CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS INC - Quarter Report: 2015 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2015

Or

For the transition period from ________ to _________

Commission file number: 000-33123

China Automotive Systems, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

No. 1 Henglong Road, Yu Qiao Development Zone, Shashi District

Jing Zhou City, Hubei Province, the People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes           x           No           ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes           x           No           ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes           ¨           No           x

As of August 13, 2015, the Company had 32,121,019 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC.

INDEX

Cautionary Statement

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements relate to future events or the Company’s future financial performance. The Company has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “can,” “continues,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “should” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including the matters set forth in this Quarterly Report or other reports or documents the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, which could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those projected. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, the Company cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Undue reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company’s expectations are as of the date this Form 10-Q is filed, and the Company does not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is filed to conform these statements to actual results, unless required by law. All of the forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the factors discussed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

(In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated)

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Three Months and Six Months Ended June 30, 2015 and 2014

China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999 under the name Visions-In-Glass, Inc. China Automotive, including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries and the joint ventures described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components, as described below.

Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance in Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Great Genesis is mainly engaged in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components through its controlled subsidiaries and the joint ventures, as described below.

Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and is mainly engaged in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support accordingly.

The Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the entities established in the People's Republic of China, the “PRC,” and Brazil as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014.

On September 22, 2014, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with seven other parties to establish a venture capital fund, the “Venture Fund”, which mainly focuses on investments in emerging automobiles and parts industries. Total share capital of the Venture Fund is RMB280.0 million, equivalent to approximately $45.5 million. The initial term of the fund is eight years. Hubei Henglong has committed to make investments into the Venture Fund of 17.9% or RMB50.0 million, equivalent to approximately $8.1 million, which will be paid in three installments. Hubei Henglong is a limited partner of the Venture Fund. It has no seat on the investment committee of the Venture Fund and does not have any other rights that give it significant influence on the operation and decision-making of the Venture Fund. Furthermore, such investment has no readily determinable fair value. Therefore, this investment will be accounted for using the cost method. On October 20, 2014, Hubei Henglong made its first capital contribution of RMB5.0 million, equivalent to approximately $0.8 million. On April 24, 2015, Hubei Henglong made its second capital contribution of RMB10.0 million, equivalent to approximately $1.6 million (See Note 29).

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. The details of subsidiaries are disclosed in Note 1. Significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions in Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by such accounting principles for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited, but in the opinion of the Company’s management, contain all necessary adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, for a fair statement of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the interim periods presented.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014 is derived from the Company’s audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, although the Company’s management believes that the disclosures contained in these financial statements are adequate to make the information presented herein not misleading. For further information, please refer to the financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s 2014 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

The results of operations for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2015 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2015.

Estimation - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”. ASU 2014-09 will eliminate transaction-specific and industry-specific revenue recognition guidance under current U.S. GAAP and replace it with a principle-based approach for determining revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 will require that companies recognize revenue based on the value of transferred goods or services as they occur in the contract. The ASU also will require additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. Entities can transition to the standard either retrospectively or as a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. Management is currently assessing the impact the adoption of ASU 2014-09 and the effect of the standard on the Company’s ongoing financial reporting.

In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-3, "Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs," which requires debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the associated debt liability. For the Company, the standard is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The new guidance will be applied on a retrospective basis and early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

There have been no updates to the significant accounting policies set forth in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2014.

In the second quarter of 2014, the Company acquired a 51.0% ownership interest in Fujian Qiaolong, a special purpose vehicle manufacturer and dealer with automobile repacking qualification, based in Fujian, China. Fujian Qiaolong mainly manufactures and distributes drainage and rescue vehicle with mass flow, drainage vehicles with vertical downhole operation, crawler-type mobile pump stations, high-altitude water supply and discharge drainage vehicles, long-range control crawler-type mobile pump stations and other vehicles. The acquisition expands the Company’s scope of business and improves the Company’s product mix. The results of Fujian Qiaolong have been included since the date of acquisition and are reflected in the Company’s Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. The total purchase price was approximately $3.0 million. The goodwill resulting from the acquisition is not deductible for tax purposes.

The following table summarizes the allocation of consideration and the respective fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the Fujian Qiaolong acquisition as of the date of purchase (figures are in thousands of USD):

Pro forma results of operations for the acquisition of Fujian Qiaolong have not been presented because it is not material to the consolidated results of operations.

For the acquisition of Fujian Qiaolong, intangible assets which have been assessed and recognized, such as patents and developed technology, have a weighted-average useful life of 4.7 years.

Pledged cash deposits are used as guarantees for the Company’s notes payable and their use is restricted. The Company regularly pays some of its suppliers by bank notes. The Company has to make a cash deposit, generally equivalent to 30% - 100% of the face value of the relevant bank note in order to obtain the bank note.

Short-term investments comprise time deposits with maturity terms of more than three months but due within one year. The carrying values of time deposits approximate fair value because of their short maturities. The interest earned is recognized in the condensed unaudited statements of operations and comprehensive income over the contractual term of the deposit.

As of June 30, 2015, the Company had pledged short-term investments of RMB33.0 million, equivalent to approximately $5.4 million, to secure loans under the credit facility issued by HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited Hong Kong branch, “HSBC HK”, and the use of the pledged short-term investments is restricted (See Note 14).

The Company’s accounts and notes receivable as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

During the three months ended March 31, 2015, the Company made a $2.4 million payment to a customer for new product testing services provided by the customer. As the Company cannot reasonably demonstrate that such payment amount represents the fair value of the services provided by its customer, the payment was recorded as a reduction of net sales in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The Company’s inventories as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 consisted of the following (figures are in thousands of USD):

Provision for inventories amounted to $1.3 million and $1.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The Company’s other receivables as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

As of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Company’s balance of long-term investment was $6.4 million and $4.6 million, respectively. For the long-term investments in which the Company has significant influence but no controlling power, such investments were accounted for using the equity method; for long-term investments in which the Company has no significant influence and such investments have no readily determinable fair values, such investments were accounted for using the cost method.

The Company’s share of net assets and net income is reported as “long-term investment” on the condensed unaudited consolidated balance sheets and “equity in earnings of affiliated companies” on the condensed unaudited consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income. The Company’s condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect the equity earnings of non-consolidated affiliates of $0.16 million and $0.13 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The Company’s property, plant and equipment as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s intangible assets as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes”, the Company assesses, on a quarterly basis, its ability to realize its deferred tax assets. Based on the more likely than not standard in the guidance and the weight of available evidence, the Company believes a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets is necessary. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considered the following significant factors: an assessment of recent years’ profitability and losses by tax authorities; the Company’s expectation of profits based on margins and volumes expected to be realized, which are based on current pricing and volume trends; the long period in all significant operating jurisdictions before the expiry of net operating losses, noting further that a portion of the deferred tax asset is composed of deductible temporary differences that are subject to an expiry period until realized under tax law. The Company will continue to evaluate the provision of valuation allowance in future periods.

The components of estimated deferred income tax assets as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Loans consist of the following as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s accounts and notes payable as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s accrued expenses and other payables as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

For the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, and for the year ended December 31, 2014, the warranties activities were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s taxes payable as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

As of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, advances payable by the Company were $3.7 million and $6.2 million, respectively.

The amounts are special subsidies made by the Chinese government to the Company to offset the cost and charges related to the improvement of production capacities and improvement of the quality of products. For the government subsidies with no further conditions to be met, the amounts are recorded as other income when received; for the amounts with certain operating conditions, the government subsidies are recorded as advances payable when received and will be recorded as a deduction of related expenses and cost of acquired assets when the conditions are met.

The balances are unsecured, interest-free and will be repayable to the Chinese government if the usage of such advance does not continue to qualify for the subsidy.

The Company’s positions in respect of the amounts of additional paid-in capital for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, and the year ended December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options on the grant dates are as follows:

The above stock options were vested and exercisable immediately. Their fair value on the grant dates of September 16, 2014 and August 13, 2013 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model was $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $0.2 million.

Appropriated

Pursuant to the relevant PRC laws and regulations, the profits distribution of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries, which are based on their PRC statutory financial statements, rather than the financial statement that was prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, are available for distribution in the form of cash dividends after these subsidiaries have paid all relevant PRC tax liabilities, provided for losses in previous years, and made appropriations to statutory surplus at 10%.

When the statutory surplus reserve reaches 50% of the registered capital of a company, additional reserve is no longer required. However, the reserve cannot be distributed to venture partners. Based on the business licenses of the PRC subsidiaries, the registered capital of Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Jielong, Wuhu, Hubei Henglong and Chongqing are $10.0 million, $4.2 million (equivalent to RMB35.0 million), $8.1 million (equivalent to RMB67.5 million), $6.0 million, $3.8 million (equivalent to RMB30.0 million), $39 million and $9.5 million (equivalent to RMB60.0 million), respectively, and the registered capital of USAI is $2.6 million.

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of appropriated retained earnings for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, and the year ended December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Unappropriated

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the unappropriated retained earnings for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, and the year ended December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the accumulated other comprehensive income for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, and the year ended December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the non-controlling interests’ equity for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, and the year ended December 31, 2014 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):  

Gain on other sales mainly consisted of net amount retained from sales of materials, property, plant and equipment, land use rights, and scraps. For the six months ended June 30, 2015, gain on other sales amounted to $2.4 million as compared to $9.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $6.7 million. In the second quarter of 2014, the Company sold the remaining land use rights and recognized a gain of $7.5 million, which represented the difference between the selling price of $8.4 million and the net book value of the land use rights of $0.9 million. There was no such gain in the same period in 2015.

During the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded financial income, net which is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s subsidiaries registered in the PRC are subject to national and local income taxes within the PRC at the applicable tax rate of 25% on the taxable income as reported in their PRC statutory financial statements in accordance with the relevant income tax laws applicable to foreign invested enterprise, unless preferential tax treatment is granted by local tax authorities. If the enterprise meets certain preferential terms according to the China income tax law, such as assessment as a “High & New Technology Enterprise” by the government, then, the enterprise will be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15%.

Pursuant to the New China Income Tax Law and the Implementing Rules, “New CIT”, which became effective as of January 1, 2008, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign investors will be subject to a 10% withholding tax if the foreign investors are considered as non-resident enterprises without any establishment or place within China or if the dividends payable have no connection with the establishment or place of the foreign investors within China, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement.

Genesis, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary and the direct holder of the equity interests in the Company’s subsidiaries in China, is incorporated in Hong Kong. According to the Mainland China and Hong Kong Taxation Arrangement, dividends paid by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its direct holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5%, if the foreign investor owns directly at least 25% of the shares of the foreign-invested enterprise. Under the New CIT, if Genesis is regarded as a non-resident enterprise, it is required to pay an additional 5% withholding tax for any dividends payable to it from the PRC subsidiaries.

According to PRC tax regulation, the Company should withhold income taxes for the profit distributed from the PRC subsidiaries to Genesis, the subsidiaries’ holding company incorporated in Hong Kong. For the profit that the PRC subsidiaries intended to distribute to Genesis, the Company accrues the withholding income tax as deferred tax liabilities. As of June 30, 2015, the Company has recognized deferred tax liabilities of $0.16 million for the remaining undistributed profits to Genesis of $3.2 million. The Company intended to re-invest the remaining undistributed profits generated from the PRC subsidiaries in those subsidiaries permanently. As of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Company still has undistributed earnings of approximately $204.7 million and $188.3 million, respectively, from investment in the PRC subsidiaries that are considered permanently reinvested. Had the undistributed earnings been distributed to Genesis and not permanently reinvested, the tax provision as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 of approximately $10.2 million and $9.4 million, respectively, would have been recorded. Such undistributed profits will be reinvested in Genesis and not further distributed to the parent company incorporated in the United States going forward.

In 2014, Jiulong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it is subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% from 2014 to 2016.

In 2014, Henglong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it is subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% from 2014 to 2016.

In 2009, Shenyang was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2009, 2010 and 2011. In 2012, the Company passed the re-assessment of the government based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, it continued to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The Company estimates the applied tax rate in 2015 to be 15% as it will probably pass the re-assessment in 2015 and continue to qualify as “High & New Technology Enterprise”.

In 2012, Wuhu was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2013 and 2014. The Company estimates the applied tax rate in 2015 to be 15% as it will probably pass the re-assessment in 2015 and continue to qualify as “High & New Technology Enterprise”.

In 2013, Jielong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it is subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2013, 2014 and 2015.

In November 2011, Hubei Henglong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise”. Based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2013. The Company has passed the re-assessment in 2014 and continues to qualify as a “High & New Technology Enterprise”. Accordingly, it continues to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2014, 2015 and 2016.

According to the New CIT, USAI and Testing Center are subject to income tax at a rate of 25% in 2014 and 2015.

Chongqing Henglong was established in 2012. According to the New CIT, Chongqing Henglong is subject to income tax at a uniform rate of 25%. No provision for Chongqing Henglong is made as it had no assessable income for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014.

Based on Brazilian income tax laws, Brazil Henglong is subject to income tax at a uniform rate of 15%, and a resident legal person is subject to additional tax at a rate of 10% for the part of taxable income over $0.12 million (equivalent to approximately BRL 0.24 million). The Company had no assessable income in Brazil for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014.

Fujian Qiaolong was acquired in the second quarter of 2014. In November 2011, Fujian Qiaolong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2011, 2012 and 2013. In 2014, the Company passed the re-assessment of the government based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, it will continue to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2014, 2015 and 2016. No provision for Fujian Qiaolong is made as it had no assessable income for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2015.

The profits tax rate of Hong Kong is 16.5%. No provision for Hong Kong tax is made as Genesis is an investment holding company, and had no assessable income in Hong Kong for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014.

The enterprise income tax rate of the United States is 35%. No provision for U.S. tax is made for the Company as the Company had no assessable income in the United States for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014.

The Company’s effective tax rate was 17.9% and 16.2% for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2015, respectively, compared with 18.8% and 19.0% for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2014, respectively.

Basic income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income per share is calculated using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and dilutive ordinary share equivalents outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options is determined based on the treasury stock method.

The calculation of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the three months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, was (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

As of June 30, 2015 and 2014, the exercise prices for 60,000 shares and 60,000 shares, respectively, of outstanding stock options were above the weighted average market price of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and these stock options were excluded from the calculation of the diluted income per share for the corresponding periods presented.

The calculation of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, were (figures are in thousands of USD , except share and per share amounts):

As of June 30, 2015 and 2014, the exercise prices for 60,000 shares and 60,000 shares, respectively, of outstanding stock options were above the weighted average market price of the Company’s common stock during the six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and these stock options were excluded from the calculation of the diluted income per share for the corresponding periods presented.

A significant portion of the Company’s business is conducted in China where the currency is the RMB. Regulations in China permit foreign owned entities to freely convert the RMB into foreign currency for transactions that fall under the "current account," which includes trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Accordingly, the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries may use RMB to purchase foreign exchange for settlement of such "current account" transactions without pre-approval. However, pursuant to applicable regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with the PRC law. In calculating accumulated profits, foreign investment enterprises in China are required to allocate at least 10% of their annual net income each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds, including mandated employee benefits funds, unless these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises.

Transactions other than those that fall under the "current account" and that involve conversion of RMB into foreign currency are classified as "capital account" transactions; examples of "capital account" transactions include repatriations of investment by or loans to foreign owners, or direct equity investments in a foreign entity by a China domiciled entity. "Capital account" transactions require prior approval from China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, or its provincial branch to convert a remittance into a foreign currency, such as USD, and transmit the foreign currency outside of China.

This system could be changed at any time and any such change may affect the ability of the Company or its subsidiaries in China to repatriate capital or profits, if any, outside China. Furthermore, SAFE has a significant degree of administrative discretion in implementing the laws and has used this discretion to limit convertibility of current account payments out of China. Whether as a result of a deterioration in the Chinese balance of payments, a shift in the Chinese macroeconomic prospects or any number of other reasons, China could impose additional restrictions on capital remittances abroad. As a result of these and other restrictions under the laws and regulations of the PRC, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the parent. The Company has no assurance that the relevant Chinese governmental authorities in the future will not limit further or eliminate the ability of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries to purchase foreign currencies and transfer such funds to the Company to meet its liquidity or other business needs. Any inability to access funds in China, if and when needed for use by the Company outside of China, could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and its business.

The Company grants credit to its customers including Xiamen Joylon, Xiamen Automotive Parts, Shanghai Fenglong and Jiangling Yude, which are related parties of the Company. The Company’s customers are mostly located in the PRC.

During the six months ended June 30, 2015, the Company’s ten largest customers accounted for 70.4% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 12.8%. As of June 30, 2015, approximately 5.8% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned one customer, and there was one individual customer with a receivables balance of more than 10% of total accounts receivable, i.e. 11.4%.

During the six months ended June 30, 2014, the Company’s ten largest customers accounted for 68.7% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 11.6%. As of June 30, 2014, approximately 4.9% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned one customer, and there was one individual customer with a receivables balance of more than 10% of total accounts receivable, i.e. 12.3%.

Related party transactions are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Related sales

Related purchases

Related receivables

Related advances

Related payables

These transactions were consummated under similar terms as those with the Company's third party customers and suppliers.

Related parties pledged certain land use rights and buildings as security for the Company’s credit facilities provided by banks.

As of August 13, 2015, Hanlin Chen, the Company’s Chairman, owns 55.6% of the common stock of the Company and has the effective power to control the vote on substantially all significant matters without the approval of other stockholders.

Legal proceedings

The Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings. In addition, no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation.

Other commitments and contingencies

In addition to the bank loans, notes payables and the related interest, the following table summarizes the Company’s major commitments and contingencies as of June 30, 2015 (figures are in thousands of USD):

As of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Company did not have any significant transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.

The accounting policies of the product sectors are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies except that the disaggregated financial results for the product sectors have been prepared using a management approach, which is consistent with the basis and manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information for the purposes of assisting them in making internal operating decisions. Generally, the Company evaluates performance based on stand-alone product sector operating income and accounts for inter segment sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to third parties, at current market prices.

As of June 30, 2015, the Company had 13 product sectors, five of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Wuhu and Hubei Henglong), and one holding company (Genesis). The other eight sectors were engaged in the production and sale of sensor modular (USAI), automobile steering columns (Jielong), provision of after sales and R&D services (HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (Chongqing Henglong), trade (Brazil Henglong), commercial vehicle repacking and sales (Fujian Qiaolong), manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts (Wuhan Chuguanjie), and design and sales of automobile electronics (Shanghai Henglong). Since the revenues, net income and net assets of these eight sectors collectively are less than 10% of consolidated revenues, net income and net assets, respectively, in the condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements, the Company incorporated these eight sectors into “Other Sectors.”

As of June 30, 2014, the Company had 10 product sectors, five of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Wuhu and Hubei Henglong), and one holding company (Genesis). The other five sectors were engaged in the production and sale of sensor modular (USAI), automobile steering columns (Jielong), provision of after sales and R&D services (HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (Chongqing Henglong) and trade (Brazil Henglong). Since the revenues, net income and net assets of these five sectors collectively are less than 10% of consolidated revenues, net income and net assets, respectively, in the condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements, the Company incorporated these five sectors into “Other Sectors.”

The Company’s product sector information for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2015 and 2014, is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and the other financial information contained elsewhere in this Report.

General Overview

China Automotive Systems, Inc. is a leading power steering systems supplier for the China automobile industry. The Company has business relations with more than sixty vehicle manufacturers, including SAIC Group, BAIC Group, FAW Group, Dongfeng Auto Group and Changan Automobile Group, the five largest automobile manufacturers in China; Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Co., Ltd., the largest light vehicle manufacturer in China; Chery Automobile Co., Ltd, the largest state owned car manufacturer in China; BYD Auto Co., Ltd and Zhejiang Geely Automobile Co., Ltd., the largest privately owned car manufacturers in China. The PRC-based joint ventures of General Motors (GM), Volkswagen, Citroen and Chrysler North America are all key customers. Starting in 2008, the Company has supplied power steering pumps and power steering gear to the Sino-foreign joint ventures established by GM, Citroen and Volkswagen in China. The Company has supplied power steering gears to Chrysler North America since 2009.

Most of the Company’s production and research and development institutes are located in China. The Company has approximately 3,000 employees dedicated to design, development, manufacture and sales of its products. By leveraging its extensive experience, innovative technology and geographic strengths, the Company aims to grow leading positions in automotive power steering systems and to further improve overall margins, long-term operating profitability and cash flows. To achieve these goals and to respond to industry factors and trends, the Company is continuing work to improve its operations and business structure and achieve profitable growth.

Corporate Structure

The Company, through its subsidiaries, engages in the manufacture and sales of automotive systems and components. Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and the holding company of the Company’s joint ventures in the PRC. Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support. CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong,” was established by Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd, “ Hubei Henglong,” as a Sino-foreign joint venture company with two Brazilian citizens in Brazil in August 2012. Fujian Qiaolong was acquired by the Company in the second quarter of 2014, as a joint venture company that mainly manufactures and distributes drainage and rescue vehicles with mass flow, drainage vehicles with vertical downhole operation, crawler-type mobile pump stations, high-altitude water supply and discharge drainage vehicles, long-range control crawler-type mobile pump stations and other vehicles.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The Company prepares its condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Management periodically evaluates the estimates and judgments made. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates as a result of different assumptions or conditions. The following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company considers an accounting estimate to be critical if:

The table below presents information about the nature and rationale for the Company’s critical accounting estimates:

In addition, there are other items within the Company’s financial statements that require estimation, but are not as critical as those discussed above, including provision of accounts and notes receivable. Although not significant in recent years, changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Please see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of Part I of this Report.

Results of Operations

In the second quarter of 2014, the Company acquired a 51.0% equity interest in Fujian Qiaolong. Pursuant to ASC Topic 805, the results of Fujian Qiaolong have been included since the date of acquisition and are reflected in the condensed unaudited consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the three months ended June 30, 2015, and under “Other Sectors” in the Company’s segment reporting. Please refer to Note 3 to the condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements in this Report.

Results of Operations—Three Months Ended June 30, 2015 and 2014

Net Product Sales

Net product sales were $109.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $115.5 million for the same period in 2014, representing a decrease of $6.3 million, or 5.5%. The decrease was mainly due to a decrease in sales of hydraulic power steering gears for passenger vehicles, partially offset by the continuing increase in sales of electronic power steering gears (EPS).

Compared with the same period of 2014, during the three months ended June 30, 2015, sales of hydraulic power steering gears decreased by $11.5 million, while sales of EPS only increased by $5.7 million. 

From January 1, 2015, the National IV emission standard for commercial vehicles has been implemented in China. To meet the upgraded standard, certain OEMs transformed and renovated their existing products which, together with China’s economic slowdown, led to a significant decrease in the production and sales volume of China’s commercial vehicles. Accordingly, the Company’s sales of steering gears for commercial vehicles decreased.

The steering gears that the Company sold to North America significantly increased as a result of the continuing growth of automotive market demand in North America.

In summary, the Company had a decrease in sales volume leading to a sales decrease of $9.7 million, an increase in selling price of steering gears leading to a sales increase of $2.5 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $0.9 million.

Further analysis by segment (before elimination) is as follows:

Cost of Products Sold

For the three months ended June 30, 2015, the cost of products sold was $87.4 million, compared to $93.9 million for the same period of 2014, representing a decrease of $6.5 million, or 6.9%. The decrease in the cost of products sold was mainly due to the net effect of a net decrease in sales volumes which led to a cost of products sold decrease of $7.3 million, an increase in unit cost which led to a cost of products sold increase of $0.1 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar which led to a cost of products sold increase of $0.7 million. Further analysis is as follows:

Gross margin was 20.0% for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to 18.7% in the same period of 2014, representing an increase of 1.3%, mainly due to the decrease in the unit cost of the Company’s products in 2015.

Gain on Other Sales

Gain on other sales mainly consisted of net amount retained from sales of materials, property, plant and equipment, land use rights, and scraps. For the three months ended June 30, 2015, gain on other sales amounted to $0.7 million as compared to $8.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $7.5 million. In the second quarter of 2014, the Company sold the remaining land use rights and recognized a gain of $7.5 million, which represented the difference between the selling price of $8.4 million and the net book value of the land use rights of $0.9 million. There was no such gain in the same period in 2015.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $4.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $4.3 million for the same period of 2014, representing a decrease of $0.3 million, or 7.0%, mainly due to an increase in salaries and wages cost of $0.3 million, a decrease in transportation fees of $0.3 million, a decrease in office expenses of $0.1 million, and a decrease in advertising expenses of $0.2 million.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $3.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $3.8 million for the same period of 2014, which was mainly due to a decrease in salaries and wages cost of $0.1 million, a decrease in audit professional service fees of $0.2 million and an increase in office facilities improvement expenses of $0.3 million.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $6.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $5.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, representing an increase of $1.2 million, or 23.1%. The Company’s research and development expenses were mainly used for the development and trial production of EPS and other new products. Research and development expenditures have continued to be significant in the past three years. In summary, expenses for mold improvement decreased by $0.2 million, external technical support fees increased by $0.8 million, and the salaries and wages expenses of research and development related staff increased by $0.6 million.

The global automotive parts industry is highly competitive; winning and maintaining new business requires suppliers to rapidly produce innovative products on a cost-competitive basis. In the past three years, the Company has continued to purchase advanced manufacturing equipment for newly developed products, hiring senior technicians and actively seeking external technical support.

Income from Operations

Income from operations was $8.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $16.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $8.2 million, or 49.7%, including an increase of $0.2 million in gross profit, a decrease of $7.5 million in gain on other sales and an increase of $ 0.9 million in operating expenses.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net was $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, an increase of $0.2 million, primarily resulting from increased government subsidies.

Interest expense

Interest expense was $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $0.4 million, primarily due to the annual interest rate of the USD loan which was 1.7% during the three months ended June 30, 2015, while it was 2.8% in the same period of last year.

Financial Income, Net

Financial income, net, was $0.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, representing an increase of $0.2 million, which was mainly due to an increase in interest income of $0.2 million.

Income Before Income Tax Expenses and Equity In Earnings Of Affiliated Companies 

Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies was $9.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $16.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $7.4 million, which was mainly due to a decrease in operating income of $8.2 million, an increase in other income of $0.1 million, and an increase in financial income, net of $0.2 million.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $1.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $3.1 million of income tax expense for the three months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $1.6 million, which was mainly due to decreases in income before income tax and the effective tax rate. The income before income tax decreased to $9.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015 from $16.6 million for the same period in 2014 and the effective tax rate decreased to 17.9% from 18.8% as a result of a larger decrease in income before tax of high effective tax rate subsidiaries and a smaller decrease in income before tax of low effective tax rate subsidiaries.

Net Income

Net income was $7.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to net income of $13.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $5.9 million, which was mainly due to a decrease in income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies of $7.4 million, offset by a decrease in income tax expenses of $1.5 million.

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Non-controlling Interests

Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, while net income attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $2.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014.

The Company owns equity interests in twelve non-wholly owned subsidiaries established in the PRC and Brazil, through which it conducts its operations. Except for Beijing Henglong, which is accounted for under the equity method, all the operating results of these non-wholly owned subsidiaries were consolidated in the Company’s financial statements as of June 30, 2015 and 2014. The decrease in net income attributable to non-controlling interests was mainly due to the Company’s acquisition of the non-controlling interests of Henglong and Jiulong in September 2014.

Net Income Attributable to Parent Company’s Common Shareholders

Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders was $7.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015, compared to net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders of $11.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $3.3 million, which was mainly due to a decrease in net income of $6.3 million and the Company’s acquisition of the non-controlling interests of Henglong and Jiulong in September 2014, which led to a decrease in net income attributable to non-controlling interests of $2.6 million.

Results of Operations—Six Months Ended June 30, 2015 and 2014

In the second quarter of 2014, the Company acquired a 51.0% equity interest in Fujian Qiaolong. Pursuant to ASC Topic 805, the results of Fujian Qiaolong have been included since the date of acquisition and are reflected in the condensed unaudited consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the six months ended June 30, 2015, and under “Other Sectors” in the Company’s segment reporting. Please refer to Note 3 to the condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements in this Report.

Net Product Sales

Net product sales were $232.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $229.8 million for the same period in 2014, representing an increase of $2.8 million, or 1.2%. The increase was mainly due to the continuing growth of sales to North America.

During the six months ended June 30, 2015, the Company made a $2.4 million payment to a customer for new product testing services provided by the customer. As the Company cannot reasonably demonstrate that such payment amount represents the fair value of the services provided by its customer, the payment was recorded as a reduction of net sales in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

For the six months ended June 30, 2015, there was an increase in sales of passenger vehicle power steering gears compared with the same period last year, mainly due to the decrease in sales of hydraulic power steering gears, partially offset by the increase in sales of EPS. Compared with the same period of 2014, during the six months ended June 30, 2015, sales of hydraulic power steering gears decreased by $17.7 million, while sales of EPS increased by $18.5 million.

From January 1, 2015, the National IV emission standard for commercial vehicles has been implemented in China. To meet the upgraded standard, certain OEMs transformed and renovated their existing products which, together with China’s economic slowdown, led to a significant decrease in the production and sales volume of China’s commercial vehicles. Accordingly, the Company’s sales of steering gears for commercial vehicles decreased.

The steering gears that the Company sold to North America significantly increased, as a result of the continuing growth of automotive market demand in North America.

In summary, the Company had a decrease in sales volume leading to a sales decrease of $2.4 million, an increase in selling price of steering gears leading to a sales increase of $4.1 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales increase of $1.1 million.

Further analysis by segment (before elimination) is as follows:

Cost of Products Sold

For the six months ended June 30, 2015, the cost of products sold was $189.1 million, compared to $186.9 million for the same period of 2014, representing an increase of $2.3 million, or 1.2%. The increase in the cost of products sold was mainly due to the net effect of a net decrease in sales volumes which led to a cost of products sold decrease of $0.2 million, an increase in unit cost which led to a cost of products sold increase of $1.6 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar which led to a cost of products sold increase of $0.9 million. Further analysis is as follows:

Gross margin was 18.7% for the six months ended June 30, 2015, consistent with 18.7% in the same period of 2014.

Gain on Other Sales

Gain on other sales mainly consisted of net amount retained from sales of materials, property, plant and equipment, land use rights, and scraps. For the six months ended June 30, 2015, gain on other sales amounted to $2.4 million as compared to $9.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $6.7 million. The decrease was mainly due to the Company selling the remaining land use rights and recognizing a gain of $7.5 million in the second quarter of 2014, which represented the difference between the selling price of $8.4 million and the net book value of the land use rights of $0.9 million. There was no such gain in the same period in 2015.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $7.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $7.4 million for the same period of 2014, representing an increase of $0.3 million, or 4.1%, mainly due to an increase in sales volumes which led to an increase in salaries and wages cost of $0.6 million, an increase in office expenses of $0.1 million, a decrease in transportation fees of $0.2 million, a decrease in advertising expenses of $0.1 million, and a decrease in other expenses of $0.1 million.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $8.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $7.3 million for the same period of 2014, representing an increase of $0.9 million, or 12.3%, which was mainly due to an increase in salaries and wages cost of $0.3 million, a decrease in audit professional service fees of $0.2 million and an increase in office facilities improvement expenses of $0.9 million.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $12.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $11.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, representing an increase of $1.2 million, or 10.8%. The Company’s research and development expenses were mainly used for the development and trial production of EPS and other new products. Research and development expenditures have continued to be significant in the past three years. In summary, expenses for mold improvement decreased by $0.4 million, external technical support fees increased by $0.8 million, and the salaries and wages expenses of research and development related staff increased by $0.8 million.

Income from Operations

Income from operations was $17.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $26.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $8.7 million, or 33.1%, including an increase of $0.6 million in gross profit, a decrease of $6.8 million in gain on other sales and an increase of $2.4 million in operating expenses. 

Other Income, Net

Other income, net was $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, consistent with $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014.

Interest expense

Interest expense was $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $0.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $0.3 million, primarily due to the annual interest rate of the USD loan being 1.7% during the three months ended June 30, 2015, while it was 2.8% in the same period of last year.

Financial Income, Net

Financial income, net, was $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $1.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, representing an increase of $0.5 million, which was mainly due to an increase in income of foreign currency exchange of $0.4 million.

Income Before Income Tax Expenses and Equity In Earnings Of Affiliated Companies

Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies was $18.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $26.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $8.0 million, which was mainly due to a decrease in operating income of $8.7 million, a decrease in interest income of $0.3 million, and an increase in financial income, net of $0.5 million.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $3.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to $5.1 million of income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $2.0 million, which was mainly due to decreases in income before income tax and the effective tax rate. The income before income tax decreased to $18.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015 from $26.9 million for the same period in 2014 and the effective tax rate decreased to 16.2% from 19.0% as a result of a decrease in income before tax of high effective tax rate subsidiaries and an increase in income before tax of low effective tax rate subsidiaries.

Net Income

Net income was $16.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to net income of $21.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $5.9 million, which was mainly due to a decrease in income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies of $8.0 million, offset by a decrease in income tax expenses of $2.0 million.

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Non-controlling Interests

Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $0.2 million, while net income attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $4.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014.

The Company owns equity interests in twelve non-wholly owned subsidiaries established in the PRC and Brazil, through which it conducts its operations. Except for Beijing Henglong, which is accounted for under the equity method, all the operating results of these non-wholly owned subsidiaries were consolidated in the Company’s financial statements as of June 30, 2015 and 2014. The decrease in net income attributable to non-controlling interests was mainly due to the Company’s acquisition of the non-controlling interests of Henglong and Jiulong in September 2014.

Net Income Attributable to Parent Company’s Common Shareholders

Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders was $16.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, compared to net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders of $17.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2014, representing a decrease of $1.6 million, which was mainly due to a decrease in net income of $5.9 million and the Company’s acquisition of the non-controlling interests of Henglong and Jiulong in September 2014, which led to a decrease in net income attributable to non-controlling interests of $4.3 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Capital Resources and Use of Cash

The Company has historically financed its liquidity requirements from a variety of sources, including short-term borrowings under bank credit agreements, bankers’ acceptances, issuances of capital stock and notes and internally generated cash. As of June 30, 2015, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, excluding pledged deposit, of $108.6 million, compared to $109.5 million as of December 31, 2014, representing a decrease of $0.9 million, or 0.8%.

The Company had working capital of $205.8 million as of June 30, 2015, compared to $198.1 million as of December 31, 2014, representing an increase of $7.7 million, or 3.9%.

The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the funds in subsidiaries established in the PRC.

The Company believes that, in view of its current cash position as of June 30, 2015, the cash expected to be generated from the operations and funds available from bank borrowings as detailed in subsequent paragraphs will be sufficient to meet its working capital and capital expenditure requirements, including the repayment of bank loans, for at least twelve months commencing from June 30, 2015.

Capital Source

The Company’s capital source is multifaceted, such as bank loans and banker’s acceptance facilities. In financing activities and operating activities, the Company’s banks require the Company to sign line of credit agreements and repay all existing borrowings under such facilities within one year. On the condition that the Company can provide adequate mortgage security and has not violated the terms of the line of credit agreement, such one year facilities can be extended for another year.

The Company had short-term loans of $45.4 million (See Note 14) and bankers’ acceptances of $72.6 million (See Note 15) as of June 30, 2015.

The Company currently expects to be able to obtain similar bank loans, i.e., RMB loans, and bankers’ acceptance facilities in the future if it can provide adequate mortgage security following the termination of the above-mentioned agreements, see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information. If the Company is not able to do so, it will have to refinance such debt as it becomes due or repay that debt to the extent it has cash available from operations or from the proceeds of additional issuances of capital stock. Owing to depreciation, the value of the mortgages securing the above-mentioned bank loans and banker's acceptances will be lowered by approximately $14.1 million over the next 12 months. If the Company wishes to obtain the same amount of bank loans and banker's acceptances, it will have to provide additional mortgages of $14.1 million as of the maturity date of such line of credit agreements, see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information. The Company can still obtain a reduced line of credit with a reduction of $10.6 million, which is 75.07%, the mortgage rate, of $14.1 million, if it cannot provide additional mortgages. The Company expects that the reduction in bank loans will not have a material adverse effect on its liquidity.

Bank Arrangements

As of June 30, 2015, the principal outstanding under the Company’s credit facilities and lines of credit was as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):