Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. - Annual Report: 2016 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

Commission File Number 333-119366

CELLECTAR BIOSCIENCES, INC.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

3301 Agriculture Drive

Madison, WI 53716

(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number: (608) 441-8120

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. 

Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ¨ No x

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of June 30, 2016, was $15,546,894.

As of March 10, 2017, there were 12,837,882 shares of the registrant’s $0.00001 par value common stock outstanding.

CELLECTAR BIOSCIENCES, INC.

FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

This annual report on Form 10-K of Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. (the “Company”, “Cellectar Bio”, “we”, “us”, “our”) contains forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. You can identify these statements by our use of words such as “may,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “estimate,” “continue,” “plans,” or their negatives or cognates. Some of these statements include discussions regarding our future business strategy and our ability to generate revenue, income and cash flow. We wish to caution the reader that all forward-looking statements contained in this annual report on Form 10-K are only estimates and predictions. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated as a result of risks facing us or actual events differing from the assumptions underlying such forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements contained in this annual report on Form 10-K. We will not update these forward-looking statements unless the securities laws and regulations require us to do so.

On March 4, 2016 at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, the Company effected a reverse stock split at a ratio of 1-for-10. All share and per share information presented herein has been retroactively restated to reflect the reverse split.

This annual report on Form 10-K contains trademarks and service marks of Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. Unless otherwise provided in this annual report on Form 10-K, trademarks identified by ™ are trademarks of Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. All other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners.

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Business Overview

Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. (the Company) is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of targeted phospholipid drug conjugates (PDCs) for the treatment and imaging of cancer. The Company’s research and development program is based on its proprietary PDC cancer targeting delivery platform. The delivery platform possesses the potential for the discovery and development of a broad range of cancer targeting agents. The company’s pipeline is comprised of pre-clinical and clinical product candidates including radiotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic PDC’s. The pipeline also includes diagnostic and optical imaging assets. The company’s research and development resources are focused on the clinical advancement of its therapeutic PDC’s.

Our core company strategy is to leverage our industry leading PDC, proprietary cancer targeting delivery platform to generate capital, supplement internal resources and accelerate and broaden product candidate clinical development through strategic asset and research collaborations.

Our shares are listed on the NASDAQ® Capital Market under the symbol CLRB; prior to August 15, 2014, our shares were quoted on the OTCQX® marketplace, and prior to February 12, 2014 were quoted under the symbol NVLT.

Our PDC platform is based on our cancer-targeting and delivery technology which provides selective delivery of a diverse range of oncologic payloads to cancer cells and cancer stem cells. By linking various drug payloads to our proprietary phospholipid ether cancer-targeting vehicle, we believe we can create PDCs with the potential to provide highly targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic payloads to a broad range of cancers. As a result, our PDC platform has the potential to improve the therapeutic index of drug payloads, enhancing or maintaining efficacy while reducing adverse events by minimizing drug delivery to healthy cells, increasing delivery to cancer cells and a broad range of cancerous tumors. The PDC product portfolio includes:

We believe our PDC platform has potential to provide targeted delivery of a diverse range of oncologic payloads, as exemplified by the product candidates listed above, that may result in improvements upon current standard of care (SOC) for the treatment and imaging of a broad range of human cancers.

Technology Overview

Our product candidates are based on a cancer-targeting delivery platform of optimized PLE analogs (phospholipid ether proprietary delivery vehicle) that interact with lipid rafts. Lipid rafts are specialized regions of a cell’s membrane phospholipid bilayer that contain high concentrations of cholesterol and sphingolipids and serve to organize cell surface and intracellular signaling molecules. As a result of enrichment of lipid rafts in cancer cells, including cancer stem cells, our products provide selective targeting preferentially over normal healthy cells. The cancer-targeting PLE delivery vehicle was deliberately designed to be combined with therapeutic, diagnostic and imaging molecules. For example, iodine can be attached via a very stable covalent bond resulting in distinct products differing only with respect to the isotope of iodine they contain; CLR 131 contains radioactive I-131, CLR 125 contains radioactive I-125, and CLR 124 contains the shorter-lived radioactive I-124. In addition, non-radioactive molecules, including cytotoxic compounds can also be attached to the delivery vehicle.

The Company is focused on exploring the creation of additional PDCs ranging from newly discovered to well-characterized chemotherapeutic payloads under its CLR CTX Chemotherapeutic PDC program. The objective of our CTX program is to develop PDC chemotherapeutics through conjugation of our delivery vehicle and non-targeted anti-cancer agents to improve therapeutic indices and expand potential indications through the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic payloads. Initial CTX product candidates include CLR 1601-PTX, CLR 1602-PTX and CLR 1603-PTX; all are small-molecule, cancer-targeting chemotherapeutics in pre-clinical research. To date, multiple cancer-targeting product profiles have been generated from a single chemical core structure that is the foundation of our technology platform. We also believe that additional cytotoxic PDCs may be developed possessing enhanced therapeutic indices versus the original, non-targeted cytotoxic payload as a monotherapy.

In the case of CLR 1502, this is a near-infrared (800 nm) emitting fluorophore whose signal can penetrate through up to approximately 1 cm of tissue. This may enable the use of CLR 1502 to visualize tumor margins during cancer surgery, effectively acting as an adjunct to a therapeutic agent, and to non-invasively detect relatively superficial tumors.

Malignant tumor targeting, including targeting of cancer stem cells, has been demonstrated in vivo. Mice without intact immune systems, and inoculated with Panc-1 (pancreatic carcinoma) cells, were injected with CLR 1502, 24 or 96 hours prior to imaging. In vivo optical imaging showed pronounced accumulation of CLR 1502 in tumors versus non-target organs and tissues. Similarly, PET imaging of tumor-bearing animals (colon, glioma, triple negative breast and pancreatic tumor xenograft models) administered the imaging agent CLR 124 clearly shows selective uptake and retention by both primary tumors and metastases, including cancer stem cells. PET/CT analysis following co-injection of CLR 131 (for therapy) and CLR 124 (for imaging) revealed time-dependent tumor responses and disappearance over nine days in a cancer xenograft model. We believe that the capability of our technology to target and be selectively retained by cancer stem cells in vivo, was demonstrated by treating glioma stem cell-derived orthotopic tumor-bearing mice with another fluorescent-labeled PDC (CLR 1501), and then removing the tumor and isolating cancer stem cells, which continued to display CLR 1501 labeling even after three weeks in cell culture.

The basis for selective tumor targeting of our compounds lies in differences between the plasma membranes of cancer cells as compared to those of most normal cells. Data suggests that lipid rafts serve as portals of entry for PDCs such as CLR 131, CLR 124 and CLR 1502. The marked selectivity of our compounds for cancer cells versus non-cancer cells is due to the fact that cancer cells are over-expressed with lipid rafts as compared to normal cells. Following cell entry via lipid rafts, CLR 131, CLR 124 and CLR 1502 are transported into the cytoplasm, where they distribute to organelle membranes (mitochondria, ER, lysosomes) but not the nucleus. The pivotal role played by lipid rafts is underscored by the fact that disruption of lipid raft architecture significantly suppresses uptake of our PDC delivery vehicle into cancer cells.

Our core technology platform is based on research conducted by Cellectar, Inc.’s founder and former Chief Scientific Officer, beginning in 1994 at the University of Michigan (U. Mich.), where phospholipid ether analogs were initially designed, synthesized, radiolabeled, and evaluated. Our founder had continued his research at the University of Wisconsin (U. Wisc.) between 1998 and the subsequent founding of Cellectar, Inc. in 2002 to further develop and commercialize the technology. The Company obtained exclusive rights to the related technology patents owned by U. Mich. in 2003 and continued development of the PDC platform while obtaining ownership of numerous additional patents and patent applications (lasting until 2025, 2028, 2030 and 2034 without extensions).

Products in Development

CLR 131

CLR 131 is a small-molecule, cancer-targeting molecular radiotherapeutic PDC that we believe has the potential to be the first radiotherapeutic agent to use PLEs to target cancer cells. CLR 131 is comprised of our proprietary PLE, 18-(p-[I-131]iodophenyl) octadacyl phosphocholine, acting as a cancer-targeting delivery and retention vehicle, covalently labeled with iodine-131, a cytotoxic (cell-killing) radioisotope with a half-life of eight days that is already in common use to treat thyroid and other cancer types. It is this “intracellular radiation” mechanism of cancer cell killing, coupled with delivery to a wide range of malignant tumor types that we believe provides CLR 131 with anti-cancer activity. Selective uptake and retention has been demonstrated in cancer stem cells compared with normal cells, offering the prospect of longer lasting cancer activity.

Pre-clinical experiments in tumor models have demonstrated selective killing of cancer cells along with a safe and tolerable product profile. CLR 131’s anti-tumor/survival-prolonging activities have been demonstrated in more than a dozen models including breast, prostate, lung, brain, pancreatic, ovarian, uterine, renal, and colorectal cancers as well as, melanoma and multiple myeloma. In all but two models, a single administration of a well-tolerated dose of CLR 131 was sufficient to demonstrate efficacy. Moreover, efficacy was also seen in a model employing human uterine sarcoma cells that have known resistance to many standard chemotherapeutic drugs. CLR 131 was also tested in combination with a standard efficacious dose of gemcitabine in a pancreatic cancer model. Single doses of CLR 131 or gemcitabine given alone were equally efficacious, while the combination therapy was significantly more efficacious than either treatment alone (additive). In each study, the dose of CLR 131 was ~100 µCi, which is approximately 50-fold less than the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of CLR 131 determined in a six-month rat radiotoxicity study.

Extensive IND-enabling, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) in vivo and in vitro pre-clinical pharmacokinetic/ distribution, toxicology and drug safety studies were successfully completed in 2007 through 2009 using non-pharmacological concentrations/doses of PLE consistent with its role as a delivery/retention vehicle in CLR 131. Tissue distribution studies supported prediction of acceptable human organ exposures and body clearance for CLR 131. Importantly, and in sharp distinction from biological products labeled with I-131, the small-molecule CLR 131 showed very minimal variation in excretion kinetics and tissue distribution among individuals within species or across a 500-fold variation in dose. Single- and repeated-dose animal toxicology studies indicated very high margins of safety with our PLE delivery and retention vehicle even when administered at 80-200x over the amount required to deliver the anticipated maximum human therapy dose of CLR 131.

In 2009, we filed an IND with the FDA to study CLR 131 in humans. In February 2010, we completed a Phase 1 dosimetry trial with a single intravenous dose of 10 mCi/m² CLR 131 in eight patients with relapsed or refractory advanced solid tumors. Single doses of CLR 131 were well tolerated. The reported adverse events were all considered minimal, manageable and either not dose limiting or not related to CLR 131. There were no serious adverse events reported. Analysis of total body imaging and blood and urine samples collected over 42 days following injection indicated that doses of CLR 131 expected to be therapeutically effective could be administered without harming vital organs. Two subjects (one with colorectal cancer metastasized to lung and another with prostate cancer) had tumors that were imaged with 3D nuclear scanning (SPECT/CT) on day 6 after administration of CLR 131. Uptake of CLR 131 into tumor tissue (but not adjacent normal tissue or bone marrow) was clearly demonstrated in both subjects. Echoing animal studies, pharmacokinetic analyses demonstrated a prolonged half-life of radioactivity in the plasma after CLR 131 administration (approximately 200 hours) and that there was no significant variation in excretion or radiation dosimetry among subjects. The trial established an initial dose of 12.5 mCi/m², for the Phase 1b escalating dose trial that commenced in January 2012.

The primary objective of the multicenter Phase 1b dose-escalation trial in patients with a range of advanced solid tumors was to define the MTD of CLR 131. In addition to determining the MTD, the Phase 1b trial was intended to evaluate overall tumor response (using standard RESIST 1.1 criteria) and safety. In September 2012, we announced that we had successfully completed the second cohort in this Phase 1b dose-escalation trial. The second two-patient cohort was successfully dosed with 25 mCi/m² of CLR 131, triggering enrollment into the third cohort at 37.5 mCi/m². Data from the second cohort indicated CLR 131 was well-tolerated, without any dose limiting or sub-dose limiting toxicities, enabling enrollment of the third cohort. One patient in the third cohort post-treatment with CLR 131 was diagnosed with a brain metastasis. Subsequently, they were treated with large dose external beam radiation and then experienced a dose-limiting hematologic toxicity. Due to this and that the other patient also experienced a hematologic toxicity (which resolved within seven days), the Company elected to initiate a five-patient, fourth cohort at a dose midway between those used in the second and third cohorts, as per trial protocol. Four patients were enrolled in the fourth cohort and we ended enrollment in November 2013. Complete study results, including data from the fourth cohort of this trial were completed in the first quarter 2014. The results of the trial were presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting in June, 2014.

Tumor treatment with radioactive isotopes has been used as a fundamental cancer therapeutic for decades. The goals of targeted cancer therapy — selective delivery of effective doses of isotopes that destroy tumor tissue, sparing of surrounding normal tissue, and non-accumulation in vital organs such as the liver and kidneys — remain goals of new therapies as well. We believe our isotope delivery technology is poised to achieve these goals. Because, to date, CLR 131 has been shown to reliably and near-universally accumulate in cancer cells, including cancer stem cells, and because the therapeutic properties of iodine-131 are well known, we believe the risk of non-efficacy in human clinical trials is less than that of other cancer therapies at this stage of development, although no assurance can be given.

In view of CLR 131’s selective uptake and retention in a wide range of solid tumors and in cancer stem cells, its single-agent efficacy in animal models and its non-specific mechanism of cancer-killing (radiation), we are initially developing CLR 131 as a monotherapy for cancer indications with significant unmet medical need. While a number of indications were evaluated as the initial target treatment, multiple myeloma was selected principally because it is an incurable hematologic disease that is highly radiosensitive, with significant unmet medical need in the relapse or refractory clinical setting, and is designated as an orphan disease; All of which may provide an accelerated regulatory pathway due to CLR 131’s unique benefits versus existing therapeutic treatment options such as a novel mechanism of action and single dose treatment. The Investigational New Drug (IND) application was accepted by the FDA in September 2014. In December 2014, the FDA granted orphan drug designation for CLR 131 for the treatment of multiple myeloma. We initiated our Phase 1 Study of CLR 131 for the treatment of Relapsed or Refractory multiple myeloma in April 2015, and provided a performance update on the first patient cohort and initiated the second study cohort in January 2016. CLR 131 is being evaluated as a monotherapy and will subsequently be explored as a combination therapy with chemotherapeutic agents, immunomodulatory agents and in combination with external beam radiotherapy. CLR 131 will also be evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical study examining relapse refractory multiple myeloma patients as well as selected other hematological malignancies. The company expects all patients to receive a 25 mCi/m2 dose infused over approximately 30 minutes with the option of a second 25 mCi/m2 dose 75-180 days later based on physician assessment. This study is partially funded through a $2,000,000 Fast Track NCI SBIR award. The SBIR award was granted to the company in July 2016.

CTX Product Portfolio

The Company is exploring the creation of additional PDCs ranging from newly discovered to well-characterized chemotherapeutic payloads under its CLR CTX Chemotherapeutic PDC program. The objective of our CTX program is to develop PDC chemotherapeutics through conjugation of our delivery vehicle and non-targeted anti-cancer agents to improve therapeutic indices and expand potential indications through the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic payloads. Initial CTX product candidates include CLR 1601-PTX, CLR 1602-PTX and CLR 1603-PTX; all are small-molecule, cancer-targeting chemotherapeutics in pre-clinical research. These PDCs are designed to selectively deliver paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic payload to cancer cells and cancer stem cells increasing the therapeutic index of paclitaxel as a monotherapy. Each of our paclitaxel PDC’s have been evaluated in vitro to demonstrate formulation stability and CLR 1602-PTX is currently being studied in vivo to demonstrate formulation stability and further explore the PDC’s cancer-targeting selectivity. In December of 2015, the company entered into a research collaboration for our PDC technology with Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre (IRPF), the third largest French pharmaceutical company. The objective of the research collaboration is to co-design a library of PDC’s employing IRPF’s natural product derived chemotherapeutics in combination with our proprietary cancer-targeting delivery vehicle. The newly developed PDC’s may provide enhanced therapeutic indices to otherwise highly potent, non-targeted payloads through the targeted delivery to cancer cells provided by our cancer-targeted delivery vehicle.

CLR 125

CLR 125 is a cancer-targeting radiotherapeutic currently under pre-clinical investigation for the treatment of micrometastatic disease. Similar to CLR 131, the selective uptake and retention of CLR 125 has been observed in malignant tissues during pre-clinical studies. CLR 125 uses the radioisotope iodine-125. CLR 125 research has recently been funded through an NCI SBIR award. The feasibility and safety of CLR 125 was being investigated for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in the (neo) adjuvant setting. This program was successfully completed on June 30, 2016 showing appropriate biodistribution, tolerability, and dose response.

Additional Assets

CLR 124

CLR 124 is a small-molecule, cancer-targeting imaging agent that we believe has first-in-class potential for selective detection of primary tumors and metastases in a broad range of cancers. Chemically, CLR 124 is comprised of our proprietary PLE, 18-(p-[I-124] iodophenyl) octadacyl phosphocholine, acting as a cancer-targeting delivery and retention vehicle, covalently labeled with iodine-124, a PET imaging radioisotope with a radiation half-life of four days. PET imaging used in conjunction with CT scanning has now become the imaging method of choice in much of oncology. In pre-clinical studies to date, CLR 124 selectively illuminated malignant tumors in over 60 animal models of different cancer types, demonstrating cancer-selective uptake and retention. Investigator-sponsored Phase 1/2 clinical trials of CLR 124 as a PET imaging agent were conducted across multiple solid tumor indications and are now closed. These trials have demonstrated positive initial imaging results in multiple tumor types.  Based on positive initial CLR 124 imaging results in 29 primary and metastatic brain cancer patients, we believe CLR 124 has potential to address a significant unmet medical need for post-treatment efficacy assessment and differentiating tumor growth from pseudo-progression. In brain cancer, this has the potential to avoid unnecessary surgeries, biopsies and inappropriate treatment, resulting in better patient management and lower healthcare costs. We expect glioblastoma to be our lead indication for CLR 124 with additional development opportunities that could include brain metastases and other primary brain tumors.

These human trials are intended to provide proof-of-concept for CLR 124 as a PET imaging agent with the potential to supplant current imaging standards of care, FDG for various solid tumors, or MRI in the case of brain cancers. This is due to what we believe to be CLR 124’s superior cancer selectivity. Furthermore, the radiation half-life of only 110 minutes for fluorine-18 labeled agents, such as FDG, severely limits their use to locations close to the point of manufacture. CLR 124’s much longer radiation half-life affords a longer imaging window of up to seven days following injection, resulting in more favorable logistics of clinical use, including the ability to be distributed to clinics throughout the U.S. from a single manufacturing site. As a chemically identical biomarker for CLR 131, CLR 124 imaging may also be capable of estimating an efficacious dose of CLR 131 in individual cancer patients.

A three-part investigator-sponsored Phase 1/2 trial of radiolabeled CLR 1404 for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was initiated in February 2004 at the University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center (UWCCC). The first part of the trial evaluated imaging characteristics of CLR 131 in seven patients and the second part of the trial evaluated tumor accumulation in one patient. The third part of the trial evaluated tumor imaging with CLR 124 at increasing doses and is now closed. Dr. Anne M. Traynor at UWCCC was the principal investigator for this trial. We provided funding and the data was shared with us while the study progressed and at the conclusion of the study. A total of 11 patients were enrolled across four dose levels (1.5 mCi/m², 3 mCi/m², 5 mCi/m² and 7.5 mCi/m²) in this part of the Phase 1/2 trial. With the 5 mCi/m² dose level, we saw clear and sustained uptake of CLR 124 in cancerous tumors against low background and have not observed any adverse safety signals. In addition, in one patient, three brain metastases were detected with CLR 124 that were not identified with FDG PET, which following confirmation with current standard of care (SOC), prompted an alteration to the treatment plan for this patient. Having observed initial cancer-specific uptake with CLR 124 at a 7.5 mCi/m² dose in NSCLC patients, study investigators continued exploration of dose and imaging time points in an effort to optimize dosing and results.

An investigator-sponsored Phase 1/2 trial of CLR 124 as a PET imaging agent for brain cancer was initiated in December 2011 at UWCCC and the first patient was enrolled in March 2012. This trial was funded by both the UWCCC and an Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR) grant, and the data is shared with the Company. Enrollment to the trial is complete; 12 patients were dosed with 5 mCi/m² of CLR 124. The preliminary results showed avid and sustained uptake of CLR 124 in cancerous tumors against very low background and no adverse safety signals were observed.

An investigator-sponsored Phase 1/2 trial of CLR 124 as a PET imaging agent for glioma was initiated in January 2012 at UWCCC and the clinical trial protocol evaluates 7.5 mCi/m² and 10 mCi/m² doses of CLR 124. A total of 19 patients were enrolled.

An investigator-sponsored Phase 1/2 trial of CLR 124 as a PET imaging agent for patients with multiple solid tumor types (triple negative breast, prostate, colorectal, gastric, ovarian, pancreatic, esophageal, soft tissue sarcoma, and head & neck cancer) was initiated in August 2012 at the UWCCC and the first patient was enrolled in October 2012.  We provided funding for the trial and the data was shared with us.  Twelve patients were enrolled, completing the enrollment of the trial.

CLR 1502

CLR 1502 is a small-molecule, cancer-targeting, non-radioactive optical imaging agent that we believe has the potential to be the first of its kind for intraoperative tumor margin illumination and non-invasive tumor imaging. CLR 1502 is comprised of a proprietary PLE, acting as a cancer-targeting delivery and retention vehicle, covalently attached to a near-infrared (800nm) fluorophore. According to the American Cancer Society, the majority of cancer patients were expected to have some type of surgery and more than 1.6 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed in the U.S. alone in 2016. CLR 1502 may facilitate and enable diagnostic, staging, debulking and curative cancer surgeries, intraoperatively in real-time, by defining tumor margins and regional lymph node involvement, resulting in more complete tumor resections and improving outcome and prognosis. In this context, CLR 1502 could effectively act as an adjunct therapeutic agent. In pre-clinical tumor models, non-invasive optical imaging showed pronounced accumulation of CLR 1502 in tumors versus normal tissues and successfully delineated tumor margins during tumor resection. CLR 1502 may also have utility for non-invasive imaging of relatively superficial tumor types (e.g., melanoma, head & neck, colon, esophageal).

Market Overview

Our target market is broad and represents the market for the treatment and imaging of cancer. The American Cancer Society estimated that approximately 1.69 million new cancer cases were expected to be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2016 and approximately 596,000 people were expected to die of cancer, which is the equivalent of about 1,630 per day. The global market for cancer drugs reached $107 billion in annual sales (June 2015), and could reach $150 billion by 2020, according to a report dated June 2016 by the IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics, a unit of drug data provider IMS Health. This growth will be driven by emerging targeted therapies, which are expected to change the cancer treatment landscape (Cowen), and an increased use of cancer drug combination regimens. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimated that the direct medical cost for treating cancer in 2010 (the latest figure available) was $124.6 billion in the U.S., and projects that by 2020, this cost will have risen to at least $158 billion.

According to the National Cancer Institute SEER data base, multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic cancer with a U.S. incidence rate and a relapse or refractory patient population of 10,000 to 15,000. The Global Data Report for 2015 estimated the Multiple Myeloma dollar market size to be $8.9B in 2014 and is forecasted to increase to $22.4B in 2023.

Manufacturing

We maintain a current Good Manufacturing Practices compliant (cGMP) radiopharmaceutical manufacturing facility in Madison, Wisconsin, in which we manufacture drug substance for CLR 131, CLR 124, and CLR 1502 product candidates and also manufacture CLR 131 for clinical trials. This facility, consisting of approximately 19,500 square feet, contains offices, laboratories, a radiopharmaceutical research lab, a cGMP radiopharmaceutical manufacturing suite and a cGMP analytical laboratory for product release.  Our manufacturing facility holds a State of Wisconsin Department of Health Services Radioactive Materials License which authorizes the use and possession of radioactive material for both manufacturing and distribution activities. The facility also holds a State of Wisconsin DHS Radioactive Materials License that authorizes the use and possession of radioactive materials for research and development. The research and development license permits the use and possession of iodine-125, iodine-131 and iodine-124 in quantities sufficient to support in-house drug substance and CLR 131manufacturing for current clinical programs and other research needs. Each of these iodine isotopes is purchased from third party vendors.

Manufacturing of cGMP CLR 124 is currently conducted by our collaborator, the U. Wisc., using drug substance produced in our Madison manufacturing facility. The agreement contains standard provisions for the protection of data and intellectual property and may be terminated by either party with 60-days’ notice, pending the completion of any obligations by either party set forth in an outstanding statement of work. The proprietary contract manufacturing process is sufficient to provide materials for Phase 2 trials and is scalable for larger trials. We do not plan to build in-house manufacturing capability for CLR 124.

The drug substance is identical for CLR 131 and CLR 124 products.  The base molecule is a dry powder produced via a six-step synthetic scheme.  The release specifications for drug substance have been established and validated.  The impurity levels at small scale are very low, suggesting that larger scale production is feasible.  We have also demonstrated 60-month stability for the drug substance in desiccated and refrigerated forms.  We believe our laboratories are well equipped with the appropriate equipment for manufacturing pilot and small-scale batches in accordance with cGMP.  We believe we have adequate drug substance manufacturing and CLR 131 drug product manufacturing capacity expertise and capacity for non-pivotal clinical trials.

CLR 1502 drug substance is synthesized at the Madison facility via a cGMP process from the same chemical precursor used in the manufacture of CLR 131. The facility has the capability to manufacture the CLR 1502 drug product to support Phase 1 clinical trials. Manufacturing of drug substance and drug product for subsequent clinical trials will likely be achieved through contract manufacturing.

All investigational drug substance and product intended for human use during clinical studies will be manufactured according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, FDA requirements (21 CFR part 211) and cGMP.

Sales and Marketing

We have not entered into any joint development, licensing or similar partnering agreements with respect to any of our clinical stage product candidates or pre-clinical compounds.  We plan to pursue and evaluate all available options to develop, launch and commercialize our compounds.  These options presently include, but are not limited to: entering into a partnering arrangement with one or more pharmaceutical, imaging agent or imaging device companies with strong development and commercial expertise and infrastructure in the U.S., Europe and/or Japan. While we currently do not plan to build our own sales force or utilize a contract sales organization for launch and commercialization of our compounds, we may reconsider that in the future.

Competition for Our Clinical-Stage Compounds

CLR 131

Currently, several classes of approved products with various mechanisms of action exist, including: immune-modulating agents, proteasome inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, corticosteroids, and traditional chemotherapeutics. While a number of indications were evaluated as the initial target treatment for CLR 131, multiple myeloma was selected principally because of its highly radio-sensitive nature, single dose treatment, and novel mechanism of action relative to all existing classes of approved drugs. As a result, we believe CLR 131 is an ideal therapeutic option in the relapse or refractory setting either as a monotherapy or in combination with currently approved agents, some of which are radio-sensitizing and maintain a differential adverse event profile from that of CLR 131.

CLR 124

FDG is the current SOC for cancer PET imaging. FDG accumulates in any tissue having increased glucose metabolism (i.e. energy utilization) compared to surrounding tissue.  As a result, and in contrast to CLR 124, FDG is not selective for malignant tumors.  FDG localizes in certain normal tissue such as heart, liver and brain tissues that also have high glucose metabolism as well as kidney and bladder due to FDG excretion paths.  FDG is also known to localize in inflammatory sites, which are often found in the vicinity of malignancies and can result in diagnostic and treatment plan uncertainties.  Other major limitations to the use of FDG are found in pelvic imaging due to the high renal (kidney) clearance of the compound.  Moreover, there are clinically important malignancies that do not demonstrate reliable FDG activity, such as prostate cancer. We believe these characteristics of FDG decrease its diagnostic specificity for certain malignancies. FDG is no longer covered by patent and is typically manufactured at, or extremely proximate to, PET imaging medical facilities because of its very short (110 minute) radiation half-life. I-124 has a four-day half-life that permits worldwide distribution of CLR 124 from one manufacturing location. Additionally, the longer half-life affords a longer imaging window of up to seven days following injection.

MRI is the current SOC for imaging brain cancer, due in part to FDG PET’s limited utility in brain imaging. While MRI can differentiate tissue densities and demark structural changes in tissue, it is not cancer-selective. This imaging can result in a diagnostic dilemma for clinicians, particularly with respect to glioma; the most common form of primary brain cancer. After chemo-radiation - commonly employed in glioma management - MRI changes suggestive of tumor recurrence are seen in approximately 50% of high-grade glioma patients. However, in approximately 50% of these cases, the MRI changes actually represent treatment-related changes that do not truly represent disease progression. This is termed pseudo-progression. The dilemma facing clinicians is the decision whether to re-treat the patient (surgery, chemotherapy, biological therapy, re-irradiation) with associated risks to the patient (e.g. damage to normal brain tissue and consequent loss of function), or monitor with periodic re-imaging with the risk of the imaging changes actually representing tumor recurrence, and with the costs associated with re-imaging.

In Phase 1/2 investigator-sponsored trials at the UWCCC, preliminary results suggest that CLR 124 may provide a more accurate assessment of the post-treatment progression of glioma when compared to MRI. Specifically, CLR 124 appears to be capable of distinguishing malignant tumors from tissue changes associated with pseudo-progression.

CLR 1502

CLR 1502 is a pre-clinical, cancer-targeting, non-radioactive optical imaging agent for intraoperative tumor margin illumination and non-invasive tumor imaging. The topic of providing cancer surgeons with better technology for intraoperative assessment of tumor margins designed to result in more complete tumor removal, has gained considerable attention in recent years. While there are a number of technologies in various stages of development, some of the most common categories include the use of fluorescence agents: either alone, or attached to cancer delivery vehicles, nanoparticle technologies or electromagnetic technologies. At present, the only known FDA approved technology for tumor margin assessment is believed to be MarginProbe ^TM, marketed by Dune Medical Devices, which received FDA approval in January, 2013, as an intraoperative tissue assessment tool for early-stage breast cancer surgery. MarginProbe ^TM claims to use electromagnetic “signatures” to identify healthy and cancerous tissue.

5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a technology approved in Europe for use with intraoperative tumor margin assessment, is a small molecule that is preferentially taken up by tumor cells leading to biosynthesis and accumulation of protoporphyrin IX, a natural fluorophore with red fluorescence emission. Investigator sponsored trials of 5-ALA are ongoing in the U.S., primarily in newly diagnosed and recurrent brain cancer indications.

Other technologies known to be in development include Blaze Biosciences’ Tumor Paint ^TM, a combination of a targeting peptide and a fluorescent beacon, under development for cancer surgery in multiple solid tumor types. Additionally, Avelas Biosciences, based in San Diego, CA, is developing a fluorescence peptide based compound named AVB-620 for fluorescence image-guided cancer surgery.

While a number of technologies are in development to provide intraoperative tumor margin guidance we are leveraging our cancer-targeting delivery platform to provide cancer selectivity and specificity for accurate tumor margin illumination. Further, CLR 1502 may be able to demonstrate application with a broad spectrum of cancer types based on data that includes our other product candidates utilizing the same cancer-targeting delivery platform in pre-clinical studies and human clinical trials (CLR 124 and CLR 131).

Intellectual Property

Cellectar has established a broad U.S. and international intellectual property rights portfolio around the company’s proprietary cancer-targeting PLE technology platform including the CLR CTX Program, CLR 131, CLR 1502, CLR 124 and CLR 125.

CLR CTX Program: In November 2015, Cellectar converted its previously filed provisional patent application for Phospholipid-Ether Analogs as Cancer Targeting Drug Vehicles to non-provisional US and International (PCT) patent applications and were published by the U.S. Patent & Trade Office (USPTO) in May of 2016. These patent applications further protect composition of matter and method of use for PDCs developed with Cellectar's proprietary phospholipid-ether delivery vehicle conjugated with any existing or future cytotoxic agents, including chemotherapeutics such as paclitaxel, for targeted delivery to cancer cells and cancer stem cells. CLR 1603, a paclitaxel phospholipid drug conjugate (PDC), is covered by an issued composition of matter patent. Additional cytotoxic PDC compounds are covered by pending patent applications directed to the composition of matter and method of use for cancer therapy provide intellectual property protection in the United States and up to 148 additional countries. These applications offer protection extending through at least November 2035 in the US and key international markets.

CLR 131: Cellectar Biosciences was granted orphan designation for CLR 131 for the treatment of multiple myeloma by the U.S. FDA in December 2014. Orphan status designation provides seven years of marketing exclusivity following U.S. FDA approval of a NDA for this indication. Cellectar continues to evaluate CLR 131 in additional orphan designated indications. CLR 131 is also covered by additional Cellectar patents and patent applications (see below). Method of use patents for cancer therapy have issued in Europe, China and Hong Kong in addition to the U.S., where Cellectar has three issued patents and two pending applications. These patents are expected to expire between 2025 and 2028. Additionally, a patent directed to cancer stem cell therapy with CLR 131 or CLR 125 in combination with external beam radiation therapy issued in the U.S. with applications pending in Japan and Europe. This group of patents is expected to expire in 2030. Some of these patents may be extendable on a country-by-country basis.

CLR 1502: CLR 1502 is covered by issued patents directed to the composition of matter, methods of use and method of manufacture in the U.S., Europe and Japan. These issued patents and any pending applications in these countries are expected to expire in 2029 - 2030. Some of these resulting patents may be extendable on a country-by-country basis.

CLR 124: Cellectar has been granted orphan status for CLR 124 as a diagnostic for the management of glioma by the U.S. FDA. U.S. orphan status provides for seven years of marketing exclusivity following FDA approval of a NDA for CLR 124 as a diagnostic for management of glioma. In particular, CLR 124 is covered by four of Cellectar’s U.S. patents, two of which are directed to in vivo diagnosis of certain cancers, one of which is directed to use for virtual colonoscopy (2029 expiry) and one directed to use for in vitro diagnostics (2028 expiry). These patents are expected to expire between 2025 and 2029. Pending U.S., Japanese and European patent applications directed to the use of CLR 124 for in vivo diagnostics would expire in 2030. Lastly, the use of CLR 124 for diagnostic purposes with cancer stem cells is pending in the U.S., Japan and Europe. Patents resulting from these applications are expected to expire in 2030.

Cellectar patents patent applications and licenses to patents cover methods of use, composition of matter, formulation, method of manufacture and other patentable claims related to CLR 124, CLR 125, CLR 131, CLR 1502 and other PLE’s. Many of these patents and applications are filed in key commercial markets worldwide. The issued patents will generally expire between 2025 and 2035, unless extended, most likely under clinical development extensions.

In addition to the above noted patents /applications directed to CLR 124, CLR 125, CLR 131 and CLR 1502, Cellectar owns other patents/applications directed to different forms of phospholipid ethers, methods of use and methods of manufacturing of phospholipid ethers.

Separate from any patent protection and following product approval by regulatory authorities, data exclusivity may be available for various compounds for up to 10 years on a country-by-country basis (e.g., up to five years in the U.S. and up to ten years in Europe).

Cellectar also holds all intellectual property rights in the U.S. related to its clinical-stage pipeline compound, NOV-002 and other pre-clinical compounds based on oxidized glutathione. Issued composition of matter patents covering proprietary formulations of oxidized glutathione and manufacture of oxidized glutathione formulated with various metals expire in 2019.

Licenses / Collaborations

On December 14, 2015 the Company entered into an arrangement (the “MTA”) with IRPF. Under this arrangement, IRPF will provide a selection of its proprietary cytotoxics to the Company for use in an in vivo proof-of-concept study to evaluate the potential to create new drug conjugates (“NDCs”) in combination with the Company’s proprietary Phospholipid Drug Conjugate platform technology. The Company will own all intellectual property associated with the NDCs developed as part of the research collaboration. If the Company decides to further develop any of the NDCs for pre-clinical studies, the Company will enter into good faith discussions with IRPF to acquire an option to in-license the IRPF Materials. In the event that the Company proposes to enter into a business relationship with a third party for advancement of the NDCs, the Company will grant IRPF a right of first refusal to enter into the same business relationship, which will be exercisable by IRPF within 60 days. In the event that the Company does not choose to further develop the NDCs for pre-clinical studies and IRPF desires to do so within four years following expiration of this arrangement, the Company and IRPF will enter into good faith business discussions relating to IRPF’s use of the results of the study and certain of the Company’s proprietary technologies relating to the IRPF Materials. The Company has agreed to perform the study by December 14, 2017, and the Company’s obligation to grant a right of first refusal will continue for four years following the date on which the Company provides the results of the study to IRPF.

Research and Development

Our primary activity to date has been research and development. We conduct our research and development program at our manufacturing facility in Madison, Wisconsin. Our research and development expenses were approximately $4,750,000 and $5,159,000 for 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Regulation

The production, distribution, and marketing of products employing our technology, and our development activities, are subject to extensive governmental regulation in the United States and in other countries.  In the United States, we are subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended, and the regulations of the FDA, as well as to other federal, state, and local statutes and regulations, including the federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the storage, use and disposal of hazardous materials, including radioactive isotopes.  These laws, and similar laws outside the United States, govern the clinical and pre-clinical testing, manufacture, safety, effectiveness, approval, labeling, distribution, sale, import, export, storage, record-keeping, reporting, advertising, and promotion of drugs.  Product development and approval within this regulatory framework, if successful, will take many years and involve the expenditure of substantial resources.  Violations of regulatory requirements at any stage may result in various adverse consequences, including the FDA’s and other health authorities’ delay in approving or refusal to approve a product.  Violations of regulatory requirements also may result in enforcement actions.

The following paragraphs provide further information on certain legal and regulatory issues with a particular potential to affect our operations or future marketing of products employing our technology.

Research, Development, and Product Approval Process

The research, development, and approval process in the United States and elsewhere is intensive and rigorous and generally takes many years to complete.  The typical process required by the FDA before a therapeutic drug may be marketed in the United States includes:

Pre-clinical Testing

During pre-clinical testing, studies are performed with respect to the chemical and physical properties of candidate formulations. These studies are subject to GLP requirements. Biological testing is typically done in animal models to demonstrate the activity of the compound against the targeted disease or condition and to assess the apparent effects of the new product candidate on various organ systems, as well as its relative therapeutic effectiveness and safety.

Submission of IND

An IND must be submitted to the FDA and become effective before studies in humans may commence. The IND must include a sufficient amount of data and other information concerning the safety and effectiveness of the compound from laboratory, animal, and human clinical testing, as well as data and information on manufacturing, product quality and stability, and proposed product labeling.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trial programs in humans generally follow a three-phase process. Typically, Phase 1 studies are conducted in small numbers of healthy volunteers or, on occasion, in patients afflicted with the target disease.  Phase 1 studies are conducted to determine the metabolic and pharmacological action of the product candidate in humans and the side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, to gain early evidence of effectiveness.  In Phase 2, studies are generally conducted in larger groups of patients having the target disease or condition in order to validate clinical endpoints, and to obtain preliminary data on the effectiveness of the product candidate and optimal dosing. This phase also helps determine further the safety profile of the product candidate. In Phase 3, large-scale clinical trials are generally conducted in patients having the target disease or condition to provide sufficient data for the statistical proof of effectiveness and safety of the product candidate as required by United States regulatory agencies.

In the case of products for certain serious or life-threatening diseases, the initial human testing may be done in patients with the disease rather than in healthy volunteers. Because these patients are already afflicted with the target disease or condition, it is possible that such studies will also provide results traditionally obtained in Phase 2 studies. These studies are often referred to as “Phase 1/2” studies. However, even if patients participate in initial human testing and a Phase 1/2 study is carried out, the sponsor is still responsible for obtaining all the data usually obtained in both Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies.

Before proceeding with a study, sponsors may seek a written agreement from the FDA regarding the design, size, and conduct of a clinical trial. This is known as a Special Protocol Assessment (SPA). Among other things, SPAs can cover clinical studies for pivotal trials whose data will form the primary basis to establish a product’s efficacy. SPAs help establish upfront agreement with the FDA about the adequacy of a clinical trial design to support a regulatory approval, but the agreement is not binding if new circumstances arise. There is no guarantee that a study will ultimately be adequate to support an approval even if the study is subject to an SPA.

United States law requires that studies conducted to support approval for product marketing be “adequate and well controlled.” In general, this means that either a placebo or a product already approved for the treatment of the disease or condition under study must be used as a reference control. Studies must also be conducted in compliance with good clinical practice requirements, and informed consent must be obtained from all study subjects. The clinical trial process for a new compound can take ten years or more to complete. The FDA may prevent clinical trials from beginning or may place clinical trials on hold at any point in this process if, among other reasons, it concludes that study subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Trials may also be prevented from beginning or may be terminated by institutional review boards, which must review and approve all research involving human subjects. Side effects or adverse events that are reported during clinical trials can delay, impede, or prevent marketing authorization. Similarly, adverse events that are reported after marketing authorization can result in additional limitations being placed on a product’s use and, potentially, withdrawal of the product from the market.

Submission of NDA

Following the completion of clinical trials, the data is analyzed to determine whether the trials successfully demonstrated safety and effectiveness and whether a product approval application may be submitted. In the United States, if the product is regulated as a drug, an NDA must be submitted and approved before commercial marketing may begin. The NDA must include a substantial amount of data and other information concerning the safety and effectiveness of the compound from laboratory, animal, and human clinical testing, as well as data and information on manufacturing, product quality and stability, and proposed product labeling.

Each domestic and foreign manufacturing establishment, including any contract manufacturers we may decide to use, must be listed in the NDA and must be registered with the FDA.  The application generally will not be approved until the FDA conducts a manufacturing inspection, approves the applicable manufacturing process and determines that the facility is in compliance with cGMP requirements.

Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, as amended, the FDA receives fees for reviewing an NDA and supplements thereto, as well as annual fees for commercial manufacturing establishments and for approved products. These fees can be significant. For fiscal year 2015, the NDA review fee alone is $2,335,200, although certain limited deferral, waivers, and reductions may be available.

Each NDA submitted for FDA approval is usually reviewed for administrative completeness and reviewability within 45 to 60 days following submission of the application. If deemed complete, the FDA will “file” the NDA, thereby triggering substantive review of the application. The FDA can refuse to file any NDA that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable. The FDA has established performance goals for the review of NDAs— six months for priority applications and ten months for standard applications. However, the FDA is not legally required to complete its review within these periods, and these performance goals may change over time.

Moreover, the outcome of the review, even if generally favorable, typically is not an actual approval but an “action letter” that describes additional work that must be done before the application can be approved. The FDA’s review of an application may involve review and recommendations by an independent FDA advisory committee. Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved therapeutic uses for the product as described in the product labeling, require that warning statements be included in the product labeling, require that additional studies be conducted following approval as a condition of the approval, impose restrictions and conditions on product distribution, prescribing, or dispensing in the form of a risk management plan, or otherwise limit the scope of any approval.

Post-NDA Regulation

Significant legal and regulatory requirements also apply after FDA approval to market under an NDA. These include, among other things, requirements related to adverse event and other reporting, product advertising and promotion, and ongoing adherence to cGMPs, as well as the need to submit appropriate new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product labeling, or manufacturing process. The FDA also enforces the requirements of the Prescription Drug Marketing Act which, among other things, imposes various requirements in connection with the distribution of product samples to physicians.

The regulatory framework applicable to the production, distribution, marketing and/or sale of our product pipeline may change significantly from the current descriptions provided herein in the time that it may take for any of our products to reach a point at which an NDA is approved.

Overall research, development, and approval times depend on a number of factors, including the period of review at FDA, the number of questions posed by the FDA during review, how long it takes to respond to the FDA’s questions, the severity or life-threatening nature of the disease in question, the availability of alternative treatments, the availability of clinical investigators and eligible patients, the rate of enrollment of patients in clinical trials, and the risks and benefits demonstrated in the clinical trials.

Other United States Regulatory Requirements

In the United States, the research, manufacturing, distribution, sale, and promotion of drug and biological products are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state, and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, other divisions of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (e.g., the Office of Inspector General), the United States Department of Justice and individual United States Attorney offices within the Department of Justice, and state and local governments. For example, sales, marketing, and scientific/educational grant programs must comply with the anti-fraud and abuse provisions of the Social Security Act, the False Claims Act, the privacy provision of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and similar state laws, each as amended. Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992, each as amended. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. All of these activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection, unfair competition, and other laws.

Our research and development, manufacturing, and administration of our drugs involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and radioactive materials, such as radioactive isotopes. Therefore, we are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the storage, use and disposal of these materials and some waste products and are required to maintain both a manufacturer’s license and a radioactive materials license with State of Wisconsin agencies.

Moreover, we are now, and may become subject to, additional federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and policies relating to safe working conditions, laboratory practices, the experimental use of animals, and/or the use, storage, handling, transportation, and disposal of human tissue, waste, and hazardous substances, including radioactive and toxic materials and infectious disease agents used in conjunction with our research work.

Foreign Regulatory Requirements

We, and any future collaborative partners, may be subject to widely varying foreign regulations that may be quite different from those of the FDA governing clinical trials, manufacture, product registration and approval, and pharmaceutical sales. Whether or not FDA approval has been obtained, we or any future collaboration partners must obtain a separate approval for a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries prior to the commencement of product marketing in these countries. In certain countries, regulatory authorities also establish pricing and reimbursement criteria. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. In addition, under current United States law, there are restrictions on the export of products not approved by the FDA, depending on the country involved and the status of the product in that country.

Reimbursement and Pricing Controls

In many of the markets where we, or any future collaborative partners, would commercialize a product following regulatory approval, the prices of pharmaceutical products are subject to direct price controls by law and to drug reimbursement programs with varying price control mechanisms. Public and private health care payers control costs and influence drug pricing through a variety of mechanisms, including through negotiating discounts with the manufacturers and through the use of tiered formularies and other mechanisms that provide preferential access to certain drugs over others within a therapeutic class. Payers also set other criteria to govern the uses of a drug that will be deemed medically appropriate and therefore reimbursed or otherwise covered. In particular, many public and private health care payers limit reimbursement and coverage to the uses of a drug that are either approved by the FDA or that are supported by other appropriate evidence (for example, published medical literature) and appear in a recognized drug compendium. Drug compendia are publications that summarize the available medical evidence for particular drug products and identify which uses of a drug are supported or not supported by the available evidence, whether or not such uses have been approved by the FDA. For example, in the case of Medicare coverage for physician-administered oncology drugs, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, with certain exceptions, prohibits Medicare carriers from refusing to cover unapproved uses of an FDA-approved drug if the unapproved use is supported by one or more citations in the American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, the American Medical Association Drug Evaluations, or the United States Pharmacopoeia Drug Information. Another commonly cited compendium, for example under Medicaid, is the DRUGDEX Information System.

Employees

As of December 31, 2016, we had 15 full-time employees.

Corporate Information

The Company was incorporated in Delaware in June 1996. Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ® Capital Market under the symbol “CLRB.”

Our principal executive offices are located at 3301 Agriculture Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53716 and our telephone number is (608) 441-8120. Our corporate website address is www.cellectar.com. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not a part of this annual report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We will require additional capital in order to continue our operations, and may have difficulty raising additional capital.

We expect that we will continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. At December 31, 2016, our consolidated cash balance was approximately $11.4 million. We believe our cash balance at December 31, 2016 is adequate to fund operations into the first quarter of 2018. We will require additional funds to conduct research and development, establish and conduct clinical and pre-clinical trials, establish commercial-scale manufacturing arrangements, and provide for the marketing and distribution of our products. Our ability to execute our operating plan depends on our ability to obtain additional funding via the sale of equity and/or debt securities, a strategic transaction or otherwise. We plan to actively pursue financing alternatives. However, there can be no assurance that we will obtain the necessary funding in the amounts we seek or that it will be available on a timely basis or upon terms acceptable to us.

Our capital requirements and our ability to meet them depend on many factors, including:

We may consume available resources more rapidly than currently anticipated, resulting in the need for additional funding sooner than expected. We may seek to raise any necessary additional funds through the issuance of warrants, equity or debt financings or executing collaborative arrangements with corporate partners or other sources, which may be dilutive to existing stockholders or have a material effect on our current or future business prospects. In addition, in the event that additional funds are obtained through arrangements with collaborative partners or other sources, we may have to relinquish economic and/or proprietary rights to some of our technologies or products under development that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize by ourselves. If we cannot secure adequate financing when needed, we may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate one or more of our research and development programs or to enter into license or other arrangements with third parties to commercialize products or technologies that we would otherwise seek to develop ourselves and commercialize ourselves. In such an event, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We will require additional funds to conduct research and development, establish and conduct pre-clinical and clinical trials, establish commercial-scale manufacturing arrangements and provide for the marketing and distribution of our products. Our ability to execute our operating plan depends on our ability to obtain additional funding via the sale of equity and/or debt securities, a strategic transaction or otherwise.

We have received notices from NASDAQ of non-compliance with its continuing listing rules.

On January 21, 2016 we received a notice from Nasdaq of non-compliance with its listing rules regarding the requirement that the listed securities maintain a minimum bid price of $1 per share. Based upon the closing bid price for the 30 consecutive business days preceding the notice, the Company no longer met this requirement. However, the Rules also provide the Company a period of 180 calendar days in which to regain compliance. On March 4, 2016, the Company effected a reverse stock split at a ratio of 1-for-10, which, among other things, resulted in an increase in the bid price adequate to allow the Company to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. On March 21, 2016, Nasdaq notified the Company that we had regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement.

On August 14, 2015 we received a notice from Nasdaq of non-compliance with its continuing listing rules, namely that our stockholders’ equity at June 30, 2015 of $2,373,371, as reported in our Form 10-Q for the quarter then ended, was less than $2,500,000 minimum. The failure to meet continuing compliance standards subjects our common stock to delisting. The Company submitted a plan to Nasdaq to regain compliance, which was approved by Nasdaq that required a number of actions to be completed by February 10, 2016, including the filing of a registration statement with the SEC for an underwritten public offering of equity and the closing of that offering. The registration statement was timely filed, however the Company did not complete the offering by that date. Nasdaq issued a second notice of non-compliance on February 11, 2016, which the Company appealed. At a hearing on March 31, 2016, the Company requested, and Nasdaq subsequently granted, an extension of time to effect transactions to allow us to regain compliance and to report the same. On April 20, 2016, we closed the 2016 Underwritten Offering, and on May 16, 2016, Nasdaq issued a determination that the Company had evidenced compliance with all requirements for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market and, accordingly, the listing qualifications matter had been closed. We have not received any other notices of non-compliance with Nasdaq listing rules.

We are a clinical-stage company with a going concern qualification to our financial statements and a history of losses, and we can provide no assurance as to our future operating results.

We are a clinical-stage company and have incurred net losses and negative cash flows since inception. We currently have no product revenues, and may not succeed in developing or commercializing any products that will generate product or licensing revenues. We do not expect to have any products on the market for several years. Our primary activity to date has been research and development. In addition, development of our product candidates requires a process of pre-clinical and clinical testing, during which our product candidates could fail. We may not be able to enter into agreements with one or more companies experienced in the manufacturing and marketing of therapeutic drugs and, to the extent that we are unable to do so, we may not be able to market our product candidates. Whether we achieve profitability or not will depend on our success in developing, manufacturing, and marketing our product candidates. We have experienced net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since inception and we expect such losses and negative cash flows to continue for the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2016, we had working capital of approximately $10.5 million and stockholders’ equity of approximately $13.5 million. For the period from Cellectar, Inc.’s inception in November 2002 until the business combination with Novelos Therapeutics, Inc. on April 8, 2011, and thereafter through December 31, 2016, the Company incurred aggregated net losses of approximately $70.8 million. The net loss for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $6.2 million. We may never achieve profitability.

We have a history of recurring losses and an accumulated deficit, which, among other factors, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which in turn may hinder our ability to obtain future financing.

Our financial statements as of December 31, 2016 were prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern. The independent registered public accounting firm that audited our 2016 financial statements, in their report, included an explanatory paragraph referring to our recurring losses since inception and expressing substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on our ability to obtain additional equity or debt financing, attain further operating efficiencies, reduce expenditures, and, ultimately, to generate revenue.

We depend on key personnel who may terminate their employment with us at any time, and our success will depend on our ability to hire additional qualified personnel.

Our success will depend to a significant degree on the continued services of our executive officers. There can be no assurance that these individuals will continue to provide services to us. In addition, our success may depend on our ability to attract and retain other highly skilled personnel. We may be unable to recruit such personnel on a timely basis, if at all. Our management and other employees may voluntarily terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of services of key personnel, or the inability to attract and retain additional qualified personnel, could result in delays in development or approval of our products, loss of sales and diversion of management resources. To date, we have not experienced difficulties in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, but there can be no assurance we will be successful in doing so in the future.

At present, our success is dependent on one or more of the following to occur: The successful development of CLR 131 for the treatment of multiple myeloma or another cancer type, the development of new phospholipid drug conjugates, specifically new products developed from our CTX program and the advancement of our therapeutic or diagnostic imaging agents through research and development and/or commercialization partnerships, none of which can be assured.

We are focused on the development of radiotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic compounds for the treatment of cancer. We possess cancer diagnostic imaging agents also based on our PDC Platform. Our PDC platform is based on our cancer-targeting and delivery technology which provides selective delivery of a diverse range of oncologic payloads to cancer cells and cancer stem cells. By linking various payloads to our proprietary phospholipid ether cancer-targeting vehicle, we believe we can create PDCs with the potential to provide highly targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic payloads to a broad range of cancers. As a result, our PDC platform has the potential to improve the therapeutic index of payloads by minimizing delivery to healthy cells while enhancing delivery to a broad range of cancers.

Our proposed products and their potential applications are in an early stage of clinical and manufacturing/process development and face a variety of risks and uncertainties. Principally, these risks include the following:

If we are unsuccessful in dealing with any of these risks, or if we are unable to successfully advance the development of our cancer-targeting technologies for some other reason, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The failure to complete development of our technology, to obtain government approvals, including required FDA approvals, or to comply with ongoing governmental regulations could prevent, delay or limit introduction or sale of proposed products and result in failure to achieve revenues or maintain our ongoing business.

Our research and development activities and the manufacture and marketing of our intended products are subject to extensive regulation for safety, efficacy and quality by numerous government authorities in the U.S. and abroad. Before receiving clearance to market our proposed products by the FDA, we will have to demonstrate that our products are safe and effective for the patient population for the diseases that are to be treated. Clinical trials, manufacturing, and marketing of drugs, are subject to the rigorous testing and approval process of the FDA and equivalent foreign regulatory authorities. The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and other federal, state and foreign statutes and regulations govern and influence the testing, manufacturing, labeling, advertising, distribution and promotion of drugs and medical devices. As a result, clinical trials and regulatory approval can take many years to accomplish and require the expenditure of substantial financial, managerial, and other resources.

In order to be commercially viable, we must successfully research, develop, obtain regulatory approval for, manufacture, introduce, market, and distribute our technologies. This includes meeting a number of critical developmental milestones including:

The timeframe necessary to achieve these developmental milestones may be long and uncertain, and we may not successfully complete these milestones for any of our intended products in development.

In addition to the risks previously discussed, our technology is subject to developmental risks that include the following:

In order to conduct the clinical trials that are necessary to obtain approval by the FDA to market a product, it is necessary to receive clearance from the FDA to conduct such clinical trials. The FDA can halt clinical trials at any time for safety reasons or because we or our clinical investigators do not follow the FDA’s requirements for conducting clinical trials. If any of our trials are halted, we will not be able to obtain FDA approval until and unless we can address the FDA’s concerns. If we are unable to receive clearance to conduct clinical trials for a product, we will not be able to achieve any revenue from such product in the U.S. as it is illegal to sell any drug for use in humans in the U.S. without FDA approval.

Even if we do ultimately receive FDA approval for any of our products, these products will be subject to extensive ongoing regulation, including regulations governing manufacturing, labeling, packaging, testing, dispensing, prescription, and procurement quotas, record keeping, reporting, handling, shipment and disposal of any such drug. Failure to obtain and maintain required registrations or to comply with any applicable regulations could further delay or preclude development and commercialization of our drugs and subject us to enforcement action.

Clinical trials involve a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

In order to obtain regulatory approval for the commercialization of our product candidates, we must conduct, at our own expense, extensive clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy of these product candidates. Clinical testing is expensive, it can take many years to complete, and its outcome is uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process.

We may experience delays in clinical testing of our product candidates. We do not know whether planned clinical trials will begin on time, will need to be redesigned, or will be completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial, in reaching agreement on acceptable clinical trial terms with prospective sites, in obtaining institutional review board approval to conduct a trial at a prospective site, in recruiting patients to participate in a trial, or in obtaining sufficient supplies of clinical trial materials. Many factors affect patient enrollment, including the size of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, competing clinical trials, and new drugs approved for the conditions we are investigating. Prescribing physicians will also have to decide to use our product candidates over existing drugs that have established safety and efficacy profiles. Any delays in completing our clinical trials will increase our costs, slow down our product development and approval process, and delay our ability to generate revenue.

In addition, the results of pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates do not necessarily predict the results of later-stage clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through initial clinical testing. The data collected from clinical trials of our product candidates may not be sufficient to support the submission of a New Drug Application or to obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere. Because of the uncertainties associated with drug development and regulatory approval, we cannot determine if or when we will have an approved product for commercialization, or will achieve sales or profits.

Our clinical trials may not demonstrate sufficient levels of efficacy necessary to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals for our drugs, and our proposed drugs may not be approved for marketing.

We may be required to suspend or discontinue clinical trials due to unexpected side effects or other safety risks that could preclude approval of our product candidates.

Our clinical trials may be suspended at any time for a number of reasons. For example, we may voluntarily suspend or terminate our clinical trials if at any time we believe that they present an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. In addition, regulatory agencies may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of our clinical trials at any time if they believe that the clinical trials are not being conducted in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements or that they present an unacceptable safety risk to the clinical trial patients.

Administering any product candidates to humans may produce undesirable side effects. These side effects could interrupt, delay, or halt clinical trials of our product candidates and could result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities denying further development or approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Ultimately, some or all of our product candidates may prove to be unsafe for human use. Moreover, we could be subject to significant liability if any volunteer or patient suffers, or appears to suffer, adverse health effects as a result of participating in our clinical trials.

We have limited in-house research and manufacturing capacity and will continue to rely, to some extent, on research and manufacturing facilities at various universities, hospitals, contract research organizations and contract manufacturers for a portion of our research, development, and manufacturing. In the event we exceed our in-house capacity or lose access to those facilities, our ability to gain FDA approval and commercialization of our drug delivery technology and products could be delayed or impaired.

We remain in the research and development and clinical and pre-clinical trial phase of product commercialization and have limited experience in establishing, supervising and conducting commercial manufacturing. Accordingly, if our products are approved for commercial sale, we will need to establish the capability, work with our existing contract manufacturer to expand their capability, or engage a contract manufacturer that has the capability, to commercially manufacture our products in accordance with FDA and other regulatory requirements. There can be no assurance that we would be able to successfully establish any such capability, or identify a suitable manufacturing partner on acceptable terms.

At the present time, we have limited research, development or manufacturing capabilities within our facilities. Our manufacturing facility in Madison, Wisconsin has capacity to supply drug product for Phase 2 studies of CLR 131. The Company is currently in the process of expanding capacity for a Phase 3 study, through our relationship with the Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization (CPDC), a well-respected cGMP manufacturing organization specializing in radiopharmaceuticals. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on contracting with third parties to use their facilities to conduct research, development and manufacturing. The limited facilities we have to conduct research, development and manufacturing may delay or impair our ability to gain FDA approval and commercialization of our drug delivery technology and products.

We may rely on third-party contract research organizations, service providers and suppliers to support development and clinical testing of our products. This may expose us to the risks of not being able to directly oversee the production and quality of the manufacturing process. Furthermore, these contractors, whether foreign or domestic, may experience regulatory compliance difficulties, mechanical shutdowns, employee strikes, or other unforeseeable acts that may delay production. Failure of any of these contractors to provide the required services in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms could materially delay the development and approval of our products, increase our expenses, and materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

We believe that we have a good working relationship with our contractors. However, should the situation change, we may be required to relocate these activities on short notice, and we do not currently have access to alternate facilities to which we could relocate our research, development and/or manufacturing activities. The cost and time to establish or locate an alternate research, development and/or manufacturing facility to develop our technology would be substantial and would delay obtaining FDA approval and commercializing our products.

We expect to rely heavily on orphan drug status to develop and commercialize our product candidates, but our orphan drug designations may not confer marketing exclusivity or other expected commercial benefits.

We expect to rely heavily on orphan drug exclusivity for our product candidates. Orphan drug status confers seven years of marketing exclusivity under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and up to ten years of marketing exclusivity in Europe for a particular product in a specified indication. We have been granted orphan drug designation in the United States for CLR 124 as a diagnostic for the management of glioma and for CLR 131 as a therapeutic for the treatment of multiple myeloma. While we have been granted these orphan designations, we will not be able to rely on them to exclude other companies from manufacturing or selling products using the same principal molecular structural features for the same indication beyond these timeframes. For any product candidate for which we have been or will be granted orphan drug designation in a particular indication, it is possible that another company also holding orphan drug designation for the same product candidate will receive marketing approval for the same indication before we do. If that were to happen, our applications for that indication may not be approved until the competing company’s period of exclusivity expires. Even if we are the first to obtain marketing authorization for an orphan drug indication, there are circumstances under which a competing product may be approved for the same indication during the seven-year period of marketing exclusivity, such as if the later product is shown to be clinically superior to the orphan product, or if the later product is deemed a different product than ours. Further, the seven-year marketing exclusivity would not prevent competitors from obtaining approval of the same product candidate as ours for indications other than those in which we have been granted orphan drug designation, or for the use of other types of products in the same indications as our orphan product, or during such seven-year period for other indications.

We are exposed to product, clinical and pre-clinical liability risks that could create a substantial financial burden should we be sued.

Our business exposes us to potential product liability and other liability risks that are inherent in the testing, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical products. In addition, the use, in our clinical trials, of pharmaceutical products that we, or our current or potential collaborators, may develop and then subsequently sell, may cause us to bear a portion of, or all product liability risks. While we carry an insurance policy covering up to $5,000,000 per occurrence and $5,000,000 in the aggregate of liability incurred in connection with such claims should they arise, there can be no assurance that our insurance will be adequate to cover all situations. Moreover, there can be no assurance that such insurance, or additional insurance, if required, will be available in the future or, if available, will be available on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, our current and potential partners with whom we have collaborative agreements, or our future licensees, may not be willing to indemnify us against these types of liabilities, and may not themselves be sufficiently insured or have a net worth sufficient to satisfy any product liability claims. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

Acceptance of our products in the marketplace is uncertain, and failure to achieve market acceptance will prevent or delay our ability to generate revenues.

Our future financial performance will depend, at least in part, on the introduction and customer acceptance of our proposed products. Even if approved for marketing by the necessary regulatory authorities, our products may not achieve market acceptance. The degree of market acceptance will depend on a number of factors including:

Physicians, patients, payers, or the medical community in general, may be unwilling to accept, use, or recommend any of our products. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval or commercialize and market our proposed products as planned, we may not achieve any market acceptance or generate revenue.

We may face litigation from third parties who claim that our products infringe on their intellectual property rights, particularly because there is often substantial uncertainty about the validity and breadth of medical patents.

We may be exposed to future litigation by third parties based on claims that our technologies, products, or activities infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, or that we have misappropriated the trade secrets of others. This risk is exacerbated by the fact that the validity and breadth of claims covered in medical technology patents, and the breadth and scope of trade-secret protection, involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles are unresolved. Any litigation or claims against us, whether valid or not, could result in substantial costs, could place a significant strain on our financial and managerial resources, and could harm our reputation. License agreements that we may enter into in the future would likely require that we pay the costs associated with defending this type of litigation. In addition, intellectual property litigation or claims could force us to do one or more of the following:

If we are unable to protect or enforce our rights to intellectual property adequately or to secure rights to third-party patents, we may lose valuable rights, experience reduced market share, assuming any, or incur costly litigation to protect our intellectual property rights.

Our ability to obtain licenses to patents, maintain trade-secret protection, and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others, will be important to commercializing any products under development. Therefore, any disruption in access to the technology could substantially delay the development of our technology.

The patent positions of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, such as ours, that involve licensing agreements, are frequently uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued or in subsequent legal proceedings. Consequently, our patent applications and any issued and licensed patents may not provide protection against competitive technologies or may be held invalid if challenged or circumvented. To the extent we license patents from third parties, the early termination of any such license agreement would result in the loss of our rights to use the covered patents, which could severely delay, inhibit, or eliminate our ability to develop and commercialize compounds based on the licensed patents. Our competitors may also independently develop products similar to ours or design around or otherwise circumvent patents issued or licensed to us. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as U.S. law.

We also rely on trade secrets, technical know-how, and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. Although we generally require our employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to execute appropriate confidentiality and assignment-of-inventions agreements, our competitors may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques, reverse engineer our information and techniques, or otherwise gain access to our proprietary technology. We may be unable to meaningfully protect our rights in trade secrets, technical know-how and other non-patented technology.

We may have to resort to litigation to protect our rights for certain intellectual property or to determine their scope, validity or enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Enforcing or defending our rights is expensive, could cause diversion of our resources, and may not prove successful. Any failure to enforce or protect our rights could cause us to lose the ability to exclude others from using our technology to develop or sell competing products.

Confidentiality agreements with employees and others may not adequately prevent disclosure of our trade secrets and other proprietary information, and may not adequately protect our intellectual property, which could limit our ability to compete.

We operate in the highly technical field of research and development of small-molecule drugs, and rely in part on trade-secret protection in order to protect our proprietary trade secrets and unpatented know-how. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect, and we cannot be certain that our competitors will not develop the same or similar technologies on their own. We have taken steps, including entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers, and other advisors, to protect our trade secrets and unpatented know-how. These agreements generally require that the other party keep confidential and not disclose to third parties all confidential information developed by the party or made known to the party by us during the course of the party’s relationship with us. Also, we typically obtain agreements from these parties, which provide inventions conceived by the party in the course of rendering services to us, will be our exclusive property. However, these agreements may not be honored and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us. Enforcing a claim that a party has illegally obtained, and is using our trade secrets or know-how, is difficult, expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets or know-how. The failure to obtain or maintain trade-secret protection could adversely affect our competitive position.

We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

As is common in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that we, or these employees, have used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers, either inadvertently or otherwise. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

The use of hazardous materials, including radioactive materials, in our research and development imposes certain compliance costs on us and may subject us to liability for claims arising from the use or misuse of these materials.

Our research and development, manufacturing, and administration of our drugs involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and radioactive materials, such as radioactive isotopes. We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the storage, use, and disposal of these materials and some waste products, and are required to maintain both a manufacturer’s license and a radioactive materials license with State of Wisconsin agencies. We believe that our safety procedures for the storage, use, and disposal of these materials comply with the standards prescribed by federal, state and local regulations. However, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. If there were to be an accident, we could be held liable for any damages that result, which could exceed our financial resources. We currently maintain insurance coverage, with limits of up to $2,500,000 depending on the nature of the claim, for damages resulting from the hazardous materials we use; however, future claims may exceed the amount of our coverage. Also, we do not have insurance coverage for pollution cleanup and removal. Currently the costs of complying with federal, state, and local regulations are not significant, and consist primarily of waste disposal expenses and permitting fees. However, they could become expensive, and current or future environmental regulations may impair our research, development, production, and commercialization efforts. If we are unable to maintain the required licenses and permits for any reason, it will negatively impact our research and development activities.

Due to our limited marketing, sales, and distribution experience, we may be unsuccessful in our efforts to sell our proposed products, enter into relationships with third parties, or develop a direct sales organization.

We have not established marketing, sales, or distribution capabilities for our proposed products. Until such time as our proposed products are further along in the development process, we will not devote any meaningful time and resources to this effort. At the appropriate time, we will determine whether we will develop our own sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell our products.

We have limited experience in developing, training, or managing a sales force. If we choose to establish a direct sales force, we may incur substantial additional expenses in developing, training, and managing such an organization. We may be unable to build a sales force on a cost-effective basis or at all. Any such direct marketing and sales efforts may prove to be unsuccessful. In addition, we will compete with many other companies that currently have extensive marketing and sales operations. Our marketing and sales efforts may be unable to compete against these other companies. We may be unable to establish a sufficient sales and marketing organization on a timely basis, if at all.

If we choose to enter into agreements with third parties to sell our proposed products, we may be unable to establish or maintain third-party relationships on a commercially reasonable basis, if at all. In addition, these third parties may have similar or more established relationships with our competitors.

We may be unable to engage qualified distributors. Even if engaged, these distributors may:

If we fail to develop sales, marketing, and distribution channels, we would experience delays in product sales and incur increased costs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operation.

If we are unable to convince physicians of the benefits of our intended products, we may incur delays or additional expense in our attempt to establish market acceptance.

Achieving use of our products in the target market of cancer diagnosis and treatment may require physicians to be informed regarding these products and their intended benefits. The time and cost of such an educational process may be substantial. Inability to successfully carry out this physician education process may adversely affect market acceptance of our proposed products. We may be unable to educate physicians in a timely manner regarding our intended proposed products, in sufficient numbers, to achieve our marketing plans or to achieve product acceptance. Any delay in physician education may materially delay or reduce demand for our proposed products. In addition, we may expend significant funds towards physician education before any acceptance or demand for our proposed products is created, if at all.

The market for our proposed products is rapidly changing and competitive, and new therapeutics, new drugs, and new treatments that may be developed by others, could impair our ability to maintain and grow our business and remain competitive.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are subject to rapid and substantial technological change. Developments by others may render our technologies and intended products non-competitive or obsolete, or we may be unable to keep pace with technological developments or other market factors. Technological competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities, governmental entities, and others diversifying into the field, is intense and expected to increase. Most of these entities have significantly greater research and development capabilities and budgets than we do, as well as substantially more marketing, manufacturing, financial, and managerial resources. These entities represent significant competition for us. Acquisitions of, or investments in, competing pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies by large corporations could increase our competitors’ financial, marketing, manufacturing, and other resources.

Our resources are limited and we may experience management, operational, or technical challenges inherent in such activities and novel technologies. Competitors have developed, or are in the process of developing, technologies that are, or in the future may be, the basis for competition. Some of these technologies may accomplish therapeutic effects similar to those of our technology, but through different means. Our competitors may develop drugs and drug delivery technologies that are more effective than our intended products and, therefore, present a serious competitive threat to us.

The potential widespread acceptance of therapies that are alternatives to ours may limit market acceptance of our products even if they are commercialized. Many of our targeted diseases and conditions can also be treated by other medication or drug delivery technologies. These treatments may be widely accepted in medical communities and have a longer history of use. The established use of these competitive drugs may limit the potential for our technologies and products to receive widespread acceptance if commercialized.

If users of our products are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement from third-party payers, or if additional healthcare reform measures are adopted, it could hinder or prevent our product candidates’ commercial success.

The continuing efforts of government and insurance companies, health maintenance organizations and other payers of healthcare costs to contain or reduce costs of healthcare may adversely affect our ability to generate future revenues and achieve profitability, including by limiting the future revenues and profitability of our potential customers, suppliers, and collaborative partners. For example, in certain foreign markets pricing or profitability of prescription pharmaceuticals are subject to government control. The U.S. government is implementing, and other governments have shown significant interest in pursuing, healthcare reform. Any government-adopted reform measures could adversely affect the pricing of healthcare products and services in the U.S. or internationally and the amount of reimbursement available from governmental agencies or other third-party payers. The continuing efforts of the U.S. and foreign governments, insurance companies, managed care organizations, and other payers of healthcare services to contain or reduce healthcare costs may adversely affect our ability to set prices for our products, should we be successful in commercializing them, and this would negatively affect our ability to generate revenues and achieve and maintain profitability.

New laws, regulations and judicial decisions, or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations and decisions, that relate to healthcare availability, methods of delivery or payment for healthcare products and services, or sales, marketing or pricing of healthcare products and services, may also limit our potential revenue and may require us to revise our research and development programs. The pricing and reimbursement environment may change in the future and become more challenging for several reasons, including policies advanced by the current or future executive administrations in the U.S., new healthcare legislation, or fiscal challenges faced by government health administration authorities. Specifically, in both the U.S. and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. In the U.S., changes in federal healthcare policy were enacted in 2010 and are being implemented. Some reforms could result in reduced reimbursement rates for our product candidates, which would adversely affect our business strategy, operations, and financial results. Our ability to commercialize our products will depend in part on the extent to which appropriate reimbursement levels for the cost of our products and related treatment are obtained by governmental authorities, private health insurers, and other organizations such as health maintenance organizations (HMOs). Third-party payers are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical drugs and services. Also, the trend toward managed healthcare in the U.S. and the concurrent growth of organizations such as HMOs that could control or significantly influence the purchase of healthcare services and drugs, as well as legislative proposals to reform healthcare or change government insurance programs, may all result in lower prices for or rejection of our drugs. The cost containment measures that healthcare payers and providers are instituting, and the effect of any healthcare reform, could materially harm our ability to operate profitably.

Our stock price has experienced price fluctuations.

There can be no assurance that the market price for our common stock will remain at its current level and a decrease in the market price could result in substantial losses for investors. The market price of our common stock may be significantly affected by one or more of the following factors:

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

If we fail to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, the price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. We are required to establish and maintain appropriate internal controls over financial reporting. Failure to establish those controls, or any failure of those controls once established, could adversely affect our public disclosures regarding our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, management’s assessment of internal controls over financial reporting may identify weaknesses and conditions that need to be addressed in our internal controls over financial reporting or other matters that may raise concerns for investors. Any actual or perceived weaknesses and conditions that need to be addressed in our internal control over financial reporting or disclosure of management’s assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting may have an adverse impact on the price of our common stock.

We are required to comply with certain provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and if we fail to continue to comply, our business could be harmed and our stock price could decline.

Rules adopted by the SEC pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 require an annual assessment of internal controls over financial reporting, and for certain issuers an attestation of this assessment by the issuer’s independent registered public accounting firm. The standards that must be met for management to assess the internal controls over financial reporting as effective are evolving and complex, and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation to meet the detailed standards. We expect to incur significant expenses and to devote resources to Section 404 compliance on an ongoing basis. It is difficult for us to predict how long it will take or costly it will be to complete the assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for each year and to remediate any deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we may not be able to complete the assessment and remediation process on a timely basis. In addition, although attestation requirements by our independent registered public accounting firm are not presently applicable to us we could become subject to these requirements in the future and we may encounter problems or delays in completing the implementation of any resulting changes to internal controls over financial reporting. In the event that our Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer determine that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective as defined under Section 404, we cannot predict how regulators will react or how the market prices of our shares will be affected; however, we believe that there is a risk that investor confidence and share value may be negatively affected.

Our common stock could be further diluted as the result of the issuance of additional shares of common stock, convertible securities, warrants or options.

In the past, we have issued common stock, convertible securities (such as convertible preferred stock and notes) and warrants in order to raise capital. We have also issued options as compensation for services and incentive compensation for our employees and directors. We have shares of common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of certain of these securities and may increase the shares reserved for these purposes in the future. Our issuance of additional common stock, convertible securities, options and warrants could affect the rights of our stockholders, could reduce the market price of our common stock or could result in adjustments to exercise prices of outstanding warrants (resulting in these securities becoming exercisable for, as the case may be, a greater number of shares of our common stock), or could obligate us to issue additional shares of common stock to certain of our stockholders.

Provisions of our charter, bylaws, and Delaware law may make an acquisition of us or a change in our management more difficult.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which an investor might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions also could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock or warrants, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. Stockholders who wish to participate in these transactions may not have the opportunity to do so.

Furthermore, these provisions could prevent or frustrate attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions:

In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may, unless certain criteria are met, prohibit large stockholders, in particular those owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from merging or combining with us for a prescribed period of time.

We have not paid dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return on investment may be limited to the value of our common stock.

No cash dividends have been paid on our common stock. We do not expect to pay cash dividends in the near future. Payment of dividends would depend upon our profitability at the time, cash available for those dividends, and other factors as our board of directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on an investor’s investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates.

We lease office, laboratory and manufacturing space in Madison, Wisconsin. The space consists of approximately 19,500 square feet and is rented for approximately $14,500 per month under an agreement that expires on September 14, 2018. The lease may be renewed for two-year periods through 2024 with an increase of 3% in annual rent. We believe that our present facilities are adequate to meet our current needs.  If new or additional production space is required, we believe that adequate facilities are available at competitive prices, but may require significant investment in leasehold improvements.

None.

Not applicable.

PART II

MARKET FOR COMMON EQUITY

Market Information

Prior to February 12, 2014, our stock was quoted under the ticker symbol NVLT; on that date, our ticker symbol was changed to CLRB in connection with the change in our corporate name. Our common stock was quoted under the CLRB ticker symbol on the OTCQX platform until August 15, 2014, since which time it has been listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market.

The following table provides, for the periods indicated, the high and low intraday sale prices for our common stock as reported by Nasdaq. Historical stock prices have been adjusted to give effect to a 1-for-10 reverse split of the Company’s common stock effective at the close of business on March 4, 2016.

On March 10, 2017 there were 336 holders of record of our common stock. This number does not include stockholders for whom shares were held in a “nominee” or “street” name.

We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently expect to retain future earnings, if any, for the continued development of our business.

Our transfer agent and registrar is American Stock Transfer and Trust Company, 6201 15^th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219.

Equity compensation plans

During 2015, we issued 37,500 options to our Chief Executive Officer that were not issued pursuant to our 2015 Stock Incentive Plan. These options vest annually over four years and expire ten years after the date of grant. During 2016, we issued 75,000 options to our Senior Vice President that were not issued pursuant to our 2015 Stock Incentive Plan. These options vest annually over three years and expire ten years after the date of grant. For all option issuances, the option price per share is not less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant.

The following table provides information as of December 31, 2016 regarding shares authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, including individual compensation arrangements.

Equity compensation plan information

Not applicable.

Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which we refer to as the Exchange Act. For this purpose, any statements contained herein regarding our strategy, future operations, financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management, other than statements of historical facts, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “projects,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. We cannot guarantee that we actually will achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements. There are a number of important factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. These important factors include our significant accounting estimates and the risk factors set forth above under the caption “Risk Factors.” Although we may elect to update forward-looking statements in the future, we specifically disclaim any obligation to do so, even if our estimates change, and readers should not rely on those forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this annual report.

Overview

Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. (the Company) is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of targeted phospholipid drug conjugates (PDCs) for the treatment and imaging of cancer. The Company’s research and development program is based on its proprietary PDC cancer targeting delivery platform. The delivery platform possesses the potential for the discovery and development of a broad range of cancer targeting agents. The Company’s pipeline is comprised of pre-clinical and clinical product candidates including radiotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic PDC’s. The pipeline also includes diagnostic and optical imaging assets. The Company’s research and development resources are focused on the clinical advancement of its therapeutic PDC’s.

Our core Company strategy is to leverage our industry leading PDC, proprietary cancer-targeting delivery platform to generate capital, supplement internal resources, and accelerate and broaden product candidate clinical development through strategic asset and research collaborations.

Our shares are listed on the Nasdaq® Capital Market under the symbol CLRB; prior to August 15, 2014, our shares were quoted on the OTCQX® marketplace, and prior to February 12, 2014 were quoted under the symbol NVLT.

Our PDC platform is based on our cancer-targeting and delivery technology which provides selective delivery of a diverse range of oncologic payloads to cancer cells and cancer stem cells. By linking various drug payloads to our proprietary phospholipid ether cancer-targeting vehicle, we believe we can generate PDCs with the potential to provide highly targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic payloads to a broad range of cancers. As a result, our PDC platform has the potential to improve the therapeutic index of drug payloads, enhancing or maintaining efficacy while reducing adverse events by minimizing drug delivery to healthy cells, increasing delivery to cancer cells and cancer stem cells in a broad range of cancerous tumors. The PDC product portfolio includes:

We believe our PDC platform has potential to provide targeted delivery of a diverse range of oncologic payloads, as exemplified by the product candidates listed above, that may result in improvements upon current standard of care (SOC) for the treatment and imaging of a broad range of human cancers.

Results of Operations

Research and development expense. Research and development expense consists of costs incurred in identifying, developing and testing, and manufacturing product candidates, which primarily include salaries and related expenses for personnel, costs of our research and manufacturing facility, cost of manufacturing materials, and contract manufacturing fees paid to contract research organizations, fees paid to medical institutions for clinical trials, and costs to secure intellectual property. The Company analyzes its research and development expenses based on four categories as follows: clinical projects, pre-clinical projects, chemistry and manufacturing costs, and general fixed and overhead costs that are not allocated to the functional project costs, including personnel costs, facility costs, related overhead costs, and patent costs.

General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries and other related costs for personnel in executive, finance, and administrative functions.  Other costs include insurance, costs for public company activities, investor relations, directors’ fees, and professional fees for legal and accounting services.

Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015

Research and Development. Research and development expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $4,750,000 (composed of approximately $1,047,000 in clinical project costs, $270,000 of manufacturing and related costs and $3,433,000 in general unallocated research and development costs) compared to approximately $5,159,000 (composed of approximately $1,109,000 in clinical project costs, $26,000 of preclinical project costs, $540,000 of manufacturing and related costs and $3,484,000 in general unallocated research and development costs) for 2015. The overall decrease in research and development of approximately $408,000, or 8% was primarily related to the decrease of approximately $473,000 in personnel costs due to a reduction in personnel during 2015 and 2016, a decrease of approximately $100,000 in lab supplies due to the closure of the CLR 124 trial in 2015, a decrease in building related costs of approximately $65,000, a decrease in patent related costs of approximately $45,000, offset by an increase in consulting fees related to the initiation of the Phase 2 hematologic malignancies study of approximately $275,000.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $4,699,000 compared to approximately $3,395,000 in 2015. The increase of $1,304,000, or 38%, in general and administrative costs was primarily related to an increase in personnel related costs of approximately $427,000, an increase in accounting fees of $319,000, an increase in purchased services related to consulting, investor relations and public company compliance related costs including printing of approximately $490,000 and an increase in legal fees of approximately $68,000.

Restructuring Costs. The Company recorded approximately $204,000 for restructuring costs in 2015. We had no such expense in the year ended December 31, 2016.

Gain on Revaluation of Derivative Warrants. We recorded a gain on the revaluation of derivative warrants of approximately $3,262,000 in 2016 and $3,668,000 in 2015. These amounts, which are non-cash in nature, represent the change in fair value (resulting primarily from renegotiating the terms of the warrants which resulted in their no longer being classified as derivatives, changes in the Company’s stock price, and reduced remaining time over which the warrants will remain outstanding), during the respective period, of outstanding warrants which are classified as liabilities because they contain a certain type of cash settlement provision or a “down-round” anti-dilution provision whereby the number of shares for which the warrants are exercisable and/or the exercise price of the warrants is subject to change in the event of certain issuances of stock at prices below the then-effective exercise prices of the warrants.

Loss on Issuance of Derivative Warrants. A charge of approximately $404,000 was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2015, which represents the amount by which the initial fair value of warrants issued in connection with the October 2015 Public Offering (see Note 8 to the financial statements) exceeded the net proceeds received from the offering. When issued, these warrants were classified as derivative liabilities because they included “down-round” anti-dilution protection. For the year ended December 31, 2016 we did not issue any new derivative securities; therefore, we had no such expense.

Interest income (expense), net. Interest income, net, for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $8,000, as compared to an expense of approximately ($1,000) for the year ended December 31, 2015. The increase is due both to the interest earned on the Company’s cash equivalents as well as a reduction in interest expense. In 2016 the Company had approximately $1,500 of interest expense related to the Company’s outstanding debt owed to the Wisconsin Department of Commerce, as compared to $4,000 in 2015.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations since inception primarily through the sale of equity securities and securities convertible into equity securities. As of December 31, 2016, we had approximately $11.4 million in cash and cash equivalents. To date we have raised capital aggregating approximately $164 million.

On November 29, 2016 the Company closed on an underwritten public offering (the “November 2016 Underwritten Offering”) of 1.6 million shares of common stock, 68 shares of Series A preferred stock convertible into 4,533,336 share of common stock, and Series C warrants to purchase 6.3 million shares of common stock, reflecting the exercise in full of the Underwriter’s over-allotment option. The gross proceeds of the offering amounted to $9.2 million with net proceeds to the Company of approximately $8.3 million.

On April 20, 2016 the Company closed an underwritten public offering (the “April 2016 Underwritten Offering”) of 1,871,321 shares of its common stock and Series B pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,908,021 shares of common stock, plus the issuance of Series A warrants to purchase 3,779,342 shares of common stock, reflecting the exercise in full of the Underwriter’s over-allotment option. The gross proceeds of the offering amounted to approximately $8.0 million with net proceeds to the Company of approximately $7.2 million.

On April 13, 2016, the Company entered into an exchange and amendment agreement (the “Warrant Restructuring Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company agreed with the holders of 2015 Series A Warrants that upon the consummation of the April 2016 Underwritten Offering, the exercise price of the 2015 Series A Warrants would be reduced to the public offering price per share of the shares of common stock sold in this offering and that the warrants would be amended such that the exercise price would no longer be subject to adjustment in connection with future equity offerings we may undertake. In consideration of this amendment, the Company agreed to issue to each of those holders a new warrant to purchase an additional number of shares of common stock equal to twice the number of shares of common stock underlying the 2015 Series A Warrants held by them (the “Incremental Series A Warrants”). These warrants have an exercise price equal to $2.13 (the public offering price of the shares of common stock sold in the April 2016 Underwritten Offering), became exercisable on October 20, 2016, and expire on the fifth anniversary of that date.

On October 1, 2015, the Company completed a registered direct offering of 101,727 shares of our common stock and Series B pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 48,273 shares of our common stock at an offering price of $22.00 per share (collectively, the “2015 Registered Offering”).

In a concurrent private placement (the “2015 Private Placement” and, together with the 2015 Registered Offering, the “2015 Offerings”), the Company issued a Series A warrant (the “Series A Warrants” and, together with the Shares and the Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Securities”) to purchase one share of our common stock for each share of common stock purchased or pre-funded in the 2015 Registered Offering. The Series A Warrants cover, in the aggregate, 150,000 shares of common stock and become exercisable six months following the date of issuance at an exercise price of $28.30 per share and expire five years from the date they become exercisable. As discussed immediately above, the warrants issued as part of this offering have been either renegotiated or extinguished.

The 2015 Offerings resulted in gross proceeds of $3.3 million and net proceeds of approximately $2.9 million after deducting transaction costs. Additionally, the placement agent received a warrant to purchase up to 3,750 shares of our common stock at $28.30 per share, the fair value of which was approximately $61,000 at issuance and had no effect on stockholders’ equity.

In connection with the entry into the purchase agreement, the Company and the purchasers entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), which required the Company to file a registration statement on Form S-3 to provide for the resale of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Series A Warrants. The Company will also be required to file one or more registration statements from time to time to register the issuance or resale of any additional shares of Common Stock that may become issuable as a result of the Offerings. The Company will be obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep any registration statement effective until the earlier of (i) the date on which the shares of Common Stock subject to the registration statement may be sold without registration pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, or (ii) the date on which all of the shares of Common Stock subject to the registration statement have been sold under the registration statement or pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act or any other rule of similar effect.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, approximately $8,282,000 in cash was used in operations. During this period we reported a net loss of approximately $6,180,000. This loss included the following non-cash items: approximately $529,000 in stock-based compensation, and approximately $357,000 in depreciation and amortization expense, offset by a gain of approximately $3,262,000 related to warrants that are classified as derivative instruments. After adjustment for these non-cash items, changes in working capital provided cash of $274,000, which was the result of $740,000 from the timing of payments of accounts payable and accrued expenses and an increase in prepaid expenses of approximately $466,000.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, we purchased approximately $72,000 in fixed assets.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes that we will continue as a going concern and that contemplates the continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. We have incurred losses since inception in devoting substantially all of our efforts toward research and development and have an accumulated deficit of approximately $71.0 million at December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we generated a net loss of approximately $6.2 million and we expect that we will continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. At December 31, 2016, our consolidated cash balance was approximately $11.4 million. We believe this cash balance is adequate to fund budgeted operations into first quarter 2018. Our ability to execute our operating plan beyond that time depends on our ability to obtain additional funding via the sale of equity and/or debt securities, a strategic transaction or otherwise. We have, in the past, successfully completed multiple rounds of financings, but, due to market conditions and other factors, including our development stage, the proceeds we have been able to secure have been less than the amounts we sought to obtain. We plan to actively pursue all available financing alternatives; however, we have not entered into negotiations for any such transactions and there can be no assurance that we will obtain the necessary funding. Other than the uncertainties regarding our ability to obtain additional funding and the repayment of convertible debt obligations, there are currently no known trends, demands, commitments, events or uncertainties that are likely to materially affect our liquidity.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, requires management to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience, knowledge of current conditions and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We review these estimates and assumptions periodically and reflect the effects of revisions in the period that they are determined to be necessary.

We believe that the following accounting policies reflect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Accrued Liabilities. As part of the process of preparing financial statements, we are required to estimate accrued liabilities. This process involves identifying services that have been performed on our behalf, and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for such service as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements. Examples of estimated expenses for which we accrue include: contract service fees such as amounts paid to clinical research organizations and investigators in conjunction with clinical trials; fees paid to vendors in conjunction with the manufacturing of clinical materials; and professional service fees, such as for lawyers and accountants. In connection with such service fees, our estimates are most affected by our understanding of the status and timing of services provided relative to the actual levels of services incurred by such service providers. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed. In the event that we do not identify certain costs that have begun to be incurred, or we over- or underestimate the level of services performed or the costs of such services, our reported expenses for such period would be too high or too low. The date on which certain services commence, the level of services performed on or before a given date and the cost of such services are often determined based on subjective judgments. We make these judgments based on the facts and circumstances known to us, in accordance with GAAP.

Goodwill. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015 there was approximately $1.7 million of goodwill recorded on the balance sheet. We are required to evaluate goodwill for impairment annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth fiscal quarter and additionally on an interim basis if an event occurs or circumstances change such as a decline in the Company’s stock price, or a material adverse change in the business climate, which would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount.

Long-Lived Assets. With the exception of goodwill, our only long-lived assets are property and equipment. The Company periodically evaluates long-lived assets for potential impairment. Whenever events or circumstances change, an assessment is made as to whether there has been impairment to the value of long-lived assets by determining whether projected undiscounted cash flows generated by the applicable asset exceed its net book value as of the assessment date.

Stock-based Compensation. We account for stock-based compensation by measuring the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The cost of non-performance based awards is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, the requisite service period (usually the vesting period). For stock options with performance-based vesting provisions, recognition of compensation expense commences if and when the achievement of the performance criteria is deemed probable and is recognized over the relevant performance period. We account for transactions in which services are received from non-employees in exchange for equity instruments based on the fair value of such services received or of the equity instruments issued (using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model) whichever is more reliably measured. The measurement of stock-based compensation for non-employees is subject to periodic adjustments as the options vest, and the expense is recognized over the period during which a non-employee is required to provide services for the award (usually the vesting period).

Accounting for equity instruments granted or sold by us under accounting guidance requires fair-value estimates of the equity instrument granted or sold. If our estimates of the fair value of these equity instruments are too high or too low, our expenses may be over- or understated. For equity instruments granted or sold in exchange for the receipt of goods or services, we estimate the fair value of the equity instruments based on consideration of factors that we deem to be relevant at that time.

Derivative Warrants. Certain warrants to purchase common stock that do not meet the requirements for classification as equity, in accordance with the Derivatives and Hedging Topic of the FASB ASC, are classified as liabilities on our balance sheet. In such instances, net-cash settlement is assumed for financial reporting purposes, even when the terms of the underlying contracts do not provide for a net-cash settlement. These warrants are considered derivative instruments as the agreements allow cash settlement in certain circumstances or contain either “down-round” provisions whereby the number of shares for which the warrants are exercisable and/or the exercise price of the warrants is subject to change in the event of certain issuances of stock at prices below the then-effective exercise price of the warrants. The primary underlying risk exposure pertaining to the warrants is the change in fair value of the underlying common stock. Such financial instruments are initially recorded at fair value, or relative fair value when issued with other instruments, with subsequent changes in fair value recorded as a component of gain or loss on derivatives in each reporting period.

The fair value of the outstanding derivative warrants is estimated as of a reporting date. Where an active market for the warrant exists, fair value is based on the market value. Where no active market exists, the Company principally uses a modified option-pricing model together with assumptions that consider, among other variables, the fair value of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rates, volatility, contractual term of the warrants, projected future financings and dividend rates in estimating fair value for the warrants considered to be derivative instruments. We estimate volatility based on an average of our historical volatility and volatility estimates of publicly held drug development companies with similar market capitalizations. If our estimates of the fair value of these derivative warrants are too high or too low, our expenses may be over- or understated.

Fair value measurements. We account for certain financial assets at fair value, defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., exit price) in the principal, most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that a market participant would use in pricing an asset or liability. If management made different assumptions or judgments, material differences in measurements of fair value could occur.

Contingencies. From time to time, we may become involved in legal disputes regarding our products in development, intellectual property rights, stockholder claims or other matters. We assess each matter to determine if a contingent liability should be recorded. In making this assessment, we may consult, depending on the nature of the matter, with external legal counsel and technical experts. Based on the information we obtain, combined with our judgment regarding all the facts and circumstances of each matter, we determine whether it is probable that a contingent loss may be incurred and whether the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Should a loss be probable and reasonably estimable, we record a loss. In determining the amount of the loss, we consider advice received from experts in the specific matter, current status of legal proceedings, if any, prior case history and other factors. Should the judgments and estimates made by us be incorrect, we may need to record additional contingent losses that could materially adversely impact the results of operations and financial conditions.

Not applicable.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR CELLECTAR BIOSCIENCES, INC.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders
Cellectar Biosciences, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. and Subsidiary (the "Company") as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the years then ended. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of its internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management as well as evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. and Subsidiary as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the results of their operations and cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company incurred losses since its inception and, as of December 31, 2016 has an accumulated deficit of $70,787,026. These factors raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ Baker Tilly Virchow Krause, LLP

Madison, Wisconsin
March 15, 2017

CELLECTAR BIOSCIENCES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

See report of independent registered public accounting firm and accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

CELLECTAR BIOSCIENCES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

See report of independent registered public accounting firm and accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

CELLECTAR BIOSCIENCES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

See report of independent registered public accounting firm and accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

CELLECTAR BIOSCIENCES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

See report of independent registered public accounting firm and accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

CELLECTAR BIOSCIENCES, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. NATURE OF BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION AND GOING CONCERN

The Company is a biopharmaceutical company developing therapeutic and diagnostic compounds for the treatment and imaging of cancer. Its headquarters are located in Madison, Wisconsin.

The Company is subject to a number of risks similar to those of other small pharmaceutical companies. Principal among these risks are dependence on key individuals, competition from substitute products and larger companies, the successful development and marketing of its products in a highly regulated environment and the need to obtain additional financing necessary to fund future operations.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes that the Company will continue as a going concern and that contemplates the continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company has incurred losses since inception in devoting substantially all of its efforts toward research and development and has an accumulated deficit of approximately $70,787,000 at December 31, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company generated a net loss of approximately $6,180,000 and the Company expects that it will continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future.

The Company believes that its cash balance at December 31, 2016 is adequate to fund operations at budgeted levels into first quarter 2018. The Company’s ability to execute its operating plan beyond first quarter 2018 depends on its ability to obtain additional funding via the sale of equity and/or debt securities, a strategic transaction or otherwise.  The Company plans to continue to actively pursue financing alternatives, but there can be no assurance that it will obtain the necessary funding, raising substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date these financial statements are issued.  The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect the application of certain accounting policies, as described in this note and elsewhere in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.  The consolidated financial statements as of and for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016 are presented on a consolidated basis.

Principles of Consolidation — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its wholly-owned subsidiary. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and judgments that may affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates including those related to unbilled vendor amounts, share-based compensation and derivative liability valuation. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results in the period in which they become known.

Cash and Cash Equivalents — All short-term investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash — The Company accounts for cash and claims to cash that are committed for other than current operations as restricted cash. Restricted cash at December 31, 2016 and 2015 consists of a certificate of deposit of $55,000 required under the Company’s lease agreement for its Madison, Wisconsin facility (see Note 12).

Fixed Assets — Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation on property and equipment is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets (3 to 10 years).  Due to the significant value of leasehold improvements purchased during the initial 3-year lease term and the economic penalty for not extending the building lease, leasehold improvements are depreciated over 17 years (their estimated useful life), which represents the full term of the lease, including all extensions. With the exception of goodwill, our only long-lived assets are property and equipment. The Company periodically evaluates long-lived assets for potential impairment. Whenever events or circumstances change, an assessment is made as to whether there has been impairment to the value of long-lived assets by determining whether projected undiscounted cash flows generated by the applicable asset exceed its net book value as of the assessment date (see Note 5).

Goodwill — Intangible assets at December 31, 2016 and 2015 consist of goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized, but is required to be evaluated for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth fiscal quarter and additionally on an interim basis if an event occurs or there is a change in circumstances, such as a decline in the Company’s stock price or a material adverse change in the business climate, which would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount (see Note 4).

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill. The standard streamlines the methodology for calculating whether goodwill is impaired based upon whether the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. ASU 2017-04 applies to public business entities and those other entities that have goodwill reported in their financial statements and have not elected the private company alternative for the subsequent measurement of goodwill and is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a material effect on its financial statements.

Stock-Based Compensation — The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the grant-date fair value of stock option awards. The resulting compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, for awards that are not performance-based is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period of the award, which is generally three to four years for stock options. For stock options with performance-based vesting provisions, recognition of compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, commences if and when the achievement of the performance criteria is deemed probable. The compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, for performance-based stock options is recognized over the relevant performance period. Non-employee stock-based compensation is accounted for in accordance with the guidance of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”) Topic 505, Equity.  As such, the Company recognizes expense based on the estimated fair value of options granted to non-employees over their vesting period, which is generally the period during which services are rendered and deemed completed by such non-employees.

Research and Development — Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. To the extent that such costs are reimbursed by the federal government on a fixed price, best efforts basis and the federal government is the sole customer for such research and development, the funding is recognized as a reduction of research and development expenses.

Income Taxes — Income taxes are accounted for using the liability method of accounting.  Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial statement basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities and net operating loss and credit carryforwards using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.  The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.  Valuation allowances are established when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.  Management has provided a full valuation allowance against the Company’s gross deferred tax asset.  Tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing tax returns are required to be evaluated to determine whether the tax positions are “more likely than not” to be sustained by the applicable tax authority.  Tax positions deemed not to meet a more-likely-than-not threshold would be recorded as tax expense in the current year.  There were no uncertain tax positions that require accrual to or disclosure in the financial statements as of December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments — The guidance under FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of the fair value of certain financial instruments. Financial instruments in the accompanying financial statements consist of cash equivalents, accounts payable and long-term obligations.  The carrying amount of cash equivalents, and accounts payable approximate their fair value due to their short-term nature.  The carrying value of long-term obligations, including the current portion, approximates fair value because the fixed interest rate approximates current market rates of interest available in the market.

Derivative Instruments — The Company generally does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow or market risks; however, certain warrants to purchase common stock that do not meet the requirements for classification as equity, in accordance with the Derivatives and Hedging Topic of the FASB ASC, are classified as liabilities.  In such instances, net-cash settlement is assumed for financial reporting purposes, even when the terms of the underlying contracts do not provide for a net-cash settlement. These warrants are considered derivative instruments because the agreements contain a certain type of cash settlement feature, contain “down-round” provisions whereby the number of shares for which the warrants are exercisable, and/or the exercise price of the warrants are subject to change in the event of certain issuances of stock at prices below the then-effective exercise price of the warrants. The number of shares issuable under such warrants was 533,065 and 757,278 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The primary underlying risk exposures pertaining to the warrants and their related fair value is the change in fair value of the underlying common stock, the market price of traded warrants, and estimated timing and probability of future financings.  Such financial instruments are initially recorded at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded as a component of gain or loss on derivatives on the consolidated statements of operations in each reporting period. If these instruments subsequently meet the requirements for equity classification, the Company reclassifies the fair value to equity. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, these warrants represented the only outstanding derivative instruments issued or held by the Company.

Concentration of Credit Risk — Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk consist of cash and equivalents on deposit with financial institutions. The Company’s excess cash as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 is on deposit in interest-bearing transaction accounts with well-established financial institutions. At times, such amounts may exceed the FDIC insurance limits. As of December 31, 2016, uninsured cash balances totaled approximately $10,945,000.

Leases — In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) which supersedes FASB ASC Topic 840, Leases (Topic 840) and provides principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both lessees and lessors. The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, respectively. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than twelve months regardless of classification. Leases with a term of twelve months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted upon issuance. The Company is currently evaluating the method of adoption and the impact of adopting ASU 2016-02 on its results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

3. FAIR VALUE

In accordance with Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC 820, the Company groups its financial assets and financial liabilities generally measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value.

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 82,500 shares of common stock in a February 2013 public offering (the “February 2013 Public Offering Warrants”). On February 20, 2014, warrants to purchase 27,500 of common stock expired. On May 20, 2016, warrants to purchase 16,250 shares of common stock were exercised. The remaining warrants to purchase 38,750 shares of common stock are classified within the Level 3 hierarchy.

In August 2014, as part of an underwritten public offering, the Company issued warrants to purchase 494,315 shares of common stock (the “August 2014 Warrants”). The August 2014 Warrants are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CLRBW,” however, there are certain periods where trading volume is low; therefore, they are classified as Level 2 within the hierarchy.

The Series A Warrants issued on October 1, 2015 were previously considered financial instruments; however, they were amended on April 20, 2016 in such a manner that they no longer contain a price protection clause, which was the characteristic that had initially resulted in their being accounted for as derivative financial instruments at fair value. As a result, they have been removed from the financial instruments table below for the period ended December 31, 2016.

The Series B Warrants issued on October 1, 2015 were all exercised by the holders during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016; therefore, they have been removed from financial instruments table presented below as of December 31, 2016. See Note 8 for further discussion of the warrants issued as part of the October 1, 2015 offering.

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial instruments carried at fair value using the lowest level of input applicable to each financial instrument as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:

In order to estimate the value of the February 2013 Public Offering Warrants considered to be derivative instruments, the Company uses a modified option-pricing model together with assumptions that consider, among other variables, the fair value of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rates, volatility, the contractual term of the warrants, future financing requirements and dividend rates. The future financing estimates are based on the Company’s estimates of anticipated cash requirements over the term of the warrants as well as the frequency of required financings based on its assessment of its historical financing trends and anticipated future events. Due to the nature of these inputs and the valuation technique utilized, these warrants are classified within the Level 3 hierarchy.

The following table summarizes the modified option-pricing assumptions used:

To estimate the value of the October 2015 Warrants considered to be derivative instruments, the Company used a modified option-pricing model together with assumptions that consider, among other variables, the fair value of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, volatility, the contractual term of the warrants, future financing requirements and dividend rates. The future financing estimates were based on the Company’s estimates of anticipated cash requirements over the term of the warrants as well as the frequency of required financings based on its assessment of its historical financing trends and anticipated future events. Due to the nature of these inputs and the valuation technique utilized, these warrants were also classified within the Level 3 hierarchy during the period they were outstanding and considered derivative instruments.

As is noted above, none of the October 2015 Warrants are considered financial instruments as of December 31, 2016; however, they were considered financial instruments for a portion of that fiscal year, and the following table summarizes the modified option-pricing assumptions used during the period they were outstanding:

The following table summarizes the modified option-pricing assumptions used at the issuance date:

The following table summarizes the changes in the fair market value of the Company’s warrants which are classified within the Level 3 fair value hierarchy.

To estimate the fair value of the August 2014 Warrants, the Company calculated the weighted average closing price for the trailing 10 trading day period that ended on the balance sheet date. The gain in 2016 is a result of a decline in the trading price.

4. GOODWILL

The Company has recorded goodwill of $1,675,462 as described in Note 2. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business over the fair value of the underlying net tangible and intangible assets. There were no changes in goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2016 or 2015.

The Company is required to perform an annual impairment test related to goodwill which is performed in the fourth quarter of each year, or sooner if changes in circumstances suggest that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. Our analysis concluded that as of December 31, 2016, goodwill was not impaired.

5. FIXED ASSETS

Fixed assets consisted of the following at December 31:

For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company incurred approximately $357,000 and $363,000 of depreciation and amortization expense, respectively.

6. AGREEMENTS

2003 License Agreement with the University of Michigan

In September 2003, Cellectar, Inc. entered into an exclusive license agreement (the “U. Mich. License”) with the Regents of the University of Michigan, (“U. Mich.”) for the development, manufacture and marketing of products under several composition-of-matter patents in North America that expired in December 2016, at which point the U. Mich. License expired.  The Company was responsible for an annual license fee of $10,000 and was required to pay costs associated with the maintenance of the patents covered by the U. Mich. License.  The Company made all payments as they became due, there were no defaults under the U. Mich. License, nor was the Company notified of a default by U. Mich.

The Company incurred expenses of approximately $0 and $500 for the reimbursement of patent maintenance fees to U. Mich. during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, all annual license fees had been paid in a timely manner.

2015 Material Transfer Arrangement with Pierre Fabre

On December 14, 2015 the Company entered into an arrangement (the “MTA”) with Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre (“IRPF”). Under this arrangement, IRPF will provide a selection of its proprietary cytotoxics to the Company for use in an in vivo proof-of-concept study to evaluate the potential to create new drug conjugates (“NDCs”) in combination with the Company’s proprietary Phospholipid Drug Conjugate platform technology. The Company will own all intellectual property associated with the NDCs developed as part of the research collaboration. If the Company decides to further develop any of the NDCs for pre-clinical studies, the Company will enter into good faith discussions with IRPF to acquire an option to in-license the IRPF Materials. In the event that the Company proposes to enter into a business relationship with a third party for advancement of the NDCs, the Company will grant IRPF a right of first refusal to enter into the same business relationship, which will be exercisable by IRPF within 60 days. In the event that the Company does not choose to further develop the NDCs for pre-clinical studies, and IRPF desires to do so within four years following expiration of this arrangement, the Company and IRPF will enter into good faith business discussions relating to IRPF’s use of the results of the study and certain of the Company’s proprietary technologies relating to the IRPF Materials. The Company has agreed to perform the study by December 14, 2017, and the Company’s obligation to grant a right of first refusal will continue for four years following the date on which the Company provides the results of the study to IRPF.

7.  LONG-TERM NOTES PAYABLE

On September 15, 2010, Cellectar, Inc. entered into certain loan agreements with the Wisconsin Department of Commerce (the “WDOC Notes”) to borrow a total of $450,000. The WDOC Notes bear interest at 2% per annum beginning on the date of disbursement and allowed for the deferral of interest and principal payments until April 30, 2015. In the event of default of payment, interest on the delinquent payment is payable at a rate equal to 12% per annum. Monthly payments of $20,665 for principal and interest commenced on May 1, 2015 and continue for 23 equal installments with the final installment of any remaining unpaid principal and interest due on April 1, 2017.

The Company recorded interest expense related to these notes of approximately $1,500 and $4,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

8. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

November 2016 Underwritten Offering

On November 23, 2016, the Company entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., as representative of the several underwriters named therein, in connection with the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agreed to sell to the Underwriter 800,000 shares of common stock, 68 shares of Series A preferred stock convertible into 4,533,356 shares of common stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) and Series C warrants to purchase 5,333,356 shares of common stock (the “Series C Warrants”), plus up to an additional 800,000 shares of common stock and Series C Warrants to purchase up to an additional 800,000 shares of common stock in the event of the exercise by the Underwriter of its over-allotment option. The public offering price of a share of common stock together with a Series C Warrant to purchase one share of common stock was $1.50. The public offering price to purchase one share of Series A Preferred Stock, each of which is convertible into 66,667 shares of common stock, together with a Series C Warrant to purchase 66,667 shares of common stock was $100,000. The Series A Preferred Stock is non-voting, has no dividend rights (except to the extent dividends are also paid on common stock), liquidation preference, or other preferences over common stock. The Series C Warrants have an exercise price of $1.50 per share, and are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance. The net proceeds were allocated to each security based upon the pro-rata values of the underlying common stock and a Black-Scholes valuation of the warrants.

The sale of securities pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, including the entire over-allotment option, closed on November 29, 2016 (the “November 2016 Underwritten Offering”). Gross proceeds were $9.2 million with net proceeds to the Company of approximately $8.3 million.

On or prior to December 31, 2016, 51 shares of Series A Preferred Stock issued in the November 2016 Underwritten Offering were converted into 3,400,017 shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2016, 17 shares of Series A Preferred Stock remained outstanding (see Note 17).

April 2016 Underwritten Offering

On April 15, 2016 the Company entered into an Underwriting Agreement with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co., Inc. in connection with the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company agreed to sell to the Underwriter 1,378,364 shares of common stock, Series B prefunded warrants to purchase 1,908,021 shares of common stock and Series A warrants to purchase 3,286,385 shares of common stock, plus up to an additional 492,957 shares of common stock and Series A warrants to purchase up to an additional 492,957 shares of common stock in the event of the exercise by the Underwriter of its over-allotment option. The public offering price of a share of common stock together with a Series A warrant to purchase one share of common stock was $2.13. The public offering price of a Series B pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock together with a Series A warrant to purchase one share of common stock was $2.12. The Series B pre-funded warrants had an exercise price of $0.01 per share, were immediately exercisable and do not expire. The Series A warrants have an exercise price of $3.04 per share, are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance, and are callable by the Company under certain circumstances.

On April 20, 2016 the Company closed an underwritten public offering (the “April 2016 Underwritten Offering”) of 1,871,321 shares of its common stock and Series B pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,908,021 shares of common stock, plus the issuance of Series A warrants to purchase 3,779,342 shares of common stock, reflecting the exercise in full of the Underwriter’s over-allotment option. The gross proceeds of the offering amounted to approximately $8.0 million with net proceeds to the Company of approximately $7.2 million. All of the Series B pre-funded warrants issued in the April 2016 Underwritten Offering were exercised on or prior to June 30, 2016.

Warrant Restructuring

On April 13, 2016, the Company entered into an exchange and amendment agreement (the “Warrant Restructuring Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to exchange the 2015 Pre-Funded Warrants relating to 48,273 shares of the Company’s common stock for shares of a newly designated Series Z Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series Z Preferred Stock”) having an aggregate stated value equal to approximately $1,062,000, which was the aggregate purchase price of the 2015 Pre-Funded Warrants. The exchange of the 2015 Pre-Funded Warrants for shares of Series Z Preferred Stock was conditioned upon the Company obtaining the approval of its stockholders as required by the applicable rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. The Company agreed to hold a meeting of stockholders to obtain their approval of the issuance of the Series Z Preferred Stock and the shares of common stock issued upon conversion on June 29, 2016; however, prior to that date, the holders of all the 2015 Pre-Funded Warrants chose to exercise them, eliminating the need for the exchange.

Pursuant to the Warrant Restructuring Agreement, the Company also agreed with the holders of 2015 Series A Warrants that upon the consummation of the 2016 Underwritten Offering, the exercise price of the 2015 Series A Warrants would be reduced to the public offering price per share of the shares of common stock sold in this offering and that the warrants would be amended such that the exercise price would no longer be subject to adjustment in connection with future equity offerings we may undertake. In consideration of this amendment, the Company agreed to issue to each of those holders a new warrant to purchase an additional number of shares of common stock equal to twice the number of shares of common stock underlying the 2015 Series A Warrants held by them (the “Incremental Series A Warrants”). These warrants have an exercise price equal to $2.13 (the public offering price of the shares of common stock sold in the 2016 Underwritten Offering), become exercisable on October 20, 2016, and expire on the fifth anniversary of that date.

2016 Reverse Stock Split and Recapitalization

At a special meeting held on February 8, 2016, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation to effect a reverse split of the Company’s common stock at a ratio between 1:5 to 1:10 in order to ensure that adequate authorized but unissued shares would be available for anticipated future financings, and to satisfy requirements for the continued listing of the Company’s common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market. In addition, the proposal approved by the stockholders provided that if the reverse split was effected, the number of shares of common stock that the Company is authorized to issue remained unchanged at 40,000,000. The Company’s stockholders further authorized the board of directors to determine the ratio at which the reverse split would be effected by filing an appropriate amendment to the Company’s certificate of incorporation. The board of directors authorized the ratio of the reverse split on February 24, 2016, and effective at the close of business on March 4, 2016, the Company’s certificate of incorporation was amended to effect a 1-for-10 reverse split of the Company’s common stock (the “2016 Reverse Split”). All share and per share numbers included in these consolidated financial statements give effect to the 2016 Reverse Split.

October 2015 Registered Direct Offering

On October 1, 2015, the Company completed a registered direct offering of 101,727 shares of our common stock and Series B pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 48,273 shares of our common stock at an offering price of $22.00 per share (collectively, the “2015 Registered Offering”).

In a concurrent private placement (the “2015 Private Placement” and, together with the 2015 Registered Offering, the “2015 Offerings”), the Company issued a Series A warrant (the “Series A Warrants” and, together with the Shares and the Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Securities”) to purchase one share of our common stock for each share of common stock purchased or pre-funded in the Registered Offering. The Series A Warrants cover, in the aggregate, 150,000 shares of common stock and become exercisable six months following the date of issuance at an exercise price of $28.30 per share and expire five years from the date they become exercisable. The Offerings resulted in gross proceeds of $3,300,000 and net proceeds of approximately $2,868,000. A charge of approximately $404,000 was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2015 and represents the amount by which the initial fair value of warrants issued in connection with the October 2015 Public Offering exceeded the net proceeds received from the offering. The net proceeds of the offering were allocated first to the warrants based on their fair value with the residual to common stock. The actual net proceeds were less than the combined fair value of the warrants at the closing date. As a result the company recorded a loss on issuance of derivative warrants of $404,150. Additionally, the placement agent received a warrant to purchase up to 3,750 shares of our common stock at $28.30 per share, the fair value of which was approximately $61,000 at issuance and had no effect on stockholders’ equity.

Under the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants, if the Company issues shares of common stock or common stock equivalents at a purchase price (a “Dilutive Price”) less than the then-effective warrant share purchase price for the Pre-Funded Warrants, which is initially $22.00 per share, the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be increased to equal (i) the product of the then-effective warrant share purchase price multiplied by the number of shares of Common Stock for which the Pre-Funded Warrants may be exercised, divided by (ii) the Dilutive Price. Following any such adjustment, the warrant share purchase price shall be adjusted to equal the Dilutive Price. Similarly, until the Company completes an equity financing with gross proceeds of at least $10.0 million, if the Company issues shares of common stock or common stock equivalents for a purchase price less than the then-effective exercise price for the Series A Warrants, the exercise price of the Series A Warrants will be lowered to equal that lower price (see “Warrant Restructuring” above).

In connection with the entry into the purchase agreement, the Company and the purchasers entered into a registration rights agreement, which required the Company to file a registration statement on Form S-3 to provide for the resale of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Series A Warrants. The Company will also be required to file one or more registration statements from time to time to register the issuance or resale of any additional shares of Common Stock that may become issuable as a result of the Offerings. The Company will be obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep any registration statement effective until the earlier of (i) the date on which the shares of Common Stock subject to the registration statement may be sold without registration pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, or (ii) the date on which all of the shares of Common Stock subject to the registration statement have been sold under the registration statement or pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act or any other rule of similar effect.

Common Stock Warrants

The following table summarizes information with regard to outstanding warrants to purchase common stock as of December 31, 2016 (see Note 17).

Reserved Shares

The following shares were reserved for future issuance upon exercise of stock options, preferred stock conversions and warrants:

9.  STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

2015 Stock Incentive Plan. The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) was approved for a total of 420,000 shares of common stock and are authorized for issuance under the plan for grants of incentive or nonqualified stock options, rights to purchase restricted and unrestricted shares of common stock, stock appreciation rights and performance share grants. A committee of the board of directors determines exercise prices, vesting periods and any performance requirements on the date of grant, subject to the provisions of the Plan.  Options are granted at or above the fair market value of the common stock at the grant date and expire on the tenth anniversary of the grant date.  Vesting periods are generally between one and four years.  Options granted pursuant to the Plan generally will become fully vested upon a termination event occurring within one year following a change in control, as defined.  A termination event is defined as either termination of employment or services other than for cause or constructive termination of employees or consultants resulting from a significant reduction in either the nature or scope of duties and responsibilities, a reduction in compensation or a required relocation. The 2015 Plan replaces our 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”). Awards will no longer be granted under the 2006 Plan; however, all outstanding awards under the 2006 Plan will remain in effect according to the terms of the 2006 Plan and the respective agreements relating to such awards. In addition, any shares that are currently available under the 2006 Plan and any shares underlying awards under the 2006 Plan which are forfeited, cancelled, reacquired by the Company or otherwise terminated will instead be added to the number of shares available for grant under the 2015 Plan. The 2015 Plan was approved by stockholders at our 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. As of December 31, 2016, there are an aggregate of 130,895 shares available for future grants under the Plan.

2006 Stock Option Plan.  Prior to the approval of the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, option grants to directors and employees were made under the 2006 Plan.  A total of 70,000 shares of common stock were authorized for issuance under the Plan for grants of incentive or nonqualified stock options, rights to purchase restricted and unrestricted shares of common stock, stock appreciation rights and performance share grants.  A committee of the board of directors determined exercise prices, vesting periods and any performance requirements on the date of grant, subject to the provisions of the Plan.  Options were granted at or above the fair market value of the common stock at the grant date and expire on the tenth anniversary of the grant date.  Vesting periods were generally between one and four years.  Options granted pursuant to the Plan generally will become fully vested upon a termination event occurring within one year following a change in control, as defined.  A termination event is defined as either termination of employment or services other than for cause or constructive termination of employees or consultants resulting from a significant reduction in either the nature or scope of duties and responsibilities, a reduction in compensation or a required relocation.

Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes amounts charged to expense for stock-based compensation related to employee and director stock option grants and recorded in connection with stock options granted to non-employee consultants:

Assumptions Used In Determining Fair Value

Valuation and amortization method. The fair value of each stock award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.  The estimated fair value of employee stock options is amortized to expense using the straight-line method over the required service period which is generally the vesting period. The estimated fair value of the non-employee options is amortized to expense over the period during which a non-employee is required to provide services for the award (usually the vesting period).

Volatility. The Company estimates volatility based on an average of (1) the Company’s historical volatility since its common stock has been publicly traded and (2) review of volatility estimates of publicly held drug development companies with similar market capitalizations.

Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant commensurate with the expected term assumption.

Expected term. The expected term of stock options granted is based on an estimate of when options will be exercised in the future. The Company applied the simplified method of estimating the expected term of the options, as described in the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletins 107 and 110, as the historical experience is not indicative of the expected behavior in the future. The expected term, calculated under the simplified method, is applied to groups of stock options that have similar contractual terms. Using this method, the expected term is determined using the average of the vesting period and the contractual life of the stock options granted. The Company applied the simplified method to non-employees who have a truncation of term based on termination of service and utilizes the contractual life of the stock options granted for those non-employee grants which do not have a truncation of service.

Forfeitures.  The Company records stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. A forfeiture rate is estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from initial estimates. An annual forfeiture rate of 2% was applied to all unvested options for employees and directors, respectively, during the periods ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.  Ultimately, the actual expense recognized over the vesting period will be for only those shares that vest.

The following table summarizes weighted-average values and assumptions used for options granted to employees, directors and consultants in the periods indicated:

Stock Option Activity

A summary of stock option activity is as follows:

Exercise prices for all grants made during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 were equal to or greater than the market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding is calculated based on the positive difference between the estimated per-share fair value of common stock at the end of the respective period and the exercise price of the underlying options. Shares of common stock issued upon the exercise of options are from authorized but unissued shares.

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $1.59 and $21.60, respectively.  The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $440,443 and $449,649, respectively.  The weighted-average grant-date fair value of vested and unvested options outstanding at December 31, 2016 was $20.03 and $3.27, respectively. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of vested and unvested options outstanding at December 31, 2015 was $125.70 and $23.90, respectively.

The weighted average grant date fair value of options expired during the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was $116.32 and $126.10, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value of options forfeited during the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was $2.54 and $47.09, respectively. The number of options vested during the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was 68,180 and 9,466, respectively. The number of options unvested at January 1, 2016 and January 1, 2015 was 47,253 and 38,555, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value of options unvested at January 1, 2016 and January 1, 2015 was $23.93 and $49.52, respectively.

As of December 31, 2016, there was $1,050,110 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements.  Of this total amount, the Company expects to recognize $519,276, $369,948, and $160,886 during 2017, 2018, and 2019 respectively. The Company expects options to purchase 390,863 shares to vest in the future.

10.  INCOME TAXES

Deferred tax assets consisted of the following at December 31:

A reconciliation of income taxes computed using the U.S. federal statutory rate to that reflected in operations is as follows:

As of December 31, 2016, the Company had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of approximately $107,274,000 and $34,119,000 respectively, which expire in 2018 through 2036 and in 2023 through 2034, respectively.  In addition, the Company has federal and state research and development and investment tax credits of approximately $3,809,000 and $1,268,000, respectively, which expire in 2018 through 2036 and in 2018 through 2031, respectively.  The amount of NOLs and tax credit carryforwards which may be utilized annually in future periods will be limited pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code as a result of substantial changes in the Company’s ownership that have occurred or that may occur in the future.  The Company has not quantified the amount of such limitations.

Because of the Company’s continuing losses and uncertainty associated with the utilization of the deferred tax assets in the future, management has provided a full allowance against the net deferred tax asset.

The Company did not have unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties at any time during the years ended December 31, 2016 or 2015, and does not anticipate having unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve months.  The Company is subject to audit by the IRS and state taxing authorities for tax periods commencing January 1, 2010. Additionally, the Company may be subject to examination by the IRS for years beginning prior to January 1, 2010 as a result of its NOLs. However, any adjustment related to these periods would be limited to the amount of the NOL generated in the year(s) under examination.

11.  NET LOSS PER SHARE

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, which includes the common shares that would be issued upon conversion of the Series A preferred stock. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss, as adjusted, by the sum of the weighted average number of shares of common stock and the dilutive potential common stock equivalents then outstanding.  Potential common stock equivalents consist of stock options and warrants.  Since there is a net loss attributable to common stockholders for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the inclusion of common stock equivalents in the computation for those periods would be antidilutive. Accordingly, basic and diluted net loss per share is the same for all periods presented.

The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share since their inclusion would be antidilutive:

12. COMMITMENTS

Real Property Leases

On September 5, 2007, Cellectar, Inc. entered into a 36-month lease for office and manufacturing space, commencing September 15, 2007.  The lease provided for the option to extend the lease under its original terms for seven additional two-year terms.  Rent was $8,050 per month for the first year and then escalated thereafter by 3% per year for the duration of the term including any lease extension terms.  The lease also required the payment of monthly rent of $1,140 for approximately 3,400 square feet of expansion space.  The monthly rent for the expansion space was fixed until such time as the expansion space is occupied at which time the rent would increase to the current per square foot rate in effect under the original lease terms.  The Company is responsible for certain building-related costs such as property taxes, insurance, and repairs and maintenance.  Rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis and accordingly the difference between the recorded rent expense and the actual cash payments has been recorded as deferred rent as of each balance sheet date.  Due to the significant value of leasehold improvements purchased during the initial 3-year lease term and the economic penalty for not extending the building lease, straight-line rent expense and the associated deferred rent has been calculated over 17 years, which represents the full term of the lease, including all extensions.

The Company is required to remove certain alterations, additions and improvements upon termination of the lease that altered a portion of the rentable space.  In no event shall the cost of such removal, at commercially reasonable rates, paid by the Company exceed $55,000 (the “Capped Amount”). Any amount in excess of the Capped Amount shall be the obligation of the landlord.  The Company is required to maintain a certificate of deposit equal to the Capped Amount during the term of the lease, which amount is shown as restricted cash on the accompanying balance sheets.

In March 2016, the Company exercised its option to extend the lease for an additional two-year term that commenced on September 15, 2016 and continues through September 14, 2018.

As of December 31, 2016, future minimum lease payments under this non-cancelable lease are approximately as follows:

Rent expense was approximately $131,000 and $142,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

13. CONTINGENCIES

The Company is involved in legal matters and disputes in the ordinary course of business. We do not anticipate that the outcome of such matters and disputes will materially affect the Company’s financial statements.

14. EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT PLAN

The Company has a defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code that allows eligible employees who meet minimum age requirements to contribute a portion of their annual compensation on a pre-tax basis.  The Company has not made any matching contributions under this plan.

15. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The Company’s former Chief Scientific Officer and principal founder of Cellectar, Inc. who resigned July 2016 and continues to be a shareholder of the Company, is a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (“UW”). During 2016 the Company incurred approximately $225,000 in expenses from UW for costs associated with clinical trial agreements. During 2015 the Company incurred approximately $178,000 in expenses from UW which was also related to the costs associated with clinical trial agreements. The Company had accrued liabilities to UW of approximately $64,000 and $40,000 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

16. RESTRUCTURING COSTS AND OTHER CORPORATE CHANGES

On June 15, 2015, the Company appointed a new President and Chief Executive Officer, who was also named to the Company’s Board as a Class II director. The former President, Chief Executive Officer and Class II director retired from each of those positions. In addition, during third quarter 2015 the Company eliminated certain personnel positions, which resulted in restructuring charges of approximately $204,000 being recorded in the twelve months ended December 31, 2015. There were no such costs during 2016.

17. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

During the month of January 2017, all of the remaining 17 shares of Series A Preferred Stock that were outstanding as of December 31, 2016 were converted by the holders into an aggregate of 1,133,339 shares of common stock.

Subsequent to December 31, 2016, and prior to March 10, 2017, 1,336,218 Series C Warrants were exercised by their holders, resulting in proceeds to the Company of $2,004,327, and reducing the number of Series C Warrants outstanding to 4,797,138.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. Based on our management’s evaluation (with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer), as of December 31, 2016, our management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms.

Management's report on internal control over financial reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in the 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management's evaluation included such elements as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies, and our overall control environment. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016. This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, as allowed by the SEC.

On March 11, 2016 our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 was filed. At that time, our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2015, due to a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, described below, related to our accounting for complex, non-recurring accounting issues.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

During 2015, the Company experienced a decline in stock price and was actively seeking capital, which added complexity to its financial reporting. The market pressures added to the accounting complexity with issues such as goodwill, fixed asset impairment, and other related issues. Due to the added accounting complexities, limited resources, and the challenge of performing multiple functions for a development stage business with limited capital resources; Cellectar management determined that the internal control over financial reporting for complex transactions during 2015 may not have always operated at the appropriate level of precision required to prevent or detect material misstatements of the Company’s financial statements on a timely basis. In response, the Company’s management expended, and continues to expend, a substantial amount of effort and resources for the remediation and improvement of our internal control over financial reporting. We have implemented processes to properly identify and evaluate the appropriate accounting technical pronouncements and other literature for all significant or unusual transactions, which we are continually improving to ensure that the nuances of such transactions are effectively evaluated in the context of the increasingly complex accounting standards. These processes include acquiring enhanced access to accounting literature, research materials and documents, and the utilization of third party experts with whom we consult regarding the application of complex accounting transactions simultaneously with, or immediately after, the occurrence of the transaction. During 2016, as a result of the implementation of our remediation plan, we believe the previously reported material weakness was remediated.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There have not been any significant changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting other than as reported above.

The Chief Executive Officer and the Audit Committee perform significant roles in ensuring the accuracy and completeness of our financial reporting and the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. We have identified the changes described above as changes in the internal control over the financial reporting process that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Important Considerations. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system are met. In addition, the design of any control system is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events. The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the soundness of our systems, the possibility of human error, and the risk of fraud. Because of these and other inherent limitations of control systems, there can be no assurance that any system of disclosure controls and procedures will be successful in achieving its stated goals, including but not limited to preventing all errors or fraud or in making all material information known in a timely manner to the appropriate levels of management, under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the captions “Proposal No. 1 — Election of Directors,” “Executive Officers and Directors” and “Corporate Governance.” The information required by this item with respect to compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance.”

Code of Ethics

The board of directors has adopted a Code of Ethics applicable to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. A copy of the Code of Ethics is available at our website www.cellectar.com.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the caption “Executive Compensation.”

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this item with respect to the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and the security ownership of management is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.”

Equity compensation plans

The information required by this item with respect to the equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to this Form 10-K, Item 5, under the caption “Equity compensation plans.”

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this item with respect to certain relationships and related transactions is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the caption “Certain Relationships and Related-Person Transactions.” The information required by this item with respect to director independence is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the caption “Corporate Governance — Director Independence.”

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders under the captions “Proposal No. 6 — Ratification of Appointment of our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and “Other Matters — Audit and Other Fees.”

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits.

* Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

SIGNATURES

In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

In accordance with the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.