CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORP - Quarter Report: 2022 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark one)

☑ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022.

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from _____________________ to _____________________.

Commission file number 0-4604

CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Ohio

31-0746871

(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6200 S. Gilmore Road,

Fairfield,

Ohio

45014-5141

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (513) 870-2000

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common stock

CINF

Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☑Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☑Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a nonaccelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

☑ Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Nonaccelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company

☐ Emerging growth company

☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):

☐Yes ☑ No

As of July 22, 2022, there were 159,199,453 shares of common stock outstanding.

CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED June 30, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Part I – Financial Information			3

Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)			3

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets			3

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income			4

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income			5

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity			6

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			7

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)			8

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			28

Safe Harbor Statement			28

Corporate Financial Highlights			31

Financial Results			39

Liquidity and Capital Resources			55

Other Matters			59

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk			59

Item 4. Controls and Procedures			65

Part II – Other Information			67

Item 1. Legal Proceedings			67

Item 1A. Risk Factors			67

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds			68

Item 6. Exhibits			69

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 2

Part I – Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited)

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets


(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	June 30,		December 31,
	2022		2021
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities, at fair value (amortized cost: 2022—$12,497; 2021—$12,230)	$	11,933	$	13,022
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2022—$4,205; 2021—$4,121)	9,510		11,315

Other invested assets	391		329
Total investments	21,834		24,666
Cash and cash equivalents	1,098		1,139

Investment income receivable	141		144
Finance receivable	87		98
Premiums receivable	2,484		2,053
Reinsurance recoverable	531		570
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	113		78
Deferred policy acquisition costs	1,045		905
Land, building and equipment, net, for company use (accumulated depreciation: 2022—$312; 2021—$303)	201		205
Other assets	798		570
Separate accounts	860		959
Total assets	$	29,192	$	31,387

Liabilities
Insurance reserves
Loss and loss expense reserves	$	7,669	$	7,305
Life policy and investment contract reserves	3,041		3,014
Unearned premiums	3,867		3,271
Other liabilities	1,248		1,092
Deferred income tax	1,069		1,744
Note payable	44		54
Long-term debt and lease obligations	841		843
Separate accounts	860		959
Total liabilities	18,639		18,282

Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 12)

Shareholders' Equity
Common stock, par value—$2 per share; (authorized: 2022 and 2021—500 million shares; issued: 2022 and 2021—198.3 million shares)	397		397
Paid-in capital	1,367		1,356
Retained earnings	11,324		12,625
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(423)		648
Treasury stock at cost (2022—39.1 million shares and 2021—38.0 million shares)	(2,112)		(1,921)
Total shareholders' equity	10,553		13,105
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	29,192	$	31,387

Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 3

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income


(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Revenues
Earned premiums	$	1,773	$	1,593	$	3,463	$	3,137
Investment income, net of expenses	195		175		380		349
Investment gains and losses, net	(1,154)		520		(1,820)		1,024
Fee revenues	3		4		7		7
Other revenues	3		3		5		5
Total revenues	820		2,295		2,035		4,522
Benefits and Expenses
Insurance losses and contract holders' benefits	1,309		915		2,348		1,918
Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses	534		490		1,053		929
Interest expense	13		13		26		26
Other operating expenses	5		5		9		9
Total benefits and expenses	1,861		1,423		3,436		2,882
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes	(1,041)		872		(1,401)		1,640
Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes
Current	30		75		71		111
Deferred	(263)		94		(391)		206
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes	(233)		169		(320)		317
Net Income (Loss)	$	(808)	$	703	$	(1,081)	$	1,323
Per Common Share
Net income (loss)—basic	$	(5.06)	$	4.36	$	(6.76)	$	8.21
Net income (loss)—diluted	(5.06)		4.31		(6.76)		8.13

Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 4

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net Income (Loss)	$	(808)	$	703	$	(1,081)	$	1,323
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Change in unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax (benefit) of $(127), $27, $(284) and $(14), respectively	(483)		105		(1,072)		(50)
Amortization of pension actuarial loss and prior service cost, net of tax of $0, $0, $0 and $1, respectively	—		1		—		4
Change in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other, net of tax of $0, $0, $0 and $2, respectively	1		—		1		8
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(482)		106		(1,071)		(38)
Comprehensive Income (Loss)	$	(1,290)	$	809	$	(2,152)	$	1,285

Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 5

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Common Stock
Beginning of period	$	397	$	397	$	397	$	397
Share-based awards	—		—		—		—
End of period	397		397		397		397

Paid-In Capital
Beginning of period	1,354		1,322		1,356		1,328
Share-based awards	2		2		(12)		(14)
Share-based compensation	9		8		20		17
Other	2		2		3		3
End of period	1,367		1,334		1,367		1,334

Retained Earnings
Beginning of period	12,241		10,603		12,625		10,085


Net income (loss)	(808)		703		(1,081)		1,323
Dividends declared	(109)		(101)		(220)		(203)
End of period	11,324		11,205		11,324		11,205

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Beginning of period	59		625		648		769


Other comprehensive income (loss)	(482)		106		(1,071)		(38)
End of period	(423)		731		(423)		731

Treasury Stock
Beginning of period	(1,959)		(1,809)		(1,921)		(1,790)
Share-based awards	3		3		12		15
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization	(151)		—		(196)		(28)
Shares acquired - share-based compensation plans	(6)		(4)		(8)		(7)
Other	1		1		1		1
End of period	(2,112)		(1,809)		(2,112)		(1,809)

Total Shareholders' Equity	$	10,553	$	11,858	$	10,553	$	11,858

(In millions, except per common share)
Common Stock - Shares Outstanding
Beginning of period	160.3		161.0		160.3		160.9
Share-based awards	0.1		0.1		0.5		0.5
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization	(1.2)		—		(1.6)		(0.3)


End of period	159.2		161.1		159.2		161.1

Dividends declared per common share	$	0.69	$	0.63	$	1.38	$	1.26

Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 6

Cincinnati Financial Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows


(Dollars in millions)	Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	$	(1,081)	$	1,323
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	55		46
Investment gains and losses, net	1,829		(1,011)
Share-based compensation	20		17
Interest credited to contract holders	23		23
Deferred income tax expense	(391)		206
Changes in:
Investment income receivable	3		(2)
Premiums and reinsurance receivable	(427)		(365)
Deferred policy acquisition costs	(130)		(94)
Other assets	(29)		(23)
Loss and loss expense reserves	364		273
Life policy and investment contract reserves	35		55
Unearned premiums	596		457
Other liabilities	(31)		23
Current income tax receivable/payable	(81)		(11)
Net cash provided by operating activities	755		917
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Sale of fixed maturities	190		73
Call or maturity of fixed maturities	512		690
Sale of equity securities	178		110
Purchase of fixed maturities	(942)		(1,228)
Purchase of equity securities	(218)		(152)


Investment in finance receivables	(10)		(22)
Collection of finance receivables	21		18
Investment in building and equipment	(8)		(9)
Change in other invested assets, net	(47)		(6)
Net cash used in investing activities	(324)		(526)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Payment of cash dividends to shareholders	(208)		(195)
Shares acquired - share repurchase authorization	(196)		(28)
Changes in note payable	(10)		5
Proceeds from stock options exercised	6		8
Contract holders' funds deposited	34		47
Contract holders' funds withdrawn	(62)		(75)
Other	(36)		(50)
Net cash used in financing activities	(472)		(288)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(41)		103
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	1,139		900
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	1,098	$	1,003
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:
Interest paid	$	26	$	26
Income taxes paid	142		113
Noncash Activities

Equipment acquired under finance lease obligations	$	6	$	8
Share-based compensation	24		21
Other assets and other liabilities	180		83

Accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 7

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 — Accounting Policies

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cincinnati Financial Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, each of which is wholly owned. These statements are presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Our actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain financial information that is normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP, but that is not required for interim reporting purposes, has been condensed or omitted.

Our June 30, 2022, condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited. We believe that we have made all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring accruals, that are necessary for fair presentation. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for interim periods do not necessarily indicate results to be expected for the full year.

The company continues to monitor the impact of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. The company cannot predict the impact the pandemic will have on its future consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows, however the impact could be material.

Pending Accounting Updates

ASU 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-12, Financial Services - Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts. ASU 2018-12 requires changes to the measurement and disclosure of long-duration insurance contracts. In November 2020, the FASB issued an ASU that delayed the effective date of ASU 2018-12 to interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. We plan to adopt these ASUs on a modified retrospective basis on January 1, 2023.

Related to the company's term and whole life products included in life policy and investment contract reserves, the new guidance requires that cash flow assumptions be reviewed at least annually to determine any necessary updates. Additionally, the discount rate assumption is required to be updated quarterly based on upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yields (market value discount rates). The life policy and investment contract reserves balance is adjusted through insurance losses and contract holders' benefits for cash flow assumption updates and through accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) for discount rate updates.

These ASUs also amend the previous guidance related to life deferred policy acquisition costs by requiring amortization of those costs on a constant level basis for a group of contracts that approximates straight-line and the removal of shadow deferred policy acquisition costs for universal life and deferred annuity products. These ASUs also require entities to provide additional disclosures including disaggregated rollforwards of the life policy and investment contract reserves, separate account liabilities and life deferred policy acquisition costs.

Based on market value discount rates and other assumptions that existed at March 31, 2022, management estimated that adoption would have a material impact. However, based on current conditions, primarily an increase in market value discount rates, management estimates at June 30, 2022, that adoption would not have a material impact and would have resulted in an after-tax reduction to shareholders' equity of approximately $50 million. The ultimate impact of adoption of these ASUs will be affected by the market value discount rates and other assumptions determined at the January 1, 2023, adoption date. The company is in the process of addressing necessary remaining implementation-related items, including modifications to reporting and analysis capabilities as well as actuarial systems and associated data processes. Further, the company continues to refine its accounting policy decisions associated with the new guidance. Additional impacts of these ASUs on our company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows are being further evaluated by management.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 8

NOTE 2 – Investments

The following table provides amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses and fair value for our fixed-maturity securities:


(Dollars in millions)	Amortized cost		Gross unrealized				Fair value
At June 30, 2022			gains		losses
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	7,167	$	60	$	424	$	6,803
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	4,845		38		229		4,654
Commercial mortgage-backed	256		—		7		249
United States government	146		—		2		144
Government-sponsored enterprises	60		—		—		60
Foreign government	23		—		—		23

Total	$	12,497	$	98	$	662	$	11,933






At December 31, 2021
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	7,043	$	467	$	13	$	7,497
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	4,768		330		3		5,095
Commercial mortgage-backed	264		9		—		273
United States government	121		2		—		123
Government-sponsored enterprises	8		—		—		8
Foreign government	26		—		—		26






Total	$	12,230	$	808	$	16	$	13,022

The net unrealized investment losses in our fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2022, are primarily due to an increase in U.S. Treasury yields and a widening of corporate credit spreads. Our commercial mortgage-backed securities had an average rating of Aa2/AA- and Aa2/AA at June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 9

The table below provides fair values and gross unrealized losses by investment category and by the duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss positions:


(Dollars in millions)	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
At June 30, 2022	Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	4,768	$	398	$	107	$	26	$	4,875	$	424
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	2,341		223		20		6		2,361		229
Commercial mortgage-backed	237		7		10		—		247		7
United States government	85		2		11		—		96		2
Government-sponsored enterprises	36		—		3		—		39		—
Foreign government	16		—		—		—		16		—
Total	$	7,483	$	630	$	151	$	32	$	7,634	$	662





At December 31, 2021
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	861	$	13	$	15	$	—	$	876	$	13
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	105		2		2		1		107		3
Commercial mortgage-backed	10		—		11		—		21		—
United States government	48		—		—		—		48		—
Government-sponsored enterprises	7		—		—		—		7		—
Foreign government	16		—		—		—		16		—





Total	$	1,047	$	15	$	28	$	1	$	1,075	$	16

Contractual maturity dates for fixed-maturities securities were:


(Dollars in millions)	Amortized cost		Fair value		% of fair value
At June 30, 2022
Maturity dates:
Due in one year or less	$	645	$	645	5.4	%
Due after one year through five years	3,721		3,670		30.8
Due after five years through ten years	3,519		3,416		28.6
Due after ten years	4,612		4,202		35.2
Total	$	12,497	$	11,933	100.0	%

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities when there is a right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 10

The following table provides investment income and investment gains and losses, net:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Investment income:
Interest	$	124	$	117	$	247	$	235
Dividends	72		60		137		118
Other	2		1		3		3
Total	198		178		387		356
Less investment expenses	3		3		7		7
Total	$	195	$	175	$	380	$	349

Investment gains and losses, net:
Equity securities:
Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net	$	5	$	—	$	37	$	6
Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net	(1,175)		489		(1,882)		974

Subtotal	(1,170)		489		(1,845)		980
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains	2		11		6		14
Gross realized losses	(2)		(2)		(3)		(2)

Subtotal	—		9		3		12

Other	16		22		22		32

Total	$	(1,154)	$	520	$	(1,820)	$	1,024

The fair value of our equity portfolio was $9.510 billion and $11.315 billion at June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. At June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL), an equity holding, was our largest single investment holding with a fair value of $664 million and $862 million, which was 7.3% and 7.9% of our publicly traded common equities portfolio and 3.1% and 3.5% of the total investment portfolio, respectively.

At June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the allowance for credit losses, including changes in the amount during each period, was less than $1 million. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, there were one and two fixed-maturity securities, respectively, that were written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold resulting in impairment charges of less than $1 million for each period. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, there were no fixed-maturity securities that were written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold.

At June 30, 2022, 2,735 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $662 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, seven fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost. At December 31, 2021, 278 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $16 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, no fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 11

NOTE 3 – Fair Value Measurements

In accordance with accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures, we categorized our financial instruments, based on the priority of the observable and market-based data for the valuation technique used, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices with readily available independent data in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable market inputs (Level 3). When various inputs for measurement fall within different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the lowest observable input that has a significant impact on fair value measurement is used. Our valuation techniques have not changed from those used at December 31, 2021, and ultimately management determines fair value. See our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, Page 137, for information on characteristics and valuation techniques used in determining fair value.

Fair Value Disclosures for Assets

The following tables illustrate the fair value hierarchy for those assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021. We do not have any liabilities carried at fair value.


(Dollars in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
At June 30, 2022
Fixed maturities, available for sale:
Corporate	$	—	$	6,803	$	—	$	6,803
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		4,654		—		4,654
Commercial mortgage-backed	—		249		—		249
United States government	144		—		—		144
Government-sponsored enterprises	—		60		—		60
Foreign government	—		23		—		23


Subtotal	144		11,789		—		11,933
Common equities	9,092		—		—		9,092
Nonredeemable preferred equities	—		418		—		418

Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities	—		844		—		844
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common equity (included in Other assets)	60		—		—		60
Total	$	9,296	$	13,051	$	—	$	22,347

At December 31, 2021
Fixed maturities, available for sale:
Corporate	$	—	$	7,497	$	—	$	7,497
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	—		5,095		—		5,095
Commercial mortgage-backed	—		273		—		273
United States government	123		—		—		123
Government-sponsored enterprises	—		8		—		8
Foreign government	—		26		—		26

Subtotal	123		12,899		—		13,022
Common equities	10,862		—		—		10,862
Nonredeemable preferred equities	—		453		—		453
Separate accounts taxable fixed maturities	—		948		—		948
Top Hat savings plan mutual funds and common equity (included in Other assets)	64		—		—		64
Total	$	11,049	$	14,300	$	—	$	25,349

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 12

We also held Level 1 cash and cash equivalents of $1.098 billion and $1.139 billion at June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Fair Value Disclosures for Assets and Liabilities Not Carried at Fair Value

The disclosures below are presented to provide information about the effects of current market conditions on financial instruments that are not reported at fair value in our condensed consolidated financial statements.

This table summarizes the book value and principal amounts of our long-term debt:


(Dollars in millions)			Book value				Principal amount
Interest rate	Year of issue		June 30,		December 31,		June 30,		December 31,
			2022		2021		2022		2021
6.900%	1998	Senior debentures, due 2028	$	27	$	27	$	28	$	28
6.920%	2005	Senior debentures, due 2028	391		391		391		391
6.125%	2004	Senior notes, due 2034	371		371		374		374
Total			$	789	$	789	$	793	$	793

The following table shows fair values of our note payable and long-term debt:


(Dollars in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
At June 30, 2022
Note payable	$	—	$	44	$	—	$	44
6.900% senior debentures, due 2028	—		31		—		31
6.920% senior debentures, due 2028	—		443		—		443
6.125% senior notes, due 2034	—		426		—		426
Total	$	—	$	944	$	—	$	944

At December 31, 2021
Note payable	$	—	$	54	$	—	$	54
6.900% senior debentures, due 2028	—		34		—		34
6.920% senior debentures, due 2028	—		501		—		501
6.125% senior notes, due 2034	—		510		—		510
Total	$	—	$	1,099	$	—	$	1,099

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

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The following table shows the fair value of our life policy loans included in other invested assets and the fair values of our deferred annuities and structured settlements included in life policy and investment contract reserves:


(Dollars in millions)	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
At June 30, 2022
Life policy loans	$	—	$	—	$	39	$	39

Deferred annuities	—		—		649		649
Structured settlements	—		155		—		155
Total	$	—	$	155	$	649	$	804

At December 31, 2021
Life policy loans	$	—	$	—	$	44	$	44

Deferred annuities	—		—		778		778
Structured settlements	—		201		—		201
Total	$	—	$	201	$	778	$	979

Outstanding principal and interest for these life policy loans totaled $31 million at June 30, 2022, and
December 31, 2021.

Recorded reserves for the deferred annuities were $755 million and $762 million at June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. Recorded reserves for the structured settlements were $133 million and $136 million at June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.

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NOTE 4 – Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses

This table summarizes activity for our consolidated property casualty loss and loss expense reserves:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period	$	7,287	$	6,880	$	7,229	$	6,677
Less reinsurance recoverable	319		262		327		277
Net loss and loss expense reserves, beginning of period	6,968		6,618		6,902		6,400





Net incurred loss and loss expenses related to:
Current accident year	1,299		949		2,296		1,982
Prior accident years	(59)		(119)		(100)		(229)
Total incurred	1,240		830		2,196		1,753
Net paid loss and loss expenses related to:
Current accident year	368		334		537		477
Prior accident years	524		433		1,245		995
Total paid	892		767		1,782		1,472
Net loss and loss expense reserves, end of period	7,316		6,681		7,316		6,681
Plus reinsurance recoverable	287		274		287		274
Gross loss and loss expense reserves, end of period	$	7,603	$	6,955	$	7,603	$	6,955

We use actuarial methods, models and judgment to estimate, as of a financial statement date, the property casualty loss and loss expense reserves required to pay for and settle all outstanding insured claims, including incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, as of that date. The actuarial estimate is subject to review and adjustment by an inter-departmental committee that includes actuarial, claims, underwriting, loss prevention and accounting management. This committee is familiar with relevant company and industry business, claims and underwriting trends, as well as general economic and legal trends that could affect future loss and loss expense payments. The amount we will actually have to pay for claims can be highly uncertain. This uncertainty, together with the size of our reserves, makes the loss and loss expense reserves our most significant estimate. The reserve for loss and loss expenses in the condensed consolidated balance sheets also included $66 million at June 30, 2022, and $64 million at June 30, 2021, for certain life and health loss and loss expense reserves.

For the three months ended June 30, 2022, we experienced $59 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $29 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $14 million of favorable development in personal lines and $1 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $18 million for the workers' compensation line and $7 million for the commercial property line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $16 million for the homeowner line.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022, we experienced $100 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $47 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $48 million of favorable development in personal lines and $6 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $27 million for the workers' compensation line and $12 million for the commercial property line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $46 million for the homeowner line.

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For the three months ended June 30, 2021, we experienced $119 million of favorable development on prior accident years, including $86 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $12 million of favorable development in personal lines and $1 million of favorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $27 million for the workers' compensation line and $26 million for the commercial casualty line due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $9 million in personal auto.

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, we experienced $229 million of favorable development on prior accident

years, including $169 million of favorable development in commercial lines, $32 million of favorable development in

personal lines and $3 million of unfavorable development in excess and surplus lines. Within commercial lines, we

recognized favorable reserve development of $52 million for the workers' compensation line, $37 million for the

commercial auto line, $34 million for the commercial property line and $32 million for the commercial casualty line

due to reduced uncertainty of prior accident year loss and loss adjustment expense for these lines. Within personal

lines, we recognized favorable reserve development of $24 million in personal auto.

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NOTE 5 – Life Policy and Investment Contract Reserves

We establish the reserves for traditional life insurance policies based on expected expenses, mortality, morbidity, withdrawal rates, timing of claim presentation and investment yields, including a provision for uncertainty. Once these assumptions are established, they generally are maintained throughout the lives of the contracts. We use both our own experience and industry experience, adjusted for historical trends, in arriving at our assumptions for expected mortality, morbidity and withdrawal rates as well as for expected expenses. We base our assumptions for expected investment income on our own experience adjusted for current and future economic conditions.

We establish reserves for the company's deferred annuity, universal life and structured settlement policies equal to the cumulative account balances, which include premium deposits plus credited interest less charges and withdrawals. Some of our universal life policies contain no-lapse guarantee provisions. For these policies, we establish a reserve in addition to the account balance, based on expected no-lapse guarantee benefits and expected policy assessments.

This table summarizes our life policy and investment contract reserves:


(Dollars in millions)	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Life policy reserves:
Ordinary/traditional life	$	1,414	$	1,376
Other	52		52
Subtotal	1,466		1,428
Investment contract reserves:
Deferred annuities	755		762
Universal life	679		679
Structured settlements	133		136
Other	8		9
Subtotal	1,575		1,586
Total life policy and investment contract reserves	$	3,041	$	3,014

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NOTE 6 – Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Expenses directly related to successfully acquired insurance policies – primarily commissions, premium taxes and underwriting costs – are deferred and amortized over the terms of the policies. We update our acquisition cost assumptions periodically to reflect actual experience, and we evaluate the costs for recoverability. The table below shows the deferred policy acquisition costs and asset reconciliation.


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Property casualty:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period	$	665	$	586	$	602	$	542
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs	375		325		739		637
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs	(317)		(281)		(618)		(549)
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period	$	723	$	630	$	723	$	630

Life:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period	$	314	$	294	$	303	$	263
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs	15		15		30		29
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs	(11)		(14)		(21)		(23)
Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs	4		(1)		10		25
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period	$	322	$	294	$	322	$	294

Consolidated:
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, beginning of period	$	979	$	880	$	905	$	805
Capitalized deferred policy acquisition costs	390		340		769		666
Amortized deferred policy acquisition costs	(328)		(295)		(639)		(572)
Shadow deferred policy acquisition costs	4		(1)		10		25
Deferred policy acquisition costs asset, end of period	$	1,045	$	924	$	1,045	$	924

No premium deficiencies were recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of income, as the sum of the anticipated loss and loss expenses, policyholder dividends and unamortized deferred acquisition expenses did not exceed the related unearned premiums and anticipated investment income.

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NOTE 7 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) includes changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, changes in pension obligations and changes in life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other as follows:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,
	2022						2021
	Before tax		Income tax		Net		Before tax		Income tax		Net
Investments:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	46	$	8	$	38	$	830	$	174	$	656


OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	(610)		(127)		(483)		141		28		113
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	—		—		—		(9)		(1)		(8)
OCI	(610)		(127)		(483)		132		27		105
AOCI, end of period	$	(564)	$	(119)	$	(445)	$	962	$	201	$	761

Pension obligations:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	27	$	7	$	20	$	(37)	$	(6)	$	(31)
OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income	—		—		—		—		—		—
Amortization recognized in net income	—		—		—		1		—		1
OCI	—		—		—		1		—		1
AOCI, end of period	$	27	$	7	$	20	$	(36)	$	(6)	$	(30)

Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	1		—		1		—		—		—
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	—		—		—		—		—		—
OCI	1		—		1		—		—		—
AOCI, end of period	$	2	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	—

Summary of AOCI:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	74	$	15	$	59	$	793	$	168	$	625


Investments OCI	(610)		(127)		(483)		132		27		105
Pension obligations OCI	—		—		—		1		—		1
Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other OCI	1		—		1		—		—		—
Total OCI	(609)		(127)		(482)		133		27		106
AOCI, end of period	$	(535)	$	(112)	$	(423)	$	926	$	195	$	731

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(Dollars in millions)	Six months ended June 30,
	2022						2021
	Before tax		Income tax		Net		Before tax		Income tax		Net
Investments:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	792	$	165	$	627	$	1,026	$	215	$	811


OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	(1,353)		(284)		(1,069)		(52)		(11)		(41)
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	(3)		—		(3)		(12)		(3)		(9)
OCI	(1,356)		(284)		(1,072)		(64)		(14)		(50)
AOCI, end of period	$	(564)	$	(119)	$	(445)	$	962	$	201	$	761

Pension obligations:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	27	$	7	$	20	$	(41)	$	(7)	$	(34)
OCI excluding amortization recognized in net income	—		—		—		2		—		2
Amortization recognized in net income	—		—		—		3		1		2
OCI	—		—		—		5		1		4
AOCI, end of period	$	27	$	7	$	20	$	(36)	$	(6)	$	(30)

Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	(10)	$	(2)	$	(8)
OCI before investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	1		—		1		10		2		8
Investment gains and losses, net, recognized in net income	—		—		—		—		—		—
OCI	1		—		1		10		2		8
AOCI, end of period	$	2	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	—

Summary of AOCI:
AOCI, beginning of period	$	820	$	172	$	648	$	975	$	206	$	769


Investments OCI	(1,356)		(284)		(1,072)		(64)		(14)		(50)
Pension obligations OCI	—		—		—		5		1		4
Life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other OCI	1		—		1		10		2		8
Total OCI	(1,355)		(284)		(1,071)		(49)		(11)		(38)
AOCI, end of period	$	(535)	$	(112)	$	(423)	$	926	$	195	$	731

Investment gains and losses, net, and life deferred acquisition costs, life policy reserves and other investment gains and losses, net, are recorded in the investment gains and losses, net, line item in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Amortization on pension obligations is recorded in the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line items in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

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NOTE 8 – Reinsurance

Primary components of our property casualty reinsurance assumed operations include involuntary and voluntary assumed as well as contracts from our reinsurance assumed operations, known as Cincinnati Re. Primary components of our ceded reinsurance include a property per risk treaty, property excess treaty, casualty per occurrence treaty, casualty excess treaty, property catastrophe treaty and catastrophe bonds and retrocessions on our reinsurance assumed operations. Management’s decisions about the appropriate level of risk retention are affected by various factors, including changes in our underwriting practices, capacity to retain risks and reinsurance market conditions.

The table below summarizes our consolidated property casualty insurance net written premiums, earned premiums and incurred loss and loss expenses:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Direct written premiums	$	1,871	$	1,649	$	3,574	$	3,194
Assumed written premiums	193		161		456		366
Ceded written premiums	(100)		(96)		(167)		(153)
Net written premiums	$	1,964	$	1,714	$	3,863	$	3,407

Direct earned premiums	$	1,631	$	1,465	$	3,192	$	2,894
Assumed earned premiums	134		109		255		210
Ceded earned premiums	(68)		(60)		(132)		(115)
Earned premiums	$	1,697	$	1,514	$	3,315	$	2,989

Direct incurred loss and loss expenses	$	1,174	$	781	$	2,069	$	1,649
Assumed incurred loss and loss expenses	67		54		140		132
Ceded incurred loss and loss expenses	(1)		(5)		(13)		(28)
Incurred loss and loss expenses	$	1,240	$	830	$	2,196	$	1,753

Our life insurance company purchases reinsurance for protection of a portion of the risks that are written. Primary components of our life reinsurance program include individual mortality coverage, aggregate catastrophe and accidental death coverage in excess of certain deductibles.

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The table below summarizes our consolidated life insurance earned premiums and contract holders' benefits incurred:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Direct earned premiums	$	96	$	98	$	186	$	185

Ceded earned premiums	(20)		(19)		(38)		(37)
Earned premiums	$	76	$	79	$	148	$	148

Direct contract holders' benefits incurred	91		100		205		207

Ceded contract holders' benefits incurred	(22)		(15)		(53)		(42)
Contract holders' benefits incurred	$	69	$	85	$	152	$	165

The ceded benefits incurred can vary depending on the type of life insurance policy held and the year the policy was issued.

At June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the allowance for uncollectible property casualty premiums was $14 million. At June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the allowances for credit losses on other premiums receivable and recoverable assets were immaterial.

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NOTE 9 – Income Taxes

The differences between the 21% statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate were as follows:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,								Six months ended June 30,
	2022				2021				2022				2021
Tax at statutory rate:	$	(218)	21.0	%	$	183	21.0	%	$	(294)	21.0	%	$	344	21.0	%
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Tax-exempt income from municipal bonds	(5)		0.5		(5)		(0.6)		(10)		0.7		(10)		(0.6)
Dividend received exclusion	(5)		0.5		(4)		(0.5)		(10)		0.7		(9)		(0.5)

Other	(5)		0.4		(5)		(0.5)		(6)		0.4		(8)		(0.6)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$	(233)	22.4	%	$	169	19.4	%	$	(320)	22.8	%	$	317	19.3	%

The provision (benefit) for federal income taxes is based upon filing a consolidated income tax return for the company and its domestic subsidiaries.

We continue to believe that after considering all positive and negative evidence of taxable income in the carryback and carryforward periods as permitted by law, it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets on our U.S. domestic operations will be realized. As a result, we have no valuation allowance for our U.S. domestic operations at June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021. As more fully discussed below, we do carry a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets related to Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global).

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

At June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, we had a gross unrecognized tax benefit of $34 million. There were no changes to this amount during the first half of 2022. It is reasonably possible that within the next 12 months, our unrecognized tax benefit could change when the IRS completes its examination of the tax year ended December 31, 2018.

Cincinnati Global

As a result of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, Cincinnati Global decreased its net deferred tax assets by $8 million and $11 million with an offsetting decrease of $8 million and $11 million to the valuation allowance. At June 30, 2022, Cincinnati Global had a net deferred tax asset of $42 million and an offsetting valuation allowance of $42 million.

Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when management believes it is more likely than not that some, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After considering all positive and negative evidence, we continue to believe it is appropriate to carry a valuation allowance at June 30, 2022.

At June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, Cincinnati Global had operating loss carryforwards in the United States of $6 million and $8 million, respectively, and in the United Kingdom of $125 million and $130 million, respectively. These Cincinnati Global losses can only be utilized within the Cincinnati Global group in both the United States and in the United Kingdom and cannot offset the income of our domestic operations in the United States.

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NOTE 10 – Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Basic earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share are computed based on the weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The table shows calculations for basic and diluted earnings per share:


(In millions, except per share data)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Numerator:
Net income (loss)—basic and diluted	$	(808)	$	703	$	(1,081)	$	1,323
Denominator:
Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding	159.6		161.1		160.0		161.1
Effect of share-based awards:
Stock options	—		1.2		—		1.0
Nonvested shares	—		0.6		—		0.6
Diluted weighted-average shares	159.6		162.9		160.0		162.7
Earnings (loss) per share:
Basic	$	(5.06)	$	4.36	$	(6.76)	$	8.21
Diluted	$	(5.06)	$	4.31	$	(6.76)	$	8.13
Number of anti-dilutive share-based awards	2.0		0.4		2.2		1.0

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 260, Earnings per Share, the assumed exercise of share-based awards were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. See our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 17, Share-Based Associate Compensation Plans, Page 169, for information about share-based awards. The above table shows the number of anti-dilutive share-based awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. These share-based awards were not included in the computation of net income (loss) per common share (diluted) because their exercise would have anti-dilutive effects.

NOTE 11 – Employee Retirement Benefits

The following summarizes the components of net periodic (benefit) cost for our qualified and supplemental pension plans:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Service cost	$	3	$	3	$	5	$	5
Non-service (benefit) costs:
Interest cost	2		3		5		5
Expected return on plan assets	(5)		(6)		(11)		(11)
Amortization of actuarial loss and prior service cost	—		1		—		3
Other	—		—		—		2
Total non-service benefit	(3)		(2)		(6)		(1)
Net periodic (benefit) cost	$	—	$	1	$	(1)	$	4

See our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 13, Employee Retirement Benefits, Page 162, for information on our retirement benefits. The net periodic (benefit) cost is allocated in the same proportion primarily to the underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses line item with the remainder allocated to the insurance losses and contract holders' benefits line item on the condensed consolidated statements of income for both 2022 and 2021.

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We made matching contributions totaling $6 million and $5 million to our 401(k) and Top Hat savings plans during the second quarter of 2022 and 2021 and contributions of $14 million and $11 million for the first half of 2022 and 2021.

We made no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first six months of 2022.

NOTE 12 – Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

The company, through its insurance subsidiaries, is involved in claims litigation arising in the ordinary course of conducting its business, both as a liability insurer defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against insureds and as an insurer defending coverage claims brought against it. The company accounts for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. Subject to the uncertainties discussed in Note 4, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expenses, and in the discussion in the balance of this Note, we believe that the ultimate liability, if any, with respect to such ordinary-course claims litigation, after consideration of provisions made for potential losses, costs of defense, and reinsurance recoveries, is immaterial to our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Beginning in April 2020, like many companies in the property casualty insurance industry, the company’s property casualty subsidiaries, were named as defendants in lawsuits seeking insurance coverage under commercial property insurance policies issued by the company for alleged losses resulting from the shutdown or suspension of their businesses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the allegations vary, the plaintiffs generally seek a declaration of insurance coverage, damages for breach of contract in unspecified amounts for claim denials, interest and attorney fees. Some of the lawsuits also allege that the insurance claims were denied in bad faith or otherwise in violation of state laws and seek extra-contractual or punitive damages.

The company denies the allegations in these lawsuits and intends to continue to vigorously defend the lawsuits. The company maintains that it has no coverage obligations with respect to these lawsuits for business income allegedly lost by the plaintiffs due to the COVID-19 pandemic based on the terms of the applicable insurance policies. Although the policy terms vary, in general, the claims at issue in these lawsuits were denied because the policyholder identified no direct physical loss or damage to property at the insured premises, and the governmental orders that led to the complete or partial shutdown of the business were not due to the existence of any direct physical loss or damage to property in the immediate vicinity of the insured premises and did not prohibit access to the insured premises, as required by the terms of the insurance policies. Depending on the individual policy, additional policy terms and conditions may also prohibit coverage, such as exclusions for pollutants, ordinance or law, loss of use, and acts or decisions. The company’s standard commercial property insurance policies generally did not contain a specific virus exclusion.

In addition to the inherent difficulty in predicting litigation outcomes, the COVID-19 pandemic business income coverage lawsuits present a number of uncertainties and contingencies that are not yet known, including how many policyholders will ultimately file claims, the number of lawsuits that will be filed, the extent to which any class may be certified, and the size and scope of any such classes. The legal theories advanced by plaintiffs vary by case as do the state laws that govern the policy interpretation. These lawsuits are at various stages of litigation: a few filed in 2022, including several that continue to be amended; several that have been dismissed voluntarily and may be refiled; and others that have been dismissed by trial courts and appealed. While appellate decisions issued to date generally have been favorable for the insurance industry and the company, many remain to be decided. In some jurisdictions, many cases have been stayed pending appellate decisions in their state or federal circuit. Accordingly, little discovery has occurred on pending cases. In addition, business income calculations depend upon a wide range of factors that are particular to the circumstances of each individual policyholder and, here, virtually none of the plaintiffs have submitted proofs of loss or otherwise quantified or factually supported any allegedly covered loss. Moreover, the company’s experience shows that demands for damages often bear little relation to a reasonable estimate of potential loss. Accordingly, management cannot now reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any. Nonetheless, given the number of claims and potential claims, the indeterminate amounts sought, and the inherent unpredictability of litigation, it is possible that adverse outcomes, if any, in the aggregate could have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

The company and its subsidiaries also are occasionally involved in other legal and regulatory proceedings, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of a national class. Such proceedings have alleged, for example, breach of an alleged duty to search national databases to ascertain unreported deaths of insureds under life insurance policies. The company’s

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

Page 25

insurance subsidiaries also are occasionally parties to individual actions in which extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties are sought, such as claims alleging bad faith handling of insurance claims or writing unauthorized coverage or claims alleging discrimination by former or current associates.

On a quarterly basis, we review these outstanding matters. Under current accounting guidance, we establish accruals when it is probable that a loss has been incurred and we can reasonably estimate its potential exposure. The company accounts for such probable and estimable losses, if any, through the establishment of legal expense reserves. Based on our quarterly review, we believe that our accruals for probable and estimable losses are reasonable and that the amounts accrued do not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. However, if any one or more of these matters results in a judgment against us or settlement for an amount that is significantly greater than the amount accrued, the resulting liability could have a material effect on the company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Based on our most recent review, our estimate for any other matters for which the risk of loss is not probable, but more than remote, is immaterial.

NOTE 13 – Segment Information

We operate primarily in two industries, property casualty insurance and life insurance. Our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews our reporting segments to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. Our reporting segments are:

•Commercial lines insurance

•Personal lines insurance

•Excess and surplus lines insurance

•Life insurance

•Investments

We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and its noninsurer subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global. See our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 18, Segment Information, Page 172, for a description of revenue, income or loss before income taxes and identifiable assets for each of the five segments.

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

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Segment information is summarized in the following table:


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Revenues:
Commercial lines insurance
Commercial casualty	$	350	$	312	$	686	$	615
Commercial property	280		259		554		512
Commercial auto	210		198		415		391
Workers' compensation	68		68		136		135
Other commercial	86		74		165		144
Commercial lines insurance premiums	994		911		1,956		1,797
Fee revenues	1		1		2		2
Total commercial lines insurance	995		912		1,958		1,799

Personal lines insurance
Personal auto	155		152		307		305
Homeowner	202		178		397		352
Other personal	56		52		111		101
Personal lines insurance premiums	413		382		815		758
Fee revenues	1		1		2		2
Total personal lines insurance	414		383		817		760

Excess and surplus lines insurance	124		95		236		184
Fee revenues	—		1		1		1
Total excess and surplus lines insurance	124		96		237		185

Life insurance premiums	76		79		148		148
Fee revenues	1		1		2		2
Total life insurance	77		80		150		150

Investments
Investment income, net of expenses	195		175		380		349
Investment gains and losses, net	(1,154)		520		(1,820)		1,024
Total investment revenue	(959)		695		(1,440)		1,373

Other
Premiums	166		126		308		250

Other	3		3		5		5
Total other revenues	169		129		313		255
Total revenues	$	820	$	2,295	$	2,035	$	4,522

Income (loss) before income taxes:
Insurance underwriting results
Commercial lines insurance	$	(62)	$	145	$	14	$	275
Personal lines insurance	(49)		29		16		26
Excess and surplus lines insurance	19		10		35		18
Life insurance	13		(2)		11		(4)
Investments	(987)		668		(1,495)		1,320
Other	25		22		18		5
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	(1,041)	$	872	$	(1,401)	$	1,640


Identifiable assets:	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Property casualty insurance	$	4,945	$	4,421
Life insurance	1,486		1,590
Investments	21,590		24,481
Other	1,171		895
Total	$	29,192	$	31,387

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and

Results of Operations

The following discussion highlights significant factors influencing the condensed consolidated results of operations and financial position of Cincinnati Financial Corporation. It should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Unless otherwise noted, the industry data is prepared by A.M. Best Co., a leading insurance industry statistical, analytical and financial strength rating organization. Information from A.M. Best is presented on a statutory basis for insurance company regulation in the United States of America. When we provide our results on a comparable statutory basis, we label it as such; all other company data is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).

We present per share data on a diluted basis unless otherwise noted, adjusting those amounts for all stock splits and dividends. Dollar amounts are rounded to millions; calculations of percent changes are based on dollar amounts rounded to the nearest million. Certain percentage changes are identified as not meaningful (nm).

SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT

This is our “Safe Harbor” statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our business is subject to certain risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements in this report. Some of those risks and uncertainties are discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1A, Risk Factors, Page 32.

Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to:

•Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that could affect results for reasons such as:

◦Securities market disruption or volatility and related effects such as decreased economic activity and continued supply chain disruptions that affect our investment portfolio and book value

◦An unusually high level of claims in our insurance or reinsurance operations that increase litigation-related expenses

◦An unusually high level of insurance losses, including risk of legislation or court decisions extending business interruption insurance in commercial property coverage forms to cover claims for pure economic loss related to the COVID-19 pandemic

◦Decreased premium revenue and cash flow from disruption to our distribution channel of independent agents, consumer self-isolation, travel limitations, business restrictions and decreased economic activity

◦Inability of our workforce, agencies or vendors to perform necessary business functions

•Ongoing developments concerning business interruption insurance claims and litigation related to the COVID-19 pandemic that affect our estimates of losses and loss adjustment expenses or our ability to reasonably estimate such losses, such as:

◦The continuing duration of the pandemic and governmental actions to limit the spread of the virus that may produce additional economic losses

◦The number of policyholders that will ultimately submit claims or file lawsuits

◦The lack of submitted proofs of loss for allegedly covered claims

◦Judicial rulings in similar litigation involving other companies in the insurance industry

◦Differences in state laws and developing case law

◦Litigation trends, including varying legal theories advanced by policyholders

◦Whether and to what degree any class of policyholders may be certified

◦The inherent unpredictability of litigation

•Unusually high levels of catastrophe losses due to risk concentrations, changes in weather patterns (whether as a result of global climate change or otherwise), environmental events, war or political unrest, terrorism incidents, cyberattacks, civil unrest or other causes

•Increased frequency and/or severity of claims or development of claims that are unforeseen at the time of policy issuance, due to inflationary trends or other causes

•Inadequate estimates or assumptions, or reliance on third-party data used for critical accounting estimates

•Declines in overall stock market values negatively affecting our equity portfolio and book value

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•Prolonged low interest rate environment or other factors that limit our ability to generate growth in investment income or interest rate fluctuations that result in declining values of fixed-maturity investments, including declines in accounts in which we hold bank-owned life insurance contract assets

•Domestic and global events, such as Russia's invasion of Ukraine, resulting in capital market or credit market uncertainty, followed by prolonged periods of economic instability or recession, that lead to:

◦Significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of a particular security or group of securities and impairment of the asset(s)

◦Significant decline in investment income due to reduced or eliminated dividend payouts from a particular security or group of securities

◦Significant rise in losses from surety or director and officer policies written for financial institutions or other insured entities

•Our inability to manage Cincinnati Global or other subsidiaries to produce related business opportunities and growth prospects for our ongoing operations

•Recession, prolonged elevated inflation or other economic conditions resulting in lower demand for insurance products or increased payment delinquencies

•Ineffective information technology systems or discontinuing to develop and implement improvements in technology may impact our success and profitability

•Difficulties with technology or data security breaches, including cyberattacks, that could negatively affect our or our agents' ability to conduct business; disrupt our relationships with agents, policyholders and others; cause reputational damage, mitigation expenses and data loss and expose us to liability under federal and state laws

•Difficulties with our operations and technology that may negatively impact our ability to conduct business, including cloud-based data information storage, data security, cyberattacks, remote working capabilities, and/or outsourcing relationships and third-party operations and data security

•Disruption of the insurance market caused by technology innovations such as driverless cars that could decrease consumer demand for insurance products

•Delays, inadequate data developed internally or from third parties, or performance inadequacies from ongoing development and implementation of underwriting and pricing methods, including telematics and other usage-based insurance methods, or technology projects and enhancements expected to increase our pricing accuracy, underwriting profit and competitiveness

•Intense competition, and the impact of innovation, technological change and changing customer preferences on the insurance industry and the markets in which we operate, could harm our ability to maintain or increase our ability to maintain or increase our business volumes and profitability

•Changing consumer insurance-buying habits and consolidation of independent insurance agencies could alter our competitive advantages

•Inability to obtain adequate ceded reinsurance on acceptable terms, amount of reinsurance coverage purchased, financial strength of reinsurers and the potential for nonpayment or delay in payment by reinsurers

•Inability to defer policy acquisition costs for any business segment if pricing and loss trends would lead management to conclude that segment could not achieve sustainable profitability

•Inability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends consistent with current or past levels

•Events or conditions that could weaken or harm our relationships with our independent agencies and hamper opportunities to add new agencies, resulting in limitations on our opportunities for growth, such as:

◦Downgrades of our financial strength ratings

◦Concerns that doing business with us is too difficult

◦Perceptions that our level of service, particularly claims service, is no longer a distinguishing characteristic in the marketplace

◦Inability or unwillingness to nimbly develop and introduce coverage product updates and innovations that our competitors offer and consumers expect to find in the marketplace

•Actions of insurance departments, state attorneys general or other regulatory agencies, including a change to a federal system of regulation from a state-based system, that:

◦Impose new obligations on us that increase our expenses or change the assumptions underlying our critical accounting estimates

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◦Place the insurance industry under greater regulatory scrutiny or result in new statutes, rules and regulations

◦Restrict our ability to exit or reduce writings of unprofitable coverages or lines of business

◦Add assessments for guaranty funds, other insurance‑related assessments or mandatory reinsurance arrangements; or that impair our ability to recover such assessments through future surcharges or other rate changes

◦Increase our provision for federal income taxes due to changes in tax law

◦Increase our other expenses

◦Limit our ability to set fair, adequate and reasonable rates

◦Place us at a disadvantage in the marketplace

◦Restrict our ability to execute our business model, including the way we compensate agents

•Adverse outcomes from litigation or administrative proceedings, including effects of social inflation on the size of litigation awards

•Events or actions, including unauthorized intentional circumvention of controls, that reduce our future ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

•Unforeseen departure of certain executive officers or other key employees due to retirement, health or other causes that could interrupt progress toward important strategic goals or diminish the effectiveness of certain longstanding relationships with insurance agents and others

•Our inability, or the inability of our independent agents, to attract and retain personnel in a competitve labor market, impacting the customer experience and altering our competitive advantages

•Events, such as an epidemic, natural catastrophe or terrorism, that could hamper our ability to assemble our workforce at our headquarters location or work effectively in a remote environment

Further, our insurance businesses are subject to the effects of changing social, global, economic and regulatory environments. Public and regulatory initiatives have included efforts to adversely influence and restrict premium rates, restrict the ability to cancel policies, impose underwriting standards and expand overall regulation. We also are subject to public and regulatory initiatives that can affect the market value for our common stock, such as measures affecting corporate financial reporting and governance. The ultimate changes and eventual effects, if any, of these initiatives are uncertain.

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CORPORATE FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

Net Income and Comprehensive Income Data


(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		% Change	2022		2021		% Change
Earned premiums	$	1,773	$	1,593	11	$	3,463	$	3,137	10
Investment income, net of expenses (pretax)	195		175		11	380		349		9
Investment gains and losses, net (pretax)	(1,154)		520		nm	(1,820)		1,024		nm
Total revenues	820		2,295		(64)	2,035		4,522		(55)
Net income (loss)	(808)		703		nm	(1,081)		1,323		nm
Comprehensive income (loss)	(1,290)		809		nm	(2,152)		1,285		nm
Net income (loss) per share—diluted	(5.06)		4.31		nm	(6.76)		8.13		nm
Cash dividends declared per share	0.69		0.63		10	1.38		1.26		10
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding	159.6		162.9		(2)	160.0		162.7		(2)

Total revenues decreased $1.475 billion for the second quarter of 2022, compared with the second quarter of 2021, as a reduction in net investment gains offset increases in earned premiums and investment income. For the first six months of 2022, compared with the same period of 2021, total revenues decreased $2.487 billion, as higher earned premiums and investment income were offset by a reduction in net investment gains. Premium and investment revenue trends are discussed further in the respective sections of Financial Results.

Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sales of investments, on certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. We have substantial discretion in the timing of investment sales, and that timing generally is independent of the insurance underwriting process. The change in fair value of securities is also generally independent of the insurance underwriting process.

The net loss for the second quarter of 2022, compared with second-quarter 2021 net income, was a change of $1.511 billion, including a decrease of $1.323 billion in after-tax net investment gains and losses and a decrease of $216 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income that offset an increase of $16 million in after-tax investment income. Catastrophe losses for the second quarter of 2022, mostly weather related, were $119 million higher after taxes and unfavorably affected both net income and property casualty underwriting income. Life insurance segment results on a pretax basis increased by $15 million compared with the second quarter of 2021.

For the first six months of 2022, net income decreased $2.404 billion, compared with the first six months of 2021,

including decreases of $2.247 billion in after-tax investment gains and losses and $190 million in after-tax property casualty underwriting income that offset an increase of $25 million in after-tax investment income. The property casualty underwriting income decrease included an unfavorable $21 million after-tax effect from higher catastrophe losses. Life insurance segment results increased by $15 million on a pretax basis.

The decrease in property casualty underwriting income for both 2022 periods also included higher insured loss experience before catastrophe effects, partly from elevated paid losses reflecting economic or other forms of inflation. Various pandemic effects are also increasing our uncertainty regarding ultimate losses. We believe the past two years distorted paid loss cost trends for reasons such as slowed activity for many businesses, reduced driving and closed courts that delayed progress on some litigated insurance claims. Until longer-term paid loss cost trends become more clear, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses. As a result, first-half 2022 incurred losses for several lines of business were higher than in recent periods and are discussed in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.

During the first six months of 2022, SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19 and recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, continued to cause various effects in parts of the world. We believe it did not have a significant effect on our premium revenues during the first six months of 2022 and there were no material changes to our estimates for incurred losses and expenses related to the pandemic.

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Performance by segment is discussed below in Financial Results. As discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 47, there are several reasons why our performance during 2022 may be below our long-term targets.

The board of directors is committed to rewarding shareholders directly through cash dividends and through share repurchase authorizations. Through 2021, the company had increased the annual cash dividend rate for 61 consecutive years, a record we believe is matched by only seven other U.S. publicly traded companies. In January 2022, the board of directors increased the regular quarterly dividend to 69 cents per share, setting the stage for our 62nd consecutive year of increasing cash dividends. During the first six months of 2022, cash dividends declared by the company increased 10% compared with the same period of 2021. Our board regularly evaluates relevant factors in decisions related to dividends and share repurchases. The 2022 dividend increase reflected our strong operating performance and signaled management's and the board's positive outlook and confidence in our outstanding capital, liquidity and financial flexibility.

Balance Sheet Data and Performance Measures


(Dollars in millions, except share data)	At June 30,			At December 31,
	2022			2021
Total investments	$	21,834		$	24,666
Total assets	29,192			31,387
Short-term debt	44			54
Long-term debt	789			789
Shareholders' equity	10,553			13,105
Book value per share	66.30			81.72
Debt-to-total-capital ratio	7.3		%	6.0		%

Total assets at June 30, 2022, decreased 7% compared with year-end 2021, and included an 11% decrease in total investments that reflected net purchases that were offset by lower fair values for many securities in our portfolio. Shareholders' equity decreased 19% and book value per share also decreased 19% during the first six months of 2022. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio (capital is the sum of debt plus shareholders' equity) increased compared with year-end 2021.

Our value creation ratio is our primary performance metric. That ratio was negative 17.2% for the first six months of 2022, and was less than the same period in 2021 primarily due to a reduction in overall net gains from our investment portfolio. The $15.42 decrease in book value per share during the first six months of 2022 contributed negative 18.9 percentage points to the value creation ratio, while dividends declared at $1.38 per share contributed positive 1.7 points. Value creation ratios by major components and in total, along with calculations from per-share amounts, are shown in the tables below.


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Value creation ratio major components:
Net income before investment gains	0.8	%	2.6	%	2.7	%	4.8	%
Change in fixed-maturity securities, realized and unrealized gains	(4.0)		1.0		(8.2)		(0.4)
Change in equity securities, investment gains	(7.7)		3.5		(11.2)		7.2
Other	(0.3)		0.2		(0.5)		0.0
Value creation ratio	(11.2)	%	7.3	%	(17.2)	%	11.6	%

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

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(Dollars are per share)	Three months ended June 30,						Six months ended June 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
Value creation ratio:
End of period book value*	$	66.30		$	73.57		$	66.30		$	73.57
Less beginning of period book value	75.43			69.16			81.72			67.04
Change in book value	(9.13)			4.41			(15.42)			6.53
Dividend declared to shareholders	0.69			0.63			1.38			1.26
Total value creation	$	(8.44)		$	5.04		$	(14.04)		$	7.79

Value creation ratio from change in book value**	(12.1)		%	6.4		%	(18.9)		%	9.7		%
Value creation ratio from dividends declared to shareholders***	0.9			0.9			1.7			1.9
Value creation ratio	(11.2)		%	7.3		%	(17.2)		%	11.6		%

* Book value per share is calculated by dividing end of period total shareholders' equity by end of period shares outstanding
** Change in book value divided by the beginning of period book value
*** Dividend declared to shareholders divided by beginning of period book value

DRIVERS OF LONG-TERM VALUE CREATION

Operating through The Cincinnati Insurance Company, Cincinnati Financial Corporation is one of the 25 largest property casualty insurers in the nation, based on 2021 net written premiums for approximately 2,000 U.S. stock and mutual insurer groups. We market our insurance products through a select group of independent insurance agencies as discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Page 6. At June 30, 2022, we actively marketed through 1,948 agencies located in 46 states. We maintain a long-term perspective that guides us in addressing immediate challenges or opportunities while focusing on the major decisions that best position our company for success through all market cycles.

To measure our long-term progress in creating shareholder value, our value creation ratio is our primary financial performance target. As discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Executive Summary, Page 47, management believes this measure is a meaningful indicator of our long-term progress in creating shareholder value and has three primary performance drivers:

•Premium growth – We believe our agency relationships and initiatives can lead to a property casualty written premium growth rate over any five-year period that exceeds the industry average. For the first six months of 2022, our consolidated property casualty net written premium year-over-year growth was 13%. As of February 2022, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2022 written premium growth at approximately 6%. For the five-year period 2017 through 2021, our growth rate exceeded that of the industry. The industry's growth rate excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.

•Combined ratio – We believe our underwriting philosophy and initiatives can generate a GAAP combined ratio over any five-year period that is consistently within the range of 95% to 100%. For the first six months of 2022, our GAAP combined ratio was 96.7%, including 8.6 percentage points of current accident year catastrophe losses partially offset by 3.0 percentage points of favorable loss reserve development on prior accident years. Our statutory combined ratio was 95.3% for the first six months of 2022. As of February 2022, A.M. Best projected the industry's full-year 2022 statutory combined ratio at approximately 101%, including approximately 7 percentage points of catastrophe losses and less than 1 percentage point of loss reserve development on prior accident years. The industry's ratio again excludes its mortgage and financial guaranty lines of business.

•Investment contribution – We believe our investment philosophy and initiatives can drive investment income growth and lead to a total return on our equity investment portfolio over a five-year period that exceeds the five-year return of the Standard & Poor's 500 Index. For the first six months of 2022, pretax investment income was $380 million, up 9% compared with the same period in 2021. We believe our investment portfolio mix provides an appropriate balance of income stability and growth with capital appreciation potential.

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Page 33

Financial Strength

An important part of our long-term strategy is financial strength, which is described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Our Business and Our Strategy, Financial Strength, Page 8. One aspect of our financial strength is prudent use of reinsurance ceded to help manage financial performance variability due to catastrophe loss experience. A description of how we use reinsurance ceded is included in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, 2022 Reinsurance Ceded Programs, Page 104. Another aspect of our financial strength is our investment portfolio, which remains well-diversified as discussed in this quarterly report in Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. Our strong parent-company liquidity and financial strength increase our flexibility to maintain a cash dividend through all periods and to continue to invest in and expand our insurance operations.

At June 30, 2022, we held $4.450 billion of our cash and cash equivalents and invested assets at the parent-company level, of which $3.922 billion, or 88.1%, was invested in common stocks, and $392 million, or 8.8%, was cash or cash equivalents. Our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 7.3% at June 30, 2022. Another important indicator of financial strength is our ratio of property casualty net written premiums to statutory surplus, which was 1.1-to-1 for the 12 months ended June 30, 2022, compared with 0.9-to-1 at year-end 2021.

Financial strength ratings assigned to us by independent rating firms also are important. In addition to rating our parent company's senior debt, four firms award insurer financial strength ratings to one or more of our insurance subsidiary companies based on their quantitative and qualitative analyses. These ratings primarily assess an insurer's ability to meet financial obligations to policyholders and do not necessarily address all of the matters that may be important to investors. Ratings are under continuous review and subject to change or withdrawal at any time by the rating agency. Each rating should be evaluated independently of any other rating; please see each rating agency's website for its most recent report on our ratings.

At July 26, 2022, our insurance subsidiaries continued to be highly rated.

Insurer Financial Strength Ratings

Rating
agency

Standard market property casualty insurance subsidiaries

Life insurance
subsidiary

Excess and surplus lines insurance subsidiary

Outlook

Rating
tier

A.M. Best Co.

ambest.com

A+

Superior

2 of 16

A+

Superior

2 of 16

A+

Superior

2 of 16

Stable

Fitch Ratings

fitchratings.com

A+

Strong

5 of 21

A+

Strong

5 of 21

Stable

Moody's Investors Service

moodys.com

Good

5 of 21

Stable

S&P Global Ratings

spratings.com

A+

Strong

5 of 21

A+

Strong

5 of 21

Stable

Cincinnati Financial Corporation Second-Quarter 2022 10-Q

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CONSOLIDATED PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE HIGHLIGHTS

Consolidated property casualty insurance results include premiums and expenses for our standard market insurance segments (commercial lines and personal lines), our excess and surplus lines segment, Cincinnati Re® and our London-based global specialty underwriter Cincinnati Global Underwriting Ltd.SM (Cincinnati Global).


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,							Six months ended June 30,
	2022			2021			% Change	2022			2021			% Change
Earned premiums	$	1,697		$	1,514		12	$	3,315		$	2,989		11
Fee revenues	2			3			(33)	5			5			0
Total revenues	1,699			1,517			12	3,320			2,994			11
Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	1,064			861			24	2,011			1,711			18
Current accident year catastrophe losses	235			88			167	285			271			5
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(34)			(90)			62	(54)			(170)			68
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(25)			(29)			14	(46)			(59)			22
Loss and loss expenses	1,240			830			49	2,196			1,753			25
Underwriting expenses	511			466			10	1,011			887			14
Underwriting profit (loss)	$	(52)		$	221		nm	$	113		$	354		(68)

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change							Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	62.7		%	56.8		%	5.9	60.6		%	57.2		%	3.4
Current accident year catastrophe losses	13.8			5.8			8.0	8.6			9.1			(0.5)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(2.0)			(5.9)			3.9	(1.6)			(5.7)			4.1
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(1.4)			(1.9)			0.5	(1.4)			(2.0)			0.6
Loss and loss expenses	73.1			54.8			18.3	66.2			58.6			7.6
Underwriting expenses	30.1			30.7			(0.6)	30.5			29.7			0.8
Combined ratio	103.2		%	85.5		%	17.7	96.7		%	88.3		%	8.4

Combined ratio	103.2		%	85.5		%	17.7	96.7		%	88.3		%	8.4
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	10.4			(2.0)			12.4	5.6			1.4			4.2
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	92.8		%	87.5		%	5.3	91.1		%	86.9		%	4.2

Our consolidated property casualty insurance operations generated an underwriting loss of $52 million for the second quarter of 2022 and an underwriting profit of $113 million for the first six months of 2022. The second-quarter change of $273 million from an underwriting profit for the same period a year ago included an unfavorable increase of $151 million in losses from catastrophes, mostly caused by severe weather. The six-month underwriting profit decrease of $241 million, compared with the first six months of 2021, included an unfavorable increase of $27 million in losses from catastrophes. Both 2022 periods also experienced higher current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses and lower amounts of favorable reserve development on prior accident years.

Elevated inflation was a driver of higher losses and loss expenses as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged autos or other property that we insure. In addition to inflation affecting historic loss patterns, we believe reduced driving during the pandemic resulted in a relatively low level of loss activity in 2021, distorting paid loss cost trends for autos. We also experienced higher losses for liability coverages for some of our lines of business, particularly for commercial umbrella insurance. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear. The higher loss experience is discussed in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment. We believe future property casualty underwriting results will continue to benefit from price increases and our ongoing initiatives to improve pricing precision and loss experience related to claims and loss control practices.

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For all property casualty lines of business in aggregate, net loss and loss expense reserves at June 30, 2022, were $414 million, or 6%, higher than at year-end 2021, including an increase of $240 million for the incurred but not reported (IBNR) portion.

We measure and analyze property casualty underwriting results primarily by the combined ratio and its component ratios. The GAAP-basis combined ratio is the percentage of incurred losses plus all expenses per each earned premium dollar – the lower the ratio, the better the performance. An underwriting profit results when the combined ratio is below 100%. A combined ratio above 100% indicates that an insurance company's losses and expenses exceeded premiums.

Our consolidated property casualty combined ratio for the second quarter of 2022 rose by 17.7 percentage points, compared with the same period of 2021, including 8.5 points from higher catastrophe losses and loss expenses. For the first six months of 2022, compared with the 2021 six-month period, our combined ratio rose by 8.4 percentage points, including an increase of 0.1 point from catastrophe losses and loss expenses. Other combined ratio components that increased are discussed below and in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.

The combined ratio can be affected significantly by natural catastrophe losses and other large losses as discussed in detail below. The combined ratio can also be affected by updated estimates of loss and loss expense reserves established for claims that occurred in prior periods, referred to as prior accident years. Net favorable development on prior accident year reserves, including reserves for catastrophe losses, benefited the combined ratio by 3.0 percentage points in the first six months of 2022, compared with 7.7 percentage points in the same period of 2021. Net favorable development is discussed in further detail in Financial Results by property casualty insurance segment.

The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses increased in the first six months of 2022. That 60.6% ratio was 3.4 percentage points higher, compared with the 57.2% accident year 2021 ratio measured as of June 30, 2021, including an increase of 2.4 points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.

The underwriting expense ratio decreased for the second quarter and increased for the first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods a year ago. The second-quarter 2022 decrease was primarily due to a decrease in profit-sharing commissions for agencies and related expenses, while the six-month increase was primarily due to an increase in commissions for agencies. The ratios also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.

Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Premiums


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		% Change	2022		2021		% Change
Agency renewal written premiums	$	1,482	$	1,333	11	$	2,879	$	2,609	10
Agency new business written premiums	286		235		22	530		455		16

Other written premiums	196		146		34	454		343		32
Net written premiums	1,964		1,714		15	3,863		3,407		13
Unearned premium change	(267)		(200)		(34)	(548)		(418)		(31)
Earned premiums	$	1,697	$	1,514	12	$	3,315	$	2,989	11

The trends in net written premiums and earned premiums summarized in the table above include the effects of price increases. Price change trends that heavily influence renewal written premium increases or decreases, along with other premium growth drivers for 2022, are discussed in more detail by segment below in Financial Results.

Consolidated property casualty net written premiums for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, grew $250 million and $456 million compared with the same periods of 2021. Our premium growth initiatives from prior years have provided an ongoing favorable effect on growth during the current year, particularly as newer agency relationships mature over time.

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Consolidated property casualty agency new business written premiums increased by $51 million and $75 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021. New agency appointments during 2022 and 2021 produced a $25 million increase in standard lines new business for the first six months of 2022 compared with the same period of 2021. As we appoint new agencies that choose to move accounts to us, we report these accounts as new business. While this business is new to us, in many cases it is not new to the agent. We believe these seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to our agent upon obtaining it from a competing agent.

Net written premiums for Cincinnati Re, included in other written premiums, increased by $42 million and $100 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021, to $178 million and $432 million, respectively. Cincinnati Re assumes risks through reinsurance treaties and in some cases cedes part of the risk and related premiums to one or more unaffiliated reinsurance companies through transactions known as retrocessions.

Cincinnati Global is also included in other written premiums. Net written premiums increased, by $22 million and $32 million, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021, to $69 million and $120 million, respectively.

Other written premiums also include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. An increase in ceded premiums reduced net written premiums by $8 million and $15 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021.

Catastrophe losses and loss expenses typically have a material effect on property casualty results and can vary significantly from period to period. Losses from catastrophes contributed 12.4 and 7.2 percentage points to the combined ratio in the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with 3.9 and 7.1 percentage points in the same period of 2021.

Effective June 1, 2022, we restructured our reinsurance program for Cincinnati Re only, providing retrocession coverages with various triggers and unique features. That program included property catastrophe excess of loss coverage with a total available aggregate limit of $30 million in excess of $100 million per loss. Coverage for Cincinnati Re only with a total available aggregate limit of $48 million in excess of $80 million per loss expired during the second quarter of 2022.

Effective in May 2022, to provide more capacity to retain risks, we added a quota share reinsurance arrangement for our personal lines risks in California that we insure through excess and surplus lines policies. Approximately 26% of the risk is reinsured through ceded premiums.

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The following table shows consolidated property casualty insurance catastrophe losses and loss expenses incurred, net of reinsurance, as well as the effect of loss development on prior period catastrophe events. We individually list declared catastrophe events for which our incurred losses reached or exceeded $10 million.

Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Catastrophe Losses and Loss Expenses Incurred


(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended June 30,																				Six months ended June 30,
			Comm.				Pers.				E&S												Comm.				Pers.				E&S
Dates	Region		lines				lines				lines				Other				Total				lines				lines				lines				Other				Total
2022

Ongoing	International (Ukraine)		$	—			$	—			$	—			$	6			$	6			$	—			$	—			$	—			$	11			$	11
Mar. 29 - Apr.1	Midwest, Northeast, South		6				6				—				—				12				6				6				—				—				12
Apr. 10-14	Midwest, West, South		17				10				1				—				28				17				10				1				—				28
Apr. 15-19	Northeast, South		17				3				—				—				20				17				3				—				—				20
May 1-3	Midwest, West, South		8				8				—				—				16				8				8				—				—				16
May 9-10	Midwest		19				4				—				—				23				19				4				—				—				23
May 11-12	Midwest, South		13				6				—				—				19				13				6				—				—				19
May 19-22	Midwest, Northeast, South		5				12				—				—				17				5				12				—				—				17
Jun. 4-8	Midwest, West, South		13				4				—				—				17				13				4				—				—				17
Jun. 11-17	Midwest, Northeast, South		17				19				—				—				36				17				19				—				—				36





All other 2022 catastrophes	20				18				1				2				41				36				46				2				2				86
Development on 2021 and prior catastrophes	(10)				(12)				—				(3)				(25)				(13)				(33)				—				—				(46)
Calendar year incurred total	$	125			$	78			$	2			$	5			$	210			$	138			$	85			$	3			$	13			$	239

2021
Feb. 12-15	South, West		$	—			$	—			$	—			$	(3)			$	(3)			$	10			$	5			$	—			$	47			$	62
Feb. 16-20	Midwest, Northeast, South		1				(4)				—				10				7				24				33				1				11				69
Mar. 24-26	Midwest, Northeast, South		5				—				—				—				5				13				19				—				—				32
Mar. 27-29	Midwest, Northeast, South		(1)				1				—				—				—				3				9				—				—				12
May 3-4	South		11				4				—				—				15				11				4				—				—				15
Jun. 17-20	Midwest		6				14				—				—				20				6				14				—				—				20



All other 2021 catastrophes	17				26				—				1				44				26				35				—				—				61
Development on 2020 and prior catastrophes	(10)				(1)				—				(18)				(29)				(27)				(4)				—				(28)				(59)
Calendar year incurred total	$	29			$	40			$	—			$	(10)			$	59			$	66			$	115			$	1			$	30			$	212

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The following table includes data for losses incurred of $1 million or more per claim, net of reinsurance.

Consolidated Property Casualty Insurance Losses Incurred by Size


(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended June 30,							Six months ended June 30,
	2022			2021			% Change	2022			2021			% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	$	38		$	38		0	$	61		$	43		42
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	77			51			51	159			82			94
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	38			13			192	63			37			70
Total large losses incurred	153			102			50	283			162			75
Losses incurred but not reported	74			(37)			nm	110			65			69
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	648			577			12	1,240			1,028			21
Catastrophe losses	208			56			271	232			206			13
Total losses incurred	$	1,083		$	698		55	$	1,865		$	1,461		28

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change							Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	2.2		%	2.5		%	(0.3)	1.8		%	1.4		%	0.4
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	4.6			3.4			1.2	4.8			2.8			2.0
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	2.2			0.9			1.3	1.9			1.2			0.7
Total large loss ratio	9.0			6.8			2.2	8.5			5.4			3.1
Losses incurred but not reported	4.4			(2.4)			6.8	3.3			2.2			1.1
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	38.1			38.0			0.1	37.4			34.4			3.0
Catastrophe losses	12.3			3.7			8.6	7.0			6.9			0.1
Total loss ratio	63.8		%	46.1		%	17.7	56.2		%	48.9		%	7.3

We believe the inherent variability of aggregate loss experience for our portfolio of larger policies is greater than that of our portfolio of smaller policies, and we continue to monitor the variability in addition to general inflationary trends in loss costs. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The second-quarter 2022 property casualty total large losses incurred of $153 million, net of reinsurance, were higher than the $116 million quarterly average during full-year 2021 and the $102 million experienced for the second quarter of 2021. The ratio for these large losses was 2.2 percentage points higher compared with last year's second quarter. The second-quarter 2022 amount of total large losses incurred helped contribute to the increase in the six-month 2022 total large loss ratio, compared with 2021, in addition to a first-quarter 2022 ratio that was 3.9 points higher than the first quarter of 2021. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million. Losses by size are discussed in further detail in results of operations by property casualty insurance segment.

FINANCIAL RESULTS

Consolidated results reflect the operating results of each of our five segments along with the parent company, Cincinnati Re, Cincinnati Global and other activities reported as "Other." The five segments are:

•Commercial lines insurance

•Personal lines insurance

•Excess and surplus lines insurance

•Life insurance

•Investments

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COMMERCIAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,							Six months ended June 30,
	2022			2021			% Change	2022			2021			% Change
Earned premiums	$	994		$	911		9	$	1,956		$	1,797		9
Fee revenues	1			1			0	2			2			0
Total revenues	995			912			9	1,958			1,799			9
Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	644			527			22	1,232			1,059			16
Current accident year catastrophe losses	135			39			246	151			93			62
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(19)			(76)			75	(34)			(142)			76
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(10)			(10)			0	(13)			(27)			52
Loss and loss expenses	750			480			56	1,336			983			36
Underwriting expenses	307			287			7	608			541			12
Underwriting profit (loss)	$	(62)		$	145		nm	$	14		$	275		(95)

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change							Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	64.8		%	57.9		%	6.9	63.0		%	58.9		%	4.1
Current accident year catastrophe losses	13.6			4.3			9.3	7.7			5.2			2.5
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(1.9)			(8.3)			6.4	(1.8)			(7.9)			6.1
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(1.0)			(1.1)			0.1	(0.6)			(1.5)			0.9
Loss and loss expenses	75.5			52.8			22.7	68.3			54.7			13.6
Underwriting expenses	30.8			31.4			(0.6)	31.1			30.1			1.0
Combined ratio	106.3		%	84.2		%	22.1	99.4		%	84.8		%	14.6

Combined ratio	106.3		%	84.2		%	22.1	99.4		%	84.8		%	14.6
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	10.7			(5.1)			15.8	5.3			(4.2)			9.5
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	95.6		%	89.3		%	6.3	94.1		%	89.0		%	5.1

Overview

Performance highlights for the commercial lines segment include:

•Premiums – Earned premiums and net written premiums for the commercial lines segment grew during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the same periods a year ago, primarily due to renewal written premium growth that continued to include higher average pricing and a higher level of insured exposures. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums. We continue to use predictive analytics tools to improve pricing precision and segmentation while leveraging our local relationships with agents through the efforts of our teams that work closely with them. We seek to maintain appropriate pricing discipline for both new and renewal business as our agents and underwriters assess account quality to make careful decisions on a policy-by-policy basis whether to write or renew a policy.

Agency renewal written premiums increased by 10% for the second quarter and 9% for the first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021, including price increases. During the second quarter of 2022, our overall standard commercial lines policies averaged estimated renewal price increases at percentages in the mid-single-digit range. We continue to segment commercial lines policies, emphasizing identification and retention of those we believe have relatively stronger pricing. Conversely, we have been seeking stricter renewal terms and conditions on policies we believe have relatively weaker pricing, thus retaining fewer of those policies. We measure average changes in commercial lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for the respective policies.

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Our average overall commercial lines renewal pricing change includes the impact of flat pricing for certain coverages within package policies written for a three-year term that were in force but did not expire during the period being measured. Therefore, our reported change in average commercial lines renewal pricing reflects a blend of three-year policies that did not expire and other policies that did expire during the measurement period. For commercial lines policies that did expire and were then renewed during the second quarter of 2022, we estimate that our average percentage price increases were in the mid-single-digit range for commercial property, commercial auto and commercial casualty. The estimated average percentage price change for workers' compensation was a decrease in the mid-single-digit range.

Renewal premiums for certain policies, primarily our commercial casualty and workers' compensation lines of business, include the results of policy audits that adjust initial premium amounts based on differences between estimated and actual sales or payroll related to a specific policy. Audits completed during the first six months of 2022 contributed $45 million to net written premiums, compared with $18 million for the same period of 2021.

New business written premiums for commercial lines increased $19 million and $30 million during the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021. Trend analysis for year-over-year comparisons of individual quarters is more difficult to assess for commercial lines new business written premiums, due to inherent variability. That variability is often driven by larger policies with annual premiums greater than $100,000.

Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our commercial lines insurance segment, an increase in ceded premiums reduced net written premiums by $3 million and $9 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021.

Commercial Lines Insurance Premiums


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		% Change	2022		2021		% Change
Agency renewal written premiums	$	934	$	852	10	$	1,904	$	1,750	9
Agency new business written premiums	165		146		13	321		291		10
Other written premiums	(27)		(21)		(29)	(57)		(45)		(27)
Net written premiums	1,072		977		10	2,168		1,996		9
Unearned premium change	(78)		(66)		(18)	(212)		(199)		(7)
Earned premiums	$	994	$	911	9	$	1,956	$	1,797	9

•Combined ratio – The commercial lines combined ratio for the second quarter of 2022 increased by 22.1 percentage points, compared with the second quarter of 2021, including an increase of 9.4 points in losses from catastrophes. The second-quarter combined ratio also increased 6.9 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including 5.4 points from commercial umbrella coverages discussed below. For the first six months of 2022, the combined ratio increased by 14.6 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, including an increase of 3.4 points in losses from catastrophes and an increase of 4.1 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, including 3.4 points from commercial umbrella. Underwriting results also included a lower level of favorable reserve development on prior accident years. Those current accident year ratios were measured as of June 30 of the respective years and included a second-quarter 2022 decrease of 0.7 percentage points and a six-month increase of 2.2 points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.

When estimating the ultimate cost of total loss and loss expenses, we consider many factors, including trends for inflation, historical paid and reported losses, large loss activity and other data or information for the industry or our company. Elevated inflation was a driver of higher losses and loss expenses as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged business property or autos that we insure. In addition to inflation causing deviations from historical loss patterns, we believe reduced driving during the pandemic resulted in a relatively low level of loss activity in 2021, distorting paid loss cost trends for autos. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear.

Commercial umbrella coverages, part of our commercial casualty line of business that help protect businesses against liability from occurrences such as accidents or injuries, contributed significantly to the increase in 2022 ratios for losses and expenses. For the first six months of 2022, incurred losses and loss expenses for

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commercial umbrella coverages of $198 million increased $114 million or 137%, compared with the same period of 2021, in part due to paid losses of $112 million increasing $45 million or 68% while earned premiums rose 10%. Commercial umbrella paid loss experience is inherently variable. For example, paid losses rose 80% in 2019 while decreasing by 35% in both 2018 and 2020. Commercial umbrella net earned premiums were $243 million for the first six months of 2022 and represented approximately 35% of our commercial casualty premiums for the first half of both 2022 and 2021. The profile of coverage limits for policies in force at the beginning of second-quarter 2022 included 43% with $1 million of coverage per policy, 91% with $5 million or less and 98% with less than $10 million of coverage. Our commercial umbrella insurance coverages have a strong record of profitability for us, including an estimated combined ratio below 80% in each of the past five years.

Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 12.6 and 7.1 percentage points of the combined ratio for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with 3.2 and 3.7 percentage points for the same periods a year ago. Through 2021, the 10-year annual average for that catastrophe measure for the commercial lines segment was 5.5 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 5.8 percentage points.

The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the second quarter and first six months of 2022 was favorable for commercial lines overall by $29 million and $47 million, compared with $86 million and $169 million for the same periods in 2021. For the first six months of 2022, our workers' compensation and commercial property lines of business were the main contributors to the commercial lines net favorable reserve development on prior accident years, while our commercial casualty line of business included net unfavorable development of $25 million from commercial umbrella coverages. The net favorable reserve development recognized during the first six months of 2022 for our commercial lines insurance segment was primarily for accident years 2020 and 2021 and was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 52.

The commercial lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the second quarter and increased for the first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods a year ago. The second-quarter 2022 decrease was primarily due to a decrease in profit-sharing commissions for agencies and related expenses, while the six-month increase was primarily due to an increase in commissions for agencies. The ratios also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.

Commercial Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size


(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended June 30,							Six months ended June 30,
	2022			2021			% Change	2022			2021			% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	$	15		$	38		(61)	$	31		$	43		(28)
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	53			29			83	120			55			118
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	36			14			157	57			40			43
Total large losses incurred	104			81			28	208			138			51
Losses incurred but not reported	61			(34)			nm	99			5			nm
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	363			326			11	681			587			16
Catastrophe losses	124			27			359	135			62			118
Total losses incurred	$	652		$	400		63	$	1,123		$	792		42

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change							Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	1.4		%	4.2		%	(2.8)	1.6		%	2.4		%	(0.8)
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	5.3			3.2			2.1	6.1			3.1			3.0
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	3.7			1.4			2.3	2.9			2.2			0.7
Total large loss ratio	10.4			8.8			1.6	10.6			7.7			2.9
Losses incurred but not reported	6.1			(3.6)			9.7	5.1			0.3			4.8
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	36.6			35.7			0.9	34.8			32.6			2.2
Catastrophe losses	12.5			3.0			9.5	6.9			3.5			3.4
Total loss ratio	65.6		%	43.9		%	21.7	57.4		%	44.1		%	13.3

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We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. The second-quarter 2022 commercial lines total large losses incurred of $104 million, net of reinsurance, were higher than the quarterly average of $95 million during full-year 2021 and the $81 million of total large losses incurred for the second quarter of 2021. The increase in commercial lines large losses for the first six months of 2022 was primarily due to our commercial casualty and commercial property lines of business. The second-quarter 2022 ratio for commercial lines total large losses was 1.6 percentage points higher than last year's second-quarter ratio. The second-quarter 2022 amount of total large losses incurred helped contribute to the increase in the six-month 2022 total large loss ratio, compared with 2021, in addition to a first-quarter 2022 ratio that was 4.2 points higher than the first quarter of 2021. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

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PERSONAL LINES INSURANCE RESULTS


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,							Six months ended June 30,
	2022			2021			% Change	2022			2021			% Change
Earned premiums	$	413		$	382		8	$	815		$	758		8
Fee revenues	1			1			0	2			2			0
Total revenues	414			383			8	817			760			8
Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	263			212			24	484			427			13
Current accident year catastrophe losses	90			41			120	118			119			(1)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(2)			(11)			82	(15)			(28)			46
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(12)			(1)			nm	(33)			(4)			nm
Loss and loss expenses	339			241			41	554			514			8
Underwriting expenses	124			113			10	247			220			12
Underwriting profit (loss)	$	(49)		$	29		nm	$	16		$	26		(38)

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change							Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	63.5		%	55.3		%	8.2	59.3		%	56.3		%	3.0
Current accident year catastrophe losses	21.9			10.9			11.0	14.5			15.7			(1.2)
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(0.5)			(2.9)			2.4	(1.8)			(3.7)			1.9
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(2.8)			(0.3)			(2.5)	(4.0)			(0.5)			(3.5)
Loss and loss expenses	82.1			63.0			19.1	68.0			67.8			0.2
Underwriting expenses	30.0			29.7			0.3	30.2			29.0			1.2
Combined ratio	112.1		%	92.7		%	19.4	98.2		%	96.8		%	1.4

Combined ratio	112.1		%	92.7		%	19.4	98.2		%	96.8		%	1.4
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	18.6			7.7			10.9	8.7			11.5			(2.8)
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	93.5		%	85.0		%	8.5	89.5		%	85.3		%	4.2

Overview

Performance highlights for the personal lines segment include:

•Premiums – Personal lines earned premiums and net written premiums continued to grow during the second quarter and first six months of 2022, including increased new business and renewal written premiums that included higher average pricing. Personal lines net written premiums from high net worth policies totaled approximately $259 million and $435 million for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with $177 million and $310 million for the same periods of 2021. The table below analyzes the primary components of premiums.

Agency renewal written premiums increased 10% for both the second quarter and first six months of 2022, reflecting rate increases in selected states, a higher level of insured exposures and other factors such as changes in policy deductibles or mix of business. We estimate that premium rates for our personal auto line of business increased at average percentages in the low-single-digit range during the first six months of 2022. We plan to increase rates more aggressively in future quarters. For our homeowner line of business, we estimate that premium rates for the first six months of 2022 increased at average percentages in the mid-single-digit range. For both our personal auto and homeowner lines of business, some individual policies experienced lower or higher rate changes based on each risk's specific characteristics and enhanced pricing precision enabled by predictive models.

Personal lines new business written premiums increased $35 million or 66% for the second quarter of 2022 and $41 million, including $38 million from high net worth policies, for the first six months, compared with the same periods of 2021. Approximately $12 million of the second-quarter 2022 increase was from excess and surplus lines homeowner policies and $21 million was from other high net worth policies. We believe underwriting and

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pricing discipline were maintained in recent quarters, and growth was also supported by expanded use of enhanced pricing precision tools.

Other written premiums include premiums ceded to reinsurers as part of our reinsurance ceded program. For our personal lines insurance segment, an increase in 2022 ceded premiums reduced net written premiums by $4 million for both the second quarter and first six months, compared with the same periods of 2021.

Personal Lines Insurance Premiums


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		% Change	2022		2021		% Change
Agency renewal written premiums	$	438	$	397	10	$	771	$	699	10
Agency new business written premiums	88		53		66	140		99		41
Other written premiums	(16)		(11)		(45)	(27)		(21)		(29)
Net written premiums	510		439		16	884		777		14
Unearned premium change	(97)		(57)		(70)	(69)		(19)		(263)
Earned premiums	$	413	$	382	8	$	815	$	758	8

•Combined ratio – Our personal lines combined ratio for the second quarter of 2022 increased by 19.4 percentage points, compared with second-quarter 2022, including an increase of 8.5 points in losses from catastrophes and an increase of 8.2 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses. For the first six months of 2022, the combined ratio increased by 1.4 percentage points, compared with the same period a year ago, including a decrease of 4.7 points in losses from catastrophes and an increase of 3.0 points from current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses, with our personal auto and homeowner lines of business each representing approximately 1 point. Those current accident year ratios were measured as of June 30 of the respective years and included a second-quarter 2022 increase of 5.3 percentage points and a six-month increase of 4.4 points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.

When estimating the ultimate cost of total loss and loss expenses, we consider many factors, including trends in inflation, historical paid and reported losses, large loss activity and other data or information for the industry or our company. Elevated inflation was a driver of higher losses and loss expenses as costs have increased significantly to repair damaged autos or homes that we insure. In addition to inflation causing deviations from historical loss patterns, we believe reduced driving during the pandemic resulted in a relatively low level of loss activity in 2021, distorting paid loss cost trends for autos. Due to increased uncertainty regarding ultimate losses, we intend to remain prudent in reserving for estimated ultimate losses until longer-term loss cost trends become more clear. For example, for the first six months of 2022, personal auto incurred loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses increased $48 million or 27%, compared with the same period of 2021, in part due to paid losses increasing $38 million or 22% while earned premiums rose 1%.

Catastrophe losses and loss expenses accounted for 19.1 and 10.5 percentage points of the combined ratio for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with 10.6 and 15.2 percentage points for the same period a year ago. The 10-year annual average catastrophe loss ratio for the personal lines segment through 2021 was 10.8 percentage points, and the five-year annual average was 12.0 percentage points.

In addition to the average rate increases discussed above, we continue to refine our pricing to better match premiums to the risk of loss on individual policies. Improved pricing precision and broad-based rate increases are expected to help position the combined ratio at a profitable level over the long term. In addition, greater geographic diversification is expected to reduce the volatility of homeowner loss ratios attributable to weather-related catastrophe losses over time.

The net effect of reserve development on prior accident years during the second quarter and first six months of 2022 was favorable for personal lines overall by $14 million and $48 million, compared with $12 million and $32 million of favorable development for the same periods of 2021. Our homeowner line of business was the primary contributor to the personal lines net favorable reserve development for the first six months of 2022. The net favorable reserve development was primarily due to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 52.

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The personal lines underwriting expense ratio increased for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods a year ago, primarily due to an increase in commissions for agencies. The ratios also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.

Personal Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size


(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended June 30,							Six months ended June 30,
	2022			2021			% Change	2022			2021			% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	$	23		$	—		nm	$	30		$	—		nm
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	15			15			0	26			19			37
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	1			(2)			nm	5			(3)			nm
Total large losses incurred	39			13			200	61			16			281
Losses incurred but not reported	12			(4)			nm	(2)			37			nm
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	176			158			11	341			288			18
Catastrophe losses	78			39			100	84			113			(26)
Total losses incurred	$	305		$	206		48	$	484		$	454		7

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change							Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	5.7		%	—		%	5.7	3.7		%	—		%	3.7
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	3.6			4.0			(0.4)	3.2			2.5			0.7
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	0.1			(0.5)			0.6	0.6			(0.3)			0.9
Total large loss ratio	9.4			3.5			5.9	7.5			2.2			5.3
Losses incurred but not reported	3.1			(1.1)			4.2	(0.2)			4.9			(5.1)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	42.4			41.4			1.0	41.8			37.9			3.9
Catastrophe losses	18.8			10.3			8.5	10.2			14.9			(4.7)
Total loss ratio	73.7		%	54.1		%	19.6	59.3		%	59.9		%	(0.6)

We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the second quarter of 2022, the personal lines total large loss ratio, net of reinsurance, was 5.9 percentage points higher than last year's second quarter. The increase in personal lines large losses for the first six months of 2022 occurred primarily for our homeowner line of business and for umbrella coverage in our other personal line of business. The second-quarter 2022 amount of total large losses incurred helped contribute to the increase in the six-month 2022 total large loss ratio, compared with 2021, in addition to a first-quarter 2022 ratio that was 4.6 points higher than the first quarter of 2021. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

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EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE RESULTS


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,							Six months ended June 30,
	2022			2021			% Change	2022			2021			% Change
Earned premiums	$	124		$	95		31	$	236		$	184		28
Fee revenues	—			1			(100)	1			1			0
Total revenues	124			96			29	237			185			28

Loss and loss expenses from:
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	73			59			24	143			113			27
Current accident year catastrophe losses	2			—			nm	3			1			200
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(1)			(1)			0	(6)			3			nm
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	—			—			0	—			—			0
Loss and loss expenses	74			58			28	140			117			20
Underwriting expenses	31			28			11	62			50			24
Underwriting profit	$	19		$	10		90	$	35		$	18		94

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change							Pt. Change
Current accident year before catastrophe losses	59.5		%	62.0		%	(2.5)	60.6		%	61.5		%	(0.9)
Current accident year catastrophe losses	1.2			0.4			0.8	1.3			0.8			0.5
Prior accident years before catastrophe losses	(0.4)			(1.5)			1.1	(2.4)			1.5			(3.9)
Prior accident years catastrophe losses	(0.1)			0.1			(0.2)	(0.2)			(0.1)			(0.1)
Loss and loss expenses	60.2			61.0			(0.8)	59.3			63.7			(4.4)
Underwriting expenses	24.9			28.5			(3.6)	26.2			27.0			(0.8)
Combined ratio	85.1		%	89.5		%	(4.4)	85.5		%	90.7		%	(5.2)

Combined ratio	85.1		%	89.5		%	(4.4)	85.5		%	90.7		%	(5.2)
Contribution from catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	0.7			(1.0)			1.7	(1.3)			2.2			(3.5)
Combined ratio before catastrophe losses and prior years reserve development	84.4		%	90.5		%	(6.1)	86.8		%	88.5		%	(1.7)

Overview

Performance highlights for the excess and surplus lines segment include:

•Premiums – Excess and surplus lines net written premiums continued to grow during the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with the same period a year ago, primarily due to an increase in agency renewal written premiums. Renewal written premiums rose 31% and 28% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021, reflecting the opportunity to renew many accounts for the first time, as well as higher renewal pricing. For the first six months of 2022, excess and surplus lines policy renewals experienced estimated average price increases at percentages in the high-single-digit range. We measure average changes in excess and surplus lines renewal pricing as the percentage rate of change in renewal premium for the new policy period compared with the premium for the expiring policy period, assuming no change in the level of insured exposures or policy coverage between those periods for respective policies.

New business written premiums produced by agencies decreased by 8% for the second quarter and increased 6% for the first six months of 2022 compared with the same periods of 2021. As we continued to carefully underwrite each policy in a highly competitive market, competition for larger policies was particularly strong during the second quarter. Some of what we report as new business came from accounts that were not new to our agents. We believe our agents' seasoned accounts tend to be priced more accurately than business that may be less familiar to them.

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Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Premiums


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		% Change	2022		2021		% Change
Agency renewal written premiums	$	110	$	84	31	$	204	$	160	28
Agency new business written premiums	33		36		(8)	69		65		6
Other written premiums	(8)		(5)		(60)	(14)		(11)		(27)
Net written premiums	135		115		17	259		214		21
Unearned premium change	(11)		(20)		45	(23)		(30)		23
Earned premiums	$	124	$	95	31	$	236	$	184	28

•Combined ratio – The excess and surplus lines combined ratio improved by 4.4 for the second quarter and 5.2 percentage points for the first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021, primarily due to a lower second-quarter 2022 underwriting expense ratio and favorable reserve development on prior accident years before catastrophe losses for the six-month period.

The ratio for current accident year loss and loss expenses before catastrophe losses for excess and surplus lines improved in the first six months of 2022. That 60.6% ratio was 0.9 percentage points lower, compared with the 61.5% accident year 2021 ratio measured as of June 30, 2021, including an increase of 1.3 percentage points in the ratio for large losses of $1 million or more per claim, discussed below.

Excess and surplus lines net reserve development on prior accident years, as a ratio to earned premiums, was a favorable 0.5% for the second quarter and 2.6% for the first six months of 2022, compared with favorable 1.4% for the second quarter of 2021 and unfavorable net reserve development of 1.4% for the first six months of 2021. The $6 million of net favorable reserve development recognized during the first six months of 2022 was primarily for accident years prior to 2021. The favorable reserve development was due primarily to lower-than-anticipated loss emergence on known claims. Reserve estimates are inherently uncertain as described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Property Casualty Insurance Loss and Loss Expense Reserves, Page 52.

The excess and surplus lines underwriting expense ratio decreased for the second quarter and first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021, largely due to a decrease in commissions for agencies and related expenses. The ratios also included ongoing expense management efforts and higher earned premiums.

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Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance Losses Incurred by Size


(Dollars in millions, net of reinsurance)	Three months ended June 30,							Six months ended June 30,
	2022			2021			% Change	2022			2021			% Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	$	—		$	—		nm	$	—		$	—		0
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	9			7			29	13			8			63
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	1			1			0	1			—			nm
Total large losses incurred	10			8			25	14			8			75
Losses incurred but not reported	1			1			0	13			23			(43)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	38			34			12	70			49			43
Catastrophe losses	2			—			nm	3			1			200
Total losses incurred	$	51		$	43		19	$	100		$	81		23

Ratios as a percent of earned premiums:							Pt. Change							Pt. Change
Current accident year losses greater than $5 million	—		%	—		%	0.0	—		%	—		%	0.0
Current accident year losses $1 million - $5 million	7.8			7.5			0.3	5.8			4.5			1.3
Large loss prior accident year reserve development	0.4			1.3			(0.9)	0.3			(0.2)			0.5
Total large loss ratio	8.2			8.8			(0.6)	6.1			4.3			1.8
Losses incurred but not reported	0.7			0.8			(0.1)	5.4			12.3			(6.9)
Other losses excluding catastrophe losses	31.5			35.0			(3.5)	29.6			26.8			2.8
Catastrophe losses	1.1			0.4			0.7	1.1			0.7			0.4
Total loss ratio	41.5		%	45.0		%	(3.5)	42.2		%	44.1		%	(1.9)

We continue to monitor new losses and case reserve increases greater than $1 million for trends in factors such as initial reserve levels, loss cost inflation and claim settlement expenses. Our analysis continues to indicate no unexpected concentration of these large losses and case reserve increases by risk category, geographic region, policy inception, agency or field marketing territory. In the second quarter of 2022, the excess and surplus lines total ratio for large losses, net of reinsurance, was 0.6 percentage points lower than last year's second quarter. The second-quarter 2022 amount of total large losses incurred contributed to the increase in the six-month 2022 total large loss ratio, compared with 2021, in addition to a first-quarter 2022 ratio that was 4.4 points higher than the first quarter of 2021. We believe results for the three- and six-month periods largely reflected normal fluctuations in loss patterns and normal variability in large case reserves for claims above $1 million.

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LIFE INSURANCE RESULTS


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		% Change	2022		2021		% Change
Earned premiums	$	76	$	79	(4)	$	148	$	148	0
Fee revenues	1		1		0	2		2		0
Total revenues	77		80		(4)	150		150		0
Contract holders' benefits incurred	69		85		(19)	152		165		(8)
Investment interest credited to contract holders	(28)		(27)		(4)	(55)		(53)		(4)
Underwriting expenses incurred	23		24		(4)	42		42		0
Total benefits and expenses	64		82		(22)	139		154		(10)
Life insurance segment profit (loss)	$	13	$	(2)	nm	$	11	$	(4)	nm

Overview

The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on our life insurance segment earned premiums or expenses for the first six months of 2022. However, the pandemic did contribute to a moderate increase in death claims, primarily in the first three months of 2022. It is possible we may continue to experience higher than projected future death claims due to the pandemic.

Performance highlights for the life insurance segment include:

•Revenues – Revenues decreased by less than $1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the same period a year ago, driven by favorable impacts in the same period of 2021 from the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions. Earned premiums from term life insurance, our largest life insurance product line, increased over the same period of 2021.

Net in-force life insurance policy face amounts increased 2% to $79.155 billion at June 30, 2022, from $77.493 billion at year-end 2021.

Fixed annuity deposits received for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, were $5 million and $13 million, compared with $10 million and $27 million for the same periods of 2021. Fixed annuity deposits have a minimal impact to earned premiums because deposits received are initially recorded as liabilities. Profit is earned over time by way of interest rate spreads. We do not write variable or equity-indexed annuities.

Life Insurance Premiums


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		% Change	2022		2021		% Change
Term life insurance	$	56	$	52	8	$	110	$	103	7
Whole life insurance	12		11		9	23		22		5
Universal life and other	8		16		(50)	15		23		(35)
Net earned premiums	$	76	$	79	(4)	$	148	$	148	0

•Profitability – Our life insurance segment typically reports a small profit or loss on a GAAP basis because profits from investment income spreads are included in our investment segment results. We include only investment income credited to contract holders (including interest assumed in life insurance policy reserve calculations) in our life insurance segment results. A profit of $11 million for our life insurance segment in the first six months of 2022, compared with a $4 million loss for the same period of 2021, was primarily due to more favorable impacts from the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions.

Life insurance segment benefits and expenses consist principally of contract holders' (policyholders') benefits incurred related to traditional life and interest-sensitive products and operating expenses incurred, net of deferred acquisition costs. Total benefits decreased in the first six months of 2022. Life policy and investment contract reserves increased with continued growth in net in-force life insurance policy face amounts and were partially offset by favorable effects from the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions.

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Mortality results increased marginally compared with the same period of 2021 and were above our 2022 projections, due in part to pandemic-related death claims incurred in the first three months of 2022.

Underwriting expenses for the first six months of 2022 were slightly higher compared to the same period a year ago, as higher commission and general expense levels compared to the same period of 2021 were mostly offset by favorable impacts from the unlocking of interest rate and other actuarial assumptions.

We recognize that assets under management, capital appreciation and investment income are integral to evaluating the success of the life insurance segment because of the long duration of life products. On a basis that includes investment income and investment gains or losses from life-insurance-related invested assets, the life insurance company reported net income of $21 million and $31 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with $14 million and $24 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. The life insurance company portfolio had net after-tax investment gains and net after-tax investment losses of less than $1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, compared with net after-tax investment gains of $3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.

INVESTMENTS RESULTS

Overview

The investments segment contributes investment income and investment gains and losses to results of operations. Investments traditionally are our primary source of pretax and after-tax profits.

Investment Income

Pretax investment income grew 11% for the second quarter and 9% for the first six months of 2022, compared with the same periods of 2021. Interest income increased by $7 million and $12 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, as net purchases of fixed-maturity securities in recent quarters generally offset effects of the low interest rate environment of the past several years. Higher dividend income reflected rising dividend rates and net purchases of equity securities in recent quarters, helping dividend income to grow by $12 million and $19 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

Investments Results


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		% Change	2022		2021		% Change
Total investment income, net of expenses	$	195	$	175	11	$	380	$	349	9
Investment interest credited to contract holders	(28)		(27)		(4)	(55)		(53)		(4)
Investment gains and losses, net	(1,154)		520		nm	(1,820)		1,024		nm
Investments profit (loss), pretax	$	(987)	$	668	nm	$	(1,495)	$	1,320	nm

We continue to consider the low interest rate environment that has prevailed in recent years as well as the potential for a continuation of the recent spike in both inflation and yields as we position our portfolio. As bonds in our generally laddered portfolio mature or are called over the near term, we will reinvest with a balanced approach, keeping in mind our long-term strategy and pursuing attractive risk-adjusted after-tax yields. The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost associated with expected principal redemptions for our fixed-maturity portfolio. The expected principal redemptions are based on par amounts and include dated maturities, calls and prefunded municipal bonds that we expect will be called during each respective time period.


(Dollars in millions)	% Yield		Principal redemptions
At June 30, 2022
Fixed-maturity pretax yield profile:
Expected to mature during the remainder of 2022	3.36	%	$	312
Expected to mature during 2023	3.75		781
Expected to mature during 2024	4.31		987
Average yield and total expected maturities from the remainder of 2022 through 2024	3.96		$	2,080

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The table below shows the average pretax yield-to-amortized cost for fixed-maturity securities acquired during the periods indicated. The average yield for total fixed-maturity securities acquired during the first six months of 2022 was higher than the 4.02% average yield-to-amortized cost of the fixed-maturity securities portfolio at the end of 2021. Our fixed-maturity portfolio's average yield of 4.00% for the first six months of 2022, from the investment income table below, was lower than the 4.02% yield for the year-end 2021 fixed-maturities portfolio.


	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Average pretax yield-to-amortized cost on new fixed-maturities:
Acquired taxable fixed-maturities	4.98	%	3.36	%	4.39	%	3.50	%
Acquired tax-exempt fixed-maturities	4.00		2.40		3.57		2.64
Average total fixed-maturities acquired	4.75		3.33		4.23		3.47

While our bond portfolio more than covers our insurance reserve liabilities, we believe our diversified common stock portfolio of mainly blue chip, dividend-paying companies represents one of our best investment opportunities for the long term. We discussed our portfolio strategies in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 24, and Item 7, Investments Outlook, Page 90. We discuss risks related to our investment income and our fixed-maturity and equity investment portfolios in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The table below provides details about investment income. Average yields in this table are based on the average invested asset and cash amounts indicated in the table, using fixed-maturity securities valued at amortized cost and all other securities at fair value.


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,							Six months ended June 30,
	2022			2021			% Change	2022			2021			% Change
Investment income:
Interest	$	124		$	117		6	$	247		$	235		5
Dividends	72			60			20	137			118			16
Other	2			1			100	3			3			0
Less investment expenses	3			3			0	7			7			0
Investment income, pretax	195			175			11	380			349			9
Less income taxes	31			27			15	60			54			11
Total investment income, after-tax	$	164		$	148		11	$	320		$	295		8

Investment returns:
Average invested assets plus cash and cash equivalents	$	23,918		$	22,619			$	24,255		$	22,259
Average yield pretax	3.26		%	3.09		%		3.13		%	3.14		%
Average yield after-tax	2.74			2.62				2.64			2.65
Effective tax rate	15.9			15.5				15.8			15.5

Fixed-maturity returns:
Average amortized cost	$	12,414		$	11,653			$	12,364		$	11,570
Average yield pretax	4.00		%	4.02		%		4.00		%	4.06		%
Average yield after-tax	3.31			3.35				3.32			3.38
Effective tax rate	17.1			16.7				17.0			16.7

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Total Investment Gains and Losses

Investment gains and losses are recognized on the sale of investments, for certain changes in fair values of securities even though we continue to hold the securities or as otherwise required by GAAP. The change in fair value for equity securities still held are included in investment gains and losses and also in net income. The change in unrealized gains or losses for fixed-maturity securities are included as a component of other comprehensive income (OCI). Accounting requirements for the allowance for credit losses for the fixed-maturity portfolio are disclosed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 127.

The table below summarizes total investment gains and losses, before taxes.


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,				Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Investment gains and losses:
Equity securities:
Investment gains and losses on securities sold, net	$	5	$	—	$	37	$	6
Unrealized gains and losses on securities still held, net	(1,175)		489		(1,882)		974



Subtotal	(1,170)		489		(1,845)		980
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains	2		11		6		14
Gross realized losses	(2)		(2)		(3)		(2)

Subtotal	—		9		3		12
Other	16		22		22		32
Total investment gains and losses reported in net income	(1,154)		520		(1,820)		1,024

Change in unrealized investment gains and losses:

Fixed maturities	(610)		132		(1,356)		(64)

Total	$	(1,764)	$	652	$	(3,176)	$	960

Of the 4,420 fixed-maturity securities in the portfolio, seven securities were trading below 70% of amortized cost at June 30, 2022. Our asset impairment committee regularly monitors the portfolio, including a quarterly review of the entire portfolio for potential credit losses, resulting in charges disclosed in the table below. We believe that if liquidity in the markets were to significantly deteriorate or economic conditions were to significantly weaken, we could experience declines in portfolio values and possibly increases in the allowance for credit losses or write-downs to fair value.

Fixed-maturity securities written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold and changes in the allowance for credit losses were each less than $1 million for the first six months of 2022. We had no fixed-maturity securities written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold and no allowance for credit losses for the first six months of 2021.

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OTHER

We report as Other the noninvestment operations of the parent company and a noninsurance subsidiary, CFC Investment Company. We also report as Other the underwriting results of Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, including earned premiums, loss and loss expenses and underwriting expenses in the table below.

Total revenues for the first six months of 2022 for our Other operations increased, compared with the same period of 2021, primarily due to earned premiums from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global, with increases of $46 million and $12 million, respectively. Total expenses for Other increased for the first six months of 2022, primarily due to loss and loss expenses and also underwriting expenses from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global.

Other profit in the table below represents profit or losses before income taxes. For all periods shown, underwriting profit in aggregate from Cincinnati Re and Cincinnati Global offset interest expense from debt of the parent company.


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		% Change	2022		2021		% Change
Interest and fees on loans and leases	$	2	$	2	0	$	3	$	3	0
Earned premiums	166		126		32	308		250		23
Other revenues	1		1		0	2		2		0
Total revenues	169		129		31	313		255		23
Interest expense	13		13		0	26		26		0
Loss and loss expenses	77		51		51	166		139		19
Underwriting expenses	49		38		29	94		76		24
Operating expenses	5		5		0	9		9		0
Total expenses	144		107		35	295		250		18
Total other profit	$	25	$	22	14	$	18	$	5	260

TAXES

We had $233 million and $320 million of income tax benefit for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with $169 million and $317 million of income tax expense for the same periods of 2021. The effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, was 22.4% and 22.8% compared with 19.4% and 19.3% for the same periods last year. The change in our effective tax rate between periods was primarily due to large changes in our net investment gains and losses included in income for the periods as well as changes in underwriting income.

Historically, we have pursued a strategy of investing some portion of cash flow in tax-advantaged fixed-maturity and equity securities to minimize our overall tax liability and maximize after-tax earnings. See Tax-Exempt Fixed Maturities in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further discussion on municipal bond purchases in our fixed-maturity investment portfolio. For tax years after 2017, for our property casualty insurance subsidiaries, approximately 75% of interest from tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments and approximately 40% of dividends from qualified equities are exempt from federal tax after applying proration. For our noninsurance companies, the dividend received deduction exempts 50% of dividends from qualified equities. Our life insurance company does not own tax-advantaged, fixed-maturity investments or equities subject to the dividend received deduction. Details about our effective tax rate are in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 9, Income Taxes.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

At June 30, 2022, shareholders' equity was $10.553 billion, compared with $13.105 billion at December 31, 2021. Total debt was $833 million at June 30, 2022, down $10 million from December 31, 2021. At June 30, 2022, cash and cash equivalents totaled $1.098 billion, compared with $1.139 billion at December 31, 2021.

The pandemic did not have a significant effect on our cash flows for the first half of 2022. In addition to our historically positive operating cash flow to meet the needs of operations, we have the ability to slow investing activities or sell a portion of our high-quality, liquid investment portfolio if such need arises. We also have additional capacity to borrow on our revolving short-term line of credit, as described further below.

SOURCES OF LIQUIDITY

Subsidiary Dividends

Our lead insurance subsidiary declared dividends of $504 million to the parent company in the first half of 2022, compared with $258 million for the same period of 2021. For full-year 2021, our lead insurance subsidiary paid dividends totaling $583 million to the parent company. State of Ohio regulatory requirements restrict the dividends our insurance subsidiary can pay. For full-year 2022, total dividends that our insurance subsidiary can pay to our parent company without regulatory approval are approximately $929 million.

Investing Activities

Investment income is a source of liquidity for both the parent company and its insurance subsidiaries. We continue to focus on portfolio strategies to balance near-term income generation and long-term book value growth.

Parent company obligations can be funded with income on investments held at the parent-company level or through sales of securities in that portfolio, although our investment philosophy seeks to compound cash flows over the long term. These sources of capital can help minimize subsidiary dividends to the parent company, protecting insurance subsidiary capital.

For a discussion of our historic investment strategy, portfolio allocation and quality, see our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 1, Investments Segment, Page 24.

Insurance Underwriting

Our property casualty and life insurance underwriting operations provide liquidity because we generally receive premiums before paying losses under the policies purchased with those premiums. After satisfying our cash requirements, we use excess cash flows for investment, increasing future investment income.

Historically, cash receipts from property casualty and life insurance premiums, along with investment income, have been more than sufficient to pay claims, operating expenses and dividends to the parent company.

The table below shows a summary of the operating cash flow for property casualty insurance (direct method):


(Dollars in millions)	Three months ended June 30,					Six months ended June 30,
	2022		2021		% Change	2022		2021		% Change
Premiums collected	$	1,763	$	1,568	12	$	3,477	$	3,091	12
Loss and loss expenses paid	(892)		(767)		(16)	(1,782)		(1,472)		(21)
Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid	(489)		(433)		(13)	(1,200)		(1,004)		(20)
Cash flow from underwriting	382		368		4	495		615		(20)
Investment income received	138		120		15	266		241		10
Cash flow from operations	$	520	$	488	7	$	761	$	856	(11)

Collected premiums for property casualty insurance rose $386 million during the first six months of 2022, compared with the same period in 2021. Loss and loss expenses paid for the 2022 period increased $310 million. Commissions and other underwriting expenses paid increased $196 million.

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We discuss our future obligations for claims payments and for underwriting expenses in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Obligations, Page 96.

Capital Resources

At June 30, 2022, our debt-to-total-capital ratio was 7.3%, considerably below our 35% covenant threshold, with $789 million in long-term debt and $44 million in borrowing on our revolving short-term line of credit. At June 30, 2022, $256 million was available for future cash management needs as part of the general provisions of the line of credit agreement, with another $300 million available as part of an accordion feature. Based on our capital requirements at June 30, 2022, we do not anticipate a material increase in debt levels exceeding the available line of credit amount during the year. As a result, we expect changes in our debt-to-total-capital ratio to continue to be largely a function of the contribution of unrealized investment gains or losses to shareholders' equity. We have an unsecured letter of credit agreement which provides a portion of the capital needed to support Cincinnati Global's obligations at Lloyd's. The amount of this unsecured letter of credit agreement was $94 million at June 30, 2022, with no amounts drawn.

We provide details of our three long-term notes in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements. None of the notes are encumbered by rating triggers.

Four independent ratings firms award insurer financial strength ratings to our property casualty insurance companies and three firms rate our life insurance company. Those firms made no changes to our parent company debt ratings during the first six months of 2022. Our debt ratings are discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Liquidity and Capital Resources, Long-Term Debt, Page 95.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not use any special-purpose financing vehicles or have any undisclosed off-balance sheet arrangements (as that term is defined in applicable SEC rules) that are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the company's financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. Similarly, the company holds no fair-value contracts for which a lack of marketplace quotations would necessitate the use of fair-value techniques.

USES OF LIQUIDITY

Our parent company and insurance subsidiary have contractual obligations and other commitments. In addition, one of our primary uses of cash is to enhance shareholder return.

Contractual Obligations

We estimated our future contractual obligations as of December 31, 2021, in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Contractual Obligations, Page 96. There have been no material changes to our estimates of future contractual obligations since our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Other Commitments

In addition to our contractual obligations, we have other property casualty operational commitments.

•Commissions – Commissions paid were $812 million in the first half of 2022. Commission payments generally track with written premiums, except for annual profit-sharing commissions typically paid during the first quarter of the year.

•Other underwriting expenses – Many of our underwriting expenses are not contractual obligations, but reflect the ongoing expenses of our business. Noncommission underwriting expenses paid were $388 million in the first half of 2022.

There were no contributions to our qualified pension plan during the first half of 2022.

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Investing Activities

After fulfilling operating requirements, we invest cash flows from underwriting, investment and other corporate activities in fixed-maturity and equity securities on an ongoing basis to help achieve our portfolio objectives. We discuss our investment strategy and certain portfolio attributes in this quarterly report Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Uses of Capital

Uses of cash to enhance shareholder return include dividends to shareholders. In January 2022, the board of directors declared regular quarterly cash dividends of 69 cents per share for an indicated annual rate of $2.76 per share. During the first six months of 2022, we used $208 million to pay cash dividends to shareholders.

PROPERTY CASUALTY INSURANCE LOSS AND LOSS EXPENSE RESERVES

For the business lines in the commercial and personal lines insurance segments, and in total for the excess and surplus lines insurance segment and other property casualty insurance operations, the following table details gross reserves among case, IBNR (incurred but not reported) and loss expense reserves, net of salvage and subrogation reserves. Reserving practices are discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Property Casualty Loss and Loss Expense Obligations and Reserves, Page 97.

Total gross reserves at June 30, 2022, increased $374 million compared with December 31, 2021. Case loss reserves increased by $149 million, IBNR loss reserves increased by $187 million and loss expense reserves increased by $38 million. The total gross increase was primarily due to our commercial casualty and commercial property lines of business, our excess and surplus lines insurance segment and also Cincinnati Re.

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Property Casualty Gross Reserves


(Dollars in millions)	Loss reserves				Loss expense reserves		Total gross reserves
	Case reserves		IBNR reserves						Percent of total
At June 30, 2022
Commercial lines insurance:
Commercial casualty	$	1,111	$	791	$	714	$	2,616	34.4	%
Commercial property	359		124		73		556		7.3
Commercial auto	430		224		123		777		10.2
Workers' compensation	430		523		82		1,035		13.6
Other commercial	93		15		121		229		3.0
Subtotal	2,423		1,677		1,113		5,213		68.5
Personal lines insurance:
Personal auto	215		65		59		339		4.5
Homeowner	190		98		44		332		4.4
Other personal	99		84		5		188		2.5
Subtotal	504		247		108		859		11.4
Excess and surplus lines	281		199		176		656		8.6
Cincinnati Re	130		515		4		649		8.5
Cincinnati Global	142		82		2		226		3.0
Total	$	3,480	$	2,720	$	1,403	$	7,603	100.0	%
At December 31, 2021
Commercial lines insurance:
Commercial casualty	$	1,059	$	734	$	704	$	2,497	34.5	%
Commercial property	357		82		62		501		6.9
Commercial auto	419		220		124		763		10.6
Workers' compensation	442		503		85		1,030		14.3
Other commercial	91		9		116		216		3.0
Subtotal	2,368		1,548		1,091		5,007		69.3
Personal lines insurance:
Personal auto	211		53		60		324		4.5
Homeowner	168		102		44		314		4.3
Other personal	84		87		5		176		2.4
Subtotal	463		242		109		814		11.2
Excess and surplus lines	233		186		158		577		8.0
Cincinnati Re	117		460		5		582		8.1
Cincinnati Global	150		97		2		249		3.4
Total	$	3,331	$	2,533	$	1,365	$	7,229	100.0	%

LIFE POLICY AND INVESTMENT CONTRACT RESERVES

Gross life policy and investment contract reserves were $3.041 billion at June 30, 2022, compared with $3.014 billion at year-end 2021, reflecting continued growth in life insurance policies in force. We discuss our life insurance reserving practices in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Life Insurance Policyholder Obligations and Reserves, Page 103.

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OTHER MATTERS

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Our significant accounting policies are discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Page 127, and updated in this quarterly report Item 1, Note 1, Accounting Policies.

In conjunction with those discussions, in the Management's Discussion and Analysis in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, management reviewed the estimates and assumptions used to develop reported amounts related to the most significant policies. Management discussed the development and selection of those accounting estimates with the audit committee of the board of directors.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our greatest exposure to market risk is through our investment portfolio. Market risk is the potential for a decrease in securities' fair value resulting from broad yet uncontrollable forces such as: inflation, economic growth or recession, interest rates, world political conditions or other widespread unpredictable events. It is comprised of many individual risks that, when combined, create a macroeconomic impact.

Our view of potential risks and our sensitivity to such risks is discussed in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, Page 112.

The fair value of our investment portfolio was $21.443 billion at June 30, 2022, down $2.894 billion from year-end 2021, including a $1.089 billion decrease in the fixed-maturity portfolio and a $1.805 billion decrease in the equity portfolio.


(Dollars in millions)	At June 30, 2022								At December 31, 2021
	Cost or amortized cost		Percent of total		Fair value		Percent of total		Cost or amortized cost		Percent of total		Fair value		Percent of total
Taxable fixed maturities	$	8,578	51.3	%	$	8,114	37.9	%	$	8,344	51.0	%	$	8,858	36.4	%
Tax-exempt fixed maturities	3,919		23.5		3,819		17.8		3,886		23.8		4,164		17.1
Common equities	3,757		22.5		9,092		42.4		3,697		22.6		10,862		44.6
Nonredeemable preferred equities	448		2.7		418		1.9		424		2.6		453		1.9

Total	$	16,702	100.0	%	$	21,443	100.0	%	$	16,351	100.0	%	$	24,337	100.0	%

At June 30, 2022, substantially all of our consolidated investment portfolio, measured at fair value, is classified as Level 1 or Level 2. See Item 1, Note 3, Fair Value Measurements, for additional discussion of our valuation techniques.

In addition to our investment portfolio, the total investments amount reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets includes Other invested assets. Other invested assets included $288 million of private equity investments, $37 million in Lloyd's deposits, $35 million of real estate through direct property ownership and development projects in the United States and $31 million of life policy loans at June 30, 2022.

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FIXED-MATURITY SECURITIES INVESTMENTS

By maintaining a well-diversified fixed-maturity portfolio, we attempt to reduce overall risk. We invest new money in the bond market on a regular basis, targeting what we believe to be optimal risk-adjusted, after-tax yields. Risk, in this context, includes interest rate, call, reinvestment rate, credit and liquidity risk. We do not make a concerted effort to alter duration on a portfolio basis in response to anticipated movements in interest rates. By regularly investing in the bond market, we build a broad, diversified portfolio that we believe mitigates the impact of adverse economic factors.

In the first six months of 2022, the decrease in fair value of our fixed-maturity portfolio reflected net purchases of securities, offset by a decrease in net unrealized gains, primarily due to an increase in U.S. Treasury yields and a widening of corporate credit spreads. At June 30, 2022, our fixed-maturity portfolio with an average rating of A3/A was valued at 95.5% of its amortized cost, compared with 106.5% at December 31, 2021.

At June 30, 2022, our investment-grade and noninvestment-grade fixed-maturity securities represented 79.6% and 4.8% of the portfolio, respectively. The remaining 15.6% represented fixed-maturity securities that were not rated by Moody's or S&P Global Ratings.

Attributes of the fixed-maturity portfolio include:


	At June 30, 2022		At December 31, 2021
Weighted average yield-to-amortized cost	4.04	%	4.02	%
Weighted average maturity	7.6	yrs	8.0	yrs
Effective duration	5.1	yrs	4.8	yrs

We discuss maturities of our fixed-maturity portfolio in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 8, Note 2, Investments, Page 134, and in this quarterly report Item 2, Investments Results.

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TAXABLE FIXED MATURITIES

Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio, with a fair value of $8.114 billion at June 30, 2022, included:


(Dollars in millions)	At June 30, 2022		At December 31, 2021
Investment-grade corporate	$	6,237	$	6,807
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	835		931
Noninvestment-grade corporate	566		690
Commercial mortgage-backed	249		273
United States government	144		123
Government-sponsored enterprises	60		8
Foreign government	23		26


Total	$	8,114	$	8,858

Our strategy is to buy, and typically hold, fixed-maturity investments to maturity, but we monitor credit profiles and fair value movements when determining holding periods for individual securities. With the exception of United States agency issues that include government-sponsored enterprises, no individual issuer's securities accounted for more than 1.2% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2022. Our investment-grade corporate bonds had an average rating of Baa1 by Moody's or BBB by S&P Global Ratings and represented 76.9% of the taxable fixed-maturity portfolio's fair value at June 30, 2022, matching year-end 2021.

The heaviest concentration in our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, based on fair value at

June 30, 2022, was the financial sector. It represented 42.2% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio, compared with 41.4% at year-end 2021. The energy sector represented 10.1% and was less than 10% at year-end 2021. No other sector exceeded 10% of our investment-grade corporate bond portfolio.

Our taxable fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2022, included $249 million of commercial mortgage-backed securities with an average rating of Aa2/AA.

TAX-EXEMPT FIXED MATURITIES

At June 30, 2022, we had $3.819 billion of tax-exempt fixed-maturity securities with an average rating of Aa2/AA by Moody's and S&P Global Ratings. We traditionally have purchased municipal bonds focusing on general obligation and essential services issues, such as water, waste disposal or others. The portfolio is well diversified among approximately 1,700 municipal bond issuers. No single municipal issuer accounted for more than 0.6% of the tax-exempt fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2022.

INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

Because of our strong surplus, long-term investment horizon and ability to hold most fixed-maturity investments until maturity, we believe the company is adequately positioned if interest rates were to rise. Although the fair values of our existing holdings may suffer, a higher rate environment would provide the opportunity to invest cash flow in higher-yielding securities, while reducing the likelihood of untimely redemptions of currently callable securities. While higher interest rates would be expected to continue to increase the number of fixed-maturity holdings trading below 100% of amortized cost, we believe lower fixed-maturity security values due solely to interest rate changes would not signal a decline in credit quality. We continue to manage the portfolio with an eye toward both meeting current income needs and managing interest rate risk.

Our dynamic financial planning model uses analytical tools to assess market risks. As part of this model, the effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio is continually monitored by our investment department to evaluate the theoretical impact of interest rate movements.

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The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates on the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio:


(Dollars in millions)	Effect from interest rate change in basis points
	-200		-100		-		100		200
At June 30, 2022	$	13,157	$	12,542	$	11,933	$	11,324	$	10,733
At December 31, 2021	$	14,327	$	13,656	$	13,022	$	12,399	$	11,768

The effective duration of the fixed-maturity portfolio as of June 30, 2022, was 5.1 years, up from 4.8 years at year-end 2021. The above table is a theoretical presentation showing that an instantaneous, parallel shift in the yield curve of 100 basis points could produce an approximately 5.1% change in the fair value of the fixed-maturity portfolio. Generally speaking, the higher a bond is rated, the more directly correlated movements in its fair value are to changes in the general level of interest rates, exclusive of call features. The fair values of average- to lower-rated corporate bonds are additionally influenced by the expansion or contraction of credit spreads.

In our dynamic financial planning model, the selected interest rate change of 100 to 200 basis points represents our view of a shift in rates that is quite possible over a one-year period. The rates modeled should not be considered a prediction of future events as interest rates may be much more volatile in the future. The analysis is not intended to provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in rates on our results or financial condition, nor does it take into account any actions that we might take to reduce exposure to such risks.

EQUITY INVESTMENTS

Our equity investments, with a fair value totaling $9.510 billion at June 30, 2022, included $9.092 billion of common stock securities of companies generally with strong indications of paying and growing their dividends. Other criteria we evaluate include increasing sales and earnings, proven management and a favorable outlook. We believe our equity investment style is an appropriate long-term strategy. While our long-term financial position would be affected by prolonged changes in the market valuation of our investments, we believe our strong surplus position and cash flow provide a cushion against short-term fluctuations in valuation. Continued payment of cash dividends by the issuers of our common equity holdings can provide a floor to their valuation.

The table below summarizes the effect of hypothetical changes in market prices on fair value of our equity portfolio.


(Dollars in millions)	Effect from market price change in percent
		-30%		-20%		-10%		—		10%		20%		30%
At June 30, 2022		$	6,657	$	7,608	$	8,559	$	9,510	$	10,461	$	11,412	$	12,363
At December 31, 2021		$	7,921	$	9,052	$	10,184	$	11,315	$	12,447	$	13,578	$	14,710

At June 30, 2022, Apple Inc. (Nasdaq:AAPL) was our largest single common stock holding with a fair value of $664 million, or 7.3% of our publicly traded common stock portfolio and 3.1% of the total investment portfolio. Thirty-nine holdings among nine different sectors each had a fair value greater than $100 million.

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Common Stock Portfolio Industry Sector Distribution


	Percent of common stock portfolio
	At June 30, 2022				At December 31, 2021
	Cincinnati Financial		S&P 500 Industry Weightings		Cincinnati Financial		S&P 500 Industry Weightings
Sector:
Information technology	27.6	%	26.8	%	31.1	%	29.2	%
Healthcare	15.4		15.2		13.5		13.3
Financial	13.3		10.8		14.2		10.7
Industrials	10.9		7.8		11.1		7.8
Consumer staples	8.4		7.0		6.9		5.9
Consumer discretionary	7.6		10.5		8.3		12.5
Energy	5.0		4.4		4.0		2.7
Materials	4.4		2.6		4.4		2.5
Utilities	3.1		3.1		2.2		2.5
Real estate	2.7		2.9		2.7		2.8
Telecomm services	1.6		8.9		1.6		10.1
Total	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

UNREALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS AND LOSSES

At June 30, 2022, unrealized investment gains before taxes for the fixed-maturity portfolio totaled $98 million and unrealized investment losses amounted to $662 million before taxes.

The $564 million net unrealized loss position in our fixed-maturity portfolio at June 30, 2022, moved from a net unrealized gain position to a net unrealized loss position in the first six months of 2022, primarily due to an increase in U.S. Treasury yields and a widening of corporate credit spreads. The net loss position for our current fixed-maturity holdings will naturally decline over time as individual securities approach maturity. In addition, changes in interest rates can cause rapid, significant changes in fair values of fixed-maturity securities and the net loss position, as discussed in Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

For federal income tax purposes, taxes on gains from appreciated investments generally are not due until securities are sold. We believe that the appreciated value of equity securities, compared with the cost of securities that is generally used as a tax basis, is a useful measure to help evaluate how fair value can change over time. On this basis, the net unrealized investment gains at June 30, 2022, consisted of a net gain position in our equity portfolio of $5.305 billion. Events or factors such as economic growth or recession can affect the fair value and unrealized investment gains of our equity securities. The five largest holdings in our common stock portfolio were Apple, Microsoft (Nasdaq:MSFT), UnitedHealth Group Inc. (NYSE:UNH), AbbVie Inc. (NYSE:ABBV) and Accenture Co. (NYSE:ACN), which had a combined fair value of $2.225 billion.

Unrealized Investment Losses

We expect the number of fixed-maturity securities trading below amortized cost to fluctuate as interest rates rise or fall and credit spreads expand or contract due to prevailing economic conditions. Further, amortized costs for some securities are revised through write-downs recognized in prior periods. At June 30, 2022, 2,735 of the 4,420 fixed-maturity securities we owned had fair values below amortized cost, compared with 278 of the 4,329 securities we owned at year-end 2021. The 2,735 holdings with fair values below amortized cost at June 30, 2022, represented 64.0% of the fair value of our fixed-maturity investment portfolio and $662 million in unrealized losses.

•1,787 of the 2,735 holdings had fair value between 90% and 100% of amortized cost at June 30, 2022. These primarily consist of securities whose current valuation is largely the result of interest rate factors. The fair value of these 1,787 securities was $5.433 billion, and they accounted for $187 million in unrealized losses.

•941 of the 2,735 fixed-maturity holdings had fair value between 70% and 90% of amortized cost at
June 30, 2022. We believe the 941 fixed-maturity securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay

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principal upon maturity. The issuers of these 941 securities have strong cash flow to service their debt and meet their contractual obligation to make principal payments. The fair value of these securities was $2.186 billion, and they accounted for $468 million in unrealized losses.

•7 of the 2,735 fixed-maturity holdings had fair value below 70% of amortized cost at June 30, 2022. We believe these fixed-maturity securities will continue to pay interest and ultimately pay principal upon maturity. The fair value of these securities was $15 million, and they accounted for $7 million in unrealized losses.

The table below reviews fair values and unrealized losses by investment category and by the overall duration of the securities' continuous unrealized loss position.


(Dollars in millions)	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
At June 30, 2022	Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses		Fair value		Unrealized losses
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	4,768	$	398	$	107	$	26	$	4,875	$	424
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	2,341		223		20		6		2,361		229
Commercial mortgage-backed	237		7		10		—		247		7
United States government	85		2		11		—		96		2
Government-sponsored enterprises	36		—		3		—		39		—
Foreign government	16		—		—		—		16		—
Total	$	7,483	$	630	$	151	$	32	$	7,634	$	662





At December 31, 2021
Fixed maturity securities:
Corporate	$	861	$	13	$	15	$	—	$	876	$	13
States, municipalities and political subdivisions	105		2		2		1		107		3
Commercial mortgage-backed	10		—		11		—		21		—
United States government	48		—		—		—		48		—
Government-sponsored enterprises	7		—		—		—		7		—
Foreign government	16		—		—		—		16		—





Total	$	1,047	$	15	$	28	$	1	$	1,075	$	16

At June 30, 2022, applying our invested asset impairment policy, we determined that the total of $662 million, for securities in an unrealized loss position in the table above, was not the result of a credit loss.

During the first six months of 2022, two fixed-maturity securities that were written down to fair value, due to an intention to be sold, and changes in allowance for credit losses were each less than $1 million. During the first six months of 2021, no securities were written down to fair value due to an intention to be sold and we had no allowance for credit losses.

During the full year of 2021, we wrote down five securities and recorded $1 million in impairment charges. At December 31, 2021, 278 fixed-maturity securities with a total unrealized loss of $16 million were in an unrealized loss position. Of that total, no fixed-maturity securities had fair values below 70% of amortized cost.

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The following table summarizes the investment portfolio by severity of decline:


(Dollars in millions)	Number of issues	Amortized cost		Fair value		Gross unrealized gain (loss)		Gross investment income
At June 30, 2022
Taxable fixed maturities:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost	4	$	15	$	10	$	(5)	$	—
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost	1,667	6,473		5,949		(524)		125
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost	460	2,090		2,155		65		53
Investment income on securities sold in current year	—	—		—		—		8
Total	2,131	8,578		8,114		(464)		186
Tax-exempt fixed maturities:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost	3	7		5		(2)		—
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost	1,061	1,801		1,670		(131)		27
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost	1,225	2,111		2,144		33		33
Investment income on securities sold in current year	—	—		—		—		1
Total	2,289	3,919		3,819		(100)		61


















Fixed-maturities summary:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost	7	22		15		(7)		—
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost	2,728	8,274		7,619		(655)		152
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost	1,685	4,201		4,299		98		86
Investment income on securities sold in current year	—	—		—		—		9
Total	4,420	$	12,497	$	11,933	$	(564)	$	247

At December 31, 2021
Fixed-maturities summary:
Fair valued below 70% of amortized cost	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Fair valued at 70% to less than 100% of amortized cost	278	1,091		1,075		(16)		17
Fair valued at 100% and above of amortized cost	4,051	11,139		11,947		808		427
Investment income on securities sold in current year	—	—		—		—		33
Total	4,329	$	12,230	$	13,022	$	792	$	477

See our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Item 7, Critical Accounting Estimates, Asset Impairment, Page 57.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures – The company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)).

Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The company's management, with the participation of the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2022. Based upon that evaluation, the company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the design and operation of the company's disclosure controls and procedures provided reasonable assurance that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure:

•that information required to be disclosed in the company's reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and

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•that such information is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting – During the three months ended June 30, 2022, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. There was no significant impact to our internal controls over financial reporting while the majority of our associates were working remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Part II – Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Neither the company nor any of our subsidiaries are involved in any litigation believed to be material other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the nature of our business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our risk factors have not changed materially since they were described in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 24, 2022. Investors should not interpret the disclosure of a risk to imply that the risk has not already materialized.

We have limited direct exposure within our insurance operations to businesses or individuals in Russia or the Ukraine, reported in our consolidated property casualty insurance catastrophe losses and loss expenses incurred, net of reinsurance. We do not have material exposure to investments subject to embargos or Russian reinsurance counterparties. However, the ongoing Russian war against Ukraine is impacting global economic, banking, commodity, and financial markets, exacerbating ongoing economic challenges, including inflation and supply chain disruption, which impacts insurance loss costs, premiums and investment valuation.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

We did not sell any of our shares that were not registered under the Securities Act during the first six months of 2022. Our repurchase program does not have an expiration date. On January 26, 2018, an additional 15 million shares were authorized, which expanded our current repurchase program. We have 9,491,921 shares available for purchase under our programs at June 30, 2022.


Period	Total number of shares purchased	Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs	Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs



April 1-30, 2022	—	—		—	10,701,785
May 1-31, 2022	1,209,864	$	124.44	1,209,864	9,491,921
June 1-30, 2022	—	—		—	9,491,921



Totals	1,209,864	124.44		1,209,864

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Item 6. Exhibits


Exhibit No.						Exhibit Description
3.1						Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Cincinnati Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to the company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, Exhibit 3.1)
3.2						Amended and Restated Code of Regulations of Cincinnati Financial Corporation, as of May 5, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018, Exhibit 3.2)
31A						Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Executive Officer
31B						Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 – Chief Financial Officer
32						Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS						The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


CINCINNATI FINANCIAL CORPORATION
Date: July 27, 2022

/S/ Michael J. Sewell
Michael J. Sewell, CPA
Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President and Treasurer
(Principal Accounting Officer)

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