equity Limited in June 2009. Mr. DeZwirek also previously served as a director and corporate secretary of API Technologies Corp. (NASDAQ:ATNY), a prime contractor in electronics, highly engineered systems, secure communications and electronic components and sub-systems for the defense and aerospace industries, from November 2006 through January 2011. Mr. DeZwirek also is and has been involved in private investment activities.

Dennis Sadlowski has served as a Director since May 2016 and as our Interim Chief Executive Officer and President since January 2017.  Prior to assuming his interim positions with the Company, Mr. Sadlowski was the Chief Operating Officer of LSG Sky Chefs North America, a provider of food and food-related services for transportation providers, from April 2013 until March 2015. Previously, Mr. Sadlowski served as the Chief Executive Officer of International Battery, an early stage green tech company focused on large format lithium ion batteries for the grid storage markets, from September 2011 until April 2012. From July 2000 to March 2010, Mr. Sadlowski worked in a variety of roles at Siemens AG, a global manufacturer, including serving as the President & Chief Executive Officer of its subsidiary, Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. Mr. Sadlowski has also previously worked at General Electric and Thomas & Betts. Mr. Sadlowski serves on the Board of Directors and Audit Committee of Trojan Battery, a privately-held global leader in deep cycle lead-acid batteries. 

Matthew Eckl has served as our Chief Financial Officer and Secretary since January 2017.  Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Eckl served as Vice President, Finance – Energy Group at Gardner Denver, Inc. from 2012 until January 2017.  In this role, he oversaw a $1 billion revenue business group that designs, manufactures, markets and services pumps, fluid transfer equipment and engineered systems for oil & gas and petrochemical industries.  Prior to joining Gardner Denver, Mr. Eckl served at various roles of increasing responsibility within General Electric Company, a global digital industrial company, from 2002 until 2012, where he worked with various business groups to integrate new acquisitions and streamline financial reporting processes.  

Edward J. Prajzner has served as our Executive Vice President of Corporate Development since January 2017.  He previously served as Chief Financial Officer and Secretary from March 2014 through January 2017 and as Chief Accounting Officer and Vice President of Finance from September 2013 through March 2014. Mr. Prajzner served as Corporate Controller and Chief Accounting Officer of Met-Pro Corporation (“Met-Pro”) from June 2012 until its acquisition by the Company in August 2013. Prior to joining Met-Pro in May 2012, Mr. Prajzner served as Senior Vice President and Corporate Controller of CDI Corporation, an engineering and

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staffing company, from November 2010 to March 2012. From December 2008 to December 2010, he served as the Corporate Controller of American Infrastructure, Inc., a heavy civil engineering company.

Benton L. Cook has served as our Vice President of Finance and Controller since March 2014. Mr. Cook served as our Controller since 2008. Mr. Cook served as Interim Chief Financial Officer from September 2011 through September 2013. Mr. Cook joined CECO in 2004 as Project Manager for Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”) implementation.

Available Information

We use the Investor Relations section of our website, www.cecoenviro.com, as a channel for routine distribution of important information, including news releases, investor presentations and financial information. We post filings as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, including our annual, quarterly, and current reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, and 8-K; proxy statements; and any amendments to those reports or statements. All such postings and filings are available on our website free of charge. The SEC also maintains a website, www.sec.gov, that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The content on any website referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K unless expressly noted.

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An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risk factors described below, together with the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K before you decide to invest in our securities. The risks described below are the material risks of which we are currently aware; however, they may not be the only risks that we may face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently view as immaterial may also impair our business. If any of these risks develop into actual events, it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and the trading price of your shares could decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Our business may be adversely affected by global economic conditions.

A national or global economic downturn or credit crisis may have a significant negative impact on our financial condition, future results of operations and cash flows. Specific risk factors related to these overall economic and credit conditions include the following: customer or potential customers may reduce or delay their procurement or new product development; key suppliers may become insolvent resulting in delays for our material purchases; vendors and other third parties may fail to perform their contractual obligations; customers may be unable to obtain credit to finance purchases of our products and services; and certain customers may become insolvent. These risk factors could reduce our product sales, increase our operating costs, impact our ability to collect customer receivables, lengthen our cash conversion cycle and increase our need for cash, which would ultimately decrease our profitability and negatively impact our financial condition. They could also limit our ability to expand through acquisitions due to the tightening of the credit markets.

Our dependence upon fixed-price contracts could adversely affect our operating results.

The majority of our projects are currently performed on a fixed-price basis. Under a fixed-price contract, we agree on the price that we will receive for the entire project, based upon a defined scope, which includes specific assumptions and project criteria. If our estimates of our own costs to complete the project are below the actual costs that we incur, our margins will decrease, and we may incur a loss. The revenue, cost and gross profit realized on a fixed-price contract will often vary from the estimated amounts because of unforeseen conditions or changes in job conditions and variations in labor and equipment productivity over the term of the contract. If we are unsuccessful in mitigating these risks, we may realize gross profits that are different from those originally estimated and incur reduced profitability or losses on projects. Depending on the size of a project, these variations from estimated contract performance could have a significant effect on our operating results. In general, turnkey contracts to be performed on a fixed-price basis involve an increased risk of significant variations. This is a result of the long-term nature of these contracts and the inherent difficulties in estimating costs and of the interrelationship of the integrated services to be provided under these contracts whereby unanticipated costs or delays in performing part of the contract can have compounding effects by increasing costs of performing other parts of the contract.

Percentage-of-completion method of accounting for contract revenue may result in material adjustments that would adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We recognize contract revenue for a substantial component of our business using the percentage-of-completion method on fixed price contracts. Under this method, for each contract, estimated contract revenue is calculated based generally on the percentage that actual direct costs to date are to total estimated direct costs. Estimated contract losses are recognized in full when determined. Accordingly, contract revenue and total direct cost estimates are reviewed and revised periodically as the work progresses and as change orders are approved, and adjustments based upon the percentage-of-completion are reflected in contract revenue in the period when these estimates are revised. These estimates are based on management’s reasonable assumptions and our historical experience, and are only estimates. Variation of actual results from these assumptions, which are outside the control of management and can differ from our historical experience, could be material. To the extent that these adjustments result in an increase, a reduction or the elimination of previously reported contract revenue, we would recognize a credit or a charge against current earnings, which could be material.

Our inability to deliver our backlog on time could affect our future sales and profitability, and our relationships with our customers.

Our backlog was approximately $197.0 million at December 31, 2016 from $211.2 million at December 31, 2015. Our ability to meet customer delivery schedules for our backlog is dependent on a number of factors including, but not limited to, access to the raw materials required for production, an adequately trained and capable workforce, project engineering expertise for certain large

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projects, sufficient manufacturing plant capacity and appropriate planning and scheduling of manufacturing resources. Our failure to deliver in accordance with customer expectations may result in damage to existing customer relationships and result in the loss of future business. Failure to deliver backlog in accordance with expectations could negatively impact our financial performance and cause adverse changes in the market price of our common stock.

We have recently made and may make future acquisitions, which involve numerous risks that could impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our operating strategy involves expanding our scope of products and services through selective acquisitions and the formation of new business units that are then integrated into our growing family of turnkey system providers. We have acquired, and may selectively acquire, other businesses, product or service lines, assets or technologies that are complementary to our business. We may be unable to find or consummate future acquisitions at acceptable prices and terms. We continually evaluate potential acquisition opportunities in the ordinary course of business. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including among others:

Although we conduct what we believe to be a prudent level of investigation regarding the operating and financial condition of the businesses, product or service lines, assets or technologies we purchase, an unavoidable level of risk remains regarding their actual operating and financial condition. Until we actually assume operating control of these businesses, product or service lines, assets or technologies, we may not be able to ascertain their actual value or understand potential liabilities. This is particularly true with respect to acquisitions outside the United States.

In addition, acquisitions of businesses may require additional debt or equity financing, resulting in additional leverage or dilution of ownership. Our credit agreement (“Credit Agreement”) contains certain covenants that limit, or which may have the effect of limiting, among other things, acquisitions, capital expenditures, the sale of assets and the incurrence of additional indebtedness.

We may incur material costs as a result of existing or future product liability claims, or other claims and litigation that could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows; and our insurance coverage may not cover all claims or may be insufficient to cover the claims.

Despite our quality assurance measures, we may be exposed to product liability claims, other claims and litigation in the event that the use of our products results, or is alleged to result, in bodily injury and/or property damage or our products actually or allegedly fail to perform as expected. While we maintain insurance coverage with respect to certain product liability and other claims, we may not be able to obtain such insurance on acceptable terms in the future, if at all, and any such insurance may not provide adequate coverage against product liability and other claims. Any future damages that are not covered by insurance or are in excess of policy limits could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, product liability and other claims can be expensive to defend and can divert the attention of management and other personnel for significant periods of time, regardless of the ultimate outcome.

An unsuccessful defense of a product liability or other claim could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Even if we are successful in defending against a claim relating to our products, claims of this nature could cause our customers to lose confidence in our products and us.

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We are party to asbestos-containing product litigation that could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our subsidiary, Met-Pro, beginning in 2002, began to be named in asbestos-related lawsuits filed against a large number of industrial companies including, in particular, those in the pump and fluid handling industries. In management’s opinion, the complaints typically have been vague, general and speculative, alleging that Met-Pro, along with the numerous other defendants, sold unidentified asbestos-containing products and engaged in other related actions that caused injuries (including death) and loss to the plaintiffs. Counsel has advised that more recent cases typically allege more serious claims of mesothelioma. The Company’s insurers have hired attorneys who, together with the Company, are vigorously defending these cases. Many cases have been dismissed after the plaintiff fails to produce evidence of exposure to Met-Pro’s products. In those cases where evidence has been produced, the Company’s experience has been that the exposure levels are low and the Company’s position has been that its products were not a cause of death, injury or loss. The Company has been dismissed from or settled a large number of these cases. Cumulative settlement payments from 2002 through December 31, 2016 for cases involving asbestos-related claims were $1.1 million, of which together with all legal fees other than corporate counsel expenses, $1.0 million have been paid by the Company’s insurers. The average cost per settled claim, excluding legal fees, was approximately $30,000.

Based upon the most recent information available to the Company regarding such claims, there were a total of 229 cases pending against the Company as of December 31, 2016 (with Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania and West Virginia having the largest number of cases), as compared with 221 cases that were pending as of January 1, 2016. During 2016, 75 new cases were filed against the Company, and the Company was dismissed from 63 cases and settled four cases. Most of the pending cases have not advanced beyond the early stages of discovery, although a number of cases are on schedules leading to, or are scheduled for trial. The Company believes that its insurance coverage is adequate for the cases currently pending against the Company and for the foreseeable future, assuming a continuation of the current volume, nature of cases and settlement amounts. However, the Company has no control over the number and nature of cases that are filed against it, nor as to the financial health of its insurers or their position as to coverage. The Company also presently believes that none of the pending cases will have a material adverse impact upon the Company’s results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.

Changes in current environmental legislation could have an adverse impact on the sale of our environmental control systems and products and on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our business is primarily driven by capital spending, clean air rules, plant upgrades by our customers to comply with laws and regulations governing the discharge of pollutants into the environment or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment or human health.  These laws include, but are not limited to, U.S. federal statues such as Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Air Interstate Rule, and the regulations implementing these statutes, as well as similar laws and regulations at state and local levels and in other countries.  These U.S. laws and regulations may change and other countries may not adopt similar laws and regulations.  Our business may be adversely impacted to the extent that environmental regulations are repealed, amended, implementation dates are delayed, or to the extent that regulatory authorities reduce enforcement.

Volatility of oil and natural gas prices can adversely affect demand for our products and services

Volatility in oil and natural gas prices can also impact our customers’ activity levels and spending for our products and services.  Current energy prices are important contributors to cash flow for our customers and their ability to fund capital expenditure activities.  Expectations about future prices and price volatility are important for determining future spending levels.  Lower oil and natural gas prices generally lead to decreased spending by our customers.  While higher oil and natural gas prices generally lead to increased spending by our customers, sustained high energy prices can be an impediment to economic growth, and can therefore negatively impact spending by our customers.  Our customers also take into account the volatility of energy prices and other risk factors by requiring higher returns for individual projects if there is a higher perceived risk.  Any of these factors could affect the demand for oil and natural gas and could have a material effect on our results of operations.

Our ability to obtain financing for future growth opportunities may be limited.

Our ability to execute our growth strategies may be limited by our ability to secure and retain additional financing on terms reasonably acceptable to us or at all. Certain of our competitors are larger companies that may have greater access to capital, and therefore, may have a competitive advantage over us should our access to capital be limited.

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Our financial performance may vary significantly from period to period, making it difficult to estimate future revenue.

Our annual revenues and earnings have varied in the past and are likely to vary in the future. Our contracts generally stipulate customer specific delivery terms and may have contract cycles of a year or more, which subjects these contracts to many factors beyond our control. In addition, contracts that are significantly larger in size than our typical contracts tend to intensify their impact on our annual operating results. Furthermore, as a significant portion of our operating costs are fixed, an unanticipated decrease in our revenues, a delay or cancellation of orders in backlog, or a decrease in the demand for our products, may have a significant impact on our annual operating results. Therefore, our annual operating results may be subject to significant variations and our operating performance in one period may not be indicative of our future performance.

A significant portion of our accounts receivable are related to larger contracts, which increases our exposure to credit risk.

We closely monitor the credit worthiness of our customers. Significant portions of our sales are to customers who place large orders for custom products and whose activities are related to the power and oil/gas industries. As a result, our exposure to credit risk is affected to some degree by conditions within these industries and governmental and/or political conditions. We frequently attempt to reduce our exposure to credit risk by requiring progress payments and letters of credit. However, the continuing economic climate and other unanticipated events that affect our customers could have a materially adverse impact on our operating results.

Our operations outside of the United States are subject to political, investment and local business risks.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, approximately 37% of our total revenue was derived from products or services ultimately delivered or provided to end-users outside the United States. As part of our operating strategy, we intend to expand our international operations through internal growth and selected acquisitions. Our goal is to balance revenues 50/50 between the United States and the rest of the world. Operations outside of the United States, particularly in emerging markets, are subject to a variety of risks that are different from or are in addition to the risks we face within the United States. Among others, these risks include:

In addition, we could be adversely affected by violations of the FCPA and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws as well as export controls and economic sanction laws. The FCPA and similar anti-bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business. Our policies mandate compliance with these laws. We operate in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices. We cannot assure you that our internal controls and procedures will always protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our

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employees or agents. If we are found to be liable for FCPA, export control or sanction violations, we could suffer from criminal or civil penalties or other sanctions, including loss of export privileges or authorization needed to conduct aspects of our international business, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The occurrence of one or more of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our international operations or upon our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Changes in billing terms can increase our exposure to working capital and credit risk.

Our products are generally sold under contracts that allow us to bill upon the completion of certain agreed upon milestones or upon actual shipment of the product, and certain contracts include a retention provision. We attempt to negotiate progress-billing milestones on all large contracts to help us manage the working capital and credit risk associated with these large contracts. Consequently, shifts in the billing terms of the contracts in our backlog from period to period can increase our requirement for working capital and can increase our exposure to credit risk.

Customers may cancel or delay projects. As a result, our backlog may not be indicative of our future revenue.

Customers may cancel or delay projects for reasons beyond our control. Our orders normally contain cancellation provisions that permit us to recover our costs, and, for most contracts, a portion of our anticipated profit in the event a customer cancels an order. If a customer elects to cancel an order, we may not realize the full amount of revenues included in our backlog. If projects are delayed, the timing of our revenues could be affected and projects may remain in our backlog for extended periods of time. Revenue recognition occurs over long periods of time and is subject to unanticipated delays. If we receive relatively large orders in any given quarter, fluctuations in the levels of our quarterly backlog can result because the backlog in that quarter may reach levels that may not be sustained in subsequent quarters. As a result, our backlog may not be indicative of our future revenues. With rare exceptions, we are not issued contracts until a customer is ready to start work on a project. Thus, it is our experience that the only relation between the length of a project and the possibility that a project may be cancelled is simply the fact that there is more time involved. In a year-long as opposed to a three-month project more time is available for the customer to experience a softening in their business, which may cause the customer to cancel a project.

Our gross margins are affected by shifts in our product mix.

Certain of our products have higher gross profit margins than others. Consequently, changes in the product mix of our sales from quarter-to-quarter or from year-to-year can have a significant impact on our reported gross profit margins. Certain of our products also have a much higher internally manufactured cost component. Therefore, changes from quarter-to-quarter or from year-to-year can have a significant impact on our reported gross margins. In addition, contracts with a higher percentage of subcontracted work or equipment purchases may result in lower gross profit margins.

If our goodwill or intangibles become impaired, we may be required to recognize charges that would reduce our net income or increase our net loss.

As of December 31, 2016, goodwill and indefinite lived intangibles represented $192.2 million, or 38.5%, of our total assets. Goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets are not amortized, but instead are subject to annual impairment evaluations (or more frequently if circumstances require). Major factors that influence our evaluations are our estimates for future revenue and expenses associated with the specific intangible asset or the reporting unit in which our goodwill resides. This is the most sensitive of our estimates related to our evaluations. Other factors considered in our evaluations include assumptions as to the business climate, industry and economic conditions. These assumptions are subjective and different estimates could have a significant impact on the results of our analyses. While management, based on current forecasts and outlooks, believes that the assumptions and estimates are reasonable, we can make no assurances that future actual operating results will be realized as planned and that there will not be material impairment charges as a result. In particular, an economic downturn could have a material adverse impact on our customers thereby forcing them to reduce or curtail doing business with us and such a result may materially affect the amount of cash flow generated by our future operations. Any write-down of goodwill or intangible assets resulting from future periodic evaluations would, as applicable, either decrease our net income or increase our net loss and those decreases or increases could be material.

We face significant competition in the markets we serve.

The industries in which we compete are all highly competitive and highly fragmented. We compete against a number of local, regional and national contractors and manufacturers in each of our product or service lines, many of which have been in existence longer than us and some of which have substantially greater financial resources than we do. Our products primarily compete on the

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basis of price, performance, speed of delivery, quality, customer support and single source. Any failure by us to compete effectively in the markets we serve could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Increasing costs for manufactured components, raw materials, transportation, health care and energy prices may adversely affect our profitability.

We use a broad range of manufactured components and raw materials in our products, including raw steel, steel-related components, filtration media, and equipment such as fans and motors. Materials and subcontracting costs comprise the largest components of our total costs. Further increases in the price of these items could further materially increase our operating costs and materially adversely affect our profit margins. Similarly, transportation and health care costs have risen steadily over the past few years and represent an increasing burden for us. Although we try to contain these costs whenever possible, and although we try to pass along increased costs in the form of price increases to our customers, we may be unsuccessful in doing so, and even when successful, the timing of such price increases may lag significantly behind our incurrence of higher costs.

We rely on several key employees whose absence or loss could disrupt our operations or be adverse to our business.

We are highly dependent on the experience of our management in the continuing development of our operations. The loss of the services of certain of these individuals would have a material adverse effect on our business. Although we have employment and non-competition agreements with certain of our key employees, as a practical matter, those agreements will not assure the retention of our employees, and we may not be able to enforce all of the provisions in any employment or non-competition agreement. Our future success will depend in part on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel to manage our development and future growth. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in attracting and retaining such personnel. Our failure to recruit additional key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness, and incurrence of additional indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to operate our business, remain in compliance with debt covenants, make payments on our debt and limit our growth.

As of December 31, 2016, we had outstanding indebtedness of $128.5 million. Our outstanding indebtedness could have important consequences for investors, including the following:

Our ability to meet our expenses and debt obligations will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic, regulatory and other factors. We will not be able to control many of these factors. We cannot be certain that our earnings will be sufficient to allow us to pay the principal and interest on our existing or future debt and meet our other obligations. If we do not have enough money to service our existing or future debt, we may be required to refinance all or part of our existing or future debt, sell assets, borrow more money or raise equity. We may not be able to refinance our existing or future debt, sell assets, borrow more money or raise equity on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

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Our manufacturing operations are dependent on third-party suppliers.

Although we are not dependent on any one supplier, we are dependent on the ability of our third-party suppliers to supply our raw materials, as well as certain specific component parts. Failure by our third-party suppliers to meet our requirements could have a material adverse effect on us. We cannot assure you that our third-party suppliers will dedicate sufficient resources to meet our scheduled delivery requirements or that our suppliers will have sufficient resources to satisfy our requirements during any period of sustained demand. Failure of suppliers to supply, or delays in supplying, our raw materials or certain components, or allocations in the supply of certain high demand raw components could materially adversely affect our operations and ability to meet our own delivery schedules on a timely and competitive basis.

Failure to maintain adequate internal controls could adversely affect our business.

Under Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley, we are required to include in each of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, a report containing our management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and an attestation report of our independent auditor. These laws, rules and regulations continue to evolve and could become increasingly stringent in the future. We have undertaken actions to enhance our ability to comply with the requirements of Sarbanes-Oxley, including, but not limited to, the engagement of consultants, the documentation of existing controls and the implementation of new controls or modification of existing controls as deemed appropriate.

We continue to devote substantial time and resources to the documentation and testing of our controls, and to plan for and the implementation of remedial efforts in those instances where remediation is indicated.  If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, including remediating any material weaknesses or deficiencies in our internal controls, as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended in the future, we could be subject to regulatory actions, civil or criminal penalties or shareholder litigation. In addition, failure to maintain adequate internal controls could result in financial statements that do not accurately reflect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We believe that the out-of-pocket costs, the diversion of management’s attention from running our day-to-day operations and operational changes caused by the need to comply with the requirements of Section 404 will continue to be significant.

There are inherent limitations in all internal control systems over financial reporting, and misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

While we continue to take action to ensure compliance with the internal control, disclosure control and other requirements of Sarbanes-Oxley and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder by the SEC, there are inherent limitations in our ability to control all circumstances. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our internal controls and disclosure controls can prevent all errors and all frauds. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. In addition, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefit of controls must be evaluated in relation to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Further, controls can be circumvented by individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more persons, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, a control may be inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

If we are not able to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or if we experience difficulties in their implementation, our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed. We can give no assurances that any additional material weaknesses will not arise in the future due to our failure to implement and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting.

If we do not develop improved products and new products in a timely manner in response to industry demands, our business and revenues will be adversely affected.

Our industry is characterized by ongoing technological developments and changing customer requirements. As a result, our success and continued growth depend, in part, on our ability in a timely manner to develop or acquire rights to, and successfully introduce into the marketplace, enhancements of existing products and new products that incorporate technological advances, meet customer requirements and respond to products developed by our competition. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in

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developing or acquiring such rights to products on a timely basis or that such products will adequately address the changing needs of the marketplace.

Our business can be significantly affected by changes in technology and regulatory standards.

The markets that the Company serves are characterized by changing technology, competitively imposed process standards and regulatory requirements, each of which influences the demand for our products and services. Changes in legislative, regulatory or industrial requirements may render certain of our products and processes obsolete. Acceptance of new products and services may also be affected by the adoption of new government regulations requiring stricter standards. Our ability to anticipate changes in technology and regulatory standards and to respond with new and enhanced products on a timely basis will be a significant factor in our ability to grow and to remain competitive. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to achieve the technological advances that may be necessary for us to remain competitive or that certain of our products or services will not become obsolete.

Work stoppages or similar difficulties could significantly disrupt our operations.

As of December 31, 2016, 175 of our approximately 980 employees are represented by international or independent labor unions under various union contracts that expire from May 14, 2017 to November 11, 2019. It is possible that our workforce will become more unionized in the future. Although we consider our employee relations to generally be good, our existing labor agreements may not prevent a strike or work stoppage at one or more of our facilities in the future and we may be affected by other labor disputes. A work stoppage at one or more of our facilities may have a material adverse effect on our business. Unionization activities could also increase our costs, which could have an adverse effect on our profitability.

Additionally, a work stoppage at one of our suppliers could adversely affect our operations if an alternative source of supply were not readily available. Work stoppages by employees of our customers also could result in reduced demand for our products.

Liability to customers under warranties may adversely affect our reputation, our ability to obtain future business and our earnings.

We provide certain warranties as to the proper operation and conformance to specifications of the products we manufacture or produce. Failure of our products to operate properly or to meet specifications may increase our costs by requiring additional engineering resources and services, replacement of parts and equipment or monetary reimbursement to customers. We have in the past received warranty claims, are currently subject to warranty claims, and we expect to continue to receive claims in the future. To the extent that we incur substantial warranty claims in any period, our reputation, our ability to obtain future business and our earnings could be adversely affected.

Our use of subcontractors could potentially harm our profitability and business reputation.

Occasionally we act as a prime contractor in some of the engineered projects we undertake. In our capacity as lead provider and when acting as a subcontractor, we perform a portion of the work on our projects with our own resources and typically subcontract activities such as manufacturing, electrical work, concrete work, insulation, conveyors and controls. In our industry, the lead contractor is normally responsible for the performance of the entire contract, including subcontract work. Thus, when acting as a prime contractor, we are subject to risk associated with the failure of one or more subcontractors to perform as anticipated.

We employ subcontractors at various locations around the world to meet our customers’ needs in a timely manner, meet local content requirements and reduce costs. Subcontractors generally perform the majority of our manufacturing for international customers. We also utilize subcontractors in North America. The use of subcontractors decreases our control over the performance of these functions and could result in project delays, escalated costs and substandard quality. These risks could adversely affect our profitability and business reputation. In addition, many of our competitors, who have greater financial resources and greater bargaining power than we have, use the same subcontractors that we use and could potentially influence our ability to hire these subcontractors. If we were to lose relationships with key subcontractors, our business could be adversely impacted.

Currency fluctuations may reduce profits on our foreign sales or increase our costs, either of which could adversely affect our financial results.

Given that approximately 37% of our revenues are outside the United States, we are subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Translation losses resulting from currency fluctuations may adversely affect the profits from our operations and have a negative impact on our financial results. Foreign currency fluctuations may also make our systems and products more expensive for our customers, which could have a negative impact on our sales. In addition, we purchase some foreign-made products directly from and through our subcontractors. Due to the multiple currencies involved in our business, foreign currency positions partially offset and are netted against one another to reduce exposure. We cannot assure that fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates will not make

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these products more expensive to purchase. Increases in our direct or indirect cost of purchasing these products could negatively impact our financial results if we are not able to pass those increased costs on to our customers.

We might be unable to protect our intellectual property rights and our products could infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which could expose us to costly disputes.

Although we believe that our products do not infringe patents or violate the proprietary rights of others, it is possible that our existing patent rights may not be valid or that infringement of existing or future patents or proprietary rights may occur. In the event our products infringe patents or proprietary rights of others, we may be required to modify the design of our products or obtain a license for certain technology. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so in a timely manner, upon acceptable terms and conditions, or at all. Failure to do any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect upon our business. Moreover, if our products infringe patents or proprietary rights of others, we could, under certain circumstances, become liable for damages, which also could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Risks related to our pension and other post-retirement plans may adversely impact our results of operations and cash flow.

Significant changes in actual investment return on pension assets, discount rates, and other factors may adversely affect our results of operations and pension contributions in future periods. GAAP requires that we calculate income or expense for the plans using actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect assumptions about financial markets and interest rates. We establish the discount rate used to determine the present value of the projected and accumulated benefit obligation at the end of each year based upon the available market rates for high quality, fixed-income investments. An increase in the discount rate would increase future pension expense and, conversely, a decrease in the discount rate would decrease future pension expense. Funding requirements for our U.S. pension plans may become more significant. The ultimate amounts to be contributed are dependent upon, among other things, interest rates, underlying asset returns and the impact of legislative or regulatory changes related to pension funding obligations. For a discussion regarding the significant assumptions used to estimate pension expense, including discount rate and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, and how our financial statements can be affected by pension plan accounting policies, see “Critical Accounting Policies” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

We may be subject to substantial withdrawal liability assessments in the future related to multiemployer pension plans to which certain of our subsidiaries make contributions pursuant to collective bargaining agreements.

Under applicable federal law, any employer contributing to a multiemployer pension plan that completely ceases participating in the plan while the plan is underfunded is subject to payment of such employer’s assessed share of the aggregate unfunded vested benefits of the plan.  In certain circumstances, an employer can be assessed a withdrawal liability for a partial withdrawal from a multiemployer pension plan.  If any of these adverse events were to occur in the future, it could result in a substantial withdrawal liability assessment that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Increased information technology security threats and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime could pose a risk to our systems, networks, and products.

Increased global information technology security threats and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data and communications. While we attempt to mitigate these risks by employing a number of measures, including employee training, comprehensive monitoring of our networks and systems, and maintenance of backup and protective systems, our systems, networks and products remain potentially vulnerable to advanced persistent threats. Depending on their nature and scope, such threats could potentially lead to the compromising of confidential information and communications, improper use of our systems and networks, manipulation and destruction of data, defective products, production downtimes and operational disruptions, which in turn could adversely affect our reputation, competitiveness and results of operations.

In addition, we could be subject to legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information and regulatory penalties if confidential information relating to our employees or other parties is misappropriated from our systems and networks.

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Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance and investors may not be able to resell shares they purchase at their purchase price.

The stock market has experienced and may in the future experience volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. The market price of our common stock has experienced, and may continue to experience, substantial volatility. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the sales price of our common stock on the NASDAQ has ranged from a low of $5.60 to a high of $14.88 per share. We expect our common stock to continue to be subject to fluctuations. Broad market and industry factors may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Factors that could cause fluctuation in the common stock price may include, among other things:

The realization of any of these risks and other factors beyond our control could cause the market price of our common stock to decline significantly.

The number of shares of our common stock eligible for future sale could adversely affect the market price of our stock.

We have reserved 3.3 million shares of our common stock for issuance under our 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”), which may include option grants, stock grants and restricted stock grants. As of December 31, 2016, approximately 2.9 million options or shares of restricted stock have been issued under the 2007 Plan.

We had outstanding options to purchase approximately 15,000 shares of our common stock under our 1997 Stock Option Plan, and outstanding options to purchase approximately 1.5 million shares of our common stock and outstanding restricted stock units relating to approximately 0.5 million shares of our common stock under our 2007 plan as of December 31, 2016. The shares under both plans are registered for resale on currently effective registration statements.

We may issue additional restricted securities or register additional shares of common stock under the Securities Act in the future. The issuance of a significant number of shares of common stock upon the exercise of stock options or warrants, vesting of restricted stock units, or the availability for sale, or resale, of a substantial number of the shares of common stock under registration statements, under Rule 144 or otherwise, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

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One or more issuances of shares of our common stock under our stock incentive plan or securities in connection with financing transactions or the conversion of warrants will dilute current shareholders.

Pursuant to our stock incentive plan, we may grant stock awards to our employees, directors and consultants. Dilution will occur upon exercise of any outstanding stock awards convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for common stock. Moreover, if we raise additional funds by issuing additional common stock, or securities, further dilution to our existing shareholders will result. In addition, we have historically issued warrants to purchase common shares in conjunction with business acquisitions, debt issuances and employment contracts, which may cause dilution when exercised.

Our ability to issue preferred stock could adversely affect the rights of holders of our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 10,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series on terms that may be determined at the time of issuance by our board of directors. Accordingly, we may issue shares of any series of preferred stock that would rank senior to our common stock as to voting or dividend rights or rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up.

Certain provisions in our charter documents have anti-takeover effects.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us. Such provisions, including those limiting who may call special shareholders’ meetings, together with the possible issuance of our preferred stock without shareholder approval, may make it more difficult for other persons, without the approval of our board of directors, to make a tender offer or otherwise acquire substantial amounts of our common stock or to launch other takeover attempts that a shareholder might consider to be in such shareholder’s best interest.

Not Applicable.

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The following facilities were owned or leased by the Company as of December 31, 2016.

(a) Location is also used by the Company’s Energy Segment as a management office.

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It is anticipated that most leases coming due in the near future will be renewed at expiration. The property we own is subject to collateral mortgages to secure the amounts owed under the Credit Agreement. Our current capacity, with limited capital additions, is expected to be sufficient to meet production requirements for the near future. We believe our production facilities are suitable and can meet our future production needs.

See Note 13 “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings” to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding legal proceedings in which we are involved.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ under the symbol “CECE.” The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported by the NASDAQ during the periods indicated.

Performance Graph

The following graph sets forth the cumulative total return to CECO’s shareholders during the five years ended December 31, 2016, as well as the following indices: Russell 2000 Index, Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”) 600 Small Cap Industrial Machinery Index, and S&P 500 Index. Assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2011, including the reinvestment of dividends, in each category.

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Dividends

Our dividend policy and the payment of cash dividends under that policy are subject to the Board of Director’s continuing determination that the dividend policy and the declaration of dividends are in the best interest of our shareholders. Future dividends and the dividend policy may be changed or cancelled at the Board of Director’s discretion at any time. Payment of dividends is also subject to the continuing compliance with our financial covenants under our Credit Agreement. During 2016 and 2015, our Board of Directors declared the following quarterly cash dividends on our common stock:

On March 6, 2017, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.075 per share. The dividend will be paid on March 31, 2017 to all shareholders of record at the close of business on March 17, 2017.

Holders

The approximate number of registered shareholders of record of our common stock as of March 6, 2017 was 351, although there are a larger number of beneficial owners.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Not applicable.

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(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Results of operations from acquired businesses are included from the date of acquisition forward. The fair value of assets and liabilities, inclusive of changes resulting from operating the businesses, are included in the first period ended after the date of each acquisition, and all periods thereafter. Acquisitions consist of the following: i) Adwest Technologies, Inc. (“Adwest”) in December 2012, ii) Aarding Thermal Acoustics B.V. (“Aarding”) in March 2013, iii) Met-Pro in August 2013, iv) HEE Environmental Engineering (“HEE”) in August 2014, v) SAT Technology, Inc. (“SAT”) in September 2014, vi) Emtrol LLC (“Emtrol”) in November 2014, vii) Jiangyin Zhongli Industrial Technology Co. Ltd. (“Zhongli”) in December 2014, and viii) PMFG in September 2015.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which include additional information about our accounting policies, practices and the transactions underlying our financial results. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes including various claims and contingencies related to lawsuits, taxes, environmental and other matters arising during the normal course of business. We apply our best judgment, our knowledge of existing facts and circumstances and actions that we may undertake in the future in determining the estimates that affect our consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis using our historical experience, as well as other factors we believe appropriate under the circumstances, such as current economic conditions, and adjust or revise our estimates as circumstances change. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results may differ from these estimates.

Overview

Business Overview

We are a diversified global provider of leading engineered technologies to the environmental, energy, and fluid handling and filtration industrial segments, targeting specific niche-focused end markets through an attractive asset-light business model. We provide a wide spectrum of products and services including dampers & diverters, cyclonic technology, thermal oxidizers, separation and filtration systems, selective catalytic reduction (“SCR”) and selective non-catalytic reduction (“SNCR”) systems, scrubbers, dampers and silencers, exhaust systems, fluid handling equipment and plant engineered services and engineered design build fabrication. These products play a vital role in helping companies achieve exacting production standards, meeting increasing plant needs and stringent emissions control regulations around the globe. We believe that globally we serve the broadest range of markets and industries including power, municipalities, chemical, industrial manufacturing, mid-stream pipeline natural gas transmission, refining, petrochemical, metals, minerals & mining companies, as well as hospitals and universities. Therefore, our business is not concentrated in a single industry or customer.

Industry Trends and Corporate Strategy

We are a global corporation with worldwide operations. As a global business, our operations are affected by worldwide, regional and industry-specific economic factors, wherever we operate or do business. Our geographic and industry diversity, and the breadth of our product and services portfolios, have helped mitigate the impact of any one industry or the economy of any single country on our consolidated operating results.

We believe growth for our products and services is driven by the increasing demand for energy consumption and a shift towards cleaner sources such as natural gas, nuclear, and renewable sources. These trends should stimulate investment in new power generation facilities, pipeline expansion and related infrastructure, and in upgrades of existing facilities.

With a shift to cleaner, more environmentally responsible power generation, power providers and industrial power consumers are building new facilities that use cleaner fuels. In developed markets, natural gas is increasingly becoming one of the energy sources of choice.  We supply product offerings throughout the entire natural gas infrastructure value chain and believe expansion will drive growth within our Energy segment for our pressure products and SCR systems for natural-gas-fired power plants.  Increased global natural gas production as a percent of total energy consumption, miles of new pipeline being added globally, and an increase in liquification capacity all stand to drive the need for our products.

We also believe there is a trend in both developed and emerging markets to control and reduce emissions of harsher fuel sources for which our Air Pollution Control equipment is required.  In emerging markets including China, India, and South East Asia our business is positioned to benefit from tightening of air pollution standards.  In developed markets, growth of industrialization will drive greater output of emissions requiring our equipment as well.  In both markets, we expect capital expenditures for our equipment to increase and the need for our aftermarket services to grow as companies seek to meet new standards.

We continue to focus on increasing revenues and profitability globally while continuing to strengthen and expand our presence domestically. Our operating strategy has historically involved horizontally expanding our scope of technology, products, and services through selective acquisitions and the formation of new business units that are then vertically integrated into our growing group of turnkey system providers. Our continuing focus will be on global growth, market coverage, and expansion of our Asia operations. Operational excellence, margin expansion, after-market recurring revenue growth, and safety leadership are also critical to our growth strategy.

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Operations Overview

We operate under a “hub and spoke” business model in which executive management, finance, administrative and marketing staff serves as the hub while the sales channels serve as spokes. We use this model throughout our operations. This has provided us with certain efficiencies over a more decentralized model. The Company’s segment presidents manage our division managers who are responsible for successfully running their operations, that is, sales, gross margins, manufacturing, pricing, purchasing, safety, employee development and customer service excellence.  The segment presidents work closely with our CEO on global growth strategies, operational excellence, and employee development. The headquarters (hub) focuses on enabling the core back-office key functions for scale and efficiency, that is, accounting, payroll, human resources/benefits, information technology, safety support, internal control over financial reporting, and administration. We have excellent organizational focus from headquarters throughout our divisional businesses with clarity and minimal duplicative work streams. We are structured for growth and will do future bolt-on acquisitions.

Our three reportable segments are: the Environmental segment, which produces various types of product recovery and air pollution control technologies, the Energy segment, which produces customized solutions for the power and petrochemical industry, and the Fluid Handling and Filtration segment, which produces high quality pump, filtration and fume exhaust solutions. It is through combining the efforts of some or all of these groups that we are able to offer complete turnkey systems to our customers and leverage  operational efficiencies.

Our contracts are obtained either through competitive bidding or as a result of negotiations with our customers. Contract terms offered by us are generally dependent on the complexity and risk of the project as well as the resources that will be required to complete the project. Our focus is on increasing our operating margins as well as our gross margin percentage, which translates into higher net income.

Our cost of sales is principally driven by a number of factors, including material prices and labor cost and availability. Changes in these factors may have a material impact on our overall gross profit margins.

We break down costs of sales into five categories. They are:

In general, subcontracts provide us the most flexibility in margin followed by labor, material, and equipment. Across our various product lines, the relative relationships of these factors change and cause variations in gross margin percentage. Material costs have also increased faster than labor costs, which also reduces gross margin percentage.

Selling and administrative expense principally includes sales payroll and related fringes, advertising and marketing expenditures as well as all corporate and administrative functions and other costs that support our operations. The majority of these expenses are fixed. We expect to leverage our fixed operating structure as we continue to grow our revenue.

Note Regarding Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. These GAAP financial statements include certain charges the Company believes are not indicative of its ongoing operational performance.

As a result, the Company provides financial information in this MD&A that was not prepared in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to the information prepared in accordance with GAAP. The Company provides this supplemental non-GAAP financial information, which the Company’s management utilizes to evaluate its ongoing financial performance, and which the Company believes provides greater transparency to investors as supplemental information to its GAAP results.

The Company has provided the non-GAAP financial measures of non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross profit margin, non-GAAP operating income, non-GAAP operating margin, and non-GAAP net income attributable to CECO Environmental Corp. as a result of items that the Company believes are not indicative of its ongoing operations. These include charges associated with the

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Company’s acquisition and integration of acquisitions and the items described below in “Consolidated Results.” The Company believes that evaluation of its financial performance compared with prior and future periods can be enhanced by a presentation of results that exclude the impact of these items. As a result of the Company’s completed acquisitions, the Company has incurred substantial charges associated with the acquisition and integration. While the Company cannot predict the exact timing or amounts of such charges, it does expect to treat these charges as special items in its future presentation of non-GAAP results. See Note 17 to the audited consolidated financial statements for further information.

Results of Operations

Consolidated Results

Our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 are as follows:

To compare operating performance between the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company has adjusted GAAP operating (loss) income and GAAP net (loss) income to exclude (1) acquisition and integration related expenses, including legal, accounting, and banking expenses, (2) amortization and contingent acquisition expenses, including amortization of acquisition-related intangibles, retention, severance, and earn-out expenses, (3) legal reserves, (4) inventory valuation and plant, property and equipment valuation adjustments related to the Met-Pro and PMFG acquisitions, (5) intangible asset and goodwill impairment, (6) foreign currency remeasurement with respect to intercompany loans, (7) write-off of deferred financing fees associated with debt extinguishment, (8) gains on life insurance settlements, and (9) with respect to net income, associated tax benefits of these charges. The Company has adjusted GAAP gross profit to exclude inventory valuation and plant, property and equipment valuation adjustments related to the Met-Pro and PMFG acquisitions. See “Note Regarding Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” above. The following tables present the reconciliation of GAAP gross profit and GAAP gross profit margin to non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross profit margin, GAAP operating (loss) income and GAAP operating margin to non-GAAP operating income and non-GAAP operating margin, and GAAP net (loss) income attributable to CECO Environmental Corp. to non-GAAP net income attributable to CECO Environmental Corp.:

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Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

Consolidated sales in 2016 were $417.0 million compared with $367.4 million in 2015, an increase of $49.6 million. The increase in sales was due primarily to the acquisition of PMFG at the beginning of September 2015. This acquisition contributed an incremental $60.9 million of sales in 2016.  This increase is partially offset by a decreased volume of sales of the Company’s air pollution control equipment.

Gross profit increased by $25.7 million, or 23.5%, to $134.9 million in 2016 compared with $109.2 million in 2015. Gross profit as a percentage of sales was 32.4% in 2016 compared with 29.7% in 2015. The increase in gross profit on a dollar basis was the result of the aforementioned acquisition, which contributed an incremental $25.0 million.  On an as adjusted basis, non-GAAP gross profit was $135.6 million or 32.5% as a percentage of sales for 2016, an increase of $25.3 million on a dollar basis compared with non-GAAP gross profit of $110.3 million or 30.0% as a percentage of sales in 2015.  The higher gross profit margin in 2016 was primarily due to higher than average margins earned throughout the year by PMFG.

Selling and administrative expenses were $81.9 million in 2016 compared with $67.5 million in 2015. The increase in selling and administrative expenses is primarily attributable to incremental selling and administrative expenses from the PMFG acquisition.  The increase is partially offset by the Company recording gains of $1.6 million during 2016, which consisted of $1.0 million related to a life insurance settlement and $0.6 million related to a warranty settlement received from an external service provider of the Company. Selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of sales were 19.6% in 2016 compared with 18.4% in 2015.

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Acquisition and integration expenses of $0.5 million in 2016 and $7.9 million in 2015 relate to acquisition activities, which include legal, accounting, and banking expenses.  The decrease in acquisition and integration expenses was primarily due to costs incurred as a result of the PMFG acquisition, which occurred during 2015.

Amortization and earn-out expense was $20.2 million in 2016 and $25.6 million in 2015.  The adjustment recorded to the fair value of the earn-out from the Zhongli acquisition was $6.5 million and $11.2 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively.  The fair value adjustments to the earn-out were the result of Zhongli performing above initial acquisition date operational expectations.  Fair value adjustments that resulted in income of $1.3 million and $1.0 million were recorded in 2016 related to the HEE and SAT earn-outs, respectively.  The fair value of the adjustments to the earn-out were the result of HEE and SAT performing below initial acquisition date operational expectations.  Payments of the Zhongli earn-out are based upon a multiple of specified financial results through December 31, 2017.

After conducting the annual impairment testing for goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets, the Company recorded a total impairment charge of $57.9 million.  A charge of $53.8 million was recorded to reduce the carrying value of the goodwill at three reporting units to their fair value.  The first step of the impairment test indicated potential impairment for one of the reporting units due to lower operating performance as a result of increased competition caused by market and pricing pressures.  This impairment was measured in the second step.  The first step of the impairment test indicated potential impairment for the remaining two reporting units due to changes in sales forecasts for future years in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016.  These changes were influenced by weaker market conditions, partially due to depressed oil prices.  This impairment was measured in the second step.    An additional charge of $4.2 million was recorded to reduce the carrying value of four tradenames to their fair value.

Operating (loss) income for 2016 was $(25.6) million, a decrease of $30.5 million from $4.9 million in 2015. Operating income as a percentage of sales for 2016 was (6.1)% compared with 1.3% for 2015. The decrease in operating income was attributable to the aforementioned intangible asset and goodwill impairment, which was partially offset by increased gross profit and decreased acquisition and integration expenses.  PMFG contributed an incremental $10.0 million in operating profit in 2016.  On an as adjusted basis, non-GAAP operating income was $52.7 million for 2016, an increase of $9.9 million from 2015. Non-GAAP operating income as a percentage of sales for 2016 was 12.6% compared with 11.6% for 2015, up slightly year over year.  The increase in non-GAAP operating income was primarily due to higher gross margins, which were partially offset by increased selling and administrative expenses.  

Other income / expense for 2016 was $0.3 million of income compared with $2.1 million of expense in 2015, and was comprised primarily of foreign currency transaction gains of $0.8 million in 2016 and foreign currency transaction losses of $1.7 million in 2015. The expense in 2015 is primarily attributable to a translation remeasurement on U.S. Dollar denominated intercompany debt at our subsidiary in the Netherlands.

Interest expense increased to $7.7 million in 2016 from $6.0 million in 2015, related to higher debt levels outstanding for a longer period of time in 2016 in connection with the PMFG acquisition.

Income tax expense was $5.3 million and $2.6 million in 2016 and 2015, respectively. The effective tax rate for 2016 was (16.0)% compared with (85.2)% in 2015. The effective tax rate was adversely impacted in 2016 by $2.6 million of nondeductible earnout expenses and $17.9 million of nondeductible intangible asset and goodwill impairment charges, which more than offset the benefits of $1.7 million from foreign rate differences, $0.6 million of the domestic production activities deduction, $1.0 million related to United States and Foreign tax incentives and deferred tax asset movement, and $0.6 million of changes in uncertain tax position reserves.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

Consolidated sales in 2015 were $367.4 million compared with $263.2 million in 2014, an increase of $104.2 million. The increase in sales was primarily due to the acquisitions of HEE in mid-August 2014, SAT at the end of September 2014, Emtrol at the beginning of November 2014, Zhongli at the end of December 2014, and PMFG at the beginning of September 2015.  These acquisitions contributed an incremental $103.0 million of sales in 2015.

Gross profit increased by $24.4 million, or 28.8%, to $109.2 million in 2015 compared with $84.8 million in 2014. Gross profit as a percentage of sales was 29.7% in 2015 compared with 32.2% in 2014. The increase in gross profit on a dollar basis was the result of the aforementioned acquisitions, which contributed $27.1 million. This increase was partially offset by a decline in overall gross profit percentage due to product mix. On an as adjusted basis, non-GAAP gross profit was $110.3 million or 30.0% as a percentage of sales for 2015, an increase of $24.9 million on a dollar basis compared with non-GAAP gross margin of $85.4 million or 32.4% as a percentage of sales in 2014.

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Selling and administrative expenses were $67.5 million in 2015 compared with $51.4 million in 2014. The increase in selling and administrative expenses was the result of the aforementioned acquisitions. Selling and administrative expenses as a percentage of sales were 18.4% in 2015 compared with 19.5% in 2014.

Acquisition and integration expenses of $7.9 million in 2015 and $1.3 million in 2014 relate to acquisition activities, which include legal, accounting, and banking expenses.

Amortization and earn-out expense was $25.6 million in 2015 and $10.1 million in 2014. This increase was the result of the aforementioned acquisitions. Of the increase in 2015, $11.2 million is an adjustment to the fair value of the earn-out from the Zhongli acquisition. The fair value adjustment to the earn-out was the result of Zhongli performing above initial acquisition date operational expectations.

Legal reserves of $0.3 million in 2014 relate to the settlement of the Valero lawsuit. There were no such reserves in 2015. See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements for more information.

Operating income for 2015 was $4.9 million, a decrease of $16.8 million from $21.7 million in 2014. Operating income as a percentage of sales for 2015 was 1.3% compared with 8.2% for 2014. The decrease in operating income was attributable to the aforementioned acquisitions, and associated acquisition and integration expenses, as well as the amortization and earn-out expenses. On an as adjusted basis, non-GAAP operating income was $42.8 million for 2015, an increase of $8.8 million from 2014. Non-GAAP operating income as a percentage of sales for 2015 was 11.6% compared with 12.9% for 2014, down slightly year over year.

Other expense for 2015 was $2.1 million compared with $2.3 million in 2014, and was comprised primarily of foreign currency transaction losses in 2015 and 2014. The expense in 2015 and 2014 is primarily attributable to a translation remeasurement on U.S. Dollar denominated intercompany debt at our subsidiary in the Netherlands.

Interest expense increased to $6.0 million in 2015 from $3.1 million in 2014, due to higher debt levels in 2015, which debt was incurred in connection with the PMFG and Emtrol acquisitions.

Income tax expense was $2.6 million and $3.1 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The effective tax rate for 2015 was (85.2)% compared with 19.3% in 2014. The effective tax rate in 2015 was adversely impacted $3.9 million by nondeductible earnout expenses, $1.4 million by nondeductible deal costs related to the PMFG acquisition, as well as $1.2 million of certain permanent differences, which more than offset the benefits of $1.5 million from foreign rate differences and $1.3 million of changes in uncertain tax position reserves.

Business Segments

The Company’s operations in 2016, 2015 and 2014 are organized and reviewed by management along its product lines or end market that the segment serves and are presented in three reportable segments. The results of the segments are reviewed through to the “Income from operations” line on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The amounts presented in the Net Sales table below and in the following comments regarding our net sales at the reportable business segment level exclude both intra-segment and inter-segment net sales. The Income (loss) from Operations table and corresponding comments regarding operating income at the reportable segment level include both intra-segment and inter-segment operating income.

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Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

Energy Segment

Our Energy segment net sales increased $61.2 million to $203.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $142.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of 43.1%. The increase is primarily due to the PMFG acquisition, which contributed an incremental $60.9 million in net sales, for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Operating income from the Energy segment increased $20.1 million to $23.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $3.5 million in the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of 575.9%.  PMFG contributed an incremental $10.0 million in operating profit in 2016.  The increase is additionally attributable to a more favorable project mix in 2016 as well as a reduction of the adjustment recorded to the fair value of the earn-out from the Zhongli acquisition.  The adjustment recorded was $6.5 million of expense in 2016 compared with $11.2 million of expense in 2015.  

Environmental Segment

Our Environmental segment net sales decreased $5.0 million to $153.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $158.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of 3.2%.  The decrease is due primarily to a decreased volume of the Company’s scrubbers and mist eliminators product lines.

Operating income from the Environmental segment decreased $1.4 million to $15.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $17.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of 8.0%. The decrease was due in part to a non-cash $0.8 million intangible asset impairment charge recorded in 2016 related to two tradenames.  An additional non-cash charge of $6.8 million was recorded in 2016 to reduce the carrying value of the goodwill at two reporting units within the Environmental Segment to their fair value.  These charges were partially offset by higher gross margins on decreased sales and a reduction in selling and administrative expenses attributable to a more favorable project mix.  In addition, the decrease in operating income was partially offset by $2.3 million of income as a result of an adjustment to the fair value of the earn-outs from two subsidiaries within the Environmental Segment.

Fluid Handling and Filtration (“FHF”) Segment

Our FHF segment net sales decreased $5.8 million to $61.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $67.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of 8.6%. The decrease is due to sales volume decline within the segment period over period related to pumps, which is primarily attributable to a temporary weakness in the North American industrial market.

Operating income (loss) from the FHF segment decreased $48.0 million to a $36.2 million operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $11.7 million in operating income for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of 208.4%. The decrease was due primarily to a non-cash charge of $46.9 million, which was recorded to reduce the carrying value of the goodwill at a reporting unit within the Fluid Handling and Filtration Segment to its fair value.  An additional non-cash intangible asset impairment charge of $1.8 million in 2016 related to a tradename intangible asset within the segment.  

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Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

Energy Segment

Our Energy segment net sales increased $71.9 million to $142.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $70.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of 102.3%. The increase is primarily due to the PMFG and Zhongli acquisitions, which contributed an incremental $40.8 million and $28.1 million in net sales, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Operating income from the Energy segment decreased $4.3 million to $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $7.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2014, a decrease of 55.1%. The decrease was due primarily to earnout expense of $11.2 million due to changes in the estimated fair value of the earn-out liability associated with the Zhongli acquisition (see Note 8 to the audited consolidated financial statements for further information). This decrease was partially offset by PMFG operating income of $2.0 million, and Zhongli operating income (exclusive of the earnout expense discussed above) of $5.2 million in 2015.

Environmental Segment

Our Environmental segment net sales increased $30.7 million to $158.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $127.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of 24.0%. The increase is due to the HEE and Emtrol acquisitions, which contributed an incremental $9.0 million and $23.9 million in net sales, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Operating income from the Environmental segment increased $0.2 million to $17.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $16.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of 1.2%. The increase was due in part to the HEE and Emtrol acquisitions, which accounted for an incremental $0.8 million and $2.1 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2015, which was partially offset by declines in operating income of legacy businesses.

Fluid Handling and Filtration Segment

Our FHF segment net sales increased $2.0 million to $67.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $65.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of 3.0%. The increase in revenue from 2014 to 2015 is due to sales volume growth within the segment year over year.

Operating income from the FHF segment decreased $1.5 million to $11.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $13.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease was due primarily to a non-cash intangible asset impairment charge of $2.9 million related to two tradename intangible assets within the segment, partially offset by an increase due to gross margin improvements year over year.

Non-GAAP Measures for the Three Months Ended December 31

The following tables present the reconciliation of GAAP gross profit and GAAP gross margin to non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross profit margin, GAAP operating (loss) income and GAAP operating margin to non-GAAP operating income and non-GAAP operating margin:

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Gross profit was $35.7 million or 35.7% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $4.9 million compared to gross margin of $30.8 million or 30.4% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2015.  The higher gross profit margin and gross profit in 2016 was primarily due to higher than average margins earned throughout the quarter by PMFG and a more favorable project mix in 2016.  Operating income was $(50.4) million or (50.4%) as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $50.1 million compared with $(0.3) million or (0.3%) as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2015.  The decrease in operating income was primarily due to an intangible asset and goodwill impairment charge of $57.9 million recorded in the fourth quarter of 2016.

Gross profit was $30.8 million or 30.4% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $8.2 million compared gross margin of $22.6 million or 29.7% as a percentage of sales for the three months’ ended December 31, 2014.  The higher gross profit margin and gross profit in 2015 was primarily due to higher than average margins earned throughout the quarter by PMFG offset by a less favorable project mix during the quarter.  Operating income was $(0.3) million or (0.3%) as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $4.1 million compared with $3.8 million or 5.0% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2014.  The decrease in operating income was primarily due to an intangible asset impairment charge of $3.3 million recorded during the fourth quarter of 2015.

On an as adjusted basis, non-GAAP gross profit was $35.8 million or 35.8% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $4.4 million compared with non-GAAP gross margin of $31.4 million or 31.0% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2015. On an as adjusted basis, non-GAAP operating income was $14.7 million or 14.7% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $4.6 million compared with $10.1 million or 10.0% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2015. The higher gross profit margin, gross profit and operating income in 2016 was primarily due to higher than average margins earned throughout the quarter by PMFG and a more favorable project mix in 2016.  

On an as adjusted basis, non-GAAP gross profit was $31.4 million or 31.0% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $8.7 million compared with non-GAAP gross margin of $22.7 million or 29.8% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2014. On an as adjusted basis, non-GAAP operating income was $10.1 million or 10.0% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $2.5 million compared with $7.6 million or 10.0% as a percentage of sales for the three months ended December 31, 2014.  The higher gross profit margin, gross profit and operating income in 2015 was primarily due to higher than average margins earned throughout the quarter by PMFG offset by a less favorable project mix during the quarter.  

Backlog

Our backlog consists of the amount of revenue we expect from complete performance of uncompleted, signed, firm fixed-price contracts that have not been completed for products and services we expect to substantially deliver within the next 12 to 18 months. Our backlog as of December 31, 2016 was $197.0 million compared with $211.2 million as of December 31, 2015.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are cash flow from operations and available borrowings under our Credit Facility (defined below). Our principal uses of cash are operating costs, payment of principal and interest on our outstanding debt, dividends, working capital and other corporate requirements, including acquisitions.

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When we undertake large jobs, our working capital objective is to make these projects self-funding. We work to achieve this by obtaining initial down payments, progress billing contracts, when possible, utilizing extended payment terms from material suppliers, and paying sub-contractors after payment from our customers, which is an industry practice. Our investment in net working capital is funded by cash flow from operations and by our revolving line of credit.

At December 31, 2016, the Company had working capital of $66.6 million, compared with $80.3 million at December 31, 2015.  The ratio of current assets to current liabilities was 1.46 to 1 as compared with a ratio of 1.54 to 1 at December 31, 2015. The $13.7 million decrease in working capital from December 31, 2015 to December 31, 2016 was primarily related to the decrease in accounts receivable ($14.7 million), a decrease in inventory ($11.0 million), an increase in a note payable ($5.3 million) and an increase in billing in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts ($7.1 million), partially offset by an increase in cash and cash equivalents ($11.6 million), an increase in assets held for sale ($6.1 million), and a decrease in the current portion of debt ($10.7 million).  During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company made prepayments of $31.3 million on the outstanding balance of the term loan, of which $22.7 million was applied to the long-term portion of the debt balance, which caused a reduction in working capital.  As described in Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company entered into a note payable agreement for $5.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2016, which the Company believes will become due within a year.  This note was exchanged for a noncontrolling interest of a subsidiary of the Company.  The Company has a strategy of aggressively managing working capital, including a focus on reduction of the accounts receivable days sales outstanding (DSO), and a reduction of inventory levels, without reducing service to its customers.

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, cash and cash equivalents totaled $45.8 million and $34.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, $25.6 million and $18.0 million, respectively, of our cash and cash equivalents were held by certain non-U.S. subsidiaries, as well as being denominated in foreign currencies.

Debt consisted of the following at December 31, 2016 and 2015:

Credit Agreement

The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including the requirement to maintain compliance with a consolidated leverage ratio of less than 3.75 and a consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio of more than 1.25. Per the Credit Agreement, the consolidated leverage ratio decreased to 3.50 on December 31, 2016, and then is set to decrease again to 3.00 by December 31, 2017. The consolidated leverage ratio will then remain at 3.00 until the end Credit Agreement term. The Credit Agreement also includes customary events of default and the occurrence of an event of default could result in an increased interest rate equal to 2.0% above the applicable interest rate for loans, the acceleration of the Company’s obligations pursuant to the Credit

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Agreement and an obligation of the subsidiary guarantors to repay the full amount of the Company’s borrowings pursuant to the Credit Agreement.

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company was in compliance with all related financial and other restrictive covenants under the Credit Agreement.

See Note 9 to the audited consolidated financial statements for further information on the Company’s debt facilities.

Total unused credit availability under our Credit Facility and other non-U.S. credit facilities and agreements, exclusive of any potential asset base limitations, is as follows:

Overview of Cash Flows and Liquidity

In 2016, $69.6 million of cash was provided by operating activities as compared with $12.6 million provided in 2015. The $57.0 million increase in cash flow from operating activities was due primarily to the net loss in 2016 being attributable to non-cash charges of impairment of intangible assets and goodwill of $57.9 million, depreciation and amortization of $18.9 million, and fair value adjustments of earnout liabilities of $4.2 million that was partially offset by a net loss of $38.3 million.   Cash provided by operating activities was positively impacted by favorable net working capital items in 2016 compared with 2015. The incremental cash provided was comprised of $13.3 million in accounts receivable, $9.4 million in inventories, $2.5 million in costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts, and $7.4 million in billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts.  

In 2015, $12.6 million of cash was provided by operating activities as compared with $17.7 million provided in 2014. The $5.1 million decrease in cash flow from operating activities was due primarily to a few unfavorable net working capital items in 2015 compared with 2014. The incremental cash used was comprised of $15.6 million in accounts receivable, $3.5 million in inventories, $8.6 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses, $1.7 million in other liabilities and $0.2 million in deferred charges and other assets. The incremental cash provided was comprised of $4.4 million in costs in excess of billings, $4.3 million in billings in excess of costs, $1.2 million in income taxes payable, and $3.1 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

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In 2016, $0.4 million of cash was used in investing activities as compared with $35.0 million in 2015. Investing activities in 2016 were comprised of $1.1 million for capital expenditures for property and equipment and offset by $0.7 million proceeds from sale of property and equipment, as compared with $37.5 million cash paid for acquisitions and $0.8 million for capital expenditures for property and equipment and offset by $3.2 million proceeds from sale of property and equipment in 2015.  In 2014, $37.8 million of cash as used in investing activities comprised of $44.4 million of cash paid for acquisitions and $1.2 million for capital expenditures for property and equipment offset by $7.7 million of proceeds from the sale of property and equipment.

Financing activities in 2016 used net cash of $55.8 million, which consisted primarily of net repayments on debt instruments of $55.2 million, earnout payments of $9.3 million, and dividends paid to our shareholders of $9.0 million, less cash received from sale-leaseback transactions of $14.2 million and decreases in restricted cash of $3.1 million.

Financing activities in 2015 provided net cash of $38.9 million, which consisted primarily of net borrowings of $57.6 million and proceeds from employee stock purchase plan and exercise of stock options of $0.2 million, less dividends paid to our shareholders of $8.0 million, cash used to pay deferred financing fees of $2.9 million, and earnout payments of $2.5 million.

Financing activities in 2014 provided net cash of $16.3 million, which consisted primarily of net borrowings of $23.2 million and proceeds from exercise of options of $1.4 million, less dividends paid to our shareholders of $5.9 million, earnout payments of $1.4 million, and cash used to repurchase common stock of $1.0 million.

Our dividend policy and the payment of cash dividends under that policy are subject to the Board of Directors’ continuing determination that the dividend policy and the declaration of dividends are in the best interest of the Company’s shareholders. Future dividends and the dividend policy may be changed or cancelled at the Company’s discretion at any time. Payment of dividends is also subject to the continuing compliance with our financial covenants under our Credit Facility. During 2016 and 2015, our Board declared the following quarterly cash dividends on our common stock:

On March 6, 2017, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.075 per share, which represents an increase from the dividend paid in the previous quarter. The dividend will be paid on March 31, 2017 to all shareholders of record at the close of business on March 17, 2017.

The Company implemented a Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the “Plan”), under which the Company may issue up to 750,000 shares of common stock. The Plan provides a way for interested shareholders to increase their holdings in our common stock. Participation in the Plan is strictly voluntary and is open only to existing shareholders. The Company may periodically issue new shares of common stock under the Plan.

In connection with the Emtrol and PMFG acquisitions, we took on significant additional debt to fund these transactions. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements for further information. We believe that cash flows from operating activities, together with our existing cash and borrowings available under our Credit Facility, will be sufficient for at least the next twelve months to fund our current anticipated uses of cash. After that, our ability to fund these expected uses of cash and to comply with the financial covenants under our debt agreements will depend on the results of future operations, performance and cash flow. Our ability to fund these expected uses from the results of future operations will be subject to prevailing economic conditions and to financial, business, regulatory, legislative and other factors, many of which are beyond our control.

Employee Benefit Obligations

Based on current assumptions, estimated contributions of $2.0 million may be required in 2017 for the pension plan and $25,000 for the retiree healthcare plan. The amount and timing of required contributions to the pension trust depends on future investment

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performance of the pension funds and interest rate movements, among other things and, accordingly, we cannot reasonably estimate actual required payments. Currently, our pension plan is under-funded. As a result, absent major increases in long-term interest rates, above average returns on pension assets and/or changes in legislated funding requirements, we will be required to make contributions to our pension trust of varying amounts in the long-term.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

None.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes the Company’s contractual obligations as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands):