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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-Q

þ	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2017

OR

¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from             to             

Commission File No. 1-11778

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CHUBB LIMITED

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Switzerland	98-0091805
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Baerengasse 32

Zurich, Switzerland CH-8001

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

+41 (0)43 456 76 00

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

YES þ                                                 NO  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

YES þ                                                 NO  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” "smaller reporting company," and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer þ						Accelerated filer ¨
Non-accelerated filer ¨	(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)					Smaller reporting company ¨
						Emerging growth company ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

YES ¨                                                NO  þ

The number of registrant’s Common Shares (CHF 24.15 par value) outstanding as of October 20, 2017 was 464,221,986.

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CHUBB LIMITED

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q

 

Part I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION		Page
Item 1.	Financial Statements:
	Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016		3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016		4
	Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016		5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016		6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Note 1.	General	7
	Note 2.	Acquisition	8
	Note 3.	Investments	9
	Note 4.	Fair value measurements	14
	Note 5.	Unpaid losses and loss expenses	22
	Note 6.	Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees	28
	Note 7.	Shareholders’ equity	33
	Note 8.	Share-based compensation	34
	Note 9.	Postretirement benefits	35
	Note 10.	Segment information	36
	Note 11.	Earnings per share	38
	Note 12.	Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries	39
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		45
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		89
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures		92
Part II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings		92
Item 1A.	Risk Factors		92
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities		92
Item 6.	Exhibits		93

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PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	September 30				December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)	2017				2016
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost – $82,254 and $79,536)	$	83,686			$	80,115
(includes hybrid financial instruments of nil and $2)
Fixed maturities held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value – $10,365 and $10,670)	10,160				10,644
Equity securities, at fair value (cost – $723 and $706)	910				814
Short-term investments, at fair value and amortized cost	2,991				3,002
Other investments (cost – $4,429 and $4,270)	4,677				4,519
Total investments	102,424				99,094
Cash	1,088				985
Securities lending collateral	1,757				1,092
Accrued investment income	911				918
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	9,551				8,970
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	14,799				13,577
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	193				182
Deferred policy acquisition costs	4,691				4,314
Value of business acquired	339				355
Goodwill	15,707				15,332
Other intangible assets	6,558				6,763
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	2,506				2,448
Investments in partially-owned insurance companies	652				666
Other assets	6,402				5,090
Total assets	$	167,578			$	159,786
Liabilities
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	64,153			$	60,540
Unearned premiums	15,456				14,779
Future policy benefits	5,307				5,036
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable	5,827				5,637
Securities lending payable	1,757				1,093
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	9,173				8,617
Deferred tax liabilities	1,139				988
Repurchase agreements	1,408				1,403
Short-term debt	1,020				500
Long-term debt	11,559				12,610
Trust preferred securities	308				308
Total liabilities	117,107				111,511
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity
Common Shares (CHF 24.15 par value; 479,783,864 shares issued; 464,158,519 and 465,968,716 shares outstanding)	11,121				11,121
Common Shares in treasury (15,625,345 and 13,815,148 shares)	(1,877		)		(1,480		)
Additional paid-in capital	14,217				15,335
Retained earnings	25,941				23,613
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI)	1,069				(314		)
Total shareholders’ equity	50,471				48,275
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	167,578			$	159,786

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Revenues
Net premiums written	$	7,902			$	7,573			$	22,193			$	21,207
Decrease (increase) in unearned premiums	(95		)		115				(377		)		483
Net premiums earned	7,807				7,688				21,816				21,690
Net investment income	813				739				2,328				2,121
Net realized gains (losses):
Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses gross	(8		)		(12		)		(36		)		(99		)
Portion of OTTI losses recognized in other comprehensive income (OCI)	—				—				1				8
Net OTTI losses recognized in income	(8		)		(12		)		(35		)		(91		)
Net realized gains (losses) excluding OTTI losses	(2		)		112				119				(419		)
Total net realized gains (losses) (includes $10, $33, $27, and $(117) reclassified from AOCI)	(10		)		100				84				(510		)
Total revenues	8,610				8,527				24,228				23,301
Expenses
Losses and loss expenses	6,247				4,269				14,182				12,197
Policy benefits	169				155				500				427
Policy acquisition costs	1,488				1,514				4,334				4,487
Administrative expenses	714				772				2,096				2,373
Interest expense	150				152				451				451
Other (income) expense	(118		)		(91		)		(333		)		(92		)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	65				4				194				16
Chubb integration expenses	50				115				233				361
Total expenses	8,765				6,890				21,657				20,220
Income (loss) before income tax	(155		)		1,637				2,571				3,081
Income tax expense (benefit) (includes nil, $11, $3 and $16 on reclassified unrealized gains and losses)	(85		)		277				243				556
Net income (loss)	$	(70	)		$	1,360			$	2,328			$	2,525
Other comprehensive income
Unrealized appreciation	$	153			$	247			$	919			$	2,099
Reclassification adjustment for net realized (gains) losses included in net income (loss)	(10		)		(33		)		(27		)		117
	143				214				892				2,216
Change in:
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment	665				(124		)		901				269
Postretirement benefit liability adjustment	(63		)		5				(118		)		8
Other comprehensive income, before income tax	745				95				1,675				2,493
Income tax expense related to OCI items	(46		)		(79		)		(292		)		(561		)
Other comprehensive income	699				16				1,383				1,932
Comprehensive income	$	629			$	1,376			$	3,711			$	4,457
Earnings (loss) per share
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	(0.15	)		$	2.90			$	4.98			$	5.48
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	(0.15	)		$	2.88			$	4.94			$	5.44

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016
Common Shares
Balance – beginning of period	$	11,121			$	7,833
Shares issued for Chubb Corp acquisition	—				3,288
Balance – end of period	11,121				11,121
Common Shares in treasury
Balance – beginning of period	(1,480		)		(1,922		)
Common Shares repurchased	(707		)		—
Net shares redeemed under employee share-based compensation plans	310				372
Balance – end of period	(1,877		)		(1,550		)
Additional paid-in capital
Balance – beginning of period	15,335				4,481
Shares issued for Chubb Corp acquisition	—				11,916
Equity awards assumed in Chubb Corp acquisition	—				323
Net shares redeemed under employee share-based compensation plans	(311		)		(365		)
Exercise of stock options	(43		)		(44		)
Share-based compensation expense and other	223				250
Funding of dividends declared to Retained earnings	(987		)		(960		)
Balance – end of period	14,217				15,601
Retained earnings
Balance – beginning of period	23,613				19,478
Net income	2,328				2,525
Funding of dividends declared from Additional paid-in capital	987				960
Dividends declared on Common Shares	(987		)		(960		)
Balance – end of period	25,941				22,003
Accumulated other comprehensive income
Net unrealized appreciation on investments
Balance – beginning of period	1,058				874
Change in period, before reclassification from AOCI, net of income tax     expense of $(310) and $(559)	609				1,540
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of income tax benefit of $3 and $16	(24		)		133
Change in period, net of income tax expense of $(307) and $(543)	585				1,673
Balance – end of period	1,643				2,547
Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment
Balance – beginning of period	(1,663		)		(1,539		)
Change in period, net of income tax expense of $(14) and $(18)	887				251
Balance – end of period	(776		)		(1,288		)
Postretirement benefit liability adjustment
Balance – beginning of period	291				(70		)
Change in period, net of income tax benefit of $29 and nil	(89		)		8
Balance – end of period	202				(62		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	1,069				1,197
Total shareholders’ equity	$	50,471			$	48,372

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	Nine Months Ended September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016
Cash flows from operating activities
Net income	$	2,328			$	2,525
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flows from operating activities
Net realized (gains) losses	(84		)		510
Amortization of premiums/discounts on fixed maturities	526				558
Amortization of UPR related to the Chubb Corp acquisition	—				1,415
Deferred income taxes	(151		)		(13		)
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	2,789				916
Unearned premiums	340				(547		)
Future policy benefits	186				129
Insurance and reinsurance balances payable	247				149
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	(828		)		(109		)
Income taxes payable	(262		)		308
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	(339		)		(201		)
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	(976		)		(241		)
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	(10		)		(6		)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(256		)		(1,316		)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	(14		)		33
Other	(85		)		(273		)
Net cash flows from operating activities	3,411				3,837
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	(18,478		)		(23,837		)
Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity	(262		)		(189		)
Purchases of equity securities	(125		)		(100		)
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	9,215				13,863
Sales of equity securities	152				963
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale	7,699				6,936
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity	644				627
Net change in short-term investments	44				11,866
Net derivative instruments settlements	(170		)		(181		)
Acquisition of subsidiaries (net of cash acquired of nil and $71)	—				(14,248		)
Other	(62		)		26
Net cash flows used for investing activities	(1,343		)		(4,274		)
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends paid on Common Shares	(978		)		(851		)
Common Shares repurchased	(707		)		—
Repayment of long-term debt	(500		)		—
Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements	1,798				1,457
Repayment of repurchase agreements	(1,793		)		(1,455		)
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans	109				117
Policyholder contract deposits	312				473
Policyholder contract withdrawals	(211		)		(247		)
Other	—				(4		)
Net cash flows used for financing activities	(1,970		)		(510		)
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	5				42
Net increase (decrease) in cash	103				(905		)
Cash – beginning of period	985				1,775
Cash – end of period	$	1,088			$	870
Supplemental cash flow information
Taxes paid	$	652			$	360
Interest paid	$	404			$	390

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

1. General

a) Basis of presentation

Chubb Limited is a holding company incorporated in Zurich, Switzerland. Chubb Limited, through its subsidiaries, provides a broad range of insurance and reinsurance products to insureds worldwide. Chubb operates through the following business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. Refer to Note 10 for additional information.

The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of Chubb Limited and its subsidiaries (collectively, Chubb, we, us, or our), have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments (consisting of normally recurring accruals) necessary for a fair statement of the results and financial position for such periods. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions, including internal reinsurance transactions, have been eliminated.

The results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2016 Form 10-K.

b) Goodwill

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, Goodwill increased $375 million, primarily reflecting the impact of foreign exchange.

c) Debt

In February 2017, Chubb INA Holdings Inc.’s $500 million of 5.7 percent senior notes matured and were fully paid. In 2017, we reclassified $300 million of the 5.8 percent senior notes ($300 million par value due to mature in March 2018), $616 million of the 5.75 percent senior notes ($600 million par value due to mature in May 2018), and $104 million of the 6.6 percent senior notes ($100 million par value due to mature in August 2018), from Long-term debt to Short-term debt in the Consolidated balance sheets.

Effective April 15, 2017, the interest rate on our $1.0 billion of unsecured junior subordinated capital securities converted to a floating rate, equal to the three-month LIBOR plus 2.25 percentage points. Previously, these capital securities carried interest at a rate of 6.375 percent. The current interest rate, at the time of this filing, on these securities is 3.61 percent. The scheduled maturity date for these securities is April 15, 2037.

d) Accounting guidance adopted in 2017

Stock Compensation

Effective January 2017, we prospectively adopted new guidance on stock compensation which requires recognition of the excess tax benefits or deficiencies of share-based compensation awards to employees through net income rather than through additional paid in capital. The calculation of the excess tax benefits or deficiencies is based on the difference between the market value of a stock award at the date of vesting, or at the time of exercise for a stock option, compared to the grant date fair value recognized as compensation expense in the Consolidated statements of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the excess tax benefit recorded to Income tax expense in the Consolidated statement of operations was $14 million and $44 million, respectively. Additionally, the guidance allowed for an election to account for forfeitures related to share-based payments either as they occur or through an estimation method. We elected to retain our current accounting for compensation expense using a forfeiture estimation process.

  

e) Accounting guidance not yet adopted

Goodwill Impairment

In January 2017, the FASB issued updated guidance on goodwill impairment testing that eliminates Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test requiring entities to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill through a hypothetical purchase price allocation. Under the updated guidance, impairment will now be recognized as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value. The standard will be effective for us in the first quarter of 2020 on a prospective basis with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities

In March 2017, the FASB issued guidance on the amortization period for purchased callable debt securities held at a premium. The guidance requires the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. Under current guidance, premiums generally are amortized over the contracted life of the security. This guidance is effective for us in the first quarter of 2019 on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings. Early adoption is permitted. Securities held at a discount do not require an accounting change. We are in the process of evaluating the effect the updated guidance will have on our financial condition and results of operations.

Refer to the 2016 Form 10-K for information on other accounting guidance not yet adopted.

2. Acquisition

The Chubb Corporation (Chubb Corp)

On January 14, 2016, we completed the acquisition of Chubb Corp, a leading provider of middle-market commercial, specialty, surety, and personal insurance for $29.5 billion, comprising $14.3 billion in cash and $15.2 billion in newly-issued stock. In addition, we assumed outstanding equity awards to employees and directors with an attributed value of $323 million. The total consideration, including the assumption of equity awards, was $29.8 billion. We recognized goodwill of $10.5 billion, attributable to expected growth and profitability, none of which is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. Refer to the 2016 Form 10-K for additional information on this acquisition.

The consolidated financial statements include the results of Chubb Corp from the acquisition date.

The following table summarizes the results of the acquired Chubb Corp operations within our 2016 Consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented:

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2016				January 14, 2016 to September 30, 2016
Total revenues	$	2,656			$	7,888
Net income	$	483			$	1,064

The following table provides supplemental unaudited pro forma consolidated information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as if Chubb Corp had been acquired as of January 1, 2015. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial statements are presented solely for informational purposes and are not necessarily indicative of the consolidated results of operations that might have been achieved had the transaction been completed as of the date indicated, nor are they meant to be indicative of any anticipated consolidated future results of operations that the combined company will experience after the transaction.

Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share data)	September 30, 2016				September 30, 2016
Total revenues	$	8,521			$	23,758
Net income	$	1,345			$	2,591
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share	$	2.87			$	5.54
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.85			$	5.50

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

3. Investments

a) Fixed maturities

 

September 30, 2017	Amortized Cost				Gross Unrealized Appreciation				Gross Unrealized Depreciation				Fair Value				OTTI Recognized in AOCI
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Available for sale
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	3,571			$	38			$	(27	)		$	3,582			$	—
Foreign	22,516				690				(107		)		23,099				(2		)
Corporate securities	24,555				754				(83		)		25,226				(4		)
Mortgage-backed securities	15,369				157				(115		)		15,411				(1		)
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	16,243				172				(47		)		16,368				—
	$	82,254			$	1,811			$	(379	)		$	83,686			$	(7	)
Held to maturity
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	611			$	13			$	(3	)		$	621			$	—
Foreign	616				28				—				644				—
Corporate securities	2,531				63				(5		)		2,589				—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,223				35				—				1,258				—
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	5,179				77				(3		)		5,253				—
	$	10,160			$	216			$	(11	)		$	10,365			$	—

December 31, 2016	Amortized Cost				Gross Unrealized Appreciation				Gross Unrealized Depreciation				Fair Value				OTTI Recognized in AOCI
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Available for sale
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	2,883			$	32			$	(45	)		$	2,870			$	—
Foreign	20,929				636				(125		)		21,440				(5		)
Corporate securities	23,736				580				(167		)		24,149				(8		)
Mortgage-backed securities	14,066				135				(194		)		14,007				(1		)
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	17,922				72				(345		)		17,649				—
	$	79,536			$	1,455			$	(876	)		$	80,115			$	(14	)
Held to maturity
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	655			$	9			$	(3	)		$	661			$	—
Foreign	640				28				(1		)		667				—
Corporate securities	2,771				50				(26		)		2,795				—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,393				35				—				1,428				—
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	5,185				26				(92		)		5,119				—
	$	10,644			$	148			$	(122	)		$	10,670			$	—

As discussed in Note 3 c), if a credit loss is incurred on an impaired fixed maturity, an OTTI is considered to have occurred and the portion of the impairment not related to credit losses (non-credit OTTI) is recognized in OCI. Included in the “OTTI Recognized in AOCI” columns above are the cumulative amounts of non-credit OTTI recognized in OCI adjusted for subsequent sales, maturities, and redemptions. OTTI recognized in AOCI does not include the impact of subsequent changes in fair value of the related securities. In periods subsequent to a recognition of OTTI in OCI, changes in the fair value of the related fixed maturities are reflected in Net unrealized appreciation on investments in the Consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, $1 million of net unrealized appreciation and $2 million of net unrealized depreciation, respectively, related to such securities is included in OCI. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, $13 million and $57 million, respectively, of net unrealized appreciation related to such securities is

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

included in OCI. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, AOCI included cumulative net unrealized appreciation of $7 million and $10 million, respectively, related to securities remaining in the investment portfolio for which a non-credit OTTI was recognized.

Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) issued by U.S. government agencies are combined with all other to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) held (refer to Note 6 c) (iv)) and are included in the category, “Mortgage-backed securities”. Approximately 82 percent and 81 percent of the total mortgage-backed securities at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, are represented by investments in U.S. government agency bonds. The remainder of the mortgage exposure consists of collateralized mortgage obligations and non-government mortgage-backed securities, the majority of which provide a planned structure for principal and interest payments and carry a rating of AAA by the major credit rating agencies.

The following table presents fixed maturities by contractual maturity:

					September 30								December 31
					2017								2016
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Amortized Cost				Fair Value				Amortized Cost				Fair Value
Available for sale
Due in 1 year or less	$	3,532			$	3,556			$	3,892			$	3,913
Due after 1 year through 5 years	24,918				25,397				24,027				24,429
Due after 5 years through 10 years	28,009				28,488				27,262				27,379
Due after 10 years	10,426				10,834				10,289				10,387
	66,885				68,275				65,470				66,108
Mortgage-backed securities	15,369				15,411				14,066				14,007
	$	82,254			$	83,686			$	79,536			$	80,115
Held to maturity
Due in 1 year or less	$	822			$	828			$	430			$	435
Due after 1 year through 5 years	2,479				2,524				2,646				2,691
Due after 5 years through 10 years	2,821				2,866				2,969				2,944
Due after 10 years	2,815				2,889				3,206				3,172
	8,937				9,107				9,251				9,242
Mortgage-backed securities	1,223				1,258				1,393				1,428
	$	10,160			$	10,365			$	10,644			$	10,670

Expected maturities could differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties. 

b) Equity securities

	September 30				December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016
Cost	$	723			$	706
Gross unrealized appreciation	195				129
Gross unrealized depreciation	(8		)		(21		)
Fair value	$	910			$	814

c) Net realized gains (losses)

In accordance with guidance related to the recognition and presentation of OTTI, when an impairment related to a fixed maturity has occurred, OTTI is required to be recorded in Net income if management has the intent to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost. Further, in cases where we do not intend to sell the security and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the security, we must evaluate the security to determine the portion of the impairment, if any, related to credit losses. If a credit loss is incurred, an OTTI is

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considered to have occurred and any portion of the OTTI related to credit losses must be reflected in Net income while the portion of OTTI related to all other factors is recognized in OCI. For fixed maturities held to maturity, OTTI recognized in OCI is accreted from AOCI to the amortized cost of the fixed maturity prospectively over the remaining term of the securities.

Each quarter, securities in an unrealized loss position (impaired securities), including fixed maturities, securities lending collateral, equity securities, and other investments, are reviewed to identify impaired securities to be specifically evaluated for a potential OTTI.

For all non-fixed maturities, OTTI is evaluated based on the following:

•	the amount of time a security has been in a loss position and the magnitude of the loss position;

•	the period in which cost is expected to be recovered, if at all, based on various criteria including economic conditions and other issuer-specific developments; and

•	our ability and intent to hold the security to the expected recovery period.

As a general rule, we also consider that equity securities in an unrealized loss position for twelve consecutive months are other than temporarily impaired. For mutual funds included in equity securities in our Consolidated balance sheets, we employ analysis similar to fixed maturities, when applicable.

Evaluation of potential credit losses related to fixed maturities

We review each fixed maturity in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the security is a candidate for credit loss. Specifically, we consider credit rating, market price, and issuer-specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. Securities for which we determine that credit loss is likely are subjected to further analysis to estimate the credit loss recognized in Net income, if any. In general, credit loss recognized in Net income equals the difference between the security’s amortized cost and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security. All significant assumptions used in determining credit losses are subject to change as market conditions evolve.

Corporate securities

Projected cash flows for corporate securities (principally senior unsecured bonds) are driven primarily by assumptions regarding probability of default and also the timing and amount of recoveries associated with defaults. Chubb developed projected cash flows for corporate securities using market observable data, issuer-specific information, and credit ratings. We use historical default data by Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s) rating category to calculate a 1-in-100 year probability of default, which results in a default assumption in excess of the historical mean default rate. Consistent with management's approach, Chubb assumed a 32 percent recovery rate (the par value of a defaulted security that will be recovered) across all rating categories rather than using Moody's historical mean recovery rate of 42 percent. We believe that use of a default assumption in excess of the historical mean is conservative in light of current market conditions.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, credit losses recognized in Net income for corporate securities were $3 million and $5 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, credit losses recognized in Net income for corporate securities were $4 million and $28 million, respectively.

Mortgage-backed securities

For mortgage-backed securities, credit impairment is assessed using a cash flow model that estimates the cash flows on the underlying mortgages, using the security-specific collateral and transaction structure. The model estimates cash flows from the underlying mortgage loans and distributes those cash flows to various tranches of securities, considering the transaction structure and any subordination and credit enhancements that exist in that structure. The cash flow model incorporates actual cash flows on the mortgage-backed securities through the current period and then projects the remaining cash flows using a number of assumptions, including default rates, prepayment rates, and loss severity rates (the par value of a defaulted security that will not be recovered) on foreclosed properties.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, there were no credit losses recognized in Net income for mortgage-backed securities. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, there were $1 million in credit losses recognized in Net income for mortgage-backed securities.

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The following table presents the Net realized gains (losses) and the losses included in Net realized gains (losses) and OCI as a result of conditions which caused us to conclude the decline in fair value of certain investments was “other-than-temporary”:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Fixed maturities:
OTTI on fixed maturities, gross	$	(5	)		$	(7	)		$	(16	)		$	(85	)
OTTI on fixed maturities recognized in OCI (pre-tax)	—				—				1				8
OTTI on fixed maturities, net	(5		)		(7		)		(15		)		(77		)
Gross realized gains excluding OTTI	30				47				109				149
Gross realized losses excluding OTTI	(19		)		(13		)		(77		)		(228		)
Total fixed maturities	6				27				17				(156		)
Equity securities:
OTTI on equity securities	(1		)		(1		)		(9		)		(7		)
Gross realized gains excluding OTTI	6				19				21				63
Gross realized losses excluding OTTI	(1		)		(12		)		(2		)		(17		)
Total equity securities	4				6				10				39
OTTI on other investments	(2		)		(4		)		(11		)		(7		)
Foreign exchange gains	15				29				10				46
Investment and embedded derivative instruments	(14		)		1				(24		)		(85		)
Fair value adjustments on insurance derivative	54				89				265				(270		)
S&P put options and futures	(57		)		(45		)		(169		)		(88		)
Other derivative instruments	(5		)		3				(4		)		1
Other	(11		)		(6		)		(10		)		10
Net realized gains (losses)	$	(10	)		$	100			$	84			$	(510	)

 

The following table presents a roll-forward of pre-tax credit losses related to fixed maturities for which a portion of OTTI was recognized in OCI: 

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Balance of credit losses related to securities still held – beginning of period	$	29			$	51			$	35			$	53
Additions where no OTTI was previously recorded	2				4				3				16
Additions where an OTTI was previously recorded	1				1				2				13
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(7		)		(11		)		(15		)		(37		)
Balance of credit losses related to securities still held – end of period	$	25			$	45			$	25			$	45

d) Gross unrealized loss

At September 30, 2017, there were 7,455 fixed maturities out of a total of 30,933 fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position. The largest single unrealized loss in the fixed maturities was $7 million. There were 59 equity securities out of a total of 317 equity securities in an unrealized loss position. The largest single unrealized loss in the equity securities was $1 million. Fixed maturities in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2017, comprised both investment grade and below investment grade securities for which fair value declined primarily due to widening credit spreads since the date of purchase.

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The following tables present, for all securities in an unrealized loss position (including securities on loan), the aggregate fair value and gross unrealized loss by length of time the security has continuously been in an unrealized loss position:

	0 – 12 Months								Over 12 Months								Total
September 30, 2017	Fair Value				Gross Unrealized Loss				Fair Value				Gross Unrealized Loss				Fair Value				Gross Unrealized Loss
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	1,763			$	(13	)		$	656			$	(17	)		$	2,419			$	(30	)
Foreign	5,353				(85		)		894				(22		)		6,247				(107		)
Corporate securities	3,373				(48		)		788				(40		)		4,161				(88		)
Mortgage-backed securities	6,946				(96		)		749				(19		)		7,695				(115		)
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	4,548				(28		)		839				(22		)		5,387				(50		)
Total fixed maturities	21,983				(270		)		3,926				(120		)		25,909				(390		)
Equity securities	103				(8		)		—				—				103				(8		)
Other investments	157				(9		)		—				—				157				(9		)
Total	$	22,243			$	(287	)		$	3,926			$	(120	)		$	26,169			$	(407	)

	0 – 12 Months								Over 12 Months								Total
December 31, 2016	Fair Value				Gross Unrealized Loss				Fair Value				Gross Unrealized Loss				Fair Value				Gross Unrealized Loss
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	2,216			$	(48	)		$	—			$	—			$	2,216			$	(48	)
Foreign	5,918				(99		)		386				(27		)		6,304				(126		)
Corporate securities	7,021				(149		)		641				(44		)		7,662				(193		)
Mortgage-backed securities	8,638				(189		)		234				(5		)		8,872				(194		)
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	19,448				(435		)		49				(2		)		19,497				(437		)
Total fixed maturities	43,241				(920		)		1,310				(78		)		44,551				(998		)
Equity securities	199				(21		)		—				—				199				(21		)
Other investments	201				(18		)		—				—				201				(18		)
Total	$	43,641			$	(959	)		$	1,310			$	(78	)		$	44,951			$	(1,037	)

e) Restricted assets

Chubb is required to maintain assets on deposit with various regulatory authorities to support its insurance and reinsurance operations. These requirements are generally promulgated in the statutory regulations of the individual jurisdictions. The assets on deposit are available to settle insurance and reinsurance liabilities. Chubb is also required to restrict assets pledged under repurchase agreements, which represent Chubb's agreement to sell securities and repurchase them at a future date for a predetermined price. We also use trust funds in certain large reinsurance transactions where the trust funds are set up for the benefit of the ceding companies and generally take the place of letter of credit (LOC) requirements. We also have investments in segregated portfolios primarily to provide collateral or guarantees for LOC and derivative transactions. Included in restricted assets at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are investments, primarily fixed maturities, totaling $22.8 billion and $20.1 billion, respectively, and cash of $105 million and $103 million, respectively.

The following table presents the components of restricted assets:

	September 30				December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016
Trust funds	$	16,391			$	13,880
Deposits with U.S. regulatory authorities	2,361				2,203
Deposits with non-U.S. regulatory authorities	2,294				2,191
Assets pledged under repurchase agreements	1,441				1,461
Other pledged assets	377				435
	$	22,864			$	20,170

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4. Fair value measurements

a) Fair value hierarchy

Fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is estimated based on the framework established in the fair value accounting guidance. The guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data.

The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

•	Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;

•	Level 2 – Includes, among other items, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability such as

interest rates and yield curves, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; and

•	Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and reflect management’s judgments about assumptions that market participants

would use in pricing an asset or liability.

We categorize financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy at the balance sheet date based upon the lowest level of inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement. Accordingly, transfers between levels within the valuation hierarchy occur when there are significant changes to the inputs, such as increases or decreases in market activity, changes to the availability of current prices, changes to the transparency to underlying inputs, and whether there are significant variances in quoted prices. Transfers in and/or out of any level are assumed to occur at the end of the period.

We use pricing services to obtain fair value measurements for the majority of our investment securities. Based on management’s understanding of the methodologies used, these pricing services only produce an estimate of fair value if there is observable market information that would allow them to make a fair value estimate. Based on our understanding of the market inputs used by the pricing services, all applicable investments have been valued in accordance with GAAP. We do not adjust prices obtained from pricing services. The following is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair values for financial instruments carried at fair value, as well as the general classification of such financial instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Fixed maturities

We use pricing services to estimate fair value measurements for the majority of our fixed maturities. The pricing services use market quotations for fixed maturities that have quoted prices in active markets; such securities are classified within Level 1. For fixed maturities other than U.S. Treasury securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements using their pricing applications, which include available relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings, and matrix pricing. Additional valuation factors that can be taken into account are nominal spreads, dollar basis, and liquidity adjustments. The pricing services evaluate each asset class based on relevant market and credit information, perceived market movements, and sector news. The market inputs used in the pricing evaluation, listed in the approximate order of priority include: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, and industry and economic events. The extent of the use of each input is dependent on the asset class and the market conditions. Given the asset class, the priority of the use of inputs may change, or some market inputs may not be relevant. Additionally, fixed maturities valuation is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market based inputs (i.e., stale pricing), which may increase the potential that an investment's estimated fair value is not reflective of the price at which an actual transaction would occur. The overwhelming majority of fixed maturities are classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. For a small number of fixed maturities, we obtain a single broker quote (typically from a market maker). Due to the disclaimers on the quotes that indicate that the price is indicative only, we include these fair value estimates in Level 3. 

Equity securities

Equity securities with active markets are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. For equity securities in markets which are less active, fair values are based on market valuations and are classified within Level 2. Equity securities for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.

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Short-term investments

Short-term investments, which comprise securities due to mature within one year of the date of purchase that are traded in active markets, are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. Securities such as commercial paper and discount notes are classified within Level 2 because these securities are typically not actively traded due to their approaching maturity and, as such, their cost approximates fair value. Short-term investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.

Other investments

Fair values for the majority of Other investments including investments in partially-owned investment companies, investment funds, and limited partnerships are based on their respective net asset values or equivalent (NAV) and are excluded from the fair value hierarchy table below. Certain of our long-duration contracts are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. These assets comprise mutual funds classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Other investments also include equity securities classified within Level 1, and fixed maturities, classified within Level 2, held in rabbi trusts maintained by Chubb for deferred compensation plans and are classified within the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities and fixed maturities. Other investments for which pricing is unobservable are classified within Level 3.

Securities lending collateral

The underlying assets included in Securities lending collateral in the Consolidated balance sheets are fixed maturities which are classified in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other fixed maturities. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy is the corresponding liability related to Chubb’s obligation to return the collateral plus interest as it is reported at contract value and not fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets.

Investment derivative instruments

Actively traded investment derivative instruments, including futures, options, and forward contracts are classified within Level 1 as fair values are based on quoted market prices. The fair value of cross-currency swaps is based on market valuations and is classified within Level 2. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets.

Other derivative instruments

We generally maintain positions in other derivative instruments including exchange-traded equity futures contracts designed to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and, therefore, an increase in reserves for our guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDB) and guaranteed living benefits (GLB) reinsurance business. Our position in exchange-traded equity futures contracts is classified within Level 1. The fair value of the majority of the remaining positions in other derivative instruments is based on significant observable inputs including equity security and interest rate indices. Accordingly, these are classified within Level 2. Other derivative instruments based on unobservable inputs are classified within Level 3. Other derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities in the Consolidated balance sheets.

Separate account assets

Separate account assets represent segregated funds where investment risks are borne by the customers, except to the extent of certain guarantees made by Chubb. Separate account assets comprise mutual funds classified within Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy on the same basis as other equity securities traded in active markets. Separate account assets also include fixed maturities classified within Level 2 because the most significant inputs used in the pricing techniques are observable. Excluded from the valuation hierarchy are the corresponding liabilities as they are reported at contract value and not fair value in the Consolidated balance sheets. Separate account assets are recorded in Other assets in the Consolidated balance sheets.

Guaranteed living benefits

The GLB arises from life reinsurance programs covering living benefit guarantees whereby we assume the risk of guaranteed minimum income benefits (GMIB) and guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits (GMAB) associated with variable annuity contracts. GLB’s are recorded in Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities and Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. For GLB reinsurance, Chubb estimates fair value using an internal valuation model which includes current market information and estimates of policyholder behavior. All of the treaties contain claim limits, which are factored into the valuation model. The fair value depends on a number of factors, including interest rates, equity markets, credit risk, current account value, market volatility, expected annuitization rates and other policyholder behavior, and changes in policyholder mortality.

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The most significant policyholder behavior assumptions include lapse rates and the GMIB annuitization rates. Assumptions regarding lapse rates and GMIB annuitization rates differ by treaty, but the underlying methodologies to determine rates applied to each treaty are comparable.

A lapse rate is the percentage of in-force policies surrendered in a given calendar year. All else equal, as lapse rates increase, ultimate claim payments will decrease.

The GMIB annuitization rate is the percentage of policies for which the policyholder will elect to annuitize using the guaranteed benefit provided under the GMIB. All else equal, as GMIB annuitization rates increase, ultimate claim payments will increase, subject to treaty claim limits.

The effect of changes in key market factors on assumed lapse and annuitization rates reflect emerging trends using data available from cedants. For treaties with limited experience, rates are established in line with data received from other ceding companies adjusted, as appropriate, with industry estimates. The model and related assumptions are regularly re-evaluated by management and enhanced, as appropriate, based upon additional experience obtained related to policyholder behavior and availability of updated information such as market conditions, market participant assumptions, and demographics of in-force annuities. Because of the significant use of unobservable inputs including policyholder behavior, GLB reinsurance is classified within Level 3. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we updated aspects of our valuation model relating to interest rates. This resulted in a decrease to the fair value of GLB liabilities generating a realized gain of approximately $94 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, there were no other material changes to actuarial or behavioral assumptions. For detailed information on our lapse and annuitization rate assumptions, refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2016 Form 10-K.

Financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by valuation hierarchy

September 30, 2017	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Assets:
Fixed maturities available for sale
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	2,941			$	641			$	—			$	3,582
Foreign	—				23,009				90				23,099
Corporate securities	—				24,307				919				25,226
Mortgage-backed securities	—				15,367				44				15,411
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—				16,368				—				16,368
	2,941				79,692				1,053				83,686
Equity securities	858				—				52				910
Short-term investments	1,804				1,187				—				2,991
Other investments (1)	446				292				252				990
Securities lending collateral	—				1,757				—				1,757
Investment derivative instruments	15				—				—				15
Separate account assets	2,414				100				—				2,514
Total assets measured at fair value (1)	$	8,478			$	83,028			$	1,357			$	92,863
Liabilities:
Investment derivative instruments	$	37			$	—			$	—			$	37
Other derivative instruments	25				—				2				27
GLB (2)	—				—				303				303
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	62			$	—			$	305			$	367

(1)	Excluded from the table above are partially-owned investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships of $3,669 million and other investments of $18 million at September 30, 2017 measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(2)	Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets.

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December 31, 2016	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Assets:
Fixed maturities available for sale
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	2,175			$	695			$	—			$	2,870
Foreign	—				21,366				74				21,440
Corporate securities	—				23,468				681				24,149
Mortgage-backed securities	—				13,962				45				14,007
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—				17,649				—				17,649
	2,175				77,140				800				80,115
Equity securities	773				—				41				814
Short-term investments	1,757				1,220				25				3,002
Other investments (1)	384				259				225				868
Securities lending collateral	—				1,092				—				1,092
Investment derivative instruments	31				—				—				31
Other derivative instruments	3				—				—				3
Separate account assets	1,784				95				—				1,879
Total assets measured at fair value (1)	$	6,907			$	79,806			$	1,091			$	87,804
Liabilities:
Investment derivative instruments	$	54			$	—			$	—			$	54
Other derivative instruments	—				—				13				13
GLB (2)	—				—				559				559
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	54			$	—			$	572			$	626

(1)	Excluded from the table above are partially-owned investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships of $3,626 million and other investments of $25 million at December 31, 2016 measured using NAV as a practical expedient.

(2)	Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets.

There were no transfers of financial instruments between Level 1 and Level 2 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.

Fair value of alternative investments

Alternative investments include investment funds, limited partnerships, and partially-owned investment companies measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient. The following table presents, by investment category, the expected liquidation period, fair value, and maximum future funding commitments of alternative investments:

							September 30								December 31
	Expected Liquidation Period of Underlying Assets						2017								2016
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			Fair Value				Maximum Future Funding Commitments				Fair Value				Maximum Future Funding Commitments
Financial	5 to 9 Years		$	566			$	367			$	548			$	428
Real Assets	3 to 7 Years		635				148				536				230
Distressed	5 to 9 Years		327				157				485				179
Private Credit	3 to 7 Years		216				329				236				259
Traditional	3 to 9 Years		1,643				729				1,550				930
Vintage	1 to 2 Years		18				—				21				14
Investment funds	Not Applicable		264				—				251				—
			$	3,669			$	1,730			$	3,627			$	2,040

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Included in all categories in the above table, except for Investment funds, are investments for which Chubb will never have the contractual option to redeem but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. Further, for all categories except for Investment funds, Chubb does not have the ability to sell or transfer the investments without the consent from the general partner of individual funds.

Investment Category:		Consists of investments in private equity funds:
Financial		targeting financial services companies such as financial institutions and insurance services worldwide
Real Assets		targeting investments related to hard physical assets such as real estate, infrastructure and natural resources
Distressed		targeting distressed corporate debt/credit and equity opportunities in the U.S.
Private Credit		targeting privately originated corporate debt investments including senior secured loans and subordinated bonds
Traditional		employing traditional private equity investment strategies such as buyout and growth equity globally
Vintage		made before 2002 and where the funds’ commitment periods had already expired

Investment funds

Chubb’s investment funds employ various investment strategies such as long/short equity and arbitrage/distressed. Included in this category are investments for which Chubb has the option to redeem at agreed upon value as described in each investment fund’s subscription agreement. Depending on the terms of the various subscription agreements, investment fund investments may be redeemed monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. If Chubb wishes to redeem an investment fund investment, it must first determine if the investment fund is still in a lock-up period (a time when Chubb cannot redeem its investment so that the investment fund manager has time to build the portfolio). If the investment fund is no longer in its lock-up period, Chubb must then notify the investment fund manager of its intention to redeem by the notification date prescribed by the subscription agreement. Subsequent to notification, the investment fund can redeem Chubb’s investment within several months of the notification. Notice periods for redemption of the investment funds range between 5 and 120 days. Chubb can redeem its investment funds without consent from the investment fund managers.

Level 3 financial instruments

The fair values of assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) consist of various inputs and assumptions that management makes when determining fair value. Management analyzes changes in fair value measurements classified within Level 3 by comparing pricing and returns of our investments to benchmarks, including month-over-month movements, investment credit spreads, interest rate movements, and credit quality of securities.

The following table presents the significant unobservable inputs used in the Level 3 liability valuations. Excluded from the table below are inputs used to determine the fair value of Level 3 assets which are based on single broker quotes and contain no quantitative unobservable inputs developed by management.

(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)

Fair Value

Valuation Technique

Significant Unobservable Inputs

Ranges

September 30, 2017

December 31, 2016

GLB (1)

$

303

$

559

Actuarial model

Lapse rate

3% – 34%

Annuitization rate

0% – 78%

(1)	Discussion of the most significant inputs used in the fair value measurement of GLB and the sensitivity of those assumptions is included within Note 4 a) Guaranteed living benefits.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of financial instruments measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

	Assets																								Liabilities
Three Months Ended	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities												Equity securities				Short-term investments				Other investments				Other derivative instruments				GLB(1)
September 30, 2017	Foreign				Corporate securities				MBS
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Balance – beginning of period	$	85			$	747			$	45			$	39			$	7			$	243			$	2			$	357
Transfers into Level 3	—				111				—				—				—				—				—				—
Transfers out of Level 3	(3		)		(26		)		—				—				—				—				—				—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI	1				(1		)		—				—				—				—				—				—
Net Realized Gains/Losses	—				—				—				1				—				—				—				(54		)
Purchases	24				169				7				17				1				15				—				—
Sales	(14		)		(24		)		—				(5		)		—				—				—				—
Settlements	(3		)		(57		)		(8		)		—				(8		)		(6		)		—				—
Balance – end of period	$	90			$	919			$	44			$	52			$	—			$	252			$	2			$	303
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date	$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	(54	)

(1)

Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $635 million at September 30, 2017, and $684 million at June 30, 2017, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $303 million and $357 million, respectively.

	Assets																												Liabilities
Three Months Ended	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities												Equity securities				Short-term investments				Other investments				Other derivative instruments				GLB(1)
September 30, 2016	Foreign				Corporate securities				MBS
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Balance – beginning of period	$	87			$	281			$	49			$	37			$	50			$	216			$	10			$	971
Transfers into Level 3	—				—				—				—				—				—				—				—
Transfers out of Level 3	—				—				—				—				—				—				—				—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI	(1		)		6				—				3				—				4				—				—
Net Realized Gains/Losses	—				(4		)		—				—				—				—				—				(88		)
Purchases	20				348				—				—				12				8				—				—
Sales	(2		)		(18		)		(3		)		(3		)		—				—				—				—
Settlements	(1		)		(7		)		—				—				—				(5		)		(2		)		—
Balance – end of period	$	103			$	606			$	46			$	37			$	62			$	223			$	8			$	883
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date	$	—			$	(4	)		$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	(88	)

(1)

Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $1.2 billion at September 30, 2016, and $1.3 billion at June 30, 2016, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $883 million and $971 million, respectively.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	Assets																								Liabilities
Nine Months Ended	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities												Equity securities				Short-term investments				Other investments				Other derivative instruments				GLB(1)
September 30, 2017	Foreign				Corporate securities				MBS
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Balance – beginning of period	$	74			$	681			$	45			$	41			$	25			$	225			$	13			$	559
Transfers into Level 3	—				168				—				—				—				—				—				9
Transfers out of Level 3	(3		)		(93		)		—				—				—				—				(9		)		—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI	3				(9		)		—				1				—				3				—				—
Net Realized Gains/Losses	1				(1		)		—				1				—				—				(2		)		(265		)
Purchases	57				390				8				23				15				39				—				—
Sales	(36		)		(79		)		(1		)		(14		)		—				—				—				—
Settlements	(6		)		(138		)		(8		)		—				(40		)		(15		)		—				—
Balance – end of period	$	90			$	919			$	44			$	52			$	—			$	252			$	2			$	303
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date	$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	(2	)		$	(265	)

(1)

Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $635 million at September 30, 2017, and $853 million at December 31, 2016, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $303 million and $559 million, respectively.

	Assets																												Liabilities
Nine Months Ended	Available-for-Sale Debt Securities												Equity securities				Short-term investments				Other investments				Other derivative instruments				GLB(1)
September 30, 2016	Foreign				Corporate securities				MBS
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Balance – beginning of period	$	57			$	174			$	53			$	16			$	—			$	212			$	6			$	609
Transfers into Level 3	9				18				—				—				—				—				—				—
Transfers out of Level 3	(2		)		—				—				—				—				—				—				—
Change in Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) included in OCI	8				17				—				2				—				4				—				—
Net Realized Gains/Losses	(6		)		(12		)		—				1				—				—				2				274
Purchases (2)	52				472				1				23				62				22				2				—
Sales	(10		)		(48		)		(8		)		(5		)		—				—				—				—
Settlements	(5		)		(15		)		—				—				—				(15		)		(2		)		—
Balance – end of period	$	103			$	606			$	46			$	37			$	62			$	223			$	8			$	883
Net Realized Gains/Losses Attributable to Changes in Fair Value at the Balance Sheet Date	$	(5	)		$	(11	)		$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	2			$	274

(1)

Our GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument for accounting purposes and is accordingly carried at fair value. Excluded from the table above is the portion of the GLB derivative liability classified as Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheets. The liability for GLB reinsurance was $1.2 billion at September 30, 2016, and $888 million at December 31, 2015, which includes a fair value derivative adjustment of $883 million and $609 million, respectively.

(2)	Includes acquired invested assets as a result of the Chubb Corp acquisition.

b) Financial instruments disclosed, but not measured, at fair value

Chubb uses various financial instruments in the normal course of its business. Our insurance contracts are excluded from fair value of financial instruments accounting guidance, and therefore, are not included in the amounts discussed below.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

The carrying values of cash, other assets, other liabilities, and other financial instruments not included below approximated their fair values.

Investments in partially-owned insurance companies

Fair values for investments in partially-owned insurance companies are based on Chubb’s share of the net assets based on the financial statements provided by those companies and are excluded from the valuation hierarchy tables below.

Short- and long-term debt, repurchase agreements, and trust preferred securities

Where practical, fair values for short-term debt, long-term debt, repurchase agreements, and trust preferred securities are estimated using discounted cash flow calculations based principally on observable inputs including incremental borrowing rates, which reflect Chubb’s credit rating, for similar types of borrowings with maturities consistent with those remaining for the debt being valued.

The following tables present fair value, by valuation hierarchy, and carrying value of the financial instruments not measured at fair value:

September 30, 2017	Fair Value																Carrying Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Total
Assets:
Fixed maturities held to maturity
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	563			$	58			$	—			$	621			$	611
Foreign	—				644				—				644				616
Corporate securities	—				2,578				11				2,589				2,531
Mortgage-backed securities	—				1,258				—				1,258				1,223
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—				5,253				—				5,253				5,179
Total assets	$	563			$	9,791			$	11			$	10,365			$	10,160
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	$	—			$	1,408			$	—			$	1,408			$	1,408
Short-term debt	—				1,025				—				1,025				1,020
Long-term debt	—				12,273				—				12,273				11,559
Trust preferred securities	—				467				—				467				308
Total liabilities	$	—			$	15,173			$	—			$	15,173			$	14,295

December 31, 2016	Fair Value																Carrying Value
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Total
Assets:
Fixed maturities held to maturity
U.S. Treasury and agency	$	555			$	106			$	—			$	661			$	655
Foreign	—				667				—				667				640
Corporate securities	—				2,782				13				2,795				2,771
Mortgage-backed securities	—				1,428				—				1,428				1,393
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions	—				5,119				—				5,119				5,185
Total assets	$	555			$	10,102			$	13			$	10,670			$	10,644
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	$	—			$	1,403			$	—			$	1,403			$	1,403
Short-term debt	—				503				—				503				500
Long-term debt	—				12,998				—				12,998				12,610
Trust preferred securities	—				456				—				456				308
Total liabilities	$	—			$	15,360			$	—			$	15,360			$	14,821

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

5. Unpaid losses and loss expenses

The following table presents a reconciliation of beginning and ending Unpaid losses and loss expenses:

	Nine Months Ended September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of period	$	60,540			$	37,303
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (1)	(12,708		)		(10,741		)
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses – beginning of period	47,832				26,562
Acquisition of subsidiaries	—				21,402
Total	47,832				47,964
Net losses and loss expenses incurred in respect of losses occurring in:
Current year	14,963				13,169
Prior years (2)	(781		)		(972		)
Total	14,182				12,197
Net losses and loss expenses paid in respect of losses occurring in:
Current year	3,937				3,865
Prior years	8,389				7,470
Total	12,326				11,335
Foreign currency revaluation and other	596				(155		)
Net unpaid losses and loss expenses – end of period	50,283				48,671
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses (1)	13,870				12,676
Gross unpaid losses and loss expenses – end of period	$	64,153			$	61,347

⁽¹⁾ Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance.

⁽²⁾ Relates to prior period loss reserve development only and excludes prior period development related to reinstatement premiums, expense adjustments, and earned premiums totaling $110 million and $75 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The increase in gross and net unpaid losses and loss expenses in 2017 primarily reflects the significant catastrophe events during the third quarter of 2017, principally from hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria and the earthquakes in Mexico.

Prior Period Development

Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous accident years. Significant prior period movements by segment, principally driven by reserve reviews completed during each respective period, are discussed in more detail below. The remaining net development for long-tail lines and short-tail business for each segment and Corporate comprises numerous favorable and adverse movements across a number of lines and accident years, none of which is significant individually or in the aggregate.

Long-tail lines include lines such as workers' compensation, general liability, and professional liability; while short-tail lines include lines such as most property lines, energy, personal accident, and agriculture. During the third quarter of 2017, we determined that the classification of loss development for certain businesses, previously grouped within the short-tail discussion below, would be more appropriately classified as long-tail to better align with the classification of these businesses within our loss development tables in the 2016 Form 10-K. We also determined that the loss development for certain other businesses should be reclassified from long-tail to short-tail. We updated our 2016 and year-to-date 2017 discussions below to conform to the current period presentation. These changes to the previously disclosed amount have no impact to our financial condition and results of operations.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

North America Commercial P&C Insurance

2017

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, net favorable PPD was $236 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $242 million in long-tail business, primarily from:

•	Favorable development of $140 million in commercial excess and umbrella portfolios primarily in accident years 2011 and prior driven by lower paid and reported loss activity relative to prior expectations as well as an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods;

•	Favorable development of $44 million in workers' compensation business mainly impacting accident years 2013 and prior, driven by lower than expected paid and reported loss activity, and revisions to development patterns used in our loss projection methods for select portfolios; and

•

Net favorable development of $28 million on several large multi-line prospective deals primarily impacting the 2012 and 2013 accident years, due to lower than expected reported loss activity. These structured deals typically cover large clients for multiple product lines and with varying loss limitations; this development is net of premium adjustments of $26 million tied to the loss performance of the particular deals.

•	Net adverse development of $6 million in short-tail business across a number of accident years, none of which were significant individually or in the aggregate.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net favorable PPD was $546 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $431 million in long-tail business, primarily from:

•

Net favorable development of $99 million in our workers’ compensation businesses (excluding excess compensation) with favorable development of $37 million in the 2016 accident year related to our annual assessment of multi-claimant events including industrial accidents. Consistent with prior years, we reviewed these potential exposures after the close of the accident year to allow for late reporting or identification of significant losses. Net favorable development of $62 million was principally due to lower than expected loss experience and revision to development patterns used in our loss projection methods, mainly impacting accident years 2013 and prior, and partly offset by smaller adverse development in the more recent prior accident years;

•	Net favorable development of $213 million in our commercial excess and umbrella portfolios, primarily in accident years 2011 and prior, driven by lower than expected reported loss activity, and an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods;

•	Favorable development of $27 million in our commercial-multi peril (CMP) and monoline general liability lines, driven by favorable paid and reported loss activity relative to prior expectations, principally in accident years 2008 through 2013;

•	Net favorable development of $30 million in our professional Errors and Omissions (E&O) portfolios, primarily in the 2012 and 2013 accident years, arising from lower than expected reported loss activity, partially offset by claim-specific adverse development; and

•	Favorable development of $28 million in large multi-line accounts due primarily to the same factors experienced for the three months ended September 30, 2017.

•	Net favorable development of $115 million in short-tail business, primarily from:

•	Net favorable development of $45 million in our credit-related business, primarily due to lower than expected claims severity in the 2015 accident year;

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

•	Favorable development of $43 million in property lines, primarily in our commercial property portfolios, driven by lower than expected loss emergence in the 2014 and 2016 accident years; and

•	Net favorable development of $19 million in our accident & health (A&H) business, primarily due to lower than expected loss emergence in the 2015 and 2016 accident years.

2016

For the three months ended September 30, 2016, net favorable PPD was $187 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $167 million in long-tail business, primarily from favorable development of $127 million in our commercial excess and umbrella portfolios, impacting the 2010 and prior accident years, driven by continued lower than expected reported loss activity and an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods; and

•	Net favorable development of $20 million in short-tail business, principally from our property portfolios, primarily impacting the 2014 and 2015 accident years, resulting from lower than expected loss emergence.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, net favorable PPD was $533 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $473 million in long-tail business, primarily from:

•	Favorable development of $272 million in our commercial excess and umbrella portfolios, primarily in accident years 2010 and prior, driven by lower than expected reported loss activity and an increase in weighting towards experience-based methods; in general, the severity of claims has been less than expected;

•

Net favorable development of $134 million in our workers’ compensation lines, including excess lines, with favorable development of $40 million in the 2015 accident year related to our annual assessment of multi-claimant events including industrial accidents. Favorable development of $91 million in accident years 2012 and prior was principally due to lower than expected loss experience and revision to the basis for selecting development patterns used in our loss projection methods;

•	Favorable development of $69 million in our professional E&O portfolios, primarily impacting the 2012 and prior accident years and arising from both lower than expected reported loss activity and re-assessments of remaining claim-specific liabilities for the older accident years;

•	Net favorable development of $20 million in our primary general and package liability lines from favorable development due to lower than expected reported and paid activity, principally in accident years 2007 through 2014; and

 

•	Net favorable development of $60 million in short-tail business, primarily from net favorable development of $46 million in our property portfolios, primarily impacting the 2014 and 2015 accident years, resulting from lower than expected loss emergence.

North America Personal P&C Insurance

2017

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, net adverse PPD was $32 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net adverse development of $98 million in our homeowners lines, primarily impacting the 2016 accident year, due to higher than expected loss severity; and

•	Net favorable development of $58 million in our personal excess lines primarily impacting the 2014 accident year, due to lower than expected loss experience and an increase weighting towards experience-based methods.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net adverse PPD was $66 million, including adverse development of $105 million in our homeowners lines and favorable development of $58 million in our personal excess lines as described above.

2016

For the three months ended September 30, 2016, net adverse PPD was $38 million, including $28 million adverse development in our homeowners and umbrella lines due to higher than expected loss emergence. Average loss severities were higher than expected, and to a lesser degree, reinsurance and other recoveries were lower than expected.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, net adverse PPD was $20 million, due primarily to higher than expected loss emergence in our homeowners and umbrella lines as described above.

North America Agricultural Insurance

2017

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, net favorable PPD was $4 million across a number of accident years, none of which were significant individually or in the aggregate.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net favorable PPD was $83 million. The majority of the claim development relates to our Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) business and is favorable due to better than expected crop yield results in certain states at the prior year-end period (i.e., 2017 results based on crop yield results at year-end 2016).

2016

For the three months ended September 30, 2016, net favorable PPD was $11 million across a number of accident years, none of which were significant individually or in the aggregate.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, net favorable PPD was $52 million. Actual claim development in the first quarter of 2016 for the 2015 crop year for MPCI business was favorable due to better than expected crop yield results in certain states at year-end 2015.

Overseas General Insurance

2017

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, net favorable PPD was $108 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $109 million in long-tail business, primarily from:

•	Net favorable development of $40 million in casualty lines, with favorable development of $69 million in accident years 2013 and prior, resulting from lower than expected loss emergence, partially offset by adverse development of $29 million in accident years 2014 through 2016, primarily due to large loss experience in U.K. excess lines and wholesale business; and

•

Net favorable development of $34 million in financial lines, with favorable development of $124 million in accident years 2013 and prior, resulting from lower than expected loss emergence including favorable development on specific, litigated claims, and adverse development of $90 million in accident years 2014 through 2016, primarily due to large loss experience in specific Directors and Officers (D&O) portfolios in the U.K., Continental Europe, and Australia and Financial Institutions lines in the U.K. and Continental Europe.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net favorable PPD was $184 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $78 million in long-tail business, primarily from:

•	Favorable development of $34 million in financial lines, driven by the same factors as experienced for the three months ended September 30, 2017 as described above; and

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

•	Net favorable development of $9 million in casualty lines, driven by the same factors as experienced for the three months ended September 30, 2017, as described above, partially offset by adverse development of $32 million driven by a change in the discount rate in the U.K. (Ogden rate) impacting the 2016 and prior accident years.

•	Net favorable development of $106 million in short-tail business, primarily from:

•	Favorable development of $43 million in technical and energy lines, primarily from favorable loss emergence in accident years 2014 through 2016 primarily in offshore and power generation where experience has been better than expected;

•	Favorable development of $37 million in property and marine (excluding technical lines), primarily in accident years 2013 through 2015, driven mainly by favorable U.K. and Continental Europe loss emergence, including favorable claim-specific loss settlements; and

•	Favorable development of $20 million in A&H lines, primarily from favorable loss emergence in Asia Pacific and Continental Europe in accident years 2014 through 2016.

2016

For the three months ended September 30, 2016, net favorable PPD was $223 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $234 million in long-tail business, primarily from:

•	Net favorable development of $167 million, primarily in casualty and financial lines, with favorable development of $261 million in accident years 2012 and prior, resulting from lower than expected loss emergence, and adverse development of $94 million in accident years 2013 to 2015, primarily due to large loss experience in our D&O portfolio in Asia and financial lines in Europe;

•	Favorable development of $28 million in aviation lines, impacting accident years 2012 and prior due to lower than expected loss emergence and case-specific reserve reductions; and

•	Favorable development of $25 million on an individual legacy liability case reserve take-down. This release follows a legal analysis completed in the third quarter of 2016, based on court opinion in the quarter and discussions with defense counsel, which concluded that these reserves were no longer required.

•	Adverse development of $11 million in short-tail business, none of which was significant individually or in the aggregate.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, net favorable PPD was $338 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $235 million in long-tail business due primarily to the same factors experienced for the three months ended September 30, 2016.

•	Net favorable development of $103 million in short-tail business primarily from:

•	Net favorable development of $66 million in property (including technical lines), primarily from favorable Continental Europe loss emergence in accident years 2012 through 2014;

•	Favorable development of $35 million in energy lines, primarily from a claims review of catastrophe impacts on underwriting years 2004 through 2008, as well as favorable loss emergence in accident years 2010 through 2014, primarily in offshore where experience on multi-year construction accounts has been better than expected; and

Global Reinsurance

2017

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, net favorable PPD was $41 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by net favorable development of $29 million in our professional

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liability and medical malpractice lines primarily from treaty years 2013 and prior, principally resulting from lower than expected loss emergence in the U.S. portfolio.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, net favorable PPD was $64 million, which was the net result of several underlying favorable and adverse movements, and was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $67 million on long-tail lines of business, primarily from:

•	Favorable development of $66 million in our casualty, professional liability and medical malpractice lines, primarily driven by the same factors as experienced for the three months ended September 30, 2017 as described above; and

•	Net adverse development of $10 million in our motor and excess liability lines, primarily due to adverse development of $9 million driven by a change in the discount rate in the U.K. (Ogden rate) primarily impacting the 2015 and prior treaty years.

2016

For the three months ended September 30, 2016, net favorable PPD was $28 million, primarily from net favorable development of $24 million in professional liability lines primarily impacting treaty years 2011 and prior due to lower than expected loss emergence.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, net favorable PPD was $78 million, which was driven by the following principal changes:

•	Net favorable development of $41 million in casualty lines primarily impacting treaty years 2011 and prior, principally resulting from lower than expected loss emergence; and

•	Net favorable development of $30 million in professional liability lines due to the same factors experienced for the three months ended September 30, 2016, as described above.

Corporate

2017

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, adverse development was $87 million, driven principally by development of $77 million in environmental liabilities and $9 million for unallocated loss adjustment expenses due to run-off operating expenses paid and incurred in the respective periods, impacting the 1995 and prior accident years. The development in environmental liabilities was due to case specific settlements and both higher than expected remediation expense and defense costs. These higher costs impacted both large modeled accounts as well as smaller accounts.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, adverse development was $140 million, driven principally by development of environmental liabilities as described above, $35 million of development on run-off non-A&E casualty exposures due to higher than expected loss activity, and $28 million of unallocated loss adjustment expenses due to run-off operating expenses paid and incurred in the respective period.

2016

For the three months ended September 30, 2016, adverse development was $62 million, and was driven principally by development of $52 million in environmental liabilities and $10 million for unallocated loss adjustment expenses due to run-off operating expenses paid and incurred in the respective periods, impacting the 1995 and prior accident years. The development in environmental liabilities was due to case specific settlements and both higher than expected remediation expense and defense costs. These higher costs impacted both large modeled accounts as well as smaller accounts.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, adverse development was $84 million, and was driven principally by development of environmental liabilities as described above and $27 million of unallocated loss adjustment expenses due to run-off operating expenses paid and incurred in the respective period.

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6. Commitments, contingencies, and guarantees

a) Derivative instruments

Foreign currency management

As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities, and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives discussed below. We do not hedge our net asset non-U.S. dollar capital positions; however, we do consider hedging for planned cross border transactions.

Derivative instruments employed

Chubb maintains positions in derivative instruments such as futures, options, swaps, and foreign currency forward contracts for which the primary purposes are to manage duration and foreign currency exposure, yield enhancement, or to obtain an exposure to a particular financial market. Chubb also maintains positions in convertible securities that contain embedded derivatives. Investment derivative instruments are recorded in either Other assets (OA) or Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities (AP), convertible bonds are recorded in Fixed maturities available for sale (FM AFS), and convertible equity securities are recorded in Equity securities (ES) in the Consolidated balance sheets. These are the most numerous and frequent derivative transactions.

In addition, Chubb from time to time purchases to be announced mortgage-backed securities (TBAs) as part of its investing activities.

Under reinsurance programs covering GLBs, Chubb assumes the risk of GLBs, including GMIB and GMAB, associated with variable annuity contracts. The GMIB risk is triggered if, at the time the contract holder elects to convert the accumulated account value to a periodic payment stream (annuitize), the accumulated account value is not sufficient to provide a guaranteed minimum level of monthly income. The GMAB risk is triggered if, at contract maturity, the contract holder’s account value is less than a guaranteed minimum value. The GLB reinsurance product meets the definition of a derivative instrument. Benefit reserves in respect of GLBs are classified as Future policy benefits (FPB) while the fair value derivative adjustment is classified within AP. Chubb also generally maintains positions in exchange-traded equity futures contracts on equity market indices to limit equity exposure in the GMDB and GLB blocks of business.

All derivative instruments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in Net realized gains (losses) in the Consolidated statements of operations. None of the derivative instruments are designated as hedges for accounting purposes.

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The following table presents the balance sheet locations, fair values of derivative instruments in an asset or (liability) position, and notional values/payment provisions of our derivative instruments:

							September 30, 2017												December 31, 2016
	Consolidated Balance Sheet Location		Fair Value								Notional Value/ Payment Provision				Fair Value								Notional Value/ Payment Provision
(in millions of U.S. dollars)			Derivative Asset				Derivative (Liability)								Derivative Asset				Derivative (Liability)
Investment and embedded derivative instruments:
Foreign currency forward contracts	OA / (AP)		$	8			$	(31	)		$	2,035			$	25			$	(50	)		$	2,220
Cross-currency swaps	OA / (AP)		—				—				45				—				—				95
Options/Futures contracts on notes and bonds	OA / (AP)		7				(6		)		1,437				6				(4		)		2,344
Convertible securities (1)	FM AFS / ES		—				—				4				2				—				7
			$	15			$	(37	)		$	3,521			$	33			$	(54	)		$	4,666
Other derivative instruments:
Futures contracts on equities (2)	OA / (AP)		$	—			$	(25	)		$	1,455			$	1			$	—			$	1,316
Other	OA / (AP)		—				(2		)		259				2				(13		)		214
			$	—			$	(27	)		$	1,714			$	3			$	(13	)		$	1,530
GLB (3)	(AP) / (FPB)		$	—			$	(635	)		$	1,138			$	—			$	(853	)		$	1,264

(1)	Includes fair value of embedded derivatives.

(2)	Related to GMDB and GLB blocks of business.

(3)	Includes both future policy benefits reserves and fair value derivative adjustment. Note that the payment provision related to GLB is the net amount at risk. The concept of a notional value does not apply to the GLB reinsurance contracts.

At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, derivative liabilities of $41 million and $10 million, respectively, included in the table above were subject to a master netting agreement. The remaining derivatives included in the table above were not subject to a master netting agreement. 

b) Secured borrowings

Chubb participates in a securities lending program operated by a third-party banking institution whereby certain assets are loaned to qualified borrowers and from which we earn an incremental return. The securities lending collateral can only be drawn down by Chubb in the event that the institution borrowing the securities is in default under the lending agreement. An indemnification agreement with the lending agent protects us in the event a borrower becomes insolvent or fails to return any of the securities on loan. The collateral is recorded in Securities lending collateral and the liability is recorded in Securities lending payable in the Consolidated balance sheets.

Potential risks exist in our secured borrowing transactions due to market conditions and counterparty exposure. With collateral that we pledge, there is a risk that the collateral may not be returned at the expiration of the agreement. If the counterparty fails to return the collateral, Chubb will have free use of the borrowed funds until our collateral is returned. In addition, we may encounter the risk that Chubb may not be able to renew outstanding borrowings with a new term or with an existing counterparty due to market conditions including a decrease in demand as well as more restrictive terms from banks due to increased regulatory and capital constraints. Should this condition occur, Chubb may seek alternative borrowing sources or reduce borrowings. Additionally, increased margins and collateral requirements due to market conditions would increase our restricted assets as we are required to provide additional collateral to support the transaction.

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The following table presents the carrying value of collateral held under securities lending agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:

		Remaining contractual maturity
		September 30				December 31
		2017				2016
(in millions of U.S. dollars)		Overnight and Continuous
Collateral held under securities lending agreements:
Cash		$	1,109			$	423
U.S. Treasury and agency		38				54
Foreign		491				578
Corporate securities		—				37
Mortgage-backed securities		46				—
Equity securities		73				—
		$	1,757			$	1,092
Gross amount of recognized liability for securities lending payable		$	1,757			$	1,093
Difference (1)		$	—			$	(1	)

(1)	The carrying value of the securities lending collateral held is $1 million lower than the securities lending payable at December 31, 2016 due to accrued interest recorded in the securities lending payable.

At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, our repurchase agreement obligations of $1,408 million and $1,403 million, respectively, were fully collateralized. In contrast to securities lending programs, the use of cash received is not restricted for the repurchase obligations. The fair value of the underlying securities sold remains in Fixed maturities available for sale and Equity securities and the repurchase agreement obligation is recorded in Repurchase agreements in the Consolidated balance sheets.  

The following table presents the carrying value of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements by investment category and remaining contractual maturity of the underlying agreements:

	Remaining contractual maturity
	September 30, 2017												December 31, 2016
	Up to 30 Days				Greater than 90 Days				Total				Up to 30 Days				Greater than 90 Days				Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Collateral pledged under repurchase agreements:
Cash	$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	1			$	1
U.S. Treasury and agency	231				9				240				230				10				240
Mortgage-backed securities	343				858				1,201				339				881				1,220
	$	574			$	867			$	1,441			$	569			$	892			$	1,461
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements									$	1,408											$	1,403
Difference (1)									$	33											$	58

(1)	Per the repurchase agreements, the amount of collateral posted is required to exceed the amount of gross liability.

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The following table presents net realized gains (losses) related to derivative instrument activity in the Consolidated statements of operations:

	Three Months Ended							Nine Months Ended
	September 30							September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016			2017				2016
Investment and embedded derivative instruments:
Foreign currency forward contracts	$	(7	)		$	(10	)	$	—			$	(30	)
All other futures contracts and options	(8		)		8			(25		)		(63		)
Convertible securities (1)	1				3			1				8
Total investment and embedded derivative instruments	$	(14	)		$	1		$	(24	)		$	(85	)
GLB and other derivative instruments:
GLB (2)	$	54			$	89		$	265			$	(270	)
Futures contracts on equities (3)	(57		)		(45		)	(169		)		(88		)
Other	(5		)		3			(4		)		1
Total GLB and other derivative instruments	$	(8	)		$	47		$	92			$	(357	)
	$	(22	)		$	48		$	68			$	(442	)

(1)	Includes embedded derivatives.

(2)	Excludes foreign exchange gains (losses) related to GLB.

(3)	Related to GMDB and GLB blocks of business.

c) Derivative instrument objectives

(i) Foreign currency exposure management

A foreign currency forward contract (forward) is an agreement between participants to exchange specific foreign currencies at a future date. Chubb uses forwards to minimize the effect of fluctuating foreign currencies as discussed above.

(ii) Duration management and market exposure

Futures

Futures contracts give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements, determined by the index or underlying security on which the futures contract is based. Settlement is made daily in cash by an amount equal to the change in value of the futures contract times a multiplier that scales the size of the contract. Exchange-traded futures contracts on money market instruments, notes, and bonds are used in fixed maturity portfolios to more efficiently manage duration, as substitutes for ownership of the money market instruments, bonds, and notes without significantly increasing the risk in the portfolio. Investments in futures contracts may be made only to the extent that there are assets under management not otherwise committed.

Exchange-traded equity futures contracts are used to limit exposure to a severe equity market decline, which would cause an increase in expected claims and therefore, an increase in reserves for GMDB and GLB reinsurance business.

Options

An option contract conveys to the holder the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell a specified amount or value of an underlying security at a fixed price. Option contracts are used in the investment portfolio as protection against unexpected shifts in interest rates, which would affect the duration of the fixed maturity portfolio. By using options in the portfolio, the overall interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio can be reduced. Option contracts may also be used as an alternative to futures contracts in the synthetic strategy as described above.

The price of an option is influenced by the underlying security, expected volatility, time to expiration, and supply and demand.

The credit risk associated with the above derivative financial instruments relates to the potential for non-performance by counterparties. Although non-performance is not anticipated, in order to minimize the risk of loss, management monitors the creditworthiness of its counterparties and obtains collateral. The performance of exchange-traded instruments is guaranteed by the exchange on which they trade. For non-exchange-traded instruments, the counterparties are principally banks which must meet certain criteria according to our investment guidelines.

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Cross-currency swaps

Cross-currency swaps are agreements under which two counterparties exchange interest payments and principal denominated in different currencies at a future date. We use cross-currency swaps to reduce the foreign currency and interest rate risk by converting cash flows back into local currency. We invest in foreign currency denominated investments to improve credit diversification and also to obtain better duration matching to our liabilities that is limited in the local currency market.

Other

Included within Other are derivatives intended to reduce potential losses which may arise from certain exposures in our insurance business. The economic benefit provided by these derivatives is similar to purchased reinsurance. For example, Chubb may enter into crop derivative contracts to protect underwriting results in the event of a significant decline in commodity prices.

(iii) Convertible security investments

A convertible security is a debt instrument or preferred stock that can be converted into a predetermined amount of the issuer’s equity. The convertible option is an embedded derivative within the host instruments which are classified in the investment portfolio as either available for sale or as an equity security. Chubb purchases convertible securities for their total return and not specifically for the conversion feature.

(iv) TBA

By acquiring TBAs, we make a commitment to purchase a future issuance of mortgage-backed securities. For the period between purchase of the TBAs and issuance of the underlying security, we account for our position as a derivative in the consolidated financial statements. Chubb purchases TBAs both for their total return and for the flexibility they provide related to our mortgage-backed security strategy.

(v) GLB

Under the GLB program, as the assuming entity, Chubb is obligated to provide coverage until the expiration or maturity of the underlying deferred annuity contracts or the expiry of the reinsurance treaty. Premiums received under the reinsurance treaties are classified as premium. Expected losses allocated to premiums received are classified as Future policy benefits and valued similar to GMDB reinsurance. Other changes in fair value, principally arising from changes in expected losses allocated to expected future premiums, are classified as Net realized gains (losses). Fair value represents management’s estimate of an exit price and thus, includes a risk margin. We may recognize a realized loss for other changes in fair value due to adverse changes in the capital markets (e.g., declining interest rates and/or declining equity markets) and changes in actual or estimated future policyholder behavior (e.g., increased annuitization or decreased lapse rates) although we expect the business to be profitable. We believe this presentation provides the most meaningful disclosure of changes in the underlying risk within the GLB reinsurance programs for a given reporting period.

d) Fixed maturities

At September 30, 2017, we have commitments to purchase fixed income securities of $932 million over the next several years.

e) Other investments

At September 30, 2017, included in Other investments in the Consolidated balance sheets are investments in limited partnerships and partially-owned investment companies with a carrying value of $3.4 billion. In connection with these investments, we have commitments that may require funding of up to $1.7 billion over the next several years.

In October 2017, we entered into a new limited partnership arrangement which may require funding of up to $2.5 billion over the next five years.

f) Taxation

At September 30, 2017, $14 million of unrecognized tax benefits remain outstanding. It is reasonably possible that over the next twelve months, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits may change resulting from the re-evaluation of unrecognized tax benefits arising from examinations of taxing authorities and the closing of tax statute limitations. With few exceptions, Chubb is no longer subject to state and local or non-U.S. income tax examinations for years before 2010.

g) Letters of credit

On October 25, 2017, we replaced our $1.5 billion letter of credit/revolver facility that was set to expire in November 2017 with an amended and restated credit facility that provides for up to $1.0 billion of availability, all of which may be used for the issuance of letters of credit and for revolving loans.  We have the ability to increase the capacity under our existing credit facility

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to $2.0 billion under certain conditions, but any such increase would not raise the sub-limit for revolving loans above $1.0 billion. The letter of credit facility required that we maintain certain financial covenants, all of which we met at September 30, 2017 and at the time of renewal.

h) Legal proceedings

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to claims litigation involving disputed interpretations of policy coverages and, in some jurisdictions, direct actions by allegedly-injured persons seeking damages from policyholders. These lawsuits, involving claims on policies issued by our subsidiaries which are typical to the insurance industry in general and in the normal course of business, are considered in our loss and loss expense reserves. In addition to claims litigation, we are subject to lawsuits and regulatory actions in the normal course of business that do not arise from or directly relate to claims on insurance policies. This category of business litigation typically involves, among other things, allegations of underwriting errors or misconduct, employment claims, regulatory activity, or disputes arising from our business ventures. In the opinion of management, our ultimate liability for these matters could be, but we believe is not likely to be, material to our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

7. Shareholders’ equity

All of Chubb’s Common Shares are authorized under Swiss corporate law. Though the par value of Common Shares is stated in Swiss francs, Chubb continues to use U.S. dollars as its reporting currency for preparing consolidated financial statements. Under Swiss corporate law, dividends, including distributions through a reduction in par value (par value reduction) or from legal reserves, must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. At September 30, 2017, our Common Shares had a par value of CHF 24.15 per share.

At our May 2016 and 2015 annual general meetings, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $2.76 per share and $2.68 per share, respectively, which were paid in four quarterly installments of $0.69 per share and $0.67 per share, respectively, at dates determined by the Board of Directors (Board) after the annual general meetings by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment.

At our May 2017 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $2.84 per share, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.71 per share after the annual general meeting by way of distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board will determine the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2018 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at its discretion.

The following table presents dividend distributions per Common Share in Swiss francs (CHF) and U.S. dollars (USD):

	Three Months Ended														Nine Months Ended
	September 30														September 30
	2017							2016							2017							2016
	CHF			USD				CHF			USD				CHF			USD				CHF			USD
Total dividend distributions per common share	0.68			$	0.71			0.67			$	0.69			2.06			$	2.11			2.01			$	2.05

Common Shares in treasury are used principally for issuance upon the exercise of employee stock options, grants of restricted stock, and purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP). At September 30, 2017, 15,625,345 Common Shares remain in treasury after net shares redeemed under employee share-based compensation plans.

Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorization

There was no share repurchase program from January 2016 through October 2016. In November 2016, the Board authorized a share repurchase program of $1.0 billion of Chubb's Common Shares through December 31, 2017.

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Repurchases of Chubb's Common Shares conducted in a series of open market transactions from January 1, 2017 through October 31, 2017 under the Board authorization are as follows:

(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share data)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017				Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017				October 1, 2017 through October 31, 2017
Number of shares repurchased	1,615,383				5,033,013				25,000
Cost of shares repurchased	$	232			$	707			$	4
Repurchase authorization remaining at end of period	$	293			$	293			$	289

8. Share-based compensation

The Chubb Limited 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the 2016 LTIP) permits grants of incentive and non-qualified stock options; restricted stock and restricted stock units; and performance-based restricted stock awards. The incentive and non-qualified stock options are granted principally at an option price per share equal to the grant date fair value of Chubb's Common Shares. Stock options are generally granted with a 3-year vesting period and a 10-year term and typically vest in equal annual installments over the vesting period, which is also the requisite service period. On February 23, 2017, Chubb granted 2,065,620 stock options with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $22.97 each estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The service-based restricted stock and restricted stock units are generally granted with a 4-year vesting period, based on a graded vesting schedule.

Performance-based restricted stock awards granted prior to January 2017 comprised target awards which have four installments that vest annually based on tangible book value (shareholders' equity less goodwill and intangible assets, net of tax) per share growth compared to a defined group of peer companies, and premium awards, which are earned only if tangible book value per share growth over the cumulative 4-year period after the grant of the associated target awards exceeds a higher threshold compared to our peer group. The terms of performance-based restricted stock awards granted beginning in January 2017 were updated to now include a 3-year cliff vesting provision in place of the 4-year graded vesting period. In addition, these awards now include an additional vesting criteria based on the P&C combined ratio compared to a defined group of peer companies as well as an additional vesting provision for premium awards based on total shareholder return (TSR) compared to a defined group of peer companies.

Chubb's restricted stock is granted at market close price on the grant date. On February 23, 2017, Chubb granted 1,105,118 service-based restricted stock awards, 326,272 service-based restricted stock units, and 202,251 performance-based stock awards to employees and officers with a grant date fair value of $139.01 each. Each restricted stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one Common Share upon vesting.

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9. Postretirement benefits

The components of net pension and other postretirement benefit costs (benefits) reflected in Net income in the Consolidated statements of operations were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30
	Pension Benefits												Other Postretirement Benefits
	U.S. Plans				Non-U.S. Plans				Total				U.S. Plans				Non-U.S. Plans				Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2017
Service cost	$	15			$	6			$	21			$	—			$	—			$	—
Interest cost	27				6				33				1				1				2
Expected return on plan assets	(47		)		(11		)		(58		)		(2		)		—				(2		)
Amortization of net actuarial loss	—				1				1				—				—				—
Amortization of prior service cost	—				—				—				(22		)		—				(22		)
Curtailments	—				—				—				(32		)		—				(32		)
Net periodic (benefit) cost	$	(5	)		$	2			$	(3	)		$	(55	)		$	1			$	(54	)
2016
Service cost	$	20			$	6			$	26			$	4			$	—			$	4
Interest cost	26				8				34				4				—				4
Expected return on plan assets	(42		)		(10		)		(52		)		(3		)		—				(3		)
Amortization of net actuarial loss	—				—				—				—				—				—
Curtailments	(4		)		—				(4		)		—				—				—
Settlements	(1		)		—				(1		)		—				—				—
Net periodic (benefit) cost	$	(1	)		$	4			$	3			$	5			$	—			$	5

	Nine Months Ended September 30
	Pension Benefits												Other Postretirement Benefits
	U.S. Plans				Non-U.S. Plans				Total				U.S. Plans				Non-U.S. Plans				Total
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
2017
Service cost	$	47			$	14			$	61			$	1			$	1			$	2
Interest cost	79				20				99				2				1				3
Expected return on plan assets	(142		)		(31		)		(173		)		(4		)		—				(4		)
Amortization of net actuarial loss	—				2				2				—				—				—
Amortization of prior service cost	—				—				—				(68		)		—				(68		)
Curtailments	—				(8		)		(8		)		(32		)		—				(32		)
Net periodic (benefit) cost	$	(16	)		$	(3	)		$	(19	)		$	(101	)		$	2			$	(99	)
2016
Service cost	$	57			$	15			$	72			$	8			$	1			$	9
Interest cost	80				24				104				13				—				13
Expected return on plan assets	(121		)		(30		)		(151		)		(7		)		—				(7		)
Amortization of net actuarial loss	—				2				2				—				—				—
Curtailments	(4		)		—				(4		)		—				—				—
Settlements	(1		)		—				(1		)		—				—				—
Net periodic cost	$	11			$	11			$	22			$	14			$	1			$	15

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10. Segment information

Chubb operates through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance.

Corporate primarily includes loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) run-off liabilities, and the results of our non-insurance companies including Chubb Limited, Chubb Group Management and Holdings Ltd, and Chubb INA Holdings Inc. Our exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when we purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA’s P&C business in 1999, and legacy Chubb Corp run-off business in 2016.

For segment reporting purposes, certain items are presented in a different manner below than in the consolidated financial statements. Management uses underwriting income as the main measures of segment performance. Chubb calculates underwriting income by subtracting Losses and loss expenses, Policy benefits, Policy acquisition costs, and Administrative expenses from Net premiums earned. To calculate segment income, include Net investment income, Other (income) expense, and Amortization of purchased intangibles. For the North America Agricultural Insurance segment, management includes gains and losses on crop derivatives as a component of underwriting income. For example, for the three months ended September 30, 2017, underwriting income in our North America Agricultural Insurance segment was $86 million. This amount includes $5 million of realized losses related to crop derivatives which are reported in Net realized gains (losses) in the Corporate column below.

For the Life Insurance segment, management includes Net investment income and (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP as components of Life Insurance underwriting income. For example, for the three months ended September 30, 2017, Life Insurance underwriting income of $70 million includes Net investment income of $78 million and gains from fair value changes in separate account assets of $24 million. The gains from fair value changes in separate account assets are reported in Other (income) expense in the table below.

The following tables present the Statement of Operations by segment:

	North America Commercial P&C Insurance				North America Personal P&C Insurance				North America Agricultural Insurance				Overseas General Insurance				Global Reinsurance				Life Insurance				Corporate				Chubb Consolidated
For the Three Months Ended
September 30, 2017
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums written	$	3,089			$	1,194			$	926			$	1,963			$	191			$	539			$	—			$	7,902
Net premiums earned	3,016				1,117				898				2,064				185				527				—				7,807
Losses and loss expenses	2,580				1,062				759				1,281				295				181				89				6,247
Policy benefits	—				—				—				—				—				169				—				169
Policy acquisition costs	469				226				49				569				43				132				—				1,488
Administrative expenses	256				61				(1		)		246				11				77				64				714
Underwriting income (loss)	(289		)		(232		)		91				(32		)		(164		)		(32		)		(153		)		(811		)
Net investment income (loss)	497				57				6				164				80				78				(69		)		813
Other (income) expense	(4		)		1				—				(10		)		(3		)		(19		)		(83		)		(118		)
Amortization expense of purchased intangibles	—				4				8				11				—				1				41				65
Segment income (loss)	$	212			$	(180	)		$	89			$	131			$	(81	)		$	64			$	(180	)		$	55
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI																									(10		)		(10		)
Interest expense																									150				150
Chubb integration expenses																									50				50
Income tax benefit																									(85		)		(85		)
Net loss																									$	(305	)		$	(70	)

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	North America Commercial P&C Insurance				North America Personal P&C Insurance				North America Agricultural Insurance				Overseas General Insurance				Global Reinsurance				Life Insurance				Corporate				Chubb Consolidated
For the Three Months Ended
September 30, 2016
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums written	$	3,110			$	1,011			$	849			$	1,940			$	131			$	532			$	—			$	7,573
Net premiums earned	3,086				1,081				819				2,034				156				512				—				7,688
Losses and loss expenses	1,863				594				683				843				49				174				63				4,269
Policy benefits	—				—				—				—				—				155				—				155
Policy acquisition costs	522				229				48				546				42				127				—				1,514
Administrative expenses	275				89				1				261				12				77				57				772
Underwriting income (loss)	426				169				87				384				53				(21		)		(120		)		978
Net investment income (loss)	477				53				5				152				67				71				(86		)		739
Other (income) expense	3				2				—				(6		)		—				(20		)		(70		)		(91		)
Amortization expense (benefit) of purchased intangibles	—				4				7				12				—				1				(20		)		4
Segment income (loss)	$	900			$	216			$	85			$	530			$	120			$	69			$	(116	)		$	1,804
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI																									100				100
Interest expense																									152				152
Chubb integration expenses																									115				115
Income tax expense																									277				277
Net income (loss)																									$	(560	)		$	1,360

	North America Commercial P&C Insurance				North America Personal P&C Insurance				North America Agricultural Insurance				Overseas General Insurance				Global Reinsurance				Life Insurance				Corporate				Chubb Consolidated
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2017
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums written	$	9,035			$	3,433			$	1,390			$	6,169			$	580			$	1,586			$	—			$	22,193
Net premiums earned	9,156				3,296				1,256				6,018				542				1,548				—				21,816
Losses and loss expenses	6,376				2,378				976				3,316				435				556				145				14,182
Policy benefits	—				—				—				—				—				500				—				500
Policy acquisition costs	1,420				673				75				1,653				137				376				—				4,334
Administrative expenses	728				192				(4		)		734				33				226				187				2,096
Underwriting income (loss)	632				53				209				315				(63		)		(110		)		(332		)		704
Net investment income (loss)	1,465				168				18				460				207				230				(220		)		2,328
Other (income) expense	(4		)		3				1				(14		)		(2		)		(60		)		(257		)		(333		)
Amortization expense of purchased intangibles	—				12				22				33				—				2				125				194
Segment income (loss)	$	2,101			$	206			$	204			$	756			$	146			$	178			$	(420	)		$	3,171
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI																									84				84
Interest expense																									451				451
Chubb integration expenses																									233				233
Income tax expense																									243				243
Net income (loss)																									$	(1,263	)		$	2,328

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

	North America Commercial P&C Insurance				North America Personal P&C Insurance				North America Agricultural Insurance				Overseas General Insurance				Global Reinsurance				Life Insurance				Corporate				Chubb Consolidated
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2016
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums written	$	8,657			$	3,113			$	1,288			$	6,012			$	562			$	1,575			$	—			$	21,207
Net premiums earned	9,130				3,245				1,169				6,082				543				1,521				—				21,690
Losses and loss expenses	5,581				1,916				937				2,953				225				498				87				12,197
Policy benefits	—				—				—				—				—				427				—				427
Policy acquisition costs	1,549				747				77				1,586				142				386				—				4,487
Administrative expenses	840				275				(1		)		801				40				226				192				2,373
Underwriting income (loss)	1,160				307				156				742				136				(16		)		(279		)		2,206
Net investment income (loss)	1,371				155				15				445				199				207				(271		)		2,121
Other (income) expense	(6		)		6				—				(16		)		(3		)		(14		)		(59		)		(92		)
Amortization expense (benefit) of purchased intangibles	—				16				22				36				—				2				(60		)		16
Segment income (loss)	$	2,537			$	440			$	149			$	1,167			$	338			$	203			$	(431	)		$	4,403
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI																									(510		)		(510		)
Interest expense																									451				451
Chubb integration expenses																									361				361
Income tax expense																									556				556
Net income (loss)																									$	(2,309	)		$	2,525

Underwriting assets are reviewed in total by management for purposes of decision-making. Other than Unpaid losses and loss expenses, Reinsurance recoverables, Goodwill and Other intangible assets, Chubb does not allocate assets to its segments.

11. Earnings per share

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Numerator:
Net income (loss)	$	(70	)		$	1,360			$	2,328			$	2,525
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share:
Weighted-average shares outstanding	466,370,784				468,021,093				467,658,334				460,631,794
Denominator for diluted earnings per share:
Share-based compensation plans	—				3,375,269				3,961,572				3,439,017
Weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions	466,370,784				471,396,362				471,619,906				464,070,811
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	(0.15	)		$	2.90			$	4.98			$	5.48
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	(0.15	)		$	2.88			$	4.94			$	5.44
Potential anti-dilutive share conversions	2,045,829				1,306,710				1,673,777				1,635,337

Excluded from weighted-average shares outstanding and assumed conversions is the impact of securities that would have been anti-dilutive during the respective periods. In addition, for the three months ended September 30, 2017, weighted-average shares outstanding used in calculating diluted loss per share excludes the effect of dilutive securities of 3,820,673 shares. In periods where a net loss is recognized, inclusion of incremental dilution is antidilutive.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

12. Information provided in connection with outstanding debt of subsidiaries

The following tables present condensed consolidating financial information at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 for Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor) and Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer). The Subsidiary Issuer is an indirect 100 percent-owned subsidiary of the Parent Guarantor. The Parent Guarantor fully and unconditionally guarantees certain of the debt of the Subsidiary Issuer. Condensed consolidating financial information of the Parent Guarantor and Subsidiary Issuer are presented on the equity method of accounting. The revenues and expenses and cash flows of the subsidiaries of the Subsidiary Issuer are presented in the Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries column on a combined basis.

Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet at September 30, 2017

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor)				Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer)				Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries				Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations				Chubb Limited Consolidated
Assets
Investments	$	—			$	169			$	102,255			$	—			$	102,424
Cash (1)	1				—				1,174				(87		)		1,088
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	—				—				11,076				(1,525		)		9,551
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	—				—				27,007				(12,208		)		14,799
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	—				—				1,232				(1,039		)		193
Value of business acquired	—				—				339				—				339
Goodwill and other intangible assets	—				—				22,265				—				22,265
Investments in subsidiaries	40,936				50,926				—				(91,862		)		—
Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net	9,913				—				—				(9,913		)		—
Other assets	61				276				20,699				(4,117		)		16,919
Total assets	$	50,911			$	51,371			$	186,047			$	(120,751	)		$	167,578
Liabilities
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	—			$	—			$	75,688			$	(11,535	)		$	64,153
Unearned premiums	—				—				19,150				(3,694		)		15,456
Future policy benefits	—				—				6,346				(1,039		)		5,307
Due to subsidiaries and affiliates, net	—				9,697				216				(9,913		)		—
Affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1)	85				2				—				(87		)		—
Repurchase agreements	—				—				1,408				—				1,408
Short-term debt	—				1,020				—				—				1,020
Long-term debt	—				11,548				11				—				11,559
Trust preferred securities	—				308				—				—				308
Other liabilities	355				1,685				18,477				(2,621		)		17,896
Total liabilities	440				24,260				121,296				(28,889		)		117,107
Total shareholders’ equity	50,471				27,111				64,751				(91,862		)		50,471
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	50,911			$	51,371			$	186,047			$	(120,751	)		$	167,578

(1)

Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At September 30, 2017, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.

 

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheet at December 31, 2016

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor)				Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer)				Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries				Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations				Chubb Limited Consolidated
Assets
Investments	$	27			$	485			$	98,582			$	—			$	99,094
Cash (1)	1				1				1,965				(982		)		985
Insurance and reinsurance balances receivable	—				—				10,498				(1,528		)		8,970
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses	—				—				24,496				(10,919		)		13,577
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits	—				—				1,153				(971		)		182
Value of business acquired	—				—				355				—				355
Goodwill and other intangible assets	—				—				22,095				—				22,095
Investments in subsidiaries	38,408				49,509				—				(87,917		)		—
Due from subsidiaries and affiliates, net	10,482				—				—				(10,482		)		—
Other assets	3				436				18,442				(4,353		)		14,528
Total assets	$	48,921			$	50,431			$	177,586			$	(117,152	)		$	159,786
Liabilities
Unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	—			$	—			$	70,683			$	(10,143	)		$	60,540
Unearned premiums	—				—				18,538				(3,759		)		14,779
Future policy benefits	—				—				6,007				(971		)		5,036
Due to subsidiaries and affiliates, net	—				10,209				273				(10,482		)		—
Affiliated notional cash pooling programs (1)	363				619				—				(982		)		—
Repurchase agreements	—				—				1,403				—				1,403
Short-term debt	—				500				—				—				500
Long-term debt	—				12,599				11				—				12,610
Trust preferred securities	—				308				—				—				308
Other liabilities	283				1,582				17,368				(2,898		)		16,335
Total liabilities	646				25,817				114,283				(29,235		)		111,511
Total shareholders’ equity	48,275				24,614				63,303				(87,917		)		48,275
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	48,921			$	50,431			$	177,586			$	(117,152	)		$	159,786

(1)

Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At December 31, 2016, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017	Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor)				Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer)				Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries				Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations				Chubb Limited Consolidated
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums written	$	—			$	—			$	7,902			$	—			$	7,902
Net premiums earned	—				—				7,807				—				7,807
Net investment income	1				3				809				—				813
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	(127		)		212				—				(85		)		—
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI	—				(8		)		(2		)		—				(10		)
Losses and loss expenses	—				—				6,247				—				6,247
Policy benefits	—				—				169				—				169
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	20				16				2,166				—				2,202
Interest (income) expense	(84		)		208				26				—				150
Other (income) expense	(5		)		9				(122		)		—				(118		)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	—				—				65				—				65
Chubb integration expenses	7				1				42				—				50
Income tax expense (benefit)	6				(89		)		(2		)		—				(85		)
Net income (loss)	$	(70	)		$	62			$	23			$	(85	)		$	(70	)
Comprehensive income	$	629			$	748			$	724			$	(1,472	)		$	629

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016	Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor)				Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer)				Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries				Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations				Chubb Limited Consolidated
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums written	$	—			$	—			$	7,573			$	—			$	7,573
Net premiums earned	—				—				7,688				—				7,688
Net investment income	1				2				736				—				739
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	1,292				748				—				(2,040		)		—
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI	—				(2		)		102				—				100
Losses and loss expenses	—				—				4,269				—				4,269
Policy benefits	—				—				155				—				155
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	15				12				2,259				—				2,286
Interest (income) expense	(93		)		233				12				—				152
Other (income) expense	(7		)		6				(90		)		—				(91		)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	—				—				4				—				4
Chubb integration expenses	12				16				87				—				115
Income tax expense (benefit)	6				(136		)		407				—				277
Net income	$	1,360			$	617			$	1,423			$	(2,040	)		$	1,360
Comprehensive income	$	1,376			$	627			$	1,439			$	(2,066	)		$	1,376

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Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017	Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor)				Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer)				Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries				Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations				Chubb Limited Consolidated
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums written	$	—			$	—			$	22,193			$	—			$	22,193
Net premiums earned	—				—				21,816				—				21,816
Net investment income	3				10				2,315				—				2,328
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	2,153				1,578				—				(3,731		)		—
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI	(2		)		(22		)		108				—				84
Losses and loss expenses	—				—				14,182				—				14,182
Policy benefits	—				—				500				—				500
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	56				28				6,346				—				6,430
Interest (income) expense	(252		)		641				62				—				451
Other (income) expense	(7		)		34				(360		)		—				(333		)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	—				—				194				—				194
Chubb integration expenses	13				54				166				—				233
Income tax expense (benefit)	16				(288		)		515				—				243
Net income	$	2,328			$	1,097			$	2,634			$	(3,731	)		$	2,328
Comprehensive income	$	3,711			$	2,459			$	4,018			$	(6,477	)		$	3,711

Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016	Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor)				Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer)				Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries				Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations				Chubb Limited Consolidated
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net premiums written	$	—			$	—			$	21,207			$	—			$	21,207
Net premiums earned	—				—				21,690				—				21,690
Net investment income	3				9				2,109				—				2,121
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries	2,331				1,803				—				(4,134		)		—
Net realized gains (losses) including OTTI	(1		)		(3		)		(506		)		—				(510		)
Losses and loss expenses	—				—				12,197				—				12,197
Policy benefits	—				—				427				—				427
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	48				144				6,668				—				6,860
Interest (income) expense	(266		)		681				36				—				451
Other (income) expense	(20		)		26				(98		)		—				(92		)
Amortization of purchased intangibles	—				—				16				—				16
Chubb integration expenses	29				56				276				—				361
Income tax expense (benefit)	17				(323		)		862				—				556
Net income	$	2,525			$	1,225			$	2,909			$	(4,134	)		$	2,525
Comprehensive income	$	4,457			$	2,687			$	4,841			$	(7,528	)		$	4,457

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Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017	Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor)				Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer)				Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries				Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations				Chubb Limited Consolidated
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net cash flows from operating activities	$	639			$	1,472			$	3,341			$	(2,041	)		$	3,411
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	—				(9		)		(18,469		)		—				(18,478		)
Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity	—				—				(262		)		—				(262		)
Purchases of equity securities	—				—				(125		)		—				(125		)
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	—				99				9,116				—				9,215
Sales of equity securities	—				—				152				—				152
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities available for sale	—				22				7,677				—				7,699
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity	—				—				644				—				644
Net change in short-term investments	—				197				(153		)		—				44
Net derivative instruments settlements	—				(13		)		(157		)		—				(170		)
Other	—				6				(68		)		—				(62		)
Net cash flows from (used for) investing activities	—				302				(1,645		)		—				(1,343		)
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends paid on Common Shares	(978		)		—				—				—				(978		)
Common Shares repurchased	—				—				(707		)		—				(707		)
Repayment of long-term debt	—				(500		)		—				—				(500		)
Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements	—				—				1,798				—				1,798
Repayment of repurchase agreements	—				—				(1,793		)		—				(1,793		)
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans	—				—				109				—				109
Dividend to parent company	—				—				(2,041		)		2,041				—
Advances (to) from affiliates	617				(658		)		41				—				—
Net payments to affiliated notional cash pooling programs(1)	(278		)		(617		)		—				895				—
Policyholder contract deposits	—				—				312				—				312
Policyholder contract withdrawals	—				—				(211		)		—				(211		)
Net cash flows used for financing activities	(639		)		(1,775		)		(2,492		)		2,936				(1,970		)
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	—				—				5				—				5
Net increase (decrease) in cash	—				(1		)		(791		)		895				103
Cash – beginning of period(1)	1				1				1,965				(982		)		985
Cash – end of period(1)	$	1			$	—			$	1,174			$	(87	)		$	1,088

(1)

Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS – continued (Unaudited)

Chubb Limited and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidating Statement of Cash Flows

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016	Chubb Limited (Parent Guarantor)				Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Subsidiary Issuer)				Other Chubb Limited Subsidiaries				Consolidating Adjustments and Eliminations				Chubb Limited Consolidated
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Net cash flows from operating activities	$	3,399			$	3,892			$	3,918			$	(7,372	)		$	3,837
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchases of fixed maturities available for sale	—				(154		)		(23,683		)		—				(23,837		)
Purchases of fixed maturities held to maturity	—				—				(189		)		—				(189		)
Purchases of equity securities	—				—				(100		)		—				(100		)
Sales of fixed maturities available for sale	—				66				13,797				—				13,863
Sales of equity securities	—				—				963				—				963
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities    available for sale	—				59				6,877				—				6,936
Maturities and redemptions of fixed maturities held to maturity	—				—				627				—				627
Net change in short-term investments	—				7,627				4,239				—				11,866
Net derivative instruments settlements	—				(10		)		(171		)		—				(181		)
Acquisition of subsidiaries (net of cash acquired of $71)	—				(14,282		)		34				—				(14,248		)
Capital contribution	(2,330		)		(20		)		(2,330		)		4,680				—
Other	—				(3		)		29				—				26
Net cash flows from (used for) investing activities	(2,330		)		(6,717		)		93				4,680				(4,274		)
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends paid on Common Shares	(851		)		—				—				—				(851		)
Proceeds from issuance of repurchase agreements	—				—				1,457				—				1,457
Repayment of repurchase agreements	—				—				(1,455		)		—				(1,455		)
Proceeds from share-based compensation plans, including windfall tax benefits	—				—				117				—				117
Dividend to parent company	—				—				(7,372		)		7,372				—
Advances (to) from affiliates	(258		)		219				39				—				—
Capital contribution	—				2,330				2,350				(4,680		)		—
Net proceeds from (payments to) affiliated notional cash pooling programs(1)	45				280				—				(325		)		—
Policyholder contract deposits	—				—				473				—				473
Policyholder contract withdrawals	—				—				(247		)		—				(247		)
Other	—				(4		)		—				—				(4		)
Net cash flows from (used for) financing activities	(1,064		)		2,825				(4,638		)		2,367				(510		)
Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	—				—				42				—				42
Net increase (decrease) in cash	5				—				(585		)		(325		)		(905		)
Cash – beginning of period(1)	1				2				2,743				(971		)		1,775
Cash – end of period(1)	$	6			$	2			$	2,158			$	(1,296	)		$	870

(1)

Chubb maintains two notional multicurrency cash pools (Pools) with a third-party bank. Various Chubb entities participate in one or the other of the Pools, pursuant to which credit and debit balances in individual Chubb accounts are translated daily into a single currency and pooled on a notional basis. Individual Chubb entities are permitted to overdraw on their individual accounts provided the overall Pool balances do not fall below zero. At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the cash balance of one or more entities was negative; however, the overall Pool balances were positive.

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ITEM 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following is a discussion of our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity and capital resources as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.

All comparisons in this discussion are to the corresponding prior year period unless otherwise indicated.

Our results of operations and cash flows for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of our results for the full year. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 (2016 Form 10-K).

Other Information

We routinely post important information for investors on our website (investors.chubb.com). We use this website as a means of disclosing material, non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Investor Information portion of our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, and webcasts. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this report.

MD&A Index	Page
Forward-Looking Statements	46
Overview	48
Financial Highlights	48
Consolidated Operating Results	49
Integration-Related Savings	58
Prior Period Development	60
Segment Operating Results	61
Other Income and Expense Items	76
Amortization of Purchased Intangibles	76
Net Investment Income	77
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)	78
Investments	79
Critical Accounting Estimates	82
Reinsurance Recoverable on Ceded Reinsurance	82
Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses	83
Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)	83
Fair Value Measurements	83
Catastrophe Management	84
Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program	84
Crop Insurance	85
Liquidity	86
Capital Resources	88

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Forward-Looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements. Any written or oral statements made by us or on our behalf may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to future events and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could, should potential events occur, cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. These risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are described in more detail elsewhere herein and in other documents we file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), include but are not limited to:

•	losses arising out of natural or man-made catastrophes such as hurricanes, typhoons, earthquakes, floods, climate change (including effects on weather patterns; greenhouse gases; sea; land and air temperatures; sea levels; and rain and snow), nuclear accidents, or terrorism which could be affected by:

•	the number of insureds and ceding companies affected;

•	the amount and timing of losses actually incurred and reported by insureds;

•	the impact of these losses on our reinsurers and the amount and timing of reinsurance recoverable actually received;

•	the cost of building materials and labor to reconstruct properties or to perform environmental remediation following a catastrophic event; and

•	complex coverage and regulatory issues such as whether losses occurred from storm surge or flooding and related lawsuits;

•	actions that rating agencies may take from time to time, such as financial strength or credit ratings downgrades or placing these ratings on credit watch negative or the equivalent;

•	the ability to collect reinsurance recoverable, credit developments of reinsurers, and any delays with respect thereto and changes in the cost, quality, or availability of reinsurance;

•	actual loss experience from insured or reinsured events and the timing of claim payments;

•	the uncertainties of the loss-reserving and claims-settlement processes, including the difficulties associated with assessing environmental damage and asbestos-related latent injuries, the impact of aggregate-policy-coverage limits, the impact of bankruptcy protection sought by various asbestos producers and other related businesses, and the timing of loss payments;

•	changes to our assessment as to whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, or have the intent to sell, available for sale fixed maturity investments before their anticipated recovery;

•	infection rates and severity of pandemics and their effects on our business operations and claims activity;

•

developments in global financial markets, including changes in interest rates, stock markets, and other financial markets, increased government involvement or intervention in the financial services industry, the cost and availability of financing, and foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations (which we refer to in this report as foreign exchange and foreign currency exchange), which could affect our statement of operations, investment portfolio, financial condition, and financing plans;

•	general economic and business conditions resulting from volatility in the stock and credit markets and the depth and duration of potential recession;

•	global political conditions, the occurrence of any terrorist attacks, including any nuclear, radiological, biological, or chemical events, or the outbreak and effects of war, and possible business disruption or economic contraction that may result from such events;

•	the potential impact of the United Kingdom’s vote to withdraw from the European Union, including political, regulatory, social, and economic uncertainty and market and exchange rate volatility;

•	judicial decisions and rulings, new theories of liability, legal tactics, and settlement terms;

•	the effects of public company bankruptcies and/or accounting restatements, as well as disclosures by and investigations of public companies relating to possible accounting irregularities, and other corporate governance issues, including the effects of such events on:

•	the capital markets;

•	the markets for directors and officers (D&O) and errors and omissions (E&O) insurance; and

•	claims and litigation arising out of such disclosures or practices by other companies;

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•	uncertainties relating to governmental, legislative and regulatory policies, developments, actions, investigations, and treaties, which, among other things, could subject us to insurance regulation or taxation in additional jurisdictions or affect our current operations;

•	the actual amount of new and renewal business, market acceptance of our products, and risks associated with the introduction of new products and services and entering new markets, including regulatory constraints on exit strategies;

•	the competitive environment in which we operate, including trends in pricing or in policy terms and conditions, which may differ from our projections and changes in market conditions that could render our business strategies ineffective or obsolete;

•	acquisitions made by us performing differently than expected, our failure to realize anticipated expense-related efficiencies or growth from acquisitions, the impact of acquisitions on our pre-existing organization, or announced acquisitions not closing;

•	risks and uncertainties relating to our acquisition of The Chubb Corporation (Chubb Corp acquisition) including our ability to successfully integrate the acquired company;

•	risks associated with being a Swiss corporation, including reduced flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management and the potential for additional regulatory burdens;

•	the potential impact from government-mandated insurance coverage for acts of terrorism;

•	the availability of borrowings and letters of credit under our credit facilities;

•	the adequacy of collateral supporting funded high deductible programs;

•	changes in the distribution or placement of risks due to increased consolidation of insurance and reinsurance brokers;

•	material differences between actual and expected assessments for guaranty funds and mandatory pooling arrangements;

•	the effects of investigations into market practices in the property and casualty (P&C) industry;

•	changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions, for example, recession;

•	the amount of dividends received from subsidiaries;

•	loss of the services of any of our executive officers without suitable replacements being recruited in a reasonable time frame;

•	the ability of our technology resources, including information systems and security, to perform as anticipated such as with respect to preventing material information technology failures or third-party infiltrations or hacking resulting in consequences adverse to Chubb or its customers or partners; and

•	management’s response to these factors and actual events (including, but not limited to, those described above).

The words “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “hope,” “feel,” “foresee,” “will likely result,” or “will continue,” and variations thereof and similar expressions, identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

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Overview

Chubb Limited is the Swiss-incorporated holding company of the Chubb Group of Companies. Chubb Limited, which is headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, and its direct and indirect subsidiaries (collectively, the Chubb Group of Companies, Chubb, we, us, or our) are a global insurance and reinsurance organization, serving the needs of a diverse group of clients worldwide. At September 30, 2017, we had total assets of $168 billion and shareholders’ equity of $50 billion. Chubb was incorporated in 1985 at which time it opened its first business office in Bermuda and continues to maintain operations in Bermuda.

We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. For more information on our segments refer to “Segment Information” under Item 1 in our 2016 Form 10-K.

Financial Highlights for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

•	Net loss was $(70) million compared with net income of $1,360 million in the prior year period.

•	Total company and P&C net premiums written were $7.9 billion and $7.4 billion, respectively, up 4.3 percent and 4.6 percent.

•

Total pre-tax and after-tax catastrophe losses were $1,893 million (26.0 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $1,525 million, respectively, compared with $144 million (2.0 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $107 million, respectively, last year. Pre-tax catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance and including reinstatement premiums, included $650 million, $891 million, and $220 million from Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria, respectively, $25 million from the earthquakes in Mexico, and $107 million from other catastrophe losses.

•

Since the acquisition of Chubb Corp, we have entered into new reinsurance agreements with third-party reinsurers for certain legacy Chubb Corp business, and have taken other merger-related underwriting actions, including exiting certain types of business that do not meet our underwriting standards or adhere to our risk diversification strategy. Together, these items adversely impacted P&C net premiums written growth by $87 million in the quarter. In addition, net premiums written growth was favorably impacted by $128 million from a one-time unearned premium reserve (UPR) transfer in 2016 which reduced net premiums written in the prior year. Excluding these items, P&C net premiums written were up 4.0 percent in constant dollars.

•	P&C combined ratio was 110.8 percent compared with 86.0 percent in the prior year period. P&C current accident year combined ratio excluding catastrophe losses was 88.5 percent compared with 88.9 percent, last year.

•	Total pre-tax and after-tax favorable prior period development was $270 million (3.7 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $206 million, respectively, compared with $349 million (4.9 percentage points of the combined ratio) and $252 million, respectively, last year.

•	Net investment income was $813 million compared with $739 million in the prior year period. Excluding the amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets of Chubb Corp, net investment income was $893 million, compared with $830 million, up 7.5 percent.

•	Share repurchases totaled $232 million, or approximately 1.6 million shares, during the quarter, and $707 million, or 5.0 million shares, through September 30, 2017.

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Consolidated Operating Results – Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016

	Three Months Ended											Nine Months Ended
	September 30								% Change			September 30								% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				Q-17 vs. Q-16			2017				2016				YTD-17 vs. YTD-16
Net premiums written (1)	$	7,902			$	7,573			4.3	%		$	22,193			$	21,207			4.7	%
Net premiums earned (1)	7,807				7,688				1.5	%		21,816				21,690				0.6	%
Net investment income	813				739				9.8	%		2,328				2,121				9.7	%
Net realized gains (losses)	(10		)		100				NM			84				(510		)		NM
Total revenues	8,610				8,527				1.0	%		24,228				23,301				4.0	%
Losses and loss expenses	6,247				4,269				46.3	%		14,182				12,197				16.3	%
Policy benefits	169				155				9.0	%		500				427				17.1	%
Policy acquisition costs	1,488				1,514				(1.7	)%		4,334				4,487				(3.4	)%
Administrative expenses	714				772				(7.5	)%		2,096				2,373				(11.7	)%
Interest expense	150				152				(1.3	)%		451				451				—
Other (income) expense	(118		)		(91		)		29.7	%		(333		)		(92		)		262.0	%
Amortization of purchased intangibles	65				4				NM			194				16				NM
Chubb integration expenses	50				115				(56.5	)%		233				361				(35.5	)%
Total expenses	8,765				6,890				27.2	%		21,657				20,220				7.1	%
Income (loss) before income tax	(155		)		1,637				NM			2,571				3,081				(16.6	)%
Income tax expense (benefit)	(85		)		277				NM			243				556				(56.3	)%
Net income (loss)	$	(70	)		$	1,360			NM			$	2,328			$	2,525			(7.8	)%
NM – not meaningful

(1)

On a constant-dollar basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, net premiums written increased $331 million, or 4.3 percent, and $1,052 million, or 5.0 percent, respectively, and net premiums earned increased $109 million and $154 million, respectively. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

Net Premiums Written

Net premiums written reflect the premiums we retain after purchasing reinsurance protection. Consolidated net premiums written increased $329 million and $986 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 reflecting growth across most segments. In addition, net premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 increased due to the timing of the Chubb Corp acquisition in the prior year, which excluded approximately $855 million of production generated prior to the Chubb Corp acquisition close on January 14, 2016 (14-day stub period). On a comparative basis, which includes the 14-day stub period, net premiums written increased $131 million. Merger-related underwriting actions of $96 million and $505 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, partially offset this growth. Merger-related underwriting actions include the cancellation of certain portfolios or lines of business that do not meet our underwriting standards and the purchase of additional reinsurance.

•

Net premiums written in our North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment decreased $21 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 primarily due to merger-related underwriting actions ($57 million). Excluding these actions, net premiums written increased $36 million, primarily due to growth in our Major Accounts Risk Management and Wholesale businesses and in our Commercial Insurance workers’ compensation and casualty lines, which was partially offset by declines in our property and select components of our financial lines businesses due to competitive market conditions. Net premiums written increased $378 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 primarily reflecting the 14-day stub period ($519 million). On a comparative basis, which includes the 14-day stub period, net premiums written decreased $141 million driven by merger-related underwriting actions ($225 million). Excluding these items, net premiums written increased $84 million, or 0.9 percent, primarily due to the same factors driving the increase in the three months ended September 30, 2017 as described above.

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•

Net premiums written in our North America Personal P&C Insurance segment increased $183 million and $320 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, reflecting growth across most lines and a non-recurring unearned premium reserves (UPR) transfer in 2016 which decreased net premiums written in the prior year ($128 million). Net premiums written also increased due to the non-renewal of a quota share treaty in 2017 covering the acquired Fireman's Fund homeowners and automobile businesses ($45 million) as well as strong renewal in our complementary products lines, particularly in automobile. In addition, the increase in net premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 reflected the favorable impact of the 14-day stub period ($100 million), offset by the purchase of additional reinsurance ($126 million).

   

•	Net premiums written in our North America Agricultural Insurance segment increased $77 million and $102 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to increased MPCI production related to the current crop year.

•

Net premiums written in our Overseas General Insurance segment increased $23 million, or $22 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three months ended September 30, 2017, as growth in personal lines business, primarily from new automobile business written in Latin America, and property and casualty (P&C) lines, primarily in Asia and Europe, were offset by merger-related underwriting actions ($30 million) and reinstatement premiums related to catastrophe events in the quarter ($9 million). Net premiums written increased $157 million, or $218 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily reflecting the 14-day stub period ($215 million). On a comparative constant-dollar basis, which includes the 14-day stub period, net premiums written increased $3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 reflecting merger-related underwriting actions ($111 million) and the impact of a merger-related accounting policy adjustment in the fourth quarter of 2016 to align the timing of premium recognition ($73 million). Excluding these items, net premiums written increased $187 million on a constant-dollar basis, due to growth in personal lines and P&C lines.

•

Net premiums written in our Global Reinsurance segment increased $60 million and $18 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to higher catastrophe reinstatement premiums ($37 million) and a new treaty written in the quarter ($14 million). In addition, the prior year included a reduction in treaty premium estimates ($10 million) that lowered net premiums written. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 also reflected the favorable impact of the 14-day stub period ($20 million), partially offset by an unfavorable impact from merger-related underwriting actions of $10 million and declining rates and increasing competition.

•

Net premiums written in our Life Insurance segment increased $7 million and $11 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, due to growth in our Combined Insurance supplemental A&H program business and our Asian international life operations. This growth was partially offset by planned declines in our Latin American operations, reflecting merger-related underwriting actions of $9 million and $33 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and in our run-off life reinsurance business.

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Line of Business

The following tables present a breakdown of consolidated net premiums written by line of business for the periods indicated:

												Three Months Ended
																September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				% Change Q-17 vs. Q-16			C$ (1) 2016				C$ (1)  % Change Q-17 vs. Q-16			Impact of Merger Actions & UPR transfer (2)			C$ (1)  % Change ex Merger Actions & UPR transfer Q-17 vs. Q-16
Commercial multiple peril (3)	$	233			$	228			2.2	%		$	228			2.2	%		0.4	%		1.8	%
Commercial casualty	992				966				2.7	%		967				2.6	%		(2.3	)%		4.9	%
Workers' compensation	470				471				(0.2	)%		471				(0.2	)%		(4.7	)%		4.5	%
Professional liability	906				947				(4.3	)%		944				(4.0	)%		0.4	%		(4.4	)%
Surety	158				158				—			157				0.6	%		—			0.6	%
Property and other short-tail lines	888				905				(1.9	)%		905				(1.9	)%		(1.5	)%		(0.4	)%
International other casualty	237				239				(0.8	)%		240				(1.3	)%		—			(1.3	)%
Total Commercial P&C	3,884				3,914				(0.8	)%		3,912				(0.7	)%		(1.3	)%		0.6	%
Agriculture	926				849				9.0	%		849				9.0	%		—			9.0	%
Personal automobile - North America	204				188				8.5	%		188				8.5	%		—			8.5	%
Personal automobile - International	195				154				26.6	%		153				27.5	%		(3.2	)%		30.7	%
Personal homeowners	877				712				23.2	%		712				23.2	%		18.8	%		4.4	%
Personal other	355				367				(3.3	)%		370				(4.1	)%		(4.6	)%		0.5	%
Total Personal lines	1,631				1,421				14.8	%		1,423				14.6	%		8.0	%		6.6	%
Total Property and Casualty lines	6,441				6,184				4.2	%		6,184				4.2	%		1.0	%		3.2	%
Global A&H lines (4)	1,014				990				2.4	%		990				2.4	%		(1.3	)%		3.7	%
Reinsurance lines	191				131				47.1	%		129				47.9	%		—			47.9	%
Life	256				268				(4.5	)%		268				(4.5	)%		(3.4	)%		(1.1	)%
Total consolidated	$	7,902			$	7,573			4.3	%		$	7,571			4.4	%		0.5	%		3.9	%

(1)	On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

(2)	Reflects the impact to growth of merger-related underwriting actions and a one-time unearned premium reserve (UPR) transfer that reduced net premiums written in the prior year.

(3)	Commercial multiple peril represents retail package business (property and general liability)

(4)	For purposes of this schedule only, A&H results from our Combined North America and International businesses, normally included in the Life Insurance and Overseas General Insurance segments, respectively, as well as the A&H results of our North America Commercial P&C segment, are included in Global A&H lines above.

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												Nine Months Ended
																September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				% Change YTD-17  vs. YTD-16			C$ (1) 2016 including stub period				C$ (1)  % Change YTD-17 vs. YTD-16 including stub period			Impact of Merger Actions, UPR transfer, and accounting policy alignment (2)			C$ (1)  % Change ex Merger Actions, UPR transfer, and accounting policy alignment YTD-17 vs. YTD 16
Commercial multiple peril (3)	$	661			$	596			10.9	%		$	676			(2.2	)%		(0.6	)%		(1.6	)%
Commercial casualty	2,680				2,502				7.1	%		2,620				2.3	%		(3.0	)%		5.3	%
Workers' compensation	1,536				1,467				4.7	%		1,605				(4.3	)%		(3.9	)%		(0.4	)%
Professional liability	2,600				2,552				1.9	%		2,674				(2.8	)%		(1.3	)%		(1.5	)%
Surety	461				441				4.5	%		448				2.9	%		(0.7	)%		3.6	%
Property and other short-tail lines	2,974				2,935				1.3	%		3,062				(2.9	)%		(3.3	)%		0.4	%
International other casualty	801				771				3.9	%		804				(0.4	)%		(2.4	)%		2.0	%
Total Commercial P&C	11,713				11,264				4.0	%		11,889				(1.5	)%		(2.5	)%		1.0	%
Agriculture	1,390				1,288				7.9	%		1,288				7.9	%		—			7.9	%
Personal automobile - North America	578				520				11.2	%		534				8.2	%		—			8.2	%
Personal automobile - International	569				499				14.0	%		490				16.1	%		(1.0	)%		17.1	%
Personal homeowners	2,499				2,281				9.6	%		2,348				6.4	%		0.4	%		6.0	%
Personal other	1,080				1,048				3.1	%		1,082				(0.2	)%		(6.7	)%		6.5	%
Total Personal lines	4,726				4,348				8.7	%		4,454				6.1	%		(1.5	)%		7.6	%
Total Property and Casualty lines	17,829				16,900				5.5	%		17,631				1.1	%		(2.1	)%		3.2	%
Global A&H lines (4)	3,033				2,955				2.6	%		2,995				1.3	%		(1.1	)%		2.4	%
Reinsurance lines	580				562				3.3	%		574				0.9	%		(1.7	)%		2.6	%
Life	751				790				(4.9	)%		796				(5.7	)%		(4.2	)%		(1.5	)%
Total consolidated	$	22,193			$	21,207			4.7	%		$	21,996			0.9	%		(2.0	)%		2.9	%

(1)	On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

(2)	Reflects the impact to growth of merger-related underwriting actions, a one-time unearned premium reserve (UPR) transfer that reduced net premiums written in the prior year, and accounting policy alignment, including the 14-day stub period.

(3)	Commercial multiple peril represents retail package business (property and general liability)

(4)	For purposes of this schedule only, A&H results from our Combined North America and International businesses, normally included in the Life Insurance and Overseas General Insurance segments, respectively, as well as the A&H results of our North America Commercial P&C segment, are included in Global A&H lines above.

Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned for short-duration contracts, typically P&C contracts, generally reflect the portion of net premiums written that were recorded as revenues for the period as the exposure periods expire. Net premiums earned for long-duration contracts, typically traditional life contracts, generally are recognized as earned when due from policyholders. Net premiums earned increased $119 million, or $109 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three months ended September 30, 2017 due to the same factors driving the increase in net premiums written as described above.

Net premiums earned increased $126 million, or $154 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The prior year excluded approximately $391 million of premiums earned in the 14-day stub period. On a comparative constant-dollar basis, which includes the 14-day stub period, net premiums earned decreased $237 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as growth was more than offset by merger-related underwriting actions.

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Combined Ratio

In evaluating our segments excluding Life Insurance, we use the P&C combined ratio, the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. We calculate these ratios by dividing the respective expense amounts by net premiums earned. We do not calculate these ratios for the Life Insurance segment as we do not use these measures to monitor or manage that segment. The P&C combined ratio is determined by adding the loss and loss expense ratio, the policy acquisition cost ratio, and the administrative expense ratio. A P&C combined ratio under 100 percent indicates underwriting income, and a combined ratio exceeding 100 percent indicates underwriting loss.

The following table presents the components of the combined ratio:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30						September 30
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Loss and loss expense ratio	83.4	%		57.0	%		67.3	%		58.0	%
Policy acquisition cost ratio	18.6	%		19.3	%		19.5	%		20.3	%
Administrative expense ratio	8.8	%		9.7	%		9.2	%		10.7	%
Combined Ratio	110.8	%		86.0	%		96.0	%		89.0	%

The following table presents pre-tax catastrophe losses and pre-tax favorable prior period development net of related reinstatement premiums:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S dollars)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Catastrophe losses, pre-tax (1)	$	1,915			$	144			$	2,321			$	798
Favorable prior period development net of related reinstatement premiums, pre-tax	$	270			$	349			$	671			$	897

(1)	Excludes reinstatement premiums of $22 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and reinstatement premiums of nil and $6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.

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The following table presents the break out of catastrophe losses for the three months ended September 30, 2017, by segment, both gross and net of reinsurance as well as reinstatement premiums (RIPs) collected (expensed).

	Catastrophe Loss Charge by Event
	North America Commercial P&C Insurance				North America Personal P&C Insurance				North America Agricultural Insurance				Overseas General Insurance				Global Reinsurance				Total excluding RIPs				RIPs collected (expensed)				Total including RIPs
Three Months Ended
September 30, 2017
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Gross losses
Hurricane Harvey	$	547			$	250			$	1			$	140			$	50			$	988
Hurricane Irma	618				214				2				120				325				1,279
Hurricane Maria	—				—				—				500				59				559
Mexico Earthquakes	—				—				—				40				—				40
Other	38				44				2				24				10				118
Total	$	1,203			$	508			$	5			$	824			$	444			$	2,984
Net losses
Hurricane Harvey	$	366			$	200			$	1			$	40			$	48			$	655			$	5			$	650
Hurricane Irma	464				206				2				90				159				921				30				891
Hurricane Maria	—				—				—				152				55				207				(13		)		220
Mexico Earthquakes	—				—				—				25				—				25				—				25
Other	38				42				2				19				6				107				—				107
Total	$	868			$	448			$	5			$	326			$	268			$	1,915
Reinstatement premium collected (expensed)	$	(3	)		$	(3	)		$	—			$	(9	)		$	37							$	22
Total before income tax	$	871			$	451			$	5			$	335			$	231											$	1,893
Income tax benefit																													368
Total after income tax																													$	1,525

The above table represents initial catastrophe losses estimated based on modeled information, underwriter analysis, preliminary assessments, and an analysis of exposed limits within each region. These estimates, as well as the allocation of these losses by segment, may change as additional information emerges. At this time there is the potential that approximately $20 million of net catastrophe losses associated with Hurricane Maria may be re-allocated from Overseas General Insurance segment to North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment as further claims detail are reported. There would be no impact to consolidated net losses from such a re-allocation. Catastrophe losses through September 30, 2017 also included Cyclone Debbie in Australia, flooding in Latin America, and severe weather-related events in the U.S. Catastrophe losses through September 30, 2016 included severe weather-related events in the U.S. and Europe, a wildfire in Canada, and an earthquake in Ecuador.

During October 2017, wildfires erupted across several California counties in the U.S. At this time, there are uncertainties surrounding the numbers of claims and scope of damage for this named catastrophe. Therefore, we are unable at this time to estimate the potential losses from California wildfires.

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The following tables present the calculation of combined ratio, as reported, to combined ratio, adjusted for catastrophe losses (CATs) and PPD:

			North America Commercial P&C Insurance				North America Personal P&C Insurance				North America Agricultural Insurance				Overseas General Insurance				Global Reinsurance				Corporate				P&C
For the Three Months Ended
September 30, 2017
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Numerator
Losses and loss expenses
Losses and loss expenses	A		$	2,580			$	1,062			$	764			$	1,281			$	295			$	89			$	6,071
Catastrophe losses			(868		)		(448		)		(5		)		(326		)		(268		)		—				(1,915		)
PPD and related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)
PPD, net of related adjustments			236				(32		)		4				108				41				(87		)		270
Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on PPD			39				—				—				—				3				—				42
Expense adjustments			6				—				—				—				—				—				6
PPD - gross of related adjustments			281				(32		)		4				108				44				(87		)		318
Loss and loss expense ex CATs and PPD	B		$	1,993			$	582			$	763			$	1,063			$	71			$	2			$	4,474
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	C		$	725			$	287			$	48			$	815			$	54			$	64			$	1,993
Expense adjustments			(6		)		—				—				—				—				—				(6		)
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted	D		$	719			$	287			$	48			$	815			$	54			$	64			$	1,987
Denominator
Net premiums earned	E		$	3,016			$	1,117			$	898			$	2,064			$	185							$	7,280
Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses			3				3				—				9				(37		)						(22		)
Net earned premium adjustments on PPD			39				—				—				—				3								42
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments	F		$	3,058			$	1,120			$	898			$	2,073			$	151							$	7,300
Combined ratio
Losses and loss expense ratio	A/E		85.5		%		95.1		%		85.1		%		62.1		%		158.2		%						83.4		%
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expense ratio	C/E		24.1		%		25.7		%		5.3		%		39.5		%		29.2		%						27.4		%
Combined ratio			109.6		%		120.8		%		90.4		%		101.6		%		187.4		%						110.8		%
Combined ratio, adjusted for CATs and PPD
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	B/F		65.2		%		51.9		%		84.9		%		51.3		%		46.5		%						61.3		%
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expense ratio, adjusted	D/F		23.5		%		25.6		%		5.4		%		39.3		%		35.7		%						27.2		%
Combined ratio, adjusted for CATs and PPD			88.7		%		77.5		%		90.3		%		90.6		%		82.2		%						88.5		%
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

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			North America Commercial P&C Insurance				North America Personal P&C Insurance				North America Agricultural Insurance				Overseas General Insurance				Global Reinsurance				Corporate				P&C
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2017
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Numerator
Losses and loss expenses
Losses and loss expenses	A		$	6,376			$	2,378			$	983			$	3,316			$	435			$	145			$	13,633
Catastrophe losses			(1,053		)		(593		)		(18		)		(386		)		(271		)		—				(2,321		)
PPD and related adjustments - favorable (unfavorable)
PPD, net of related adjustments			546				(66		)		83				184				64				(140		)		671
Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on PPD			42				—				61				—				(4		)		—				99
Expense adjustments			6				—				(4		)		—				—				—				2
PPD reinstatement premiums			9				—				—				—				—				—				9
PPD - gross of related adjustments			603				(66		)		140				184				60				(140		)		781
Loss and loss expense ex CATs and PPD	B		$	5,926			$	1,719			$	1,105			$	3,114			$	224			$	5			$	12,093
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses	C		$	2,148			$	865			$	71			$	2,387			$	170			$	187			$	5,828
Expense adjustment			(6		)		—				4				—				—				—				(2		)
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expenses, adjusted	D		$	2,142			$	865			$	75			$	2,387			$	170			$	187			$	5,826
Denominator
Net premiums earned	E		$	9,156			$	3,296			$	1,256			$	6,018			$	542							$	20,268
Reinstatement premiums (collected) expensed on catastrophe losses			3				3				—				9				(37		)						(22		)
Net earned premium adjustments on PPD			42				—				61				—				(4		)						99
PPD reinstatement premiums			9				—				—				—				—								9
Net premiums earned excluding adjustments	F		$	9,210			$	3,299			$	1,317			$	6,027			$	501							$	20,354
Combined ratio
Losses and loss expense ratio	A/E		69.6		%		72.2		%		78.3		%		55.1		%		80.1		%						67.3		%
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expense ratio	C/E		23.5		%		26.2		%		5.6		%		39.7		%		31.4		%						28.7		%
Combined ratio			93.1		%		98.4		%		83.9		%		94.8		%		111.5		%						96.0		%
Combined ratio, adjusted for CATs and PPD
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	B/F		64.3		%		52.1		%		83.9		%		51.7		%		44.6		%						59.4		%
Policy acquisition costs and administrative expense ratio, adjusted	D/F		23.3		%		26.2		%		5.7		%		39.6		%		34.0		%						28.6		%
Combined ratio, adjusted for CATs and PPD			87.6		%		78.3		%		89.6		%		91.3		%		78.6		%						88.0		%
Note: The ratios above are calculated using whole U.S. dollars. Accordingly, calculations using rounded amounts may differ. Letters A, B, C, D, E, and F included in the table are references for calculating the ratios above.

Prior period development arises from changes to loss estimates recognized in the current year that relate to loss events that occurred in previous calendar years and excludes the effect of losses from the development of earned premium from previous

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accident years. The favorable prior period development was $270 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to $349 million in the prior year, a decline of $79 million, pre-tax. This is primarily due to a higher legacy environmental liability charge in 2017 of $25 million and a release of an individual legacy liability case reserve of $25 million in 2016. In addition, the nine months ended September 30, 2017 included a charge of $41 million, reflecting the change in the discount rate in the U.K. (Ogden rate).

The loss ratio numerator includes losses and loss expenses adjusted to exclude catastrophe losses and PPD. The loss ratio denominator includes net premiums earned adjusted to exclude the amount of reinstatement premiums (expensed) collected. In periods where there are adjustments on loss sensitive policies, these adjustments are excluded from PPD and net premiums earned when calculating this ratio. We believe that excluding the impact of catastrophe losses and PPD provides a better evaluation of our underwriting performance and enhances the understanding of the trends in our property & casualty business that may be obscured by these items.

The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and prior period reserve development net of related reinstatement premiums on our consolidated loss and loss expense ratio.

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30						September 30
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Loss and loss expense ratio	83.4	%		57.0	%		67.3	%		58.0	%
Catastrophe losses	(26.1	)%		(2.0	)%		(11.4	)%		(3.9	)%
Prior period development net of related reinstatement premiums	4.0	%		5.0	%		3.5	%		4.6	%
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	61.3	%		60.0	%		59.4	%		58.7	%

The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio increased 1.3 percentage points and 0.7 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to the following:

•	Higher non-catastrophe large losses in property lines and mix of business in our Major Accounts division in our North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment, driven by growth in casualty lines which have a higher loss ratio and declines in property lines which have a lower loss ratio (0.6 percentage points and 0.4 percentage points, respectively);

•	Higher non-catastrophe large losses in our North America Personal P&C Insurance segment (0.4 percentage points and 0.3 percentage points, respectively);

•	An updated allocation that more appropriately classified certain claims-related expenses as loss adjustment expenses (previously reported as administrative expenses). This updated allocation increased loss adjustment expenses (0.4 percentage points and 0.3 percentage points, respectively), with an offsetting decrease to administrative expenses;

•	Partially offset by integration-related claims handling expense savings realized of $28 million (0.4 percentage points) and $82 million (0.4 percentage points) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

Policy acquisition costs consist of commissions, premium taxes, and certain underwriting costs directly related to the successful acquisition of a new or renewal insurance contract. Our policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.7 percentage points and 0.8 percentage points, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the prior year periods, which included a net unfavorable impact of purchase accounting adjustments related to the Chubb Corp acquisition (0.5 percentage points and 0.8 percentage points). The decrease for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was also due to integration-related expense savings realized (0.1 percentage points and 0.2 percentage points, respectively).

Our administrative expense ratio decreased 0.9 percentage point and 1.5 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to integration-related expense savings realized as a result of the Chubb Corp acquisition of $61 million (0.8 percentage points) and $211 million (1.0 percentage point), respectively, lower employee benefit-related expenses (0.7 percentage points and 0.6 percentage points, respectively), and the updated loss expenses and administrative expenses allocation as noted above (0.4 percentage points and 0.3 percentage points, respectively), partially offset by the impact of merit-based salary increases, inflation, and increased spending to support growth.

Policy benefits

Policy benefits represent losses on contracts classified as long-duration and generally include accident and supplemental health products, term and whole life products, endowment products, and annuities. Policy benefits also include gains and losses from changes in liabilities associated with our separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. Certain of our long duration contracts are supported by assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under

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GAAP. These assets are classified as trading securities and reported in Other investments and the offsetting liabilities are reported in Future policy benefits in the Consolidated balance sheet. Fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP are reported in Other (income) expense and the offsetting movements in the liabilities are included in Policy benefits in the Consolidated statements of operations.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, Policy benefits were $169 million and $500 million, respectively, which included losses of $24 million and $70 million related to separate account liabilities, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, policy benefits were $155 million and $427 million, respectively, which included losses of $22 million related to separate account liabilities for both periods. The increases in Policy benefits for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 included the adverse impact of updating our long-term benefit ratio in our variable annuity business in the fourth quarter of 2016 ($15 million and $48 million).

Refer to the Corporate results section below for information on Net investment income, Interest expense, and Income tax expense.

Integration-Related Savings

The following tables present consolidated integration-related savings realized by segment and income statement line item:

	Three Months Ended September 30
	North America Commercial P&C Insurance				North America Personal P&C Insurance				Overseas General Insurance				Global Reinsurance				Corporate				Total P&C				Life Insurance				Consolidated
2017
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Losses and loss expenses	$	24			$	8			$	13			$	—			$	—			$	45			$	—			$	45
Policy acquisition costs	11				5				8				—				—				24				—				24
Administrative expenses	44				16				52				—				18				130				1				131
Net investment income	—				—				—				—				1				1				—				1
Total	$	79			$	29			$	73			$	—			$	19			$	200			$	1			$	201
2016
Losses and loss expenses	$	10			$	4			$	3			$	—			$	—			$	17			$	—			$	17
Policy acquisition costs	7				3				4				—				—				14				—				14
Administrative expenses	27				10				23				—				10				70				—				70
Net investment income	—				—				—				—				1				1				—				1
Total	$	44			$	17			$	30			$	—			$	11			$	102			$	—			$	102
Incremental Change
Losses and loss expenses	$	14			$	4			$	10			$	—			$	—			$	28			$	—			$	28
Policy acquisition costs	4				2				4				—				—				10				—				10
Administrative expenses	17				6				29				—				8				60				1				61
Net investment income	—				—				—				—				—				—				—				—
Total	$	35			$	12			$	43			$	—			$	8			$	98			$	1			$	99

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	Nine Months Ended September 30
	North America Commercial P&C Insurance				North America Personal P&C Insurance				Overseas General Insurance				Global Reinsurance				Corporate				Total P&C				Life Insurance				Consolidated
2017
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
Losses and loss expenses	$	61			$	23			$	33			$	—			$	—			$	117			$	—			$	117
Policy acquisition costs	28				9				18				—				—				55				—				55
Administrative expenses	122				48				132				1				50				353				2				355
Net investment income	1				1				—				—				1				3				—				3
Total	$	212			$	81			$	183			$	1			$	51			$	528			$	2			$	530
2016
Losses and loss expenses	$	19			$	10			$	6			$	—			$	—			$	35			$	—			$	35
Policy acquisition costs	11				3				6				—				—				20				—				20
Administrative expenses	59				25				40				—				20				144				—				144
Net investment income	1				1				—				—				1				3				—				3
Total	$	90			$	39			$	52			$	—			$	21			$	202			$	—			$	202
Incremental Change
Losses and loss expenses	$	42			$	13			$	27			$	—			$	—			$	82			$	—			$	82
Policy acquisition costs	17				6				12				—				—				35				—				35
Administrative expenses	63				23				92				1				30				209				2				211
Net investment income	—				—				—				—				—				—				—				—
Total	$	122			$	42			$	131			$	1			$	30			$	326			$	2			$	328

Annualized and realized integration-related savings are expected to be $875 million and $845 million, respectively, by the end of 2018. The difference between annualized savings and realized savings reflects the additional amount that will be realized in future periods. The timing of realizing savings is dependent on the period in which the action is executed.

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Prior Period Development

The following table summarizes (favorable) and adverse prior period development (PPD) by segment. Long-tail lines include lines such as workers' compensation, general liability, and professional liability; while short-tail lines include lines such as most property lines, energy, personal accident, and agriculture. During the third quarter of 2017, we determined that the classification of loss development for certain businesses, previously grouped within the short-tail column in the table below, would be more appropriately grouped within the long-tail column to better align with the classification of these businesses within our loss development tables in the 2016 Form 10-K. We also determined that the loss development for certain other businesses should be reclassified from long-tail to short-tail. We updated our 2016 and year-to-date 2017 amounts below to conform to the current period presentation. As a result, we have reclassified net favorable development into long-tail from short-tail as follows: $8 million for year-to-date 2017, $96 million for the third quarter of 2016, and $90 million for year-to-date 2016. These changes to the previously disclosed amount have no impact to our financial condition and results of operations.

	Three Months Ended September 30												Nine Months Ended September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Long-tail				Short-tail				Total				Long-tail				Short-tail				Total
2017
North America Commercial P&C Insurance	$	(242	)		$	6			$	(236	)		$	(431	)		$	(115	)		$	(546	)
North America Personal P&C Insurance	—				32				32				—				66				66
North America Agricultural Insurance	—				(4		)		(4		)		—				(83		)		(83		)
Overseas General Insurance	(109		)		1				(108		)		(78		)		(106		)		(184		)
Global Reinsurance	(41		)		—				(41		)		(67		)		3				(64		)
Corporate	87				—				87				140				—				140
Total	$	(305	)		$	35			$	(270	)		$	(436	)		$	(235	)		$	(671	)
2016
North America Commercial P&C Insurance	$	(167	)		$	(20	)		$	(187	)		$	(473	)		$	(60	)		$	(533	)
North America Personal P&C Insurance	—				38				38				—				20				20
North America Agricultural Insurance	—				(11		)		(11		)		—				(52		)		(52		)
Overseas General Insurance	(234		)		11				(223		)		(235		)		(103		)		(338		)
Global Reinsurance	(28		)		—				(28		)		(78		)		—				(78		)
Corporate	62				—				62				84				—				84
Total	$	(367	)		$	18			$	(349	)		$	(702	)		$	(195	)		$	(897	)

For a discussion of significant prior period movements by segment, refer to Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Segment Operating Results – Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 and 2016

We operate through six business segments: North America Commercial P&C Insurance, North America Personal P&C Insurance, North America Agricultural Insurance, Overseas General Insurance, Global Reinsurance, and Life Insurance. For more information on our segments refer to “Segment Information” under Item 1 in our 2016 Form 10-K.

Corporate results primarily include the results of our non-insurance companies, income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments and loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) liabilities and certain other run-off exposures.

North America Commercial P&C Insurance

The North America Commercial P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide property and casualty (P&C) insurance and services to large, middle market, and small commercial businesses in the U.S., Canada, and Bermuda. This segment includes our North America Major Accounts and Specialty Insurance division (principally large corporate accounts and wholesale accounts), and the North America Commercial Insurance division (principally middle market and small commercial accounts).

	Three Months Ended													Nine Months Ended
	September 30								% Change					September 30								% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				Q-17 vs. Q-16					2017				2016				YTD-17 vs. YTD-16
Net premiums written	$	3,089			$	3,110			(0.6			)%		$	9,035			$	8,657			4.4			%
Net premiums earned	3,016				3,086				(2.3			)%		9,156				9,130				0.3			%
Losses and loss expenses	2,580				1,863				38.5			%		6,376				5,581				14.2			%
Policy acquisition costs	469				522				(10.2			)%		1,420				1,549				(8.3			)%
Administrative expenses	256				275				(6.9			)%		728				840				(13.3			)%
Underwriting income (loss)	(289		)		426				NM					632				1,160				(45.5			)%
Net investment income	497				477				4.2			%		1,465				1,371				6.9			%
Other (income) expense	(4		)		3				NM					(4		)		(6		)		(33.3			)%
Segment income	$	212			$	900			(76.4			)%		$	2,101			$	2,537			(17.2			)%
Loss and loss expense ratio	85.5		%		60.4		%		25.1		pts			69.6		%		61.1		%		8.5		pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio	15.5		%		16.9		%		(1.4	)	pts			15.5		%		17.0		%		(1.5	)	pts
Administrative expense ratio	8.6		%		8.9		%		(0.3	)	pts			8.0		%		9.2		%		(1.2	)	pts
Combined ratio	109.6		%		86.2		%		23.4		pts			93.1		%		87.3		%		5.8		pts

NM – not meaningful

Premiums

Net premiums written decreased $21 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 primarily due to merger-related underwriting actions ($57 million). Excluding these actions, net premiums written increased $36 million, primarily due to growth in our Major Accounts Risk Management and Wholesale businesses and in our Commercial Insurance workers' compensation and casualty lines, which was partially offset by declines in our property and select components of our financial lines businesses due to competitive market conditions.

Net premiums written increased $378 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 due to the timing of the Chubb Corp acquisition in the prior year which excluded approximately $519 million of production generated prior to the acquisition close on January 14, 2016 (14-day stub period). On a comparative basis, which includes the 14-day stub period, net premiums written decreased $141 million driven by merger-related underwriting actions ($225 million). Excluding these items, net premiums written increased $84 million, or 0.9 percent, primarily due to the same factors driving the increase in the three months ended September 30, 2017 as described above.

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Net premiums earned decreased $70 million and increased $26 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, due to the factors described above. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, this unfavorable impact was partially offset by growth as well as the favorable impact of the 14-day stub period as described above.

Combined Ratio

The following table presents pre-tax catastrophe losses and pre-tax favorable prior period development net of related reinstatement premiums:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Catastrophe losses, pre-tax	$	868			$	90			$	1,053			$	331
Favorable prior period development net of related reinstatement premiums, pre-tax	$	236			$	187			$	546			$	533

Catastrophe losses through September 30, 2017 and 2016 were primarily from the following events:

•	2017: Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Harvey, and severe weather-related events in the U.S.

•	2016: Severe weather-related events in the U.S. and a wildfire in Canada.

The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and prior period reserve development net of related reinstatement premiums on our loss and loss expense ratio:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30						September 30
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Loss and loss expense ratio	85.5	%		60.4	%		69.6	%		61.1	%
Catastrophe losses	(28.8	)%		(2.8	)%		(11.5	)%		(3.6	)%
Prior period development net of related reinstatement premiums	8.5	%		6.2	%		6.2	%		6.0	%
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	65.2	%		63.8	%		64.3	%		63.5	%

The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio increased 1.4 percentage points and 0.8 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to higher non-catastrophe large losses in property lines and mix of business in our Major Accounts division, driven by growth in casualty lines which have a higher loss ratio and declines in property lines which have a lower loss ratio, as well as an updated allocation that more appropriately classified certain claims-related expenses as loss adjustment expenses (previously reported as administrative expenses). This updated allocation increased loss adjustment expenses (0.6 percentage points for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017) with an offsetting decrease to administrative expenses. This increase was partially offset by integration-related expense savings realized of $14 million (0.4 percentage points) and $42 million (0.5 percentage points), respectively.

The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 1.4 percentage points and 1.5 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to prior year periods which included the net unfavorable impact of initial year purchase accounting adjustments related to the Chubb Corp acquisition (0.9 percentage points and 1.3 percentage points, respectively). Excluding this item, the policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.5 percentage points and 0.2 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to the change in the mix of business and integration-related expense savings realized of $4 million (0.1 percentage points) and $17 million (0.1 percentage points, respectively.

The administrative expense ratio decreased 0.3 percentage points and 1.2 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. These declines reflect integration-related expense savings realized of $17 million (0.5 percentage points) and $63 million (0.7 percentage points) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, lower employee benefit-related expenses of $39 million (1.2 percentage points) and $94 million (1.0 percentage point), respectively, and the updated loss expenses and administrative expenses allocation as noted above (0.6 percentage points for both periods), partially offset by the impact of merit-based salary increases, inflation, and increased spending to support growth.

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North America Personal P&C Insurance

The North America Personal P&C Insurance segment comprises operations that provide high net worth personal lines products, including homeowners and complementary products such as valuable articles, excess liability, automobile, and recreational marine insurance and services in the U.S. and Canada.

	Three Months Ended													Nine Months Ended
	September 30								% Change					September 30								% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				Q-17 vs. Q-16					2017				2016				YTD-17 vs. YTD-16
Net premiums written	$	1,194			$	1,011			18.0			%		$	3,433			$	3,113			10.3			%
Net premiums earned	1,117				1,081				3.4			%		3,296				3,245				1.6			%
Losses and loss expenses	1,062				594				78.8			%		2,378				1,916				24.1			%
Policy acquisition costs	226				229				(1.3			)%		673				747				(9.9			)%
Administrative expenses	61				89				(31.5			)%		192				275				(30.2			)%
Underwriting income (loss)	(232		)		169				NM					53				307				(82.7			)%
Net investment income	57				53				7.5			%		168				155				8.4			%
Other (income) expense	1				2				(50.0			)%		3				6				(50.0			)%
Amortization of purchased intangibles	4				4				—					12				16				(25.0			)%
Segment income (loss)	$	(180	)		$	216			NM					$	206			$	440			(53.2			)%
Loss and loss expense ratio	95.1		%		54.9		%		40.2		pts			72.2		%		59.1		%		13.1		pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio	20.2		%		21.2		%		(1.0	)	pts			20.4		%		23.0		%		(2.6	)	pts
Administrative expense ratio	5.5		%		8.3		%		(2.8	)	pts			5.8		%		8.4		%		(2.6	)	pts
Combined ratio	120.8		%		84.4		%		36.4		pts			98.4		%		90.5		%		7.9		pts
NM – not meaningful

Premiums

Net premiums written increased $183 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 primarily reflecting a non-recurring unearned premium reserves (UPR) transfer in 2016 which decreased net premiums written in the prior year ($128 million). Net premiums written also increased due to the non-renewal of a quota share treaty in 2017 covering the acquired Fireman's Fund homeowners and automobile businesses ($45 million) as well as strong renewal in our complementary products lines, particularly in automobile.

Net premiums written increased $320 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, due to the timing of the Chubb Corp acquisition as well as the items described above. The prior year excluded approximately $100 million of production generated prior to the Chubb Corp acquisition (14-day stub period). On a comparative basis, which includes the 14-day stub period, net premiums written increased $220 million reflecting growth across most lines, partially offset by the purchase of additional reinsurance ($126 million) primarily for our homeowners and large limit valuable articles business written in the northeast United States.

Net premiums earned increased $36 million and $51 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to the factors described above.

Combined Ratio

The following table presents pre-tax catastrophe losses and pre-tax favorable prior period development:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Catastrophe losses, pre-tax	$	448			$	22			$	593			$	275
Favorable (unfavorable) prior period development, pre-tax	$	(32	)		$	(38	)		$	(66	)		$	(20	)

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Catastrophe losses through September 30, 2017 and 2016 were primarily from the following events:

•	2017: Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma, and severe weather-related events in the U.S.

•	2016: Severe weather-related events in the U.S.

The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and prior period reserve development on our loss and loss expense ratio:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30						September 30
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Loss and loss expense ratio	95.1	%		54.9	%		72.2	%		59.1	%
Catastrophe losses	(40.3	)%		(2.1	)%		(18.0	)%		(8.4	)%
Prior period development	(2.9	)%		(3.5	)%		(2.1	)%		(0.7	)%
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	51.9	%		49.3	%		52.1	%		50.0	%

The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio increased 2.6 percentage points and 2.1 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to higher non-catastrophe large losses (2.8 percentage points and 2.1 percentage points, respectively), as well as an updated allocation that more appropriately classified certain claims-related expenses as loss adjustment expenses (previously reported as administrative expenses). This updated allocation increased loss adjustment expenses (0.6 percentage points and 0.5 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively), with an offsetting decrease to administrative expenses. This increase was partially offset by integration-related claims handling expense savings realized of $4 million (0.4 percentage points) and $13 million (0.4 percentage points) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 1.0 percentage point and 2.6 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to the prior year periods which included the net unfavorable impact from purchase accounting adjustments (1.6 percentage points and 2.4 percentage points, respectively) related to the Chubb Corp acquisition. Excluding these adjustments, the policy acquisition cost ratio increased 0.6 points and decreased 0.2 points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. The increase for the three month period was primarily due to the non-renewal of the Fireman's Fund quota share treaty which had a higher acquisition cost ratio, partially offset by integration-related expense savings realized of $2 million (0.1 percentage points).

The administrative expense ratio decreased 2.8 percentage points and 2.6 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, due to integration-related expense savings realized of $6 million (0.6 percentage points) and $23 million (0.7 percentage points), respectively, lower employee benefit-related expenses of $15 million (1.4 percentage points) and $37 million (1.2 percentage point), respectively, and the updated loss expenses and administrative expenses allocation as noted above (0.6 percentage points and 0.5 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively).

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North America Agricultural Insurance

The North America Agricultural Insurance segment comprises our North American based businesses that provide a variety of coverages in the U.S. and Canada including crop insurance, primarily Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail through Rain and Hail Insurance Service, Inc. (Rain and Hail) as well as farm and ranch and specialty P&C commercial insurance products and services through our Chubb Agribusiness unit.

	Three Months Ended													Nine Months Ended
	September 30								% Change					September 30								% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				Q-17 vs. Q-16					2017				2016				YTD-17 vs. YTD-16
Net premiums written	$	926			$	849			9.0			%		$	1,390			$	1,288			7.9			%
Net premiums earned	898				819				9.6			%		1,256				1,169				7.4			%
Losses and loss expenses (1)	764				680				12.4			%		983				936				5.0			%
Policy acquisition costs	49				48				2.1			%		75				77				(2.6			)%
Administrative expenses	(1		)		1				NM					(4		)		(1		)		300.0			%
Underwriting income	86				90				(4.4			)%		202				157				28.7			%
Net investment income	6				5				20.0			%		18				15				20.0			%
Other (income) expense	—				—				NM					1				—				NM
Amortization of purchased intangibles	8				7				14.3			%		22				22				—
Segment income	$	84			$	88			(4.5			)%		$	197			$	150			31.3			%
Loss and loss expense ratio	85.1		%		83.0		%		2.1		pts			78.3		%		80.1		%		(1.8	)	pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio	5.4		%		5.9		%		(0.5	)	pts			6.0		%		6.6		%		(0.6	)	pts
Administrative expense ratio	(0.1		)		—				(0.1	)	pts			(0.4		)%		(0.1		)%		(0.3	)	pts
Combined ratio	90.4		%		88.9		%		1.5		pts			83.9		%		86.6		%		(2.7	)	pts

NM – not meaningful

(1)

Losses on crop derivatives were $5 million $7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared with gains on crop derivatives of $3 million and $1 million for the prior year periods, respectively. These gains (losses) are included in Net realized gains (losses) in our Consolidated statements of operations but are classified to Losses and loss expenses for purposes of presenting North America Agricultural Insurance underwriting income.

Premiums

Net premiums written increased $77 million and $102 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to increased MPCI production related to the current crop year.

Net premiums earned increased $79 million and $87 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, due to the factors described above.

Combined Ratio

The following table presents pre-tax catastrophe losses and pre-tax favorable prior period development:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Catastrophe losses, pre-tax	$	5			$	1			$	18			$	17
Favorable prior period development, pre-tax	$	4			$	11			$	83			$	52

Catastrophe losses through September 30, 2017 and 2016 were primarily from our farm, ranch, and specialty P&C businesses.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, net favorable prior period development was $4 million and $83 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the prior period development amount included $140 million of favorable incurred losses and $4 million of lower acquisition costs due to lower than expected MPCI losses for the 2016 crop year, partially offset by a $61 million decrease in net premiums earned related to the MPCI profit and loss calculation formula. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, net favorable prior period development was $11 million and $52 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the prior period development

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amount included $85 million of favorable incurred losses due to lower than expected MPCI losses for the 2015 crop year, partially offset by a $48 million of unfavorable decrease in net premiums earned related to the government's crop insurance profit and loss calculation formula. Also, included in prior period development but not impacting the loss and loss expense ratio was a $4 million favorable benefit of ceded profit share commissions earned from third-party reinsurers.

The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and prior period reserve development on our loss and loss expense ratio:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30						September 30
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Loss and loss expense ratio	85.1	%		83.0	%		78.3	%		80.1	%
Catastrophe losses	(0.5	)%		(0.1	)%		(1.4	)%		(1.4	)%
Prior period development	0.3	%		1.3	%		7.0	%		4.7	%
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	84.9	%		84.2	%		83.9	%		83.4	%

The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio increased 0.7 percentage points and 0.5 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 0.5 percentage points for the three months ended September 30, 2017 primarily due to increases in net earned premiums earned as described above. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the policy acquisition ratio decreased 0.6 percentage point primarily due to lower direct commissions in the current year. The administrative expense ratio remained relatively flat for the three months ended September 30, 2017. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the administrative expense ratio decreased 0.3 percentage points primarily due to higher Administrative and Operating (A&O) reimbursements.

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Overseas General Insurance

Overseas General Insurance segment comprises Chubb International and Chubb Global Markets (CGM). Chubb International comprises our commercial P&C traditional and specialty lines serving large corporations, middle market and small customers, A&H and traditional and specialty personal lines business serving local territories outside the U.S., Bermuda, and Canada. CGM, our London-based international commercial P&C excess and surplus lines business, includes Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) Syndicate 2488. Chubb provides funds at Lloyd's to support underwriting by Syndicate 2488 which is managed by ACE Underwriting Agencies Limited. The reinsurance operations of CGM are included in the Global Reinsurance segment.

	Three Months Ended													Nine Months Ended
	September 30								% Change					September 30								% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				Q-17 vs. Q-16					2017				2016				YTD-17 vs. YTD-16
Net premiums written (1)	$	1,963			$	1,940			1.2			%		$	6,169			$	6,012			2.6			%
Net premiums earned	2,064				2,034				1.4			%		6,018				6,082				(1.1			)%
Losses and loss expenses	1,281				843				52.0			%		3,316				2,953				12.3			%
Policy acquisition costs	569				546				4.2			%		1,653				1,586				4.2			%
Administrative expenses	246				261				(5.7			)%		734				801				(8.4			)%
Underwriting income (loss) (2)	(32		)		384				NM					315				742				(57.5			)%
Net investment income	164				152				7.9			%		460				445				3.4			%
Other (income) expense	(10		)		(6		)		66.7			%		(14		)		(16		)		(12.5			)%
Amortization of purchased intangibles	11				12				(8.3			)%		33				36				(8.3			)%
Segment income	$	131			$	530			(75.3			)%		$	756			$	1,167			(35.2			)%
Loss and loss expense ratio	62.1		%		41.5		%		20.6		pts			55.1		%		48.6		%		6.5		pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio	27.6		%		26.8		%		0.8		pts			27.5		%		26.1		%		1.4		pts
Administrative expense ratio	11.9		%		12.9		%		(1.0	)	pts			12.2		%		13.1		%		(0.9	)	pts
Combined ratio	101.6		%		81.2		%		20.4		pts			94.8		%		87.8		%		7.0		pts

(1)	For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, net premiums written increased $22 million and $218 million, or 1.2 percent and 3.7 percent, respectively, on a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

(2)	For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, underwriting income decreased $425 million and $436 million, or 108.1 percent and 58.1 percent, respectively, on a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period.

Premiums

Net premiums written increased $23 million, or $22 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three months ended September 30, 2017, driven by growth in personal lines business, primarily from new automobile business written in Latin America, as well as growth across most property and casualty (P&C) lines, primarily in Asia and Europe. Merger-related underwriting actions ($30 million) and reinstatement premiums related to catastrophe events in the quarter ($9 million) partially offset this growth.

Net premiums written increased $157 million, or $218 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, due to the timing of the Chubb Corp acquisition which excluded approximately $215 million of production in the prior year generated prior to the acquisition close on January 14, 2016 (14-day stub period). This increase was partially offset by merger-related underwriting actions ($111 million) and the impact of a merger-related accounting policy adjustment in the fourth quarter of 2016 to align the timing of premium recognition ($73 million). Excluding these items, net premiums written increased $187 million on a constant-dollar basis, due to growth in personal lines and P&C lines, as described above.

Net premiums earned increased $30 million, or $19 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to growth in personal lines and P&C lines as noted above. Net premiums earned decreased $64 million, or $34 million on a constant-dollar basis, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to a higher mix of multi-year policies written in the current year in comparison to the growth in net premiums written, as well as from the merger-related underwriting actions described above. This decrease was partially offset by growth in the quarter and from the favorable impact of the 14-day stub period, as noted above.

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Overseas General Insurance conducts business internationally and in most major foreign currencies. The following tables present a regional breakdown of Overseas General Insurance net premiums written:

	Three Months Ended September 30																		% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2017 % of Total			2016				2016 % of Total			C$ (1) 2016				Q-17 vs. Q-16			C$ (1)Q-17 vs. Q-16
Region
Europe	$	691			35	%		$	712			37	%		$	706			(2.9	)%		(2.1	)%
Latin America	514				26	%		470				24	%		480				9.4	%		7.1	%
Asia	681				35	%		663				34	%		659				2.7	%		3.3	%
Other (2)	77				4	%		95				5	%		96				(18.9	)%		(19.8	)%
Net premiums written	$	1,963			100	%		$	1,940			100	%		$	1,941			1.2	%		1.2	%

⁽¹⁾ On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period. 

⁽²⁾ Combined International, Eurasia and Africa region, and other international.

	Nine Months Ended September 30																		% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2017 % of Total			2016				2016 % of Total			C$ (1) 2016				YTD-17 vs. YTD-16			C$ (1)YTD-17 vs. YTD-16
Region
Europe	$	2,447			40	%		$	2,418			40	%		$	2,317			1.2	%		5.6	%
Latin America	1,519				25	%		1,435				24	%		1,472				5.9	%		3.2	%
Asia	1,931				31	%		1,874				31	%		1,882				3.0	%		2.6	%
Other (2)	272				4	%		285				5	%		280				(4.6	)%		(2.9	)%
Net premiums written	$	6,169			100	%		$	6,012			100	%		$	5,951			2.6	%		3.7	%

⁽¹⁾ On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period. 

⁽²⁾ Combined International, Eurasia and Africa region, and other international.

Combined Ratio

The following table presents pre-tax catastrophe losses and pre-tax favorable prior period development:

	Three Months Ended September 30								Nine Months Ended September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Catastrophe losses, pre-tax	$	326			$	20			$	386			$	111
Favorable prior period development, pre-tax	$	108			$	223			$	184			$	338

Catastrophe losses through September 30, 2017 and 2016 were primarily from the following events:

•	2017: Hurricane Maria, Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma, Earthquakes in Mexico, Cyclone Debbie in Australia, and flooding in Latin America

•	2016: Severe weather related events in Europe, an earthquake in Ecuador, and flooding in the U.K.

Favorable prior period development included a charge of $32 million in the first quarter of 2017, reflecting the change in the discount rate in the U.K. (Ogden rate) which impacted our casualty lines. Refer to Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

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The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and prior period reserve development on our loss and loss expense ratio:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30						September 30
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Loss and loss expense ratio	62.1	%		41.5	%		55.1	%		48.6	%
Catastrophe losses	(16.0	)%		(1.1	)%		(6.5	)%		(1.9	)%
Prior period development	5.2	%		11.0	%		3.1	%		5.6	%
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	51.3	%		51.4	%		51.7	%		52.3	%

The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio remained relatively flat and decreased 0.6 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. The decrease for the nine months was primarily due to a change in the mix of business towards products and regions that have a lower loss ratio and a higher acquisition cost ratio (0.5 percentage points) and integration-related claims handling expense savings realized of $27 million (0.4 percentage points).

The policy acquisition cost ratio increased 0.8 percentage points and 1.4 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, which included the net favorable impact of initial year purchase accounting adjustments related to the Chubb Corp acquisition (0.2 percentage points and 0.4 percentage points, respectively). Excluding this item, the policy acquisition cost ratio increased 0.6 percentage points and 1.0 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to a change in the mix of business towards products and regions within personal lines which have a higher acquisition cost ratio and a lower loss ratio (0.3 percentage point and 0.5 percentage points). In addition, the adverse impact of aligning accounting policy after the Chubb Corp acquisition in the prior year increased the policy acquisition ratio by 0.2 percentage points for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. These increases were partially offset by integration-related expense savings realized of $4 million (0.2 percentage points) and $12 million (0.2 percentage points) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

The administrative expense ratio decreased 1.0 percentage point and 0.9 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to integration-related expense savings realized of $29 million (1.4 percentage points) and $92 million (1.4 percentage points), respectively. This decrease was partially offset by the impact of merit-based salary increases, inflation, and increased spending to support growth initiatives.

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Global Reinsurance

The Global Reinsurance segment represents our reinsurance operations comprising Chubb Tempest Re Bermuda, Chubb Tempest Re USA, Chubb Tempest Re International, and Chubb Tempest Re Canada. Global Reinsurance markets its reinsurance products worldwide under the Chubb Tempest Re brand name and provides a broad range of traditional reinsurance coverage to a diverse array of primary P&C companies.

	Three Months Ended												Nine Months Ended
	September 30								% Change				September 30								% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				Q-17 vs. Q-16				2017				2016				YTD-17 vs. YTD-16
Net premiums written	$	191			$	131			47.1		%		$	580			$	562			3.3		%
Net premiums earned	185				156				20.4		%		542				543				—
Losses and loss expenses	295				49				NM				435				225				93.3		%
Policy acquisition costs	43				42				2.4		%		137				142				(3.5		)%
Administrative expenses	11				12				(8.3		)%		33				40				(17.5		)%
Underwriting income (loss)	(164		)		53				NM				(63		)		136				NM
Net investment income	80				67				19.4		%		207				199				4.0		%
Other (income) expense	(3		)		—				NM				(2		)		(3		)		(33.3		)%
Segment income (loss)	$	(81	)		$	120			NM				$	146			$	338			(56.8		)%
Loss and loss expense ratio	158.2		%		31.3		%		126.9	pts			80.1		%		41.5		%		38.6	pts
Policy acquisition cost ratio	23.4		%		27.1		%		(3.7)	pts			25.3		%		26.3		%		(1.0)	pts
Administrative expense ratio	5.8		%		7.9		%		(2.1)	pts			6.1		%		7.2		%		(1.1)	pts
Combined ratio	187.4		%		66.3		%		121.1	pts			111.5		%		75.0		%		36.5	pts

NM - not meaningful

Premiums

Net premiums written increased $60 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to higher catastrophe reinstatement premiums ($37 million) and a new treaty written in the quarter ($14 million). In addition, the prior year included a reduction in treaty premium estimates ($10 million) that lowered net premiums written. The increase of $18 million in net premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was also due to the timing of the Chubb Corp acquisition which excluded approximately $20 million of production generated prior to the Chubb Corp acquisition close on January 14, 2016 (14-day stub period), partially offset by an unfavorable impact from merger-related underwriting actions of $10 million and declining rates and increasing competition.

Net premiums earned increased $29 million and remained relatively flat for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to the factors described above.

Combined Ratio

The following table presents pre-tax catastrophe losses and pre-tax favorable prior period development net of related reinstatement premiums:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S dollars)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Catastrophe losses gross of related reinstatement premiums, pre-tax	$	268			$	11			$	271			$	64
Favorable prior period development net of related reinstatement premiums, pre-tax	$	41			$	28			$	64			$	78

Catastrophe losses through September 30, 2017 and 2016 were primarily from the following events:

•	2017: Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Maria, Hurricane Harvey, and severe weather related events in the U.S.

•	2016: Fort McMurray wildfire and severe weather-related events in Europe, the U.S. and Canada

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Favorable prior period development included a charge of $9 million in the first quarter of 2017, reflecting the change in the discount rate in the U.K. (Ogden rate) which impacted our motor and excess liability lines. Refer to Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

The following table presents the impact of catastrophe losses and prior period reserve development net of related reinstatement premiums on our loss and loss expense ratio:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
	2017				2016				2017				2016
Loss and loss expense ratio	158.2		%		31.3		%		80.1		%		41.5		%
Catastrophe losses and related reinstatement premiums	(139.9		)%		(7.2		)%		(47.6		)%		(11.6		)%
Prior period development net of related reinstatement premiums (1)	28.2		%		20.1		%		12.1		%		15.4		%
Loss and loss expense ratio, adjusted	46.5		%		44.2		%		44.6		%		45.3		%
(1) Reinstatement premiums expensed (collected) on prior period development - pre-tax	$	3			$	5			$	(4	)		$	5

The adjusted loss and loss expense ratio increased 2.3 percentage points for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the prior year due to a change in the mix of business in the U.S. to casualty lines which have a higher loss ratio from property lines which have a lower loss ratio. However, this increase was more than offset for the year, reflecting a change in the mix of business in 2017 towards products that have a lower loss ratio, resulting in a decrease in the adjusted loss and loss expense ratio of 0.7 percentage points for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

The policy acquisition cost ratio decreased 3.7 percentage points and 1.0 percentage point for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to a change in the mix of business towards regions and products that have lower acquisition cost ratios, and primarily due to favorable catastrophe reinstatement premiums, which were fully earned in the three months ended September 30, 2017.

The administrative expense ratio decreased 2.1 percentage points and 1.1 percentage points for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily reflecting expense reductions implemented to align our cost structure with our premium base and integration-related expense savings realized, coupled with higher net premiums earned due to catastrophe reinstatement premiums.

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Life Insurance

The Life Insurance segment comprises Chubb's international life operations (Chubb Life), Chubb Tempest Life Re (Chubb Life Re), and the North American supplemental A&H and life business of Combined Insurance. We assess the performance of our life business based on Life Insurance underwriting income, which includes Net investment income and (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP.

	Three Months Ended											Nine Months Ended
	September 30								% Change			September 30								% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				Q-17 vs. Q-16			2017				2016				YTD-17 vs. YTD-16
Net premiums written	$	539			$	532			1.1	%		$	1,586			$	1,575			0.6	%
Net premiums earned	527				512				2.8	%		1,548				1,521				1.8	%
Losses and loss expenses	181				174				4.0	%		556				498				11.6	%
Policy benefits (1)	169				155				9.0	%		500				427				17.1	%
(Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets (1)	(24		)		(22		)		9.1	%		(70		)		(22		)		218.2	%
Policy acquisition costs	132				127				3.9	%		376				386				(2.6	)%
Administrative expenses	77				77				—			226				226				—
Net investment income	78				71				9.9	%		230				207				11.1	%
Life Insurance underwriting income	70				72				(2.8	)%		190				213				(10.8	)%
Other (income) expense (1)	5				2				150.0	%		10				8				25.0	%
Amortization of purchased intangibles	1				1				—			2				2				—
Segment income	$	64			$	69			(7.2	)%		$	178			$	203			(12.3	)%

NM - not meaningful

(1)	(Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP have been reclassified from Other income (expense) for purposes of presenting Life Insurance underwriting income. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits.

Premiums

Net premiums written increased $7 million and $11 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, due to growth in our Combined Insurance supplemental A&H program business and our Asian international life operations. This growth was partially offset by planned declines in our Latin American operations, reflecting merger-related underwriting actions of $9 million and $33 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and in our life reinsurance business, which continues to decline as no new business is currently being written.

Deposits

The following table presents deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts:

	Three Months Ended																		Nine Months Ended
	September 30												% Change						September 30												% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				C$ (1) 2016				Q-17 vs. Q-16			C$ (1) Q-17 vs. Q-16			2017				2016				C$ (1) 2016				YTD-17 vs. YTD-16			C$ (1) YTD-17 vs. YTD-16
Deposits collected on Universal life and investment contracts	$	422			$	273			$	279			54.6	%		51.4	%		$	1,048			$	748			$	767			40.1	%		36.7	%

⁽¹⁾ On a constant-dollar basis. Amounts are calculated by translating prior period results using the same local currency exchange rates as the comparable current period. 

Deposits collected on universal life and investment contracts (life deposits) are not reflected as revenues in our Consolidated statements of operations in accordance with GAAP.  New life deposits are an important component of production, and although they do not significantly affect current period income from operations, they are key to our efforts to grow our business. Life deposits collected increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, due to growth in Taiwan, partially offset by a decline in Korea.

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Life Insurance underwriting income

Life Insurance underwriting income decreased $2 million and $23 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, due to the adverse impact of updating our long-term benefit ratio in our variable annuity business in the fourth quarter of 2016 ($15 million and $48 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively). These decreases were partially offset by increases in underwriting income in our international life operations, reflecting improved margins and higher net investment income.

Corporate

Corporate results primarily include the results of our non-insurance companies, income and expenses not attributable to reportable segments and loss and loss expenses of asbestos and environmental (A&E) liabilities and certain other run-off exposures.

Our exposure to A&E claims principally arises out of liabilities acquired when we purchased Westchester Specialty in 1998, CIGNA’s P&C business in 1999, and legacy Chubb Corp A&E claims in 2016. Corporate staff expenses and net investment income of Chubb Limited, including the amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets and debt, interest expense, amortization of purchased intangibles related to the Chubb Corp acquisition, Chubb integration expenses and other merger-related expenses and the results of Chubb Group Management and Holdings Ltd, and Chubb INA Holdings Inc. are reported within Corporate.

	Three Months Ended											Nine Months Ended
	September 30								% Change			September 30								% Change
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	2017				2016				Q-17 vs. Q-16			2017				2016				YTD-16 vs. YTD-15
Losses and loss expenses	$	89			$	63			41.3	%		$	145			$	87			66.7	%
Administrative expenses	64				57				12.3	%		187				192				(2.6	)%
Underwriting loss	153				120				27.5	%		332				279				19.0	%
Net investment income (loss)	(69		)		(86		)		(19.8	)%		(220		)		(271		)		(18.8	)%
Interest expense	150				152				(1.3	)%		451				451				—
Net realized gains (losses)	(5		)		97				NM			91				(511		)		NM
Other (income) expense	(83		)		(70		)		18.6	%		(257		)		(59		)		335.6	%
Amortization expense (benefit) of purchased intangibles	41				(20		)		NM			125				(60		)		NM
Chubb integration expenses	50				115				(56.5	)%		233				361				(35.5	)%
Income tax expense (benefit)	(85		)		277				NM			243				556				(56.3	)%
Net loss	$	(300	)		$	(563	)		(46.7	)%		$	(1,256	)		$	(2,310	)		(45.6	)%

NM - not meaningful

Losses and loss expenses in both years were primarily due to unfavorable prior period development related to Brandywine environmental exposures, as well as unallocated loss adjustment expenses of the A&E claim operations. Refer to the Prior Period Development section for further information.

Administrative expenses increased $7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 reflecting in-part merit-based salary increases. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, administrative expenses decreased $5 million reflecting integration-related expense savings and lower post-retirement benefit expenses.

Net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 included amortization of $80 million and $256 million, respectively, related to the fair value adjustment on invested assets related to the Chubb Corp acquisition. Net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 included amortization of $91 million and $292 million, respectively, related to the fair value adjustment on invested assets related to the Chubb Corp acquisition. Excluding the fair value adjustment amortization, net investment income increased by $6 million and $15 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily due to a higher overall invested asset base.

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Interest expense decreased $2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 primarily due to the conversion of the interest rate on our $1.0 billion of unsecured junior subordinated capital securities to a floating rate, equal to the three-month LIBOR plus 2.25 percentage points ($7 million) and the retirement of the $500 million of 5.7% senior debt that matured in February 2017 ($7 million). These decreases were partially offset by higher interest expense related to our notional cash pool in the quarter and letter of credit fees ($11 million). For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, interest expense remained flat as the decrease noted above was offset by the timing of the Chubb Corp acquisition in the prior year which excluded approximately $8 million of interest expense prior to the Chubb Corp acquisition close on January 14, 2016.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, net realized gains (losses) of $(5) million and $91 million , respectively, included foreign exchange gains of $15 million and $10 million and losses on the investment portfolio of $(7) million and $(8) million, respectively. In addition, the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, included gains associated with a net decrease in the fair value of GLB liabilities of $54 million and $265 million, respectively. The decrease in the fair value of GLB liabilities was primarily due to the impact of updating aspects of our valuation model relating to interest rates and higher global equity market levels. In addition, we maintain positions in derivative instruments that decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we experienced realized losses of $57 million and $169 million, respectively, related to these derivative instruments.

Net realized gains for the three months ended September 30, 2016, were primarily associated with a net decrease in the fair value of GLB liabilities. The decrease was primarily due to higher global equity market levels and higher interest rates, partially offset by the unfavorable impact of discounting future claims for one less quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, net realized losses were primarily associated with a net increase in the fair value of GLB liabilities. The increase was primarily due to lower interest rates and the unfavorable impact of discounting future claims for three less quarters. In addition, we maintain positions in derivative instruments that decrease in fair value when the S&P 500 index increases. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we experienced realized losses of $45 million and $88 million, respectively, related to these derivative instruments. Additionally, there were realized gains (losses) on our investment portfolios during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 of $21 million and $(199) million, respectively. For further discussion of the remaining Net realized gains and (losses), refer to the Net realized and unrealized gains and (losses) section.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, Other (income) expense recognized in Corporate was $(83) million and $(257) million, respectively, compared to $(70) million and $(59) million in the prior year, respectively, comprised of:

•	Other (income) in 2017 of $(89) million and $(284) million, respectively, from our share of net realized gains from partially-owned investment companies, compared to realized gains in 2016 of $(72) million and $(65) million, respectively, primarily reflecting the change in market value of these investments.

    

•	Other expense in 2017 of $6 million and $27 million, respectively, compared to other expense in 2016 of $2 million and $6 million, respectively. The higher expense in 2017 was primarily due to an increase in capital taxes resulting from a higher equity base after the Chubb Corp acquisition.

Refer to the Other Income and Expense Items section for further information.

Amortization expense of purchased intangibles increased $61 million and $185 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, primarily reflecting the increase in intangible amortization expense related to agency distribution relationships and renewal rights and lower amortization benefit from the fair value adjustment of Unpaid losses and loss expenses acquired as part of the Chubb Corp acquisition. Refer to the Amortization of purchased intangibles and Other amortization section for further information.

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Chubb integration expenses

The following table presents the components of Chubb integration expenses:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S dollars)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Personnel-related expenses	$	25			$	37			$	140			$	153
Leases and real estate termination costs	—				21				22				34
Consulting fees	6				13				20				37
Rebranding	7				12				13				33
Advisor fees	—				—				—				38
Other	12				32				38				66
Totals	$	50			$	115			$	233			$	361

Chubb integration expenses are one-time in nature and are not related to the on-going business activities of the segments. The Chief Executive Officer does not manage segment results or allocate resources to segments when considering these costs and they are therefore excluded from our definition of segment income.

Effective income tax rate

Our effective income tax rate, which we calculate as income tax expense divided by income before income tax, is dependent upon the mix of earnings from different jurisdictions with various tax rates. A change in the geographic mix of earnings would change the effective income tax rate.

For the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, our effective rate was 54.7 percent and 17.0 percent, respectively. The change in the effective income tax rate for the three month period was primarily due to the impact of the operating loss during the current year period. The rate was also driven by a reduction of income tax expense due to the adoption of the new stock based compensation guidance in January 2017 (see Note 1 for additional information on the adoption of this guidance) as well as the recognition of a tax benefit associated with the finalization of the 2016 tax return.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, our effective tax rate was 9.4 percent and 18.1 percent, respectively. The decrease in the effective income tax rate was due to the impact of the operating loss during the third quarter of 2017 as well as realized gains being generated in lower taxing jurisdictions in the current year compared to realized losses generated in lower taxing jurisdictions in the prior year. The decrease was also driven by a reduction on income tax expenses due to the adoption of the new stock compensation guidance in January 2017 (see Note 1 for additional information on the adoption of this guidance). Additionally, the decrease was also driven by a reduction to income tax expense of approximately $25 million in the current year primarily related to an accounting election we made relating the treatment of certain, discrete investments that resulted in the release of the associated tax liability.

The lower tax rates attributed to our foreign operations primarily reflect the lower corporate tax rates that prevail outside of the U.S. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, approximately 63 percent of our total pre-tax income was tax effected based on these lower rates compared with 51 percent for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The significant lower taxing jurisdictions outside of the U.S. include the U.K., Switzerland, and Bermuda with effective federal income tax rates in those countries of 19.25 percent, 7.83 percent, and 0.0 percent, respectively.

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Other Income and Expense Items

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30								September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016				2017				2016
Equity in net (income) loss of partially-owned entities	$	(103	)		$	(79	)		$	(302	)		$	(95	)
(Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets (1)	(24		)		(22		)		(70		)		(22		)
Federal excise and capital taxes	6				2				24				8
Other	3				8				15				17
Other (income) expense	$	(118	)		$	(91	)		$	(333	)		$	(92	)

(1)	Related to (gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP.

Other (income) expense includes equity in net (income) loss of partially-owned entities, which includes our share of net (income) loss related to partially-owned investment companies (private equity) and partially-owned insurance companies. Also included in Other (income) expense are (Gains) losses from fair value changes in separate account assets that do not qualify for separate account reporting under GAAP. The offsetting movement in the separate account liabilities is included in Policy benefits in the Consolidated statements of operations. Certain federal excise and capital taxes incurred as a result of capital management initiatives are included in Other (income) expense as these are considered capital transactions and are excluded from underwriting results.

Amortization of purchased intangibles and Other amortization

Amortization expense related to purchased intangibles was $65 million and $194 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared with $4 million and $16 million, respectively, in the prior year periods. The increase in amortization expense of purchased intangibles primarily reflects higher intangible amortization expense related to agency distribution relationships and renewal rights and lower amortization benefit from the fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expenses.

The following table presents, as of September 30, 2017, the estimated pre-tax amortization expense (benefit) of purchased intangibles, at current foreign currency exchange rates, for the fourth quarter of 2017 and the next five years:

	Associated with the Chubb Corp Acquisition
For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	Agency distribution relationships and renewal rights				Internally developed technology				Fair value adjustment on Unpaid losses and loss expenses				Total (1)				Other intangible assets (2)				Total Amortization of purchased intangibles
Fourth quarter of 2017	$	74			$	8			$	(41	)		$	41			$	21			$	62
2018	327				32				(103		)		256				85				341
2019	284				—				(63		)		221				72				293
2020	242				—				(36		)		206				63				269
2021	219				—				(20		)		199				55				254
2022	199				—				(15		)		184				51				235
Total	$	1,345			$	40			$	(278	)		$	1,107			$	347			$	1,454

(1)	Recorded in Corporate.

(2)	Recorded in applicable segment(s) that acquired the intangible assets.

Reduction of deferred tax liability associated with intangible assets related to the Chubb Corp acquisition

The following table presents, as of September 30, 2017, the expected reduction of the deferred tax liability associated with intangible assets related to the Chubb Corp acquisition (which reduces as agency distribution relationships and renewal rights and internally developed technology amortize), at current foreign currency exchange rates, for the fourth quarter of 2017 and the next five years. For example, for the fourth quarter of 2017, the expected reduction to deferred tax liability of $29 million associated with intangible assets in the table below is calculated by applying the 35 percent expected tax rate against the sum of the estimated amortization of $82 million, comprising agency distribution relationships and renewal rights of $74 million,

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and internally developed technology of $8 million. At September 30, 2017, the remaining deferred tax liability associated with these intangibles was $1,991 million.

For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	Reduction of deferred tax liability associated with intangible assets related to the Chubb Corp acquisition
Fourth quarter of 2017	$	29
2018	126
2019	99
2020	85
2021	77
2022	70
Total	$	486

Amortization of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets and assumed long-term debt

The following table presents at September 30, 2017, the expected amortization expense of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets, at current foreign currency exchange rates, and the expected amortization benefit from the amortization of the fair value adjustment on assumed long-term debt for the fourth quarter of 2017 and the next five years as follows:

	Amortization (expense) benefit of the fair value adjustment on
For the Years Ending December 31 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	Acquired invested assets (1)				Assumed long-term debt (2)
Fourth quarter of 2017	$	(78	)		$	12
2018	(305		)		31
2019	(245		)		19
2020	(205		)		19
2021	(120		)		19
2022	—				19
Total	$	(953	)		$	119

(1)	Recorded as a reduction to Net investment income in the Consolidated statements of operations.

(2)	Recorded as a reduction to Interest expense in the Consolidated statements of operations.

The estimate of amortization expense of the fair value adjustment on acquired invested assets could vary materially based on current market conditions, bond calls, overall duration of the acquired investment portfolio, and foreign exchange.

Net Investment Income

	Three Months Ended							Nine Months Ended
	September 30							September 30
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016			2017				2016
Fixed maturities	$	748			$	715		$	2,219			$	2,044
Short-term investments	34				24			91				69
Equity securities	8				10			30				31
Other investments	63				28			106				81
Gross investment income (1)	853				777			2,446				2,225
Investment expenses	(40		)		(38		)	(118		)		(104		)
Net investment income (1)	$	813			$	739		$	2,328			$	2,121
(1) Includes amortization expense related to fair value adjustment of acquired invested assets related to the Chubb Corp acquisition	$	(80	)		$	(91	)	$	(256	)		$	(292	)

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Net investment income is influenced by a number of factors including the amounts and timing of inward and outward cash flows, the level of interest rates, and changes in overall asset allocation. Net investment income increased 9.8 percent and 9.7 percent for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared with the prior year periods. The increase for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily due to higher income from private equity income distributions that included a $44 million final distribution from a co-investment with one of our private equity fund partners and higher overall invested asset base. Additionally, prior year excluded $45 million of Net investment income generated prior to the Chubb Corp acquisition close on January 14, 2016.

Our average yield on invested assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was 3.5 percent and 3.4 percent, respectively, and 3.4 percent for both the prior year periods, which is primarily driven by the yield on our fixed maturities. This compares to the average market yield, which represents the weighted average yield to maturity of our fixed income portfolio based on market prices of the holdings throughout the period, of 2.7 percent and 2.2 percent at September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Net Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)

We take a long-term view with our investment strategy, and our investment managers manage our investment portfolio to maximize total return within certain specific guidelines designed to minimize risk. The majority of our investment portfolio is available for sale and reported at fair value. Our held to maturity investment portfolio is reported at amortized cost.

The effect of market movements on our available for sale investment portfolio impacts Net income (through Net realized gains (losses)) when securities are sold or when we record an Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) charge in Net income. For a discussion related to how we assess OTTI for all of our investments, including credit-related OTTI, and the related impact on Net income, refer to Note 3 c) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, Net income is impacted through the reporting of changes in the fair value of derivatives, including financial futures, options, swaps, and GLB reinsurance. Changes in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on available for sale securities resulting from the revaluation of securities held, changes in cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment, and unrealized postretirement benefit liability adjustment, are reported as separate components of Accumulated other comprehensive income in Shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents our net realized and unrealized gains (losses):

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017												Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Net Realized Gains (Losses)				Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)				Net Impact				Net Realized Gains (Losses)				Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)				Net Impact
Fixed maturities	$	6			$	134			$	140			$	27			$	195			$	222
Fixed income derivatives	(14		)		—				(14		)		1				—				1
Public equity	4				36				40				6				23				29
Private equity	(3		)		(27		)		(30		)		(13		)		(4		)		(17		)
Total investment portfolio (1)	(7		)		143				136				21				214				235
Variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions, net of applicable hedges	(3		)		—				(3		)		44				—				44
Other derivatives	(5		)		—				(5		)		3				—				3
Foreign exchange	15				665				680				29				(124		)		(95		)
Other	(10		)		(63		)		(73		)		3				5				8
Net gains (losses) before tax	$	(10	)		$	745			$	735			$	100			$	95			$	195

(1)

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, other-than-temporary impairments in Net realized gains (losses) included $5 million for fixed maturities, $1 million for public equity, and $2 million for private equity. For the three months ended September 30, 2016, other-than-temporary impairments in Net realized gains (losses) included $7 million for fixed maturities, $1 million for public equity, and $4 million for private equity.

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	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017												Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Net Realized Gains (Losses)				Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)				Net Impact				Net Realized Gains (Losses)				Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)				Net Impact
Fixed maturities	$	17			$	813			$	830			$	(156	)		$	2,237			$	2,081
Fixed income derivatives	(24		)		—				(24		)		(85		)		—				(85		)
Public equity	10				79				89				39				52				91
Private equity	(11		)		—				(11		)		3				(73		)		(70		)
Total investment portfolio (1)	(8		)		892				884				(199		)		2,216				2,017
Variable annuity reinsurance derivative transactions, net of applicable hedges	96				—				96				(358		)		—				(358		)
Other derivatives	(4		)		—				(4		)		1				—				1
Foreign exchange	10				901				911				46				269				315
Other	(10		)		(118		)		(128		)		—				8				8
Net gains (losses) before tax	$	84			$	1,675			$	1,759			$	(510	)		$	2,493			$	1,983

(1)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, other-than-temporary impairments in Net realized gains (losses) included $15 million for fixed maturities, $9 million for public equity, and $11 million for private equity. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, other-than-temporary impairments in Net realized gains (losses) included $77 million for fixed maturities, $7 million for public equity, and $7 million for private equity.

Investments

Our investment portfolio is invested primarily in publicly traded, investment grade, fixed income securities with an average credit quality of A/Aa as rated by the independent investment rating services Standard and Poor’s (S&P)/ Moody’s Investors Service (Moody’s). The portfolio is externally managed by independent, professional investment managers and is broadly diversified across geographies, sectors, and issuers. Other investments principally comprise direct investments, investment funds, and limited partnerships. We hold no collateralized debt obligations in our investment portfolio, and we provide no credit default protection. We have long-standing global credit limits for our entire portfolio across the organization. Exposures are aggregated, monitored, and actively managed by our Global Credit Committee, comprising senior executives, including our Chief Financial Officer, our Chief Risk Officer, our Chief Investment Officer, and our Treasurer. We also have well-established, strict contractual investment rules requiring managers to maintain highly diversified exposures to individual issuers and closely monitor investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines.

The average duration of our fixed income securities, including the effect of options and swaps, was 4.2 years at both September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. We estimate that a 100 basis point (bps) increase in interest rates would reduce the valuation of our fixed income portfolio by approximately $4.1 billion at September 30, 2017.

The following table shows the fair value and cost/amortized cost of our invested assets:

	September 30, 2017								December 31, 2016
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Fair Value				Cost/ Amortized Cost				Fair Value				Cost/ Amortized Cost
Fixed maturities available for sale	$	83,686			$	82,254			$	80,115			$	79,536
Fixed maturities held to maturity	10,365				10,160				10,670				10,644
Short-term investments	2,991				2,991				3,002				3,002
	97,042				95,405				93,787				93,182
Equity securities	910				723				814				706
Other investments	4,677				4,429				4,519				4,270
Total investments	$	102,629			$	100,557			$	99,120			$	98,158

The fair value of our total investments increased $3.5 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to the investing of operating cash flows, unrealized appreciation, and the favorable impact of foreign exchange, partially offset

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by the payment of dividends on our Common Shares, repurchases of our Common Shares, and the repayment of our $500 million senior notes that matured in February 2017.

The following tables present the market value of our fixed maturities and short-term investments at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. The first table lists investments according to type and second according to S&P credit rating:

	September 30, 2017							December 31, 2016
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)	Market Value				% of Total			Market Value				% of Total
Treasury	$	3,607			4	%		$	2,832			3	%
Agency	596				1	%		699				1	%
Corporate and asset-backed securities	27,815				29	%		26,944				29	%
Mortgage-backed securities	16,669				17	%		15,435				16	%
Municipal	21,621				22	%		22,768				24	%
Non-U.S.	23,743				24	%		22,107				24	%
Short-term investments	2,991				3	%		3,002				3	%
Total	$	97,042			100	%		$	93,787			100	%
AAA	$	15,411			16	%		$	15,746			17	%
AA	36,947				38	%		36,235				39	%
A	18,427				19	%		17,519				19	%
BBB	12,862				13	%		12,237				13	%
BB	7,421				8	%		6,993				7	%
B	5,694				6	%		4,814				5	%
Other	280				—	%		243				—	%
Total	$	97,042			100	%		$	93,787			100	%

Corporate and asset-backed securities

The following table presents our 10 largest global exposures to corporate bonds by market value at September 30, 2017: 

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Market Value
Wells Fargo & Co	$	594
JP Morgan Chase & Co	509
Anheuser-Busch InBev NV	447
Goldman Sachs Group Inc	440
AT&T Inc	408
General Electric Co	397
Verizon Communications Inc	372
Citigroup Inc	345
Morgan Stanley	343
Bank of America Corp	331

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Mortgage-backed securities

	S&P Credit Rating																				Market  Value				Amortized Cost
September 30, 2017 (in millions of U.S. dollars)	AAA				AA				A				BBB				BB and below				Total				Total
Agency residential mortgage-backed (RMBS)	$	—			$	13,744			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	13,744			$	13,691
Non-agency RMBS	2				4				58				4				27				95				93
Commercial mortgage-backed	2,817				13				—				—				—				2,830				2,808
Total mortgage-backed securities	$	2,819			$	13,761			$	58			$	4			$	27			$	16,669			$	16,592

Municipal

As part of our overall investment strategy, we may invest in states, municipalities, and other political subdivisions fixed maturity securities (Municipal). We apply the same investment selection process described previously to our Municipal investments. The portfolio is highly diversified primarily in state general obligation bonds and essential service revenue bonds including education and utilities (water, power, and sewers).

Non-U.S.

Our exposure to the Euro results primarily from Chubb European Group Limited which is headquartered in London and offers a broad range of coverages throughout the European Union, Central, and Eastern Europe. Chubb primarily invests in Euro denominated investments to support its local currency insurance obligations and required capital levels. Chubb’s local currency investment portfolios have strict contractual investment guidelines requiring managers to maintain a high quality and diversified portfolio to both sector and individual issuers. Investment portfolios are monitored daily to ensure investment manager compliance with portfolio guidelines.

Our non-U.S. investment grade fixed income portfolios are currency-matched with the insurance liabilities of our non-U.S. operations. The average credit quality of our non-U.S. fixed income securities is A and 55 percent of our holdings are rated AAA or guaranteed by governments or quasi-government agencies. Within the context of these investment portfolios, our government and corporate bond holdings are highly diversified across industries and geographies. Issuer limits are based on credit rating (AA—two percent, A—one percent, BBB—0.5 percent of the total portfolio) and are monitored daily via an internal compliance system. Because of this investment approach, we do not have a direct exposure to troubled sovereign borrowers in Europe. We manage our indirect exposure using the same credit rating based investment approach. Accordingly, we do not believe our indirect exposure is material.

The following table summarizes the market value and amortized cost of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. government securities at September 30, 2017: 

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Market Value				Amortized Cost
United Kingdom	$	1,494			$	1,462
Republic of Korea	1,045				959
Canada	973				987
Federative Republic of Brazil	848				828
Province of Ontario	675				680
United Mexican States	556				555
Province of Quebec	545				544
Kingdom of Thailand	517				486
Federal Republic of Germany	423				414
French Republic	345				323
Other Non-U.S. Government Securities (1)	4,651				4,548
Total	$	12,072			$	11,786

(1)	There are no investments in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece or Spain.

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The following table summarizes the market value and amortized cost of our non-U.S. fixed income portfolio by country/sovereign for non-U.S. corporate securities at September 30, 2017: 

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Market Value				Amortized Cost
United Kingdom	$	2,074			$	1,988
Canada	1,474				1,457
United States (1)	958				931
France	837				808
Australia	793				778
Netherlands	728				706
Germany	610				593
Switzerland	357				345
Japan	323				321
China	321				316
Other Non-U.S. Corporate Securities	3,196				3,103
Total	$	11,671			$	11,346

⁽¹⁾ The countries that are listed in the non-U.S. corporate fixed income portfolio above represent the ultimate parent company's country of risk. Non-U.S. corporate securities could be issued by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. corporations.

Below-investment grade corporate fixed income portfolio

Below-investment grade securities have different characteristics than investment grade corporate debt securities. Risk of loss from default by the borrower is greater with below-investment grade securities. Below-investment grade securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. Also, issuers of below-investment grade securities usually have higher levels of debt and are more sensitive to adverse economic conditions, such as recession or increasing interest rates, than investment grade issuers. At September 30, 2017, our corporate fixed income investment portfolio included below-investment grade and non-rated securities which, in total, comprised approximately 12 percent of our fixed income portfolio. Our below-investment grade and non-rated portfolio includes over 1,100 issuers, with the greatest single exposure being $161 million.

We manage high-yield bonds as a distinct and separate asset class from investment grade bonds. The allocation to high-yield bonds is explicitly set by internal management and is targeted to securities in the upper tier of credit quality (BB/B). Our minimum rating for initial purchase is BB/B. Eight external investment managers are responsible for high-yield security selection and portfolio construction. Our high-yield managers have a conservative approach to credit selection and very low historical default experience. Holdings are highly diversified across industries and generally subject to a 1.5 percent issuer limit as a percentage of high-yield allocation. We monitor position limits daily through an internal compliance system. Derivative and structured securities (e.g., credit default swaps and collateralized loan obligations) are not permitted in the high-yield portfolio.

Critical Accounting Estimates

As of September 30, 2017, there were no material changes to our critical accounting estimates. For a full discussion of our critical accounting estimates, refer to Item 7 in our 2016 Form 10-K.

Reinsurance recoverable on ceded reinsurance

	September 30				December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars)	2017				2016
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses (1)	$	13,870			$	12,708
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss expenses (1)	929				869
Reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses (1)	$	14,799			$	13,577
Reinsurance recoverable on policy benefits (1)	$	193			$	182

(1)	Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance

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We evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and potential reinsurers on a regular basis and also monitor concentrations of credit risk with reinsurers. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is required principally due to the potential failure of reinsurers to indemnify us, primarily because of disputes under reinsurance contracts and insolvencies. The provision for uncollectible reinsurance is based on a default analysis applied to gross reinsurance recoverables, net of approximately $3.4 billion and $3.3 billion of collateral at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The increase in reinsurance recoverable on losses and loss expenses was primarily due to catastrophe losses related to Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma, and Hurricane Maria.

Unpaid losses and loss expenses

As an insurance and reinsurance company, we are required by applicable laws and regulations and GAAP to establish loss and loss expense reserves for the estimated unpaid portion of the ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses under the terms of our policies and agreements with our insured and reinsured customers. With the exception of certain structured settlements, for which the timing and amount of future claim payments are reliably determinable, and certain reserves for unsettled claims that are discounted in statutory filings, our loss reserves are not discounted for the time value of money.

The following table presents a roll-forward of our unpaid losses and loss expenses: 

(in millions of U.S. dollars)	Gross Losses				Reinsurance Recoverable (1)				Net Losses
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	60,540			$	12,708			$	47,832
Losses and loss expenses incurred	18,178				3,996				14,182
Losses and loss expenses paid	(15,393		)		(3,066		)		(12,327		)
Foreign currency revaluation and other	828				232				596
Balance at September 30, 2017	$	64,153			$	13,870			$	50,283

(1)	Net of provision for uncollectible reinsurance

The estimate of the liabilities includes provisions for claims that have been reported but are unpaid at the balance sheet date (case reserves) and for obligations on claims that have been incurred but not reported (IBNR) at the balance sheet date. IBNR may also include provisions to account for the possibility that reported claims may settle for amounts that differ from the established case reserves. Loss reserves also include an estimate of expenses associated with processing and settling unpaid claims (loss expenses). The increase in unpaid losses and loss expenses in 2017 primarily reflects the significant catastrophe events during the third quarter of 2017, principally from hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria and the earthquakes in Mexico.

Asbestos and Environmental (A&E)

During the three months ended September 30, 2017, an internal review was conducted to evaluate the adequacy of environmental liabilities. As a result of the internal review, we increased environmental gross reserves for Brandywine managed operations by $186 million while the net loss reserves increased by $77 million. A&E reserves are included in Corporate. Refer to our 2016 Form 10-K for further information on our A&E exposures.

Fair value measurements

Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants and establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based on the reliability of the inputs. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 inputs) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 inputs). Level 2 includes inputs, other than quoted prices within Level 1, that are observable for assets or liabilities either directly or indirectly. Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on our fair value measurements.

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Catastrophe management

We actively monitor our catastrophe risk accumulation around the world. The table below presents our modeled annual aggregate pre-tax probable maximum loss (PML), net of reinsurance, for 100-year and 250-year return periods for U.S. hurricane and California earthquake at September 30, 2017 and 2016. The table also presents Chubb’s corresponding share of pre-tax industry PMLs for each of the return periods for U.S. hurricane and California earthquake. For example, according to the model, for the 1-in-100 return period scenario, there is a one percent chance that our losses incurred in any year from U.S. hurricane events could be in excess of $2,859 million (or 5.7 percent of our total shareholders’ equity at September 30, 2017). We estimate that at such hypothetical loss levels, Chubb’s share of the aggregate industry PML would be approximately 2.0 percent.

		Modeled Annual Aggregate Net PML
		U.S. Hurricane														California Earthquake
		September 30										September 30				September 30										September 30
		2017										2016				2017										2016
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for percentages)		Chubb				% of Total Shareholders’ Equity			% of Industry			Chubb				Chubb				% of Total Shareholders’ Equity			% of Industry			Chubb
1-in-100		$	2,859			5.7	%		2.0	%		$	2,964			$	1,463			2.9	%		3.8	%		$	1,475
1-in-250		$	4,872			9.7	%		2.5	%		$	5,049			$	1,921			3.8	%		3.2	%		$	1,948

The above modeled loss information at September 30, 2017 reflects our in-force portfolio at July 1, 2017. The September 30, 2017 modeled loss information reflects the April 1, 2017 reinsurance program (see Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program section below) as well as inuring reinsurance protection coverages.

The modeling estimates of both Chubb and industry loss levels are inherently uncertain owing to key assumptions. First, while the use of third-party catastrophe modeling packages to simulate potential hurricane and earthquake losses is prevalent within the insurance industry, the models are reliant upon significant meteorology, seismology, and engineering assumptions to estimate hurricane and earthquake losses. In particular, modeled hurricane and earthquake events are not always a representation of actual events and ensuing additional loss potential. Second, there is no universal standard in the preparation of insured data for use in the models and the running of the modeling software. Third, we are reliant upon third-party estimates of industry insured exposures and there is significant variation possible around the relationship between our loss and that of the industry following an event. Fourth, we assume that our reinsurance recoveries following an event are fully collectible. These loss estimates do not represent our potential maximum exposures and it is highly likely that our actual incurred losses would vary materially from the modeled estimates.

Natural Catastrophe Property Reinsurance Program

Chubb’s core property catastrophe reinsurance program provides protection against natural catastrophes impacting its primary property operations (i.e., excluding our Global Reinsurance and Life Insurance segments).

We regularly review our reinsurance protection and corresponding property catastrophe exposures. This may or may not lead to the purchase of additional reinsurance prior to a program’s renewal date. In addition, prior to each renewal date, we consider how much, if any, coverage we intend to buy and we may make material changes to the current structure in light of various factors, including modeled PML assessment at various return periods, reinsurance pricing, our risk tolerance and exposures, and various other structuring considerations.

Chubb renewed its Global Property Catastrophe Reinsurance Program for our North American and International operations effective April 1, 2017 through March 31, 2018, with no significant change in coverage from the expiring program. The program consists of three layers in excess of losses retained by Chubb. In addition, Chubb also renewed its terrorism coverage (excluding nuclear, biological, chemical and radiation coverage, with an inclusion of coverage for biological and chemical coverage for personal lines) for the United States from April 1, 2017 through March 31, 2018 with the same limits and retention and percentage placed except that the majority of terrorism coverage is on an aggregate basis above our retentions without a reinstatement.

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Loss Location		Layer of Loss		Comments	Notes
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii)		$0 million –  $1.0 billion		Losses retained by Chubb	(a)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii)		$1.0 billion – $1.25 billion		All natural perils and terrorism	(b)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii)		$1.25 billion – $2.0 billion		All natural perils and terrorism	(c)
United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii)		$2.0 billion – $3.5 billion		All natural perils and terrorism	(d)
International (including Alaska and Hawaii)		$0 million – $175 million		Losses retained by Chubb	(a)
International (including Alaska and Hawaii)		$175 million – $925 million		All natural perils and terrorism	(c)
Alaska, Hawaii, and Canada		$925 million – $2.425 billion		All natural perils and terrorism	(d)
(a)  Ultimate retention will depend upon the nature of the loss and the interplay between the underlying per risk programs and certain other catastrophe programs purchased by individual business units. These other catastrophe programs have the potential to reduce our effective retention below the stated levels. For example, we have a treaty in place, effective May 1, 2017, that covers 30 percent of our international catastrophe losses between $100 million and $175 million.  This reinsurance coverage reduced our liability in international commercial and personal property and casualty insurance business related to hurricane Maria to $152 million and is presumed exhausted after hurricane Maria, with no reinstatements available.
(b) These coverages are 20 percent placed with Reinsurers.
(c)  These coverages are both part of the same Second layer within the Global Catastrophe Program and are 100 percent placed with Reinsurers. As such, it may be exhausted in one region and not available in the other.
(d) These coverages are both part of the same Third layer within the Global Catastrophe Program and are 100 percent placed with Reinsurers. As such, it may be exhausted in one region and not available in the other.

Chubb also has two series of property catastrophe bonds in place (assumed as part of the Chubb Corp acquisition) that offer additional natural catastrophe protection for certain parts of the portfolio. The geographic scope of this coverage is from Virginia through Maine. The East Lane VI 2014 series currently provides $270 million of coverage as part of a $300 million layer in excess of $2,660 million retention through March 14, 2018. The East Lane VI 2015 series currently provides $250 million of coverage as part of a $408 million layer in excess of $2,014 million retention through March 13, 2020.

Crop Insurance

We are, and have been since the 1980s, one of the leading writers of crop insurance in the U.S. and have conducted that business through a managing general agent subsidiary of Rain and Hail. We provide protection throughout the U.S. on a variety of crops and are therefore geographically diversified, which reduces the risk of exposure to a single event or a heavy accumulation of losses in any one region. Our crop insurance business comprises two components – Multiple Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI) and crop-hail insurance.

The MPCI program is offered in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The policies cover revenue shortfalls or production losses due to natural causes such as drought, excessive moisture, hail, wind, frost, insects, and disease. Generally, policies have deductibles ranging from 10 percent to 50 percent of the insured's risk. The USDA's Risk Management Agency (RMA) sets the policy terms and conditions, rates and forms, and is also responsible for setting compliance standards. As a participating company, we report all details of policies underwritten to the RMA and are party to a Standard Reinsurance Agreement (SRA). The SRA sets out the relationship between private insurance companies and the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) concerning the terms and conditions regarding the risks each will bear including the pro-rata and state stop-loss provisions which allows companies to limit the exposure of any one state or group of states on their underwriting results. In addition to the pro-rata and excess of loss reinsurance protections inherent in the SRA, we also purchase third-party proportional and stop-loss reinsurance for our MPCI business to reduce our exposure. We may also enter into crop derivative contracts to further manage our risk exposure.

Each year the RMA issues a final SRA for the subsequent reinsurance year. In June 2017, the RMA released the 2018 SRA which establishes the terms and conditions for the 2018 reinsurance year (i.e., July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018) that replaced the 2017 SRA. There were no significant changes in the terms and conditions, and therefore the new SRA does not impact Chubb's outlook on the crop program relative to 2018.

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On the MPCI business, we recognize net premiums written as soon as estimable, which is generally when we receive acreage reports from the policyholders on the various crops throughout the U.S. This allows us to best determine the premium associated with the liability that is being planted. The MPCI program has specific timeframes as to when producers must report acreage to us and in certain cases, the reporting occurs after the close of the respective reinsurance year. Once the net premium written has been recorded, the premium is then earned over the growing season for the crops. A majority of the crops that are covered in the program are typically subject to the SRA in effect at the beginning of the year. Given the major crops covered in the program, we typically see a substantial written and earned premium impact in the second and third quarters.

The pricing of MPCI premium is determined using a number of factors including commodity prices and related volatility. For instance, in most states the pricing for the MPCI Revenue Product for corn includes a factor that is based on the average price in February of the Chicago Board of Trade December corn futures. To the extent that the corn commodity prices are higher in February than they were in the previous February, and all other factors are the same, the increase in corn prices will increase the corn premium year over year.

Our crop-hail program is a private offering. Premium is earned on the crop-hail program over the coverage period of the policy. Given the very short nature of the growing season, most crop-hail business is typically written in the second and third quarters with the earned premium also more heavily occurring during this time frame. We use industry data to develop our own rates and forms for the coverage offered. The policy primarily protects farmers against yield reduction caused by hail and/or fire, and related costs such as transit to storage. We offer various deductibles to allow the grower to partially self-insure for a reduced premium cost. We limit our crop-hail exposures through the use of township liability limits and third-party proportional and stop-loss reinsurance on our net retained hail business.

Liquidity

We anticipate that positive cash flows from operations (underwriting activities and investment income) should be sufficient to cover cash outflows under most loss scenarios for the near term. In addition to cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements, we have agreements with a third-party bank provider which implemented two international multi-currency notional cash pooling programs to enhance cash management efficiency during periods of short-term timing mismatches between expected inflows and outflows of cash by currency. The programs allow us to optimize investment income by avoiding portfolio disruption. Should the need arise, we generally have access to capital markets and an available letter of credit/revolver facility.  On October 25, 2017, we replaced our $1.5 billion letter of credit/revolver facility that was set to expire in November 2017 with an amended and restated credit facility that provides for up to $1.0 billion of availability, all of which may be used for the issuance of letters of credit and for revolving loans. We have the ability to increase the capacity under our existing credit facility to $2.0 billion under certain conditions, but any such increase would not raise the sub-limit for revolving loans above $1.0 billion.  Our prior facility required that we maintain certain financial covenants, all of which we met at September 30, 2017.  At September 30, 2017, our LOC usage was $236 million.

 

Our access to funds under an existing credit facility is dependent on the ability of the banks that are a party to the facility to meet their funding commitments. Our existing credit facility has a remaining term expiring in October 2022 and requires that we maintain:

 

(i) a minimum consolidated net worth of not less than $34.985 billion; and

(ii) a ratio of consolidated total debt (excluding trust preferred securities and mezzanine capital to the extent not exceeding 15 percent of total capitalization) to total capitalization of not greater than 0.35 to 1.

Should our existing credit provider experience financial difficulty, we may be required to replace credit sources, possibly in a difficult market. If we cannot obtain adequate capital or sources of credit on favorable terms, on a timely basis, or at all, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be adversely affected. To date, we have not experienced difficulty accessing our credit facility.

The payment of dividends or other statutorily permissible distributions from our operating companies are subject to the laws and regulations applicable to each jurisdiction, as well as the need to maintain capital levels adequate to support the insurance and reinsurance operations, including financial strength ratings issued by independent rating agencies. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we were able to meet all of our obligations, including the payments of dividends on our Common Shares, with our net cash flows.

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We assess which subsidiaries to draw dividends from based on a number of factors. Considerations such as regulatory and legal restrictions as well as the subsidiary’s financial condition are paramount to the dividend decision. Chubb Limited received dividends of $450 million and $875 million from its Bermuda subsidiaries during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Chubb Limited received dividends of $5.0 billion from its Bermuda subsidiaries in 2015, of which $2.7 billion were paid in 2015, while the remaining $2.3 billion were paid during the first quarter of 2016. These dividends were used to finance a portion of the Chubb Corp acquisition by making capital contributions to Chubb INA and Chubb Group Holdings, both subsidiaries of Chubb Limited.

The payment of any dividends from CGM or its subsidiaries is subject to applicable U.K. insurance laws and regulations. In addition, the release of funds by Syndicate 2488 to subsidiaries of CGM is subject to regulations promulgated by the Society of Lloyd’s. The U.S. insurance subsidiaries of Chubb INA Holdings Inc. (Chubb INA) may pay dividends, without prior regulatory approval, subject to restrictions set out in state law of the subsidiary’s domicile (or, if applicable, commercial domicile). Chubb INA’s international subsidiaries are also subject to insurance laws and regulations particular to the countries in which the subsidiaries operate. These laws and regulations sometimes include restrictions that limit the amount of dividends payable without prior approval of regulatory insurance authorities. Chubb Limited received no dividends from CGM or Chubb INA during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. Debt issued by Chubb INA is serviced by statutorily permissible distributions by Chubb INA’s insurance subsidiaries to Chubb INA as well as other group resources. Chubb INA received dividends of $1.6 billion and $1.2 billion from its subsidiaries during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Chubb INA received $1.0 billion in capital contributions from Chubb Limited and $4.2 billion from Chubb Group Holdings during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Chubb INA also received $5.1 billion in capital contributions in 2015, of which $2.8 billion were paid in 2015, while the remaining $2.3 billion were paid in 2016. $5.0 billion of these capital contributions were sourced from the dividends from the Bermuda subsidiaries to fund the Chubb Corp acquisition as noted above.

Cash Flows

Our sources of liquidity include cash from operations, routine sales of investments, and financing arrangements. The following is a discussion of our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016.

Operating cash flows were $3.4 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $3.8 billion in the prior year period. The decrease in operating cash flow was due to higher taxes paid of $292 million in 2017, reflecting the timing of required estimated tax payments and balances due on prior years. Additionally, 2016 tax payments were lower, reflecting the benefit from overpayments of taxes in 2015. Higher claims paid in 2017 compared to the prior year also reduced operating cash flow.

Cash used for investing was $1.3 billion in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $4.3 billion in the prior year period. The prior year included $14.3 billion for the purchase of Chubb Corp, which was largely funded by sales in our investment portfolio, including net proceeds in short-term investments. Cash used for financing was $1,970 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $510 million in the prior year period. The current year included $500 million of repayments of long-term debt and $707 million of share repurchases. In addition, dividends paid in the current year were $978 million compared to $851 million in the prior year reflecting our higher outstanding share count following the Chubb Corp acquisition. The dividends paid in January 2016 were based on shareholders of record at December 31, 2015, which was prior to the issuance of 137 million shares in connection with the closing of the Chubb Corp acquisition on January 14, 2016.

Both internal and external forces influence our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Claim settlements, premium levels, and investment returns may be impacted by changing rates of inflation and other economic conditions. In many cases, significant periods of time, ranging up to several years or more, may lapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us, and the settlement of the liability for that loss.

In the current low interest rate environment, we use repurchase agreements as a low-cost funding alternative. At September 30, 2017, there were $1.4 billion in repurchase agreements outstanding with various maturities over the next 8 months.

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Capital Resources

Capital resources consist of funds deployed or available to be deployed to support our business operations.

	September 30				December 31
(in millions of U.S. dollars, except for ratios)	2017				2016
Short-term debt	$	1,020			$	500
Long-term debt	11,559				12,610
Total financial debt	12,579				13,110
Trust preferred securities	308				308
Total shareholders’ equity	50,471				48,275
Total capitalization	$	63,358			$	61,693
Ratio of financial debt to total capitalization	19.9		%		21.3		%
Ratio of financial debt plus trust preferred securities to total capitalization	20.4		%		21.8		%

Repurchase agreements are excluded from the table above and are disclosed separately from short-term debt in the Consolidated balance sheets. The repurchase agreements are collateralized borrowings where we maintain the right and ability to redeem the collateral on short notice, unlike short-term debt which comprises the current maturities of our long-term debt instruments.

As part of the Chubb Corp acquisition on January 14, 2016, we assumed Chubb Corp's senior and subordinated debt obligations, totaling $3.3 billion par value (fair valued at $3.8 billion at the acquisition date), which is guaranteed by Chubb Limited. Included in the debt obligations are junior subordinated capital securities of $1.0 billion. Prior to April 15, 2017, these securities carried a fixed interest rate of 6.375 percent. Effective April 15, 2017, these securities bear interest at a rate equal to the three-month LIBOR plus 2.25 percentage points. The current interest rate at the time of this filing on these securities is 3.61 percent. The scheduled maturity date for these securities is April 15, 2037.

In February 2017, Chubb INA Holdings Inc.’s $500 million of 5.7 percent senior notes matured and were fully paid. In 2017, we reclassified $300 million of the 5.8 percent senior notes ($300 million par value due to mature in March 2018), $616 million of the 5.75 percent senior notes ($600 million par value due to mature in May 2018), and $104 million of the 6.6 percent senior notes ($100 million par value due to mature in August 2018) from Long-term debt to Short-term debt in the Consolidated balance sheets.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we repurchased $707 million of Common Shares in a series of open market transactions under the Board of Directors (Board) share repurchase authorization. For the period October 1 through October 31, 2017, we repurchased 25,000 Common Shares for a total of $4 million in a series of open market transactions. At October 31, 2017, $289 million in share repurchase authorization remained through December 31, 2017. At September 30, 2017, there were 15,625,345 Common Shares in treasury with a weighted average cost of $120.16 per share.

We generally maintain the ability to issue certain classes of debt and equity securities via an unlimited Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) shelf registration which is renewed every three years. This allows us capital market access for refinancing as well as for unforeseen or opportunistic capital needs. Our current shelf registration on file with the SEC expires in October 2018.

Dividends

We have paid dividends each quarter since we became a public company in 1993. Under Swiss law, dividends must be stated in Swiss francs though dividend payments are made by Chubb in U.S. dollars. Refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our dividend methodology.

At our May 2017 annual general meeting, our shareholders approved an annual dividend for the following year of up to $2.84 per share, or CHF 2.78 per share, calculated using the USD/CHF exchange rate as published in the Wall Street Journal on May 18, 2017, expected to be paid in four quarterly installments of $0.71 per share after the general meeting by way of a distribution from capital contribution reserves, transferred to free reserves for payment. The Board will determine the record and payment dates at which the annual dividend may be paid until the date of the 2018 annual general meeting, and is authorized to abstain from distributing a dividend at their discretion. The annual dividend approved in May 2017 represented an $0.08 per share increase ($0.02 per quarter) over the prior year dividend.

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The following table represents dividends paid per Common Share to shareholders of record on each of the following dates: 

Shareholders of record as of:		Dividends paid as of:
December 30, 2016		January 20, 2017		$0.69 (CHF 0.69)
March 31, 2017		April 21, 2017		$0.69 (CHF 0.69)
June 30, 2017		July 21, 2017		$0.71 (CHF 0.69)
September 29, 2017		October 20, 2017		$0.71 (CHF 0.68)

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Refer to Item 7A included in our 2016 Form 10-K.

Foreign currency management

As a global company, Chubb entities transact business in multiple currencies. Our policy is to generally match assets, liabilities and required capital for each individual jurisdiction in local currency, which would include the use of derivatives. We do not hedge our net asset non-U.S. dollar capital positions; however, we do consider hedging for planned cross border transactions. For an estimated impact of foreign currency movement on our net assets denominated in non-U.S. currencies, refer to Item 7A in our 2016 Form 10-K.  This information will be updated and disclosed in interim filings if our net assets in non-U.S. currencies change materially from the December 31, 2016 balances disclosed in the 2016 Form 10-K.

Reinsurance of GMDB and GLB guarantees

Chubb views its variable annuity reinsurance business as having a similar risk profile to that of catastrophe reinsurance with the probability of long-term economic loss relatively small, at the time of pricing. Adverse changes in market factors and policyholder behavior will have an impact on both life underwriting income and net income. When evaluating these risks, we expect to be compensated for taking both the risk of a cumulative long-term economic net loss, as well as the short-term accounting variations caused by these market movements. Therefore, we evaluate this business in terms of its long-term economic risk and reward.

Net income is directly impacted by changes in benefit reserves calculated in connection with reinsurance of variable annuity guarantees, primarily GMDB and GLB. In addition, net income is directly impacted by changes in the fair value of the GLB liability (FVL), which is classified as a derivative for accounting purposes. The FVL established for a GLB reinsurance contract represents the difference between the fair value of the contract and the benefit reserves. Benefit reserves and FVL calculations are directly affected by market factors, including equity levels, interest rate levels, credit risk, and implied volatilities, as well as policyholder behaviors, such as annuitization and lapse rates.

The tables below are estimates of the sensitivities to instantaneous changes in economic inputs (e.g., equity shock, interest rate shock etc.) or actuarial assumptions at September 30, 2017 of the FVL and of the fair value of specific derivative instruments held (hedge value) to partially offset the risk in the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio. The following assumptions should be considered when using the below tables:

•	No changes to the benefit ratio used to establish benefit reserves at September 30, 2017

•	Equity shocks impact all global equity markets equally

•	Our liabilities are sensitive to global equity markets in the following proportions: 75 percent—85 percent U.S. equity, 10 percent—20 percent international equity ex-Japan, up to 10 percent Japan equity.

•	Our current hedge portfolio is sensitive to global equity markets in the following proportions: 100 percent U.S. equity.

•	We would suggest using the S&P 500 index as a proxy for U.S. equity, the MSCI EAFE index as a proxy for international equity, and the TOPIX as a proxy for Japan equity.

•	Interest rate shocks assume a parallel shift in the U.S. yield curve

•	Our liabilities are also sensitive to global interest rates at various points on the yield curve, mainly the U.S. Treasury curve in the following proportions: up to 10 percent short-term rates (maturing in less than 5 years), 20 percent—30

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percent medium-term rates (maturing between 5 years and 10 years, inclusive), and 60 percent—70 percent long-term rates (maturing beyond 10 years).

•	A change in AA-rated credit spreads (AA-rated credit spreads are a proxy for both our own credit spreads and the credit spreads of the ceding insurers) impacts the rate used to discount cash flows in the fair value model.

•	The hedge sensitivity is from September 30, 2017 market levels.

•

The sensitivities are not directly additive because changes in one factor will affect the sensitivity to changes in other factors. The sensitivities do not scale linearly and may be proportionally greater for larger movements in the market factors. The sensitivities may also vary due to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The calculation of the FVL is based on internal models that include assumptions regarding future policyholder behavior, including lapse, annuitization, and asset allocation. These assumptions impact both the absolute level of the FVL as well as the sensitivities to changes in market factors shown below. Actual sensitivity of our net income may differ from those disclosed in the tables below due to differences between short-term market movements and management judgment regarding the long-term assumptions implicit in our benefit ratios. Furthermore, the sensitivities below could vary by multiples of the sensitivities in the tables below.

•

In addition, the tables below do not reflect the expected quarterly run rate of net income generated by the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio if markets remain unchanged during the period. All else equal, if markets remain unchanged during the period, the Gross FVL will increase, resulting in a realized loss. The realized loss occurs primarily because, during the period, we will collect premium on the full population while only 74 percent of that population has become eligible to annuitize and generate a claim (since approximately 26 percent of policies are not eligible to annuitize until after September 30, 2017). This increases the Gross FVL because future premiums are lower by the amount collected in the quarter, and also because future claims are discounted for a shorter period. We refer to this increase in Gross FVL as “timing effect”. The unfavorable impact of timing effect on our Gross FVL in a quarter is not reflected in the sensitivity tables below. For this reason, when using the tables below to estimate the sensitivity of Gross FVL in the fourth quarter to various changes, it is necessary to assume an additional $5 million to $45 million increase in Gross FVL and realized losses. However, the impact to Net income is substantially mitigated because the majority of this realized loss is offset by the positive quarterly run rate of Life underwriting income generated by the variable annuity guarantee reinsurance portfolio if markets remain unchanged during the period. Note that both the timing effect and the quarterly run rate of Life underwriting income change over time as the book ages.

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Interest Rate Shock		Worldwide Equity Shock
(in millions of U.S. dollars)		+10%				Flat				-10%				-20%				-30%				-40%
+100 bps	(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL	$	298			$	208			$	48			$	(183	)		$	(469	)		$	(809	)
	Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	(148		)		—				148				296				444				592
	Increase/(decrease) in net income	$	150			$	208			$	196			$	113			$	(25	)		$	(217	)
Flat	(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL	$	169			$	—			$	(218	)		$	(492	)		$	(821	)		$	(1,201	)
	Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	(148		)		—				148				296				444				592
	Increase/(decrease) in net income	$	21			$	—			$	(70	)		$	(196	)		$	(377	)		$	(609	)
-100 bps	(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL	$	(93	)		$	(304	)		$	(562	)		$	(876	)		$	(1,240	)		$	(1,645	)
	Increase/(decrease) in hedge value	(148		)		—				148				296				444				592
	Increase/(decrease) in net income	$	(241	)		$	(304	)		$	(414	)		$	(580	)		$	(796	)		$	(1,053	)
Sensitivities to Other Economic Variables		AA-rated Credit Spreads								Interest Rate Volatility								Equity Volatility
(in millions of U.S. dollars)		+100 bps				-100 bps				+2%				-2%				+2%				-2%
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL		$	69			$	(79	)		$	—			$	—			$	(10	)		$	9
Increase/(decrease) in hedge value		—				—				—				—				—				—
Increase/(decrease) in net income		$	69			$	(79	)		$	—			$	—			$	(10	)		$	9
Sensitivities to Actuarial Assumptions										Mortality
(in millions of U.S. dollars)										+20%				+10%				-10%				-20%
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL										$	28			$	14			$	(14	)		$	(29	)
Increase/(decrease) in hedge value										—				—				—				—
Increase/(decrease) in net income										$	28			$	14			$	(14	)		$	(29	)
										Lapses
(in millions of U.S. dollars)										+50%				+25%				-25%				-50%
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL										$	100			$	54			$	(60	)		$	(128	)
Increase/(decrease) in hedge value										—				—				—				—
Increase/(decrease) in net income										$	100			$	54			$	(60	)		$	(128	)
										Annuitization
(in millions of U.S. dollars)										+50%				+25%				-25%				-50%
(Increase)/decrease in Gross FVL										$	(396	)		$	(214	)		$	208			$	388
Increase/(decrease) in hedge value										—				—				—				—
Increase/(decrease) in net income										$	(396	)		$	(214	)		$	208			$	388

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ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

Chubb’s management, with the participation of Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of September 30, 2017. Based upon that evaluation, Chubb’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Chubb’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in allowing information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 to be recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Chubb’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In 2016, Chubb completed the acquisition of The Chubb Corporation. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we continued to integrate the information technology environments of the two companies. There were no other changes to Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Chubb's internal controls over financial reporting.

PART II OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

The information required with respect to this item is included in Note 6 h) to the Consolidated Financial Statements which is hereby incorporated by reference.

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

Refer to "Risk Factors" under Item 1A of Part I of our 2016 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A of Part I of our 2016 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

Issuer’s Repurchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information with respect to purchases by Chubb of its Common Shares during the three months ended September 30, 2017:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)			Average Price Paid per Share				Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan (2)			Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan (3)
July 1 through July 31	486,800			$	144.12			476,657			$	457	million
August 1 through August 31	844,268			$	144.88			833,726			$	336	million
September 1 through September 30	474,581			$	140.98			305,000			$	293	million
Total	1,805,649			$	143.65			1,615,383

 

(1)	This column represents open market share repurchases and the surrender to Chubb of Common Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees and the exercising of options by employees.

⁽²⁾ The aggregate value of shares repurchased in the three months ended September 30, 2017 as part of the publicly announced plan was $232 million.

⁽³⁾ Refer to Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on the Chubb Limited securities repurchase authorization. For the period October 1, 2017 through October 31, 2017, we repurchased 25,000 Common Shares for a total of $4 million in a series of open market transactions. At October 31, 2017, $289 million in share repurchase authorization remained through December 31, 2017.

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ITEM 6. Exhibits

				Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number		Exhibit Description		Form		Original Number		Date Filed		Filed Herewith
3.1		Articles of Association of the Company, as amended		8-K		3.1		May 20, 2016
3.2		Organizational Regulations of the Company, as amended		8-K		3.1		November 21, 2016
4.1		Articles of Association of the Company, as amended		8-K		4.1		May 20, 2016
4.2		Organizational Regulations of the Company, as amended		8-K		3.1		November 21, 2016
31.1		Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002								X
31.2		Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002								X
32.1		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002								X
32.2		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002								X
101.1		The following financial information from Chubb Limited’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017 formatted in XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2017, and December 31, 2016; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements								X

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	CHUBB LIMITED
	(Registrant)
November 1, 2017	/s/ Evan G. Greenberg
	Evan G. Greenberg
	Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer
November 1, 2017	/s/ Philip V. Bancroft
	Philip V. Bancroft
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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