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CF Industries Holdings, Inc. - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One) 
☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                               to                                          
Commission file number 001-32597
CF INDUSTRIES HOLDINGS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware20-2697511
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
   
4 Parkway North60015
Deerfield, Illinois
(Zip Code)
(Address of principal executive offices)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (847) 405-2400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
common stock, par value $0.01 per shareCFNew York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
 ☒
Accelerated filer☐Non-accelerated filer ☐Smaller reporting company ☐Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b) ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2022 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), computed by reference to the closing sale price of the registrant’s common stock, was $17,381,054,929.
195,768,339 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding as of January 31, 2023.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2023 annual meeting of shareholders (Proxy Statement) are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of the 2022 fiscal year, or, if the registrant does not file the Proxy Statement within such 120-day period, the registrant will amend this Annual Report on Form 10-K to include the information required under Part III of Form 10-K not later than the end of such 120-day period.


CF INDUSTRIES HOLDINGS, INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
   


Table of Contents
CF INDUSTRIES HOLDINGS, INC.


PART I
ITEM 1.    BUSINESS.
Our Company
All references to “CF Holdings,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “the Company,” refer to CF Industries Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries, except where the context makes clear that the reference is only to CF Industries Holdings, Inc. itself and not its subsidiaries. All references to “CF Industries” refer to CF Industries, Inc., a 100% owned subsidiary of CF Industries Holdings, Inc. References to tons refer to short tons and references to tonnes refer to metric tons. Notes referenced throughout this document refer to consolidated financial statement note disclosures that are found in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our mission is to provide clean energy to feed and fuel the world sustainably. With our employees focused on safe and reliable operations, environmental stewardship, and disciplined capital and corporate management, we are on a path to decarbonize our ammonia production network – the world’s largest – to enable green and blue hydrogen and nitrogen products for energy, fertilizer, emissions abatement and other industrial activities. Our nitrogen manufacturing complexes in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, an extensive storage, transportation and distribution network in North America, and logistics capabilities enabling a global reach underpin our strategy to leverage our unique capabilities to accelerate the world’s transition to clean energy. Our principal customers are cooperatives, independent fertilizer distributors, traders, wholesalers and industrial users. Our core product is anhydrous ammonia (ammonia), which contains 82% nitrogen and 18% hydrogen. Our nitrogen products that are upgraded from ammonia are granular urea, urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) and ammonium nitrate (AN). Our other nitrogen products include diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), urea liquor, nitric acid and aqua ammonia, which are sold primarily to our industrial customers.
Our principal assets as of December 31, 2022 include:
•five U.S. nitrogen manufacturing facilities, located in Donaldsonville, Louisiana (the largest nitrogen complex in the world); Sergeant Bluff, Iowa (our Port Neal complex); Yazoo City, Mississippi; Claremore, Oklahoma (our Verdigris complex); and Woodward, Oklahoma. These facilities are wholly owned directly or indirectly by CF Industries Nitrogen, LLC (CFN), of which we own approximately 89% and CHS Inc. (CHS) owns the remainder;
•two Canadian nitrogen manufacturing facilities, located in Medicine Hat, Alberta (the largest nitrogen complex in Canada) and Courtright, Ontario;
•a United Kingdom nitrogen manufacturing facility located in Billingham;
•an extensive system of terminals and associated transportation equipment located primarily in the Midwestern United States; and
•a 50% interest in Point Lisas Nitrogen Limited (PLNL), an ammonia production joint venture located in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad) that we account for under the equity method.
We have a strategic venture with CHS under which CHS owns an equity interest in CFN, a subsidiary of CF Holdings, which represents approximately 11% of the membership interests of CFN. We own the remaining membership interests. CHS also receives deliveries pursuant to a supply agreement under which CHS has the right to purchase annually from CFN up to approximately 1.1 million tons of granular urea and 580,000 tons of UAN at market prices. As a result of its minority equity interest in CFN, CHS is entitled to semi-annual cash distributions from CFN. We are also entitled to semi-annual cash distributions from CFN. See Note 17—Noncontrolling Interest for additional information on our strategic venture with CHS.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we sold 18.3 million, 18.5 million and 20.3 million product tons generating net sales of $11.19 billion, $6.54 billion and $4.12 billion, respectively.
Our principal executive offices are located outside of Chicago, Illinois, at 4 Parkway North, Deerfield, Illinois 60015, and our telephone number is 847-405-2400. Our Internet website address is www.cfindustries.com. Information made available on our website does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We make available free of charge on or through our Internet website, www.cfindustries.com, all of our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed electronically with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Copies of our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Corporate Conduct and charters for the Audit Committee, Compensation and Management Development Committee, Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee, and Environmental Sustainability and Community Committee
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of our Board of Directors (the Board) are also available on our Internet website. We will provide electronic or paper copies of these documents free of charge upon request. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.
Our Commitment to a Clean Energy Economy
We are taking significant steps to support a global hydrogen and clean fuel economy, through the production of green and blue ammonia. Since ammonia is one of the most efficient ways to transport and store hydrogen and is also a fuel in its own right, we believe that the Company, as the world’s largest producer of ammonia, with an unparalleled manufacturing and distribution network and deep technical expertise, is uniquely positioned to fulfill anticipated demand for hydrogen and ammonia from green and blue sources. Our approach includes green ammonia production, which refers to ammonia produced through a carbon-free process, and blue ammonia production, which relates to ammonia produced by conventional processes but with CO2 byproduct removed through carbon capture and sequestration (CCS).
In April 2021, we signed an engineering and procurement contract with thyssenkrupp to supply a 20 MW alkaline water electrolysis plant to produce green hydrogen at our Donaldsonville complex. Construction and installation, which is being managed by us, is expected to finish in 2023, with an estimated total cost of approximately $100 million. We will integrate the green hydrogen generated by the electrolysis plant into existing ammonia synthesis loops to enable the production of approximately 20,000 tons per year of green ammonia. We believe that the Donaldsonville green ammonia project will be the largest of its kind in North America.
In July 2022, we and Mitsui & Co., Ltd. (Mitsui) signed a joint development agreement for the companies’ proposed plans to construct an export-oriented blue ammonia facility. We and Mitsui continue to progress a front-end engineering and design (FEED) study for the project, and expect to make a final investment decision on the proposed facility in the second half of 2023. Should the companies agree to move forward, the ammonia facility would be constructed at our new Blue Point complex. We acquired the land on the west bank of the Mississippi river in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, for the complex during the third quarter of 2022. Construction and commissioning of a new world-scale ammonia plant typically takes approximately four years from the time construction begins.
We are also exploring opportunities to produce blue ammonia from our existing ammonia production network. We have announced a project with an estimated cost of $200 million to construct a CO2 dehydration and compression facility at our Donaldsonville complex to enable the transport and permanent sequestration of the ammonia process CO2 byproduct. Engineering activities and procurement of major equipment for the facility are in progress, and modification of the site’s existing equipment to allow integration with existing operations has begun. Once the dehydration and compression unit is in service and sequestration is initiated, we expect that the Donaldsonville complex will have the capacity to dehydrate and compress up to 2 million tons per year of CO2, enabling the production of blue ammonia. In October 2022, we announced that we had entered into a definitive CO2 offtake agreement with ExxonMobil to transport and permanently sequester the CO2 from Donaldsonville. Start-up for the project is scheduled for early 2025. Under current regulations, the project would be expected to qualify for tax credits under Section 45Q of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides a credit per tonne of CO2 sequestered.
Company History
We were founded in 1946 as Central Farmers Fertilizer Company, and were owned by a group of regional agriculture cooperatives for the first 59 years of our existence. Central Farmers became CF Industries in 1970.
Originally established as a fertilizer brokerage company, we expanded owning and operating fertilizer manufacturing and distribution facilities in the early 1950s with a principal objective of assured supply for our owners. At various times in our history, we manufactured and/or distributed nitrogen, phosphate and potash fertilizers.
We operated as a traditional manufacturing and supply cooperative until 2002, when we adopted a new business model that established financial performance as our principal objective, rather than assured supply for our owners. A critical aspect of the new business model was to establish a more economically driven approach to the marketplace.
In August 2005, we completed the initial public offering (IPO) of our common stock, which is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In connection with the IPO, we consummated a reorganization transaction whereby we ceased to be a cooperative and our pre-IPO owners’ equity interests in CF Industries were cancelled in exchange for all of the proceeds of the offering and shares of our common stock. At the time of the IPO, our assets consisted of one wholly owned nitrogen manufacturing facility in Louisiana, United States; a joint venture nitrogen manufacturing facility in Alberta, Canada, of which we owned 66 percent; a phosphate mining and manufacturing operation in Florida, United States; and distribution facilities throughout North America.
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In April 2010, we acquired Terra Industries Inc. (Terra), a leading North American producer and marketer of nitrogen fertilizer products for a purchase price of $4.6 billion, which was paid in cash and shares of our common stock. As a result of the Terra acquisition, we acquired five nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing facilities; an approximately 75.3% interest in Terra Nitrogen Company, L.P. (TNCLP), a publicly traded limited partnership; and certain joint venture interests.
Prior to April 30, 2013, CF Industries owned 66 percent of Canadian Fertilizers Limited (CFL), a joint venture nitrogen manufacturing facility in Alberta, Canada. On April 30, 2013, CF Industries acquired all of the outstanding interests in CFL that it did not already own and CFL became our wholly owned subsidiary.
In March 2014, we exited our phosphate mining and manufacturing business, which was located in Florida, through a sale to The Mosaic Company. As a result, we became focused solely on nitrogen manufacturing and distribution.
In July 2015, we acquired the remaining 50% equity interest in CF Fertilisers UK Group Limited (formerly known as GrowHow UK Group Limited) (CF Fertilisers UK) not previously owned by us, and CF Fertilisers UK became wholly owned by us. This transaction added CF Fertilisers UK’s nitrogen manufacturing complexes to our consolidated manufacturing capacity.
In February 2016, our strategic venture with CHS commenced, at which time CHS made a capital contribution of $2.8 billion to CFN in exchange for membership interests in CFN, which represented approximately 11% of the total membership interests of CFN.
In late 2015 and 2016, we completed capacity expansion projects at our Donaldsonville complex in Louisiana and our Port Neal complex in Iowa. These projects, originally announced in 2012, included the construction of new ammonia, urea, and UAN plants at our Donaldsonville complex and new ammonia and urea plants at our Port Neal complex. These plants increased our overall production capacity by approximately 25%, improved our product mix flexibility at Donaldsonville, and improved our ability to serve upper-Midwest urea customers from our Port Neal location. The total capital cost of the capacity expansion projects was $5.2 billion.
Prior to April 2, 2018, Terra Nitrogen, Limited Partnership, which owns and operates our Verdigris nitrogen manufacturing facility in Oklahoma, was a subsidiary of TNCLP. On April 2, 2018, Terra Nitrogen GP Inc., the sole general partner of TNCLP and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of CF Holdings, completed its purchase of all of the publicly traded common units of TNCLP (the Purchase). Upon completion of the Purchase, CF Holdings owned, through its subsidiaries, 100 percent of the general and limited partnership interests of TNCLP.
Product Tons and Nutrient Tons
Unless otherwise stated, we measure our production and sales volume in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in product tons, which represents the weight of the product measured in short tons (one short ton is equal to 2,000 pounds). References to UAN product tons assume a 32% nitrogen content basis for production volume. 
We also provide certain supplementary volume information measured in nutrient tons. Nutrient tons represent the weight of the product’s nitrogen content, which varies by product. Ammonia represents 82% nitrogen content, granular urea represents 46% nitrogen content, UAN represents between 28% and 32% nitrogen content and AN represents between 29% and 35% nitrogen content. 
Reportable Segments
Our reportable segments consist of the following segments: Ammonia, Granular Urea, UAN, AN and Other. These segments are differentiated by products. We use gross margin to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. Total other operating costs and expenses (consisting primarily of selling, general and administrative expenses and other operating—net) and non-operating expenses (consisting primarily of interest and income taxes), are centrally managed and are not included in the measurement of segment profitability reviewed by management. See Note 21—Segment Disclosures for additional information.
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Our Products
Our primary nitrogen products are ammonia, granular urea, UAN and AN. Our historical sales of nitrogen products by segment are shown in the following table. Net sales do not reflect amounts used internally, such as ammonia, in the manufacture of other products.
 202220212020
 Sales Volume (tons)Net SalesSales Volume (tons)Net SalesSales Volume (tons)Net Sales
 (tons in thousands; dollars in millions)
Ammonia3,300 $3,090 3,589 $1,787 3,767 $1,020 
Granular Urea4,572 2,892 4,290 1,880 5,148 1,248 
UAN6,788 3,572 6,584 1,788 6,843 1,063 
AN1,594 845 1,720 510 2,216 455 
Other(1)
2,077 787 2,318 573 2,322 338 
Total18,331 $11,186 18,501 $6,538 20,296 $4,124 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Other segment products primarily include DEF, urea liquor, nitric acid and aqua ammonia.
Gross margin was $5.86 billion, $2.39 billion and $801 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
We own and operate seven nitrogen manufacturing facilities in North America, including five nitrogen manufacturing facilities in the United States, and two in Canada. As of December 31, 2022, the combined production capacity of these seven facilities represented approximately 37%, 42%, 44% and 19% of North American ammonia, granular urea, UAN and AN production capacity, respectively. Each of our nitrogen manufacturing facilities in North America has on-site storage to provide flexibility to manage the flow of outbound shipments without impacting production. Our United Kingdom nitrogen manufacturing facility produces ammonia and AN and serves primarily the British agricultural and industrial markets.
The following table shows the production capacities as of December 31, 2022 at each of our nitrogen manufacturing facilities:
 
Average Annual Capacity(1)
 
Gross
Ammonia(2)
Net
Ammonia(2)
UAN(3)
Urea(4)
AN(5)
Other(6)
 (tons in thousands)
Donaldsonville (Louisiana)(7)
4,335 1,390 3,255 2,635 — 445 
Medicine Hat (Alberta)1,230 770 — 810 — — 
Port Neal (Iowa)1,230 65 800 1,350 — 290 
Verdigris (Oklahoma)(8)
1,210 430 1,955 — — — 
Woodward (Oklahoma)480 130 810 — — 115 
Yazoo City (Mississippi)(8)(9)
570 — 160 — 1,035 125 
Courtright (Ontario)(8)(10)
500 265 345 — — 400 
Billingham (U.K.)(8)
595 230 — — 625 410 
10,150 3,280 7,325 4,795 1,660 1,785 
Unconsolidated Affiliate      
PLNL (Trinidad)(11)
360 360 — — — — 
Total10,510 3,640 7,325 4,795 1,660 1,785 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Average annual capacity includes allowance for normal outages and planned maintenance shutdowns.
(2)Gross ammonia capacity includes ammonia used to produce upgraded products. Net ammonia capacity is gross ammonia capacity less ammonia used to produce upgraded products based on the product mix shown in the table.
(3)Measured in tons of UAN containing 32% nitrogen by weight.
(4)Reflects granular urea capacity from the Donaldsonville, Medicine Hat, and Port Neal facilities. Urea liquor and DEF production capacities are included in Other.
(5)AN includes prilled products (Amtrate and industrial-grade AN, or IGAN) and AN solution produced for sale.
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(6)Includes product tons of: urea liquor and DEF from the Donaldsonville, Port Neal, Woodward, Yazoo City, and Courtright facilities; nitric acid from the Courtright, Yazoo City and Billingham facilities. Production of DEF can be increased by reducing urea and/or UAN production.
(7)The Donaldsonville facility capacities present an estimated production mix. This facility is capable of producing between 2.4 million and 3.3 million tons of granular urea and between 1.2 million and 4.3 million tons of UAN annually. The facility is also capable of producing up to 1.2 million product tons of 32.5% DEF.
(8)Reduction of UAN or AN production at the Yazoo City, Courtright, Verdigris, and Billingham facilities can allow more merchant nitric acid to be made available for sale.
(9)The Yazoo City facility’s production capacity depends on product mix. With the facility maximizing the production of AN products, 160,000 tons of UAN can be produced. UAN production can be increased to 450,000 tons by reducing the production of AN to 900,000 tons.
(10)Production of urea liquor and DEF at the Courtright facility can be increased by reducing UAN production.
(11)Represents our 50% interest in the capacity of PLNL.

The following table summarizes our production volume for the last three years:
 December 31,
 202220212020
 (tons in thousands)
Ammonia(1)
9,807 9,349 10,353 
Granular urea4,561 4,123 5,001 
UAN (32%)6,706 6,763 6,677 
AN1,517 1,646 2,115 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Gross ammonia production, including amounts subsequently upgraded on-site into granular urea, UAN or AN.
Nitrogen Manufacturing Facilities
Donaldsonville, Louisiana
The Donaldsonville facility is the world’s largest and most flexible nitrogen complex. It has six ammonia plants, five urea plants, four nitric acid plants, three UAN plants, and one DEF plant. The complex, which is located on the Mississippi River, includes deep-water docking facilities, access to an ammonia pipeline, and truck and railroad loading capabilities. The complex has on-site storage for 140,000 tons of ammonia, 201,000 tons of UAN (measured on a 32% nitrogen content basis) and 130,000 tons of granular urea.
Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
The Medicine Hat facility, located in southeast Alberta, is the largest nitrogen complex in Canada. It has two ammonia plants and one urea plant. The complex has on-site storage for 60,000 tons of ammonia and 60,000 tons of granular urea.
Sergeant Bluff, Iowa (the Port Neal facility)
The Port Neal facility is located approximately 12 miles south of Sioux City, Iowa, on the Missouri River in Sergeant Bluff, Iowa. The facility consists of two ammonia plants, three urea plants, two nitric acid plants and one UAN plant. The location has on-site storage for 85,000 tons of ammonia, 130,000 tons of granular urea, and 100,000 tons of 32% UAN.
Claremore, Oklahoma (the Verdigris facility)
The Verdigris facility is located northeast of Tulsa, Oklahoma, near the Verdigris River, in Claremore, Oklahoma. It is the second largest UAN production facility in North America. The facility comprises two ammonia plants, two nitric acid plants, two UAN plants and a port terminal. We lease the port terminal from the Tulsa-Rogers County Port Authority. The complex has on-site storage for 60,000 tons of ammonia and 100,000 tons of 32% UAN.
Woodward, Oklahoma
The Woodward facility is located in rural northwest Oklahoma and consists of one ammonia plant, two nitric acid plants, two urea plants and two UAN plants. The facility has on-site storage for 36,000 tons of ammonia and 84,000 tons of 32% UAN.
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Yazoo City, Mississippi
The Yazoo City facility is located in central Mississippi and includes one ammonia plant, four nitric acid plants, one AN plant, two urea plants, one UAN plant and a dinitrogen tetroxide production and storage facility. The site has on-site storage for 50,000 tons of ammonia, 48,000 tons of 32% UAN and 11,000 tons of AN and related products.
Courtright, Ontario, Canada
The Courtright facility is located south of Sarnia, Ontario near the St. Clair River. The facility consists of an ammonia plant, a UAN plant, a nitric acid plant and a urea plant. The location has on-site storage for 64,000 tons of ammonia and 16,000 tons of 32% UAN.
Billingham, United Kingdom
The Billingham facility, located in the Teesside chemical area in northeastern England, is geographically split among three primary locations: the main site, which contains an ammonia plant, three nitric acid plants and a carbon dioxide plant; the Portrack site, approximately two miles away, which contains an AN fertilizer plant; and the North Tees site, approximately seven miles away, which contains an ammonia storage area. These locations collectively have on-site storage for 40,000 tons of ammonia and 128,000 tons of AN.
Point Lisas, Trinidad
The Point Lisas Nitrogen facility in Trinidad is owned jointly through a 50/50 venture with Koch Fertilizer LLC. This facility has the capacity to produce 720,000 tons of ammonia annually from natural gas supplied under a contract with The National Gas Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (NGC).
Nitrogen Product Raw Materials
Natural gas is the principal raw material and primary fuel source used in the ammonia production process at our nitrogen manufacturing facilities. In 2022, natural gas accounted for approximately 50% of our total production costs for nitrogen products. Our nitrogen manufacturing facilities have access to abundant, competitively-priced natural gas through a reliable network of pipelines that are connected to major natural gas trading hubs. Our facilities utilize the following natural gas hubs: Henry Hub, SONAT and TETCO ELA in Louisiana; ONEOK in Oklahoma; AECO in Alberta; Ventura in Iowa; Demarcation in Kansas; Welcome in Minnesota; Dawn and Parkway in Ontario; and the National Balancing Point (NBP) in the United Kingdom.
In 2022, our nitrogen manufacturing facilities consumed, in the aggregate, approximately 330 million MMBtus of natural gas. We employ a combination of daily spot and term purchases from a variety of quality suppliers to maintain a reliable, competitively-priced supply of natural gas. We also use certain financial instruments to hedge natural gas prices. See Note 15—Derivative Financial Instruments for additional information about our natural gas hedging activities.
Nitrogen Product Distribution
The safe, efficient and economical distribution of nitrogen products is critical for successful operations. Our nitrogen production facilities have access to multiple transportation modes by which we ship products to terminals, warehouses and customers. Each of our production facilities has a unique distribution pattern based on its production capacity and location.
Our North American nitrogen production facilities can ship products via truck and rail to customers and to our storage facilities in the U.S. and Canada, with access to our leased railcar fleet of approximately 5,000 tank and hopper cars, as well as railcars provided by rail carriers. Our United Kingdom nitrogen production facility mainly ships products via truck.
The North American waterway system is also used extensively to ship products from our Donaldsonville, Verdigris and Yazoo City facilities. To ship ammonia and UAN, we employ a fleet of up to eleven tow boats and thirty-six river barges, which are primarily leased. We also utilize contract marine services to move granular urea and AN. We can also export nitrogen products via seagoing vessels from our Donaldsonville and Billingham manufacturing facilities.
The Donaldsonville facility is connected to the 2,000-mile long Nustar pipeline through which we have the ability to transport ammonia to ten terminals and shipping points in the Midwestern U.S. corn belt.
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Storage Facilities and Other Properties
As of December 31, 2022, we owned or leased space at 50 in-market storage terminals and warehouses located in a 21-state region of the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Including storage at our production facilities, we have an aggregate storage capacity for approximately 3.0 million tons of product. Our storage capabilities are summarized in the following table:
 AmmoniaGranular Urea
UAN(1)
AN
 Number of
Facilities		Capacity
(000 Tons)		Number of
Facilities		Capacity
(000 Tons)		Number of
Facilities		Capacity
(000 Tons)		Number of
Facilities		Capacity
(000 Tons)
Plants8 535 3 320 6 549 2 139 
Terminal and Warehouse Locations
Owned(2)
22 760 — — 9 239 — — 
Leased(3)
5 69 2 32 22 325 — — 
Total In-Market27 829 2 32 31 564 — — 
Total Storage Capacity1,364 352 1,113 139 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Capacity is expressed as the equivalent volume of UAN measured on a 32% nitrogen content basis.
(2)The owned facilities that store UAN also can store ammonia.
(3)Our lease agreements are typically for periods of one to five years and commonly contain provisions for automatic renewal that can extend the lease term unless cancelled by either party.
Customers
The principal customers for our nitrogen products are cooperatives, independent fertilizer distributors, traders, wholesalers and industrial users. Sales are generated by our internal marketing and sales force. CHS was our largest customer in 2022 and accounted for approximately 13% of our consolidated net sales. We have a strategic venture with CHS under which CHS has a minority equity interest in CFN. See Note 17—Noncontrolling Interest for additional information on our strategic venture with CHS.
Competition
Our markets are global and intensely competitive, based primarily on delivered price and, to a lesser extent, on customer service and product quality. During the peak demand periods, product availability and delivery time also play a role in the buying decisions of customers.
Our primary North American-based competitors include Nutrien Ltd., Koch Fertilizer LLC, N-7 LLC (a joint venture between OCI N.V. and Dakota Gasification Company) and Yara International. There is also significant competition from products sourced from other regions of the world, including some with lower natural gas or other feedstock costs, which may include the benefit of government subsidies. Because ammonia, urea and UAN are widely-traded fertilizer products and there are limited barriers to entry, we experience competition from foreign-sourced products continuously. Producers of nitrogen-based fertilizers located in the Middle East, Trinidad, North Africa and Russia have been major exporters to North America in recent years.
Our primary United Kingdom competition comes from imported products supplied by companies including Yara International, Origin Fertilisers, Ameropa and Thomas Bell & Sons Ltd. Urea and UAN are not produced in the United Kingdom, but along with AN are widely-traded fertilizer products with limited barriers to entry.
Seasonality
The fertilizer business is seasonal. The degree of seasonality of our business can change significantly from year to year due to weather conditions in the agricultural industry and other factors. The strongest demand for our products in North America occurs during the spring planting season, with a second period of strong demand following the fall harvest. In contrast, we and other fertilizer producers generally manufacture and distribute products throughout the year. As a result, we and/or our customers generally build inventories during the low demand periods of the year to ensure timely product availability during the peak sales seasons. Seasonality is greatest for ammonia due to the short application season and the limited ability of our customers and their customers to store significant quantities of this product. The seasonality of fertilizer demand generally results in our sales volumes and net sales being the highest during the spring and our working capital requirements being the highest just prior to the start of the spring planting season. Our quarterly financial results can vary significantly from one year to
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the next due to weather-related shifts in planting and application schedules and purchasing patterns as well as import timing, import and distribution costs and logistical limitations, such as river conditions.
Environmental, Health and Safety
We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the European Union (EU) and Trinidad, including laws and regulations relating to the generation and handling of hazardous substances and wastes; the introduction of new chemicals or substances into a market; the cleanup of hazardous substance releases; the discharge of regulated substances to air or water; and the demolition of existing plant sites upon permanent closure. In the United States, these laws include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) and various other federal, state and local statutes. Violations of environmental, health and safety laws can result in substantial penalties, court orders to install pollution-control equipment, civil and criminal sanctions, permit revocations and facility shutdowns. In addition, environmental, health and safety laws and regulations may impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault, for cleanup costs on potentially responsible parties who have released or disposed of hazardous substances into the environment. We may be subject to more stringent enforcement of existing or new environmental, health and safety laws in the future.
Environmental, Health and Safety Expenditures
Our environmental, health and safety capital expenditures in 2022 totaled approximately $31 million. We estimate that we will have approximately $57 million of environmental, health and safety capital expenditures in 2023. In addition, to support safe and reliable operations at our continuous process manufacturing facilities, we conduct scheduled inspections, replacements and overhauls of our plant machinery and equipment, which are referred to as turnarounds. A further description of turnaround activities is included in Note 6—Property, Plant and Equipment—Net in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this report. Environmental, health and safety laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. We expect that continued government and public emphasis on environmental issues will result in increased future expenditures for environmental controls at our manufacturing and distribution facilities. Such expenditures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Additionally, future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations or reinterpretation of current laws and regulations may require us to make substantial expenditures. Our costs to comply with, or any liabilities under, these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
CERCLA/Remediation Matters
From time to time, we receive notices from governmental agencies or third parties alleging that we are a potentially responsible party at certain cleanup sites under CERCLA or other environmental cleanup laws. In 2011, we received a notice from the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ) that alleged that we were a potentially responsible party for the cleanup of a former phosphate mine site we owned in the late 1950s and early 1960s located in Georgetown Canyon, Idaho. The current owner of the property and a former mining contractor received similar notices for the site. In 2014, we and the current property owner entered into a Consent Order with IDEQ and the U.S. Forest Service to conduct a remedial investigation and feasibility study of the site. The remedial investigation was submitted to the agencies in 2021. The next step will be a risk assessment, followed by a feasibility study. In 2015, we and several other parties received a notice that the U.S. Department of the Interior and other trustees intended to undertake a natural resource damage assessment for 18 former phosphate mines and three former processing facilities in southeast Idaho, which includes the Georgetown Canyon former mine and processing facility. See Note 20—Contingencies for additional information.
Regulation of Greenhouse Gases
Our production facilities emit greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Natural gas, a fossil fuel, is a primary raw material used in our nitrogen production process. We are subject to GHG regulations in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.
Our U.K. manufacturing plant is required to report GHG emissions annually to the United Kingdom Environment Agency pursuant to its site Environmental Permits and Climate Change Agreement, which specifies energy efficiency targets. Failure to meet efficiency targets may require the plant to purchase CO2 emissions allowances. Our U.K. manufacturing plant is subject to the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS), which generally requires us to hold or obtain emission allowances to offset GHG emissions from those aspects of our operations that are subject to regulation under this program.
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In Canada, we are required to conduct an annual review of our operations with respect to compliance with Environment Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory, Ontario’s Mandatory Monitoring and Reporting Regulation, and the GHG Reporting Regulation. In addition, our manufacturing plants in Alberta and Ontario are subject to provincial or federal laws that impose a price on excess GHG emissions. Each of these laws establishes carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions standards applicable to our facilities in terms of emissions per unit of production, with the provincial laws and the federal law using different formulas for establishing the intensity-based limits and the reductions in these limits over time. The federal law is the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, which came into effect in 2018 and is intended to function only as a backstop to the provincial programs if such programs do not meet minimum federal criteria. In 2022, the federal government found that both the Alberta and Ontario programs for 2023-2030 met such minimum criteria, and therefore, the provincial laws apply. Effective January 1, 2023, these provincial regulations will increase in stringency from 2022 levels. If a facility’s CO2e emissions exceed the applicable limit, the excess emissions must be offset, either through obtaining qualifying emission credits or by making a payment for each ton of excess emissions. For calendar year 2023, the excess emissions fee under the federal, Alberta and Ontario regulatory programs is CAD $65 per tonne, which fee will increase by CAD $15 per tonne per year, reaching CAD $170 per tonne by 2030.
In the United States, GHG regulation is evolving at state, regional and federal levels, although some of the more significant developments to date, including efforts of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate GHG emissions from fossil fuel-fired power plants, do not directly impose obligations on our facilities. The EPA issued a mandatory GHG reporting rule that required all of our U.S. manufacturing facilities, which are considered large emitters of GHGs, to commence monitoring GHG emissions beginning on January 1, 2010 and reporting the previous year’s emissions annually starting in 2011. In addition, if we seek to modify or expand any of our major facilities and as a result, are required to obtain a Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) construction permit applicable to such facilities, we could be subject to pollution control requirements applicable to GHGs in addition to requirements applicable to conventional air pollutants. Such requirements may result in increased costs or delays in completing such projects. Other than the states’ implementation of this permitting requirement, none of the states where our U.S. production facilities are located – Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi and Oklahoma – has proposed control regulations limiting GHG emissions.
Increasing concern over the impacts of climate change is driving countries to establish ever more ambitious GHG reduction targets. Approximately 200 countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and the members of the EU have joined the Paris Agreement, an international agreement intended to provide a framework pursuant to which the parties to the agreement will attempt to hold the increase in global average temperatures to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Each signatory is required to develop its own national plan to attain this objective. In December 2020, the United Kingdom announced a target to reduce GHG emissions 68% from the baseline year of 1990 by 2030. Canada has increased its emissions reduction target under the Paris Agreement to 40-45% below 2005 levels by 2030, up from 30%. In April 2021, the United States increased its goal to reduce GHG emissions to 50-52% below 2005 levels by 2030. Executive orders issued by the Biden administration, including in particular an executive order issued on January 27, 2021 focusing on climate change, evidence the administration’s intent to undertake numerous initiatives in an effort to reduce GHG emissions, including promoting renewable energy development, limiting new oil and gas leases on federal lands and, in general, making climate change considerations a critical component of federal policy.
Regulatory Permits and Approvals
We hold numerous environmental and other governmental permits and approvals authorizing operations at each of our facilities. A decision by a government agency to deny or delay issuing a new or renewed regulatory material permit or approval, or to revoke or substantially modify an existing material permit or approval, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue operations at the affected facility. Any future expansion of our existing operations is also predicated upon securing the necessary environmental or other permits or approvals. More stringent environmental standards may impact our ability to obtain such permits.
Human Capital Resources
Our long-term success depends on our people. We are dedicated to creating a workplace where employees are proud to work and grow and where everyone feels empowered to do their best work. We do this by investing in extensive recruitment, training and professional development opportunities for our employees and fostering diversity and inclusion in our culture.
Employee Population. We employed approximately 2,700 employees at December 31, 2022, of which 76% were located in the United States, 15% in Canada, and 9% in the United Kingdom. As of December 31, 2022, 12% of our employees have worked for the Company more than 20 years, 18% of our employees have worked for the Company between 11 and 20 years, 28% of our employees have worked for the Company between 6 and 10 years, and 42% of our employees have worked at the
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Company for less than 6 years. Full-time employees represented nearly 100% of our workforce as of December 31, 2022 and approximately 6% were covered by collective bargaining agreements. We supplement our workforce with contractors with specialized skill sets during periods of peak activity, such as during turnarounds and maintenance events.
Culture, Inclusion and Diversity. Our core values and their underlying principles reflect our commitment to a diverse and inclusive culture, treating one another with respect. Across the Company, all employees completed training to learn to recognize and address the effects of unconscious bias by challenging assumptions; encouraging diversity of experience, opinion, and expression; and supporting a workplace culture that actively strives to be more inclusive. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 15% of our global workforce was female and 17% of the Company’s employees in frontline managerial roles were female. Minorities represented approximately 17% of the Company’s U.S. workforce and 15% of our U.S. employees in managerial roles. In order to continue to improve the inclusiveness and diversity of our company and culture, our comprehensive ESG goals announced in 2020 include goals to increase the representation of females and persons of color in senior leadership roles and to implement a program designed to increase the hiring and promotion of minority and female candidates. As of December 31, 2022, we had exceeded our representation goal with approximately 38% of senior leadership roles held by females and persons of color.
Workforce Health and Safety. Operating in a safe and responsible manner is a core value and an integral part of what sets the Company apart. We believe that focusing on leading indicators - such as the behavioral safety practices we have incorporated into our annual incentive plan — to drive and measure activities that prevent safety incidents, results in our industry-leading safety record. As of December 31, 2022, our employee 12-month rolling average recordable incident rate (RIR) was 0.33 incidents per 200,000 work hours, and during the year ended December 31, 2022, our total recordable injury count was nine. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our days away, restricted or transferred (DART) incident rate was 0.22 injuries per 200,000 work hours, and our lost time incident rate was 0.04 injuries per 200,000 work hours.
Talent Development. A core aspect of our culture is our commitment to identifying and developing talent to help employees accelerate growth and achieve their career goals. We invest in extensive assessment, training and professional development opportunities for our employees through a robust set of formal and informal programs, including targeted job movements, key experiences, and training, with an emphasis on creating a culture of inclusion. Leadership is the quality that drives our values and sets us apart. To help foster leadership, we have developed a set of leadership competencies that provide a common language for how to demonstrate leadership at every level of the organization and have embedded them into all talent management processes, including selection, performance management and succession planning. We view training and development programs as being a key part of talent management, allowing us to grow a stronger company today and in the future.
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ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS.
In addition to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, you should carefully consider the factors discussed below before deciding to invest in any of our securities. These risks and uncertainties, individually or in combination, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. References to tons refer to short tons and references to tonnes refer to metric tons.
Market Risks
Our business is cyclical, resulting in periods of industry oversupply during which our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows tend to be negatively affected.
Historically, selling prices for our products, which are generally global commodities, have fluctuated in response to periodic changes in supply and demand conditions. Demand for nitrogen is affected by planted acreage, crop selection and fertilizer application rates, driven by population growth, gross domestic product growth, changes in dietary habits and non-food use of crops, such as production of ethanol and other biofuels among other things. Demand also includes industrial uses of nitrogen, for example chemical manufacturing and emissions reductants such as diesel exhaust fluid (DEF). Supply is affected primarily by available production capacity and operating rates, raw material costs and availability, energy prices, government policies and global trade.
Periods of strong demand, high capacity utilization and increasing operating margins tend to stimulate global investment in production capacity. In the past, fertilizer producers, including CF Holdings, have built new production facilities or expanded capacity of existing production assets, or announced plans to do so. The construction of new nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing capacity in the industry, plus improvements to increase output from the existing production assets, increase nitrogen supply availability and affect the balance of supply and demand and nitrogen selling prices. In certain years, global nitrogen fertilizer capacity has increased faster than global nitrogen fertilizer demand, creating a surplus of global nitrogen fertilizer capacity, which has led to lower nitrogen fertilizer selling prices. For example, in the two-year period ended December 31, 2017, additional production capacity came on line and, at the same time, the average selling price for our products declined 34%, from $314 per ton in 2015 to $207 per ton in 2017.
Additional production capacity is expected to come on line over the next 12 months outside of North America. In addition, plans for building new facilities for green and blue ammonia have been announced by other companies and CF Holdings, such as our proposed plans for an export-oriented greenfield blue ammonia production facility in the southeastern United States. We cannot predict the impact of this additional capacity on nitrogen fertilizer selling prices. Also, global or local economic, political and financial conditions or changes in such conditions, or other factors, may cause acceleration of announced and/or ongoing projects. Similarly, lower energy prices can spur increases in production in high cost regions, which would result in increased supply and pressure on selling prices. Additionally, if imports increase into an oversupplied region, lower prices in that region could result.
During periods of industry oversupply, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows tend to be affected negatively as the price at which we sell our products typically declines, resulting in possible reduced profit margins, write-downs in the value of our inventory and temporary or permanent curtailments of production. In recent years, we have experienced periods of industry oversupply, which impacted our financial performance, credit ratings and the trading price for our common stock. Due to the cyclical nature of our industry, we cannot predict the timing or duration of oversupply conditions or the degree to which oversupply conditions would impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Nitrogen products are global commodities, and we face intense global competition from other producers.
We are subject to intense price competition from our competitors. The nitrogen products that we produce are global commodities, with little or no product differentiation, and customers make their purchasing decisions principally on the basis of delivered price and, to a lesser extent, customer service and product quality. As a consequence, conditions in the international market for nitrogen products significantly influence our operating results.
We compete with many producers, including state-owned and government-subsidized entities. Some of our competitors have greater total resources and are less dependent on earnings from fertilizer sales, which make them less vulnerable to industry downturns and better positioned to pursue new expansion and development opportunities. Furthermore, certain governments, in some cases as owners of some of our competitors, may be willing to accept lower prices and profitability on their products or subsidize production or consumption in order to support domestic employment or other political or social goals. Our competitive position could suffer as a result of these factors, including if we are not able to expand our own resources to a similar extent, either through investments in new or existing operations or through acquisitions or joint ventures.
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China, the world’s largest producer and consumer of nitrogen fertilizers, currently has surplus capacity and many high-cost plants. As a result, the domestic nitrogen industry in China is operating at less than full capacity. In addition, the Chinese government is currently limiting exports through a variety of measures. A number of factors could encourage China to increase product capacity utilization, including changes in Chinese government policy, devaluation of the Chinese renminbi, the relaxation of Chinese environmental standards or decreases in Chinese producers’ underlying costs such as the price of Chinese coal. Any resulting increase in export volume could adversely affect the balance between global supply and demand and put downward pressure on global fertilizer prices, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.    
From time to time, certain of our competitors with significant nitrogen fertilizer export capacity have benefited from non-market pricing of natural gas, which has resulted in significant volumes of exports to the United States. For example, the 2016 revocations of U.S. antidumping measures on solid urea and fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate from Russia allowed for increased imports from that country into the United States in recent years. In addition, in recent years, high volumes of urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) imports from Russia and The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad) have negatively affected U.S. producers’ UAN profitability.
We also face competition from other fertilizer producers in the Middle East, Europe, Latin America and Africa. These producers, depending on market conditions, fluctuating input prices, geographic location and freight economics, may take actions at times with respect to price or selling volumes that adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Some of these producers also benefit from non-market or government-set rates for natural gas pricing. Government policies in these regions may also stimulate future ammonia or hydrogen investments. Recently, many proposed green and blue ammonia projects have been announced or considered, and future hydrogen, energy, or environmental/carbon policies may support development of additional nitrogen production in locations outside North America, including Europe, Australia and the Middle East.
In addition, the international market for nitrogen products is influenced by such factors as currency exchange rates, including the relative value of the U.S. dollar and its impact on the cost of importing nitrogen products into the United States, foreign agricultural policies, the existence of, or changes in, import or foreign currency exchange barriers in certain foreign markets and the laws and policies of the markets in which we operate, including the imposition of new duties, tariffs or quotas, that affect foreign trade and investment. For example, the imposition of duties, tariffs or quotas in a region can directly impact product pricing in that region, which can lead to changes in global trade flows and impact the global supply and demand balance and pricing. Market participants customarily move product between regions of the world, or adjust trade flows, in response to these factors. North America, where we manufacture and sell most of our products, is one of the largest and most accessible nitrogen trading regions in the world. As a result, other manufacturers, traders and other market participants can move nitrogen products to North America when there is uncertainty associated with the supply and demand balance in other regions or when duties, tariffs or quotas impact prices or trade flows in other regions. Thus, duties, tariffs and quotas can lead to uncertainty in the global marketplace and impact the supply and demand balance in many regions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. On October 9, 2019, the European Commission (the Commission) imposed definitive anti-dumping duties on imports to the European Union (EU) of UAN manufactured in Russia, Trinidad and the United States. For imports of UAN manufactured in the United States, the fixed duty rate is €29.48 per tonne (or €26.74 per ton). The duties will remain in place for an initial five-year period unless the Commission suspends them before the five-year period has expired. After the initial five-year period, the Commission may renew the measures. The long-term impact of these duties on the international market for nitrogen products is uncertain.
A decline in agricultural production, limitations on the use of our products for agricultural purposes or developments in crop technology could materially adversely affect the demand for our products.
Conditions in the United States, Europe, India, Brazil, China and other countries and regions of global significance in agricultural production significantly impact our operating results. Agricultural planted areas and production can be affected by a number of factors, including weather patterns and field conditions, current and projected grain inventories and prices, crop disease and/or livestock disease, demand for agricultural products and governmental policies regarding production of or trade in agricultural products. These factors are outside of our control.
Governmental policies, including farm and biofuel subsidies, commodity support programs and tariffs, environmental and greenhouse gas policies, as well as the prices of fertilizer products, may also directly or indirectly influence the number of acres planted, the mix of crops planted and the use of fertilizers for particular agricultural applications. Ethanol production in the United States contributes significantly to corn demand, representing approximately 40% of total U.S. corn demand, due in part to federal legislation mandating use of renewable fuels. The resulting increase in ethanol production has led to an increase in the amount of corn grown in the United States and to increased fertilizer usage on both corn and other crops that have also
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benefited from improved farm economics. While the current Renewable Fuel Standard encourages continued high levels of corn-based ethanol production, various interested parties have called to eliminate or reduce the renewable fuel mandate, or to eliminate or reduce corn-based ethanol as part of the renewable fuel mandate. Other factors that drive the ethanol market include the prices of ethanol, gasoline and corn. Lower gasoline prices and fewer aggregate miles, driven by increased automobile fuel efficiency, the continued expansion of electric vehicle use or the impact of decreased travel, such as the decreased travel experienced during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, may put pressure on ethanol prices that could result in reduced profitability and lower production for the ethanol industry. This could have an adverse effect on corn-based ethanol production, planted corn acreage and fertilizer demand. Additionally, government incentives and other policies and recent increased investment in renewable biodiesel and associated soybean crush capacity may drive higher soybean oil prices, resulting in more planted acres allocated to soybeans and other oil crops and displacing some acreage traditionally planted to more nitrogen intensive crops such as grains and cotton.
Developments in crop technology, such as nitrogen fixation, the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into compounds that plants can assimilate, or nitrogen-efficient varieties, or developments in alternatives to traditional animal feed or alternative proteins, could also reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and adversely affect the demand for our products. Widespread adoption of emerging application technologies or alternative farming techniques could disrupt traditional application practices, affecting the volume or types of fertilizer products used and timing of applications. In addition, from time to time various foreign governments and U.S. state legislatures have considered limitations on the use and application of chemical fertilizers due to concerns about the negative impact that the application of these products can have on the environment. Starting in October 2023, the United Kingdom will limit the use of unprotected or uninhibited urea products between January and March of every year. While CF Fertilisers UK Limited does not sell solid urea fertilizer in the United Kingdom, limitations on fertilizer use have been and may be considered by other jurisdictions, such as the EU, which announced its Farm to Fork Strategy and Biodiversity Strategy, or Canada, which has begun consulting stakeholders on its target of reducing emissions from fertilizers by 30% below 2020 levels through improved nitrogen management and optimizing fertilizer use. These or other more stringent limitations on greenhouse gas emissions applicable to farmers, the end-users of our nitrogen fertilizers, could reduce the demand for our fertilizer products to the extent their use of our products increases farm-level emissions. Any reduction in the demand for chemical fertilizer products, including as a result of technological developments and/or limitations on the use and application of chemical fertilizers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our business is dependent on natural gas, the prices of which are subject to volatility.
Nitrogen from the atmosphere and hydrogen from natural gas, coal and other carbon energy feedstocks, or from the electrolysis of water, are the fundamental building blocks of nitrogen products. Energy feedstock costs comprise a significant portion of the total production cost of nitrogen products and, relative to the industry’s marginal producers that set the global price of nitrogen, generally determine profitability for nitrogen producers. Our manufacturing processes utilize natural gas as the principal raw material used in our production of nitrogen products. We use natural gas both as a chemical feedstock and as a fuel to produce ammonia, granular urea, UAN, AN and other nitrogen products.
Most of our nitrogen manufacturing facilities are located in the United States and Canada. As a result, North American natural gas comprises a significant portion of the total production cost of our products. The price of natural gas in North America has been volatile in recent years. The price has declined on average due in part to the development of significant natural gas reserves, including shale gas, and the rapid improvement in shale gas extraction techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. However, future production of natural gas from shale formations could be reduced by regulatory changes that restrict drilling or hydraulic fracturing or increase its cost or by reduction in oil exploration and development prompted by lower oil prices resulting in production of less associated gas. Changes in the supply of and demand for natural gas can lead to extended periods of higher natural gas prices.
In recent years, the cost of North American natural gas for the production of nitrogen fertilizers has been significantly lower than the energy costs of the industry’s marginal nitrogen producers. Any increases in the volume of liquefied natural gas exported from the United States to other regions, or increases in the usage of hydraulic fracturing outside the United States, particularly in regions where nitrogen products are produced, could increase our natural gas costs and/or lower natural gas costs for our competitors. If natural gas prices outside of North America were to decrease or North American natural gas prices were to increase, our favorable energy cost differentials relative to the industry’s marginal nitrogen producers could significantly erode, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
During 2022, the daily closing price at the Henry Hub, the most heavily-traded natural gas pricing point in North America, reached a low of $3.45 per MMBtu on November 10, 2022 and a high of $9.85 per MMBtu on August 23, 2022. During the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, the daily closing price at the Henry Hub reached a low of $1.34 per
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MMBtu on September 22, 2020 and three consecutive days in October 2020 and a high of $23.61 per MMBtu on February 18, 2021.
Certain of our operating facilities are located near natural gas hubs that have experienced increased natural gas development and have favorable basis differences as compared to other North American hubs. Favorable basis differences in certain regions may dissipate over time due to increases in natural gas pipeline or storage capacity in those regions. Additionally, basis differentials may become materially unfavorable due to a lack of inbound gas pipeline or storage capacity in other regions during periods of unusually high demand. Increased demand for natural gas, particularly in the Gulf Coast Region, due to increased industrial demand and increased natural gas exports, could result in increased natural gas prices. If reduced production, increased demand or changes in basis were to occur, or if other developments adversely impact the supply and demand balance for natural gas in North America or elsewhere, natural gas prices could rise, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We also have a manufacturing facility located in the United Kingdom. This facility is subject to fluctuations in production cost associated with the price of natural gas in Europe, which has been volatile in recent years and reached unprecedented high levels in 2021. The major natural gas trading point for the United Kingdom is the National Balancing Point (NBP). During 2022, the daily closing price at NBP reached a low of $1.23 per MMBtu on June 10, 2022 and a high of $67.08 per MMBtu on March 8, 2022. During the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, the daily closing price at NBP reached a low of $1.04 per MMBtu on May 22, 2020 and a high of $67.08 per MMBtu on March 8, 2022. Since the third quarter of 2021, the price for natural gas in the United Kingdom has generally remained high relative to historical NBP prices. The high price for natural gas in the United Kingdom has had an effect on our local operations in the United Kingdom, including the permanent closure of our Ince facility and the temporary idling of ammonia production at our Billingham complex. The average daily market price of natural gas at NBP for January 2023 was $18.93 per MMBtu.
Adverse weather conditions may decrease demand for our fertilizer products, increase the cost of natural gas or materially disrupt our operations. Adverse weather conditions could become more frequent and/or more severe as a result of climate change.
Weather conditions that delay or disrupt field work during the planting, growing, harvesting or application periods may cause agricultural customers to use different forms of nitrogen fertilizer, which may adversely affect demand for the forms that we sell or may impede farmers from applying our fertilizers until the following application period, resulting in lower seasonal demand for our products.
Adverse weather conditions during or following harvest may delay or eliminate opportunities to apply fertilizer in the fall. Weather can also have an adverse effect on crop yields, which could lower the income of growers and impair their ability to purchase fertilizer from our customers. Adverse weather conditions could also impact transportation of fertilizer, which could disrupt our ability to deliver our products to customers on a timely basis. Our quarterly financial results can vary significantly from one year to the next due to weather-related shifts in fertilizer applications, planting schedules and purchasing patterns. Over the longer-term, changes in weather patterns may shift the periods of demand for products and even the regions to which our products are distributed, which could require us to evolve our distribution system.
In addition, we use the North American waterway system extensively to ship products from some of our manufacturing facilities to our distribution facilities and our customers. We also export nitrogen fertilizer products via seagoing vessels from deep-water docking facilities at certain of our manufacturing sites. Therefore, persistent significant changes in river or ocean water levels (either up or down, such as a result of flooding, drought or climate change, for example), may require changes to our operating and distribution activities and/or significant capital improvements to our facilities.
Weather conditions or, in certain cases, weather forecasts, also can disrupt our operations and can affect the price of natural gas, the principal raw material used to make our nitrogen products. Colder and/or longer than normal winters and warmer than normal summers increase the demand for natural gas for residential and industrial use and for power generation, which can increase the cost and/or decrease the availability of natural gas. In addition, adverse weather events not only can cause loss of power at our facilities or damage to or delays in logistics capabilities disrupting our operations, but also can impact the supply of natural gas and utilities and cause prices to rise.
All of the adverse weather conditions described above, including those impacting our customers and our operations, such as the physical risk from storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, or floods could become more frequent and/or more severe as a result of climate change. Our Donaldsonville complex is located in an area of the United States that experiences a relatively high level of hurricane or high wind activity and several of our complexes are located in areas that experience extreme weather events. In the last several years, there has been an increase in the frequency and severity of adverse weather conditions, including in the geographic areas where we have operations. Any significant adverse weather event or combination of adverse weather events
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could decrease demand for our fertilizer products, increase the cost of natural gas or materially disrupt our operations—any of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our operating results fluctuate due to seasonality. Our inability to predict future seasonal fertilizer demand accurately could result in our having excess inventory, potentially at costs in excess of market value.
The fertilizer business is seasonal. The degree of seasonality of our business can change significantly from year to year due to conditions in the agricultural industry and other factors. The strongest demand for our products in North America occurs during the spring planting season, with a second period of strong demand following the fall harvest. In contrast, we and other fertilizer producers generally manufacture and distribute products throughout the year. As a result, we and/or our customers generally build inventories during the low demand periods of the year to ensure timely product availability during the peak demand periods. Seasonality is greatest for ammonia due to the short application seasons and the limited ability of our customers and their customers to store significant quantities of this product. The seasonality of fertilizer demand generally results in our sales volumes and net sales being the highest during the spring and our working capital requirements to build inventory being the highest just prior to the start of the spring planting season.
If seasonal demand is less than we expect, we may be left with excess inventory that will have to be stored (in which case our results of operations would be negatively affected by any related increased storage costs) or liquidated (in which case the selling price could be below our production, procurement and storage costs). The risks associated with excess inventory and product shortages are exacerbated by the volatility of nitrogen fertilizer prices, the constraints of our storage capacity, and the relatively brief periods during which farmers can apply nitrogen fertilizers. If prices for our products rapidly decrease, we may be subject to inventory write-downs, adversely affecting our operating results.
A change in the volume of products that our customers purchase on a forward basis, or the percentage of our sales volume that is sold to our customers on a forward basis, could increase our exposure to fluctuations in our profit margins and working capital and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We offer our customers the opportunity to purchase products from us on a forward basis at prices and delivery dates we propose. Under our forward sales programs, customers generally make an initial cash down payment at the time of order and pay the remaining portion of the contract sales value in advance of the shipment date. Forward sales improve our liquidity by reducing our working capital needs due to the cash payments received from customers in advance of shipment of the product and allow us to improve our production scheduling and planning and the utilization of our manufacturing and distribution assets.
Any cash payments received in advance from customers in connection with forward sales are reflected on our consolidated balance sheets as a current liability until the related orders are shipped, which can take up to several months.
We believe the ability to purchase products on a forward basis is most appealing to our customers during periods of generally increasing prices for nitrogen fertilizers. Our customers may be less willing or even unwilling to purchase products on a forward basis during periods of generally decreasing or stable prices or during periods of relatively high fertilizer prices due to the expectation of lower prices in the future. In addition, our customers may be unwilling to purchase products on a forward basis due to their limited capital resources. Fixing the selling prices of our products, often months in advance of their ultimate delivery to customers, typically causes our reported selling prices and margins to differ from spot market prices and margins available at the time of shipment. In periods of rising fertilizer prices, selling our nitrogen fertilizers on a forward basis may result in lower profit margins than if we had not sold fertilizer on a forward basis.
Operational Risks
Our operations are dependent upon raw materials provided by third parties, and any delay or interruption in the delivery of raw materials may adversely affect our business.
We use natural gas and other raw materials in the manufacture of our nitrogen products. We purchase the natural gas and other raw materials from third party suppliers. Our natural gas is transported by pipeline to our facilities by third party transportation providers or through the use of facilities owned by third parties. Delays or interruptions in the delivery of natural gas or other raw materials may be caused by, among other things, extreme weather or natural disasters, unscheduled downtime, labor difficulties or shortages, insolvency of our suppliers or their inability to meet existing contractual arrangements, deliberate sabotage and terrorist incidents, or mechanical failures. In addition, the transport of natural gas by pipeline is subject to additional risks, including delays or interruptions caused by capacity constraints, leaks or ruptures. Any delay or interruption in the delivery of natural gas or other raw materials, even for a limited period, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
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Our transportation and distribution activities rely on third party providers and are subject to environmental, safety and regulatory oversight. This exposes us to risks and uncertainties beyond our control that may adversely affect our operations and exposes us to additional liability.
We rely on natural gas pipelines to transport raw materials to our manufacturing facilities. In addition, we rely on railroad, barge, truck, vessel and pipeline companies to coordinate and deliver finished products to our distribution system and to ship finished products to our customers. We also lease rail cars in order to ship raw materials and finished products. These transportation operations, equipment and services are subject to various hazards and other sources of disruption, including adverse operating conditions on the inland waterway system, extreme weather conditions, system failures, unscheduled downtime, labor difficulties or shortages, shutdowns, delays, accidents such as spills and derailments, vessel groundings and other accidents and operating hazards. Additionally, due to the aging infrastructure of certain rail lines, bridges, roadways, pipelines, river locks, and equipment that our third party service providers utilize, we may experience delays in both the receipt of raw materials or the shipment of finished product while repairs, maintenance or replacement activities are conducted. Also, certain third party service providers, such as railroads, have from time to time experienced service delays or shutdowns due to capacity constraints in their systems, operational and maintenance difficulties, blockades, organized labor strikes, weather or safety-related embargoes and delays, and other events, which could impact the shipping of our products and cause disruption in our supply chain.
These transportation operations, equipment and services are also subject to environmental, safety, and regulatory oversight. Due to concerns related to accidents, discharges or other releases of hazardous substances, terrorism or the potential use of fertilizers as explosives, governmental entities could implement new or more stringent regulatory requirements affecting the transportation of raw materials or finished products.
If shipping of our products is delayed or we are unable to obtain raw materials as a result of these transportation companies’ failure to operate properly, or if new and more stringent regulatory requirements were implemented affecting transportation operations or equipment, or if there were significant increases in the cost of these services or equipment, our revenues and cost of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, increases in our transportation costs, or changes in such costs relative to transportation costs incurred by our competitors, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In the United States and Canada, the railroad industry continues various efforts to limit the railroads’ potential liability stemming from the transportation of Toxic Inhalation Hazard materials, such as the anhydrous ammonia we transport to and from our manufacturing and distribution facilities. For example, various railroads shift liability to shippers by contract, purport to shift liability to shippers by tariff, or otherwise seek to require shippers to indemnify and defend the railroads from and against liabilities (including in negligence, strict liability, or statutory liability) that may arise from certain acts or omissions of the railroads, third parties that may have insufficient resources, or the Company or from unknown causes or acts of god. These initiatives could materially and adversely affect our operating expenses and potentially our ability to transport anhydrous ammonia and increase our liability for releases of our anhydrous ammonia while in the care, custody and control of the railroads, third parties or us, for which our insurance may be insufficient or unavailable. New or more stringent regulatory requirements also could be implemented affecting the equipment used to ship our raw materials or finished products. Restrictions on service, increases in transportation costs, or changes in such costs relative to transportation costs incurred by our competitors, and any railroad industry initiatives that may impact our ability to transport our products, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We are reliant on a limited number of key facilities.
Our nitrogen manufacturing facilities are located at eight separate nitrogen complexes, the largest of which is the Donaldsonville complex, which represented approximately 41% of our ammonia production capacity as of December 31, 2022. The suspension of operations at any of these complexes could adversely affect our ability to produce our products and fulfill our commitments, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Operational disruptions could occur for many reasons, including natural disasters, weather, unplanned maintenance and other manufacturing problems, disease, strikes or other labor unrest or transportation interruptions. For example, our Donaldsonville complex is located in an area of the United States that experiences extreme weather events, including a relatively high level of hurricane or high wind activity, and several of our other complexes are also located in areas that experience extreme weather events. Extreme weather events, including temperature extremes, depending on their severity and location, have the potential not only to damage our facilities and disrupt our operations, but also to affect adversely the shipping and distribution of our products. Moreover, our facilities may be subject to failure of equipment that may be difficult to replace or have long delivery lead times, due in part to a limited number of suppliers, and could result in operational disruptions.
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We are subject to risks relating to our information technology systems, and any technology disruption or cybersecurity incident could negatively affect our operations.
We rely on internal and third-party information technology and computer control systems in many aspects of our business, including internal and external communications, the management of our accounting, financial and supply chain functions and plant operations. If we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to build, implement and sustain the proper technology infrastructure, we could be subject to transaction errors, inaccurate financial reporting, processing inefficiencies, the loss of customers, business disruptions, or the loss of or damage to our confidential business information due to a security breach. In addition, our information technology systems may be damaged, disrupted or shut down due to attacks by computer hackers, computer viruses, employee error or malfeasance, power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication or utility failures, catastrophes or other unforeseen events, and in any such circumstances our system redundancy and other disaster recovery planning may be ineffective or inadequate. Security breaches of our systems (or the systems of our customers, suppliers or other business partners) could result in the misappropriation, destruction or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information or personal data belonging to us or to our employees, business partners, customers or suppliers, and may subject us to legal liability.
As with most large systems, our information technology systems (and those of our suppliers) have in the past been, and in the future likely will be, subject to computer viruses, malicious codes, unauthorized access and other cyberattacks, and we expect the sophistication and frequency of such attacks to continue to increase. To date, we are not aware of any significant impact on our operations or financial results from such attempts; however, unauthorized access or other types of cyberattacks could disrupt our business operations, result in the loss of assets, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Any of the attacks, breaches or other disruptions or damage described above could: interrupt our operations at one or more sites; delay production and shipments; result in the theft of our and our customers’ intellectual property and trade secrets; damage customer and business partner relationships and our reputation; result in legal claims and proceedings, liability and penalties under privacy or other laws, or increased costs for security and remediation; or raise concerns regarding our accounting for transactions. Each of these consequences could adversely affect our business, reputation and our financial statements.
Our business involves the use, storage, and transmission of information about our employees, customers, and suppliers. The protection of such information, as well as our proprietary information, is critical to us. The regulatory environment surrounding information security and privacy is increasingly demanding, with frequent imposition of new requirements and changes to existing requirements. Breaches of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure, or unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data about us or our employees, customers or suppliers, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of fraud, trickery, or other forms of deception, could expose us or our employees, customers, suppliers or other individuals or entities affected to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, which could ultimately result in litigation and potential legal and financial liability. These events could also damage our reputation or otherwise harm our business.
Acts of terrorism and regulations to combat terrorism could negatively affect our business.
Like other companies with major industrial facilities, we may be targets of terrorist activities. Many of our plants and facilities store significant quantities of ammonia and other materials that can be dangerous if mishandled. Any damage to infrastructure facilities, such as electric generation, transmission and distribution facilities, or injury to employees, who could be direct targets or indirect casualties of an act of terrorism, may affect our operations. Any disruption of our ability to produce or distribute our products could result in a significant decrease in revenues and significant additional costs to replace, repair or insure our assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Due to concerns related to terrorism or the potential use of certain nitrogen products as explosives, we are subject to various security laws and regulations. In the United States, these security laws include the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 and the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards regulation. In addition, President Obama issued in 2013 Executive Order 13650 Improving Chemical Facility Safety and Security to improve chemical facility safety in coordination with owners and operators. Governmental entities could implement new or impose more stringent regulations affecting the security of our plants, terminals and warehouses or the transportation and use of fertilizers and other nitrogen products. These regulations could result in higher operating costs or limitations on the sale of our products and could result in significant unanticipated costs, lower revenues and reduced profit margins. We manufacture and sell certain nitrogen products that can be used as explosives. It is possible that governmental entities in the United States or elsewhere could impose additional limitations on the use, sale or distribution of nitrogen products, thereby limiting our ability to manufacture or sell those products, or that illicit use of our products could result in liability for us.
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We are subject to risks associated with international operations.
Our international business operations are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including difficulties and costs associated with complying with a wide variety of complex laws, treaties and regulations; unexpected changes in regulatory environments; currency fluctuations; tax rates that may exceed those in the United States; earnings that may be subject to withholding requirements; and the imposition of tariffs, exchange controls or other restrictions.
Changes in governmental trade policies can lead to the imposition of new taxes, levies, duties, tariffs or quotas affecting agricultural commodities, fertilizer or industrial products. These can alter or impact costs, trade flows, demand for our products, access to raw materials and other supplies, and regional supply and demand balances for our products.
Our principal reporting currency is the U.S. dollar and our business operations and investments outside the United States increase our risk related to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The main currencies to which we are exposed, besides the U.S. dollar, are the Canadian dollar, the British pound and the euro. These exposures may change over time as business practices evolve and economic conditions change. We may selectively reduce some foreign currency exchange rate risk by, among other things, requiring contracted purchases of our products to be settled in, or indexed to, the U.S. dollar or a currency freely convertible into U.S. dollars, or hedging through foreign currency derivatives. These efforts, however, may not be effective and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We are subject to anti-corruption laws and regulations and economic sanctions programs in various jurisdictions, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, the United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010, the Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act; economic sanctions programs administered by the United Nations, the EU and the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury; and regulations under the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010. As a result of doing business internationally, we are exposed to a risk of violating anti-corruption laws and sanctions regulations applicable in those countries where we, our partners or our agents operate. Violations of anti-corruption and sanctions laws and regulations are punishable by civil penalties, including fines, denial of export privileges, injunctions, asset seizures, debarment from government contracts (and termination of existing contracts) and revocations or restrictions of licenses, as well as criminal fines and imprisonment. The violation of applicable laws by our employees, consultants, agents or partners could subject us to penalties and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We are subject to antitrust and competition laws in various countries throughout the world. We cannot predict how these laws or their interpretation, administration and enforcement will change over time. Changes in antitrust laws globally, or in their interpretation, administration or enforcement, may limit our existing or future operations and growth.
Financial Risks
Our operations and the production and handling of our products involve significant risks and hazards. We are not fully insured against all potential hazards and risks incident to our business. Therefore, our insurance coverage may not adequately cover our losses.
Our operations are subject to hazards inherent in the manufacture, transportation, storage and distribution of chemical products, including ammonia, which is highly toxic and can be corrosive, and ammonium nitrate, which is explosive. These hazards include: explosions; fires; extreme weather and natural disasters; train derailments, collisions, vessel groundings and other transportation and maritime incidents; leaks and ruptures involving storage tanks, pipelines and rail cars; spills, discharges and releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases; deliberate sabotage and terrorist incidents; mechanical failures; unscheduled plant downtime; labor difficulties and other risks. Some of these hazards can cause bodily injury and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment and environmental damage, and may result in suspension of operations for an extended period of time and/or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties and liabilities.
For example, in 2013, a fire and explosion occurred at a fertilizer storage and distribution facility in West, Texas. The incident resulted in 15 fatalities and claims of injuries to approximately 200 people, and damaged or destroyed a number of homes and buildings around the facility. Although we did not own or operate the facility or directly sell our products to the facility, products that we manufactured and sold to others were delivered to the facility and may have been stored at the facility at the time of the incident. We were named as defendants along with other companies in lawsuits alleging various theories of negligence, strict liability, and breach of warranty under Texas law. All but two of the claims, including all wrongful death and personal injury claims, have been resolved pursuant to confidential settlements that have been or we expect will be fully funded by insurance. The increased focus on the risks associated with fertilizers as a result of the incident could impact the regulatory environment and requirements applicable to fertilizer manufacturing and storage facilities.
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We maintain property, business interruption, casualty and liability insurance policies, but we are not fully insured against all potential hazards and risks incident to our business. If we were to incur significant liability for which we were not fully insured, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We are subject to various self-insured retentions, deductibles and limits under these insurance policies. The policies also contain exclusions and conditions that could have a material adverse impact on our ability to receive indemnification thereunder. Our policies are generally renewed annually. As a result of market conditions, our premiums, self-insured retentions and deductibles for certain insurance policies can increase substantially and, in some instances, certain insurance may become unavailable or available only for reduced amounts of coverage. In addition, significantly increased costs could lead us to decide to reduce, or possibly eliminate, coverage. There can be no assurance that we will be able to buy and maintain insurance with adequate limits and reasonable pricing terms and conditions.
Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our cash flow, prevent us from fulfilling our obligations and impair our ability to pursue or achieve other business objectives.
As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $3.0 billion of total funded indebtedness, consisting primarily of unsecured senior notes with varying maturity dates between 2026 and 2044, or approximately 27% of our total capitalization (total debt plus total equity), and an additional $750 million of unsecured senior borrowing availability (reflecting no outstanding borrowings and no outstanding letters of credit) for general corporate purposes under our revolving credit agreement (the Revolving Credit Agreement). Our substantial debt service obligations will have an impact on our earnings and cash flow for so long as the indebtedness is outstanding.
Our indebtedness could, as a result of our debt service obligations or through the operation of the financial and other restrictive covenants to which we are subject under the agreements and instruments governing that indebtedness and otherwise, have important consequences. For example, it could:
•make it more difficult for us to pay or refinance our debts as they become due during adverse economic and industry conditions because any related decrease in revenues could cause us not to have sufficient cash flows from operations to make our scheduled debt payments;
•cause us to be less able to take advantage of significant business opportunities, such as acquisition opportunities, and to react to changes in market or industry conditions;
•cause us to use a portion of our cash flow from operations for debt service, reducing the availability of cash to fund working capital and capital expenditures, and other business activities;
•cause us to be more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
•expose us to the risk of increased interest rates because certain of our borrowings, including borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement, could be at variable rates of interest;
•make us more leveraged than some of our competitors, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage;
•restrict our ability to pay dividends on our common stock or utilize excess cash to repurchase shares of our common stock;
•limit our ability to borrow additional amounts to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes; and
•result in our credit ratings being downgraded, which could increase the cost of further borrowings.
We expect to consider options to refinance our outstanding indebtedness from time to time. Our ability to obtain any financing, whether through the issuance of new debt securities or otherwise, and the terms of any such financing are dependent on, among other things, our financial condition, financial market conditions within our industry and generally, credit ratings and numerous other factors, including factors beyond our control. Consequently, in the event that we need to access the credit markets, including to refinance our debt, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms or within an acceptable timeframe, if at all. An inability to obtain financing with acceptable terms when needed could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
The terms of our existing indebtedness allow us to incur significant additional debt. If we incur additional indebtedness, the risks that we face as a result of our leverage could intensify. If our financial condition or operating results deteriorate, our relations with our creditors, including the holders of our outstanding debt securities, the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement and our suppliers, may be materially and adversely affected.
A failure to satisfy the financial maintenance covenants under the Revolving Credit Agreement or a breach of the covenants under any of the agreements governing our indebtedness could limit the borrowing availability under the Revolving Credit Agreement or result in an event of default under such agreements.
Our ability to comply with the covenants in the agreements and instruments governing our indebtedness, including the consolidated interest coverage ratio and consolidated net leverage ratio maintenance covenants contained in the Revolving
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Credit Agreement, will depend upon our future performance and various other factors, such as market prices for our nitrogen products, natural gas prices and other business, competitive and regulatory factors, many of which are beyond our control. We may not be able to maintain compliance with all of these covenants. In that event, we may not be able to access the borrowing availability under the Revolving Credit Agreement and we would need to seek an amendment to our debt agreements or would need to refinance our indebtedness. There can be no assurance that we can obtain future amendments or waivers of our debt agreements and instruments, or refinance our debt, and, even if we were able to do so, such relief might only last for a limited period, potentially necessitating additional amendments, waivers or refinancings. Any noncompliance by us with the covenants under our debt agreements and instruments could result in an event of default under those debt agreements and instruments. An event of default under an agreement or instrument governing any of our indebtedness may allow our creditors to accelerate the related debt and may result in the acceleration of any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies. If our lenders or holders of our debt securities accelerate the repayment of borrowings, we may be forced to liquidate certain assets to repay all or part of our indebtedness, which could materially and adversely impair our business operations. An event of default under the Revolving Credit Agreement would permit the lenders thereunder to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under the Revolving Credit Agreement. In the event our creditors accelerate the repayment of our indebtedness, we cannot assure that we would have sufficient assets to make such repayment.
Potential future downgrades of our credit ratings could adversely affect our access to capital, cause vendors to change their credit terms for doing business with us, and could otherwise have a material adverse effect on us.

As of February 13, 2023, our corporate credit rating by S&P Global Ratings is BBB with a stable outlook; our corporate credit rating by Moody’s Investor Services, Inc. is Baa3 with a stable outlook; and our corporate credit rating with Fitch Ratings, Inc. is BBB with a stable outlook. These ratings and our current credit condition affect, among other things, our ability to access new capital, especially debt, as well as the payment terms that vendors are willing to provide us. Negative changes in these ratings may result in more stringent covenants and higher interest rates under the terms of any new debt, and could cause vendors to shorten our payment terms, require us to pay in advance for materials or services, or provide letters of credit, security, or other credit enhancements in order to do business with us.
Tax matters, including changes in tax laws or rates, adverse determinations by taxing authorities and imposition of new taxes could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to taxes in (i) the United States, where most of our operations are located, and (ii) several foreign jurisdictions where our subsidiaries are organized or conduct business. Tax laws or rates in the various jurisdictions in which we operate may be subject to significant change. Our future effective tax rate could also be affected by changes in our mix of earnings from jurisdictions with differing statutory tax rates and tax systems, changes in valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities or changes in tax laws or their interpretation.
We are also subject to regular reviews, examinations and audits by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other taxing authorities in jurisdictions where we conduct business. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, if a taxing authority disagrees with the positions we have taken, we could face additional tax liabilities, including interest and penalties. There can be no assurance that payment of such additional amounts upon final adjudication of any disputes will not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We have used the cash we generate outside the United States primarily to fund development of our business in non-U.S. jurisdictions. If the funds generated by our U.S. business are not sufficient to meet our need for cash in the United States, we may need to repatriate a portion of our future international earnings to the United States. Under the tax laws of the foreign countries in which we operate, those international earnings could be subject to withholding taxes when repatriated; therefore, the repatriation of those earnings could result in an increase in our worldwide effective tax rate and an increase in our use of cash to pay these taxes.
We also need to comply with other new, evolving or revised tax laws and regulations. The enactment of, or increases in, carbon taxes, tariffs or value added taxes, or other changes in the application of existing taxes, in markets in which we are currently active, or may be active in the future, or on specific products that we sell or with which our products compete, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
The countries in which we operate are in the process of implementing the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project (BEPS) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). BEPS is intended to improve tax disclosure and transparency and eliminate structures and activities that could be perceived by a particular country as resulting in tax avoidance. The OECD has partially developed and continues with development of a framework to assist member countries in adopting BEPS related legislation. Each country is permitted to introduce its own legislation to implement the measures contemplated by the BEPS framework. As a number of our business operations are conducted across national borders, we are subject to BEPS.
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The implementation of BEPS could result in tax changes and may adversely affect our provision for income taxes, results of operations and cash flows. In some cases, BEPS legislation could result in double taxation on a portion of our profits without an appropriate mechanism to recover the incremental tax amount in another jurisdiction.
Our business is subject to risks involving derivatives and the risk that our hedging activities might not prevent losses.
We may utilize natural gas derivatives to hedge our financial exposure to the price volatility of natural gas, the principal raw material we use in the production of nitrogen-based products. We have used natural gas futures, swaps and option contracts traded in over-the-counter markets or on exchanges. We have also used fixed-price, physical purchase and sales contracts to hedge our exposure to natural gas price volatility. In order to manage our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, we may from time to time use foreign currency derivatives (primarily forward exchange contracts).
Our use of derivatives can result in volatility in reported earnings due to the unrealized mark-to-market adjustments that occur from changes in the value of the derivatives that do not qualify for, or to which we do not apply, hedge accounting. To the extent that our derivative positions lose value, we may be required to post collateral with our counterparties, adversely affecting our liquidity.
Hedging arrangements are imperfect and unhedged risks will always exist. In addition, our hedging activities may themselves give rise to various risks that could adversely affect us. For example, we are exposed to counterparty credit risk when our derivatives are in a net asset position. The counterparties to our derivatives are multi-national commercial banks, major financial institutions or large energy companies.
Our liquidity could be negatively impacted by a counterparty default on settlement of one or more of our derivative financial instruments or by the triggering of any cross default provisions or credit support requirements against us. Additionally, the International Swaps and Derivative Association master netting arrangements for most of our derivative instruments contain credit-risk-related contingent features, such as cross default provisions and credit support requirements. In the event of certain defaults or a credit ratings downgrade, our counterparty may request early termination and net settlement of certain derivative trades or may require us to collateralize derivatives in a net liability position.
At other times we may not utilize derivatives or derivative strategies to hedge certain risks or to reduce the financial exposure of price volatility. As a result, we may not prevent certain material adverse impacts that could have been mitigated through the use of derivative strategies.
Environmental and Regulatory Risks
We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permitting requirements, as well as potential environmental liabilities, which may require us to make substantial expenditures.
We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the EU, Trinidad and other locations, including laws and regulations relating to the generation and handling of hazardous substances and wastes; the introduction of new chemicals or substances into a market; the cleanup of hazardous substance releases; the discharge of regulated substances to air or water; and the demolition and cleanup of existing plant sites upon permanent closure. In the United States, these laws include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), the Toxic Substances Control Act and various other federal, state, provincial, local and international laws. In November 2021, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act reinstated and doubled the Superfund tax on chemicals, including ammonia and nitric acid. These taxes were put in place from July 1, 2022 through December 31, 2031 and apply to all of these domestic and imported products not used as fertilizer.
As a producer of nitrogen products working with hazardous substances, our business faces risks of spills, discharges or other releases of those substances into the environment. Certain environmental laws, including CERCLA, impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault, for cleanup costs on persons who have disposed of or released hazardous substances into the environment. Given the nature of our business, we have incurred, are incurring currently, and are likely to incur periodically in the future, liabilities under CERCLA and other environmental cleanup laws at our current facilities or facilities previously owned by us or other acquired businesses, adjacent or nearby third-party facilities or offsite disposal locations. The costs associated with future cleanup activities that we may be required to conduct or finance may be material. Additionally, we may become liable to third parties for damages, including personal injury and property damage, resulting from the disposal or release of hazardous substances into the environment.
Violations of environmental, health and safety laws can result in substantial penalties, court orders to install pollution-control equipment, civil and criminal sanctions, permit revocations and facility shutdowns. Environmental, health and safety
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laws change regularly and have tended to become more stringent over time. As a result, we have not always been and may not always be in compliance with all environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. We may be subject to more stringent enforcement of existing or new environmental, health and safety laws in the future. Additionally, future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations or reinterpretation of current laws and regulations may require us to make substantial expenditures. Our costs to comply with, or any liabilities under, these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
From time to time, our production, distribution or storage of anhydrous ammonia and other hazardous or regulated substances has resulted in accidental releases that have temporarily disrupted our operations and/or resulted in liability for administrative penalties and/or claims for personal injury. To date, our costs to resolve these liabilities have not been material. However, we could incur significant costs if our liability coverage is not sufficient to pay for all or a large part of any judgments against us, or if our insurance carrier refuses coverage for these losses.
We hold numerous environmental and other governmental permits and approvals authorizing operations at each of our facilities. Expansion or modification of our operations is predicated upon securing necessary environmental or other permits or approvals. More stringent environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, or a reinterpretation of current laws and regulations, could make it more difficult to obtain necessary governmental permits or approvals. In addition, a focus on the cumulative impact of industrial operations on minority, lower income, and other historically underrepresented and/or disadvantaged communities could impact decisions relating to the issuance of new or renewal of existing permits to the extent that our operations are located in the vicinity of such communities. A decision by a government agency to deny or delay issuing a new or renewed regulatory permit or approval, or to revoke or substantially modify an existing permit or approval, or a determination that we have violated a law or permit as a result of a governmental inspection of our facilities could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue operations at our facilities and on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Future regulatory or legislative restrictions on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the jurisdictions in which we operate could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our production facilities emit GHGs, such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, and natural gas, a fossil fuel, is a primary raw material used in our nitrogen production process. Because conventional ammonia production generates CO2 as an unavoidable chemical byproduct, ammonia production globally is considered an emissions- and energy-intensive industry. We are subject to GHG regulations in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. In the United States, our existing facilities, which are considered large emitters of GHGs, currently are only subject to GHG emissions reporting obligations. New facilities that we build, or existing facilities that we modify in the future, could also be subject to GHG emissions standards included in their air permits.
Our U.K. manufacturing plant is subject to the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS), which requires us to hold or obtain emissions allowances corresponding to the GHG emissions from those aspects of our operations that are subject to regulation under the UK ETS. Given the recent development of the UK ETS, and the impact of energy security concerns in Europe, there is substantial uncertainty as to the stability of the price of emission allowances that will be necessary for compliance with the regulations. Our manufacturing plants in the Alberta and Ontario provinces of Canada are subject to federal and provincial regulations that impose a price on excess GHG emissions. These regulations establish carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions standards applicable to our facilities in terms of emissions per unit of production, with each province using different formulas for establishing these intensity limits and changes in these limits over time (and federal law applying if provincial plans are not considered sufficiently stringent). If CO2e emissions exceed the applicable limits, the excess emissions must be offset, either through obtaining qualifying emission credits or offsets or by making a payment for each ton of excess emissions. In Canada, emissions are subject to an annual increase in price on CO2 through 2030, and these GHG regulations are becoming more stringent effective January 1, 2023.
Increasing concern over the effects of climate change is driving countries to establish ever more ambitious GHG reduction targets. Approximately 200 countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and the members of the EU, have joined the Paris Agreement, an international agreement intended to provide a framework pursuant to which the parties to the agreement will attempt to hold the increase in global average temperatures to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels. Each signatory is required to develop its own national plan to attain this objective. In December 2020, the United Kingdom announced a target to reduce GHG emissions 68% from the baseline year of 1990 levels by 2030. Canada has increased its emissions reduction target under the Paris Agreement to 40-45% (up from 30%) below 2005 levels by 2030. In April 2021, the United States increased its goal to reduce emissions to 50-52% below 2005 levels by 2030. The Biden administration has also issued several executive orders focused on climate change to promote more active management of these issues across the executive branch, including by the EPA and the
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Departments of Agriculture, Interior, Transportation and Treasury, and issued proposed regulations related to methane and other GHG reduction efforts.
The EU reached a provisional agreement in December 2022 to adopt a new carbon border adjustment mechanism that would require importers of certain products, including nitrogen fertilizers, to pay an import tax approximately equal to the costs incurred by EU producers of the products starting in 2026. The EU is seeking to finalize this regulation in the first quarter of 2023. Other governments are also considering border adjustment mechanisms for carbon intensive products. The imposition of any carbon border adjustment taxes may impact investment and trade flows, which could adversely impact our business.
More stringent GHG regulations, if they are enacted, are likely to have a significant impact on us, because our production facilities emit GHGs such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide and because natural gas, a fossil fuel, is a primary raw material used in our nitrogen production process. Regulation of GHGs may require us to make changes in our operating activities that would increase our operating costs, reduce our efficiency, limit our output, require us to make capital improvements to our facilities, increase our costs for or limit the availability of energy, raw materials or transportation, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Changes could also be made to tax policies related to decarbonization, electricity generation or clean energy that could impact our business and investment decisions. In addition, to the extent that GHG restrictions are not imposed in countries where our competitors operate or are less stringent than regulations that may be imposed in the United States, Canada or the United Kingdom, our competitors may have cost or other competitive advantages over us.
Strategic Risks
The market for green and blue (low-carbon) ammonia may be slow to develop, may not develop to the size expected or may not develop at all. Moreover, we may not be successful in the development and implementation of our green and blue ammonia projects in a timely or economic manner, or at all, due to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control.
The market for green and blue (low-carbon) ammonia is developing and evolving, may not develop to the size or at the rate we expect, and is dependent in part on the developing market for green and blue (low-carbon) hydrogen, for which ammonia can serve as a transport and storage mechanism. These markets are heavily influenced by demand for clean energy, technology evolution and federal, state and local government laws, regulations and policies concerning carbon emissions, renewable electricity, clean energy, and corporate accountability in the United States and abroad.
We believe the demand for green and blue ammonia could take several years to materialize and then ten or more years to fully develop and mature, and we cannot be certain that this market or the market for green and blue hydrogen will grow to the size or at the rate we expect or at all. Hydrogen currently accounts for less than 1% of the world’s energy needs.
The recognition and acceptance of green and blue ammonia as a transport and storage mechanism for green and blue hydrogen, the use of green and blue ammonia as a fuel in its own right, the use of green and blue ammonia as a fertilizer, and the development and growth of end market demand and applications for green and blue hydrogen and green and blue ammonia are uncertain and dependent on a number of factors outside of our control. These factors include, among others, the extent to which and rate at which cost competitive global renewable energy capacity increases, the pricing of traditional and alternative sources of energy, the realization of technological improvements required to increase the efficiency and lower the costs of production of green and blue ammonia, the regulatory environment, the rate and extent of infrastructure investment and development which may be affected by the relevant parties’ ability to obtain permits for these investments, the availability of tax benefits and other incentives, the implementation of policy in foreign jurisdictions providing economic support for or otherwise mandating decarbonization and our ability to provide green and blue ammonia offerings cost-effectively. In addition, further development of alternative decarbonization technologies may result in viable alternatives to the use of blue ammonia for many potential decarbonization applications, resulting in lower than expected market demand growth relative to our current expectations. If a sustainable market for green or blue ammonia or hydrogen fails to develop, develops more slowly than we anticipate, or develops in a way that is not viable to serve with our assets and capabilities, we may decide not to implement, or may not be successful in implementing, one or more elements of our multi-year strategic plan.
Our clean energy strategy also depends on the realization of certain technical improvements required to increase the efficiency and lower the costs of production of green and blue ammonia. Over time, as we seek to convert additional existing facilities to green and blue production and further expand our green and blue ammonia production capacity, we may face operational difficulties and execution risks related to the design, development and construction. If our assumptions about the engineering and project execution requirements necessary to successfully build or convert the facility capacity that we are contemplating and to scale up to larger production quantities prove to be incorrect, we may be unable to produce substantial quantities of green or blue ammonia, and the cost to construct such green and blue ammonia facilities, or the production costs
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associated with the operation of such facilities, may be higher than we project. The production of blue ammonia depends to a large extent upon the ability of third parties to develop class VI carbon sequestration wells, which currently do not exist at large scale and are subject to a permitting process and operational risks, which may result in delays, impact viability in some or all situations, or create long-term liabilities.
Recently, many proposed green and blue ammonia projects have been announced or considered, and future hydrogen, energy, or environmental/carbon policies may support development of additional nitrogen production in locations outside North America, including Europe, Australia, and the Middle East. In the event that the growth in supply of green and blue ammonia and green and blue hydrogen exceeds the growth in demand for those products, the resulting unfavorable supply and demand balance could lead to lower selling prices than we expect, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We may not be successful in the expansion of our business.
We routinely consider possible expansions of our business, both within the United States and elsewhere. Major investments in our business, including acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures, business combination transactions or other major investments, such as our green and blue ammonia projects, require significant managerial resources, the diversion of which from our other activities or opportunities may negatively affect the existing operations of our business. We may be unable to identify or successfully compete for certain acquisition targets, which may hinder or prevent us from acquiring a target or completing other transactions. The risks of any expansion of our business through investments, acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures or business combination transactions may increase due to the significant capital and other resources that we may have to commit to any such expansion, which may not be recoverable if the expansion initiative to which they were devoted is ultimately not implemented. In addition, these efforts may require capital resources that could otherwise be used for the improvement and expansion of our existing business. As a result of these and other factors, including general economic risk, we may not be able to realize our projected returns or other expected benefits from any future acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures, business combination transactions or other major investments. Among the risks associated with the pursuit and consummation of acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures or other major investments or business combinations are those involving:
•difficulties in integrating the parties’ operations, systems, technologies, products, cultures, and personnel;
•incurrence of significant transaction-related expenses;
•potential integration or restructuring costs;
•potential impairment charges related to the goodwill, intangible assets or other assets to which any such transaction relates, in the event that the economic benefits of such transaction prove to be less than anticipated;
•other unanticipated costs associated with such transactions;
•our ability to achieve operating and financial efficiencies, synergies and cost savings;
•our ability to obtain the desired financial or strategic benefits from any such transaction;
•the parties’ ability to retain key business relationships, including relationships with employees, customers, partners and suppliers;
•potential loss of key personnel;
•entry into markets or involvement with products with which we have limited current or prior experience or in which competitors may have stronger positions;
•assumption of contingent liabilities, including litigation;
•exposure to unanticipated liabilities, including litigation;
•differences in the parties’ internal control environments, which may require significant time and resources to resolve in conformity with applicable legal and accounting standards;
•increased scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations;
•the tax effects of any such transaction; and
•the potential for costly and time-consuming litigation, including stockholder lawsuits.
Moreover, legal proceedings or other risks from acquisitions and other business combinations may arise years after a transaction has been completed and may involve matters unrelated to the business acquired. For example, in 2022, we were named along with other parties in certain product liability actions relating to a product containing the herbicide paraquat, which was allegedly sold, manufactured, distributed and/or marketed by Terra Industries Inc. (Terra) before it exited such lines of business, which exit occurred more than ten years before CF Holdings acquired Terra in April 2010.
In addition, most major capital projects are dependent on the availability and performance of engineering firms, construction firms, equipment and material suppliers, transportation providers and other vendors necessary to design and implement those projects on a timely basis and on acceptable terms. Major investments such as capital improvements at our
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facilities are subject to a number of risks, any of which could prevent us from completing capital projects in a timely or economic manner or at all, including, without limitation, cost overruns, non-performance of third parties, the inability to obtain necessary permits or other permitting matters, adverse weather, defects in materials and workmanship, labor and raw material shortages, transportation constraints, engineering and construction change orders, errors in design, construction or start-up, and other unforeseen difficulties.
International acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures, investments or business combinations and other international expansions of our business involve additional risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to:
•the impact of particular economic, tax, currency, political, legal and regulatory risks associated with specific countries;
•challenges caused by distance and by language and cultural differences;
•difficulties and costs of complying with a wide variety of complex laws, treaties and regulations;
•unexpected changes in regulatory environments;
•political and economic instability, including the possibility for civil unrest;
•nationalization of properties by foreign governments;
•tax rates that may exceed those in the United States, and earnings that may be subject to withholding requirements;
•the imposition of tariffs, exchange controls or other restrictions; and
•the impact of currency exchange rate fluctuations.
If we finance acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures, business combination transactions or other major investments by issuing equity or convertible or other debt securities or loans, our existing stockholders may be diluted or we could face constraints under the terms of, and as a result of the repayment and debt-service obligations under, the additional indebtedness. A business combination transaction between us and another company could result in our stockholders receiving cash or shares of another entity on terms that such stockholders may not consider desirable. Moreover, the regulatory approvals associated with a business combination may result in divestitures or other changes to our business, the effects of which are difficult to predict.
We are subject to risk associated with our strategic venture with CHS Inc. (CHS).
We may not realize the full benefits from our strategic venture with CHS that are expected. The realization of the expected benefits of the CHS strategic venture depends on our ability to operate and manage the strategic venture successfully, and on the market prices of the nitrogen fertilizer products that are the subject of our supply agreement with CHS over the life of the agreement, among other factors. Additionally, any challenges related to the CHS strategic venture could harm our relationships with CHS or our other customers.

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
From time to time, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as well as in other written reports and oral statements, we make forward-looking statements that are not statements of historical fact and may involve a number of risks and uncertainties. These statements relate to analyses and other information that are based on forecasts of future results and estimates of amounts not yet determinable. These statements may also relate to our prospects, future developments and business strategies. We have used the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “will” or “would” and similar terms and phrases, including references to assumptions, to identify forward-looking statements in this document. These forward-looking statements are made based on currently available competitive, financial and economic data, our current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about the industries and markets in which we operate and management’s beliefs and assumptions concerning future events affecting us. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties and factors relating to our operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Therefore, our actual results may differ materially from what is expressed in or implied by any forward-looking statements. We want to caution you not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. We do not undertake any responsibility to release publicly any revisions to these forward-looking statements to take into account events or circumstances that occur after the date of this document. Additionally, we do not undertake any responsibility to provide updates regarding the occurrence of any unanticipated events which may cause actual results to differ from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in this document.
Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations are disclosed under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such factors include, among others:
•the cyclical nature of our business and the impact of global supply and demand on our selling prices;
•the global commodity nature of our nitrogen products, the conditions in the international market for nitrogen products, and the intense global competition from other producers;
•conditions in the United States, Europe and other agricultural areas, including the influence of governmental policies and technological developments on the demand for our fertilizer products;
•the volatility of natural gas prices in North America and the United Kingdom;
•weather conditions and the impact of adverse weather events;
•the seasonality of the fertilizer business;
•the impact of changing market conditions on our forward sales programs;
•difficulties in securing the supply and delivery of raw materials, increases in their costs or delays or interruptions in their delivery;
•reliance on third party providers of transportation services and equipment;
•our reliance on a limited number of key facilities;
•risks associated with cybersecurity;
•acts of terrorism and regulations to combat terrorism;
•risks associated with international operations;
•the significant risks and hazards involved in producing and handling our products against which we may not be fully insured;
•our ability to manage our indebtedness and any additional indebtedness that may be incurred;
•our ability to maintain compliance with covenants under our revolving credit agreement and the agreements governing our indebtedness;
•downgrades of our credit ratings;
•risks associated with changes in tax laws and disagreements with taxing authorities;
•risks involving derivatives and the effectiveness of our risk management and hedging activities;
•potential liabilities and expenditures related to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations and permitting requirements;
•regulatory restrictions and requirements related to greenhouse gas emissions;
•the development and growth of the market for green and blue (low-carbon) ammonia and the risks and uncertainties relating to the development and implementation of our green and blue ammonia projects;
•risks associated with expansions of our business, including unanticipated adverse consequences and the significant resources that could be required; and
•risks associated with the operation or management of the CHS strategic venture, risks and uncertainties relating to the market prices of the fertilizer products that are the subject of our supply agreement with CHS over the life of the supply agreement, and the risk that any challenges related to the CHS strategic venture will harm our other business relationships.
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ITEM 1B.    UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.
None.
ITEM 2.    PROPERTIES.
Information regarding our facilities and properties is included in Item 1. Business—Nitrogen Manufacturing Facilities and Item 1. Business—Storage Facilities and Other Properties.
ITEM 3.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
For information on pending proceedings relating to environmental remediation matters, see Item 1. Business—Environmental, Health and Safety—CERCLA/Remediation Matters and Note 20—Contingencies in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this report.
ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5.    MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.
Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CF.” As of February 13, 2023, there were 689 stockholders of record.
The following table sets forth share repurchases, on a trade date basis, for each of the three months of the quarter ended December 31, 2022:
 Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period
Total
number
of shares
(or units)
purchased
 
Average
price paid
per share
(or unit)(1)
 
Total number of
shares (or units)
purchased as part of
publicly announced
plans or programs(2)
Maximum number (or
approximate dollar
value) of shares (or
units) that may yet be
purchased under the
plans or programs
(in thousands)(2)
October 1, 2022 - October 31, 20221,571,364 
(3)
$102.60 1,567,508 $216,978 
November 1, 2022 - November 30, 2022590,567 

105.65 590,567 3,154,583 
December 1, 2022 - December 31, 2022328 
(4)
103.00 — 3,154,583 
Total2,162,259  103.43 2,158,075 
__________________________________________________________________________
(1)Average price paid per share of CF Industries Holdings, Inc. (CF Holdings) common stock repurchased under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program, as defined below, is the execution price, excluding commissions paid to brokers.
(2)On November 3, 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors (the Board) authorized the repurchase of up to $1.5 billion of CF Holdings common stock from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024 (the 2021 Share Repurchase Program). On November 2, 2022, we announced that the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $3 billion of CF Holdings common stock commencing upon completion of the 2021 Share Repurchase Program and effective through December 31, 2025. These share repurchase programs are discussed in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Share Repurchase Programs and in Note 18—Stockholders’ Equity, in the notes to consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
(3)Includes 3,856 shares withheld to pay employee tax obligations upon the lapse of restrictions on restricted stock units and performance restricted stock units.
(4)Represents shares withheld to pay employee tax obligations upon the lapse of restrictions on restricted stock units.


ITEM 6.    [RESERVED]
 

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ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. All references to “CF Holdings,” “we,” “us,” “our” and “the Company” refer to CF Industries Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries, except where the context makes clear that the reference is only to CF Industries Holdings, Inc. itself and not its subsidiaries. All references to “CF Industries” refer to CF Industries, Inc., a 100% owned subsidiary of CF Industries Holdings, Inc. References to tons refer to short tons and references to tonnes refer to metric tons. Notes referenced in this discussion and analysis refer to the notes to consolidated financial statements that are found in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. For a discussion and analysis of the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020, you should read Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on February 24, 2022. The following is an outline of the discussion and analysis included herein:
•Overview of CF Holdings
•Market Conditions and Current Developments
•Financial Executive Summary
•Items Affecting Comparability of Results
•Consolidated Results of Operations
•Operating Results by Business Segment
•Liquidity and Capital Resources
•Critical Accounting Estimates
Overview of CF Holdings
Our Company
Our mission is to provide clean energy to feed and fuel the world sustainably. With our employees focused on safe and reliable operations, environmental stewardship, and disciplined capital and corporate management, we are on a path to decarbonize our ammonia production network – the world’s largest – to enable green and blue hydrogen and nitrogen products for energy, fertilizer, emissions abatement, and other industrial activities. Our nitrogen manufacturing complexes in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, an extensive storage, transportation and distribution network in North America, and logistics capabilities enabling a global reach underpin our strategy to leverage our unique capabilities to accelerate the world’s transition to clean energy. Our principal customers are cooperatives, independent fertilizer distributors, traders, wholesalers and industrial users. Our core product is anhydrous ammonia (ammonia), which contains 82% nitrogen and 18% hydrogen. Our nitrogen products that are upgraded from ammonia are granular urea, urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) and ammonium nitrate (AN). Our other nitrogen products include diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), urea liquor, nitric acid and aqua ammonia, which are sold primarily to our industrial customers.
Our principal assets as of December 31, 2022 include:
•five U.S. nitrogen manufacturing facilities, located in Donaldsonville, Louisiana (the largest nitrogen complex in the world); Sergeant Bluff, Iowa (our Port Neal complex); Yazoo City, Mississippi; Claremore, Oklahoma (our Verdigris complex); and Woodward, Oklahoma. These facilities are wholly owned directly or indirectly by CF Industries Nitrogen, LLC (CFN), of which we own approximately 89% and CHS Inc. (CHS) owns the remainder (see Note 17—Noncontrolling Interest for additional information on our strategic venture with CHS);
•two Canadian nitrogen manufacturing facilities, located in Medicine Hat, Alberta (the largest nitrogen complex in Canada) and Courtright, Ontario;
•a United Kingdom nitrogen manufacturing facility located in Billingham;
•an extensive system of terminals and associated transportation equipment located primarily in the Midwestern United States; and
•a 50% interest in Point Lisas Nitrogen Limited (PLNL), an ammonia production joint venture located in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad) that we account for under the equity method.
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We previously operated a United Kingdom nitrogen manufacturing facility located in Ince. In June 2022, we approved and announced our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations, including the planned permanent closure of our Ince facility. In August 2022, the final restructuring plan was approved, and decommissioning activities were initiated. See “Market Conditions and Current Developments—United Kingdom Operations,” below, for more information.
Our Commitment to a Clean Energy Economy
We are taking significant steps to support a global hydrogen and clean fuel economy, through the production of green and blue ammonia. Since ammonia is one of the most efficient ways to transport and store hydrogen and is also a fuel in its own right, we believe that the Company, as the world’s largest producer of ammonia with an unparalleled manufacturing and distribution network and deep technical expertise, is uniquely positioned to fulfill anticipated demand for hydrogen and ammonia from green and blue sources. Our approach includes green ammonia production, which refers to ammonia produced through a carbon-free process, and blue ammonia production, which relates to ammonia produced by conventional processes but with CO2 byproduct removed through carbon capture and sequestration (CCS).
In April 2021, we signed an engineering and procurement contract with thyssenkrupp to supply a 20 MW alkaline water electrolysis plant to produce green hydrogen at our Donaldsonville complex. Construction and installation, which is being managed by us, and is expected to finish in 2023, with an estimated total cost of approximately $100 million. We will integrate the green hydrogen generated by the electrolysis plant into existing ammonia synthesis loops to enable the production of approximately 20,000 tons per year of green ammonia. We believe that the Donaldsonville green ammonia project will be the largest of its kind in North America.
In July 2022, we and Mitsui & Co., Ltd. (Mitsui) signed a joint development agreement for the companies’ proposed plans to construct an export-oriented blue ammonia facility. We and Mitsui continue to progress a front-end engineering and design (FEED) study for the project, and expect to make a final investment decision on the proposed facility in the second half of 2023. Should the companies agree to move forward, the ammonia facility would be constructed at our new Blue Point complex. We acquired the land on the west bank of the Mississippi river in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, for the complex during the third quarter of 2022. Construction and commissioning of a new world-scale ammonia plant typically takes approximately four years from the time construction begins.
We are also exploring opportunities to produce blue ammonia from our existing ammonia production network. We have announced a project with an estimated cost of $200 million to construct a CO2 dehydration and compression facility at our Donaldsonville complex to enable the transport and permanent sequestration of the ammonia process CO2 byproduct. Engineering activities and procurement of major equipment for the facility are in progress, and modification of the site’s existing equipment to allow integration with existing operations has begun. Once the dehydration and compression unit is in service and sequestration is initiated, we expect that the Donaldsonville complex will have the capacity to dehydrate and compress up to 2 million tons per year of CO2, enabling the production of blue ammonia. In October 2022, we announced that we had entered into a definitive CO2 offtake agreement with ExxonMobil to transport and permanently sequester the CO2 from Donaldsonville. Start-up for the project is scheduled for early 2025. Under current regulations, the project would be expected to qualify for tax credits under Section 45Q of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides a credit per tonne of CO2 sequestered.
Industry Factors
We operate in a highly competitive, global industry. Our operating results are influenced by a broad range of factors, including those outlined below.
Global Supply and Demand Factors
Our products are globally traded commodities and are subject to price competition. The customers for our products make their purchasing decisions principally on the basis of delivered price and, to a lesser extent, on customer service and product quality. The selling prices of our products fluctuate in response to global market conditions, changes in supply and demand and cost factors.
Historically, global fertilizer demand has been driven primarily by population growth, gross domestic product growth, changes in dietary habits, planted acreage, and application rates, among other things. We expect these key variables to continue to have major impacts on long-term fertilizer demand for the foreseeable future. Short-term fertilizer demand growth may depend on global economic conditions, farm sector income, weather patterns, the level of global grain stocks relative to consumption, fertilizer application rates, and governmental regulations, including fertilizer subsidies or requirements mandating increased use of bio-fuels or industrial nitrogen products, such as DEF. Geopolitical factors such as temporary disruptions in fertilizer trade related to government intervention or changes in the buying/selling patterns of key exporting/consuming countries, including China, India, Russia and Brazil, among others, often play a major role in shaping near-term market
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fundamentals. The economics of nitrogen-based fertilizer manufacturing play a key role in decisions to increase or reduce production capacity. Supply of fertilizers is generally driven by available capacity and operating rates, raw material costs and availability, government policies and global trade. Raw materials are dependent on energy sources such as natural gas or coal; therefore, supply costs are affected by the supply of and demand for those commodities.
Global Trade in Fertilizer
Profitability of our products within a particular geographic region is determined not only by the relationship between global supply and demand, but also by the supply/demand balance within that region. Regional supply and demand can be influenced significantly by factors affecting trade within regions. Some of these factors include the relative cost to produce and deliver product, relative currency values, the availability of credit, agricultural supply and demand, industrial product demand and policies such as emissions abatement, government support for manufacturers or purchasers and governmental nitrogen product trade policies, including the imposition of duties, tariffs or quotas, that affect foreign trade or investment. The development of additional natural gas reserves in North America over the last decade has decreased natural gas costs in North America relative to the rest of the world, making North American nitrogen fertilizer producers more competitive. Changes in currency values may also alter our cost competitiveness relative to producers in other regions of the world.
The North American nitrogen fertilizer market for certain nitrogen products is dependent on imports to balance supply and demand, and imports traditionally account for a significant portion of nitrogen fertilizer products consumed in North America. Producers of nitrogen-based fertilizers located in the Middle East, Trinidad, North Africa and Russia have been major exporters to North America in recent years.
Farmers’ Economics
The demand for fertilizer is affected by the aggregate crop planting decisions and fertilizer application rate decisions of individual farmers. Individual farmers make planting decisions based largely on prospective profitability of a harvest, while the specific varieties and amounts of fertilizer they apply depend on factors like their current liquidity, soil conditions, weather patterns, crop and fertilizer prices, fertilizer products used and timing of applications, expected yields and the types of crops planted.
Market Conditions and Current Developments
Geopolitical Environment
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, and the resulting war between Russia and Ukraine, have disrupted global markets for certain commodities, including natural gas, nitrogen fertilizers and certain commodity grains, leading to production curtailments, export reductions and logistical complications involving these commodities. Additionally, energy, financial and transportation sanctions have been announced by U.S., Canadian, European and other governments against Russia in response to the war. Market participants have been adjusting trade flows and manufacturers have been adjusting production levels in response to these factors. Continued market disruption is expected given the uncertainty of the situation. As of the date of filing of this report, nitrogen fertilizers have largely been explicitly exempted from these Russian sanctions by the United States and certain other governments.
As further described below, natural gas is the principal raw material used to produce our nitrogen products. Natural gas is a globally traded commodity that experiences price fluctuations based on supply and demand balances and has been impacted by the recent geopolitical events. European energy markets, which have historically sourced a substantial portion of their natural gas from Russia, have been disrupted by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the subsequent reduction of Russian natural gas supply to Europe. This has led to further increases in natural gas prices and natural gas price volatility, which in turn have led to disruptions in manufacturing and distribution activities at other nitrogen manufacturers and suppliers in our industry, resulting in changes in nitrogen product trade flows and reductions in global fertilizer supply. In addition, as discussed under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—United Kingdom Operations,” below, in September 2022, we temporarily idled ammonia production at our Billingham complex due to the high price of natural gas. Several European governments, including the United Kingdom, and the European Union (EU) are seeking to address energy market supply and volatility with a variety of government programs and policy changes. These programs, some of which are evolving and may change over time, may reduce the costs of natural gas in the United Kingdom and, to some extent, the EU but the full impact of these programs remains to be seen.
The geopolitical developments relating to the war in Ukraine have also led to some supply chain disruptions for Russian producers of fertilizer, contributing to reduced global nitrogen fertilizer supply. Prior to its February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia in recent years had been a significant supplier of nitrogen fertilizer products to North America and Europe and a leading exporter of nitrogen fertilizer products globally. Since that invasion, the closure of a pipeline historically transporting ammonia
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from Russia through Ukraine for export has been a large contributor to reduced global exportable ammonia supply. In addition, Russia and Ukraine have been large exporters of commodity grains such as wheat, corn and soybeans. The direct and indirect impacts of the war in Ukraine, and the related uncertainty, have resulted in reduced commodity grain supply from Russia and Ukraine, causing increased prices for grains globally. The increase in commodity grain prices in turn supported strong demand for nitrogen fertilizer in 2022.
These events have further contributed to an already tight global supply and demand balance for nitrogen fertilizers. These factors are causing changes in global trade flows as both manufacturers and customers react to the changing market dynamics. As a result, global nitrogen fertilizer prices remained high and also experienced significant volatility in 2022.
We expect that the recent geopolitical events, and any further government-imposed sanctions or other government actions affecting food or energy security, will continue to have an impact on the supply and demand balance of nitrogen fertilizer products globally and selling prices for our nitrogen fertilizer products, but the ultimate scope and duration of these impacts remain to be seen.
Nitrogen Selling Prices and Sales Volume
Our nitrogen products are globally traded commodities with selling prices that fluctuate in response to global market conditions, changes in supply and demand, and other cost factors including domestic and local conditions. Intense global competition—reflected in import volumes and prices—strongly influences delivered prices for nitrogen fertilizers. In general, the prevailing global prices for nitrogen products must be at a level to incent the high cost marginal producer to produce product at a breakeven or above price, or else they would cease production and leave a portion of global demand unsatisfied.
The selling prices for all of our major products were higher in 2022 than in 2021, driven by the impact of a tighter global nitrogen supply and demand balance, as a result of strong global demand and a decrease in global supply availability as higher global energy costs continued to drive lower global operating rates, and exacerbated by the geopolitical environment described above. The average selling price for our products for 2022 and 2021 was $610 per ton and $353 per ton, respectively. The increase in average selling prices of 73% in 2022 from 2021 resulted in an increase in net sales of approximately $4.80 billion.
Our total sales volume was 1% lower in 2022 than in 2021 as lower sales volume in our Ammonia, Other and AN segments was mostly offset by higher sales volume in our Granular Urea and UAN segments. We shipped 18.3 million tons of product in 2022 compared to 18.5 million tons in 2021. The lower sales volume reflects the impact of our Ince facility closure, which is further discussed below.
Sales volume for our products in 2022, 2021 and 2020 is shown in the table below.
 202220212020
 Sales Volume (tons)Net SalesSales Volume (tons)Net SalesSales Volume (tons)Net Sales
 (tons in thousands; dollars in millions)
Ammonia3,300 $3,090 3,589 $1,787 3,767 $1,020 
Granular Urea4,572 2,892 4,290 1,880 5,148 1,248 
UAN6,788 3,572 6,584 1,788 6,843 1,063 
AN1,594 845 1,720 510 2,216 455 
Other2,077 787 2,318 573 2,322 338 
Total18,331 $11,186 18,501 $6,538 20,296 $4,124 
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Natural Gas
Natural gas is the principal raw material used to produce our nitrogen products. Natural gas is both a chemical feedstock and a fuel to produce nitrogen products. Natural gas is a significant cost component of our manufactured nitrogen products, representing approximately 50% of our production costs in 2022 and 40% of our production costs in 2021.
The following table presents the average daily market price of natural gas at the Henry Hub, the most heavily-traded natural gas pricing point in North America, and the National Balancing Point (NBP), the major trading point for natural gas in the United Kingdom:
 Year ended December 31,
 2022202120202022 v. 20212021 v. 2020
Natural gas supplemental data (per MMBtu)
Average daily market price of natural gas Henry Hub (Louisiana)$6.38 $3.82 $1.99 $2.56 67 %$1.83 92 %
Average daily market price of natural gas National Balancing Point (United Kingdom)$24.56 $15.50 $3.20 $9.06 58 %$12.30 384 %
Most of our nitrogen manufacturing facilities are located in the United States and Canada. As a result, the price of natural gas in North America directly impacts a substantial portion of our operating expenses. North American natural gas prices during 2022 were higher on average than during 2021 due to tighter supply and demand conditions within the market. Natural gas prices increased steadily through the first half of 2022 as the increase in demand for natural gas for power generation and liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports exceeded production increases. Late in the second quarter of 2022, prices declined as the Freeport LNG facility outage reduced demand for natural gas for LNG exports and allowed natural gas injections to refill storage at an accelerated pace. Record high temperatures in the United States in the summer of 2022 and the limited substitution to coal generation due to high coal prices and available coal supply increased demand for natural gas in the electricity sector, raising natural gas prices to over $9.00 per MMBtu. Natural gas prices decreased late in the third quarter of 2022 due to increasing production, cooler temperatures and above average storage injections. Prices continued to decline during the fourth quarter of 2022 until late December when extreme cold weather covered much of the United States, increasing demand for natural gas for use in residential and commercial heating.
The average daily market price at the Henry Hub was $6.38 per MMBtu for 2022 compared to $3.82 per MMBtu for 2021, an increase of 67%. During 2022, the daily closing price at the Henry Hub reached a low of $3.45 per MMBtu on November 10, 2022 and a high of $9.85 per MMBtu on August 23, 2022. During the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, the daily closing price at the Henry Hub reached a low of $1.34 per MMBtu on September 22, 2020 and three consecutive days in October 2020 and a high of $23.61 per MMBtu on February 18, 2021. The average daily market price of natural gas at the Henry Hub for January 2023 was $3.29 per MMBtu.
In the first quarter of 2021, the central portion of the United States experienced extreme and unprecedented cold weather due to the impact of Winter Storm Uri. Certain natural gas suppliers and natural gas pipelines declared force majeure events due to frozen equipment. This occurred at the same time as large increases in natural gas demand were occurring due to the cold temperatures. Due to these unprecedented factors, several states declared a state of emergency, and natural gas was redirected for residential use. At certain of our manufacturing locations, we reduced our natural gas consumption, and, as a consequence, our plants at these locations either operated at reduced rates or temporarily suspended operations. We net settled certain natural gas contracts with our suppliers and received prevailing market prices, which were in excess of our cost. As a result, we recognized a gain of $112 million, which is reflected in cost of sales in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Our Billingham U.K. nitrogen manufacturing facility is subject to fluctuations associated with the price of natural gas in Europe. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 disrupted European energy markets and threatened security of supply, driving natural gas prices in Europe upward to unprecedented levels. During the second quarter of 2022, the price of natural gas in the United Kingdom declined as Russian natural gas flows via pipeline to Europe generally remained steady despite the ongoing war in Ukraine. European natural gas prices began to increase late in the second quarter of 2022 after the unplanned outage of the Freeport LNG liquefaction terminal in the United States impacted global LNG supply. In the third quarter of 2022, prices continued to increase when Russian natural gas flows to Europe via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline ceased. Natural gas prices began to decrease late in the third quarter of 2022 as natural gas storage levels in continental Europe reached robust levels, although prices remained elevated compared to historical price levels. This trend continued in the fourth quarter of 2022 as Europe experienced a mild start to winter and LNG deliveries to the continent remained elevated, decreasing the risk of natural gas shortages.
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The major natural gas trading point for the United Kingdom is the NBP. The average daily market price at the NBP was $24.56 per MMBtu for 2022 compared to $15.50 per MMBtu for 2021, an increase of 58%. During 2022, the daily closing price at the NBP reached a low of $1.23 per MMBtu on June 10, 2022 and a high of $67.08 per MMBtu on March 8, 2022. During the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, the daily closing price at the NBP reached a low of $1.04 per MMBtu on May 22, 2020, and a high of $67.08 per MMBtu on March 8, 2022. The average daily market price of natural gas at the NBP for January 2023 was $18.93 per MMBtu.
In 2022, the total cost of natural gas used for production at all of our locations, which includes the impact of realized natural gas derivatives, increased 71% to $7.18 from $4.21 per MMBtu in 2021. The cost of natural gas used for production of $4.21 per MMBtu in 2021 does not include the $112 million gain from the net settlement of certain natural gas contracts in February 2021. The increase in natural gas costs in 2022 as compared to 2021 resulted in a decrease in gross margin of approximately $1.05 billion.
United Kingdom Operations
Starting in the third quarter of 2021, the United Kingdom began experiencing an energy crisis that included a substantial increase in the price of natural gas, which impacted our U.K. operations. The energy crisis and the geopolitical environment, as discussed above, have continued to evolve since the third quarter of 2021. As a result of these factors, management has taken certain actions relating to our U.K. operations. The following table summarizes the total impact of these factors for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2020, no impairment or restructuring charges were recognized.
 Year ended December 31,
202220212022 v. 2021
 (in millions)
U.K. goodwill impairment$— $285 $(285)(100)%
U.K. long-lived and intangible asset impairment239 236 3 1 %
U.K. operations restructuring19 — 19 N/M
Total $258 $521 $(263)(50)%
___________________________________________________________________________
N/M—Not Meaningful
2021 Impairment
In the first half of 2021, natural gas prices in the United Kingdom had increased to levels that were considered high compared to historical prices, and prices then more than doubled in the third quarter of 2021. On September 15, 2021, we announced the halt of operations at both our Ince and Billingham manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom due to negative profitability driven by the high cost of natural gas. Shortly thereafter, our Billingham facility resumed operations.
The U.K. energy crisis necessitated evaluations in the third and fourth quarters of 2021 of the long-lived assets, including the definite-lived intangible assets, and goodwill of our U.K. operations to determine if their fair value had declined to below their carrying value. These evaluations in 2021 resulted in total goodwill impairment charges of $285 million, and total long-lived and intangible asset impairment charges of $236 million. As of December 31, 2021, after the recognition of the goodwill impairment charges, no goodwill related to our U.K. operations remained.
2022 Impairment and Restructuring
In 2022, we recognized total impairment charges of $239 million and restructuring charges of $19 million, as described below.
In the second quarter of 2022, the long-term outlook deteriorated for nitrogen producers in regions that rely on LNG imports to satisfy natural gas demand. As further described above, natural gas represents a substantial portion of the cost to produce nitrogen products. Natural gas forward prices suggested that nitrogen facilities in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe would be the world’s high-cost marginal producers for the foreseeable future, presenting a challenge to the sustainability of our U.K. operations. In June 2022, due in large part to the nitrogen industry conditions described above, we approved and announced our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations, including the planned permanent closure of our
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Ince facility and optimization of the remaining manufacturing operations at our Billingham facility. As a result, in the second quarter of 2022, we recorded total charges of $162 million as follows:
•asset impairment charges of $152 million, primarily consisting of impairment of property, plant and equipment at the Ince facility that is planned for abandonment, and impairment of certain trade name intangible assets; and
•a charge for post-employment benefits of $10 million related to contractual and statutory obligations due to employees whose employment would be terminated in the proposed plan.
In the third quarter of 2022, the United Kingdom continued to experience extremely high and volatile natural gas prices. Russian natural gas flows to Europe via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline ceased, causing the United Kingdom to experience unprecedented natural gas prices. In addition, the European Union announced a desire to cap the price that Europe would pay Russia for natural gas deliveries, further contributing to the uncertainty in European energy markets. Given these factors and the lack of a corresponding increase in global nitrogen product market prices, in September 2022, we temporarily idled ammonia production at our Billingham complex. As a result, we concluded that an additional impairment test was triggered for the asset groups that comprise our continuing U.K. operations. As a result, in the third quarter of 2022, we recorded total charges of $95 million as follows:
•asset impairment charges of $87 million related to property, plant and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets at our Billingham complex; and
•a charge for post-employment benefits of $8 million for additional charges primarily related to one-time termination benefits.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, we incurred additional charges related to our U.K. restructuring of $1 million, primarily related to one-time termination benefits. We continue to work with customers, vendors, regulators and others to finalize closure plans of our Ince complex.
The results of our U.K. operations are included in our Ammonia, AN and Other segments, and account for a small portion of our consolidated gross margin. For the year ended December 31, 2022, gross margin generated by our U.K. operations represented approximately 2% of our consolidated gross margin. For the year ended December 31, 2021, our U.K. operations generated negative gross margin representing approximately 1% of our consolidated gross margin. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges for further information.
Financial Executive Summary
We reported net earnings attributable to common stockholders of $3.35 billion in 2022 compared to $917 million in 2021, an increase in net earnings of 265%, or $2.43 billion. The increase in net earnings reflects an increase of $3.47 billion in gross margin to $5.86 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022, due primarily to higher average selling prices partially offset by higher natural gas costs.
Average selling prices increased 73% to $610 per ton in 2022 from $353 per ton in 2021, which increased gross margin by $4.80 billion. The cost of natural gas used for production increased 71% to $7.18 per MMBtu from $4.21 per MMBtu in 2021, which reduced gross margin by approximately $1.05 billion.
The increase in average selling prices and higher natural gas costs are more fully described above under “Market Conditions and Current Developments.”
Partially offsetting the increase in gross margin was an increase in the income tax provision of $875 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, to $1.16 billion, due primarily to higher taxable income due to improved profitability.
The year ended December 31, 2022 also includes pre-tax impairment and restructuring charges related to our U.K. operations of $258 million compared to $521 million in the year ended December 31, 2021, which are more fully described under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—United Kingdom Operations,” above.
Diluted net earnings per share attributable to common stockholders increased $12.14 per share, to $16.38 per share in 2022 compared to $4.24 per share in 2021.

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Items Affecting Comparability of Results
During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we reported net earnings attributable to common stockholders of $3.35 billion and $917 million, respectively. In addition to the impact of market conditions discussed above, certain items affected the comparability of our financial results during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. The following table and related discussion outline these items. The descriptions of items below that refer to amounts in the table refer to the pre-tax amounts unless otherwise noted.
20222021
Pre-Tax
After-Tax(1)
Pre-Tax
After-Tax(1)
(in millions)
Unrealized net mark-to-market loss on natural gas derivatives(2)
$41 $31 $25 $19 
Loss on foreign currency transactions, including intercompany loans(3)
28 21 6 5 
U.K. operations:
U.K. goodwill impairment— — 285 285 
U.K. long-lived and intangible asset impairment239 180 236 178 
U.K. operations restructuring19 14 — — 
Unrealized gain on embedded derivative liability(3)
(14)(11)— — 
Pension settlement loss and curtailment gains—net(4)
17 13 — — 
Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter and Transfer pricing positions:
Interest expense170 168 — — 
Interest income(29)(22)— — 
Income tax provision(5)
— 65 — — 
Loss on debt extinguishment8 6 19 15 
______________________________________________________________________________
(1)The tax impact is calculated utilizing a marginal effective rate of 23.5% and 23.6% in 2022 and 2021, respectively, except for U.K. long-lived and intangible asset impairments, which reflects the amount of income tax benefit recognized. An income tax benefit for the U.K. goodwill impairment was not recorded as it is nondeductible for income tax purposes.
(2)Included in cost of sales in our consolidated statements of operations.
(3)Included in other operating—net in our consolidated statements of operations.
(4)Included in other non-operating—net in our consolidated statement of operations.
(5)For the year ended December 31, 2022, the after-tax income tax provision amount of $65 million reflects an income tax provision of $70 million, consisting of the $78 million income tax provision referenced below under “Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter” and the $8 million of income tax benefit referenced below under “Transfer pricing positions,” net of $5 million of income tax provision that is reflected in the after-tax interest expense and interest income amounts shown in this table.
Unrealized net mark-to-market loss on natural gas derivatives
Natural gas is the largest and most volatile single component of the manufacturing cost for nitrogen-based products. At certain times, we have managed the risk of changes in natural gas prices through the use of derivative financial instruments. The derivatives that we use for this purpose are primarily natural gas fixed price swaps, basis swaps and options. We use natural gas derivatives as an economic hedge of natural gas price risk, but without the application of hedge accounting. This can result in volatility in reported earnings due to the unrealized mark-to-market adjustments that occur from changes in the value of the derivatives, which are reflected in cost of sales in our consolidated statements of operations. In 2022 and 2021, we recognized an unrealized net mark-to-market loss on natural gas derivatives of $41 million and $25 million, respectively.
Loss on foreign currency transactions, including intercompany loans
In 2022 and 2021, we recognized losses on foreign currency transactions of $28 million and $6 million, respectively, which consist of foreign currency exchange rate impacts on foreign currency denominated transactions, including the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on intercompany loans that were not permanently invested.
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U.K. operations
In 2022, we recognized total charges related to our U.K. operations of $258 million, consisting primarily of asset impairment charges related to property, plant and equipment at our Billingham and Ince facilities and definite-lived intangible assets. In 2021, we recognized impairment charges of $521 million, including a goodwill impairment charge of $285 million and long-lived and intangible asset impairment charges of $236 million.
See “Market Conditions and Current Developments—United Kingdom Operations,” above; Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges; Note 6—Property, Plant and Equipment—Net; and Note 7—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for further information.
Unrealized gain on embedded derivative liability
Under the terms of our strategic venture with CHS, if our credit rating as determined by two of three specified credit rating agencies is below certain levels, we are required to make a non-refundable yearly payment of $5 million to CHS until the earlier of the date that our credit rating is upgraded to above such levels by two of the three specified credit rating agencies or February 1, 2026. This obligation is recorded at fair value and has been recognized on our consolidated balance sheets as an embedded derivative. Beginning in 2016, our credit ratings were below such levels and, as a result, under the terms of the strategic venture, we made an annual payment of $5 million to CHS in the fourth quarter of each year from 2016 through 2021. Our credit rating was upgraded above certain levels in July 2022 by one of the specified credit rating agencies and in October 2022 by another one of the specified credit rating agencies. As a result of these upgrades, in the fourth quarter of 2022, there was a reduction in the fair value of the embedded derivative liability, and we recognized an unrealized gain of $14 million.

Pension settlement loss and curtailment gains—net
On July 15, 2022, we entered into an agreement with an insurance company to purchase a non-participating group annuity contract and transfer approximately $375 million of our primary U.S. defined benefit pension plan’s projected benefit obligation. The transaction closed on July 22, 2022 and was funded with plan assets. Under the transaction, the insurance company assumed responsibility for pension benefits and annuity administration for approximately 4,000 retirees or their beneficiaries. As a result of this transaction, in the third quarter of 2022, we remeasured the plan's projected benefit obligation and plan assets, and we recognized a non-cash pre-tax pension settlement loss of $24 million, reflecting the unamortized net unrecognized postretirement benefit costs related to the settled obligations, with a corresponding offset to accumulated other comprehensive loss. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the final settlement of the non-participating group annuity contract resulted in a refund of $4 million to us, which decreased the non-cash pre-tax pension settlement loss recognized by $3 million to $21 million. The settlement loss is reflected in other non-operating—net in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.
In October 2022, we remeasured certain of our U.S. and Canadian defined benefit pension plans due to plan amendments resulting from a revision to our North American retirement plan strategy. As a result of these plan amendments, we recognized $4 million of curtailment gains, which are reflected in other non-operating—net in our consolidated statement of operations. See Note 11—Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits for further information for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter
In 2016, the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and Alberta Tax and Revenue Administration (Alberta TRA) issued Notices of Reassessment for tax years 2006 through 2009 to one of our Canadian affiliates asserting a disallowance of certain patronage deductions. We filed Notices of Objection with respect to the Notices of Reassessment with the CRA and Alberta TRA and posted letters of credit in lieu of paying the additional tax liability assessed. The letters of credit served as security until the matter was resolved, as discussed below. In 2018, the matter, including the related transfer pricing topic regarding the allocation of profits between Canada and the United States, was accepted for consideration under the bilateral settlement provisions of the U.S.-Canada tax treaty (the Treaty) by the United States and Canadian competent authorities, and included tax years 2006 through 2011. In the second quarter of 2021, the Company submitted the transfer pricing aspect of the matter into the arbitration process under the terms of the Treaty.
In February 2022, we were informed that a decision was reached by the arbitration panel for tax years 2006 through 2011. In March 2022, we received further details of the results of the arbitration proceedings and the settlement provisions between the United States and Canadian competent authorities, and we accepted the decision of the arbitration panel. Under the terms of the arbitration decision, additional income for tax years 2006 through 2011 was subject to tax in Canada, resulting in our having additional Canadian tax liability for those tax years of approximately $129 million.
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In 2022, as a result of the impact of these events on our Canadian and U.S. federal and state income taxes, we recognized an income tax provision of $78 million, reflecting the net impact of $129 million of accrued income taxes payable to Canada for tax years 2006 through 2011, partially offset by net income tax receivables of approximately $51 million in the United States, and we accrued net interest of $102 million, primarily reflecting the interest paid to Canada.
See “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter and Transfer Pricing,” below, for additional information.
Transfer pricing positions
As a result of the outcome of the arbitration decision discussed above, we also evaluated our transfer pricing positions between Canada and the United States for open years 2012 and after. Based on this evaluation, we recorded the following in 2022:
•liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits of $159 million, with a corresponding income tax provision, and accrued interest of $59 million related to the liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits, and
•noncurrent income tax receivables of $188 million, with a corresponding income tax benefit, and accrued interest income of $20 million related to the noncurrent income tax receivables.
In 2022, the impact of these evaluations of transfer pricing positions on our consolidated statement of operations, including $21 million of net deferred income tax provision for other transfer pricing tax effects, was $8 million of income tax benefit and $39 million of net interest expense before tax ($44 million after tax).
See “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter and Transfer Pricing,” below, for additional information.
Loss on debt extinguishment
On April 21, 2022, we redeemed in full all of the $500 million outstanding principal amount of the 3.450% senior notes due June 2023 (the 2023 Notes) in accordance with the optional redemption provisions in the indenture governing the 2023 Notes. The total aggregate redemption price paid in connection with the April 2022 redemption of the 2023 Notes was $513 million, including accrued interest. As a result, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $8 million, consisting primarily of the premium paid on the redemption of the $500 million principal amount of the 2023 Notes prior to their scheduled maturity.
On September 10, 2021, we redeemed $250 million principal amount, representing one-third of the $750 million principal amount outstanding immediately prior to such redemption, of the 2023 Notes, in accordance with the optional redemption provisions in the indenture governing the 2023 Notes. The total aggregate redemption price paid for the 2023 Notes redeemed in September 2021 was approximately $265 million, including accrued interest. As a result, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $13 million, consisting primarily of a premium paid on the redemption of the $250 million principal amount of the 2023 Notes prior to their scheduled maturity.
On March 20, 2021, we redeemed in full all of the $250 million outstanding principal amount of the 3.400% senior secured notes due December 2021 (the 2021 Notes) in accordance with the optional redemption provisions in the indenture governing the 2021 Notes. The total aggregate redemption price paid in connection with the March 2021 redemption of 2021 Notes was $258 million, including accrued interest. As a result, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $6 million, consisting primarily of the premium paid on the redemption of the $250 million principal amount of the 2021 Notes prior to their scheduled maturity.


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Consolidated Results of Operations
The following table presents our consolidated results of operations and supplemental data:
 Year ended December 31,
 20222021
2020(1)
2022 v. 20212021 v. 2020
 (in millions, except as noted)
Net sales $11,186 $6,538 $4,124 $4,648 71 %$2,414 59 %
Cost of sales (COS)5,325 4,151 3,323 1,174 28 %828 25 %
Gross margin5,861 2,387 801 3,474 146 %1,586 198 %
Gross margin percentage52.4 %36.5 %19.4 %15.9 %17.1 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses290 223 206 67 30 %17 8 %
U.K. goodwill impairment— 285 — (285)(100)%285 N/M
U.K. long-lived and intangible asset impairment239 236 — 3 1 %236 N/M
U.K. operations restructuring19 — — 19 N/M— — %
Other operating—net10 (39)(17)49 N/M(22)(129)%
Total other operating costs and expenses558 705 189 (147)(21)%516 273 %
Equity in earnings of operating affiliate94 47 11 47 100 %36 327 %
Operating earnings5,397 1,729 623 3,668 212 %1,106 178 %
Interest expense—net279 183 161 96 52 %22 14 %
Loss on debt extinguishment8 19 — (11)(58)%19 N/M
Other non-operating—net15 (16)(1)31 N/M(15)N/M
Earnings before income taxes5,095 1,543 463 3,552 230 %1,080 233 %
Income tax provision1,158 283 31 875 309 %252 N/M
Net earnings3,937 1,260 432 2,677 212 %828 192 %
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest591 343 115 248 72 %228 198 %
Net earnings attributable to common stockholders$3,346 $917 $317 $2,429 265 %$600 189 %
Diluted net earnings per share attributable to common stockholders$16.38 $4.24 $1.47 $12.14 286 %$2.77 188 %
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding 204.2 216.2 215.2 (12.0)(6)%1.0 — %
Dividends declared per common share$1.50 $1.20 $1.20 $0.30 25 %$— — %
Natural gas supplemental data (per MMBtu)
Cost of natural gas used for production in COS(2)
$7.18 $4.21 $2.24 $2.97 71 %$1.97 88 %
Average daily market price of natural gas Henry Hub (Louisiana)$6.38 $3.82 $1.99 $2.56 67 %$1.83 92 %
Average daily market price of natural gas National Balancing Point (United Kingdom)$24.56 $15.50 $3.20 $9.06 58 %$12.30 384 %
Unrealized net mark-to-market loss (gain) on natural gas derivatives$41 $25 $(6)$16 64 %$31 N/M
Depreciation and amortization$850 $888 $892 $(38)(4)%$(4)— %
Capital expenditures$453 $514 $309 $(61)(12)%$205 66 %
Sales volume by product tons (000s)18,331 18,501 20,296 (170)(1)%(1,795)(9)%
Production volume by product tons (000s):
Ammonia(3)
9,807 9,349 10,353 458 5 %(1,004)(10)%
Granular urea4,561 4,123 5,001 438 11 %(878)(18)%
UAN (32%)6,706 6,763 6,677 (57)(1)%86 1 %
AN1,517 1,646 2,115 (129)(8)%(469)(22)%
______________________________________________________________________________
N/M—Not Meaningful
(1)For a discussion and analysis of the year ended December 31, 2020, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2022.
(2)Includes the cost of natural gas and related transportation that is included in cost of sales during the period under the first-in, first-out inventory cost method. Includes realized gains and losses on natural gas derivatives settled during the period. Excludes unrealized mark-to-market gains and losses on natural gas derivatives.
(3)Gross ammonia production, including amounts subsequently upgraded on-site into granular urea, UAN, or AN.
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The following is a discussion and analysis of our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. For a discussion and analysis of our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2022.
Net Sales
Our net sales are derived primarily from the sale of nitrogen products and are determined by the quantities of nitrogen products we sell and the selling prices we realize. The volumes, mix and selling prices we realize are determined to a great extent by a combination of global and regional supply and demand factors. Net sales also include shipping and handling costs that are billed to our customers. Sales incentives are reported as a reduction in net sales.
Our net sales increased $4.65 billion, or 71%, to $11.19 billion in 2022 compared to $6.54 billion in 2021 due to a 73% increase in average selling prices, partially offset by a 1% decrease in sales volume.
Average selling prices were $610 per ton in 2022 compared to $353 per ton in 2021, an increase of 73%, due to higher average selling prices across all of our segments, primarily driven by the impact of a tighter global nitrogen supply and demand balance, as a result of strong global demand and decreased global supply availability as higher global energy costs and geopolitical events drove lower global operating rates. See “Market Conditions and Current Developments—Geopolitical Environment,” above, for further discussion.
Our sales volume of 18.3 million product tons in 2022 was 1% lower compared to 18.5 million product tons in 2021, as lower sales volume in our Ammonia, Other and AN segments was mostly offset by higher sales volume in our Granular Urea and UAN segments.
Gross ammonia production for 2022 was approximately 9.8 million tons compared to 9.3 million tons in 2021, reflecting a return to a typical level of planned maintenance activities compared to 2021. We expect gross ammonia production for 2023 will be approximately 9.5 million tons, which could be higher or lower depending on operating rates at our Billingham complex.
Cost of Sales
Our cost of sales includes manufacturing costs, purchased product costs, distribution costs and storage costs. Manufacturing costs, the most significant element of cost of sales, consist primarily of raw materials, realized and unrealized gains and losses on natural gas derivatives, maintenance, direct labor, depreciation and other plant overhead expenses. Purchased product costs primarily include the cost to purchase nitrogen fertilizers to augment or replace production at our facilities. Distribution costs consist of the cost of freight required to transport finished products from our plants to our distribution facilities, which are recognized in cost of sales when the product is sold to our customers. Storage costs consist of costs incurred prior to final shipment to customers.
Our cost of sales increased $1.17 billion, or 28%, to $5.33 billion in 2022 as compared to $4.15 billion in 2021. The increase in our cost of sales was due primarily to higher costs for natural gas, including the impact of realized derivatives, which increased cost of sales by $1.05 billion, and higher costs for ammonia purchased from PLNL, our joint venture in Trinidad. In addition, cost of sales in 2021 includes a gain of $112 million on the net settlement of certain natural gas contracts with our suppliers as a result of Winter Storm Uri.
Cost of sales averaged $290 per ton in 2022, a 29% increase from $224 per ton in 2021. The cost of natural gas used for production, including the impact of realized derivatives, increased 71% to $7.18 per MMBtu in 2022 from $4.21 per MMBtu in 2021. The cost of natural gas used for production of $4.21 per MMBtu in 2021 does not include the $112 million gain from the net settlement of certain natural gas contracts in February 2021.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Our selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of corporate office expenses such as salaries and other payroll-related costs for our executive, administrative, legal, financial, IT, and sales functions, as well as certain taxes and insurance and other professional service fees, including those for corporate initiatives.
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $67 million, or 30%, to $290 million in 2022 from $223 million in 2021. The increase was due primarily to higher costs associated with certain corporate initiatives, including costs related to the development of a new enterprise resource planning system (ERP) for our North American operations as well as costs related to our clean energy strategy. In addition, the increase in selling, general and administrative expenses includes an increase in
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charitable contributions for the initial funding of the CF Industries Foundation and higher stock-based compensation. The CF Industries Foundation is a not-for-profit corporation that we formed in December 2022 to advance our philanthropic goals and develop programs that further our charitable objectives.
U.K. Operations
In 2022, we recognized total charges related to our U.K. operations of $258 million, consisting of $239 million of asset impairment charges primarily related to property, plant and equipment at our Billingham and Ince facilities and definite-lived intangible assets and $19 million of restructuring charges primarily related to post-employment benefits related to contractual and statutory obligations and one-time termination benefits. In 2021, we recognized total charges related to our U.K. operations of $521 million, consisting of goodwill impairment of $285 million and long-lived and intangible asset impairment charges of $236 million.
See “Market Conditions and Current Developments—United Kingdom Operations,” above; Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges; Note 6—Property, Plant and Equipment—Net; and Note 7—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for further information.
Other Operating—Net
Other operating—net includes administrative costs that do not relate directly to our central operations. Costs included in “other operating costs” can include foreign currency transaction gains and losses, unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency derivatives, litigation expenses, gains and losses on the disposal of fixed assets and FEED study costs related to a greenfield ammonia production facility.
Other operating—net was $10 million of expense in 2022 compared to $39 million of income in 2021. The expense in 2022 primarily includes a loss on foreign currency transactions of $28 million, which consists of foreign currency exchange rate impacts on foreign currency denominated transactions, including the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on intercompany loans that were not permanently invested. The loss on foreign currency transactions in 2022 was partially offset by an unrealized gain of $14 million related to an embedded derivative liability. See “Items Affecting Comparability of Results—Unrealized gain on embedded derivative liability,” above, for further information. The income in 2021 includes a gain of $29 million on sales of emission credits. In addition, other operating—net in 2021 includes the amount received under the terms of an agreement with the U.K. government associated with the restart of our Billingham facility, partially offset by a loss on foreign currency transactions of $6 million.
Equity in Earnings of Operating Affiliate
Equity in earnings of operating affiliate consists of our 50% ownership interest in PLNL. We include our share of the net earnings from our equity method investment in PLNL as an element of earnings from operations because this investment provides additional production and is integrated with our other supply chain and sales activities. Our share of the net earnings includes the amortization of the increased basis of property, plant and equipment revalued as part of the application of purchase accounting at acquisition.
Equity in earnings of operating affiliate was $94 million in 2022 compared to $47 million in 2021. The increase was due primarily to an increase in the operating results of PLNL as a result of higher ammonia selling prices partially offset by higher natural gas costs.
Interest Expense—Net
Our interest expense—net represents the net of our interest expense and interest income. Interest expense includes interest on our long-term debt, amortization of the related fees required to execute financing agreements, annual fees pursuant to our revolving credit agreement and interest on tax liabilities. Capitalized interest relating to the construction of major capital projects reduces interest expense as the interest is capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Interest income includes amounts earned on our cash, cash equivalents, and investments and any interest earned related to income tax refunds.
Net interest expense increased by $96 million to $279 million in 2022 from $183 million in 2021. The increase was due primarily to $141 million of net interest expense recorded in 2022 related to income tax matters, which are described under “Items Affecting Comparability of Results—Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter” and “Items Affecting Comparability of Results—Transfer pricing positions,” above. This increase was partially offset by $33 million of higher interest income on investments and a $20 million decrease in interest on borrowings due to the redemption of senior notes described under “Liquidity and Capital Resources,” below.
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Loss on Debt Extinguishment
Loss on debt extinguishment of $8 million and $19 million in 2022 and in 2021, respectively, is described under “Items Affecting Comparability of Results—Loss on Debt Extinguishment,” above.
Other Non-Operating—Net
Other non-operating—net was $15 million of expense in 2022 compared to $16 million of income in 2021. The $15 million of expense in 2022 was due primarily to a pension settlement loss of $21 million related to the purchase of a non-participating group annuity contract to settle retiree obligations under our primary U.S. defined benefit pension plan and curtailment gains of $4 million related to the remeasurement of certain of our North American defined benefit pension plans due to plan amendments. The pension settlement loss and curtailment gains are described under “Items Affecting Comparability of Results—Pension settlement loss and curtailment gains—net,” above. The $16 million of income in 2021 was due primarily to a gain of $20 million on the sale of EU emission credits that, due to Brexit, could no longer be utilized by our U.K. operations for carbon emission obligations in the United Kingdom.
Income Tax Provision
Our income tax provision for 2022 was $1.16 billion on pre-tax income of $5.10 billion, or an effective tax rate of 22.7%, compared to an income tax provision of $283 million on pre-tax income of $1.54 billion, or an effective tax rate of 18.3%, in 2021.
For 2022, our income tax provision includes $22 million of income tax expense to record a valuation allowance in the United Kingdom, $23 million of income tax benefit for the excess tax benefit related to certain share-based compensation activity and $78 million of income tax provision related to the Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter, which is described above under “Items Affecting Comparability of Results.”
For 2021, we did not record an income tax benefit related to the goodwill impairment charges described in Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges, as the goodwill impairment charges are non-deductible for income tax purposes. Our income tax provision for 2021 includes a $26 million benefit reflecting the impact of agreement on certain issues related to U.S. federal income tax audits, including a discrete income tax benefit of approximately $15 million due to the reversal of an accrual for unrecognized tax benefits as a result of the effective settlement of the U.S. federal income tax audit for the tax years 2012 through 2016.
Our effective tax rate is impacted by earnings attributable to the noncontrolling interest in CFN, as our consolidated income tax provision does not include a tax provision on the earnings attributable to the noncontrolling interest. Our effective tax rate for 2022 of 22.7%, which is based on pre-tax income of $5.10 billion, would be 3.0 percentage points higher, or 25.7%, if based on pre-tax income exclusive of the earnings attributable to the noncontrolling interest of $591 million. Our effective tax rate for 2021 of 18.3%, which is based on pre-tax income of $1.54 billion, would be 5.3 percentage points higher, or 23.6%, if based on pre-tax income exclusive of the earnings attributable to the noncontrolling interest of $343 million.
Both 2022 and 2021 were impacted by additional discrete tax items. See Note 10—Income Taxes for additional information.
Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest includes the net earnings attributable to the approximately 11% CHS minority equity interest in CFN, a subsidiary of CF Holdings.
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest increased $248 million, or 72%, to $591 million in 2022 compared to $343 million in 2021 due to higher earnings of CFN driven by higher average selling prices due primarily to a tighter global nitrogen supply and demand balance as higher global energy costs drove lower global operating rates.
Diluted Net Earnings Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
Net earnings per share attributable to common stockholders increased 286% to $16.38 per diluted share in 2022 from $4.24 per diluted share in 2021. This increase is due primarily to higher average selling prices, partially offset by higher natural gas costs, and an increase in the income tax provision due primarily to increased profitability. Additionally, net earnings per diluted share increased due to a 6% reduction in the diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding, which declined from 216.2 million shares for 2021 to 204.2 million shares for 2022, due primarily to repurchases of common shares under our share repurchase programs.
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Operating Results by Business Segment
Our reportable segment structure reflects how our chief operating decision maker, as defined in U.S. GAAP, assesses the performance of our reportable segments and makes decisions about resource allocation. These segments are differentiated by products. Our management uses gross margin to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. Total other operating costs and expenses (consisting primarily of selling, general and administrative expenses and other operating—net) and non-operating expenses (consisting primarily of interest and income taxes), are centrally managed and are not included in the measurement of segment profitability reviewed by management. The following table presents summary operating results by business segment:
 
Ammonia(1)
Granular Urea(2)
UAN(2)
AN(2)
Other(2)
Consolidated
 (in millions)
Year ended December 31, 2022
Net sales$3,090 $2,892 $3,572 $845 $787 $11,186 
Cost of sales1,491 1,328 1,489 597 420 5,325 
Gross margin$1,599 $1,564 $2,083 $248 $367 $5,861 
Gross margin percentage51.7 %54.1 %58.3 %29.3 %46.6 %52.4 %
Year ended December 31, 2021
Net sales$1,787 $1,880 $1,788 $510 $573 $6,538 
Cost of sales1,162 992 1,119 475 403 4,151 
Gross margin$625 $888 $669 $35 $170 $2,387 
Gross margin percentage35.0 %47.2 %37.4 %6.9 %29.7 %36.5 %
Year ended December 31, 2020
Net sales$1,020 $1,248 $1,063 $455 $338 $4,124 
Cost of sales850 847 949 390 287 3,323 
Gross margin$170 $401 $114 $65 $51 $801 
Gross margin percentage16.7 %32.1 %10.7 %14.3 %15.1 %19.4 %
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(1)Cost of sales and gross margin for the Ammonia segment in 2021 include a $112 million gain on the net settlement of certain natural gas contracts with our suppliers. See Note 15—Derivative Financial Instruments for additional information.
(2)The cost of the products that are upgraded into other products is transferred at cost into the upgraded product results.
The following is a discussion and analysis of our operating results by business segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. For a discussion and analysis of our operating results by business segment for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2022.
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Ammonia Segment
Our Ammonia segment produces anhydrous ammonia (ammonia), which is the base product that we manufacture, containing 82% nitrogen and 18% hydrogen. The results of our Ammonia segment consist of sales of ammonia to external customers for its nitrogen content as a fertilizer, in emissions control and in other industrial applications. In addition, we upgrade ammonia into other nitrogen products such as granular urea, UAN and AN.
The following table presents summary operating data for our Ammonia segment:
 Year ended December 31,
 2022202120202022 v. 20212021 v. 2020
 (in millions, except as noted)
Net sales$3,090 $1,787 $1,020 $1,303 73 %$767 75 %
Cost of sales1,491 1,162 850 329 28 %312 37 %
Gross margin$1,599 $625 $170 $974 156 %$455 268 %
Gross margin percentage51.7 %35.0 %16.7 %16.7 %18.3 %
Sales volume by product tons (000s)3,300 3,589 3,767 (289)(8)%(178)(5)%
Sales volume by nutrient tons (000s)(1)
2,707 2,944 3,090 (237)(8)%(146)(5)%
Average selling price per product ton$936 $498 $271 $438 88 %$227 84 %
Average selling price per nutrient ton(1)
$1,141 $607 $330 $534 88 %$277 84 %
Gross margin per product ton$485 $174 $45 $311 179 %$129 287 %
Gross margin per nutrient ton(1)
$591 $212 $55 $379 179 %$157 285 %
Depreciation and amortization$166 $209 $176 $(43)(21)%$33 19 %
Unrealized net mark-to-market loss (gain) on natural gas derivatives$13 $7 $(2)$6 86 %$9 N/M
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N/M—Not Meaningful
(1)Ammonia represents 82% nitrogen content. Nutrient tons represent the tons of nitrogen within the product tons.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021
Net Sales. Net sales in our Ammonia segment increased by $1.30 billion, or 73%, to $3.09 billion in 2022 from $1.79 billion in 2021 due primarily to an 88% increase in average selling prices, partially offset by an 8% decrease in sales volume. Average selling prices increased to $936 per ton in 2022 compared to $498 per ton in 2021. The increase in average selling prices was due primarily to the impact of a tighter global nitrogen supply and demand balance, reflecting in part the geopolitical factors described above under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—Geopolitical Environment.” Sales volume was lower in 2022 due primarily to more typical fall ammonia applications in 2022 compared to a stronger prior year fall ammonia season.
Cost of Sales. Cost of sales in our Ammonia segment averaged $451 per ton in 2022, a 39% increase from $324 per ton in 2021. The increase is due primarily to higher realized natural gas costs, a higher cost per ton for purchased ammonia from our joint venture in Trinidad and the impact of the $112 million gain in 2021 on the net settlement of certain natural gas contracts as a result of Winter Storm Uri.
Gross Margin.  Gross margin in our Ammonia segment increased by $974 million to $1.60 billion in 2022 from $625 million in 2021, and our gross margin percentage was 51.7% in 2022 compared to 35.0% in 2021. The increase in gross margin was due to an 88% increase in average selling prices, which increased gross margin by $1.51 billion. The increase in average selling prices was partially offset by an increase in realized natural gas costs, which decreased gross margin by $307 million, an 8% decrease in sales volume, which decreased gross margin by $76 million, and a net increase in manufacturing, maintenance and other costs, which decreased gross margin by $34 million. In addition, the impact of the $112 million gain on the net settlement of certain natural gas contracts is included in gross margin in 2021. Gross margin also includes the impact of a $13 million unrealized net mark-to-market loss on natural gas derivatives in 2022 compared to a $7 million loss in 2021.
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Granular Urea Segment
Our Granular Urea segment produces granular urea, which contains 46% nitrogen. Produced from ammonia and carbon dioxide, it has the highest nitrogen content of any of our solid nitrogen fertilizers. Granular urea is produced at our Donaldsonville, Port Neal and Medicine Hat nitrogen complexes.
The following table presents summary operating data for our Granular Urea segment:
 Year ended December 31,
 2022202120202022 v. 20212021 v. 2020
 (in millions, except as noted)
Net sales$2,892 $1,880 $1,248 $1,012 54 %$632 51 %
Cost of sales1,328 992 847 336 34 %145 17 %
Gross margin$1,564 $888 $401 $676 76 %$487 121 %
Gross margin percentage54.1 %47.2 %32.1 %6.9 %15.1 %
Sales volume by product tons (000s)4,572 4,290 5,148 282 7 %(858)(17)%
Sales volume by nutrient tons (000s)(1)
2,103 1,973 2,368 130 7 %(395)(17)%
Average selling price per product ton$633 $438 $242 $195 45 %$196 81 %
Average selling price per nutrient ton(1)
$1,375 $953 $527 $422 44 %$426 81 %
Gross margin per product ton$342 $207 $78 $135 65 %$129 165 %
Gross margin per nutrient ton(1)
$744 $450 $169 $294 65 %$281 166 %
Depreciation and amortization$272 $235 $270 $37 16 %$(35)(13)%
Unrealized net mark-to-market loss (gain) on natural gas derivatives$13 $6 $(2)$7 117 %$8 N/M
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N/M—Not Meaningful
(1)Granular urea represents 46% nitrogen content. Nutrient tons represent the tons of nitrogen within the product tons.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021
Net Sales. Net sales in our Granular Urea segment increased $1.01 billion, or 54%, to $2.89 billion in 2022 compared to $1.88 billion in 2021 due primarily to a 45% increase in average selling prices and a 7% increase in sales volume. Average selling prices increased to $633 per ton in 2022 compared to $438 per ton in 2021. The increase in average selling prices was due primarily to the impact of a tighter global nitrogen supply and demand balance, reflecting in part the geopolitical factors described above under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—Geopolitical Environment.” Sales volume was higher due primarily to higher supply availability resulting from higher production.
Cost of Sales. Cost of sales in our Granular Urea segment averaged $291 per ton in 2022, a 26% increase from $231 per ton in 2021, due primarily to higher realized natural gas costs.
Gross Margin.  Gross margin in our Granular Urea segment increased by $676 million to $1.56 billion in 2022 from $888 million in 2021, and our gross margin percentage was 54.1% in 2022 compared to 47.2% in 2021. The increase in gross margin was driven by a 45% increase in average selling prices, which increased gross margin by approximately $857 million and a 7% increase in sales volume, which increased gross margin by $113 million. These factors that increased gross margin were partially offset by higher realized natural gas costs, which decreased gross margin by $250 million, and a net increase in manufacturing, maintenance and other costs, which reduced gross margin by $37 million. Gross margin also includes the impact of a $13 million unrealized net mark-to-market loss on natural gas derivatives in 2022 compared to a $6 million loss in 2021.
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UAN Segment
Our UAN segment produces urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN). UAN, a liquid fertilizer product with a nitrogen content that typically ranges from 28% to 32%, is produced by combining urea and ammonium nitrate. UAN is produced at our Courtright, Donaldsonville, Port Neal, Verdigris, Woodward, and Yazoo City nitrogen complexes.
The following table presents summary operating data for our UAN segment:
 Year ended December 31,
 2022202120202022 v. 20212021 v. 2020
 (in millions, except as noted)
Net sales$3,572 $1,788 $1,063 $1,784 100 %$725 68 %
Cost of sales1,489 1,119 949 370 33 %170 18 %
Gross margin$2,083 $669 $114 $1,414 211 %$555 487 %
Gross margin percentage58.3 %37.4 %10.7 %20.9 %26.7 %
Sales volume by product tons (000s)6,788 6,584 6,843 204 3 %(259)(4)%
Sales volume by nutrient tons (000s)(1)
2,148 2,075 2,155 73 4 %(80)(4)%
Average selling price per product ton$526 $272 $155 $254 93 %$117 75 %
Average selling price per nutrient ton(1)
$1,663 $862 $493 $801 93 %$369 75 %
Gross margin per product ton$307 $102 $17 $205 201 %$85 500 %
Gross margin per nutrient ton(1)
$970 $322 $53 $648 201 %$269 N/M
Depreciation and amortization$269 $259 $256 $10 4 %$3 1 %
Unrealized net mark-to-market loss (gain) on natural gas derivatives$14 $5 $(2)$9 180 %$7 N/M
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N/M—Not Meaningful
(1)UAN represents between 28% and 32% of nitrogen content, depending on the concentration specified by the customer. Nutrient tons represent the tons of nitrogen within the product tons.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021
Net Sales. Net sales in our UAN segment increased $1.78 billion, or 100%, to $3.57 billion in 2022 compared to $1.79 billion in 2021 due primarily to a 93% increase in average selling prices and a 3% increase in sales volume. Average selling prices increased to $526 per ton in 2022 compared to $272 per ton in 2021 due primarily to the impact of a tighter global nitrogen supply and demand balance, reflecting in part the geopolitical factors described above under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—Geopolitical Environment.” The increase in sales volume was due primarily to greater supply availability from higher beginning inventory.
Cost of Sales. Cost of sales in our UAN segment averaged $219 per ton in 2022, a 29% increase from $170 per ton in 2021, due primarily to the impact of higher realized natural gas costs and higher export freight costs.
Gross Margin.  Gross margin in our UAN segment increased by $1.41 billion to $2.08 billion in 2022 from $669 million in 2021, and our gross margin percentage was 58.3% in 2022 compared to 37.4% in 2021. The increase in gross margin was due to a 93% increase in average selling prices, which increased gross margin by $1.77 billion. The impact of higher average selling prices was partially offset by higher realized natural gas costs, which decreased gross margin by $245 million, a net increase in manufacturing, maintenance and other costs, including freight, which reduced gross margin by $95 million, and a change in location product mix, which reduced gross margin by $9 million. Gross margin includes the impact of a $14 million unrealized net mark-to-market loss on natural gas derivatives in 2022 compared to a $5 million loss in 2021.
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AN Segment
Our AN segment produces ammonium nitrate (AN). AN, which has a nitrogen content between 29% and 35%, is produced by combining anhydrous ammonia and nitric acid. AN is used as nitrogen fertilizer and is also used by industrial customers for commercial explosives and blasting systems. AN is produced at our Yazoo City and Billingham nitrogen complexes.
The following table presents summary operating data for our AN segment:
 Year ended December 31,
 2022202120202022 v. 20212021 v. 2020
 (in millions, except as noted)
Net sales$845 $510 $455 $335 66 %$55 12 %
Cost of sales597 475 390 122 26 %85 22 %
Gross margin$248 $35 $65 $213 N/M$(30)(46)%
Gross margin percentage29.3 %6.9 %14.3 %22.4 %(7.4)%
Sales volume by product tons (000s)1,594 1,720 2,216 (126)(7)%(496)(22)%
Sales volume by nutrient tons (000s)(1)
545 582 747 (37)(6)%(165)(22)%
Average selling price per product ton$530 $297 $205 $233 78 %$92 45 %
Average selling price per nutrient ton(1)
$1,550 $876 $609 $674 77 %$267 44 %
Gross margin per product ton$156 $20 $29 $136 N/M$(9)(31)%
Gross margin per nutrient ton(1)
$455 $60 $87 $395 N/M$(27)(31)%
Depreciation and amortization$61 $77 $100 $(16)(21)%$(23)(23)%
Unrealized net mark-to-market (gain) loss on natural gas derivatives$(2)$4 $— $(6)N/M$4 N/M
_______________________________________________________________________________
N/M—Not Meaningful
(1)AN represents between 29% and 35% of nitrogen content. Nutrient tons represent the tons of nitrogen within the product tons.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021
On September 15, 2021, we announced the halt of operations at both our Ince and Billingham manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom due to negative profitability driven by the high cost of natural gas. Shortly thereafter, we restarted production at our Billingham facility. In June 2022, we approved and announced our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations, including the planned permanent closure of our Ince facility. In August 2022, the final restructuring plan was approved, and decommissioning activities were initiated. In September 2022, as a result of extremely high and volatile natural gas prices and the lack of a corresponding increase in global nitrogen product market prices, we temporarily idled ammonia production at our Billingham complex. Since that time, we have imported ammonia for upgrade into AN and other nitrogen products at that location. See the discussion under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—United Kingdom Operations,” above, for further information.
Net Sales. Net sales in our AN segment increased $335 million, or 66%, to $845 million in 2022 from $510 million in 2021 due primarily to a 78% increase in average selling prices, partially offset by a 7% decrease in sales volume. Average selling prices increased to $530 per ton in 2022 compared to $297 per ton in 2021 due primarily to the impact of a tighter global nitrogen supply and demand balance, reflecting in part the geopolitical factors described above under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—Geopolitical Environment.” Sales volume decreased due primarily to lower supply availability as a result of our Ince facility closure.
Cost of Sales. Cost of sales in our AN segment averaged $374 per ton in 2022, a 35% increase from $277 per ton in 2021, due primarily to higher realized natural gas costs.
Gross Margin.  Gross margin in our AN segment increased by $213 million to $248 million in 2022 from $35 million in 2021, and our gross margin percentage was 29.3% in 2022 compared to 6.9% in 2021. The increase in gross margin was due primarily to a 78% increase in average selling prices, which increased gross margin by $382 million, and favorable location product mix, which increased gross margin by $28 million. These factors that increased gross margin were partially offset by an increase in realized natural gas costs, which decreased gross margin by $175 million and a net increase in manufacturing, maintenance and other costs, which reduced gross margin by $28 million. Gross margin also includes the impact of a $2 million
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unrealized net mark-to-market gain on natural gas derivatives in 2022 compared to a $4 million loss on natural gas derivatives in 2021.
Other Segment
Our Other segment primarily includes the following products:
•Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) is an aqueous urea solution typically made with 32.5% or 50% high-purity urea and the remainder deionized water.
•Urea liquor is a liquid product that we sell in concentrations of 40%, 50% and 70% urea as a chemical intermediate.
•Nitric acid is a nitrogen-based mineral acid that is used in the production of nitrate-based fertilizers, nylon precursors and other specialty chemicals.
The following table presents summary operating data for our Other segment:
 Year ended December 31,
 2022202120202022 v. 20212021 v. 2020
 (in millions, except as noted)
Net sales$787 $573 $338 $214 37 %$235 70 %
Cost of sales420 403 287 17 4 %116 40 %
Gross margin$367 $170 $51 $197 116 %$119 233 %
Gross margin percentage46.6 %29.7 %15.1 %16.9 %14.6 %
Sales volume by product tons (000s)2,077 2,318 2,322 (241)(10)%(4)— %
Sales volume by nutrient tons (000s)(1)
408 458 457 (50)(11)%1 — %
Average selling price per product ton$379 $247 $146 $132 53 %$101 69 %
Average selling price per nutrient ton(1)
$1,929 $1,251 $740 $678 54 %$511 69 %
Gross margin per product ton$177 $73 $22 $104 142 %$51 232 %
Gross margin per nutrient ton(1)
$900 $371 $112 $529 143 %$259 231 %
Depreciation and amortization$67 $87 $68 $(20)(23)%$19 28 %
Unrealized net mark-to-market loss on natural gas derivatives$3 $3 $— $— — %$3 N/M
_______________________________________________________________________________
N/M—Not Meaningful
(1)Nutrient tons represent the tons of nitrogen within the product tons.
Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021
In June 2022, we approved and announced our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations, including the planned permanent closure of our Ince facility. In August 2022, the final restructuring plan was approved, and decommissioning activities were initiated. We produced compound fertilizer products (NPKs), which are solid granular fertilizer products for which the nutrient content is a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, only at our Ince facility, and closure of this facility has resulted in our discontinuation of the NPK product line. Total sales of NPK products were $15 million in the year ended December 31, 2022 and $47 million in the year ended December 31, 2021. See the discussion under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—United Kingdom Operations,” above, for further information.
Net Sales. Net sales in our Other segment increased $214 million, or 37%, to $787 million in 2022 from $573 million in 2021 due to a 53% increase in average selling prices, partially offset by a 10% decrease in sales volume. Average selling prices increased to $379 per ton in 2022 compared to $247 per ton in 2021, due primarily to the impact of a tighter global nitrogen supply and demand balance, reflecting in part the geopolitical factors described above under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—Geopolitical Environment.” The decrease in sales volume was due primarily to lower NPK and nitric acid sales volumes, as operations at our Ince manufacturing plant have ceased.
Cost of Sales. Cost of sales in our Other segment averaged $202 per ton in 2022, a 16% increase from $174 per ton in 2021, due primarily to higher realized natural gas costs.
Gross Margin.  Gross margin in our Other segment increased by $197 million to $367 million in 2022 from $170 million in 2021, and our gross margin percentage was 46.6% in 2022 compared to 29.7% in 2021. The increase in gross margin was due primarily to a 53% increase in average selling prices, which increased gross margin by $282 million, and a net
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decrease in manufacturing, maintenance and other costs, which increased gross margin by $3 million. These factors that increased gross margin were partially offset by an increase in realized natural gas costs, which reduced gross margin by $75 million, and a 10% decrease in sales volume, which reduced gross margin by $13 million.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary uses of cash are generally for operating costs, working capital, capital expenditures, debt service, investments, taxes, share repurchases and dividends. Our working capital requirements are affected by several factors, including demand for our products, selling prices, raw material costs, freight costs and seasonal factors inherent in the business. In addition, we may from time to time seek to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash purchases, in open market or privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Such repurchases, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. The amounts involved may be material.
Generally, our primary source of cash is cash from operations, which includes cash generated by customer advances. We may also from time to time access the capital markets or engage in borrowings under our revolving credit agreement.
Our cash and cash equivalents balance was $2.32 billion at December 31, 2022, an increase of $695 million from $1.63 billion at December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all applicable covenant requirements under our revolving credit agreement and senior notes, and unused borrowing capacity under our revolving credit agreement was $750 million.
On April 21, 2022, we redeemed in full all of the $500 million outstanding principal amount of the 2023 Notes in accordance with the optional redemption provisions in the indenture governing the 2023 Notes. See the discussion under “Debt,” below, for further information.
In the second, third and fourth quarters of 2022, quarterly dividends of $0.40 per common share were declared and paid, representing a 33% increase from the quarterly dividend of $0.30 per common share that was declared and paid in the first quarter of 2022.
Cash Equivalents
Cash equivalents include highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash with original maturities of three months or less. Under our short-term investment policy, we may invest our cash balances, either directly or through mutual funds, in several types of investment-grade securities, including notes and bonds issued by governmental entities or corporations. Securities issued by governmental entities include those issued directly by the U.S. and Canadian federal governments; those issued by state, local or other governmental entities; and those guaranteed by entities affiliated with governmental entities.
Share Repurchase Programs
On November 3, 2021, our Board of Directors (the Board) authorized the repurchase of up to $1.5 billion of CF Holdings common stock through December 31, 2024 (the 2021 Share Repurchase Program). On November 2, 2022, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $3 billion of CF Holdings common stock commencing upon completion of the 2021 Share Repurchase Program and effective through December 31, 2025 (the 2022 Share Repurchase Program). Repurchases under our share repurchase programs may be made from time to time in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions, through block transactions or otherwise. The manner, timing and amount of repurchases will be determined by our management based on the evaluation of market conditions, stock price, and other factors. Shares repurchased, including those repurchased under share repurchase programs, are retired as approved by the Board.
As of December 31, 2022, we repurchased 14.9 million shares under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program for $1.35 billion. We held no shares of treasury stock as of December 31, 2022.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) was enacted into law. The IRA made several changes to the U.S. tax code effective after December 31, 2022, including, but not limited to, an excise tax of 1% tax on the fair market value of net stock repurchases made after December 31, 2022, which will be accounted for in treasury stock. The impact of this provision will be dependent on the extent of share repurchases made in future periods.
Capital Spending
We make capital expenditures to sustain our asset base, increase our capacity or capabilities, improve plant efficiency, comply with various environmental, health and safety requirements, and invest in our clean energy strategy. Capital expenditures totaled $453 million in 2022 compared to $514 million in 2021 reflecting lower turnaround activity in 2022.
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Capital expenditures in 2023 are estimated to be in the range of $500 to $550 million, which includes capital expenditures related to green and blue ammonia projects. Planned capital expenditures are generally subject to change due to delays in regulatory approvals or permitting, unanticipated increases in cost, changes in scope and completion time, performance of third parties, delays in the receipt of equipment, adverse weather, defects in materials and workmanship, labor or material shortages, transportation constraints, acceleration or delays in the timing of the work and other unforeseen difficulties.
Government Policies
The policies or laws of governments around the world can result in the imposition of taxes, duties, tariffs or other restrictions or regulatory requirements on imports and exports of raw materials, finished goods or services from a particular country or region of the world. The policies and laws of governments can also impact the subsidization of natural gas prices, and subsidies or quotas applied to domestic producers or farmers. Due to the critical role that fertilizers play in food production, the construction and operation of fertilizer plants often are influenced by economic, political and social objectives. Additionally, the import or export of fertilizer can be subject to local taxes imposed by governments which can have the effect of either encouraging or discouraging import and export activity. The impact of changes in governmental policies or laws or the political or social objectives of a country could have a material impact on fertilizer demand and selling prices and therefore could impact our liquidity.
Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter and Transfer Pricing
In connection with the Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter, which is described above under “Items Affecting Comparability of Results—Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter,” in the second half of 2022, we were assessed, and we paid additional tax and interest for tax years 2006 through 2011 of $224 million. As a result, letters of credit we had posted were cancelled. Due primarily to the availability of additional foreign tax credits to offset in part the increased Canadian tax referenced above, we will file amended tax returns with U.S. federal and state tax authorities for the relevant tax years.
As described above under “Items Affecting Comparability of Results—Transfer pricing positions,” we have unrecognized tax benefits recorded in connection with certain tax years subsequent to 2011 that have been reassessed for transfer pricing matters by the Canadian tax authorities. In order to mitigate the assessment of future Canadian interest on these Canadian transfer pricing positions, in the fourth quarter of 2022, we made payments to the Canadian taxing authorities of CAD $363 million (approximately $267 million) related to these reassessed tax years while we continue to dispute the reassessments and for certain years that are open for examination. The payments were recorded as noncurrent income tax receivables. For the amounts ultimately owed and paid to the Canadian tax authorities upon resolution of these tax years, the Company would seek refunds of related taxes paid in the United States.
United Kingdom Operations
As discussed under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—United Kingdom Operations,” above, during the third quarter of 2021, the United Kingdom began experiencing an energy crisis that included a substantial increase in the price of natural gas, which impacted our U.K. operations. On September 15, 2021, we announced the halt of operations at both our Ince and Billingham manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom due to negative profitability driven by the high cost of natural gas. Shortly thereafter, our Billingham facility resumed operations.
In June 2022, we approved and announced our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations, including the planned permanent closure of our Ince facility and optimization of the remaining manufacturing operations at our Billingham facility. As a result, we recognized $152 million of asset impairment charges, primarily related to property, plant and equipment at the Ince facility, and a $10 million charge for post-employment benefits related to contractual and statutory obligations, which are included in the U.K. operations restructuring line item in our consolidated statements of operations. In August 2022, the final restructuring plan was approved, and decommissioning activities were initiated. As a result, in the third and fourth quarters of 2022, we incurred additional charges related to our U.K. restructuring of $9 million, primarily related to one-time termination benefits.
In the third quarter of 2022, the United Kingdom continued to experience extremely high and volatile natural gas prices. Russian natural gas flows to Europe via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline ceased, causing the United Kingdom to experience unprecedented natural gas prices. In addition, the European Union announced a desire to cap the price that Europe would pay Russia for natural gas deliveries, further contributing to the uncertainty in European energy markets. Given these factors and the lack of a corresponding increase in global nitrogen product market prices, in September 2022, we temporarily idled ammonia production at our Billingham complex. As a result, we concluded that an additional impairment test was triggered for the asset
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groups that comprise the continuing U.K. operations, which resulted in asset impairment charges of $87 million, primarily related to property, plant and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets.
The factors that could lead to the resolution of the U.K. energy crisis, and the timing of any such resolution, are unknown to us. Production of AN and other nitrogen products continues at our Billingham facility using imported ammonia, a portion of which is imported from our other ammonia production sites. Persistence of the current levels of energy costs in the United Kingdom could lead to the continued idling of ammonia production at our Billingham facility. There remains uncertainty regarding the future cost of natural gas and electricity, selling prices for the products we produce in the United Kingdom and U.K. government policy, which could result in, among other things, additional funding to support the cash needs of our U.K. operations and recognition of further losses and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and cash flows.
Repatriation of Foreign Earnings and Income Taxes
We have operations in Canada, the United Kingdom and a 50% interest in a joint venture in Trinidad. Historically, the estimated additional U.S. and foreign income taxes due upon repatriation of the earnings of these foreign operations to the U.S. were recognized in our consolidated financial statements as the earnings were recognized, unless the earnings were considered to be permanently reinvested based upon our then current plans. However, the cash payment of the income tax liabilities associated with repatriation of earnings from foreign operations occurred at the time of the repatriation. As a result, the recognition of income tax expense related to foreign earnings, as applicable, and the payment of taxes resulting from repatriation of those earnings could occur in different periods.
In light of changes made by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, commencing with the 2018 tax year, the United States no longer taxes earnings of foreign subsidiaries even when such earnings are earned or repatriated to the United States, unless such earnings are subject to U.S. rules on passive income or certain anti-abuse provisions. Foreign subsidiary earnings may still be subject to withholding taxes when repatriated to the United States.
Cash balances held by our joint venture are maintained at sufficient levels to fund local operations as accumulated earnings are repatriated from the joint venture on a periodic basis.
As of December 31, 2022, approximately $96 million of our consolidated cash and cash equivalents balance of $2.32 billion was held by our Canadian and United Kingdom subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2022, we recorded a deferred tax liability of $12 million on the undistributed earnings of our Canadian affiliates for which the Company does not have an indefinite reinvestment assertion. We have not provided for deferred taxes on the remainder of undistributed earnings from our foreign affiliates because such earnings would not give rise to additional tax liabilities upon repatriation or are considered to be indefinitely reinvested.

Debt
Revolving Credit Agreement
We have a senior unsecured revolving credit agreement (the Revolving Credit Agreement), which provides for a revolving credit facility of up to $750 million with a maturity of December 5, 2024. The Revolving Credit Agreement includes a letter of credit sub-limit of $125 million. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement may be used for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, share repurchases and other general corporate purposes.
Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement may be denominated in U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars, euros and British pounds, and bear interest at a per annum rate equal to an applicable eurocurrency rate or base rate plus, in either case, a specified margin. We are required to pay an undrawn commitment fee on the undrawn portion of the commitments under the Revolving Credit Agreement and customary letter of credit fees. The specified margin and the amount of the commitment fee depend on CF Holdings’ credit rating at the time.
CF Industries is the lead borrower, and CF Holdings is the sole guarantor, under the Revolving Credit Agreement.
The Revolving Credit Agreement contains representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants customary for a financing of this type. The financial covenants applicable to CF Holdings and its subsidiaries in the Revolving Credit Agreement:
(i) require that the interest coverage ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) be not less than 2.75:1.00 as of the last day of each fiscal quarter and
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(ii) require that the total net leverage ratio (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement) be not greater than 3.75:1.00 (the Maximum Total Net Leverage Ratio) as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, provided that, if any borrower or subsidiary consummates a material acquisition during any fiscal quarter, CF Industries may elect to increase the Maximum Total Net Leverage Ratio to 4.25:1.00 for the period of four consecutive fiscal quarters commencing with such fiscal quarter (and no further such election may be made unless and until the Maximum Total Net Leverage Ratio is less than or equal to 3.75:1.00 as of the end of two consecutive fiscal quarters after the end of such period).
As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Revolving Credit Agreement.
The Revolving Credit Agreement contains events of default (with notice requirements and cure periods, as applicable) customary for a financing of this type, including, but not limited to, non-payment of principal, interest or fees; inaccuracy of representations and warranties in any material respect; and failure to comply with specified covenants. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default under the Revolving Credit Agreement and after any applicable cure period, subject to specified exceptions, the administrative agent may, and at the request of the requisite lenders is required to, accelerate the loans under the Revolving Credit Agreement or terminate the lenders’ commitments under the Revolving Credit Agreement.
As of December 31, 2022, we had unused borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Agreement of $750 million and no outstanding letters of credit. In addition, there were no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2022 or 2021, or during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Letters of Credit
In addition to the letters of credit that may be issued under the Revolving Credit Agreement, as described above, we have capacity to issue up to $350 million of letters of credit, reflecting an increase of $100 million in May 2022, under a bilateral agreement. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $201 million of letters of credit were outstanding under this agreement.
Senior Notes
Long-term debt presented on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following debt securities issued by CF Industries:
 Effective Interest RateDecember 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Principal Outstanding
Carrying Amount (1)
Principal Outstanding
Carrying Amount (1)
 (in millions)
Public Senior Notes:
3.450% due June 20233.665%$— $— $500 $499 
5.150% due March 20345.293%750 741 750 741 
4.950% due June 20435.040%750 742 750 742 
5.375% due March 20445.478%750 740 750 741 
Senior Secured Notes:
4.500% due December 2026(2)
4.783%750 742 750 742 
Total long-term debt$3,000 $2,965 $3,500 $3,465 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Carrying amount is net of unamortized debt discount and deferred debt issuance costs. Total unamortized debt discount was $7 million and $8 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and total deferred debt issuance costs were $28 million and $27 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.   
(2)Effective August 23, 2021, these notes are no longer secured, in accordance with the terms of the applicable indenture.
Public Senior Notes
On April 21, 2022, we redeemed in full all of the $500 million outstanding principal amount of the 2023 Notes in accordance with the optional redemption provisions in the indenture governing the 2023 Notes. The total aggregate redemption price paid in connection with the April 2022 redemption of the 2023 Notes, which was funded with cash on hand, was $513 million, including accrued interest. As a result, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $8 million, consisting primarily of the premium paid on the redemption of the $500 million principal amount of the 2023 Notes prior to their scheduled maturity.
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On September 10, 2021, we redeemed $250 million principal amount, representing one-third of the $750 million principal amount outstanding immediately prior to such redemption, of the 2023 Notes, in accordance with the optional redemption provisions in the indenture governing the 2023 Notes. The total aggregate redemption price paid in connection with the redemption of the $250 million principal amount of the 2023 Notes, which was funded with cash on hand, was approximately $265 million, including accrued interest. As a result, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $13 million in the third quarter of 2021, consisting primarily of a premium paid on the redemption of the $250 million principal amount of the 2023 Notes prior to their scheduled maturity.
Under the indentures (including the applicable supplemental indentures) governing our senior notes due 2034, 2043 and 2044 identified in the table above (the Public Senior Notes), each series of Public Senior Notes is guaranteed by CF Holdings. Interest on the Public Senior Notes is payable semiannually, and the Public Senior Notes are redeemable at our option, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at specified make-whole redemption prices.
The indentures governing the Public Senior Notes contain covenants that limit, among other things, the ability of CF Holdings and its subsidiaries, including CF Industries, to incur liens on certain assets to secure debt, to engage in sale and leaseback transactions, to merge or consolidate with other entities and to sell, lease or transfer all or substantially all of the assets of CF Holdings and its subsidiaries to another entity. Each of the indentures governing the Public Senior Notes provides for customary events of default, which include (subject in certain cases to customary grace and cure periods), among others, nonpayment of principal or interest on the applicable Public Senior Notes; failure to comply with other covenants or agreements under the indenture; certain defaults on other indebtedness; the failure of CF Holdings’ guarantee of the applicable Public Senior Notes to be enforceable; and specified events of bankruptcy or insolvency. Under each indenture governing the Public Senior Notes, in the case of an event of default arising from one of the specified events of bankruptcy or insolvency, the applicable Public Senior Notes would become due and payable immediately, and, in the case of any other event of default (other than an event of default related to CF Industries’ and CF Holdings’ reporting obligations), the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the applicable Public Senior Notes then outstanding may declare all of such Public Senior Notes to be due and payable immediately.
Under each of the indentures governing the Public Senior Notes, specified changes of control involving CF Holdings or CF Industries, when accompanied by a ratings downgrade, as defined with respect to the applicable series of Public Senior Notes, constitute change of control repurchase events. Upon the occurrence of a change of control repurchase event with respect to a series of Public Senior Notes, unless CF Industries has exercised its option to redeem such Public Senior Notes, CF Industries will be required to offer to repurchase them at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of repurchase.
Senior Secured Notes
On March 20, 2021, we redeemed in full all of the $250 million outstanding principal amount of the 2021 Notes in accordance with the optional redemption provisions in the indenture governing the 2021 Notes. The total aggregate redemption price paid on the 2021 Notes in connection with the redemption, which was funded with cash on hand, was $258 million, including accrued interest. As a result, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $6 million, consisting primarily of the premium paid on the redemption of the $250 million principal amount of the 2021 Notes prior to their scheduled maturity.
Under the terms of the indenture governing the 4.500% senior secured notes due 2026 (the 2026 Notes), the 2026 Notes are guaranteed by CF Holdings. Until August 23, 2021, the 2026 Notes were guaranteed by CF Holdings and certain subsidiaries of CF Industries. The requirement for subsidiary guarantees of the 2026 Notes was eliminated, and all subsidiary guarantees were automatically released, as a result of an investment grade rating event under the terms of the indenture governing the 2026 Notes, on August 23, 2021. Prior to the investment grade rating event, subject to certain exceptions, the obligations under the 2026 Notes and related guarantees were secured by a first priority security interest in collateral consisting of substantially all of the assets of CF Industries, CF Holdings and the subsidiary guarantors. As a result of the investment grade rating event, the liens on the collateral securing the obligations under the 2026 Notes and related guarantees were automatically released on August 23, 2021, and the indenture covenant that had limited dispositions of assets constituting collateral no longer applies.
Interest on the 2026 Notes is payable semiannually, and the 2026 Notes are redeemable at our option, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at specified make-whole redemption prices.
Under the indenture governing the 2026 Notes, specified changes of control involving CF Holdings or CF Industries, when accompanied by a ratings downgrade, as defined with respect to the 2026 Notes, constitute change of control repurchase events. Upon the occurrence of a change of control repurchase event with respect to the 2026 Notes, unless CF Industries has
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exercised its option to redeem such notes, CF Industries will be required to offer to repurchase them at a price equal to 101% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the date of repurchase.
The indenture governing the 2026 Notes contains covenants that limit, among other things, the ability of CF Holdings and its subsidiaries, including CF Industries, to incur liens on certain assets to secure debt, to engage in sale and leaseback transactions, to merge or consolidate with other entities and to sell, lease or transfer all or substantially all of the assets of CF Holdings and its subsidiaries to another entity. The indenture governing the 2026 Notes provides for customary events of default, which include (subject in certain cases to customary grace and cure periods), among others, nonpayment of principal or interest of the 2026 Notes; failure to comply with other covenants or agreements under the indenture; certain defaults on other indebtedness; the failure of CF Holdings’ guarantee of the 2026 Notes to be enforceable; and specified events of bankruptcy or insolvency. Under the indenture governing the 2026 Notes, in the case of an event of default arising from one of the specified events of bankruptcy or insolvency, the 2026 Notes would become due and payable immediately, and, in the case of any other event of default (other than an event of default related to CF Industries’ and CF Holdings’ reporting obligations), the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the 2026 Notes then outstanding may declare all of such notes to be due and payable immediately.
Forward Sales and Customer Advances
We offer our customers the opportunity to purchase products from us on a forward basis at prices and on delivery dates we propose. Therefore, our reported nitrogen selling prices and margins may differ from market spot prices and margins available at the time of shipment.
Customer advances, which typically represent a portion of the contract’s value, are received shortly after the contract is executed, with any remaining unpaid amount generally being collected by the time control transfers to the customer, thereby reducing or eliminating the accounts receivable related to such sales. Any cash payments received in advance from customers in connection with forward sales contracts are reflected on our consolidated balance sheets as a current liability until control transfers and revenue is recognized. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $229 million and $700 million, respectively, in customer advances on our consolidated balance sheets.
While customer advances are generally a significant source of liquidity, the level of forward sales contracts is affected by many factors including current market conditions, our customers’ outlook of future market fundamentals and seasonality. During periods of declining prices, customers tend to delay purchasing fertilizer in anticipation that prices in the future will be lower than the current prices. If the level of sales under our forward sales programs were to decrease in the future, our cash received from customer advances would likely decrease and our accounts receivable balances would likely increase. Additionally, borrowing under the Revolving Credit Agreement could become necessary. Due to the volatility inherent in our business and changing customer expectations, we cannot estimate the amount of future forward sales activity.
Under our forward sales programs, a customer may delay delivery of an order due to weather conditions or other factors. These delays generally subject the customer to potential charges for storage or may be grounds for termination of the contract by us. Such a delay in scheduled shipment or termination of a forward sales contract due to a customer’s inability or unwillingness to perform may negatively impact our reported sales.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is the principal raw material used to produce nitrogen products. We use natural gas both as a chemical feedstock and as a fuel to produce ammonia, granular urea, UAN, AN and other products. Expenditures on natural gas are a significant portion of our production costs, representing approximately 50% of our total production costs in 2022. As a result of these factors, natural gas prices have a significant impact on our operating expenses and can thus affect our liquidity. Natural gas costs in our cost of sales, including the impact of realized natural gas derivatives, increased 71% to $7.18 per MMBtu in 2022 from $4.21 per MMBtu in 2021.
We enter into agreements for a portion of our future natural gas supply and related transportation. As of December 31, 2022, our natural gas purchase agreements have terms that range from one to three years and a total minimum commitment of approximately $1.68 billion, and our natural gas transportation agreements have terms that range from one to ten years and a total minimum commitment of approximately $126 million. Our minimum commitments to purchase and transport natural gas are based on prevailing market-based forward prices excluding reductions for plant maintenance and turnaround activities.
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Most of our nitrogen manufacturing facilities are located in the United States and Canada. As a result, the price of natural gas in North America directly impacts a substantial portion of our operating expenses. During 2022, the daily closing price at the Henry Hub, the most heavily-traded natural gas pricing point in North America, reached a low of $3.45 per MMBtu on November 10, 2022 and a high of $9.85 per MMBtu on August 23, 2022. During the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, the daily closing price at the Henry Hub reached a low of $1.34 per MMBtu on September 22, 2020 and three consecutive days in October 2020 and a high of $23.61 per MMBtu on February 18, 2021.
Our Billingham U.K. nitrogen manufacturing facility is subject to fluctuations associated with the price of natural gas in Europe. The major natural gas trading point for the United Kingdom is the NBP. During 2022, the daily closing price at the NBP reached a low of $1.23 per MMBtu on June 10, 2022 and a high of $67.08 per MMBtu on March 8, 2022. During the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, the daily closing price at the NBP reached a low of $1.04 per MMBtu on May 22, 2020, and a high of $67.08 per MMBtu on March 8, 2022.
In September 2022, as a result of extremely high and volatile natural gas prices and the lack of a corresponding increase in global nitrogen product market prices, we temporarily idled ammonia production at our Billingham complex. Since that time, we have imported ammonia for upgrade into AN and other nitrogen products at that location; therefore, our natural gas purchases in the United Kingdom have been insignificant.
Derivative Financial Instruments
We use derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to changes in prices for natural gas that will be purchased in the future. Natural gas is the largest and most volatile component of our manufacturing cost for our nitrogen-based products. From time to time, we may also use derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Volatility in reported quarterly earnings can result from the unrealized mark-to-market adjustments in the value of the derivatives. In 2022 and 2021, we recognized an unrealized net mark-to-market loss on natural gas derivatives of $41 million and $25 million, respectively, which is reflected in cost of sales in our consolidated statements of operations.
Derivatives expose us to counterparties and the risks associated with their ability to meet the terms of the contracts. For derivatives that are in net asset positions, we are exposed to credit loss from nonperformance by the counterparties. We control our credit risk through the use of multiple counterparties that are multinational commercial banks, other major financial institutions or large energy companies, and the use of International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) master netting arrangements. The ISDA agreements are master netting arrangements commonly used for over-the-counter derivatives that mitigate exposure to counterparty credit risk, in part, by creating contractual rights of netting and setoff, the specifics of which vary from agreement to agreement.
The ISDA agreements for most of our derivative instruments contain credit-risk-related contingent features, such as cross default provisions. In the event of certain defaults or termination events, our counterparties may request early termination and net settlement of certain derivative trades or may require us to collateralize derivatives in a net liability position. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the aggregate fair value of the derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features in net liability positions was $73 million and $31 million, respectively, which also approximates the fair value of the assets that may be needed to settle the obligations if the credit-risk-related contingent features were triggered at the reporting dates.
As of December 31, 2022, our open natural gas derivative contracts consisted of natural gas fixed price swaps, basis swaps and options for 66.3 million MMBtus. As of December 31, 2021, our open natural gas derivative contracts consisted of natural gas fixed price swaps, basis swaps and options for 60.0 million MMBtus. At both December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had no cash collateral on deposit with counterparties for derivative contracts. The credit support documents executed in connection with certain of our ISDA agreements generally provide us and our counterparties the right to set off collateral against amounts owing under the ISDA agreements upon the occurrence of a default or a specified termination event.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
We contributed $26 million to our pension plans in 2022. In 2023, we expect to contribute approximately $42 million to our pension plans. In addition, we expect to contribute a total of approximately £30 million (or $36 million) to our U.K. plans in the two-year period from 2024 to 2025, as agreed with the plans’ trustees.
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On July 15, 2022, we entered into an agreement with an insurance company to purchase a non-participating group annuity contract and transfer approximately $375 million of our primary U.S. defined benefit pension plan’s projected benefit obligation. The transaction closed on July 22, 2022 and was funded with plan assets. Under the transaction, the insurance company assumed responsibility for pension benefits and annuity administration for approximately 4,000 retirees or their beneficiaries. As a result of this transaction, in the third quarter of 2022, we remeasured the plan's projected benefit obligation and plan assets and recognized a non-cash pre-tax pension settlement loss of $24 million, reflecting the unamortized net unrecognized postretirement benefit costs related to the settled obligations, with a corresponding offset to accumulated other comprehensive loss. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the final settlement of the non-participating group annuity contract resulted in a refund of $4 million, which decreased the settlement loss by $3 million to $21 million.
In October 2022, we remeasured certain of our defined benefit pension plans due to plan amendments resulting from a revision to our North American retirement plan strategy. The plan curtailments resulted in a reduction in our benefit obligations of $20 million and curtailment gains of $4 million. See Note 11—Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits for further information.
Distributions on Noncontrolling Interest in CFN
The CFN Board of Managers approved semi-annual distribution payments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, in accordance with CFN’s limited liability company agreement, as follows:
Approved and paidDistribution PeriodDistribution Amount
(in millions)
First quarter of 2023Six months ended December 31, 2022$255 
Third quarter of 2022Six months ended June 30, 2022372 
First quarter of 2022Six months ended December 31, 2021247 
Third quarter of 2021Six months ended June 30, 2021130 
First quarter of 2021Six months ended December 31, 202064 
Third quarter of 2020Six months ended June 30, 202086 
Cash Flows
Net cash provided by operating activities in 2022 was $3.86 billion as compared to $2.87 billion in 2021, an increase of $982 million. The increase in cash flow from operations was due primarily to higher net earnings, partially offset by changes in net working capital. Net earnings in 2022 was $3.94 billion compared to $1.26 billion in 2021. The increase in net earnings was due primarily to an increase in gross margin, driven by higher average selling prices, and a decrease in charges related to our U.K. operations. These factors that increased gross margin were partially offset by increases in natural gas costs, an increase in the income tax provision and an increase in net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest. During 2022, net changes in working capital reduced cash flow from operations by $900 million, while in 2021, net changes in working capital contributed $448 million to cash flow from operations. The decrease in cash flow from working capital changes was attributable primarily to lower levels of customer advances, higher levels of accounts receivable and an increase in income tax payments in 2022 as compared to 2021.
Net cash used in investing activities was $440 million in 2022 compared to $466 million in 2021, or a decrease of $26 million. During 2022, capital expenditures totaled $453 million compared to $514 million in 2021.
Net cash used in financing activities was $2.70 billion in 2022 compared to $1.46 billion in 2021. The increase was due primarily to share repurchases in 2022 and higher distributions to noncontrolling interest. In 2022, we paid $1.35 billion for share repurchases, including $1 million related to shares repurchased in late 2021 that were paid for in 2022, compared to $539 million for share repurchases in 2021. In 2022, distributions to noncontrolling interest were $619 million compared to $194 million in 2021.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital resources is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. U.S. GAAP requires that we select policies and make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience, technological assessment, opinions of appropriate outside experts, and the most recent information available to us. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Changes in estimates that may have a material impact on our results are discussed in the context of the underlying financial statements to which they relate. The following discussion presents information about our most critical accounting estimates.
 Recoverability of Long-Lived Assets, Goodwill and Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliate
We review the carrying values of our property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets, including our finite-lived intangible assets, goodwill and our investment in an unconsolidated affiliate in accordance with U.S. GAAP in order to assess recoverability. Factors that we must estimate when performing impairment tests include production and sales volumes, selling prices, raw material costs, operating rates, operating expenses, inflation, discount rates, exchange rates, tax rates, capital spending and the impact that future market dynamics and geopolitical events could have on these factors. Judgment is involved in estimating each of these factors, which include inherent uncertainties. The factors we use are consistent with those used in our internal planning process. The recoverability of the values associated with our goodwill, long-lived assets and our investment in an unconsolidated affiliate is dependent upon future operating performance of the specific businesses to which they are attributed. Certain of the operating assumptions are particularly sensitive to the cyclical nature of the fertilizer business. Adverse changes in demand for our products, increases in supply and the availability and costs of key raw materials could significantly affect the results of our review.
The recoverability and impairment tests of long-lived assets are required only when conditions exist that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. For goodwill, impairment tests are required at least annually, or more frequently whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Our investment in an unconsolidated affiliate is reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that its carrying value may not be recoverable. When circumstances indicate that the fair value of our investment is less than its carrying value, and the reduction in value is other than temporary, the reduction in value would be recognized immediately in earnings.
We evaluate goodwill for impairment in the fourth quarter at the reporting unit level. Our evaluation generally begins with a qualitative assessment of the factors that could impact the significant inputs used to estimate fair value. If after performing the qualitative assessment, we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill, then no further analysis is necessary. However, if it is unclear based on the results of the qualitative test, we perform a quantitative test, which involves comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. We use an income-based valuation method, determining the present value of future cash flows, to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, no further testing is necessary. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, goodwill impairment would be recognized equal to the amount of the carrying value in excess of the reporting unit’s fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
We review property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets at the asset group level in order to assess recoverability based on expected future undiscounted cash flows. If the sum of the expected future net undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss would be recognized. The impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived assets.
During the first quarter of 2022, we concluded that the continued impacts of the U.K. energy crisis, including further increases and volatility in natural gas prices due in part to geopolitical events as a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, triggered a long-lived asset impairment test. The results of this test indicated that no additional long-lived asset impairment existed, as the undiscounted estimated future cash flows were in excess of the carrying values for each of the U.K. asset groups, which consisted of U.K. Ammonia, U.K. AN and U.K. Other. Previous impairments of these U.K. asset groups had been recognized in 2021, when the U.K. energy crisis began.
In the second quarter of 2022, the long-term outlook deteriorated for nitrogen producers in regions that rely on LNG imports to satisfy natural gas demand. As result, in the second quarter of 2022, we approved and announced our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations, including the planned permanent closure of the Ince facility. Pursuant to our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations and dispose of the Ince facility assets before we originally intended, we concluded that an evaluation of our long-lived assets and an additional impairment test was required. Our assessment then identified the U.K.
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asset groups as U.K. Ammonia, U.K. AN and U.K. Other, comprising our ongoing U.K. operations, and Ince, U.K. In response to this impairment indicator, we compared the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the Ince, U.K. asset group to its carrying amount and concluded the carrying amount was not recoverable and should be adjusted to its fair value. As a result, we recorded asset impairment charges related to the Ince, U.K. asset group totaling $152 million, which are included in the U.K. long-lived and intangible asset impairment line item in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 and are further described under “Market Conditions and Current Developments—United Kingdom Operations,” above.
There was no additional asset impairment indicated for the three asset groups that comprise the continuing U.K. operations as the undiscounted estimated future cash flows were in excess of the carrying values for each of these asset groups.
In the third quarter of 2022, the United Kingdom continued to experience extremely high and volatile natural gas prices. Russian natural gas flows to Europe via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline ceased, causing the United Kingdom to experience unprecedented natural gas prices. In addition, the European Union announced a desire to cap the price that Europe would pay Russia for natural gas deliveries, further contributing to the uncertainty in European energy markets. Given these factors and the lack of a corresponding increase in global nitrogen product market prices, in September 2022, we temporarily idled ammonia production at our Billingham complex. As a result, we concluded that an additional impairment test was triggered for the asset groups that comprise the continuing U.K. operations. The results of our impairment test indicated that the carrying values for our U.K. Ammonia and U.K. AN asset groups exceeded the undiscounted estimated future cash flows. As a result, we recognized asset impairment charges of $87 million, primarily related to property, plant and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, which are included in the U.K. long-lived and intangible asset impairment line item in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. The expected cash flows used in the long-lived asset impairment analysis reflected assumptions about product selling prices and natural gas costs, as well as estimates of future production and sales volumes, operating rates, operating expenses, inflation, tax rates, capital spending and the impact that future market dynamics and geopolitical events could have on these factors.
For the asset groups that comprise the continuing U.K. operations, the fair value of our property, plant and equipment utilized in the long-lived asset impairment analyses was estimated using the indirect method of the cost approach by determining the reproduction cost new, or replacement cost, of the assets and applying appropriate adjustments for depreciation including an inutility adjustment based on the cash flows expected to be generated by those asset groups. For property, plant and equipment within the Ince, U.K. asset group, an asset group planned for abandonment, we first considered use of a market or income-based valuation method. However, given that a secondary market did not exist and the assets had been idled with a planned abandonment and therefore would not generate future cash flows from operations, we estimated the fair value of the asset group by determining the replacement cost of the underlying assets, which included inflationary adjustments to original asset costs, and then adjusting each of the asset categories to an estimated salvage value utilizing industry recognized price publications.
See “Liquidity and Capital Resources—United Kingdom Operations” above, Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges, Note 6—Property, Plant and Equipment—Net and Note 7—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for further information.
PLNL is our joint venture investment in Trinidad and operates an ammonia plant that relies on natural gas supplied, under a Gas Sales Contract (the NGC Contract), by the National Gas Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (NGC). The joint venture is accounted for under the equity method. The joint venture experienced past curtailments in the supply of natural gas from NGC, which reduced the ammonia production at PLNL. The NGC Contract had an initial expiration date of September 2018 and was extended on the same terms until September 2023. Any NGC commitment to supply gas beyond September 2023 will be based on new agreements. If NGC does not make sufficient quantities of natural gas available to PLNL at prices that permit profitable operations, PLNL may cease operating its facility and we would write off the remaining investment in PLNL. The carrying value of our equity method investment in PLNL at December 31, 2022 was $74 million.
Projected Benefit Obligations
The projected benefit obligations (PBOs) for our defined benefit pension plans are affected by plan design, actuarial estimates and discount rates. Key assumptions that affect our PBO are discount rates and, in addition for our United Kingdom plans, inflation rates, including an adjusted U.K. retail price index (RPI).
The December 31, 2022 PBO was computed based on a weighted-average discount rate of 5.1% for our North America plans and 4.8% for our United Kingdom plans, which were based on yields for high-quality (AA rated or better) fixed income debt securities that match the timing and amounts of expected benefit payments as of the measurement date of December 31, 2022. Declines in comparable bond yields would increase our PBO. For our United Kingdom plans, the 3.2% RPI used to
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calculate our PBO is developed using a U.K. government gilt prices only retail price inflation curve, which is based on the difference between yields on fixed interest government bonds and index-linked government bonds.
For North America qualified pension plans, our PBO was $274 million as of December 31, 2022, which was $1 million higher than pension plan assets. For our United Kingdom pension plans, our PBO was $347 million as of December 31, 2022, which was $27 million higher than pension plan assets. The tables below estimate the impact of a 50 basis point increase or decrease in the key assumptions on our December 31, 2022 PBO:
Increase/(Decrease) in December 31, 2022 PBO
North America PlansUnited Kingdom Plans
Assumption+50 bps-50 bps+50 bps-50 bps
(in millions)
Discount Rate$(15)$17 $(21)$23 
RPIN/AN/A13 (11)
See Note 11—Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits for further discussion of our pension plans.
Income Taxes
We are subject to the income tax laws of the many jurisdictions in which we operate, and we recognize expense, assets and liabilities based on estimates of amounts that ultimately will be determined to be taxable or deductible in tax returns filed in various jurisdictions. These tax laws are complex, and how they apply to our facts is sometimes open to interpretation. We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if sustaining those positions is more likely than not. Tax positions that meet the more likely than not recognition threshold but are not highly certain are measured based on the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. Differences in interpretation of the tax laws and regulations, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions and resolution of disputes arising from federal, state and international tax audits, can result in differences in taxes paid, which may be higher or lower than our estimates. The judgments made at a point in time may change from previous conclusions based on the outcome of tax audits, as well as changes to, or further interpretations of, tax laws and regulations, and these changes could significantly impact the provision for income taxes, the amount of taxes payable and the deferred tax asset and liability balances. We adjust our income tax provision in the period in which these changes occur. As of December 31, 2022, we have recorded a reserve for unrecognized tax benefits, including penalties and interest, of $243 million.
We also engage in a significant amount of cross border transactions. The taxability of cross border transactions has received an increasing level of scrutiny among regulators across the globe, including the jurisdictions in which we operate. The tax rules and regulations of the various jurisdictions in which we operate are complex, and in many cases, there is not symmetry between the rules of the various jurisdictions. As a result, there are instances where regulators within the jurisdictions involved in a cross border transaction may reach different conclusions regarding the taxability of the transaction in their respective jurisdictions based on the same set of facts and circumstances. We work closely with regulators to reach a common understanding and conclusion regarding the taxability of cross border transactions.
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ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are exposed to the impact of changes in commodity prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.
Commodity Prices
Our net sales, cash flows and estimates of future cash flows related to nitrogen-based products are sensitive to changes in selling prices as well as changes in the prices of natural gas and other raw materials unless these costs have been fixed or hedged. A $1.00 per MMBtu change in the price of natural gas would change the cost to produce a ton of ammonia, granular urea, UAN (32%) and AN by approximately $32, $22, $14 and $15, respectively.
Natural gas is the largest and most volatile component of the manufacturing cost for nitrogen-based products. At certain times, we have managed the risk of changes in natural gas prices through the use of derivative financial instruments. The derivative instruments that we may use for this purpose are primarily natural gas fixed price swaps, basis swaps and options. These derivatives settle using primarily a NYMEX futures price index, which represents the basis for fair value at any given time. The contracts represent anticipated natural gas needs for future periods and settlements are scheduled to coincide with anticipated natural gas purchases during those future periods. As of December 31, 2022, we had natural gas derivative contracts covering certain periods through March 2023.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had open derivative contracts for 66.3 million MMBtus and 60.0 million MMBtus, respectively. A $1.00 per MMBtu increase in the forward curve prices of natural gas at December 31, 2022 would result in a favorable change in the fair value of these derivative positions of $39 million, and a $1.00 per MMBtu decrease in the forward curve prices of natural gas would change their fair value unfavorably by $39 million.
From time to time, we may purchase nitrogen products on the open market to augment or replace production at our facilities.
Interest Rates
As of December 31, 2022, we had four series of senior notes totaling $3.00 billion of principal outstanding with maturity dates of December 1, 2026, March 15, 2034, June 1, 2043 and March 15, 2044. The senior notes have fixed interest rates. As of December 31, 2022, the carrying value and fair value of our senior notes was approximately $2.97 billion and $2.76 billion, respectively.
Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement bear current market rates of interest and we are subject to interest rate risk on such borrowings. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2022 or 2021, or during 2022 or 2021.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rates
We are directly exposed to changes in the value of the Canadian dollar, the British pound and the euro. We generally do not maintain any exchange rate derivatives or hedges related to these currencies.
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ITEM 8.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
CF Industries Holdings, Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CF Industries Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 23, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
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Measurements of projected benefit obligations
As discussed in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s projected benefit obligation (PBO) associated with its defined benefit pension plans established in North America and the United Kingdom was $274 million and $347 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. The Company’s PBO represents an actuarially determined estimate of the present value of the future benefit payments attributed to past service under its pension plans to the beneficiaries of those plans. In addition to measuring the PBO as of December 31, 2022, a remeasurement of the PBO was done in July 2022 when the Company entered into an agreement with an insurance company to purchase a non-participating group annuity contract and transferred approximately $375 million of its primary U.S. defined benefit pension plan’s PBO to the insurance company. Determining the PBO requires the Company to make assumptions, including the selection of a discount rate for each of the North American and United Kingdom plans and assumptions relating to inflationary increases, including but not limited to an adjusted retail price index (RPI) for the United Kingdom plans. The selected discount rates and adjusted RPI are then applied to these future benefit payments in determining the present value of those obligations.

We identified the evaluation of the Company’s PBO measurements in July 2022 and as of December 31, 2022 to be a critical audit matter. Specialized skills were needed to evaluate the assumptions regarding the discount rates utilized in the measurement of the PBO for each of the North American and United Kingdom plans and the adjusted RPI utilized in the measurement of the PBO for the Company’s United Kingdom plans. In addition, a high degree of auditor judgment was required to evaluate these discount rates and the adjusted RPI, as minor changes to these assumptions could have had a significant impact on the PBO.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s pension accounting process, including controls related to the determination of discount rates and adjusted RPI assumptions. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•developing an understanding and assessing the methods used by the Company’s actuaries to develop the discount rates and adjusted RPI
•evaluating the relevance and reliability of information used by the Company’s actuaries in the development of the discount rates and the adjusted RPI
•evaluating the North American discount rates’ period over period change using market trends based on published yield curves and indices
•recalculating the Company’s single equivalent discount rate using the PBO cash flows and the Company’s actuaries’ proprietary yield curve for the North American discount rates
•independently developing a single equivalent discount rate using the PBO cash flows and publicly available yield curves for the North American pension plans, and comparing that to the Company’s selected discount rates for North America
•developing discount rates using publicly available yield curves for the United Kingdom, adjusted for the assessment of the timing of payments expected to be made to beneficiaries under the Company’s pension plans, and comparing those to the Company’s selected discount rates for the United Kingdom
•developed an inflationary factor using published spot rate projection based on the assessment of the timing of payments expected to be made to beneficiaries under the Company’s pension plans within the United Kingdom, and comparing that to the Company’s adjusted RPI.
Salvage values of property, plant, and equipment at the Ince facility
As discussed in Notes 2, 5, and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognized long-lived asset impairment charges of $152 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, including $135 million of property, plant, and equipment impairment related to the restructuring of its operations within the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom restructuring plan included a planned permanent closure of the Company’s Ince facility, which was akin to a decision to dispose of a long-lived asset (group) before the initially intended date and therefore it was determined to be an indicator of impairment. In response to this impairment indicator, the Company compared the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the Ince asset group to its carrying amount and concluded the carrying amount was not recoverable and should be adjusted to its fair value. The Company estimated fair value based on the salvage value of its Ince asset group by determining the replacement cost of the underlying assets and then adjusting each of the asset categories to an estimated salvage value. The
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Company considered, but did not rely upon, a market or income based fair value approach as there was not an active secondary market for the Ince assets nor was the property generating future cash flows from operations. Salvage values were estimated using industry recognized price publications.
We identified the evaluation of the estimated salvage value of the Ince asset group as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate the selection of the valuation approach and assumptions used by the Company to estimate the fair value of these long-lived assets. Key assumptions made by the Company include inflationary adjustments to original asset costs to arrive at replacement costs and salvage value adjustment factors applied to asset replacement costs. Changes to these assumptions could have had a significant impact on the fair value of the Ince asset group and, as a result, on the amount of the impairment charges recognized.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s long-lived assets impairment process, including controls related to the selection of the valuation approach and assumptions used to estimate salvage values as noted above. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•evaluating the Company’s assertion that the cost approach represented the highest and best use of the Ince asset group, by considering whether an active secondary market existed for the Ince assets and whether sufficient income was attributable to the property on an in-use basis
•evaluating inflationary adjustments to original asset costs used in the replacement cost estimates by comparing them to publicly available inflationary indices
•evaluating the estimated salvage value adjustment factors by comparing them to industry recognized price publications.


(signed) KPMG LLP


We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1983.
Chicago, Illinois
February 23, 2023
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions, except per share amounts)
Net sales $11,186 $6,538 $4,124 
Cost of sales5,325 4,151 3,323 
Gross margin5,861 2,387 801 
Selling, general and administrative expenses290 223 206 
U.K. goodwill impairment— 285 — 
U.K. long-lived and intangible asset impairment239 236 — 
U.K. operations restructuring19 — — 
Other operating—net10 (39)(17)
Total other operating costs and expenses558 705 189 
Equity in earnings of operating affiliate94 47 11 
Operating earnings5,397 1,729 623 
Interest expense344 184 179 
Interest income(65)(1)(18)
Loss on debt extinguishment8 19 — 
Other non-operating—net15 (16)(1)
Earnings before income taxes5,095 1,543 463 
Income tax provision1,158 283 31 
Net earnings3,937 1,260 432 
Less: Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest591 343 115 
Net earnings attributable to common stockholders$3,346 $917 $317 
Net earnings per share attributable to common stockholders:
Basic$16.45 $4.27 $1.48 
Diluted$16.38 $4.24 $1.47 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic203.3 215.0 214.9 
Diluted204.2 216.2 215.2 
See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Net earnings$3,937 $1,260 $432 
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment—net of taxes(38)3 44 
Derivatives—net of taxes(1)— (1)
Defined benefit plans—net of taxes66 60 3 
27 63 46 
Comprehensive income3,964 1,323 478 
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest591 343 115 
Comprehensive income attributable to common stockholders$3,373 $980 $363 
See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 December 31,
 20222021
 (in millions, except share and
per share amounts)
Assets  
Current assets:  
Cash and cash equivalents$2,323 $1,628 
Accounts receivable—net582 497 
Inventories474 408 
Prepaid income taxes215 4 
Other current assets79 56 
Total current assets3,673 2,593 
Property, plant and equipment—net6,437 7,081 
Investment in affiliate74 82 
Goodwill2,089 2,091 
Operating lease right-of-use assets254 243 
Other assets786 285 
Total assets$13,313 $12,375 
Liabilities and Equity  
Current liabilities:  
Accounts payable and accrued expenses$575 $565 
Income taxes payable3 24 
Customer advances229 700 
Current operating lease liabilities93 89 
Other current liabilities95 54 
Total current liabilities995 1,432 
Long-term debt2,965 3,465 
Deferred income taxes958 1,029 
Operating lease liabilities167 162 
Other liabilities375 251 
Equity:
Stockholders’ equity:  
Preferred stock—$0.01 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized
— — 
Common stock—$0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 2022—195,604,404 shares issued and 2021—207,603,940 shares issued
2 2 
Paid-in capital1,412 1,375 
Retained earnings3,867 2,088 
Treasury stock—at cost, 2022—0 shares and 2021—27,962 shares
— (2)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(230)(257)
Total stockholders’ equity5,051 3,206 
Noncontrolling interest2,802 2,830 
Total equity7,853 6,036 
Total liabilities and equity$13,313 $12,375 
See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
 Common Stockholders
 $0.01 Par
Value
Common
Stock		Treasury
Stock		Paid-In
Capital		Retained
Earnings		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss		Total
Stockholders’
Equity		Noncontrolling
Interest		Total
Equity
 (in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2019$2 $— $1,303 $1,958 $(366)$2,897 $2,740 $5,637 
Net earnings— — — 317 — 317 115 432 
Other comprehensive income— — — — 46 46 — 46 
Purchases of treasury stock— (100)— — — (100)— (100)
Retirement of treasury stock— 107 (17)(90)— — — — 
Acquisition of treasury stock under employee stock plans— (13)— — — (13)— (13)
Issuance of $0.01 par value common stock under employee stock plans
— 2 6 — — 8 — 8 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 25 — — 25 — 25 
Cash dividends ($1.20 per share)
— — — (258)— (258)— (258)
Distributions declared to noncontrolling interest— — — — — — (174)(174)
Balance as of December 31, 2020$2 $(4)$1,317 $1,927 $(320)$2,922 $2,681 $5,603 
Net earnings— — — 917 — 917 343 1,260 
Other comprehensive income— — — — 63 63 — 63 
Purchases of treasury stock— (540)— — — (540)— (540)
Retirement of treasury stock— 554 (58)(496)— — — — 
Acquisition of treasury stock under employee stock plans— (13)— — — (13)— (13)
Issuance of $0.01 par value common stock under employee stock plans
— 1 65 — — 66 — 66 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 30 — — 30 — 30 
Cash dividends ($1.20 per share)
— — — (260)— (260)— (260)
Deferred tax related to noncontrolling interest— — 21 — — 21 — 21 
Distributions declared to noncontrolling interest— — — — — — (194)(194)
Balance as of December 31, 2021$2 $(2)$1,375 $2,088 $(257)$3,206 $2,830 $6,036 
Net earnings— — — 3,346 — 3,346 591 3,937 
Other comprehensive income— — — — 27 27 — 27 
Purchases of treasury stock— (1,346)— — — (1,346)— (1,346)
Retirement of treasury stock— 1,370 (109)(1,261)— — — — 
Acquisition of treasury stock under employee stock plans— (23)— — — (23)— (23)
Issuance of $0.01 par value common stock under employee stock plans
— 1 105 — — 106 — 106 
Stock-based compensation expense— — 41 — — 41 — 41 
Cash dividends ($1.50 per share)
— — — (306)— (306)— (306)
Distributions declared to noncontrolling interest— — — — — — (619)(619)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$2 $— $1,412 $3,867 $(230)$5,051 $2,802 $7,853 
See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Operating Activities:   
Net earnings $3,937 $1,260 $432 
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization850 888 892 
Deferred income taxes(107)(196)(74)
Stock-based compensation expense41 30 25 
Loss on debt extinguishment8 19 — 
Unrealized net loss (gain) on natural gas derivatives41 25 (6)
(Gain) loss on embedded derivative(14)1 3 
U.K. goodwill impairment— 285 — 
U.K. long-lived and intangible asset impairment239 236 — 
Pension settlement loss and curtailment gains17 — — 
Gain on sale of emission credits(6)(49)— 
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment 2 3 15 
Undistributed earnings of affiliate—net of taxes(1)(6)(1)
Changes in:
Accounts receivable—net(110)(235)(19)
Inventories(93)(123)27 
Accrued and prepaid income taxes(227)94 8 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses1 142 (15)
Customer advances(471)570 11 
Other—net(252)(71)(67)
Net cash provided by operating activities3,855 2,873 1,231 
Investing Activities:   
Additions to property, plant and equipment(453)(514)(309)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment1 1 2 
Distributions received from unconsolidated affiliate6 — 6 
Insurance proceeds for property, plant and equipment— — 2 
Purchase of investments held in nonqualified employee benefit trust(1)(13)— 
Proceeds from sale of investments held in nonqualified employee benefit trust1 12 — 
Purchase of emission credits(9)(10)— 
Proceeds from sale of emission credits15 58 — 
Net cash used in investing activities(440)(466)(299)
Financing Activities:   
Payments of long-term borrowings(507)(518)— 
Proceeds from short-term borrowings— — 500 
Repayments of short-term borrowings— — (500)
Payment to CHS related to credit provision— (5)(5)
Financing fees(4)— — 
Dividends paid on common stock(306)(260)(258)
Distributions to noncontrolling interest(619)(194)(174)
Purchases of treasury stock(1,347)(539)(100)
Proceeds from issuances of common stock under employee stock plans106 64 5 
Cash paid for shares withheld for taxes(23)(11)(10)
Net cash used in financing activities(2,700)(1,463)(542)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(20)1 6 
Increase in cash and cash equivalents695 945 396 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period1,628 683 287 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$2,323 $1,628 $683 
See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.    Background and Basis of Presentation
Our mission is to provide clean energy to feed and fuel the world sustainably. With our employees focused on safe and reliable operations, environmental stewardship, and disciplined capital and corporate management, we are on a path to decarbonize our ammonia production network – the world’s largest – to enable green and blue hydrogen and nitrogen products for energy, fertilizer, emissions abatement and other industrial activities. Our nitrogen manufacturing complexes in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, an extensive storage, transportation and distribution network in North America, and logistics capabilities enabling a global reach underpin our strategy to leverage our unique capabilities to accelerate the world’s transition to clean energy. Our principal customers are cooperatives, independent fertilizer distributors, traders, wholesalers and industrial users. Our core product is anhydrous ammonia (ammonia), which contains 82% nitrogen and 18% hydrogen. Our nitrogen products that are upgraded from ammonia are granular urea, urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) and ammonium nitrate (AN). Our other nitrogen products include diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), urea liquor, nitric acid and aqua ammonia, which are sold primarily to our industrial customers.
All references to “CF Holdings,” “the Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to CF Industries Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries, except where the context makes clear that the reference is only to CF Industries Holdings, Inc. itself and not its subsidiaries. All references to “CF Industries” refer to CF Industries, Inc., a 100% owned subsidiary of CF Industries Holdings, Inc.
Our principal assets as of December 31, 2022 include:
•five U.S. nitrogen manufacturing facilities, located in Donaldsonville, Louisiana; Sergeant Bluff, Iowa (our Port Neal complex); Yazoo City, Mississippi; Claremore, Oklahoma (our Verdigris complex); and Woodward, Oklahoma. These facilities are wholly owned directly or indirectly by CF Industries Nitrogen, LLC (CFN), of which we own approximately 89% and CHS Inc. (CHS) owns the remainder. See Note 17—Noncontrolling Interest for additional information on our strategic venture with CHS;
•two Canadian nitrogen manufacturing facilities, located in Medicine Hat, Alberta and Courtright, Ontario;
•a United Kingdom nitrogen manufacturing facility, located in Billingham;
•an extensive system of terminals and associated transportation equipment located primarily in the Midwestern United States; and
•a 50% interest in Point Lisas Nitrogen Limited (PLNL), an ammonia production joint venture located in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad) that we account for under the equity method.
2.    Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Consolidation and Noncontrolling Interest
The consolidated financial statements of CF Holdings include the accounts of CF Industries and all majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.
We own approximately 89% of the membership interests in CFN and consolidate CFN in our financial statements. CHS’ minority equity interest in CFN is included in noncontrolling interest in our consolidated financial statements. See Note 17—Noncontrolling Interest for additional information.
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Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the periods presented. Such estimates and assumptions are used for, but are not limited to, net realizable value of inventories, environmental remediation liabilities, environmental and litigation contingencies, plant closure and asset retirement obligations, the cost of emission credits required to meet environmental regulations, the cost of customer incentives, useful lives of property and identifiable intangible assets, the evaluation of potential impairments of property, investments, identifiable intangible assets and goodwill, income tax reserves and the assessment of the realizability of deferred tax assets, measurement of the fair values of investments for which markets are not active, the determination of the funded status and annual expense of defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans and the valuation of stock-based compensation awards granted to employees.
Revenue Recognition
We follow a five-step model for revenue recognition. The five steps are: (1) identification of the contract(s) with the customer, (2) identification of the performance obligation(s) in the contract(s), (3) determination of the transaction price, (4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligation(s), and (5) recognition of revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied. Control of our products transfers to our customers when the customer is able to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the benefits from, our products, which occurs at the later of when title or risk of loss transfers to the customer. Control generally transfers to the customer at a point in time upon loading of our product onto transportation equipment or delivery to a customer destination. Revenue from forward sales programs is recognized on the same basis as other sales regardless of when the customer advances are received.
In situations where we have agreed to arrange delivery of the product to the customer’s intended destination and control of the product transfers upon loading of our product, we have elected to not identify delivery of the product as a performance obligation. We account for freight income associated with the delivery of these products as freight revenue, since this activity fulfills our obligation to transfer the product to the customer. Shipping and handling costs incurred by us are included in cost of sales.
We offer cash incentives to certain customers based on the volume of their purchases over a certain period. Customer incentives are reported as a reduction in net sales.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash with original maturities of three months or less. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value.
Investments
Short-term investments and noncurrent investments are accounted for primarily as available-for-sale securities reported at fair value. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale debt securities are recognized in other comprehensive income. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale equity securities are recognized through earnings. The carrying values of short-term investments, if any, approximate fair values because of the short maturities and the highly liquid nature of these investments.
Inventories
Inventories are reported at the lower of cost and net realizable value with cost determined on a first-in, first-out and average cost basis. Inventory includes the cost of materials, production labor and production overhead. Inventory at warehouses and terminals also includes distribution costs to move inventory to the distribution facilities. Net realizable value is reviewed at least quarterly. Fixed production costs related to idle capacity are not included in the cost of inventory but are charged directly to cost of sales in the period incurred.
Investment in Unconsolidated Affiliate
The equity method of accounting is used for our investment in an affiliate that we do not consolidate, but over which we have the ability to exercise significant influence. Our equity method investment for which the results are included in operating earnings consists of our 50% ownership interest in PLNL, which operates an ammonia production facility in Trinidad. Our share of the net earnings from this investment is reported as an element of earnings from operations because PLNL’s operations
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provide additional production and are integrated with our supply chain and sales activities in the Ammonia segment. See Note 8—Equity Method Investment for additional information.
Profits resulting from sales or purchases with equity method investees are eliminated until realized by the investee or investor, respectively. Investments in affiliates are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If circumstances indicate that the fair value of an investment in an affiliate is less than its carrying value, and the reduction in value is other than temporary, the reduction in value would be recognized immediately in earnings.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method and are recorded over the estimated useful life of the property, plant and equipment. Useful lives are as follows:
 Years
Mobile and office equipment
3 to 10
Production facilities and related assets
2 to 30
Land improvements
10 to 30
Buildings
10 to 40
We periodically review the useful lives assigned to our property, plant and equipment and we change the estimates to reflect the results of those reviews.
Scheduled inspections, replacements and overhauls of plant machinery and equipment at our continuous process manufacturing facilities during a full plant shutdown are referred to as plant turnarounds. Plant turnarounds are accounted for under the deferral method, as opposed to the direct expense or built-in overhaul methods. Under the deferral method, expenditures related to turnarounds are capitalized in property, plant and equipment when incurred and amortized to production costs on a straight-line basis over the period benefited, which is until the next scheduled turnaround in up to five years. If the direct expense method were used, all turnaround costs would be expensed as incurred. Internal employee costs and overhead amounts are not considered turnaround costs and are not capitalized. Turnaround costs are classified as investing activities and included in capital expenditures in our consolidated statements of cash flows. See Note 6—Property, Plant and Equipment—Net for additional information.
Recoverability of Long-Lived Assets
We review property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets at the asset group level in order to assess recoverability based on expected future undiscounted cash flows whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If the sum of the expected future net undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value, an impairment loss would be recognized. The impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the asset. For property, plant and equipment that is planned for abandonment, we first consider a market or income-based valuation method. In situations where a secondary market does not exist and the assets have been idled and planned for abandonment and therefore will not generate future cash flows from operations, we estimate a salvage value for those assets. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges and Note 6—Property, Plant and Equipment—Net for additional information.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired entity over the amounts assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We perform our annual goodwill impairment review in the fourth quarter of each year at the reporting unit level. Our evaluation generally begins with a qualitative assessment of the factors that could impact the significant inputs used to estimate fair value. If after performing the qualitative assessment, we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill, then no further analysis is necessary. However, if the results of the qualitative test are unclear, we perform a quantitative test, which involves comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. We use an income-based valuation method, determining the present value of future cash flows, to estimate the fair value of a reporting unit. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, no further analysis is necessary. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, goodwill impairment would be recognized equal to the amount of the carrying value in excess of the reporting unit’s fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
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Our intangible assets are presented in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges and Note 7—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for additional information regarding our goodwill and other intangible assets.
Leases
Right-of-use (ROU) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The discount rate used to calculate the present value represents our secured incremental borrowing rate and is calculated based on the treasury yield curve commensurate with the term of each lease, and a spread representative of our secured borrowing costs. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option.
Leases may be classified as either operating leases or finance leases. We have made an accounting policy election to not include leases with an initial term of 12 months or less on the balance sheet. For finance leases, if any, ROU assets are amortized over the lease term on a straight-line basis and interest expense is recognized using the effective interest method and based on the lease liability at period end. For operating leases, rental payments, including rent holidays, leasehold incentives, and scheduled rent increases are expensed on a straight-line basis. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the depreciable lives of the corresponding fixed assets or the lease term including any applicable renewals. For our rail car leases, barge tow charters, and terminal and warehouse storage agreements, we have made an accounting policy election to not separate lease and non-lease components, such as operating costs and maintenance, due to sufficient data not being available. As a result, the non-lease components are included in the ROU assets and lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. See Note 24—Leases for additional information.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those differences are projected to be recovered or settled. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on our ability to generate sufficient taxable income of an appropriate character in future periods. A valuation allowance is established if it is determined to be more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Significant judgment is applied in evaluating the need for and magnitude of appropriate valuation allowances against deferred tax assets.
We record our tax expense for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) as an expense in the period in which incurred and as such do not record a deferred tax liability for taxes that may be due in future periods.
Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are reported as interest expense and income tax expense, respectively.
See Note 10—Income Taxes for additional information.
Customer Advances
Customer advances represent cash received from customers following acceptance of orders under our forward sales programs. Under such advances, the customer prepays a portion of the value of the sales contract prior to obtaining control of the product, thereby reducing or eliminating accounts receivable from customers. Revenue is recognized when the customer obtains control of the product.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Natural gas is the principal raw material used to produce nitrogen-based products. We manage the risk of changes in natural gas prices primarily through the use of derivative financial instruments. The derivative instruments that we use are primarily natural gas fixed price swaps, basis swaps and options traded in the over-the-counter (OTC) markets. The derivatives reference primarily a NYMEX futures price index, which represent the basis for fair value at any given time. These derivatives are traded in months forward and settlements are scheduled to coincide with anticipated gas purchases during those future periods. We do not use derivatives for trading purposes and are not a party to any leveraged derivatives.
Derivative financial instruments are accounted for at fair value and recognized as current or noncurrent assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. We use natural gas derivatives as an economic hedge of natural gas price risk, but without the application of hedge accounting. As a result, changes in fair value of these contracts are recognized in earnings. The fair values of derivative instruments and any related cash collateral are reported on a gross basis rather than on a net basis. Cash flows related to natural gas derivatives are reported as operating activities.
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See Note 15—Derivative Financial Instruments for additional information.
Debt Issuance Costs
Costs associated with the issuance of debt are recorded on the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability. Costs associated with entering into revolving credit facilities are recorded as an asset in noncurrent assets. All debt issuance costs are amortized over the term of the related debt using the effective interest rate method. Debt issuance discounts are netted against the related debt and are amortized over the term of the debt using the effective interest method. See Note 12—Financing Agreements for additional information.
Environmental
Environmental expenditures that relate to current operations are expensed or capitalized as appropriate. Expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations are expensed. Expenditures that increase the capacity or extend the useful life of an asset, improve the safety or efficiency of the operations, or mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination are capitalized. Liabilities are recorded when it is probable that an obligation has been incurred and the costs can be reasonably estimated. Environmental liabilities are not discounted.
Emission Credits
Emission credits may be generated by or granted to us through emissions trading systems or other regulatory programs. From time to time, we may also purchase emission credits. We have elected to account for emission credits using the intangible asset model. Under this model, emission credits that are purchased are measured at their cost basis and tested for impairment annually. We do not recognize any internally generated emission credits under the intangible asset model until a monetary transaction occurs, such as a sale of the emission credits. If a facility exceeds regulatory emissions allowance levels and offsetting credits are not held by us, our obligation is recognized as an operating expense and a liability at the fair value of the emissions allowance deficit.
Stock-based Compensation
We grant stock-based compensation awards under our equity and incentive plans. The awards that have been granted to date are nonqualified stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance restricted stock units. The cost of employee services received in exchange for the awards is measured based on the fair value of the award on the grant date and is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the period during which the employee is required to provide the services. We have elected to recognize equity award forfeitures as they occur in determining the compensation cost to be recognized in each period. See Note 19—Stock-based Compensation for additional information.
Treasury Stock
We periodically retire treasury shares acquired through repurchases of our common stock and return those shares to the status of authorized but unissued. We account for treasury stock transactions under the cost method. For each reacquisition of common stock, the number of shares and the acquisition price for those shares is added to the treasury stock count and total value. When treasury shares are retired, we allocate the excess of the repurchase price over the par value of shares acquired to both retained earnings and paid-in capital. The portion allocated to paid-in capital is determined by applying the average paid-in capital per share, and the remaining portion is recorded to retained earnings.
Litigation
From time to time, we are subject to ordinary, routine legal proceedings related to the usual conduct of our business. We may also be involved in proceedings regarding public utility and transportation rates, environmental matters, taxes and permits relating to the operations of our various plants and facilities. Accruals for such contingencies are recorded to the extent management concludes their occurrence is probable and the financial impact of an adverse outcome is reasonably estimable. Legal fees are recognized as incurred and are not included in accruals for contingencies. Disclosure for specific legal contingencies is provided if the likelihood of occurrence is at least reasonably possible and the exposure is considered material to the consolidated financial statements.
In making determinations of likely outcomes of litigation matters, many factors are considered. These factors include, but are not limited to, history, scientific and other evidence, and the specifics and status of each matter. If the assessment of various factors changes, the estimates may change. Predicting the outcome of claims and litigation, and estimating related costs and exposure, involves substantial uncertainties that could cause actual costs to vary materially from estimates and accruals.
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Foreign Currency Translation and Remeasurement
We translate the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries with non-U.S. dollar functional currencies using period-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and weighted-average exchange rates for each period for revenues and expenses. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity.
Foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities are remeasured into U.S. dollars at exchange rates existing at the respective balance sheet dates. Gains and losses resulting from these foreign currency transactions are included in other operating—net in our consolidated statements of operations. Gains and losses resulting from intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature, if any, are reported in other comprehensive income.
3.   Revenue Recognition
Our performance obligations under a customer contract correspond to each shipment of product that we make to our customer under the contract. As a result, each contract may have more than one performance obligation based on the number of products ordered, the quantity of product to be shipped and the mode of shipment requested by the customer. When we enter into a contract with a customer, we are obligated to provide the product in that contract during a mutually agreed upon time period. Depending on the terms of the contract, either we or the customer arranges delivery of the product to the customer’s intended destination. When we arrange delivery of the product and control of the product transfers upon loading, we recognize freight revenue, which was $91 million for 2022, and not material for 2021 and 2020.
Certain of our contracts require us to supply products on a continuous basis to the customer. We recognize revenue on these contracts based on the quantity of products transferred to the customer during the period. For 2022, 2021 and 2020, the total amount of revenue for these contracts was $65 million, $92 million and $44 million, respectively.
From time to time, we will enter the marketplace to purchase product in order to satisfy the obligations of our customer contracts. When we purchase product for this purpose, we are the principal in the transaction and recognize revenue on a gross basis. As discussed in Note 8—Equity Method Investment, we have transactions in the normal course of business with PLNL, reflecting our obligation to purchase 50% of the ammonia produced by PLNL at current market prices. Other than products purchased from PLNL, products purchased in the marketplace in order to satisfy the obligations of our customers were not material during 2022, $68 million for 2021 and not material for 2020.
Transaction Price
We agree with our customers on the selling price of each transaction. This transaction price is generally based on the product, market conditions, including supply and demand balances, freight arrangements including where control transfers, and customer incentives. In our contracts with customers, we allocate the entire transaction price to the sale of product to the customer, which is the basis for the determination of the relative standalone selling price allocated to each performance obligation. Any sales tax, value added tax, and other tax we collect concurrently with our revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. Returns of our product by our customers are permitted only when the product is not to specification. Returns were not material during 2022, 2021 or 2020.
We offer cash incentives to certain customers generally based on the volume of their purchases over the fertilizer year ending June 30. Our cash incentives do not provide an option to the customer for additional product. Accrual of these incentives involves the use of estimates, including how much product the customer will purchase and whether the customer will achieve a certain level of purchases within the incentive period. The balances of customer incentives accrued at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were not material.
Revenue Disaggregation
We track our revenue by product and by geography. See Note 21—Segment Disclosures for our revenue by reportable segment, which are Ammonia, Granular Urea, UAN, AN and Other. The following table summarizes our revenue by product and by geography (based on destination of our shipment) for 2022, 2021 and 2020:
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 AmmoniaGranular
Urea		UANANOtherTotal
 (in millions)
Year ended December 31, 2022     
North America$2,659 $2,722 $2,930 $294 $605 $9,210 
Europe and other431 170 642 551 182 1,976 
Total revenue$3,090 $2,892 $3,572 $845 $787 $11,186 
Year ended December 31, 2021
North America$1,575 $1,880 $1,667 $212 $400 $5,734 
Europe and other212 — 121 298 173 804 
Total revenue$1,787 $1,880 $1,788 $510 $573 $6,538 
Year ended December 31, 2020
North America$874 $1,183 $998 $197 $235 $3,487 
Europe and other146 65 65 258 103 637 
Total revenue$1,020 $1,248 $1,063 $455 $338 $4,124 
Accounts Receivable and Customer Advances
Our customers purchase our products through sales on credit or forward sales. Products sold to our customers on credit are recorded as accounts receivable when the customer obtains control of the product. Customers that purchase our products on credit are required to pay in accordance with our customary payment terms, which are generally less than 30 days. For 2022, 2021 and 2020, the amount of customer bad debt expense recognized was not material.
For forward sales, the customer prepays a portion of the value of the sales contract prior to obtaining control of the product. These prepayments, when received, are recorded as customer advances and are recognized as revenue when the customer obtains control of the product. Forward sales are customarily offered for periods of less than one year in advance of when the customer obtains control of the product.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $229 million and $700 million, respectively, in customer advances on our consolidated balance sheets. The decrease in the balance of customer advances was due primarily to our customers delaying fertilizer transactions at the end of 2022 in anticipation that prices in the future would be lower than the current prices. During 2022, all of our customer advances that were recorded as of December 31, 2021 were recognized as revenue.
We have certain customer contracts with performance obligations where if the customer does not take the required amount of product specified in the contract, then the customer is required to make a payment to us, the amount of which payment may vary based upon the terms and conditions of the applicable contract. As of December 31, 2022, excluding contracts with original durations of less than one year, and based on the minimum product tonnage to be sold and current market price estimates, our remaining performance obligations under these contracts were approximately $1.2 billion. We expect to recognize approximately 45% of these performance obligations as revenue in 2023, approximately 28% as revenue during 2024-2026, approximately 12% as revenue during 2027-2029, and the remainder thereafter. Subject to the terms and conditions of the applicable contracts, if these customers do not satisfy their purchase obligations under such contracts, the minimum amount that they would be required to pay to us under such contracts, in the aggregate, was approximately $335 million as of December 31, 2022. Other than the performance obligations described above, any performance obligations with our customers that were unfulfilled or partially filled at December 31, 2022 will be satisfied in 2023.
All of our contracts require that the period between the payment for goods and the transfer of those goods to the customer occur within normal contractual terms that do not exceed one year; therefore, we have elected the practical expedient and not adjusted the transaction price of any of our contracts to recognize a significant financing component. We have also elected the practical expedient to not capitalize any incremental costs associated with obtaining a contract that has a duration of less than one year, and there were no costs capitalized during 2022, 2021 or 2020.
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4.   Net Earnings Per Share
Net earnings per share were computed as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions, except per share amounts)
Net earnings attributable to common stockholders$3,346 $917 $317 
Basic earnings per common share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding203.3 215.0 214.9 
Net earnings attributable to common stockholders$16.45 $4.27 $1.48 
Diluted earnings per common share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding203.3 215.0 214.9 
Dilutive common shares—stock-based awards0.9 1.2 0.3 
Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding204.2 216.2 215.2 
Net earnings attributable to common stockholders$16.38 $4.24 $1.47 
Diluted earnings per common share is calculated using weighted-average common shares outstanding, including the dilutive effect of stock-based awards as determined under the treasury stock method. In the computation of diluted earnings per common share, potentially dilutive stock-based awards are excluded if the effect of their inclusion is anti-dilutive. Shares for anti-dilutive stock-based awards not included in the computation of diluted earnings per common share were zero, 0.9 million and 3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
5. United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges
2021 Impairment
During the third quarter of 2021, the United Kingdom began experiencing an energy crisis that included a substantial increase in the price of natural gas. In the first half of 2021, natural gas prices had increased to levels that were considered high compared to historical prices, and prices then more than doubled within the third quarter of 2021. On September 15, 2021, we announced the halt of operations at both our Ince and Billingham manufacturing facilities in the United Kingdom due to negative profitability driven by the high cost of natural gas. The halt of operations at our U.K. plants impacted the availability of certain products in the United Kingdom, including carbon dioxide, which is a byproduct of ammonia production. Due to the critical nature of carbon dioxide to certain industries in the United Kingdom, we entered into an interim agreement with the U.K. government and resumed production of ammonia at the Billingham facility in order to produce carbon dioxide. During the interim period, we entered into new carbon dioxide pricing and offtake agreements with our customers, which had an initial term through January 31, 2022. The amount received under the terms of the interim agreement with the U.K. government was not material.
The U.K. energy crisis necessitated an evaluation of the long-lived assets, including definite-lived intangible assets, and goodwill of our U.K. operations to determine if their fair value had declined to below their carrying value. We performed the impairment evaluations on the U.K. Ammonia, U.K. AN and U.K. Other asset groups’ long-lived assets, including definite-lived intangible assets, and the U.K. Ammonia, U.K. AN and U.K. Other reporting units’ goodwill as of September 30, 2021. Our assets groups are the same as our reporting units. Based on these analyses, we concluded that a decline in fair value below carrying value had occurred, and we recognized impairment charges of $495 million in the third quarter of 2021, consisting of long-lived and intangible asset impairment charges of $236 million and a goodwill impairment charge of $259 million.
In the fourth quarter of 2021, natural gas prices in the United Kingdom continued to rise, which triggered an additional impairment test of long-lived assets and goodwill and resulted in an additional goodwill impairment charge of $26 million. The results of our long-lived asset impairment test indicated that no additional long-lived asset impairment existed, as the undiscounted cash flows were in excess of the carrying values for each of the U.K. asset groups.
For the full year ended December 31, 2021, these evaluations resulted in total impairment charges of $521 million, consisting of goodwill impairment of $285 million and long-lived and intangible asset impairment of $236 million. As of December 31, 2021, no goodwill related to our U.K. reporting units remained.
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2022 Impairment and Restructuring
During the first quarter of 2022, we concluded that the continued impacts of the U.K. energy crisis, including further increases and volatility in natural gas prices due in part to geopolitical events as a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, triggered an additional long-lived asset impairment test. The results of this test indicated that no additional long-lived asset impairment existed, as the undiscounted estimated future cash flows were in excess of the carrying values for each of the U.K. asset groups.
In the second quarter of 2022, we approved and announced our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations, including the planned permanent closure of the Ince facility, which had been idled since September 2021, and optimization of the remaining manufacturing operations at our Billingham facility. Pursuant to our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations and dispose of the Ince facility assets before we originally intended, we concluded that an evaluation of our long-lived assets and an additional impairment test was required. Our assessment then identified the U.K. asset groups as U.K. Ammonia, U.K. AN and U.K. Other, comprising our ongoing U.K. operations, and Ince, U.K. In response to this impairment indicator, we compared the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the Ince, U.K. asset group to its carrying amount and concluded the carrying amount was not recoverable and should be adjusted to its fair value. As a result, in the second quarter of 2022, we recorded total charges of $162 million related to the Ince facility as follows:
•asset impairment charges of $152 million consisting of the following:
◦an impairment charge of $135 million related to property, plant and equipment that is planned for abandonment at the Ince facility, including a liability of approximately $9 million for the costs of certain asset retirement activities related to the Ince site;
◦an intangible asset impairment charge of $8 million related to trade names; and
◦an impairment charge of $9 million related to the write-down of spare parts and certain raw materials at the Ince facility;
and
•a charge for post-employment benefits totaling $10 million, which is included in the U.K. operations restructuring line item in our consolidated statements of operations, related to contractual and statutory obligations due to employees whose employment would be terminated in the proposed plan.
There was no additional asset impairment indicated for the three asset groups that comprise the continuing U.K. operations as the undiscounted estimated future cash flows were in excess of the carrying values for each of these asset groups.
In the third quarter of 2022, the United Kingdom continued to experience extremely high and volatile natural gas prices. Russian natural gas flows to Europe via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline ceased, causing the United Kingdom to experience unprecedented natural gas prices. In addition, the European Union announced a desire to cap the price that Europe would pay Russia for natural gas deliveries, further contributing to the uncertainty in European energy markets. Given these factors and the lack of a corresponding increase in global nitrogen product market prices, in September 2022, we temporarily idled ammonia production at our Billingham complex. As a result, we concluded that an additional impairment test was triggered for the asset groups that comprise the continuing U.K. operations. The results of our impairment test indicated that the carrying values for our U.K. Ammonia and U.K. AN asset groups exceeded the undiscounted estimated future cash flows. As a result, we recognized asset impairment charges of $87 million, primarily related to property, plant and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets.
In August 2022, the final restructuring plan for our U.K. operations was approved, and decommissioning activities were initiated. As a result, in the third quarter of 2022, we incurred additional charges related to our U.K. restructuring of $8 million, primarily related to one-time termination benefits. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we incurred additional charges related to our U.K. restructuring of $1 million, primarily related to one-time termination benefits.
For the full year ended December 31, 2022, as a result of the above, we recognized total impairment and restructuring charges of $258 million, consisting of long-lived and intangible asset impairment charges of $239 million and restructuring charges of $19 million.
As of December 31, 2022, amounts accrued related to the final restructuring plan for our U.K. operations consisted of $2 million for employee contractual and one-time termination benefits and $6 million for asset retirement obligations, and we
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expect substantially all of these restructuring activities will be completed in 2023. We are working with customers, vendors, regulators and others to finalize closure plans for our Ince facility.
See Note 6—Property, Plant and Equipment—Net, Note 7—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets and Note 23—Asset Retirement Obligations for additional information.
Assumptions in the impairment evaluations
The valuation of our asset groups and reporting units requires significant judgment in evaluating recent indicators of market activity and estimating future cash flows, discount rates, and other factors. The expected cash flows used in the long-lived asset and goodwill impairment tests reflected assumptions about product selling prices and natural gas costs, as well as estimates of future production and sales volumes, operating rates, operating expenses, inflation, discount rates, tax rates and capital spending. The valuations also incorporate assumptions regarding the time it could take for the U.K. energy crisis to be resolved. In addition, assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of the long-lived assets in our asset groups, which included replacement cost and, for the Ince, U.K. asset group that is planned for abandonment, salvage value.
For purposes of our goodwill impairment analyses in 2021, we estimated the fair value of the reporting units using the income approach, which incorporated the estimated future cash flows and a terminal value discounted to their present value using an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate from the perspective of a market participant. The estimated future cash flows were based on our internal forecasts, updated for recent events at that time. These estimated future cash flows went beyond the specific operating plans, using a terminal value calculation, which incorporated historical and forecasted trends and an estimate of long-term future growth rates. The future growth rates were based on our view of the long-term outlook for each reporting unit.
The discount rates utilized in the income approach, for our goodwill impairment tests, and to discount the cash flows in calculating long-lived asset impairment, were derived using a capital asset pricing model and analyzing published rates for industries relevant to our reporting units to estimate the cost of equity financing. The discount rates were commensurate with the risks and uncertainties inherent in the business and in the United Kingdom and our cash flow forecasts, updated for recent events at that time.
Additional assumptions utilized in the long-lived asset impairment analyses were royalty rates and attrition rates in estimating the fair value of our definite-lived intangible assets, consisting of trade names and customer relationships, for which we used the relief from royalty method of the income approach and the multi-period excess earnings method, respectively.
For the asset groups that comprise the continuing U.K. operations, the fair value of our property, plant and equipment utilized in the long-lived asset impairment analyses was estimated using the indirect method of the cost approach by determining the reproduction cost new, or replacement cost, of the assets and applying appropriate adjustments for depreciation including an inutility adjustment based on the cash flows expected to be generated by those asset groups. For property, plant and equipment within the Ince, U.K. asset group, an asset group planned for abandonment, we first considered use of a market or income-based valuation method. However, given that a secondary market did not exist and the assets had been idled with a planned abandonment and therefore would not generate future cash flows from operations, we estimated the fair value of the asset group by determining the replacement cost of the underlying assets and then adjusting each of the asset categories to an estimated salvage value utilizing industry recognized price publications.
Due to the inherent uncertainties involved in making estimates and assumptions, actual results may differ from those assumed in our forecasts.


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6.   Property, Plant and Equipment—Net
Property, plant and equipment—net consists of the following:
 December 31,
 20222021
 (in millions)
Land$113 $68 
Machinery and equipment(1)
12,633 12,757 
Buildings and improvements(1)
914 915 
Construction in progress(1)
203 148 
Property, plant and equipment(2)
13,863 13,888 
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization7,426 6,807 
Property, plant and equipment—net$6,437 $7,081 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)As of December 31, 2022, machinery and equipment, buildings and improvements, and construction in progress include impairment charges in 2022 of $354 million, $7 million and $25 million, respectively, which include impairment charges related to our U.K. operations of $204 million in 2022, and $182 million in 2021. As of December 31, 2021, machinery and equipment, buildings and improvements, and construction in progress include cumulative impairment charges related to our U.K. operations of $169 million, $5 million and $8 million, respectively, which were recorded in 2021.
(2)As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had property, plant and equipment that was accrued but unpaid of approximately $53 million and $35 million, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization related to property, plant and equipment was $838 million, $871 million and $876 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
In June 2022, we approved and announced our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations, including the planned permanent closure of our Ince facility and optimization of the remaining manufacturing operations at our Billingham facility. As a result, in the second quarter of 2022, we recorded an asset impairment charge of $135 million to write down the property, plant and equipment at the Ince facility to its estimated salvage value. The asset impairment consisted of $128 million related to machinery and equipment, $2 million relating to buildings and improvements, and $5 million related to construction in progress.
In the third quarter of 2022, the United Kingdom continued to experience extremely high and volatile natural gas prices. Given the increase in the price of natural gas in the United Kingdom and the lack of a corresponding increase in global nitrogen product market prices, in September 2022, we temporarily idled ammonia production at our Billingham complex. As a result, we concluded that an additional impairment test was triggered for the asset groups that comprise the continuing U.K. operations. The results of our impairment test indicated that the carrying values for our U.K. Ammonia and U.K. AN asset groups exceeded the undiscounted estimated future cash flows. As a result, we recognized asset impairment charges of $87 million, of which $69 million related to property, plant and equipment, consisting of $57 million related to machinery and equipment and $12 million related to construction in progress. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges for additional information.
Plant turnarounds—Scheduled inspections, replacements and overhauls of plant machinery and equipment at our continuous process manufacturing facilities during a full plant shutdown are referred to as plant turnarounds. The expenditures related to turnarounds are capitalized in property, plant and equipment when incurred. Scheduled replacements and overhauls of plant machinery and equipment include the dismantling, repair or replacement and installation of various components including piping, valves, motors, turbines, pumps, compressors, heat exchangers and the replacement of catalysts when a full plant shutdown occurs. Scheduled inspections are also conducted during full plant shutdowns, including required safety inspections which entail the disassembly of various components such as steam boilers, pressure vessels and other equipment requiring safety certifications. Internal employee costs and overhead amounts are not considered turnaround costs and are not capitalized.



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The following is a summary of capitalized plant turnaround costs:
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Net capitalized turnaround costs as of January 1$355 $226 $246 
Additions118 250 84 
Depreciation(134)(121)(104)
Impairment related to U.K. operations(21)— — 
Effect of exchange rate changes(6)— — 
Net capitalized turnaround costs as of December 31$312 $355 $226 
7.  Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The following table shows the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:             
AmmoniaGranular UreaUANANOtherTotal
(in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2021$579 $828 $576 $69 $39 $2,091 
Effect of exchange rate changes(2)— — — — (2)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$577 $828 $576 $69 $39 $2,089 

Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually in the fourth quarter or more frequently whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. During the third quarter of 2021, in light of the unprecedented increase in natural gas prices in the United Kingdom and its estimated impact on our U.K. operations, we identified a triggering event indicating possible impairment of goodwill within our U.K. Ammonia, U.K. AN and U.K. Other reporting units. Due to the triggering event, we performed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment analysis as of September 30, 2021 for our U.K. Ammonia, U.K. AN and U.K. Other reporting units. We estimated the fair value of the reporting units using the income approach described in Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges. Based on the evaluation performed, we determined that the carrying value of all three reporting units exceeded their fair value, which resulted in a goodwill impairment charge totaling $259 million in the third quarter of 2021. The goodwill impairment was calculated as the amount that the carrying value of the reporting unit, including any goodwill, exceeded its fair value, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
In the fourth quarter of 2021, the continued impacts of the U.K. energy crisis triggered an additional impairment test of goodwill, which resulted in an additional goodwill impairment charge of $26 million. As a result, we have no remaining goodwill related to our U.K. operations on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, goodwill impairment totaled $285 million, of which $9 million related to our Ammonia segment, $241 million related to our AN segment and $35 million related to our Other segment. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges for additional information.
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Other Intangible Assets
All of our identifiable intangible assets have definite lives and are presented in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets at gross carrying amount, net of accumulated impairment, and net of accumulated amortization, as follows:
 December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		NetGross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
 (in millions)
Customer relationships(1)
$50 $(35)$15 $84 $(60)$24 
Trade names(2)
— — — 31 (10)21 
Total intangible assets$50 $(35)$15 $115 $(70)$45 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)As of December 31, 2022, the gross carrying amount for customer relationships is net of impairment charges related to our U.K. operations of $55 million, of which $6 million was recorded in 2022 and $49 million was recorded in 2021. As of December 31, 2021, the gross carrying amount for customer relationships is net of impairment charges of $49 million, which were recorded in 2021.
(2)As of December 31, 2022, trade names, which are related to our U.K. operations, had been written down to zero as a result of impairment charges of $18 million, including $17 million recorded in 2022, and $1 million recorded in 2021. At December 31, 2021, the gross carrying amount for trade names is net of impairment charges of $1 million, which were recorded in 2021.
Our customer relationships are being amortized over a weighted-average life of approximately 18 years. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, amortization expense of our identifiable intangible assets was $3 million, $8 million and $8 million, respectively. The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of our intangible assets reflected in the table above were also impacted by the effect of exchange rates. Total estimated amortization expense for each of the fiscal years from 2023 to 2027 is approximately $3 million.
In June 2022, we approved and announced our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations, including the planned permanent closure of our Ince facility and optimization of the remaining manufacturing operations at our Billingham facility. As a result, in the second quarter of 2022, we recorded an intangible asset impairment charge of $8 million related to trade names.
In the third quarter of 2022, the United Kingdom continued to experience extremely high and volatile natural gas prices. Given the increase in the price of natural gas in the United Kingdom and the lack of a corresponding increase in global nitrogen product market prices, in September 2022, we temporarily idled ammonia production at our Billingham complex. As a result, we concluded that an additional impairment test was triggered for the asset groups that comprise the continuing U.K. operations, which resulted in asset impairment charges of $87 million in our U.K. Ammonia and U.K. AN asset groups, of which $15 million related to intangible assets, consisting of $6 million related to customer relationships and $9 million related to trade names. As a result of these impairment charges, intangible assets related to our U.K. operations were fully written off. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges for additional information.
During the fourth quarter of 2021, as we had estimated that we had sufficient emission credits for our 2021 obligations, we sold excess U.K. emission credits, including those purchased in the third quarter of 2021, for approximately $46 million and recognized a corresponding gain of $27 million, which is included in other operating—net in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.
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8.   Equity Method Investment
We have a 50% ownership interest in PLNL, which operates an ammonia production facility in Trinidad. We include our share of the net earnings from this equity method investment as an element of earnings from operations because PLNL provides additional production to our operations and is integrated with our other supply chain and sales activities in the Ammonia segment.
As of December 31, 2022, the total carrying value of our equity method investment in PLNL was $74 million, $33 million more than our share of PLNL’s book value. The excess is attributable to the purchase accounting impact of our acquisition of the investment in PLNL and reflects the revaluation of property, plant and equipment. The increased basis for property, plant and equipment is being amortized over a remaining period of approximately 10 years. Our equity in earnings of PLNL is different from our ownership interest in income reported by PLNL due to amortization of this basis difference.
We have transactions in the normal course of business with PLNL reflecting our obligation to purchase 50% of the ammonia produced by PLNL at current market prices. Our ammonia purchases from PLNL totaled $259 million, $150 million and $57 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
9.   Fair Value Measurements
Our cash and cash equivalents and other investments consist of the following:
 December 31, 2022
 Cost BasisUnrealized
Gains		Unrealized
Losses		Fair Value
 (in millions)
Cash$153 $— $— $153 
Cash equivalents:
U.S. and Canadian government obligations1,902 — — 1,902 
Other debt securities268 — — 268 
Total cash and cash equivalents$2,323 $— $— $2,323 
Nonqualified employee benefit trusts16 — — 16 
 December 31, 2021
 Cost BasisUnrealized
Gains		Unrealized
Losses		Fair Value
 (in millions)
Cash$121 $— $— $121 
Cash equivalents:
U.S. and Canadian government obligations1,452 — — 1,452 
Other debt securities55 — — 55 
Total cash and cash equivalents$1,628 $— $— $1,628 
Nonqualified employee benefit trusts17 3 — 20 
Under our short-term investment policy, we may invest our cash balances, either directly or through mutual funds, in several types of investment-grade securities, including notes and bonds issued by governmental entities or corporations. Securities issued by governmental entities include those issued directly by the U.S. and Canadian federal governments; those issued by state, local or other governmental entities; and those guaranteed by entities affiliated with governmental entities.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following tables present assets and liabilities included in our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 that are recognized at fair value on a recurring basis, and indicate the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair value:
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 December 31, 2022
 Total Fair ValueQuoted Prices
in Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Cash equivalents$2,170 $2,170 $— $— 
Nonqualified employee benefit trusts16 16 — — 
Derivative assets12 — 12 — 
Derivative liabilities(85)— (85)— 
Embedded derivative liability(1)— (1)— 
 December 31, 2021
 Total Fair ValueQuoted Prices
in Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Cash equivalents$1,507 $1,507 $— $— 
Nonqualified employee benefit trusts20 20 — — 
Derivative assets16 — 16 — 
Derivative liabilities(47)— (47)— 
Embedded derivative liability(15)— (15)— 
Cash Equivalents
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, our cash equivalents consisted primarily of U.S. and Canadian government obligations and money market mutual funds that invest in U.S. government obligations and other investment-grade securities.
Nonqualified Employee Benefit Trusts
We maintain trusts associated with certain nonqualified supplemental pension plans. The fair values of the trust assets are based on daily quoted prices in an active market, which represents the net asset values of the shares held in the trusts, and are included on our consolidated balance sheets in other assets. Debt securities are accounted for as available-for-sale securities, and changes in fair value are reported in other comprehensive income. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale equity securities in the trust assets are recognized through earnings.
Derivative Instruments
The derivative instruments that we use are primarily natural gas fixed price swaps, basis swaps and options traded in the OTC markets with multi-national commercial banks, other major financial institutions or large energy companies. The natural gas derivative contracts represent anticipated natural gas needs for future periods and settlements are scheduled to coincide with anticipated natural gas purchases during those future periods. The natural gas derivative contracts settle using primarily a NYMEX futures price index. To determine the fair value of these instruments, we use quoted market prices from NYMEX and standard pricing models with inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as forward curves supplied by an industry-recognized independent third party. See Note 15—Derivative Financial Instruments for additional information.
Embedded Derivative Liability
Under the terms of our strategic venture with CHS, if our credit rating as determined by two of three specified credit rating agencies is below certain levels, we are required to make a non-refundable yearly payment of $5 million to CHS until the earlier of the date that our credit rating is upgraded to above such levels by two of the three specified credit rating agencies or February 1, 2026. Beginning in 2016, our credit ratings were below such levels and, as a result, we made an annual payment of $5 million to CHS in the fourth quarter of each year from 2016 through 2021. Our credit rating was upgraded above certain levels in July 2022 by one of the specified credit rating agencies and in October 2022 by another one of the specified credit rating agencies. As a result of these upgrades, we were not required to make a $5 million annual payment to CHS in the fourth quarter of 2022.
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This obligation has been recognized on our consolidated balance sheets as an embedded derivative at fair value and has been included within other current liabilities and other liabilities. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the embedded derivative liability was $1 million and $15 million, respectively. Included in other operating—net in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is a net (gain) loss of $(14) million, $1 million and $3 million, respectively.
The inputs into the fair value measurement with respect to the embedded derivative liability include the probability of future upgrades and downgrades of our credit rating based on historical credit rating movements of other public companies and the discount rates to be applied to potential annual payments based on applicable credit spreads of other public companies at different credit rating levels. Based on these inputs, our fair value measurement is classified as Level 2.
See Note 17—Noncontrolling Interest for additional information regarding our strategic venture with CHS.
Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts and estimated fair value of our financial instruments are as follows:
 December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 Carrying
Amount		Fair ValueCarrying
Amount		Fair Value
 (in millions)
Long-term debt$2,965 $2,764 $3,465 $4,113 
The fair value of our long-term debt was based on quoted prices for identical or similar liabilities in markets that are not active or valuation models in which all significant inputs and value drivers are observable and, as a result, they are classified as Level 2 inputs.
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, as well as instruments included in other current assets and other current liabilities that meet the definition of financial instruments, approximate fair values because of their short-term maturities.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
We also have assets and liabilities that may be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence of impairment, when there is allocation of purchase price in an acquisition or when a new liability is being established that requires fair value measurement. These include long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets and investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries, such as equity method investments, which may be written down to fair value as a result of impairment. In the case of property, plant and equipment planned for abandonment, as described in Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges, fair value was measured as the estimated salvage value of such assets, which was immaterial. The fair value measurements related to each of these rely primarily on Company-specific inputs and the Company’s assumptions about the use of the assets. Since certain of the Company’s assumptions would involve inputs that are not observable, these fair values would reside within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges for additional information on the fair values and unobservable inputs utilized in the impairment evaluations performed for the long-lived assets, including definite-lived intangible assets, and goodwill related to our U.K. operations.
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10.   Income Taxes
The components of earnings before income taxes and the components of our income tax provision are as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Domestic$4,699 $1,979 $421 
Non-U.S. 396 (436)42 
Earnings before income taxes$5,095 $1,543 $463 
Current   
Federal$702 $394 $106 
Foreign395 30 6 
State168 55 (7)
1,265 479 105 
Deferred   
Federal(102)(137)(76)
Foreign(18)(50)4 
State13 (9)(2)
(107)(196)(74)
Income tax provision$1,158 $283 $31 

Differences in the expected income tax provision based on statutory rates applied to earnings before income taxes and the income tax provision reflected in the consolidated statements of operations are summarized below.
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions, except percentages)
Earnings before income taxes$5,095 $1,543 $463 
Expected tax provision at U.S. statutory rate of 21%$1,070 $324 $97 
State income taxes, net of federal143 34 (1)
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest(124)(72)(24)
Foreign tax rate differential(9)(1)1 
U.S. tax on foreign earnings3 — (6)
Foreign partnership basis difference— — (7)
Non-deductible goodwill impairment— 60 — 
Transfer pricing arbitration 69 — — 
Federal income tax return audits— (38)— 
Terra amended tax returns— — (24)
Other6 (24)(5)
Income tax provision$1,158 $283 $31 
Effective tax rate22.7 %18.3 %6.7 %
Our effective tax rate is impacted by earnings attributable to the noncontrolling interest in CFN, as our consolidated income tax provision does not include a tax provision on the earnings attributable to the noncontrolling interest. As a result, earnings attributable to the noncontrolling interest of $591 million, $343 million and $115 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, which are included in earnings before income taxes, impacted the effective tax rate in all three years. See Note 17—Noncontrolling Interest for additional information.
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The foreign tax rate differential is impacted by the inclusion of equity earnings from our equity method investment in PLNL, a foreign operating affiliate, which are included in pre-tax earnings on an after-tax basis. In 2021 and 2020, the foreign tax rate differential includes $12 million and $6 million of tax expense, respectively, for the revaluing of deferred taxes due to an enacted rate change in the jurisdiction of a foreign affiliate.
U.S. tax on foreign earnings is inclusive of the current year tax on global intangible low-tax income (GILTI), benefit from the GILTI Section 250 deduction and foreign tax credits, as well as adjustments to prior year amounts for these items.
Non-deductible goodwill impairment in the table above relates to the goodwill impairment recognized in 2021 as described in Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges. We did not record an income tax benefit for the goodwill impairment as it is nondeductible for income tax purposes.
In 2021, we reached agreement on certain issues related to U.S. federal income tax audits for the tax years 2012 through 2016 and reversed accruals for unrecognized tax benefits of $13 million related to those tax years. This resulted in a $38 million federal income tax benefit, which included the reduction in our unrecognized tax benefits. The federal income tax benefit was offset by $12 million of state income tax liability resulting from adjustments to U.S. federal taxable income, which is included in the line “State income tax, net of federal” in the table above.
Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter
In 2016, the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and Alberta Tax and Revenue Administration (Alberta TRA) issued Notices of Reassessment for tax years 2006 through 2009 to one of our Canadian affiliates asserting a disallowance of certain patronage deductions. We filed Notices of Objection with respect to the Notices of Reassessment with the CRA and Alberta TRA and posted letters of credit in lieu of paying the additional tax liability assessed. The letters of credit served as security until the matter was resolved, as discussed below. In 2018, the matter, including the related transfer pricing topic regarding the allocation of profits between Canada and the United States, was accepted for consideration under the bilateral settlement provisions of the U.S.-Canada tax treaty (the Treaty) by the United States and Canadian competent authorities, and included tax years 2006 through 2011. In the second quarter of 2021, the Company submitted the transfer pricing aspect of the matter into the arbitration process under the terms of the Treaty.
In February 2022, we were informed that a decision was reached by the arbitration panel for tax years 2006 through 2011. In March 2022, we received further details of the results of the arbitration proceedings and the settlement provisions between the United States and Canadian competent authorities, and we accepted the decision of the arbitration panel. Under the terms of the arbitration decision, additional income for tax years 2006 through 2011 was subject to tax in Canada, resulting in our having additional Canadian tax liability for those tax years of approximately $129 million.
As a result of the impact of these events on our Canadian and U.S. federal and state income taxes, we recognized an income tax provision of $78 million, reflecting the net impact of $129 million of accrued income taxes payable to Canada for tax years 2006 to 2011, partially offset by net income tax receivables of approximately $51 million in the United States, and we accrued net interest of $102 million, primarily reflecting the estimated interest payable to Canada. The $69 million in the effective tax rate table above excludes the state income tax liability of $9 million, which is included in the line “State income tax, net of federal.”
In the second half of 2022, this tax liability and the related interest was assessed and paid, resulting in total payments of $224 million, which also reflect the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. As a result, the letters of credit we had posted in lieu of paying the additional tax liability assessed by the Notices of Reassessment were cancelled. Due primarily to the availability of additional foreign tax credits to offset in part the increased Canadian tax referenced above, the Company will file amended tax returns in the United States to request a refund of taxes paid.
Terra Amended Tax Returns
We completed the acquisition of Terra Industries Inc. (Terra) in April 2010. After the acquisition, we determined that the manner in which Terra reported the repatriation of cash from foreign affiliates to its U.S. parent for U.S. and foreign income tax purposes was not appropriate. As a result, in 2012 we amended certain tax returns, including Terra’s income and withholding tax returns, back to 1999 (the Amended Tax Returns) and paid additional income and withholding taxes, and related interest and penalties. In 2013, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) commenced an examination of the U.S. tax aspects of the Amended Tax Returns. In 2017, we also made a Voluntary Disclosures Program filing with the CRA with respect to the Canadian tax aspects of the Amended Tax Returns and paid additional Canadian taxes due.
In early 2019, the IRS completed its examination of the Amended Tax Returns and submitted its audit reports and related refund claims to the Joint Committee on Taxation of the U.S. Congress (the Joint Committee). For purposes of its review, the
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Joint Committee separated the IRS audit reports into two separate matters: (i) an income tax related matter and (ii) a withholding tax matter. In late 2019, we received notification that the Joint Committee had approved the IRS audit reports and related income tax refunds relating to the income tax related matter. As a result of the approval by the Joint Committee, we recognized in the fourth quarter of 2019 the following amounts in our consolidated statement of operations: (i) $5 million of interest income ($4 million, net of tax); and (ii) a reduction in income tax expense of $10 million as a result of the favorable settlement of certain uncertain tax positions. No income tax refunds were received in 2019 related to the Amended Tax Returns.
In 2020, we received notification that the Joint Committee approved the IRS audit report and related withholding tax refunds relating to the withholding tax matter and we received IRS Notices indicating the amount of tax and interest to be refunded and received with respect to the income tax and withholding tax returns. As a result of these events, we recognized $26 million of interest-related income and $18 million of income tax benefit, which consisted of the following:
•additional income of $26 million ($23 million, net of tax) representing $16 million of interest income related to the U.S. Federal income tax matter and withholding tax matter and a $10 million reversal of previously accrued interest related to the Canadian tax aspects of this matter,
•a reduction in our liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits of $12 million with a corresponding reduction in income tax expense related to the U.S. Federal withholding tax matter, and
•an additional income tax benefit of $9 million related to the U.S. Federal income tax matter and related state amended returns.
In 2020, we received U.S. Federal income tax refunds, including interest, of $110 million relating to the Amended Tax Returns, consisting of $68 million related to the income tax matter and $42 million related to the withholding tax matter, which finalized these matters with the IRS.
In addition, in late 2020, the CRA settled with us the voluntary disclosure matter, and, in the first quarter of 2021, we received approximately $20 million of withholding tax refunds, including interest, from the CRA.
Deferred Taxes
Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows:
 December 31,
 20222021
 (in millions)
Deferred tax assets:  
Net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards, state$34 $38 
Net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards, foreign114 122 
Retirement and other employee benefits25 51 
Foreign tax credits44 18 
State tax credits7 29 
Operating lease liabilities64 62 
Other35 25 
323 345 
Valuation allowance(190)(150)
133 195 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization(139)(157)
Investments in partnerships(858)(998)
Operating lease right-of-use assets(63)(60)
Foreign earnings(12)— 
Other(19)(9)
(1,091)(1,224)
Net deferred tax liability$(958)$(1,029)
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As of December 31, 2022, we recorded a deferred tax liability of $12 million on the undistributed earnings of our Canadian affiliates for which the Company does not have an indefinite reinvestment assertion. We have not provided for deferred taxes on the remainder of undistributed earnings from our foreign affiliates because such earnings would not give rise to additional tax liabilities upon repatriation or such earnings are considered to be indefinitely reinvested.
As of December 31, 2022, our net operating loss and capital loss carryforwards are primarily comprised of state net operating loss carryforwards of $33 million with expiration dates generally ranging from 2030 to 2037 and foreign capital loss carryforwards of $114 million, which can be carried forward indefinitely. Our foreign affiliates have operations that do not normally generate capital gains and have no practical plans to do so in the future. As a result, we have recorded a full valuation allowance against all foreign capital loss carryforwards.
As of December 31, 2022, we have state tax credit carryforwards resulting in a deferred tax asset of $7 million. The state tax credits have expiration dates generally ranging from 2038 to 2042.
In 2022, the net increase in the valuation allowance is primarily attributable to excess foreign tax credits associated with certain U.S. taxed foreign branch income and the reversal of future deductible temporary differences of one of our foreign affiliates in the United Kingdom, partially offset by the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The excess foreign tax credits carried forward, subject to U.S. foreign tax credit limitation rules, are not expected to be utilized prior to expiration and have a full valuation allowance of $44 million reflecting an increase of $26 million in 2022. Based on recent losses generated in the United Kingdom, and projections for future income over the period for which the deferred tax assets will reverse, we believe it is more likely than not that the foreign affiliate in the United Kingdom will not realize the deferred tax assets and therefore have recorded a full valuation allowance of $24 million. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges for additional detail.
In 2021, the valuation allowance activity was primarily attributable to state tax credit carryforwards and excess foreign tax credits associated with certain U.S. taxed foreign branch income. Due to the expiration of statute of limitations on state tax credits and increases in taxable income, we no longer have valuation allowances on the remaining state tax credit carryforwards resulting in a decrease of $27 million. The excess foreign tax credits carried forward, subject to U.S. foreign tax credit limitation rules, are not expected to be utilized prior to expiration and have a full valuation allowance of approximately of $18 million.
In 2020, the valuation allowance activity was primarily attributable to a capital loss. As a result of an intercompany transaction with a foreign affiliate, we recognized a capital loss which will be carried forward and for which we recorded a deferred tax asset of approximately $90 million. The foreign affiliate operations do not normally generate capital gains, and there is no practical plan to do so in the future; therefore, we established a full valuation allowance of approximately $90 million against the deferred tax asset.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
 December 31,
 20222021
 (in millions)
Unrecognized tax benefits:
Balance as of January 1$27 $81 
Additions for tax positions taken during the current year— — 
Additions for tax positions taken during prior years154 5 
Reductions related to lapsed statutes of limitations— — 
Reductions related to settlements with tax jurisdictions— (59)
Balance as of December 31$181 $27 
In 2022, we increased the amount of our unrecognized tax benefits by $154 million, which primarily relates to the Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter discussed above. As a result of the outcome of the arbitration decision, we evaluated our transfer pricing positions between Canada and the United States for open years 2012 and after. In order to mitigate the assessment of future Canadian interest on these Canadian transfer pricing positions, in the fourth quarter of 2022, we made payments to the Canadian taxing authorities of CAD $363 million (approximately $267 million), which were recorded as noncurrent income tax receivables and included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheet. For the amounts ultimately
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owed and paid to the Canadian tax authorities upon resolution of these tax years, the Company would seek refunds of related taxes paid in the United States.
As of December 31, 2022, we had $181 million of unrecognized tax benefits. Due to the majority of our unrecognized tax benefits being related to transfer pricing positions which have a corollary receivable for the other jurisdiction impacted by the transfer pricing relationship, recognizing these unrecognized tax benefits would result in additional tax expense of $6 million in the future. These receivables are included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheet.
In 2021, we increased the amount of our unrecognized tax benefits by $5 million related to an addition for state investment tax credits. In addition, we reduced the amount of unrecognized tax benefits in 2021 by $59 million primarily related to the effective settlement of the U.S. federal income tax audits for the tax years 2012 through 2016, as described above.
We file federal, provincial, state and local income tax returns principally in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, as well as in certain other foreign jurisdictions. In general, filed tax returns remain subject to examination by United States tax jurisdictions for years 2017 and thereafter, by Canadian tax jurisdictions for years 2012 and thereafter, and by the United Kingdom for years 2020 and thereafter. As a result of uncertainties regarding tax audits and their possible outcomes, an estimate of the range of possible impacts to unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months cannot be made at this time.
Interest expense and penalties related to our unrecognized tax benefits recorded for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $66 million. Interest expense and penalties recorded for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $(29) million. Interest expense and penalties recorded for the year ended December 31, 2021 were not material. Amounts recognized in our consolidated balance sheets for accrued interest and penalties related to our unrecognized tax benefits of $62 million and $4 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are included in other liabilities.
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11.   Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
We maintain five funded pension plans, consisting of three in North America (one U.S. plan and two Canadian plans) and two in the United Kingdom, which are both closed to new employees and future accruals. Both of our Canadian plans are closed to new employees. As a result of plan amendments in the fourth quarter of 2022, as further described below, the portion of the U.S. plan that was open to new employees, which is a cash balance plan that provides benefits based on years of service and interest credits, was closed to new employees effective December 31, 2022. We also provide group medical insurance benefits, which vary by group and location, to certain retirees in North America.
On July 15, 2022, we entered into an agreement with an insurance company to purchase a non-participating group annuity contract and transfer approximately $375 million of our primary U.S. defined benefit pension plan’s projected benefit obligation. The transaction closed on July 22, 2022 and was funded with plan assets. Under the transaction, the insurance company assumed responsibility for pension benefits and annuity administration for approximately 4,000 retirees or their beneficiaries. As a result of this transaction, in the third quarter of 2022, we remeasured the plan's projected benefit obligation and plan assets and recognized a non-cash pre-tax pension settlement loss of $24 million, reflecting the unamortized net unrecognized postretirement benefit costs related to the settled obligations, with a corresponding offset to accumulated other comprehensive loss. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the final settlement of the non-participating group annuity contract resulted in a refund of $4 million, which decreased the settlement loss by $3 million to $21 million.
In the fourth quarter of 2022, we remeasured certain of our defined benefit pension plans due to plan amendments resulting from a revision to our North American retirement plan strategy, which, among other things, closed the portion of the U.S. plan that was previously open to new employees and established effective dates for each of the three North America plans to freeze future benefit accruals over the next three years. The plan curtailments resulted in a reduction in our benefit obligations of $20 million and curtailment gains of $4 million, which are reflected in other non-operating—net in our consolidated statement of operations.
Our plan assets, benefit obligations, funded status and amounts recognized on our consolidated balance sheets for our North America and United Kingdom plans as of the December 31 measurement date are as follows:
Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
 North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
December 31,December 31,December 31,
 202220212022202120222021
 (in millions)
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets as of January 1$830 $846 $505 $491 $— $— 
Return on plan assets(142)15 (136)20 — — 
Employer contributions2 14 25 26 1 4 
Plan participant contributions— — — — 1 — 
Pension retiree annuity purchase(372)— — — — — 
Benefit payments(35)(46)(23)(27)(2)(4)
Foreign currency translation(10)1 (51)(5)— — 
Fair value of plan assets as of December 31273 830 320 505 — — 
Change in benefit obligation
Benefit obligation as of January 1(841)(884)(590)(643)(32)(35)
Service cost(16)(20)— — — — 
Interest cost(19)(21)(10)(9)(1)(1)
Benefit payments35 46 23 27 2 4 
Foreign currency translation9 (1)58 6 — — 
Pension retiree annuity purchase372 — — — — — 
Plan curtailments20 — — — — — 
Change in assumptions and other166 39 172 29 8 — 
Benefit obligation as of December 31(274)(841)(347)(590)(23)(32)
Funded status as of December 31$(1)$(11)$(27)$(85)$(23)$(32)
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The line titled “change in assumptions and other” for our North America pension plans primarily reflects the impact of gains due to the increase in discount rates for 2022 and 2021. 
The line titled “change in assumptions and other” for our U.K. pension plans primarily reflects gains due to the increase in discount rates for 2022 and 2021. For 2021, the gains from the increase in discount rates were partially offset by losses due to an increase in the inflation rate assumptions.
Amounts recognized on the consolidated balance sheets consist of the following:
Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
 North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
 December 31,December 31,December 31,
 202220212022202120222021
 (in millions)
Other assets$23 $16 $— $— $— $— 
Accrued expenses— — — — (2)(3)
Other liabilities(24)(27)(27)(85)(21)(29)
$(1)$(11)$(27)$(85)$(23)$(32)

Pre-tax amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of the following:
Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
 North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
 December 31,December 31,December 31,
 202220212022202120222021
 (in millions)
Prior service cost$— $3 $1 $1 $— $— 
Net actuarial loss (gain)6 43 56 89 (4)4 
$6 $46 $57 $90 $(4)$4 

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Net periodic benefit cost (income) and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss for the years ended December 31 included the following:
 Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
 202220212020202220212020202220212020
 (in millions)
Service cost$16 $20 $17 $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Interest cost19 21 25 10 9 11 1 1 1 
Expected return on plan assets(22)(24)(30)(14)(14)(14)— — — 
Settlement loss21 — — — — — — — — 
Curtailment gains(4)— — — — — — — — 
Amortization of prior service cost1 1 1 — — — — — — 
Amortization of actuarial loss (gain)— 5 3 2 4 3 — — (1)
Net periodic benefit cost (income)31 23 16 (2)(1)— 1 1 — 
Net actuarial (gain) loss (2)(31)(1)(22)(36)(4)(8)— 1 
Settlement loss(21)— — — — — — — — 
Curtailment effects(20)— — — — — — — — 
Curtailment gains4 — — — — — — — — 
Amortization of prior service (cost) benefit(1)(1)(1)— — — — — — 
Amortization of actuarial (loss) gain— (5)(3)(2)(4)(3)— — 1 
Total recognized in other comprehensive (income) loss(40)(37)(5)(24)(40)(7)(8)— 2 
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost (income) and other comprehensive (income) loss$(9)$(14)$11 $(26)$(41)$(7)$(7)$1 $2 
Service cost is recognized in cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses, and the other components of net periodic benefit cost are recognized in other non-operating—net in our consolidated statements of operations.    
The accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) in aggregate for the defined benefit pension plans in North America was approximately $269 million and $797 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The ABO in aggregate for the defined benefit pension plans in the United Kingdom was approximately $347 million and $590 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The following table presents aggregated information for those individual defined benefit pension plans that have an ABO in excess of plan assets as of December 31, which, for 2022, excludes two of the North American defined benefit pension plans and, for 2021, excludes the three North American defined benefit pension plans, as each has plan assets in excess of its ABO:
North AmericaUnited Kingdom
2022202120222021
 (in millions)
Accumulated benefit obligation$(163)$— $(347)$(590)
Fair value of plan assets143 — 320 505 
The following table presents aggregated information for those individual defined benefit pension plans that have a projected benefit obligation (PBO) in excess of plan assets as of December 31, which excludes two North American defined benefit pension plans that have plan assets in excess of its PBO:
North AmericaUnited Kingdom
2022202120222021
 (in millions)
Projected benefit obligation$(167)$(684)$(347)$(590)
Fair value of plan assets143 656 320 505 
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Our pension funding policy in North America is to contribute amounts sufficient to meet minimum legal funding requirements plus discretionary amounts that we may deem to be appropriate. Actual contributions may vary from estimated amounts depending on changes in assumptions, actual returns on plan assets, changes in regulatory requirements and funding decisions.
In accordance with United Kingdom pension legislation, our United Kingdom pension funding policy is to contribute amounts sufficient to meet the funding level target agreed between the employer and the trustees of the United Kingdom plans.  Actual contributions are usually agreed with the plan trustees in connection with each triennial valuation and may vary following each such review depending on changes in assumptions, actual returns on plan assets, changes in regulatory requirements and funding decisions.
We currently estimate that our consolidated pension funding contributions for 2023 will be approximately $17 million for the North American plans and $25 million for the United Kingdom plans.
The expected future benefit payments for our pension and retiree medical plans are as follows:
Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
 (in millions)
2023$13 $23 $2 
202414 24 2 
202515 25 2 
202616 25 2 
202717 26 2 
2028-203289 139 8 
The following assumptions were used in determining the benefit obligations and expense:
Pension PlansRetiree Medical Plans
 North AmericaUnited KingdomNorth America
 202220212020202220212020202220212020
Weighted-average discount rate—obligation5.1 %2.8 %2.4 %4.8 %2.0 %1.5 %5.0 %2.7 %2.2 %
Weighted-average discount rate—expense3.6 %2.4 %3.1 %2.0 %1.5 %2.0 %2.7 %2.2 %3.0 %
Weighted-average cash balance interest crediting rate—obligation 3.9 %3.0 %3.0 %n/an/an/an/an/an/a
Weighted-average cash balance interest crediting rate—expense3.0 %3.0 %3.0 %n/an/an/an/an/an/a
Weighted-average rate of increase in future compensation3.8 %4.2 %4.2 %n/an/an/an/an/an/a
Weighted-average expected long-term rate of return on assets—expense3.9 %3.2 %4.1 %3.4 %3.3 %3.4 %n/an/an/a
Weighted-average retail price index—obligationn/an/an/a3.2 %3.3 %3.0 %n/an/an/a
Weighted-average retail price index—expensen/an/an/a3.3 %3.0 %3.0 %n/an/an/a
______________________________________________________________________________
n/a—not applicable
The discount rates for all plans are developed by plan using spot rates derived from a hypothetical yield curve of high quality (AA rated or better) fixed income debt securities as of the year-end measurement date to calculate discounted cash flows (the projected benefit obligation) and solving for a single equivalent discount rate that produces the same projected benefit obligation. In determining our benefit obligation, we use the actuarial present value of the vested benefits to which each eligible employee is currently entitled, based on the employee’s expected date of separation or retirement.
The cash balance interest crediting rate for the U.S. plan is based on the greater of 10-year Treasuries or 3.0%.
For our North America plans, the expected long-term rate of return on assets is based on analysis of historical rates of return achieved by equity and non-equity investments and current market characteristics, adjusted for estimated plan expenses
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and weighted by target asset allocation percentages. As of January 1, 2023, our weighted-average expected long-term rate of return on assets is 4.8%, which will be used in determining expense for 2023.
For our United Kingdom plans, the expected long-term rate of return on assets is based on the expected long-term performance of the underlying investments, adjusted for investment managers’ fees and estimated plan expenses. As of January 1, 2023, our weighted-average expected long-term rate of return on assets is 6.1%, which will be used in determining expense for 2023.
The retail price index for the United Kingdom plans is developed using a U.K. Government Gilt Prices Only retail price inflation curve, which is based on the difference between yields on fixed interest government bonds and index-linked government bonds.
For the measurement of the benefit obligation at December 31, 2022 for our primary (U.S.) retiree medical benefit plans, the assumed health care cost trend rates, for pre-65 retirees, start with a 7.0% increase in 2023, followed by a gradual decline in increases to 4.5% for 2031 and thereafter. For post-65 retirees, the assumed health care cost trend rates start with a 7.5% increase in 2023, followed by a gradual decline in increases to 4.5% for 2031 and thereafter. For the measurement of the benefit obligation at December 31, 2021 for our primary (U.S.) retiree medical benefit plans, the assumed health care cost trend rates, for pre-65 retirees, started with a 6.3% increase in 2022, followed by a gradual decline in increases to 4.5% for 2030 and thereafter. For post-65 retirees, the assumed health care cost trend rates started with a 6.8% increase in 2022, followed by a gradual decline in increases to 4.5% for 2030 and thereafter.
The objectives of the investment policies governing the pension plans are to administer the assets of the plans for the benefit of the participants in compliance with all laws and regulations, and to establish an asset mix that provides for diversification and considers the risk of various different asset classes with the purpose of generating favorable investment returns. The investment policies consider circumstances such as participant demographics, time horizon to retirement and liquidity needs, and provide guidelines for asset allocation, planning horizon, general portfolio issues and investment manager evaluation criteria. The investment strategies for the plans, including target asset allocations and investment vehicles, are subject to change within the guidelines of the policies.
The target asset allocation for our U.S. pension plan is 80% non-equity and 20% equity, which has been determined based on analysis of actual historical rates of return and plan needs and circumstances. The equity investments are tailored to exceed the growth of the benefit obligation and are a combination of U.S. and non-U.S. total stock market index mutual funds. The non-equity investments consist primarily of investments in debt securities and money market instruments that are selected based on investment quality and duration to mitigate volatility of the funded status and annual required contributions. The non-equity investments have a duration profile that is similar to the benefit obligation in order to mitigate the impact of interest rate changes on the funded status. This investment strategy is achieved through the use of mutual funds and individual securities.
The target asset allocation for one of the Canadian plans is 80% non-equity and 20% equity, and 100% non-equity for the other Canadian plan. This investment strategy is achieved through the use of a mutual fund for equity investments and individual securities for non-equity investments. The equity investment is a passively managed portfolio that diversifies assets across multiple securities, economic sectors and countries. The non-equity investments consist primarily of investments in debt securities that are selected based on investment quality and duration to mitigate volatility of the funded status and annual required contributions. The non-equity investments have a duration profile that is similar to the benefit obligation in order to mitigate the impact of interest rate changes on the funded status.
The pension assets in the United Kingdom plans are each administered by a Board of Trustees consisting of employer-nominated trustees, member-nominated trustees and an independent trustee, with a requirement that member-nominated trustees represent at least one-third of each Board of Trustees. It is the responsibility of the trustees to ensure prudent management and investment of the assets in the plans. The trustees meet on a quarterly basis to review and discuss fund performance and other administrative matters.
The trustees’ investment objectives are to hold assets that generate returns sufficient to cover prudently each plan’s liability without exposing the plans to unacceptable risk. This is accomplished through the asset allocation strategy of each plan. For both plans, if the asset allocation moves more than plus or minus 5% from the benchmark allocation, the trustees may decide to amend the asset allocation. At a minimum, the trustees review the investment strategy at every triennial actuarial valuation to ensure that the strategy remains consistent with its funding principles. The trustees may review the strategy more frequently if opportunities arise to reduce risk within the investments without jeopardizing the funding position.
Assets of the United Kingdom plans are invested in externally managed pooled funds. The assets are allocated between a growth portfolio and a matching portfolio. The growth portfolio seeks a return premium on investments across multiple asset
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classes. Growth portfolio funds may include, among others, traditional equities and bonds, growth fixed income, hedged funds, and may use derivatives. The matching portfolio seeks to align asset changes with changes in liabilities due to interest rates and inflation expectations. Matching portfolio funds are composed of corporate bonds, U.K. gilts and liability-driven investment funds and generally invest in fixed income debt securities including government bonds, gilts, gilt repurchase agreements, swaps and investment grade corporate bonds and may use derivatives. The target asset allocation for one of the United Kingdom plans is 46% in the growth portfolio and 54% in the matching portfolio and the other United Kingdom plan is 57% in the growth portfolio (including a legacy holding in an actively managed property fund) and 43% in the matching portfolio.
The fair values of our pension plan assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, by major asset class, are as follows:
 North America
December 31, 2022
Total Fair
Value		Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents(1)
$3 $2 $1 $— 
Equity mutual funds
Index equity(2)
28 28 — — 
Pooled equity(3)
16 — 16 — 
Fixed income    
U.S. Treasury bonds and notes(4)
14 14 — — 
    Fixed income mutual funds(5)
16 — 16 — 
Corporate bonds and notes(6)
109 — 109 — 
Government and agency securities(7)
81 — 81 — 
Other(8)
6 — 6 — 
Total assets at fair value by fair value levels$273 $44 $229 $— 
Accruals and payables—net— 
Total assets$273    
 United Kingdom
December 31, 2022
Total Fair
Value		Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Cash and cash funds(9)
$26 $9 $17 $— 
Pooled equity funds(10)
41 — 41 — 
Pooled diversified funds(11)
44 — 44 — 
Debt funds
Pooled U.K. government fixed and index-linked securities funds(12)
67 — 67 — 
Pooled global debt funds(13)
47 — 47 — 
Pooled liability-driven investment funds(14)
30 — 30 — 
Total assets at fair value by fair value levels$255 $9 $246 $— 
Funds measured at NAV as a practical expedient(15)
61 
Total assets at fair value316 
Receivable from redemption4 
Total assets$320 
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 North America
December 31, 2021
 Total Fair
Value		Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Cash and cash equivalents(1)
$14 $10 $4 $— 
Equity mutual funds
Index equity(2)
157 157 — — 
Pooled equity(3)
34 — 34 — 
Fixed income
U.S. Treasury bonds and notes(4)
61 61 — — 
Corporate bonds and notes(6)
460 — 460 — 
Government and agency securities(7)
103 — 103 — 
Other(8)
7 — 7 — 
Total assets at fair value by fair value levels$836 $228 $608 $— 
Accruals and payables—net(6)   
Total assets$830    
 United Kingdom
December 31, 2021
 Total Fair
Value		Quoted
Prices in
Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in millions)
Cash and cash funds(9)
$15 $8 $7 $— 
Pooled equity funds(10)
122 — 122 — 
Pooled diversified funds(11)
52 — 52 — 
Debt funds
Pooled U.K. government fixed and index-linked securities funds(12)
78 — 78 — 
Pooled global debt funds(13)
88 — 88 — 
Pooled liability-driven investment funds(14)
67 — 67 — 
Total assets at fair value by fair value levels$422 $8 $414 $— 
Funds measured at NAV as a practical expedient(15)
83 
Total assets$505 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Cash and cash equivalents are primarily short-term U.S. treasury bills and short-term money market funds.
(2)The index equity funds are mutual funds that utilize a passively managed investment approach designed to track specific equity indices. They are valued at quoted market prices in an active market, which represent the net asset values of the shares held by the plan.
(3)The equity pooled mutual funds consist of pooled funds that invest in common stock and other equity securities that are traded on U.S., Canadian, and foreign markets.
(4)U.S. Treasury bonds and notes are valued based on quoted market prices in an active market.
(5)The fixed income mutual funds invest primarily in high-quality longer duration fixed income securities which include bonds, debt securities and other similar instruments. The funds are priced based on a daily published net asset value.
(6)Corporate bonds and notes, including private placement securities, are valued by institutional bond pricing services, which gather information from market sources and integrate credit information, observed market movements and sector news into their pricing applications and models.
(7)Government and agency securities consist of U.S. municipal bonds and Canadian provincial bonds that are valued by institutional bond pricing services, which gather information on current trading activity, market movements, trends, and specific data on specialty issues.
(8)Other includes primarily mortgage-backed, asset-backed securities and U.S. Treasury strips. Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are valued by institutional pricing services, which gather information from market sources and integrate credit information,
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observed market movements and sector news into their pricing applications and models. U.S. Treasury strips are valued using stripped interest and stripped principal yield curves based on data obtained from various dealer contacts and live data sources.
(9)Cash and cash funds include a cash fund that holds primarily short-dated term money market securities.
(10)Pooled equity funds invest in a broad array of global equity, equity-related securities, a range of diversifiers and may use derivatives for efficient portfolio management. The funds are valued at net asset value (NAV) as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying net assets of the fund.
(11)Pooled diversified funds invest in a broad array of asset classes and a range of diversifiers including the use of derivatives. The funds are valued at NAV as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying net assets of the fund.
(12)Pooled U.K. government fixed and index-linked securities funds invest primarily in Sterling denominated fixed income and inflation-linked fixed income securities issued or guaranteed by the U.K. government and may use derivatives for efficient portfolio management. The funds are valued at NAV as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying net assets of the fund.
(13)Pooled global debt funds invest in a broad array of debt securities from corporate and government bonds to emerging markets and high-yield fixed and floating rate securities of varying maturities and may use derivatives for efficient portfolio management. The funds are valued at NAV as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying net assets of the fund.
(14)Pooled liability-driven investment funds invest primarily in gilt repurchase agreements, physical U.K. government gilts, other inflation linked fixed income securities, and derivatives to provide exposure to interest rates and inflation, thus hedging these elements of risk associated with pension liabilities. The funds are valued at NAV as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying net assets of the fund.
(15)Funds measured at NAV as a practical expedient include funds of funds with return strategies with exposure to varying asset classes and credit strategies, as well as alternative investment strategies not precluding multi-asset credit strategies, global macro strategies, commodities, fixed income, equities and currency, and funds that invest primarily in freehold and leasehold property in the United Kingdom. The funds are valued using NAV as determined by the fund managers based on the value of the underlying assets of the fund.
We have defined contribution plans covering substantially all employees in North America and the United Kingdom. Depending on the specific provisions of each plan, qualified employees receive company contributions based on a percentage of base salary, matching of employee contributions up to specified limits, or a combination of both. In 2022, 2021 and 2020, we recognized expense related to our contributions to the defined contribution plans of $19 million, $25 million and $22 million, respectively.
In addition to our qualified defined benefit pension plans, we also maintain certain nonqualified supplemental pension plans for highly compensated employees as defined under federal law. The amounts recognized in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets for these plans were $1 million and $10 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022, and $1 million and $14 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2021. We recognized expense for these plans of $1 million, $2 million and $2 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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12.   Financing Agreements
Revolving Credit Agreement
We have a senior unsecured revolving credit agreement (the Revolving Credit Agreement), which provides for a revolving credit facility of up to $750 million with a maturity of December 5, 2024. The Revolving Credit Agreement includes a letter of credit sub-limit of $125 million. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement may be used for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, share repurchases and other general corporate purposes.
Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement may be denominated in U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars, euros and British pounds, and bear interest at a per annum rate equal to, at our option, an applicable eurocurrency rate or base rate plus, in either case, a specified margin. We are required to pay an undrawn commitment fee on the undrawn portion of the commitments under the Revolving Credit Agreement and customary letter of credit fees. The specified margin and the amount of the commitment fee depend on CF Holdings’ credit rating at the time.
As of December 31, 2022, we had unused borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Agreement of $750 million and no outstanding letters of credit. There were no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2022 or 2021, or during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2020, maximum borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement were $500 million and the weighted-average annual interest rate of borrowings was 2.05%. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement in March 2020 were repaid in full in April 2020.
The Revolving Credit Agreement contains representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants. As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Revolving Credit Agreement.
Letters of Credit
In addition to the letters of credit that may be issued under the Revolving Credit Agreement, as described above, we have capacity to issue letters of credit up to $350 million, reflecting an increase of $100 million in May 2022, under a bilateral agreement. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $201 million of letters of credit were outstanding under this agreement.
Senior Notes
Long-term debt presented on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following debt securities issued by CF Industries:
 Effective Interest RateDecember 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 Principal
Carrying Amount(1)
Principal
Carrying Amount(1)
(in millions)
Public Senior Notes:
3.450% due June 2023
3.665%$— $— $500 $499 
5.150% due March 2034
5.293%750 741 750 741 
4.950% due June 2043
5.040%750 742 750 742 
5.375% due March 2044
5.478%750 740 750 741 
Senior Secured Notes:
4.500% due December 2026(2)
4.783%750 742 750 742 
Total long-term debt$3,000 $2,965 $3,500 $3,465 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Carrying amount is net of unamortized debt discount and deferred debt issuance costs. Total unamortized debt discount was $7 million and $8 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and total deferred debt issuance costs were $28 million and $27 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(2)Effective August 23, 2021, these notes are no longer secured, in accordance with the terms of the applicable indenture. 
As of December 31, 2022, under the indentures (including the applicable supplemental indentures) governing the senior notes due 2034, 2043 and 2044 identified in the table above (the Public Senior Notes), each series of Public Senior Notes was guaranteed by CF Holdings.
As of December 31, 2022, under the terms of the indenture governing the 4.500% senior secured notes due December 2026 (the 2026 Notes) identified in the table above, the 2026 Notes were guaranteed by CF Holdings. Until August 23, 2021,
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the 2026 Notes were also guaranteed by certain subsidiaries of CF Industries. The requirement for subsidiary guarantees of the 2026 Notes was eliminated, and all subsidiary guarantees were automatically released, as a result of an investment grade rating event under the terms of the indenture governing the 2026 Notes on August 23, 2021.
On April 21, 2022, we redeemed in full all of the $500 million outstanding principal amount of the 3.450% senior notes due June 2023 (the 2023 Notes) in accordance with the optional redemption provisions in the indenture governing the 2023 Notes. The total aggregate redemption price paid in connection with the April 2022 redemption of the 2023 Notes, which was funded with cash on hand, was $513 million, including accrued interest. As a result, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $8 million, consisting primarily of the premium paid on the redemption of the $500 million principal amount of the 2023 Notes prior to their scheduled maturity.
On September 10, 2021, we redeemed $250 million principal amount, representing one-third of the $750 million principal amount outstanding immediately prior to such redemption, of the 2023 Notes, in accordance with the optional redemption provisions in the indenture governing the 2023 Notes. The total aggregate redemption price paid in connection with the redemption of the $250 million principal amount of the 2023 Notes was approximately $265 million, including accrued interest. As a result, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $13 million in 2021, consisting primarily of a premium paid on the redemption of the $250 million principal amount of the 2023 Notes prior to their scheduled maturity.
On March 20, 2021, we redeemed in full all of the $250 million outstanding principal amount of the 3.400% senior secured notes due December 2021 (the 2021 Notes), in accordance with the optional redemption provisions in the indenture governing the 2021 Notes. The total aggregate redemption price paid in connection with the redemption of the 2021 Notes, which was funded with cash on hand, was $258 million, including accrued interest. As a result, we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $6 million, consisting primarily of the premium paid on the redemption of the $250 million principal amount of the 2021 Notes prior to their scheduled maturity.
Interest on the Public Senior Notes and the 2026 Notes is payable semiannually, and the Public Senior Notes and the 2026 Notes are redeemable at our option, in whole at any time or in part from time to time, at specified make-whole redemption prices.
13. Interest Expense
Details of interest expense are as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Interest on borrowings(1)
$155 $175 $185 
Fees on financing agreements(1)
8 9 8 
Interest on tax liabilities(2)
184 1 (14)
Interest capitalized(3)(1)— 
Interest expense$344 $184 $179 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)See Note 12—Financing Agreements for additional information.
(2)Interest on tax liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes interest accrued on reserves for unrecognized tax benefits related to Canadian transfer pricing. Interest on tax liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2020 includes a reduction in interest accrued on reserves for unrecognized tax benefits. See Note 10—Income Taxes for additional information.
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14.   Other Operating—Net
Details of other operating—net are as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Insurance proceeds(1)
$— $— $(37)
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment—net(2)
2 3 15 
Gain on sale of emission credits(6)(29)— 
Loss on foreign currency transactions(3)
28 6 5 
(Gain) loss on embedded derivative(4)
(14)1 3 
Other(5)
— (20)(3)
Other operating—net
$10 $(39)$(17)
___________________________________________________________________________
(1)Insurance proceeds in 2020 relate to property and business interruption insurance claims at one of our nitrogen complexes.
(2)Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment—net in 2020 includes $9 million of engineering costs written off upon the cancellation of a project at one of our nitrogen complexes.
(3)Loss on foreign currency transactions consists of foreign currency exchange rate impacts on foreign currency denominated transactions, including the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on intercompany loans that were not permanently invested.
(4)(Gain) loss on embedded derivative consists of unrealized and realized net (gains) and losses related to a provision of our strategic venture with CHS. See Note 9—Fair Value Measurements for additional information.
(5)Other includes the recovery of certain precious metals used in the manufacturing process, litigation expenses, and, in 2021, the amount received under the terms of an agreement with the U.K. government associated with the restart of our Billingham facility. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges for additional information.
15.   Derivative Financial Instruments
We use derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to changes in prices for natural gas that will be purchased in the future. Natural gas is the largest and most volatile component of our manufacturing cost for nitrogen-based products. From time to time, we may also use derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The derivatives that we use to reduce our exposure to changes in prices for natural gas are primarily natural gas fixed price swaps, basis swaps and options traded in the OTC markets. These natural gas derivatives settle using primarily a NYMEX futures price index, which represents the basis for fair value at any given time. We enter into natural gas derivative contracts with respect to natural gas to be consumed by us in the future, and settlements of those derivative contracts are scheduled to coincide with our anticipated purchases of natural gas used to manufacture nitrogen products during those future periods. We use natural gas derivatives as an economic hedge of natural gas price risk, but without the application of hedge accounting. As a result, changes in fair value of these contracts are recognized in earnings. As of December 31, 2022, we had natural gas derivative contracts covering certain periods through March 2023.
As of December 31, 2022, our open natural gas derivative contracts consisted of natural gas fixed price swaps, basis swaps and options for 66.3 million MMBtus of natural gas. As of December 31, 2021, we had open natural gas derivative contracts consisting of natural gas fixed price swaps, basis swaps and options for 60.0 million MMBtus of natural gas. For the year ended December 31, 2022, we used derivatives to cover approximately 22% of our natural gas consumption.
The effect of derivatives in our consolidated statements of operations is shown in the table below.
 Gain (loss) recognized in income
  Year ended December 31,
Location202220212020
  (in millions)
Natural gas derivatives
Unrealized net (losses) gains Cost of sales$(41)$(25)$6 
Realized net gains (losses) Cost of sales10 1 (13)
Gain on net settlement of natural gas derivatives due to Winter Storm UriCost of sales— 112 — 
Net derivative (losses) gains $(31)$88 $(7)
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Gain on net settlement of natural gas derivatives due to Winter Storm Uri
We also enter into supply agreements to facilitate the availability of natural gas to operate our plants. When we purchase natural gas under these agreements, we intend to take physical delivery for use in our plants. Certain of these supply agreements allow us to fix the price of the deliveries for the following month using an agreed upon first of month price. We utilize the Normal Purchase Normal Sales (NPNS) derivative scope exception for these fixed price contracts and, therefore, we do not account for them as derivatives.
In the first quarter of 2021, the central portion of the United States experienced extreme and unprecedented cold weather due to the impact of Winter Storm Uri. Certain natural gas suppliers and natural gas pipelines declared force majeure events due to frozen equipment. This occurred at the same time as large increases in natural gas demand were occurring due to the extreme cold temperatures. Due to these unprecedented factors, several states declared a state of emergency and natural gas was redirected for residential usage. We net settled certain natural gas contracts with our suppliers and received prevailing market prices, which were in excess of our cost. We no longer qualified for the NPNS derivative scope exception for the natural gas that was net settled with our suppliers due to the impact of Winter Storm Uri. As a result, we recognized a gain of $112 million from the net settlement of these natural gas contracts, which is reflected in cost of sales in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The fair values of derivatives on our consolidated balance sheets are shown below. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, none of our derivative instruments were designated as hedging instruments. See Note 9—Fair Value Measurements for additional information on derivative fair values.
Asset DerivativesLiability Derivatives
 Balance Sheet
Location		December 31,Balance Sheet
Location		December 31,
 2022202120222021
  (in millions) (in millions)
Natural gas derivativesOther current assets$12 $16 Other current liabilities$(85)$(47)
The counterparties to our derivative contracts are multinational commercial banks, major financial institutions and large energy companies. Our derivative contracts are executed with several counterparties under International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) agreements. The ISDA agreements are master netting arrangements commonly used for OTC derivatives that mitigate exposure to counterparty credit risk, in part, by creating contractual rights of netting and setoff, the specifics of which vary from agreement to agreement. These rights are described further below:
•Settlement netting generally allows us and our counterparties to net, into a single net payable or receivable, ordinary settlement obligations arising between us and our counterparties under the ISDA agreement on the same day, in the same currency, for the same types of derivative instruments, and through the same pairing of offices.
•Close-out netting rights are provided in the event of a default or other termination event (as defined in the ISDA agreements), including bankruptcy. Depending on the cause of early termination, the non-defaulting party may elect to terminate all or some transactions outstanding under the ISDA agreement. The values of all terminated transactions and certain other payments under the ISDA agreement are netted, resulting in a single net close-out amount payable to or by the non-defaulting party.
•Setoff rights are provided by certain of our ISDA agreements and generally allow a non-defaulting party to elect to set off, against the final net close-out payment, other matured and contingent amounts payable between us and our counterparties under the ISDA agreement or otherwise. Typically, these setoff rights arise upon the early termination of all transactions outstanding under an ISDA agreement following a default or specified termination event.
Most of our ISDA agreements contain credit-risk-related contingent features such as cross default provisions. In the event of certain defaults or termination events, our counterparties may request early termination and net settlement of certain derivative trades or, under certain ISDA agreements, may require us to collateralize derivatives in a net liability position. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the aggregate fair value of the derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features in net liability positions was $73 million and $31 million, respectively, which also approximates the fair value of the assets that may be needed to settle the obligations if the credit-risk-related contingent features were triggered at the reporting dates. The credit support documents executed in connection with certain of our ISDA agreements generally provide us and our counterparties the right to set off collateral against amounts owing under the ISDA agreements upon the occurrence of a default or a specified termination event. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had no cash collateral on deposit with counterparties for derivative contracts.
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The following table presents amounts relevant to offsetting of our derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
 
Amounts presented in consolidated
balance sheets(1)
Gross amounts not offset in consolidated balance sheets
 Financial
instruments		Cash collateral received (pledged)Net
amount
 (in millions)
December 31, 2022    
Total derivative assets$12 $— $— $12 
Total derivative liabilities(85)— — (85)
Net derivative liabilities$(73)$— $— $(73)
December 31, 2021    
Total derivative assets$16 $— $— $16 
Total derivative liabilities(47)— — (47)
Net derivative liabilities$(31)$— $— $(31)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)We report the fair values of our derivative assets and liabilities on a gross basis on our consolidated balance sheets. As a result, the gross amounts recognized and net amounts presented are the same.
We do not believe the contractually allowed netting, close-out netting or setoff of amounts owed to, or due from, the counterparties to our ISDA agreements would have a material effect on our financial position.
16.   Supplemental Balance Sheet Data
Accounts Receivable—Net
Accounts receivable—net consist of the following:
 December 31,
 20222021
 (in millions)
Trade$542 $464 
Other40 33 
Accounts receivable—net$582 $497 
Inventories
Inventories consist of the following:
 December 31,
 20222021
 (in millions)
Finished goods$437 $358 
Raw materials, spare parts and supplies37 50 
Total inventories$474 $408 
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Other Assets
Other assets consist of the following:
 December 31,
 20222021
 (in millions)
Spare parts$180 $160 
Intangible assets—net15 45 
Nonqualified employee benefit trusts16 20 
Tax-related assets545 33 
Other30 27 
Total other assets$786 $285 
Tax-related assets include long-term receivables related to U.S. and Canadian transfer pricing and the related interest, and certain payments to Canadian taxing authorities. See Note 10—Income Taxes for additional information.
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Accounts payable and accrued expenses consist of the following:
 December 31,
 20222021
 (in millions)
Accounts payable$63 $110 
Accrued natural gas costs200 168 
Payroll and employee-related costs82 88 
Accrued interest30 30 
Other200 169 
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses$575 $565 
Payroll and employee-related costs include accrued salaries and wages, vacation, benefits, incentive plans and payroll taxes.
Accrued interest includes interest payable on our outstanding senior notes. See Note 12—Financing Agreements and Note 13—Interest Expense for additional information.
Other includes accrued utilities, property and other taxes, sales incentives and other credits, accrued litigation settlement costs, accrued maintenance and professional services.
Other Current Liabilities
As of December 31, 2022, other current liabilities of $95 million primarily includes $85 million of unrealized loss on natural gas derivatives and $6 million for asset retirement obligations related to our Ince complex.
As of December 31, 2021, other current liabilities of $54 million primarily includes $47 million of unrealized loss on natural gas derivatives and $5 million representing the current portion of the unrealized loss on the embedded derivative liability related to our strategic venture with CHS.
See Note 9—Fair Value Measurements, Note 15—Derivative Financial Instruments, Note 17—Noncontrolling Interest and Note 23—Asset Retirement Obligations for additional information.
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Other Liabilities
Other liabilities consist of the following:
 December 31,
 20222021
 (in millions)
Benefit plans and deferred compensation$92 $165 
Tax-related liabilities267 62 
Unrealized loss on embedded derivative1 10 
Other15 14 
Other liabilities$375 $251 
Benefit plans and deferred compensation include liabilities for pensions, retiree medical benefits, and the noncurrent portion of incentive plans. See Note 11—Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits for additional information.
Tax-related liabilities include reserves for unrecognized tax benefits and the related interest. See Note 10—Income Taxes for additional information.
17.     Noncontrolling Interest
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of noncontrolling interest and distributions payable to the noncontrolling interest on our consolidated balance sheets is provided below.
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Noncontrolling interest:
Balance as of January 1$2,830 $2,681 $2,740 
Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest591 343 115 
Declaration of distributions payable(619)(194)(174)
Balance as of December 31$2,802 $2,830 $2,681 
Distributions payable to noncontrolling interest:
Balance as of January 1$— $— $— 
Declaration of distributions payable619 194 174 
Distributions to noncontrolling interest(619)(194)(174)
Balance as of December 31$— $— $— 
We have a strategic venture with CHS under which CHS owns an equity interest in CFN, a subsidiary of CF Holdings, which represents approximately 11% of the membership interests of CFN. We own the remaining membership interests. Under the terms of CFN’s limited liability company agreement, each member’s interest will reflect, over time, the impact of the profitability of CFN, any member contributions made to CFN and withdrawals and distributions received from CFN. For financial reporting purposes, the assets, liabilities and earnings of the strategic venture are consolidated into our financial statements. CHS’ interest in the strategic venture is recorded in noncontrolling interest in our consolidated financial statements. CHS also receives deliveries pursuant to a supply agreement under which CHS has the right to purchase annually from CFN up to approximately 1.1 million tons of granular urea and 580,000 tons of UAN at market prices. As a result of its equity interest in CFN, CHS is entitled to semi-annual cash distributions from CFN. We are also entitled to semi-annual cash distributions from CFN. The amounts of distributions from CFN to us and CHS are based generally on the profitability of CFN and determined based on the volume of granular urea and UAN sold by CFN to us and CHS pursuant to supply agreements, less a formula driven amount based primarily on the cost of natural gas used to produce the granular urea and UAN, and adjusted for the allocation of items such as operational efficiencies and overhead amounts. Additionally, under the terms of the strategic venture, we have recognized an embedded derivative related to our credit rating. See Note 9—Fair Value Measurements for additional information.

On January 31, 2023, the CFN Board of Managers approved semi-annual distribution payments for the distribution period ended December 31, 2022, in accordance with CFN’s limited liability company agreement. On January 31, 2023, CFN distributed $255 million to CHS for the distribution period ended December 31, 2022.
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18.   Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
Our Board of Directors (the Board) has authorized certain programs to repurchase shares of our common stock. These programs have generally permitted repurchases to be made from time to time in the open market, through privately-negotiated transactions, through block transactions or otherwise. Our management has determined the manner, timing and amount of repurchases under these programs based on the evaluation of market conditions, stock price and other factors.
On November 3, 2021, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $1.5 billion of CF Holdings common stock through December 31, 2024 (the 2021 Share Repurchase Program). As of December 31, 2022, we had repurchased 14.9 million shares under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program for $1.35 billion.
On November 2, 2022, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $3 billion of CF Holdings common stock commencing upon completion of the 2021 Share Repurchase Program and effective through December 31, 2025.
The shares we repurchase are held as treasury stock. If the Board authorizes us to retire the shares, they are returned to the status of authorized but unissued shares. As part of the retirements, we reduce our treasury stock, paid-in capital and retained earnings balances. In 2021, we retired 8.9 million shares of repurchased stock. As of December 31, 2021, we held 27,962 shares of treasury stock. In 2022, we retired 15.2 million shares of repurchased stock, including shares repurchased under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program. As of December 31, 2022, we held no shares of treasury stock.
Changes in common shares outstanding are as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
Beginning balance207,575,978 213,954,858 216,023,826 
Exercise of stock options2,475,550 1,806,940 321,465 
Issuance of restricted stock(1)
740,025 643,882 552,362 
Purchase of treasury shares(2)
(15,187,149)(8,829,702)(2,942,795)
Ending balance195,604,404 207,575,978 213,954,858 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Includes shares issued from treasury.
(2)Consists of shares repurchased under share repurchase programs and shares withheld to pay employee tax obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock or the exercise of stock options.
Preferred Stock
CF Holdings is authorized to issue 50 million shares of $0.01 par value preferred stock. Our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, authorizes the Board, without any further stockholder action or approval, to issue these shares in one or more classes or series, and (except in the case of our Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, 500,000 shares of which are authorized and the terms of which were specified in the original certificate of incorporation of CF Holdings) to fix the rights, preferences and privileges of the shares of each wholly unissued class or series and any of its qualifications, limitations or restrictions. The Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock had been established in CF Holdings’ original certificate of incorporation in connection with our former stockholder rights plan that expired in 2015. No shares of preferred stock have been issued.
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss and the impact on other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:
 Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustment		Unrealized
Gain (Loss)
on
Derivatives		Defined
Benefit
Plans		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
 (in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2019$(188)$5 $(183)$(366)
Gain arising during the period— — 1 1 
Reclassification to earnings(1)
— (1)6 5 
Effect of exchange rate changes and deferred taxes44 — (4)40 
Balance as of December 31, 2020$(144)$4 $(180)$(320)
Gain arising during the period— — 67 67 
Reclassification to earnings(1)
— — 12 12 
Effect of exchange rate changes and deferred taxes3 — (19)(16)
Balance as of December 31, 2021$(141)$4 $(120)$(257)
Gain arising during the period— — 55 55 
Reclassification to earnings(1):
   Settlement loss— — 21 21 
   Curtailment gains— — (4)(4)
   Other— (1)4 3 
Effect of exchange rate changes and deferred taxes(38)— (10)(48)
Balance as of December 31, 2022$(179)$3 $(54)$(230)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)     Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive loss to the consolidated statements of operations were not material.
19.   Stock-based Compensation
2022 Equity and Incentive Plan
In May 2022, our shareholders approved the CF Industries Holdings, Inc. 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan (the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan), including 2.5 million new shares of the Company’s common stock available for grant thereunder as part of our pay-for-performance compensation program, which we use to provide incentives that are aligned with the interests of our shareholders. The 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan replaced the CF Industries Holdings, Inc. 2014 Equity and Incentive Plan (the 2014 Equity and Incentive Plan) and permits grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards, which in each case may be conditioned on performance criteria, to employees and certain consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries and non-employee directors of the Company.
Share Reserve and Individual Award Limits
The maximum number of shares reserved for the grant of awards under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan is the sum of (i) 2.5 million shares, plus (ii) the number of shares that remain available for new grants under the 2014 Equity and Incentive Plan when the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan was approved by shareholders, plus (iii) the number of shares subject to stock options granted under the 2014 Equity and Incentive Plan or the CF Industries Holdings, Inc. 2009 Equity and Incentive Plan that were outstanding when the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan was approved by shareholders, but only to the extent such awards terminate or expire without the delivery of shares, plus (iv) 1.61 times the number of shares subject to restricted stock or restricted stock unit awards (including performance restricted stock unit awards) granted under the 2014 Equity and Incentive Plan that were outstanding when the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan was approved by shareholders, but only to the extent such awards terminate or expire without the delivery of shares. In no event will the number of shares available for issuance under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan exceed 10,615,515 shares. Shares issued with respect to all awards granted under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan are counted against the share reserve on a one-for-one basis. The shares subject to any outstanding award under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan will be available for subsequent award and issuance under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan to the extent those awards subsequently expire, are forfeited or cancelled, or terminate for any reason prior to issuance of the shares subject to those awards. In addition, shares tendered or withheld in payment of the exercise price of an
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award and shares withheld by the Company to satisfy tax withholding obligations related to an award will be available for subsequent award under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 6.8 million shares available for future awards under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan. The 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan provides that no more than 5.0 million shares may be issued pursuant to the exercise of incentive stock options, subject to adjustment upon certain capitalization events.
Restricted Stock Awards, Restricted Stock Units and Performance Restricted Stock Units
The fair value of a restricted stock award (RSA) or a restricted stock unit (RSU) is equal to the number of shares subject to the award multiplied by the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. We estimated the fair value of each performance restricted stock unit (PSU) on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation. Generally, RSUs vest in three equal annual installments following the date of grant. PSUs are granted to key employees and generally vest three years from the date of grant subject to the attainment of applicable performance goals during the performance period. The RSAs awarded to non-management members of the Board vest the earlier of one year from the date of the grant or the date of the next annual stockholder meeting. During the vesting period, the holders of the RSAs are entitled to dividends and voting rights. During the vesting period, the holders of the RSUs are paid dividend equivalents in cash to the extent we pay cash dividends. PSUs accrue dividend equivalents to the extent we pay cash dividends on our common stock during the performance and vesting periods. Upon vesting of the PSUs, holders are paid the cash equivalent of the dividends paid during the performance and vesting periods based on the shares of common stock, if any, delivered in settlement of PSUs. Holders of RSUs and PSUs are not entitled to voting rights unless and until the awards have vested.
A summary of restricted stock activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 is presented below.
Restricted Stock AwardsRestricted Stock UnitsPerformance Restricted Stock Units
 SharesWeighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value		SharesWeighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value		SharesWeighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 202135,508 $49.28 660,849 $40.98 425,268 $46.83 
Granted16,736 95.59 231,506 71.68 203,821 81.38 
Restrictions lapsed (vested)(1)
(35,508)49.28 (323,106)41.61 (214,203)46.57 
Forfeited— — (22,569)50.82 (3,201)63.06 
Outstanding as of December 31, 202216,736 95.59 546,680 53.21 411,685 63.95 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)For performance restricted stock units, the shares represent the performance restricted stock units granted in 2019, for which the three-year performance period ended December 31, 2021.
The 2022, 2021 and 2020 weighted-average grant-date fair value for RSAs was $95.59, $49.28 and $27.51, for RSUs was $71.68, $38.69 and $45.23, and for PSUs was $81.38, $48.25 and $47.93, respectively.
The actual tax benefit realized from restricted stock vested in each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $14 million, $7 million and $5 million, respectively. The fair value of restricted stock vested was $60 million, $29 million and $22 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Stock Options
Under the 2014 Equity and Incentive Plan and our other predecessor plans, we granted to plan participants nonqualified stock options to purchase shares of our common stock. The exercise price of these options was equal to the market price of our common stock on the date of grant. The contractual life of each option was ten years and generally one-third of the options vested on each of the first three anniversaries of the date of grant. No stock option awards were granted under the 2014 Equity and Incentive Plan or our other predecessor plans after 2017, and no stock option awards have been granted under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan.
A summary of stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 is presented below:
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 SharesWeighted-
Average
Exercise Price
Outstanding as of December 31, 20212,637,586 $42.48 
Exercised(2,475,550)42.79 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022162,036 37.72 
Exercisable as of December 31, 2022162,036 37.72 

 Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
(years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value(1)
(in millions)
Outstanding as of December 31, 20222.9$8 
Exercisable as of December 31, 20222.9$8 
_____________________________________________________________________________
(1)The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on our closing stock price of $85.20 as of December 31, 2022, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date.
Selected amounts pertaining to stock option exercises are as follows:
Year ended December 31,
202220212020
 (in millions)
Cash received from stock option exercises$106 $64 $8 
Actual tax benefit realized from stock option exercises$23 $9 $1 
Pre-tax intrinsic value of stock options exercised$100 $39 $4 
Compensation Cost
Compensation cost is recorded primarily in selling, general and administrative expenses. The following table summarizes stock-based compensation costs and related income tax benefits:
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Stock-based compensation expense$41 $30 $26 
Income tax benefit(9)(7)(6)
Stock-based compensation expense, net of income taxes$32 $23 $20 
As of December 31, 2022, pre-tax unrecognized compensation cost was $16 million for RSAs and RSUs, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years, and $20 million for PSUs, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years.
Excess tax benefits realized from the vesting of restricted stock or stock option exercises are recognized as an income tax benefit in our consolidated statements of operations and are required to be reported as an operating cash inflow rather than a reduction of taxes paid. The excess tax benefits realized in 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $96 million, $22 million and $3 million, respectively.
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20.   Contingencies
Litigation
From time to time, we are subject to ordinary, routine legal proceedings related to the usual conduct of our business, including proceedings regarding public utility and transportation rates, environmental matters, taxes and permits relating to the operations of our various plants and facilities. Based on the information available as of the date of this filing, we believe that the ultimate outcome of these routine matters will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Environmental
From time to time, we receive notices from governmental agencies or third parties alleging that we are a potentially responsible party at certain cleanup sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act or other environmental cleanup laws. In 2011, we received a notice from the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ) that alleged that we were a potentially responsible party for the cleanup of a former phosphate mine site we owned in the late 1950s and early 1960s located in Georgetown Canyon, Idaho. The current owner of the property and a former mining contractor received similar notices for the site. In 2014, we and the current property owner entered into a Consent Order with IDEQ and the U.S. Forest Service to conduct a remedial investigation and feasibility study of the site. The remedial investigation was submitted to the agencies in 2021. The next step will be a risk assessment, followed by a feasibility study. In 2015, we and several other parties received a notice that the U.S. Department of the Interior and other trustees intended to undertake a natural resource damage assessment for 18 former phosphate mines and three former processing facilities in southeast Idaho. The Georgetown Canyon former mine and processing facility was included in the group of former mines and processing facilities identified by the trustees. In June 2021, we received another notice from the U.S. Department of the Interior that the natural resource damage trustees were commencing a ‘subsequent’ phase of the natural resource damage assessment, but no further details were provided with respect to said assessment. Because the former Georgetown Canyon mine site is still in the risk assessment and feasibility study stage, we are not able to estimate at this time our potential liability, if any, with respect to the cleanup of the site or a possible claim for natural resource damages. However, based on the results of the site investigation conducted to date, we do not expect the remedial or financial obligations to which we may be subject involving this or other cleanup sites will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.


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21.    Segment Disclosures
Our reportable segments consist of Ammonia, Granular Urea, UAN, AN and Other. These segments are differentiated by products. Our management uses gross margin to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources. Total other operating costs and expenses (consisting primarily of selling, general and administrative expenses and other operating—net) and non-operating expenses (consisting primarily of interest and income taxes) are centrally managed and are not included in the measurement of segment profitability reviewed by management.
Our assets, with the exception of goodwill, are not monitored by or reported to our chief operating decision maker by segment; therefore, we do not present total assets by segment. Goodwill by segment is presented in Note 7—Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. Segment data for sales, cost of sales and gross margin for 2022, 2021 and 2020 are presented in the table below.
 
Ammonia(1)
Granular Urea(2)
UAN(2)
AN(2)
Other(2)
Consolidated
 (in millions)
Year ended December 31, 2022  
Net sales$3,090 $2,892 $3,572 $845 $787 $11,186 
Cost of sales1,491 1,328 1,489 597 420 5,325 
Gross margin$1,599 $1,564 $2,083 $248 $367 5,861 
Total other operating costs and expenses(3)
558 
Equity in earnings of operating affiliate  94 
Operating earnings  $5,397 
Year ended December 31, 2021  
Net sales$1,787 $1,880 $1,788 $510 $573 $6,538 
Cost of sales1,162 992 1,119 475 403 4,151 
Gross margin$625 $888 $669 $35 $170 2,387 
Total other operating costs and expenses(3)
  705 
Equity in earnings of operating affiliate  47 
Operating earnings  $1,729 
Year ended December 31, 2020  
Net sales$1,020 $1,248 $1,063 $455 $338 $4,124 
Cost of sales850 847 949 390 287 3,323 
Gross margin$170 $401 $114 $65 $51 801 
Total other operating costs and expenses  189 
Equity in earnings of operating affiliate  11 
Operating earnings  $623 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Cost of sales and gross margin for the Ammonia segment for the year ended December 31, 2021 include a $112 million gain on the net settlement of certain natural gas contracts with our suppliers. See Note 15—Derivative Financial Instruments for additional information.
(2)The cost of the products that are upgraded into other products is transferred at cost into the upgraded product results.
(3)Total other operating costs and expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 include $258 million of asset impairment and restructuring charges related to our U.K. operations. Total other operating costs and expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 include $521 million of asset impairment charges related to our U.K. operations. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges for additional information.

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Depreciation and amortization by segment for 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:
AmmoniaGranular UreaUANANOtherCorporateConsolidated
 (in millions)
Depreciation and amortization
Year ended December 31, 2022$166 $272 $269 $61 $67 $15 $850 
Year ended December 31, 2021209 235 259 77 87 21 888 
Year ended December 31, 2020176 270 256 100 68 22 892 
Enterprise-wide data by geographic region is as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
202220212020
(in millions)
Sales by geographic region (based on destination of shipments):
  
United States$8,212 $5,086 $3,036 
Foreign:
Canada849 568 397 
North America, excluding U.S. and Canada149 79 54 
United Kingdom642 464 332 
Other foreign1,334 341 305 
Total foreign2,974 1,452 1,088 
Consolidated$11,186 $6,538 $4,124 
 December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Property, plant and equipment—net by geographic region:
  
United States$5,812 $6,211 $6,527 
Foreign:
Canada506 485 525 
United Kingdom119 385 580 
Total foreign625 870 1,105 
Consolidated$6,437 $7,081 $7,632 
Our principal customers are cooperatives, independent fertilizer distributors, traders, wholesalers and industrial users. In 2022, 2021 and 2020, CHS accounted for approximately 13%, 14% and 13% of our consolidated net sales, respectively. See Note 17—Noncontrolling Interest for additional information.
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22.   Supplemental Cash Flow Information
The following provides additional information relating to cash flow activities:
 Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Cash paid during the year for   
Interest—net of interest capitalized$257 $176 $184 
Income taxes—net of refunds1,776 430 111 
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:
Change in capitalized expenditures in accounts payable and accrued expenses$18 $(8)$1 
Change in accrued share repurchases(1)(1)— 
Interest—net of interest capitalized for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes interest paid to Canadian taxing authorities of approximately $100 million related to tax years 2006 through 2011. See Note 10—Income Taxes—“Canada Revenue Agency Competent Authority Matter” for additional information.
Income taxes—net of refunds for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes certain payments of CAD $363 million (approximately $267 million) to Canadian taxing authorities, which are reflected in the line “Other—net” in our consolidated statement of cash flows. These payments were made in order to mitigate the assessment of future Canadian interest on transfer pricing positions. See Note 10—Income Taxes—“Unrecognized Tax Benefits” for additional information.
23.   Asset Retirement Obligations
Asset retirement obligations (AROs) are legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-lived assets that result from the acquisition, construction, development or normal operation of such assets. AROs are initially recognized as incurred when sufficient information exists to estimate fair value. We have AROs at our nitrogen manufacturing complexes and at our distribution and storage facilities that are conditional upon cessation of operations. These AROs include certain decommissioning activities as well as the removal and disposal of certain chemicals, waste materials, structures, equipment, vessels, piping and storage tanks. Also included are reclamation of land and the closure of certain effluent ponds and/or waste storage areas. The most recent estimate of the aggregate cost of AROs for our complexes and facilities, excluding the Ince, United Kingdom complex, expressed in 2022 dollars, is approximately $118 million.
We have not recorded a liability for these conditional AROs as of December 31, 2022 because we do not believe there is currently a reasonable basis for estimating a date or range of dates of cessation of operations at our nitrogen manufacturing facilities or our distribution and storage facilities, which is necessary in order to estimate fair value. In reaching this conclusion, we considered the historical performance of each complex or facility and considered factors such as planned maintenance, asset replacements and upgrades of plant and equipment, which if conducted as in the past, can extend the physical lives of our nitrogen manufacturing facilities and our distribution and storage facilities indefinitely. We also considered the possibility of changes in technology, risk of obsolescence, and availability of raw materials in arriving at our conclusion.
In the second quarter of 2022, we approved and announced our proposed plan to restructure our U.K. operations, including the planned permanent closure of the Ince facility, which had been idled since September 2021. As a result, we recorded a liability of approximately $9 million for the costs of certain asset retirement activities related to the Ince site. Changes to components of the asset retirement obligation were not material in the third and fourth quarters of 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the liability recorded in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet was approximately $6 million. See Note 5—United Kingdom Operations Restructuring and Impairment Charges for additional information.
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24.   Leases
We have operating leases for certain property and equipment under various noncancelable agreements, the most significant of which are rail car leases and barge tow charters for the distribution of our products. The rail car leases currently have minimum terms ranging from one to eleven years and the barge tow charter commitments range from one to six years. Our rail car leases and barge tow charters commonly contain provisions for automatic renewal that can extend the lease term unless cancelled by either party. We also have operating leases for terminal and warehouse storage for our distribution system, some of which contain minimum throughput requirements. The storage agreements contain minimum terms generally ranging from one to five years and commonly contain provisions for automatic renewal thereafter unless cancelled by either party. The renewal provisions for our rail car leases, barge tow charters and terminal and warehouse storage agreements are not reasonably certain to be exercised.
The components of lease costs were as follows:
Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Operating lease cost$103 $102 $107 
Short-term lease cost48 25 17 
Variable lease cost6 7 6 
Total lease cost$157 $134 $130 
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:
Year ended December 31,
 202220212020
 (in millions)
Operating cash flows - cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities$100 $97 $105 
Right-of-use (ROU) assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations106 80 80 
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:
December 31,
 20222021
 (in millions)
Operating lease ROU assets$254 $243 
Current operating lease liabilities$93 $89 
Operating lease liabilities167 162 
Total operating lease liabilities$260 $251 
December 31,
 20222021
Operating leases
Weighted-average remaining lease term4 years4 years
Weighted-average discount rate(1)
3.9 %3.8 %
______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Upon adoption of the new lease accounting standard, discount rates used for existing leases were established at January 1, 2019.
As of December 31, 2022, we have entered into two additional leases that have not yet commenced. These leases will commence in fiscal year 2023 with future minimum lease payments of $11 million and lease terms of three and five years.
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The following table reconciles the undiscounted cash flows for our operating leases to the operating lease liabilities recorded on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.
 Operating
lease payments
 (in millions)
2023$95 
202473 
202547 
202635 
202719 
Thereafter11 
Total lease payments280 
Less: imputed interest(20)
Present value of lease liabilities260 
Less: Current operating lease liabilities(93)
Operating lease liabilities$167 
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ITEM 9.    CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.
ITEM 9A.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
(a)    Disclosure Controls and Procedures.    The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in (i) ensuring that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) ensuring that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
(b) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, for the Company. Under the supervision and with the participation of our senior management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, using the criteria set forth in the Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2022. KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements, has issued an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, which appears on the following page.
(c)    Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.    There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
While there was no impact on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2022, in the first quarter of 2023, the Company is upgrading its enterprise resource planning system (ERP) for its North American operations to SAP S/4HANA. As a result, related changes in its internal control over financial reporting are expected due to the implementation.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
CF Industries Holdings, Inc.:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited CF Industries Holdings, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 23, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

(signed) KPMG LLP

Chicago, Illinois
February 23, 2023
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ITEM 9B.    OTHER INFORMATION.
None.

ITEM 9C.    DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10.    DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.
Information appearing in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Proposal 1: Election of Directors—Director Nominees” “Proposal 1: Election of Directors—Director Nominee Biographies” “Executive Officers” “Corporate Governance—Committees of the Board—Audit Committee” and, if required, “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” is incorporated herein by reference.
We have adopted a Code of Corporate Conduct that applies to our employees, directors and officers, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer. The Code of Corporate Conduct is posted on our Internet website, www.cfindustries.com. We will provide an electronic or paper copy of this document free of charge upon request. We intend to disclose on our Internet website any amendment to any provision of the Code of Corporate Conduct that relates to any element of the definition of “code of ethics” enumerated in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act and any waiver from any such provision granted to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions.
ITEM 11.    EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
During the last completed fiscal year, Stephen J. Hagge, Javed Ahmed, John W. Eaves, Anne P. Noonan, Michael J. Toelle and Celso L. White (from January to May 2022) served as the members of the Compensation and Management Development Committee of the Board.
Information appearing under the following headings of the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference: “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Compensation Discussion and Analysis: In Detail—Other Compensation Governance Practices and Considerations—Compensation and Benefits Risk Analysis,” “Compensation Committee Report,” “Executive Compensation” and “Corporate Governance—Director Compensation.”
ITEM 12.    SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
Information appearing under the following headings of the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference: “Common Stock Ownership—Common Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” and “Common Stock Ownership—Common Stock Ownership of Directors and Management.”
We currently issue stock-based compensation under the CF Industries Holdings, Inc. 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan (the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan) which permits grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards, which in each case may be conditioned on performance criteria, to employees and certain consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries and non-employee directors of the Company.
Equity Compensation Plan Information as of December 31, 2022
Plan category
Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding options,
warrants and rights(1)
Weighted-average
exercise price of
outstanding options,
warrants and rights(2)
Number of securities
remaining available for future
issuance under equity
compensation plans
(excluding securities
reflected in the first column)(3)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders2,155,990 $37.72 6,796,615 
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders— — — 
Total2,155,990 $37.72 6,796,615 
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)Includes 162,036 shares issuable pursuant to outstanding nonqualified stock options, 546,680 shares issuable pursuant to restricted stock units (RSUs) and 1,447,274 shares issuable pursuant to performance restricted stock units (PSUs) under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan, the CF Industries Holdings, Inc. 2014 Equity and Incentive Plan (the 2014 Equity and Incentive Plan) and the CF
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Industries Holdings, Inc. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan. PSUs are subject to attainment of the applicable performance goals during the three-year performance period and are reflected at their maximum potential payout. The PSUs included in this table reflect the full amount awarded to plan participants in 2020, 2021 and 2022. The three-year performance periods for the PSUs awarded in 2020, 2021 and 2022 are in each case composed of three one-year periods with performance goals set annually. Because accounting rules require performance goals to be set before a PSU is determined for accounting purposes to have been granted, the number of PSUs reported as outstanding as of December 31, 2022 in Note 19—Stock-based Compensation reflects all of the PSUs awarded in 2020, but only two-thirds of the PSUs awarded in 2021 and one-third of the PSUs awarded in 2022.
(2)RSUs and PSUs are not reflected in the weighted-average exercise price as these awards do not have an exercise price.
(3)Under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan, upon the grant of an award, the number of shares available for issuance is reduced by one share for each share subject to or issued in respect of such awards. Under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan, shares withheld for taxes on awards are added to the number of shares available for issuance. If any restricted stock units (including any performance restricted stock units) granted under the 2014 Equity and Incentive Plan terminates or expires without delivery of shares, the number of shares available for issuance under the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan is increased by 1.61 shares for each share that had been subject to such restricted stock unit at the time of such termination or expiration.
See Note 19—Stock-based Compensation for additional information on the 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan.

ITEM 13.    CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
Information appearing in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Corporate Governance—Director Independence” and “Policy Regarding Related Person Transactions” is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14.    PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.
Information appearing in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Proposal 5: Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2023—Audit and Non-Audit Fees” and “Proposal 5: Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for 2023—Pre-Approval of Audit and Non-Audit Services” is incorporated herein by reference.

PART IV
ITEM 15.    EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.

(a)Documents filed as part of this report:
(1)All financial statements:
        The following financial statements are included in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:
 
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, Chicago, IL, Auditor Firm ID: 185)
 
 
 
 
 
 
        Financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
(2)Exhibits 
A list of exhibits filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K (or incorporated by reference to exhibits previously filed or furnished) is provided in the Exhibit Index on page 118 of this report.
ITEM 16.    FORM 10-K SUMMARY.
None.
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EXHIBIT INDEX
EXHIBIT NO.DESCRIPTION
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EXHIBIT NO.DESCRIPTION
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EXHIBIT NO.DESCRIPTION
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EXHIBIT NO.DESCRIPTION
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EXHIBIT NO.DESCRIPTION
101
The following financial information from CF Industries Holdings, Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in Inline XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (1) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (2) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (3) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (4) Consolidated Statements of Equity, (5) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (6) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (included in the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL Document Set)
                        
_______________________________________________________________________________
*    Schedules (or similar attachments) have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K.
**    Portions omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2)(ii) of Regulation S-K.
***    Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed (and/or incorporated by reference) as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to Item 15(a)(3) of Form 10-K.
****    Portions omitted to pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 CF INDUSTRIES HOLDINGS, INC.
Date:February 23, 2023By:/s/ W. ANTHONY WILL  
W. Anthony Will
 President and Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature Title(s) Date
     
/s/ W. ANTHONY WILL President and Chief Executive Officer,
Director
(Principal Executive Officer)		 February 23, 2023
W. Anthony Will
/s/ CHRISTOPHER D. BOHN Senior Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)		 February 23, 2023
Christopher D. Bohn
/s/ RICHARD A. HOKER Vice President and Corporate Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)		 February 23, 2023
Richard A. Hoker
/s/ STEPHEN J. HAGGEChairman of the BoardFebruary 23, 2023
Stephen J. Hagge
/s/ JAVED AHMED Director February 23, 2023
Javed Ahmed
/s/ ROBERT C. ARZBAECHER Director February 23, 2023
Robert C. Arzbaecher
/s/ DEBORAH L. DEHAAS Director February 23, 2023
Deborah L. DeHaas
/s/ JOHN W. EAVES Director February 23, 2023
John W. Eaves
 
/s/ JESUS MADRAZO YRIS DirectorFebruary 23, 2023
Jesus Madrazo Yris 
/s/ ANNE P. NOONANDirectorFebruary 23, 2023
Anne P. Noonan  
/s/ MICHAEL J. TOELLEDirectorFebruary 23, 2023
Michael J. Toelle 
/s/ THERESA E. WAGLERDirectorFebruary 23, 2023
Theresa E. Wagler
/s/ CELSO L. WHITEDirectorFebruary 23, 2023
Celso L. White
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