CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS INC - Quarter Report: 2017 March (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2017

Or

For the transition period from ________ to _________

Commission file number: 000-33123

China Automotive Systems, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

No. 1 Henglong Road, Yu Qiao Development Zone, Shashi District

Jing Zhou City, Hubei Province, the People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x           No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes x           No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ¨           No x

As of May 11, 2017, the Company had  31,644,004 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.

 CHINA AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS, INC.

INDEX

Cautionary Statement

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements relate to future events or the Company’s future financial performance. The Company has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “can,” “continues,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “should” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties, including the matters set forth in this Quarterly Report or other reports or documents the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time, which could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those projected. Although the Company believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, the Company cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Undue reliance should not be placed on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. The Company’s expectations are as of the date this Form 10-Q is filed, and the Company does not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is filed to conform these statements to actual results, unless required by law. All of the forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to the factors discussed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(In thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

  China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

(In thousands of USD unless otherwise indicated)

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements.

China Automotive Systems, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Three Months Ended March 31, 2017 and 2016

China Automotive Systems, Inc., “China Automotive,” was incorporated in the State of Delaware on June 29, 1999 under the name Visions-In-Glass, Inc. China Automotive, including, when the context so requires, its subsidiaries and the joint ventures described below, is referred to herein as the “Company.” The Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture and sale of automotive systems and components, as described below.

Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance in Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support accordingly.

The Company owns the following aggregate net interests in the following Sino-foreign joint ventures, wholly-owned subsidiaries and joint ventures organized in the People's Republic of China, the “PRC,” and Brazil as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

Basis of Presentation – The accompanying condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. The details of subsidiaries are disclosed in Note 1. Significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. The condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions in Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by such accounting principles for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related footnotes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.

The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited, but in the opinion of the Company’s management, contain all necessary adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, for a fair statement of the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for the interim periods presented.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016 is derived from the Company’s audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, although the Company’s management believes that the disclosures contained in these financial statements are adequate to make the information presented herein not misleading. For further information, please refer to the financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year ending December 31, 2017.

Estimation - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Foreign Currencies - China Automotive, the parent company, and HLUSA maintain their books and records in United States Dollars, “USD,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiaries based in the PRC and Genesis maintain their books and records in Renminbi, “RMB,” their functional currency. The Company’s subsidiary based in Brazil maintains its books and records in Brazilian reais, “BRL,” its functional currency. In accordance with ASC Topic 830, “FASB Accounting Standards Codification”, foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured into the functional currency at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date for monetary items. Nonmonetary items are remeasured at historical rates. Income and expenses are remeasured at the rate in effect on the transaction dates. Transaction gains and losses, if any, are included in the determination of net income for the period. 

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04: Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. To simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill, the Board eliminated Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Under the amendments in this Update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. An entity should apply the amendments in this Update on a prospective basis. An entity is required to disclose the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle upon transition. A public business entity that is a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filer should adopt the amendments in this Update for its annual or any interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. 

There have been no updates to the significant accounting policies set forth in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Short-term investments comprise time deposits with terms of three months or more which are due within one year. The carrying values of time deposits approximate fair value because of their short maturities. The interest earned is recognized in the consolidated statements of income over the contractual term of the deposits.

As of March 31, 2017, the Company had pledged short-term investments of RMB 39.9 million, equivalent to approximately $5.8 million, to secure standby letters of credit under HSBC Bank and China CITIC Bank (Note 13). The use of the pledged short-term investments is restricted.

The Company’s accounts and notes receivable as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s advance payments and others as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 consisted of the following:

The Company’s inventories as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 consisted of the following (figures are in thousands of USD):

Provision for inventories amounted to $0.8 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The Company’s other receivables as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Long-term time deposits are time deposits with maturities of longer than one year. Time deposits with original maturities of longer than one year but due within the next 12 months are included in short-term investments. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, short-term investments include $4.8 million and $4.8 million, respectively, of time deposits with original maturities of longer than one year but due within the next 12 months.

As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had pledged long-term time deposits of RMB 6.0 million (equivalent to approximately $0.9 million) to secure loans under the credit facility issued by ICBC Brazil. The use of the pledged long-term time deposits is restricted (See Note 13).

On January 24, 2010, the Company invested $3.1 million to establish a joint venture company, Beijing Henglong, with Hainachuan. The Company owns 50% of the equity in Beijing Henglong and can exercise significant influence over Beijing Henglong’s operating and financial policies. The Company accounted for Beijing Henglong’s operational results using the equity method. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had $3.8 million and $3.8 million, respectively, of net equity in Beijing Henglong.  

On September 22, 2014, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a venture capital fund, the “Venture Fund”, which mainly focuses on investments in emerging automobiles and parts industries. As of March 31, 2017, Hubei Henglong has completed a capital contribution of RMB 35.0 million, equivalent to approximately $5.3 million, representing 14.7% of the Venture Fund’s shares. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has more than virtually no influence over the Venture Fund’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had $5.4 million and $5.3 million, respectively, of net equity in the Venture Fund.  

In May 2016, Hubei Henglong entered into an agreement with other parties to establish a venture capital fund, the “Chongqing Venture Fund”. Hubei Henglong has committed to make investments of RMB 120.0 million, equivalent to approximately $18.0 million, representing 17.1% of Chongqing Venture Fund’s shares. As of March 31, 2017, Hubei Henglong has completed a capital contribution of RMB 48.0 million, equivalent to approximately $7.0 million, representing 23.5% of Chongqing Venture Fund’s shares. As a limited partner, Hubei Henglong has more than virtually no influence over Chongqing Venture Fund’s operating and financial policies. The investment is accounted for using the equity method. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had $6.8 million and $6.8 million, respectively, of net equity in Chongqing Venture Fund.

In October 2016, Hubei Henglong invested RMB 3.0 million, equivalent to approximately $0.4 million, to establish a joint venture company, Chongqing Jinghua Automotive Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Research Co., Ltd., “Chongqing Jinghua”, with five other parties. The Company owns 30% of the equity in Chongqing Jinghua, and can exercise significant influence over Chongqing Jinghua’s operating and financial policies. The Company accounts for Chongqing Jinghua’s operational results with the equity method. As of March 31, 2017, the Company had $0.4 million of net equity in Chongqing Jinghua.

The Company’s consolidated financial statements reflect the net income of non-consolidated affiliates of $0.1 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The Company’s property, plant and equipment as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s intangible assets as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes”, the Company assesses, on a quarterly basis, its ability to realize its deferred tax assets. Based on the more likely than not standard in the guidance and the weight of available evidence, the Company believes a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets is necessary. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considered the following significant factors: an assessment of recent years’ profitability and losses by tax authorities; the Company’s expectation of profits based on margins and volumes expected to be realized, which are based on current pricing and volume trends; the long period in all significant operating jurisdictions before the expiry of net operating losses, noting further that a portion of the deferred tax asset is composed of deductible temporary differences that are subject to an expiry period until realized under tax law. The Company will continue to evaluate the provision of valuation allowance in future periods.

The components of estimated deferred income tax assets as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Loans consist of the following as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s accounts and notes payable as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s accrued expenses and other payables as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

For the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the warranties activities were as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): 

The Company’s taxes payable as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, advances payable by the Company were $0.7 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

The amounts are special subsidies made by the Chinese government to the Company to offset the costs and charges related to the improvement of production capacities and improvement of the quality of products. For the government subsidies with no further conditions to be met, the amounts are recorded as other income when received; for the amounts with certain operating conditions, the government subsidies are recorded as advances payable when received and will be recorded as a deduction of related expenses and cost when the conditions are met.

The balances are unsecured, interest-free and will be repayable to the Chinese government if the usage of such advance does not continue to qualify for the subsidy.

The Company’s positions in respect of the amounts of additional paid-in capital for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, and the year ended December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the stock options on the grant dates are as follows:

The stock options granted during 2016 were exercisable immediately. Their fair value on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model was $0.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $0.1 million. 

Appropriated

Pursuant to the relevant PRC laws, the profits distribution of the Company’s Sino-foreign subsidiaries, which are based on their PRC statutory financial statements, other than the financial statement that was prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, are available for distribution in the form of cash dividends after these subsidiaries have paid all relevant PRC tax liabilities, provided for losses in previous years, and made appropriations to statutory surplus at 10%.

When the statutory surplus reserve reaches 50% of the registered capital of a company, additional reserve is no longer required. However, the reserve cannot be distributed to joint venture partners. Based on the business licenses of the PRC subsidiaries, the registered capital of Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, USAI, Jielong, Wuhu, Hubei Henglong and Chongqing are $10.0 million, $4.2 million (equivalent to RMB 35.0 million), $8.1 million (equivalent to RMB 67.5 million), $2.6 million, $6.0 million, $3.8 million (equivalent to RMB 30.0 million), $39.0 million and $9.5 million (equivalent to RMB 60.0 million), respectively.

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of appropriated retained earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, and the year ended December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Unappropriated

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the unappropriated retained earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, and the year ended December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the accumulated other comprehensive income for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, and the year ended December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD): 

Treasury stock represents shares repurchased by the Company that are no longer outstanding and are held by the Company. Treasury stock is accounted for under the cost method. On December 18, 2015, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a share repurchase program under which the Company was permitted to repurchase up to $5.0 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market at prevailing market prices or in privately negotiated transactions through December 17, 2016. The repurchase program terminated on December 17, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2016, under the repurchase program, the Company repurchased 477,015 shares of the Company’s common stock for cash consideration of $1.9 million on the open market. The repurchased shares are presented as “treasury stock” on the balance sheet.

The Company’s activities in respect of the amounts of the non-controlling interests’ equity for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, and the year ended December 31, 2016 are summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):  

Gain on other sales mainly consisted of net amount retained from sales of materials, property, plant and equipment, and scraps. For the three months ended March 31, 2017, gain on other sales amounted to $0.8 million, consistent with $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016.  

During the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded financial income, net which is summarized as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company’s subsidiaries registered in the PRC are subject to national and local income taxes within the PRC at the applicable tax rate of 25% on the taxable income as reported in their PRC statutory financial statements in accordance with the relevant income tax laws applicable to foreign invested enterprise, unless preferential tax treatment is granted by local tax authorities. If the enterprise meets certain preferential terms according to the China income tax law, such as assessment as a “High & New Technology Enterprise” by the government, the enterprise will be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15%.

Pursuant to the New China Income Tax Law and the Implementing Rules, “New CIT”, which became effective as of January 1, 2008, dividends generated after January 1, 2008 and payable by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign investors will be subject to a 10% withholding tax if the foreign investors are considered non-resident enterprises without any establishment or place within China or if the dividends payable have no connection with the establishment or place of the foreign investors within China, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement.

Genesis, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary and the direct holder of the equity interests in the Company’s subsidiaries in China, is incorporated in Hong Kong. According to the Mainland China and Hong Kong Taxation Arrangement, dividends paid by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its direct holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5%, if the foreign investor directly owns at least 25% of the shares of the foreign-invested enterprise. Under the New CIT, if Genesis is regarded as a non-resident enterprise, it is required to pay an additional 5% withholding tax for any dividends payable to it from the PRC subsidiaries.

According to PRC tax regulation, the Company should withhold income taxes for the profits distributed from the PRC subsidiaries to Genesis, the subsidiaries’ holding company incorporated in Hong Kong. For the profits that the PRC subsidiaries intended to distribute to Genesis, the Company accrues the withholding income tax as deferred tax liabilities. As of March 31, 2017, the Company has recognized deferred tax liabilities of $0.2 million for the remaining undistributed profits to Genesis of $3.9 million. The Company intended to re-invest the remaining undistributed profits generated from the PRC subsidiaries in those subsidiaries permanently. As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company still has undistributed earnings of approximately $246.4 million and $239.8 million, respectively, from investment in the PRC subsidiaries that are considered permanently reinvested. Had the undistributed earnings been distributed to Genesis and not permanently reinvested, the tax provision as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 of approximately $12.3 million and $12.0 million, respectively, would have been recorded. Such undistributed profits will be reinvested in Genesis and not further distributed to the parent company incorporated in the United States going forward.

In 2014, Jiulong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it is subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% from 2014 to 2016. The Company estimated the applied tax rate in 2017 to be 15% as it is likely to pass the re-assessment in 2017 and continue to qualify as “High & New Technology Enterprise”.

In 2014, Henglong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it is subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% from 2014 to 2016. The Company estimated the applied tax rate in 2017 to be 15% as it is likely to pass the re-assessment in 2017 and continue to qualify as “High & New Technology Enterprise”.

In 2009, Shenyang was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2009, 2010 and 2011. In 2012, the Company passed the re-assessment of the government based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, it continued to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2012, 2013 and 2014. In 2015, the Company passed the re-assessment of the government based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, it continues to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2015, 2016 and 2017.

In 2012, Wuhu was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2013 and 2014. In 2015, the Company passed the re-assessment of the government based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, it continues to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2015 and 2016. The Company estimated the applied tax rate in 2017 to be 15% as it is likely to pass the re-assessment in 2017 and continue to qualify as “High & New Technology Enterprise”.

In 2013, Jielong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise” and, based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2013, 2014 and 2015. In 2016, the Company passed the re-assessment of the government based on PRC income tax laws. Accordingly, it continues to be taxed at the 15% tax rate from 2016 to 2018.

In 2011, Hubei Henglong was awarded the title of “High & New Technology Enterprise”. Based on the PRC income tax law, it was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 15% for 2013. The Company has passed the re-assessment in 2014 and continues to qualify as a “High & New Technology Enterprise”. Accordingly, it continues to be taxed at the 15% tax rate in 2014, 2015 and 2016. The Company estimated the applied tax rate in 2017 to be 15% as it is likely to pass the re-assessment in 2017 and continue to qualify as “High & New Technology Enterprise”.

According to the New CIT, USAI and Testing Center are subject to income tax at a rate of 25% in 2016 and 2017.

Chongqing Henglong was established in 2012. According to the New CIT, Chongqing Henglong is subject to income tax at a uniform rate of 25%. No provision for Chongqing Henglong is made as it had no assessable income for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.

Based on Brazilian income tax laws, Brazil Henglong is subject to income tax at a uniform rate of 15%, and a resident legal person is subject to additional tax at a rate of 10% for the part of taxable income over $0.12 million, equivalent to approximately BRL 0.24 million. The Company had no assessable income in Brazil for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.

The profits tax rate of Hong Kong is 16.5%. No provision for Hong Kong tax is made as Genesis is an investment holding company, and had no assessable income in Hong Kong for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.

The enterprise income tax rate of the United States is 35%. No provision for U.S. tax is made for CAAS and HLUSA as a whole, as the Company had no assessable income in the United States for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016.

The Company’s effective tax rate was 16.8% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared with 16.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2016, respectively.

Basic income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and dilutive ordinary share equivalents outstanding during the period. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options is determined based on the treasury stock method.

The calculation of basic and diluted income per share attributable to the parent company for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, was (figures are in thousands of USD, except share and per share amounts):

As of March 31, 2017 and 2016, the exercise prices for 90,000 shares and 82,500 shares, respectively, of outstanding stock options were above the weighted average market price of the Company’s common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and these stock options were excluded from the calculation of the diluted income per share for the corresponding periods presented.

A significant portion of the Company’s business is conducted in China where the currency is the RMB. Regulations in China permit foreign owned entities to freely convert the RMB into foreign currency for transactions that fall under the "current account," which includes trade related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Accordingly, the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries may use RMB to purchase foreign exchange for settlement of such "current account" transactions without pre-approval. However, pursuant to applicable regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with the PRC law. In calculating accumulated profits, foreign investment enterprises in China are required to allocate at least 10% of their annual net income each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds, including mandated employee benefits funds, unless these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises.

Transactions other than those that fall under the "current account" and that involve conversion of RMB into foreign currency are classified as "capital account" transactions; examples of "capital account" transactions include repatriations of investment by or loans to foreign owners, or direct equity investments in a foreign entity by a China domiciled entity. "Capital account" transactions require prior approval from China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, or its provincial branch to convert a remittance into a foreign currency, such as USD, and transmit the foreign currency outside of China.

This system could be changed at any time and any such change may affect the ability of the Company or its subsidiaries in China to repatriate capital or profits, if any, outside China. Furthermore, SAFE has a significant degree of administrative discretion in implementing the laws and has used this discretion to limit convertibility of current account payments out of China. Whether as a result of a deterioration in the Chinese balance of payments, a shift in the Chinese macroeconomic prospects or any number of other reasons, China could impose additional restrictions on capital remittances abroad. As a result of these and other restrictions under the laws and regulations of the PRC, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the parent. The Company has no assurance that the relevant Chinese governmental authorities in the future will not limit further or eliminate the ability of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries to purchase foreign currencies and transfer such funds to the Company to meet its liquidity or other business needs. Any inability to access funds in China, if and when needed for use by the Company outside of China, could have a material and adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity and its business.

The Company grants credit to its customers including Xiamen Joylon, Xiamen Automotive Parts, Shanghai Fenglong and Jingzhou Yude, which are related parties of the Company. The Company’s customers are mostly located in the PRC.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company’s ten largest customers accounted for 62.9% of its consolidated net product sales, with one customer individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales i.e., 12.9%. As of March 31, 2017, approximately 5.1% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned customer, and there was no individual customer with a receivables balance of more than 10% of total accounts receivable.

During the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company’s ten largest customers accounted for 67.1% of its consolidated net product sales, with two customers individually accounting for more than 10% of consolidated net sales, i.e., 12.4% and 12.1%. As of March 31, 2016, approximately 13.8% of accounts receivable were from trade transactions with the aforementioned two customers, and there was no individual customer with a receivables balance of more than 10% of total accounts receivable.

Related party transactions are as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

Related sales

Related purchases

Loan transaction to a related party 

Related receivables

Related advances and loan balance

Related payables

These transactions were consummated under similar terms as those with the Company's third party customers and suppliers.

As of May 11, 2017, Hanlin Chen, the Company’s Chairman, owns 56.4% of the common stock of the Company and has the effective power to control the vote on substantially all significant matters without the approval of other stockholders.

Legal proceedings

The Company is not a party to any pending or, to the best of the Company’s knowledge, any threatened legal proceedings. In addition, no director, officer or affiliate of the Company, or owner of record of more than five percent of the securities of the Company, or any associate of any such director, officer or security holder is a party adverse to the Company or has a material interest adverse to the Company in reference to pending litigation.

Other commitments and contingencies

In addition to the bank loans, notes payables and the related interest, the following table summarizes the Company’s major commitments and contingencies as of March 31, 2017 (figures are in thousands of USD):  

As of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company did not have any significant transactions, obligations or relationships that could be considered off-balance sheet arrangements.

The accounting policies of the product sectors are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies except that the disaggregated financial results for the product sectors have been prepared using a management approach, which is consistent with the basis and manner in which management internally disaggregates financial information for the purposes of assisting them in making internal operating decisions. Generally, the Company evaluates performance based on stand-alone product sector operating income and accounts for inter segment sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to third parties, at current market prices.

As of March 31, 2017, the Company had 11 product sectors, five of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Wuhu and Hubei Henglong), and one holding company (Genesis). The other six sectors were engaged in the production and sale of sensor modular (USAI), automobile steering columns (Jielong), provision of after sales and R&D services (HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (Chongqing Henglong), trade (Brazil Henglong), and manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts (Wuhan Chuguanjie). Since the revenues, net income and net assets of these six sectors collectively are less than 10% of consolidated revenues, net income and net assets, respectively, in the condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements, the Company incorporated these six sectors into “Other Sectors.”

As of March 31, 2016, the Company had 12 product sectors, five of which were principal profit makers and were reported as separate sectors and engaged in the production and sales of power steering (Henglong, Jiulong, Shenyang, Wuhu and Hubei Henglong), and one holding company (Genesis). The other seven sectors were engaged in the production and sale of sensor modular (USAI), automobile steering columns (Jielong), provision of after sales and R&D services (HLUSA), production and sale of power steering (Chongqing Henglong), trade (Brazil Henglong), commercial vehicle repacking and sales (Fujian Qiaolong), and manufacture and sales of automobile electronic systems and parts (Wuhan Chuguanjie). Since the revenues, net income and net assets of these seven sectors collectively are less than 10% of consolidated revenues, net income and net assets, respectively, in the condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements, the Company incorporated these seven sectors into “Other Sectors.” 

The Company’s product sector information for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and 2016, is as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company’s condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and the other financial information contained elsewhere in this Report.

General Overview

China Automotive Systems, Inc. is a leading power steering systems supplier for the China automobile industry. The Company has business relations with more than sixty vehicle manufacturers, including JAC Motors, Changan Automobile Group, BAIC Group, SAIC Group and Dongfeng Auto Group, the five largest automobile manufacturers in China; Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Co., Ltd., the largest light vehicle manufacturer in China; Chery Automobile Co., Ltd., the largest state owned car manufacturer in China; BYD Auto Co., Ltd. and Zhejiang Geely Automobile Co., Ltd., the largest privately owned car manufacturers in China. The PRC-based joint ventures of General Motors (GM), Volkswagen, Citroen and Chrysler North America are all key customers. Starting in 2008, the Company has supplied power steering pumps and power steering gear to the Sino-foreign joint ventures established by GM, Citroen and Volkswagen in China. The Company has supplied power steering gears to Chrysler North America since 2009.

Most of the Company’s production and research and development institutes are located in China. The Company has approximately 3,000 employees dedicated to design, development, manufacture and sales of its products. By leveraging its extensive experience, innovative technology and geographic strengths, the Company aims to grow leading positions in automotive power steering systems and to further improve overall margins, long-term operating profitability and cash flows. To achieve these goals and to respond to industry factors and trends, the Company is continuing work to improve its operations and business structure and achieve profitable growth.

Corporate Structure

The Company, through its subsidiaries, engages in the manufacture and sales of automotive systems and components. Great Genesis Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong on January 3, 2003 under the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong as a limited liability company, “Genesis,” is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and the holding company of the Company’s joint ventures in the PRC. Henglong USA Corporation, “HLUSA,” incorporated on January 8, 2007 in Troy, Michigan, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and mainly engages in marketing of automotive parts in North America, and provides after-sales service and research and development support. CAAS Brazil’s Imports And Trade In Automotive Parts Ltd., “Brazil Henglong,” was established by Hubei Henglong Automotive System Group Co., Ltd., formerly known as Jingzhou Hengsheng Automotive System Co., Ltd., “Hubei Henglong,” as a Sino-foreign joint venture company with two Brazilian citizens in Brazil in August 2012. Fujian Qiaolong was acquired by the Company in the second quarter of 2014, as a joint venture company that mainly manufactures and distributes drainage and rescue vehicles with mass flow, drainage vehicles with vertical downhole operation, crawler-type mobile pump stations, high-altitude water supply and discharge drainage vehicles, long-range control crawler-type mobile pump stations and other vehicles, which was disposed of by the Company in the second quarter of 2016.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The Company prepares its condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Management periodically evaluates the estimates and judgments made. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates as a result of different assumptions or conditions. The following critical accounting policies affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company considers an accounting estimate to be critical if:

 The table below presents information about the nature and rationale for the Company’s critical accounting estimates:

In addition, there are other items within the Company’s financial statements that require estimation, but are not as critical as those discussed above, including provision of accounts and notes receivable. Although not significant in recent years, changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Please see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements under Item 1 of Part I of this Report.

Results of Operations

Results of Operations—Three Months Ended March 31, 2017 and 2016

Net Product Sales

Net product sales were $119.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to $116.9 million for the same period in 2016, representing an increase of $ 2.4 million, or 2.1%.

The Company’s net product sales were affected by the change in the product mix. Net sales of traditional steering products were $89.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to $84.8 million for the same period in 2016, representing an increase of $4.7 million, or 5.5 %. Net sales of EPS were $29.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to $32.1 million for the same period in 2016, representing a decrease of $2.3 million, or 7.2 %. As a percentage of net sales, sales of EPS were 25.5 % for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to 27.5 % for the same period in 2016. The increase in net product sales was mainly due to increased sales and the changes in the product mix in the three months ended March 31, 2017.

The depreciation of China’s currency, the RMB, against the U.S. dollar in the first quarter of 2017 as compared to the first quarter of 2016 had a negative impact on net sales as more than 80% of the Company’s business is conducted in China.

In summary, the Company had an increase in sales volume leading to a sales increase of $15.8 million, a decrease in average selling price of steering gears leading to a sales decrease of $6.7 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar, which led to a sales decrease of $6.7 million.

Further analysis by segment (before elimination) is as follows:

Cost of Products Sold

For the three months ended March 31, 2017, the cost of products sold was $97.7 million, compared to $95.8 million for the same period of 2016, representing an increase of $1.8million, or 1.9%. The increase in the cost of products sold was mainly due to the net effect of a net increase in sales volumes which led to a cost of products sold increase of $12.4 million, a decrease in unit cost which led to a cost of products sold decrease of $4.9 million, and the effect of foreign currency translation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar which led to a cost of products sold decrease of $5.7 million. Further analysis is as follows:

Gross margin was 18.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to 18.0% for the same period of 2016, representing an increase of 0.1%, mainly due to increased sales and the changes in the product mix in the three months ended March 31, 2017.

Gain on Other Sales

Gain on other sales mainly consisted of net amount retained from sales of materials, property, plant and equipment, land use rights, and scraps. For the three months ended March 31, 2017, gain on other sales amounted to $0.8 million, substantially consistent with $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $4.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to $4.3 million for the same period of 2016, representing a decrease of $0.2 million, or 4.7%, which was mainly due to the Company’s decreased marketing activities.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $4.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, substantially consistent with $4.3 million for the same period of 2016.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $6.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, as compared to $6.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, representing an increase of $0.7 million, or 11.5%, which was mainly due to increased expenditures on R&D activities for EPS products. The Company’s research and development expenses were mainly used for the development and trial production of EPS and other new products. The Company’s research and development expenditures have continued to be significant in the past several years.

The global automotive parts industry is highly competitive; winning and maintaining new business requires suppliers to rapidly produce innovative products on a cost-competitive basis. In the past several years, the Company has continued to purchase advanced manufacturing equipment for newly developed products, hiring senior technicians and actively seeking external technical support.

Income from Operations

Income from operations was $7.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to $7.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, representing an increase of $0.1 million, or 1.4%, including an increase of $0.6 million in gross profit, and an increase of $0.4 million in operating expenses.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net was $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to other expense, net of $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, representing a decrease of $0.3 million, or 50.0%, primarily as a result of an increase in the unspecific purpose subsidies being recognized in the first quarter of 2017.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, substantially consistent with $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Financial Income, Net

Financial income, net, was $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, consistent with $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Income Before Income Tax Expenses and Equity in Earnings of Affiliated Companies

Income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies was $7.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to $6.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, representing an increase of $0.6 million, or 9.2%, which was mainly due to an increase in operating income of $0.1 million and a decrease in other expense of $0.3 million.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $1.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to $1.1 million of income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2016, representing an increase of $0.1 million, or 9.1%. The income before income tax increased to $7.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 from $6.5 million for the same period in 2016 and the effective tax rate increased to 16.8% from 16.1%, which was mainly due to an increase in income before tax of high effective tax rate subsidiaries and a decrease in income before tax of low effective tax rate subsidiaries.

Net Income

Net income was $5.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, compared to net income of $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016, representing an increase of $0.4 million, or 7.3%, which was mainly due to an increase in income before income tax expenses and equity in earnings of affiliated companies of $0.6 million and an increase in income tax of $0.1 million.

Net Income / (Loss) Attributable to Non-controlling Interests

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, while net loss attributable to non-controlling interests amounted to $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

The Company owns equity interests in nine non-wholly owned subsidiaries established in the PRC and Brazil, through which it conducts its operations. Except for Beijing Henglong and Chongqing Jinghua, which are accounted for under the equity method, all the operating results of these non-wholly owned subsidiaries were consolidated in the Company’s financial statements as of March 31, 2017 and 2016.

Net Income Attributable to Parent Company’s Common Shareholders

Net income attributable to parent company’s common shareholders was $5.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017, consistent with $5.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Capital Resources and Use of Cash

The Company has historically financed its liquidity requirements from a variety of sources, including short-term borrowings under bank credit agreements, bankers’ acceptances, issuances of capital stock and notes and internally generated cash. As of March 31, 2017, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and time deposits included in short-term investments of $59.5 million, compared to $61.6 million as of December 31, 2016, representing a decrease of $2.1 million, or 3.4%. Short-term investments included pledged short-term investments of $5.8 million and $5.7 million as of March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

The Company had working capital (total current assets less total current liabilities) of $168.1 million as of March 31, 2017, compared to $161.0 million as of December 31, 2016, representing an increase of $7.1 million, or 4.4%.

The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the funds in subsidiaries established in the PRC.

The Company believes that, in view of its current cash position, the cash expected to be generated from the operations and funds available from bank borrowings as detailed in subsequent paragraphs will be sufficient to meet its working capital and capital expenditure requirements, including the repayment of bank loans, for at least twelve months commencing from the date of this report.

Capital Source

The Company’s capital source is multifaceted, such as bank loans and banker’s acceptance facilities. In financing activities and operating activities, the Company’s banks require the Company to sign line of credit agreements and repay all existing borrowings under such facilities within one year. On the condition that the Company can provide adequate mortgage security and has not violated the terms of the line of credit agreement, such one year facilities can be extended for another year.

The Company had short-term loans of $69.2 million (See Note 13) and bankers’ acceptances of $83.9 million (See Note 14) as of March 31, 2017.

The Company currently expects to be able to obtain similar bank loans, i.e., RMB loans, and bankers’ acceptance facilities in the future if it can provide adequate mortgage security following the termination of the above-mentioned agreements, see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information. If the Company is not able to do so, it will have to refinance such debt as it becomes due or repay that debt to the extent it has cash available from operations or from the proceeds of additional issuances of capital stock. Owing to depreciation, the value of the mortgages securing the above-mentioned bank loans and banker's acceptances will be reduced by approximately $15.2 million over the next 12 months. If the Company wishes to obtain the same amount of bank loans and banker's acceptances, it will have to provide additional mortgages of $15.2 million as of the maturity date of such line of credit agreements, see the table under “Bank Arrangements” below for more information. The Company can still obtain a reduced line of credit with a reduction of $10.4 million, which is 68.4%, the mortgage rate, of $15.2 million, if it cannot provide additional mortgages. The Company expects that the reduction in bank loans will not have a material adverse effect on its liquidity.

Bank Arrangements

As of March 31, 2017, the principal outstanding under the Company’s credit facilities and lines of credit was as follows (figures are in thousands of USD):

The Company may request the banks to issue notes payable or bank loans within its credit line using a 365-day revolving line.

The Company’s loan terms range from eleven months to eighteen months. Pursuant to the comprehensive credit line arrangement, the Company pledged and guaranteed:

Cash Requirements

The following table summarizes the Company’s expected cash outflows resulting from financial contracts and commitments (in thousands of USD). The Company has not included information on its recurring purchases of materials for use in its manufacturing operations. These amounts are generally consistent from year to year, closely reflecting the Company’s levels of production, and are not long-term in nature (being less than three months in length).

Short-term Bank Loans

The following table summarizes the contract information of short-term borrowings between the banks and the Company as of March 31, 2017 (figures are in thousands of USD).