Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. - Annual Report: 2016 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 2016

OR

For the transition period from: _____________ to _____________

Commission file number: 000-55158

Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (678)-892-8800

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, $0.01 par value

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). [  ] Yes [X] No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the closing price as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, June 30, 2016, was approximately $132 million.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, as of March 24, 2017, was approximately 714 million shares.

INDEX

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

Except for the historical information contained herein or incorporated by reference, this Annual Report and the information incorporated by reference contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These statements include projections about our accounting and finances, plans and objectives for the future, future operating and economic performance and other statements regarding future performance. These statements are not guarantees of future performance or events. Our actual results may differ materially from those discussed here. Factors that could cause or contribute to differences in our actual results include those discussed in the following section, and included in the Item1A the Risk Factors.

Overview

Our primary business is to develop novel medicines for use in the treatment of human viral diseases. Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. (“the Company”) has been developing novel technologies and approaches to create first-in-class and best-in-class antiviral drug candidates since its initial funding in 2008. Our focus is to pursue the development and commercialization of broad-spectrum antiviral drug candidates that will transform the treatment and prophylaxis of viral diseases in humans. By concentrating our research and development efforts on viral replication inhibitors, we plan to leverage our infrastructure and expertise in these areas.

The Company was formerly incorporated in Nevada under the name Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. On January 2, 2014, Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. sold substantially all of its assets to MusclePharm Corporation (“MusclePharm”), and, on the same day, merged with Cocrystal Discovery, Inc. in a transaction accounted for as a reverse merger. Following the merger, the Company assumed Cocrystal Discovery, Inc.’s business plan and operations. On March 18, 2014, the Company reincorporated in Delaware under the name Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

Effective November 25, 2014, Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. and affiliated entities completed a series of merger transactions as a result of which Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. merged with RFS Pharma, LLC, a Georgia limited liability company (“RFS Pharma”). We refer to the surviving entity of this merger as “Cocrystal” or the “Company.”

The Company operates in only one segment. Management uses cash flow as the primary measure to manage its business and does not segment its business for internal reporting or decision-making.

Cocrystal Technology

We are developing antiviral therapeutics that inhibit the essential replication function of a virus, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme, the helicase enzyme, and the NS5A protein of hepatitis C (HCV), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of influenza virus and norovirus. The polymerase inhibitors include both nucleosides (Nucs) and non-nucleosides (NNIs). To discover and design these inhibitors, we use a proprietary platform comprising computation, nucleoside and medicinal chemistry, X-ray crystallography, and our extensive know-how. We determine the structures of cocrystals containing the inhibitors bound to the enzyme or protein to guide our design. We also use advanced computational methods to screen and design product candidates using proprietary cocrystal structural information. In designing the candidates, we seek to anticipate and avert potential viral mutations leading to resistance. By designing and selecting drug candidates that interrupt the viral replication process and also have specific binding characteristics, we seek to develop drugs that are not only effective against both the virus and possible mutants of the virus, but which also have reduced off-target interactions that cause undesirable clinical side effects. While this approach is easy to describe, it is much more difficult to carry out. In particular, an extensive knowledge of viruses and drug targets is required. In addition, knowledge and experience in the fields of structural biology, enzymology, and nucleoside chemistry is required.

We developed our proprietary structure-based drug design and antiviral nucleoside chemistry under the guidance of Dr. Roger Kornberg, our Chief Scientist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2006, and Dr. Raymond Schinazi, our Chairman and a world leader in the area of nucleoside chemistry and the cofounder of several biotechnology companies focusing on antiviral drug discovery and development, including Triangle Pharmaceuticals, Idenix Pharmaceuticals, and Pharmasset Inc. Our drug discovery process focuses on those parts of the enzymes to which drugs bind and on drug-enzyme interactions at the atomic level. Additionally, we have developed proprietary targeted in-house chemical libraries of nucleosides, non-nucleoside inhibitors, metal-binding inhibitors, and fragments. Our drug discovery process is different from traditional, empirical, medicinal chemistry approaches that often require iterative high-throughput compound screening and lengthy hit-to-lead processes. We continue developing preclinical and clinical drug candidates using our proprietary drug discovery technology.

Cocrystal’s proprietary technology integrates several powerful and specialized techniques:

We have applied these techniques to develop antiviral inhibitors of three important viruses: hepatitis C, influenza, and norovirus.

Market-Driven Product Profiles

In all of our programs our goal is to develop best-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral drugs with high-barrier-to-drug resistance. An ideal product for an antiviral therapy would have at least the following characteristics:

Even at the discovery stage of drug development, we select compounds with these factors in mind. Furthermore, our technology is capable of delivering therapies that satisfy all of these key factors, as detailed below.

Safety and tolerability: All drugs have side effects, also referred to as adverse effects. These usually result from a drug’s ability to bind to human biological molecules (usually proteins). When this interaction is intentional (i.e., part of the drug’s mechanism of action), the adverse effects are classified as on-target effects. When this interaction is unintentional (i.e., resulting from the drug’s interaction with an unintended human molecule), the effects are called off-target effects. Our inhibitors target viral replication enzymes and a viral replication protein, which are unique to viruses. Because the targets are viral, not human, minimal adverse effects are possible. During the discovery phase, we evaluate candidate compounds for potential cross-reactivity with human replication enzymes and eliminate those that are cross-reactive.

Broadly effective against major strains responsible for a viral disease: For any given viral disease, there are different strains of viruses that cause the disease. For example, there are six major different strains of the virus known to cause hepatitis C (HCV). These strains are termed “genotypes.” Each HCV genotype is common in some parts of the world and rare in others. Also, there are three types of influenza viruses, A, B, and C. Influenza A and B viruses are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause both seasonal, endemic inflection, and unpredictable pandemics. Influenza C is a subtype of the influenza virus that tends to only mild illness, and is not responsible for seasonal and pandemic infections.

Many antiviral drugs available today are only effective against certain strains of viruses and less effective or not effective at all against other strains. To address this problem, we are developing drug candidates that specifically target viral proteins involved in viral replication. Despite the various strains of virus that may exist, these enzymes are essentially identical (highly conserved) among all strains of a given virus. By targeting these conserved replication enzymes, our antiviral compounds are designed and tested to be effective against major virus strains. Replication enzymes are conserved not only among subtypes of a given virus but also among many different viruses, creating an opportunity for the development of broad spectrum antiviral drugs.

High Barrier to drug Resistance: Drug resistance is a major obstacle to developing effective antiviral therapies. Viruses can reproduce rapidly and in enormous quantities in infected human cells. During viral replication, random changes in the viral genome, called mutations, spontaneously develop. If such a mutation occurs in a region of the viral genome that is targeted by a given antiviral therapy that therapy may no longer be effective against the mutated virus. These mutated or “resistant” viruses can freely infect and multiply even in individuals who have received drug treatment. In some cases, resistant virus strains may even predominate. For example, in the 2009 swine influenza pandemic, the predominant strain was resistant to the best available therapies.

Cocrystal’s focus on viral replication proteins can overcome the obstacle of viral resistance. We identify and target critical components of viral replication proteins that are essential for function, therefore, sensitive to change. Any mutation in these critical components is likely to inactivate the replication protein and, in turn, render the virus incapable of replicating. Because such mutations cannot propagate, the virus cannot effectively develop resistance to the enzyme inhibitors we employ. We test the effectiveness of our compounds against potential viral mutations and select compounds with the highest barrier to resistance.

Ease of administration: We select compounds for development that can be administered orally, preferably once daily, and in pill-form.

Research and Development update

Therapeutic Targets

Hepatitis C: A large competitive market with opportunity for shorter treatment regimens

HCV is a highly competitive and changing market. Currently, the standard treatment varies with the genotype of the HCV infection. Prior to late 2013, treatment included peginterferon alpha and ribavirin, along with a protease inhibitor (either telaprevir, boceprevir, or simeprevir). In late 2013, sofosbuvir, a drug belonging to a new class of drugs called “nucleoside analogs” or “Nucs,” was approved to treat hepatitis C. In patients infected with HCV genotype 1 (the most common HCV genotype in the US), sofosbuvir was administered in combination with peginterferon alpha and ribavirin. In patients with HCV genotypes 2 and 3, however, sofosbuvir could be effectively administered in combination with ribavirin, without the need for peginterferon alpha. Since 2014, several new combinations of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have been approved for the treatment of HCV infection. These include Harvoni (sofosbuvir/ledipasvir), and Viekira Pak (ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir), Epclusa (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir), and Zepatier (elbasvir/grazoprevir). In addition to these drugs, several compounds are currently in development by companies such as Janssen, Merck, and Bristol-Myers Squibb.

We anticipate a significant global HCV market opportunity that will persist through at least 2036, given the large prevalence of HCV infection worldwide. The 2015 World Health Organization Fact Sheet for HepC reports that between 130-150 million people worldwide have chronic HepC infections. We have four classes of HCV DAAs targeting three different HCV replication proteins - NS5B polymerase (NNI and Nuc), NS5A, and NS3 helicase. These DAAs could be developed as part of an all-oral, pan-genotypic combination regimen with significant upside. Our focus is on developing what is now called ultrashort treatment regimens from 2 to 6 weeks in length. Such a combination treatment with different classes of DAAs has the potential to change the paradigm of treatment for HCV with its efficacy, higher barrier to viral resistance, improved compliance, and shorter duration of treatment. These strategies could allow us to expand and broaden our portfolio in the HCV antiviral therapeutic area globally, and could lead to a high and fast cure rate, to improve compliance, and to simplified treatment duration. No competing company has yet developed a short HCV treatment of 4 weeks or less successfully with a high (>95%) sustained virological response at week 12.

CC-31244, HCV NNI, is a potential best in class pan-genotypic inhibitor of NS5B polymerase for the treatment of hepatitis C infection. The Company completed a Phase 1a study in Canada in September 2016, with favorable safety results in a randomized, double-blinded, Phase 1a study in healthy volunteers and HCV-infected subjects. The Company is presently conducting a Phase 1b study in HCV genotype 1 subjects. Cocrystal Pharma presented the interim results from the 1b study at the APASL in February 2017. HCV-infected subjects treated with CC-31244 had a rapid and marked decline in HCV RNA levels, slow viral rebound after treatment, and no viral breakthrough during treatment. Results of this study suggest that CC-31244 could be an important component in an all-oral HCV combination therapy. The Company has three additional preclinical candidates: a pan-genotypic nucleoside inhibitor, an NS5A inhibitor, and an NS3 helicase inhibitor.

The Company is seeking a partner for further clinical development of CC-31244 and the preclinical candidates.

Influenza: A worldwide public health problem, including the potential for pandemic disease.

Influenza is a severe respiratory illness, caused primarily by influenza A or B virus. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that influenza is linked to 49,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. The worldwide market for antiviral drugs to treat influenza was $3.8 billion in 2012 and is expected to grow to $6 billion by 2018 (bccResearch).

Influenza viruses are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause both seasonal, endemic infections and periodic, unpredictable pandemics. The worst pandemic on record, in 1918, killed approximately 50 million people worldwide. Human infections caused by H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have raised concern about the emergence of another pandemic. The histopathology of fatal influenza virus pneumonias has been documented over the past 120 years. Strikingly, the spectrum of pathologic changes described in the 1918 influenza pandemic is not significantly different from the histopathology observed in other less lethal pandemics or even in deaths occurring during seasonal influenza outbreaks.

Currently, approved antiviral treatments for influenza are effective, but burdened with significant viral resistance. Strains of influenza virus that are resistant to the approved treatments osteltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu(R)) and zanamavir (Relenza(R)) have appeared, and in some cases predominate. For example, the predominant strain of the 2009 swine influenza pandemic was resistant to Tamiflu. These drugs target viral neuraminidase enzymes, which are not highly conserved between viral strains. In fact, different influenza virus strains such as H1N1 and H5N1 are named according to their respective differences in hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N).

The Company has several preclinical candidates under development for the treatment of influenza infection. CC-42344, a novel PB2 inhibitor, has been selected as a preclinical lead. This candidate binds to a highly conserved PB2 site of influenza polymerase complex (PB1: PB2: PA), and exhibits a novel mechanism of action. CC-42344 showed excellent antiviral activity against influenza A strains, including avian pandemic strains and Tamiflu resistant strains, and has favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. We plan to initiate IND-enabling studies this year. A small number of antiviral product candidates that are competitors for Cocrystal’s influenza program are a nucleobase-like drug (Favipiravir), developed by Toyama Chemical, and VX-787, developed by Janssen.

Norovirus: A worldwide public health problem responsible for close to 90% of epidemic, non-bacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world.

Norovirus is a very common and highly contagious virus that causes symptoms of acute gastroenteritis including nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and diarrhea. Other symptoms include fatigue, fever and dehydration. Noroviruses are a major cause of gastrointestinal illness in closed and crowded environments, having become notorious for their common occurrence in hospitals, nursing homes, child care facilities, and cruise ships. In the United States alone, noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis, and are estimated to cause 21 million illnesses each year and contribute to 70,000 hospitalizations and 800 deaths. Noroviruses are responsible for up to 1.1 million hospitalizations and 218,000 deaths annually in children in the developing world. In immunosuppressed patients, chronic norovirus infection can lead to a debilitating illness with extended periods of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. There is currently no effective treatment or effective vaccine for norovirus, and the ability to curtail outbreaks is limited. Few companies are developing antiviral treatments for this disease. However, three candidate vaccines are currently in early stages of clinical testing by GlaxoSmithKline, Ligocyte and Takeda Pharmaceuticals.

By targeting viral replication enzymes, we believe it is possible to develop an effective treatment for all genogroups of norovirus. Also, because of the significant unmet medical need and the possibility of chronic norovirus infection in immunocompromised individuals, new antiviral therapeutic approaches may warrant an accelerated path to market. Cocrystal is developing inhibitors of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of norovirus. It owns one of the earliest patents on nucleosides that could treat norovirus infections. Similar to the hepatitis C virus polymerases, this enzyme is essential to viral replication and is highly conserved between all noroviral genogroups. Therefore, an inhibitor of this enzyme might be an effective treatment or short-term prophylactic agent, when administered during a cruise or nursing home stay, for example. We have developed a preclinical Nuc which exhibits broad spectrum anti-norovirus activity. In addition, we have developed X-ray quality norovirus polymerase crystals. We are implementing the platform and approaches that have proven successful in our other antiviral programs.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to protect our core technology. To establish and protect our proprietary rights, we rely on a combination of patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and know-how, license agreements, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements with third parties, employee disclosure and invention assignment agreements, and other contractual rights.

As of December 31, 2016, our patent portfolio consisted of patents and pending applications in the areas primarily related to the treatment of HCV, HIV, and Norovirus.

With respect to treatment of HCV, our portfolio is divided into three groups, related to our NS5B, NS5A and NS3 programs. The NS5B program includes both nucleoside (Nuc) and non-nucleoside (NNI) compounds. In our NS5B Nuc program, we have two patents, one U.S. non-provisional application, three international applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and nineteen foreign counterpart applications, over seven patent families. The counterpart foreign applications were filed in a number of countries and regions depending on the particular patent family, including Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico and Russia.

In our NS5B NNI program, our patent portfolio consists of two related families, including one granted U.S. patent, one pending U.S. patent application, one pending international application, and pending counterpart applications in Taiwan and the European Patent Office.

In our NS5A program, we have two issued U.S. patents, two pending U.S. application, twenty-four foreign counterpart applications pending in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Columbia, Europe, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, the Ukraine, and Vietnam.

In our NS3 program, we have one issued U.S. patent, an allowed European application, and three pending foreign applications in Canada, China, and Japan.

In our Norovirus program, our patent portfolio consists of one issued U.S. patent and three pending foreign counterpart applications. Claims directed to the treatment of norovirus were also pending in another patent family, which also focused on the treatment of HCV.

We have one issued patent focused on HIV, and many of the patent applications related to NS5B nucleosides also disclose treating HIV. Management is considering the best approach to proceed with this asset.

Collaborations

Emory University: Cocrystal Pharma has an exclusive license from Emory University for use of certain inventions and technology related to inhibitors of HCV that were jointly developed by Emory and Cocrystal Pharma employees. The License Agreement was dated March 7, 2013. As part of the agreement, Emory agreed to add to the Licensed Patents and Licensed Technology Emory’s rights to any patent, patent application, invention, or technology application that is based on technology disclosed within three (3) years of March 7, 2013. The agreement includes payments due to Emory ranging from $40,000 to $500,000 based on successful achievement of certain drug development milestones. Additionally, Cocrystal may have royalty payments at 3.5% of net sales due to Emory with a minimum in year one of $25,000 and increase to $400,000 in year five upon product commercialization. Cocrystal’s Chairman and largest shareholder, Dr. Raymond Schinazi, is an inventor, and also a faculty member at Emory University.

NIH: Cocrystal Pharma has two Public Health Biological Materials License Agreements with the NIH. The original License Agreements were dated August 31, 2010 and were amended on November 6, 2013. The materials licensed are being used in Norovirus assays to screen potential antiviral agents in our library.

Genoscience, BioLineRx and CTTQ: On February 1, 2012, Cocrystal Pharma, in collaboration with Genoscience, entered into a worldwide license agreement with BioLineRx (NASDAQ: BLRX; TASE: BLRX), a biopharmaceutical development company, to develop and commercialize BL-8030, an orally available treatment for hepatitis C. The agreement included upfront royalties and milestones payable to both companies. BL-8030 was co-developed through a joint collaboration between Cocrystal Pharma and Genoscience. Advanced preclinical studies were conducted in collaboration with CTTQ for China and Hong Kong markets. This collaboration was terminated in February 2016.

University of Pittsburgh and Emory University: Cocrystal Pharma assigned its patent rights to the patent titled “3’-AZIDO PURINENUCLEOTIDE PRODRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF VIRAL INFECTIONS” to University of Pittsburgh on November 21, 2014. This patent is jointly owned by Cocrystal Pharma, the University of Pittsburgh and Emory University. Dr. Raymond Schinazi, is an inventor, and also a faculty member at Emory University.

Duke University and Emory University: Cocrystal has entered an agreement to license various patents and know-how to use CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for developing a possible cure for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV). This license allows Cocrystal Pharma to develop and potentially commercialize a cure for HBV and HPV utilizing the underlying patents and technologies developed by the universities. This agreement includes a non-refundable $100,000 license fee payable to Duke and Emory University upon a determination of rights letter between Emory University and the U.S. Veterans Administration with respect to patents and know-how. Future royalties may be payable to Duke and Emory University, ranging from 2-5% of net sales depending on achieving certain sales milestones, if commercial products are developed using this know-how. Dr. Raymond Schinazi, is an inventor and a faculty member at Emory University.

Competition

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are subject to intense and rapidly changing competition as companies seek to develop new technologies and proprietary products. We know of several companies that have marketed or are developing products for the treatment of influenza, including Gilead Sciences, Inc. (“Gilead”), Merck & Co., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Toyama Chemical Co. and Abbvie, Inc. In particular, Gilead dominates the market for hepatitis C with an estimated share greater than 70% of the market. Its product is widely considered effective. Other companies involved in HCV drug discovery are Regulus Therapeutics, Inc., Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Enanta Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

In February 2017, Merck & Co. announced it would write off $2.9 billion (pretax) relating to a prior acquisition for a hepatitis C drug still in clinical trials. Meanwhile Gilead announced lower forecasted sales from its three hepatitis drugs. Many of these and other companies developing products for the other viral diseases that are of interest to us have substantially greater financial resources, expertise and capabilities than we do.

Government Regulation

Government authorities extensively regulate the research, development, testing, manufacturing and commercialization of drug products. Any product candidates we develop must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) before they may be legally marketed in the U.S., and by the appropriate foreign regulatory agencies before they may be legally marketed in other countries. The clinical testing of product candidates to establish their safety and efficacy in humans is subject to substantial statutory and regulatory requirements with which we must comply.

Research and Development Expenses

Manufacturing

We do not own or operate, and have no plans to establish any manufacturing facilities. Our chemistry laboratory can produce research scale (milligram-gram) quantities of our lead drug candidates. As such, our progress is often dependent on successful project execution by third party vendors.

Employees

As of March 31, 2017, we employ 18 full-time employees. Of these full-time employees, 16 are engaged in research and development activities.

Legacy Business

Our Legacy Business

Prior to the merger with Cocrystal Discovery on January 2, 2014, while operating as Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., we were primarily engaged in the business of developing and manufacturing over-the-counter drug products (OTC) and cosmetic and beauty products for third parties. In addition, we marketed two lines of proprietary skin care products. All of these assets were sold to MusclePharm as part of the January 2, 2014 Asset Purchase Agreement in exchange for 1,200,000 shares of MusclePharm common stock which had a market value as of January 2, 2014 of $9,840,000. In addition, MusclePharm licensed back to us the patents we sold it for six months in exchange for our paying it a 5% royalty on gross sales.

While operating as Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., we also owned a 45% interest in BetaZone Laboratories, LLC (“BetaZone”), which was engaged in the sale and license of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products in Latin America. We received no material royalties from BetaZone, which had licensed our proprietary technology. This technology was also sold to MusclePharm.

We were incorporated as a Nevada corporation on December 4, 2006 under the name International Surf Resorts Inc. We changed our name to Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. on March 1, 2011 and we acquired Biozone Labs and our other subsidiaries on June 30, 2011. On January 30, 2014, we re-incorporated in Delaware. We acquired our current corporate structure and business operations following our merger with RFS Pharma, LLC effective November 25, 2014.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

You should consider carefully the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included or incorporated in this Annual Report. Each of these risk factors, either alone or taken together, could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, and adversely affect the value of an investment in our common stock. There may be additional risks that we do not know of or that we believe are immaterial that could also impair our business and financial position.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors before deciding whether to invest in the Company. If any of the events discussed in the risk factors below occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the value and marketability of the common stock could decline.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND NEED FOR ADDITIONAL CAPITAL

We have never generated revenue and expect that due to the regulatory constraints on a drug development company with products in the pre-clinical stage, we may not ever generate revenue and may continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

We are primarily a preclinical-stage, biopharmaceutical discovery and development company. Since inception, our operations have been limited to organizing and staffing the Company, acquiring and developing intellectual property rights, developing our technology platform, undertaking basic research on viral replication enzyme targets and conducting preclinical studies for our initial programs. In 2016, we initiated our first clinical trial in Canada, a Phase 1 study for a HCV product. Because of the need to complete clinical trials, establish safety and efficacy and obtaining regulatory approval, we do not anticipate generating revenue for at least five years and will continue to sustain large losses.

Based on cash on hand as of March 29, 2017 of $2.0 million, Cocrystal does not have the capital to finance operations for the next 12 months. This raises substantial doubt about our ability to be a going concern.

We have devoted the majority of our financial resources to research and development. We have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities. The results of our operations will depend, in part, on the rate of future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through equity or debt financings, strategic alliances or grants. We anticipate our expenses will increase substantially if and as we continue our research and clinical and preclinical development of our product candidates. We anticipate that if we continue to undertake clinical studies our expenses will increase even further.

Because we have yet to generate any revenue on which to evaluate our potential for future success and to determine if we will be able to execute our business plan, it is difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risk of success or failure of our business.

Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with partners, to successfully complete the development of, obtain the regulatory approvals for and commercialize pharmaceutical product candidates. We have no pharmaceutical product candidates that have generated any commercial revenue, do not expect to generate revenues from the commercial sale of pharmaceutical products in the near future, and might never generate revenues from the sale of pharmaceutical products. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability will depend on, among other things, the following:

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we cannot predict the timing or amount of increased expenses and when we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability, if ever. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies to perform unanticipated studies and trials.

Even if one or more pharmaceutical product candidates we independently develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved pharmaceutical product candidate. Moreover, if we can generate revenues from the sale of any approved pharmaceutical products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

If we do not raise additional debt or equity capital, we may not be able to remain operational.

Presently we have cash to last through April, 2017. Accordingly, we must raise approximately $8 to $10 Million to support our planned operations over the next 12 months. The Company is presently exploring various financing options, including but not limited to a private placement.

We have a non-binding commitment to invest $3 million. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity.”

There can be no assurances that we will raise the necessary capital or, if we do, it will be on terms that are favorable to our shareholders. Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is very expensive. We expect our research and development expenses to substantially increase as we advance our product candidates toward clinical programs. In order to conduct these trials, we will need to raise additional capital to support our operations and such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

As we move lead compounds through toxicology and other preclinical studies, also referred to as nonclinical studies, we have and we will be required to file an Investigational New Drug application (“IND”) or its equivalent in foreign countries, and as we conduct clinical development of product candidates, we may have adverse results that may cause us to consume additional capital. Our partners may not elect to pursue the development and commercialization of our product candidates subject to our respective agreements with them. These events may increase our development costs more than we expect. We may need to raise additional capital or otherwise obtain funding through strategic alliances if we initiate clinical trials for new product candidates other than programs currently partnered. We will require additional capital to obtain regulatory approval for, and to commercialize, product candidates.

In securing additional financing, such additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize product candidates. We cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we cannot raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to:

If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing development and commercialization efforts, which will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects or may render the Company unable to continue operations at all.

RISKS RELATED TO THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCT CANDIDATES

Because the approach we are taking to discover and develop drugs is novel, it may never lead to marketable products.

We are concentrating our antiviral therapeutic product research and development efforts using our proprietary technology, and our future success depends on the continued successful development of this technology and the products derived from it. We have no drug products commercialized. The scientific discoveries that form the basis for our efforts to discover and develop drug product candidates are relatively new and unproven. The scientific evidence to support the feasibility of developing product candidates based on our approach is limited. If we do not successfully develop and commercialize drug product candidates based upon our technological approach, we may not become profitable and the value of our stock may decline.

Further, our focus on Cocrystal’s technology for developing drugs, as opposed to relying entirely on more standard technologies for drug development, increases the risks associated with the ownership of our stock. If we are unsuccessful in developing any product candidates using Cocrystal’s technology, we may be required to change the scope and direction of our product development activities. We may not identify and implement successfully an alternative product development strategy, and may as a result cease operations.

If we do not succeed in our efforts to identify or discover potential product candidates, your investment may be lost.

The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize antiviral drug products, an extremely risky business. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for several reasons, including:

Such events may force us to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and could cause us to cease operations. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

If we are unable to successfully complete preclinical testing and clinical trials of our product candidates or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

We intend to invest a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the identification and preclinical development of product candidates that target viral replication enzymes. Our ability to generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including:

If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully complete development of, or to successfully commercialize, our product candidates, which would materially harm our business. Most pharmaceutical products that do overcome the long odds of drug development and achieve commercialization still do not recoup their cost of capital. If we are unable to design and develop each drug to meet a commercial need far in the future, the approved drug may become a commercial failure and our investment in those development and commercialization efforts will have been commercially unsuccessful.

We may be unable to demonstrate safety and efficacy of our product candidates to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of product candidates, we or our partners must conduct extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in humans. Clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not predict final results. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval for their products.

Events that may cause a delay or unsuccessful completion of clinical development include, as examples:

If we or our partners must conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of any product candidates beyond those that are contemplated, or are unable to successfully complete clinical trials or other testing of any the product candidates, or if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we or our partners may:

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or in obtaining marketing approvals. We do not know whether any clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule if at all. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which would impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations. Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development, whether independently or with our partners, could cause additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenues from our product candidates, including product sales, milestone payments, profit sharing or royalties.

Our product candidates may cause adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.

Adverse events (“AEs”), that may be observed during clinical trials of our product candidates could cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt such trials and could cause denial of regulatory approval. If AEs are observed in any clinical trials of our product candidates, including those our partners may develop under our alliance agreements, our or our partners’ ability to obtain regulatory approval for product candidates may be negatively impacted.

Serious or unexpected side effects caused by an approved product could result in significant negative consequences, including:

These events could prevent us or our partners from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our products and impair our ability to generate revenues from the commercialization of these products either by us or by our partners.

Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, we cannot predict whether or when we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize a product candidate and we cannot, therefore, predict the timing of any revenue from a product.

Neither we nor any partners we may have can commercialize a product until the appropriate regulatory authorities, such as the FDA or its foreign equivalent, have reviewed and approved the product candidate. The regulatory agencies may not complete their review processes in a timely manner, or we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval. Additional delays may result if an FDA Advisory Committee or foreign regulatory authority recommends restrictions on approval or recommends non-approval.

Following regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will still face extensive regulatory requirements and the approved product may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval in the United States or elsewhere including Canada, the applicable regulators may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our product candidates, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. The following discussion is based on United States law. Similar types of regulatory provision apply outside of the United States.

The holder of an approved New Drug Application (“NDA”), must monitor and report AEs and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. The holder of an approved NDA must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and other applicable federal and state laws, and are subject to FDA review.

Drug product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”), and adherence to commitments made in the NDA. If we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with a product such as AEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

If we or our partners fail to comply with regulatory requirements following approval of our product candidates, a regulatory agency may:

Our defense of any government investigation of alleged violations of law, or any lawsuit alleging such violations, could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may prevent or inhibit our ability to commercialize our products and generate revenues.

We may not succeed in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to drug compounds and processes for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.

We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties we identify. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities.

Companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition and prospects for growth could suffer.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve using hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. If contamination occurs or injury results from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Although our workers’ compensation insurance may cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against other potential liabilities. We may incur substantial costs to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may cause substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

Compliance with governmental regulations regarding the treatment of animals used in research could increase our operating costs, which would adversely affect the commercialization of our technology.

The Animal Welfare Act (“AWA”), is the United States federal law that covers the treatment of certain animals used in research. The AWA imposes a wide variety of specific regulations that govern the humane handling, care, treatment and transportation of certain animals by producers and users of research animals, most notably relating to personnel, facilities, sanitation, cage size, feeding, watering and shipping conditions. Third parties with whom we contract are subject to registration, inspections and reporting requirements. Some states have their own regulations, including general anti-cruelty legislation, which establish certain standards in handling animals. If we or our contractors fail to comply with United States and foreign laws and regulations, as applicable, concerning the treatment of animals used in research, we may be subject to fines and penalties and adverse publicity, and our operations could be adversely affected.

Public perception of ethical and social issues may limit or discourage the type of research we conduct.

Our clinical trials will involve people, and we and third parties with whom we contract also do research using animals. Governmental authorities could, for public health or other purposes, limit the use of human or animal research or prohibit the practice of our technology. In addition, animal rights activists could protest or make threats against our facilities, which may cause property damage and delay our research. Ethical and other concerns about our methods, such as our use of human subjects in clinical trials or our use of animal testing, could adversely affect our market acceptance.

We have limited experience in conducting and managing the preclinical development activities and clinical trials necessary to obtain approvals for marketing our product candidates, including approval by the FDA.

Our efforts to develop our product candidates are at an early stage. To date, with one exception, we have not entered a compound into human clinical trials. We may be unable to progress our other product candidates undergoing preclinical testing into clinical trials. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will succeed, and favorable initial results from a clinical trial do not determine outcomes in subsequent clinical trials. The indications of use for which we are pursuing development may have clinical effectiveness endpoints not previously reviewed or validated by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, which may complicate or delay our effort to obtain marketing approval. We cannot guarantee that our clinical trials will succeed. In fact, most compounds fail in clinical trial, even at companies far larger and more experienced than us.

We have not obtained marketing approval or commercialized any of our product candidates. We may not successfully design or implement clinical trials required for marketing approval to market our product candidates. If we are unsuccessful in conducting and managing our preclinical development activities or clinical trials or obtaining marketing approvals, we might not be able to commercialize our product candidates, or might be significantly delayed in doing so, which will materially harm our business.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR RELIANCE ON THIRD PARTIES

If we form strategic alliances which are unsuccessful or are terminated, we may be unable to develop or commercialize certain product candidates and we may be unable to generate revenues from our development programs.

We are likely to use third party alliance partners for financial, scientific, manufacturing, marketing and sales resources for the clinical development and commercialization of certain of our product candidates. These strategic alliances will likely constrain our control over development and commercialization of our product candidates, especially once a candidate has reached the stage of clinical development. Our ability to recognize revenues from successful strategic alliances may be impaired by several factors including:

Termination of a strategic alliance may require us to seek out and establish alternative strategic alliances with third-party partners; this may not be possible, or we may not be able to do so on terms acceptable to us, in which case it may be necessary for us to limit the size or scope of one or more of our programs or increase our expenditures and seek additional funding by other means. Such events would likely have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct some or all aspects of our compound formulation, research and preclinical testing, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily.

We do not expect to independently conduct most and certainly not all aspects of our drug discovery activities, compound formulation research or preclinical testing of product candidates. We rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct some aspects of our preclinical testing and on third party Clinical Research Organizations (“CROs”) to conduct clinical trials.

If these third parties terminate their engagements, we will need to enter into alternative arrangements which would delay our product development activities. Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. If in the future, we elect to develop and commercialize on our own, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our IND-enabling preclinical studies and clinical trials are conducted under the respective study plans and trial protocols.

If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our studies under regulatory requirements or our stated study plans and protocols, we will not be able to complete, or may be delayed in completing, the necessary clinical trials and preclinical studies to enable us or our partners to select viable product candidates for IND submissions and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully develop and commercialize such product candidates.

Because we intend to rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our preclinical and clinical supplies, and commercial supplies of any approved product candidates, we will subject to a variety of risks.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured the product candidates ourselves, including:

These events could lead to clinical study delays or failure to obtain regulatory approval, or impact our ability to successfully commercialize future products. Some of these events could be the basis for regulatory actions, including injunction, recall, seizure or total or partial suspension of production.

Because we expect to rely on limited sources of supply for the drug substance and drug product of product candidates, any disruption in the chain of supply may cause a delay in developing and commercializing these product candidates.

We intend to establish manufacturing relationships with a limited number of suppliers to manufacture raw materials, the drug substance, and the drug product of any product candidate for which we are responsible for preclinical or clinical development. Each supplier may require licenses to manufacture such components if such processes are not owned by the supplier or in the public domain. As part of any marketing approval, a manufacturer and its processes must be qualified by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities prior to commercialization. If supply from the approved vendor is interrupted, there could be a significant disruption in commercial supply. An alternative vendor would need to be qualified through an NDA or marketing authorization supplement, which could cause further delay. The FDA or other regulatory agencies outside of the United States may also require additional studies if a new supplier is relied upon for commercial production.

These factors could cause the delay of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, required approvals or commercialization of our product candidates, cause us to incur higher costs and prevent us from commercializing our products successfully. Furthermore, if our suppliers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of drug substance or drug product on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to secure one or more replacement suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, our clinical trials may be delayed or we could lose potential revenue.

Manufacturing issues may arise that could increase product and regulatory approval costs or delay commercialization.

As third parties scale up manufacturing of product candidates and conduct required stability testing, product, packaging, equipment and process-related issues may require refinement or resolution to proceed with any clinical trials and obtain regulatory approval for commercial marketing. We or the manufacturers may identify significant impurities or stability problems, which could cause increased scrutiny by regulatory agencies, delays in clinical programs and regulatory approval, significant increases in our operating expenses, or failure to obtain or maintain approval for product candidates or any approved products.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business.

We expect to rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials. While we will have agreements governing their activities, we and our partners will have limited influence over their actual performance. Nevertheless, we or our partners will be responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its protocol, and all legal, regulatory and scientific standards. Our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

We, our partners and our CROs must comply with current Good Clinical Practices (“cGCPs”), as defined by the FDA and the International Conference on Harmonization, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of IND-enabling preclinical studies and clinical trials, to ensure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of clinical trial participants are protected. The FDA enforces these cGCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with cGCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or other regulators may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving any marketing applications. Our clinical trials will require a sufficiently large number of test subjects to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a product candidate. If our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or fail to recruit a sufficient number of patients, fail to recruit properly qualified patients or fail to properly record or maintain patient data, we may be required to repeat such clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

Our contracted CROs will not be our employees, and we cannot control whether they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical and nonclinical programs. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials, or other drug development activities that could harm our competitive position. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to failing to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize our product candidates. Our financial results and the commercial prospects for such products and any product candidates we develop would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

We also expect to rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug products for any clinical trials we may conduct. Any performance failure by our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, if approved, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

If we cannot obtain or protect intellectual property rights related to our future products and product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our future products and product candidates. The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications we own or in-license may fail to result in patents with claims that cover the products in the United States or in other countries. There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found; such prior art can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing based on a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may cause such patents to be narrowed or invalidated. Even if unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others from designing around our claims.

If the patent applications we hold or have in-licensed regarding our programs or product candidates fail to issue or if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop product candidates, and threaten our ability to commercialize products. We cannot offer any assurances about which patents will issue or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period after filing, and some remain so until issued, we cannot be certain that we were the first to invent a patent application related to a product candidate. In certain situations, if we and one or more third parties have filed patent applications in the United States and claiming the same subject matter, an administrative proceeding can be initiated to determine which applicant is entitled to the patent on that subject matter. Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is 20 years after it is filed, although various extensions may be available. However the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Once the patent life has expired for a product, we may be open to competition from generic medications. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the time during which we could market a product candidate under patent protection could be reduced.

Besides the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our drug discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology not covered by patents. Each of our employees agrees to assign their inventions to us through an employee inventions agreement. In addition, as a general practice, `our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology enter into confidentiality agreements. Nonetheless, we cannot provide any assurances that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. The FDA, as part of its Transparency Initiative, is considering whether to make additional information publicly available on a routine basis, including information we may consider to be trade secrets or other proprietary information, and it is not clear how the FDA’s disclosure policies may change, if at all.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. We may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of the non-patented intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, and there is no guarantee we will have any such enforceable trade secret protection, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There is substantial litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions, and reexaminations and other post-grant proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“U.S. PTO”), and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we and our partners are pursuing product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Third parties may assert we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be patent applications currently pending that may later result in patents that our product candidates may infringe. Third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes these patents. If any third-party patents were to be held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of any of our product candidates, any molecules formed during the manufacturing process or any final product itself, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product candidate unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire. Similarly, if any third-party patents were to be held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for manufacture or methods of use, including combination therapy, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate unless we obtained a license or until such patent expires. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Parties making intellectual property claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, involves substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. If a claim of infringement against us succeeds, we may have to pay substantial damages, possibly including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

We may need to obtain licenses to intellectual property rights from third parties.

We may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates. We may fail to obtain these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates, which could harm our business significantly. We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist that might be enforced against our products, resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales and other activities, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation to third parties. Because of the costs involved in defending patent litigation, we currently lack and may in the future lack the capital to defend our intellectual property rights.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. To counter such infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, or we may be required to defend the validity or enforceability of such patents, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our licensors is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue because our patents do not cover that technology. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions regarding our patents or patent applications or those of our partners or licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may cause substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Because of the substantial amount of discovery required in intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our securities.

We may be subject to claims our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We employ individuals previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. We may be subject to claims we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. We may also be subject to claims that former employers or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. There is no guarantee of success in defending these claims, and if we succeed, litigation could cause substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and other employees.

Because we face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive. We have competitors both in the United States and internationally, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and universities and other research institutions. Our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may cause even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. Competition may increase further because of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors may develop, acquire or license drug products that are more effective or less costly than any product candidate we may develop. See the discussion at page 8 of this Report.

With the exception of one product for which a clinical trial is underway in Canada, all of our programs are in a preclinical development stage and are targeted toward indications for which there are approved products on the market or product candidates in clinical development. We will face competition from other drugs that are or will be approved for the same therapeutic indications. Our ability to compete successfully will depend largely on our ability to leverage our experience in drug discovery and development to:

The availability of our competitors’ products could limit the demand, and the price we can charge, for any products we may develop and commercialize. We will not achieve our business plan if the acceptance of these products is inhibited by price competition or the reluctance of physicians to switch from existing drug products to our products, or if physicians switch to other new drug products or reserve our products for use in limited circumstances. The inability to compete with existing or subsequently introduced drug products would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make our product candidates less competitive. Any new product that competes with an approved product must typically demonstrate advantages, such as in efficacy, convenience, tolerability or safety, to overcome price competition and to succeed. Our competitors may obtain patent protection, receive approval by FDA and/or foreign regulatory authorities or discover, develop and commercialize product candidates before we do, which would have a material adverse impact on our business.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend upon the acceptance of these product candidates by the medical community, including physicians, patients and healthcare payors.

Assuming one or more product candidates achieve regulatory approval and we commence marketing such products, the market acceptance of any product candidates will depend on several factors, including:

If our current product candidates are approved, we expect sales to generate substantially all of our product revenues for the foreseeable future, and as such, the failure of these products to find market acceptance would harm our business.

If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available for our product candidates, it could make it difficult for us to sell products profitably.

Presently, we cannot predict whether any healthcare or health insurance legislation will be enacted, although it is a key issue for President Trump. Market acceptance and sales of any product candidates we develop will depend on coverage and reimbursement policies and may be affected by future healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers, hospitals and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. We cannot be sure that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be available for any product candidates. Also, inadequate reimbursement amounts may reduce the demand for, or the price of, our future products. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize product candidates we develop.

We cannot be certain if and when we will obtain formulary approval to allow us to sell any products we may develop and commercialize into our target markets. Obtaining formulary approval from hospitals and from payors can be an expensive and time-consuming process. Failure to obtain timely formulary approval will limit our commercial success.

There have been numerous legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in the United States and in some foreign jurisdictions that could affect our ability to sell products profitably. These legislative and/or regulatory changes may negatively impact the reimbursement for drug products, following approval. The availability of generic treatments may also substantially reduce reimbursement for our future products. The potential application of user fees to generic drug products may expedite approval of additional generic drug treatments. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with sale of any of our products, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes. If we fail to successfully secure and maintain reimbursement coverage for our future products or are significantly delayed in doing so, we will have difficulty achieving market acceptance of our products and our business will be harmed.

In some non-U.S. jurisdictions, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. The European Union, or EU, provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of Cocrystal placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for our products. Historically, products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the U.S. and tend to be priced significantly lower.

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate any revenues.

We do not have an organization for the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products and the cost of establishing and maintaining such an organization may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. To market any products that may be approved, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or arrange with third parties to perform these services.

Our current and future partners may not dedicate sufficient resources to the commercialization of our product candidates or may otherwise fail in their commercialization due to factors beyond our control. If we are unable to establish effective alliances to enable the sale of our product candidates to healthcare professionals and in geographical regions, including the United States, that will not be covered by our own marketing and sales force, or if our potential future strategic partners do not successfully commercialize the product candidates, our ability to generate revenues from product sales will be adversely affected.

If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate sufficient product revenue and may not become profitable. We will be competing with many companies that have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations. Without an internal team or the support of a third party to perform marketing and sales functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.

If we obtain approval to commercialize any approved products outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could materially adversely affect our business.

If any of our product candidates are approved for commercialization, we may enter into agreements with third parties to market them on a worldwide basis or in more limited geographical regions. We expect we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND INDUSTRY

If we lose key management or scientific personnel, cannot recruit qualified employees, directors, officers, or other personnel or experience increases in our compensation costs, our business may materially suffer.

We depend on principal members of our executive and research teams, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. We are highly dependent on our Chairman of the Board, Dr. Raymond Schinazi and our President, Dr. Sam Lee. During 2016, both our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Medical Officer abruptly resigned. Our former Chief Executive Officer has resumed his duties on an interim basis. We do not carry “key-man” life insurance on the lives of our Chairman, who is not an employee, or any of our employees or advisors. Furthermore, our future success will also depend in part on the continued service of our key scientific and management personnel and our ability to identify, hire, and retain additional personnel. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms, as there is significant competition among numerous pharmaceutical companies for individuals with similar skill sets. Because of this competition, our compensation costs may increase significantly. If we lose key employees, our business may suffer.

If we expand our organization, we may experience difficulties in managing growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of March 31, 2017, we have 18 full-time employees. As our company matures, we expect to expand our employee base to increase our managerial, scientific and operational, commercial, financial and other resources and to hire more consultants and contractors. Future growth would impose significant additional responsibilities on our management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees, consultants and contractors. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may cause weaknesses in our infrastructure, and give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as developing additional product candidates. If our management cannot effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenues could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize product candidates and compete will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth.

Any relationships with customers and third party payors may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws and health information privacy and security laws. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

If we obtain FDA approval for any of our product candidates and commercialize those products in the United States, our operations may be directly, or indirectly through our customers, subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing and education programs. We may be subject to patient privacy regulation by the federal government and by the U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The laws that may affect our ability to operate include:

If our operations are found to violate any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including, without limitation, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, possible exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other government healthcare programs, and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

We face potential product liability, and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability and costs.

Using our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products. If we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may cause:

We do not have any product liability insurance coverage. We anticipate obtaining such insurance prior to the commencement of any clinical trials but any such insurance coverage we obtain may not reimburse us for all expenses or losses we may suffer. Insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. If and when we obtain marketing approval for product candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may be unable to obtain product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or in adequate amounts. Occasionally, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated adverse effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and business.

Business interruptions could delay us in developing our future products.

We have locations in Washington and Georgia. We are vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes and tornados as well as other events that could disrupt our operations. We do not carry insurance for natural disasters and we may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur. Any losses or damages we incur could have a material adverse effect on our business operations.

If our information technology systems are hacked, a third party may misappropriate our trade secrets which could harm our business and future results of operations.

We keep some of our intellectual property, including trade secrets and results of our clinical and preclinical research on a central server, and our employees email such information to each other and to third parties outside of our offices. In addition, since we do not encrypt all of this information, there is a risk that hackers could misappropriate our intellectual property. Any such misappropriation could harm our business and future results of operations.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

Because we are subject to the “penny stock” rules, brokers cannot generally solicit the purchase of our common stock which adversely affects its liquidity and market price.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) has adopted regulations which generally define “penny stock” to be an equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to specific exemptions. The market price of our common stock on the Bulletin Board has been substantially less than $5.00 per share and therefore we are currently considered a “penny stock” according to SEC rules. This designation requires any broker-dealer selling these securities to disclose certain information concerning the transaction, obtain a written agreement from the purchaser and determine that the purchaser is reasonably suitable to purchase the securities.

Due to factors beyond our control, our stock price may be volatile.

Companies trading in the stock market in general, and particularly the over-the-counter markets, including the OTCQB, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters which require stockholder approval.

As of March 15, 2017, our executive officers, directors, 5% stockholders and their affiliates beneficially owned approximately 60% of our common stock. Therefore, these stockholders will have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. These stockholders, acting together, may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including under our equity incentive plan, could cause additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed to continue our planned operations. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. These sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing stockholders.

Under our Equity Incentive Plans, our management may grant stock options and other equity-based awards to our employees, directors and consultants. Approximately 43 million shares of common stock are available for future grant.

If we are subject to securities class action litigation, we may sustain material costs.

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. If we face such litigation, it could cause substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business.

Because we are subject to an SEC investigation, we may be subject to penalties, other relief and reputational harm.

The SEC is conducting an investigation which relates, in part, to matters that arose prior to the Company’s acquisition of Cocrystal Discovery on January 2, 2014. We are co-operating with the SEC Staff and have incurred substantial legal fees, although we understand all further fees (up to policy limits) will be covered by our D&O insurance. We cannot predict the outcome of the investigation. Among possible remedies are the imposition of civil/monetary penalties and injunctive relief as well as reputational harm.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carry forwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carry forwards (“NOLs”), and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income may be limited. We believe that, with the RFS Pharma and Cocrystal Discovery mergers and other transactions that have occurred over the past three years, we may have triggered an “ownership change” limitation. We may also experience ownership changes in the future because of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership. If we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carry forwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could result in increased future tax liability to us. At the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We anticipate we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock.

Because we may not attract the attention of major brokerage firms, it could have a material impact upon the price of our common stock.

It is not likely that securities analysts of major brokerage firms will provide research coverage for our common stock since the firm itself cannot recommend the purchase of our common stock under the penny stock rules referenced in the previous risk factor. The absence of such coverage limits the likelihood that an active market will develop for our common stock. It may also make it more difficult for us to attract new investors when we acquire additional capital.

Because many of our outstanding shares are freely tradable, sales of these shares could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is performing well.

As of March 24, 2017, we had approximately 714 million shares of common stock outstanding, approximately 287 million of which are either free trading or may be sold without volume or manner of sale limitations under Rule 144. The remainder of our shares, because they are held by affiliates, are subject to additional restrictions as described below.

In general, Rule 144 provides that any non-affiliate of Cocrystal, who has held restricted common stock for at least six months, is entitled to sell their restricted stock freely, provided that we stay current in our SEC filings. After one year, a non-affiliate may sell without any restrictions.

The remainder of our shares of common stock outstanding are held by affiliates of the Company. An affiliate may sell after six months (subject to contractual restrictions as described above) with the following restrictions:

Future sales of our common stock could cause the market price of our common stock to drop significantly, even if our business is performing well.

We may issue preferred stock which could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us and could depress our stock price.

In accordance with the provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation and the Stockholder Rights Agreement described above, our Board may issue one or more additional series of preferred stock that have more than one vote per share, so long as the Board obtains the majority approval of each of the groups of shareholders who formerly held our Series A and Series B. This could permit our Board to issue preferred stock to investors who support our management and give effective control of our business to our management. Issuance of preferred stock could block an acquisition resulting in both a drop in our stock price and a decline in interest of our common stock. This could make it more difficult for shareholders to sell their common stock. This could also cause the market price of our common stock shares to drop significantly, even if our business is performing well.

If we are not successful in completing preclinical or clinical testing or are unable to demonstrate safety and efficacy of our product candidates to the satisfaction of the regulatory authorities, we may suffer impairment on our IPR&D assets.

In-process research and development (IPR&D) represents a series of awarded patents, filed patent applications and an in-process research program acquired in the acquisition of RFS Pharma that are integral to the development of the Company’s planned future products. In-process research and development represents an indefinite-lived intangible asset. Any series of preclinical and clinical outcomes that reduce the probability for technical and regulatory success, may trigger interim impairment testing. If our IPR&D becomes impaired, write down on the carrying amount of these assets may result, which could depress our stock price. During 2015, we lowered our forecasts of future cash flows, which caused a reduction in our IPR&D, resulting in an impairment charge of $38.7 million. In 2016, we lowered our forecasts of future cash flow again. This reduction caused us to write-down our IPR&D by $92.4 million.

We continue to have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses, or if we experience additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and could negatively impact our ability to raise capital.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Although we have developed and are implementing a plan to remediate these material weaknesses and believe, based on our evaluation to date, that these material weaknesses will be remediated during 2017, we cannot assure you that this will occur within the contemplated timeframe. Moreover, we cannot assure you that we will not identify additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. If we are unable to remediate the material weaknesses, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission could be adversely affected. The occurrence of or failure to remediate the material weaknesses may adversely affect investor confidence in us and could negatively impact our ability to raise capital.

As described under “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures,” we have identified control deficiencies which constitute material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to the following:

I. Control Environment

We did not maintain an effective control environment, which is the foundation and structure necessary for effective internal control over financial reporting, as evidenced by: (i) lack of segregation of duties over individuals responsible for certain key control activities; (ii) an insufficient number of personnel appropriately qualified to perform control monitoring activities, including the recognition of the risks and complexities of transactions; and (iii) an insufficient number of personnel with the appropriate level of GAAP knowledge and experience commensurate with our financial reporting requirements.  This control environment material weakness contributed to the company not having effective controls to ensure that potential errors or misstatements may occur, but may not be detected.

II. Risk Assessment, Monitoring Activities and Control Activities - Segregation of Duties

We did not maintain adequate segregation of duties in our accounting and financial reporting processes. We have not appropriately restricted access to our accounting applications to appropriate users and do not have processes in place that ensure that appropriate segregation of duties is maintained. Certain personnel have access to financial applications, programs and data beyond that needed to perform their individual job responsibilities and without independent monitoring. This allows for the creation, review and processing of certain financial data without independent review and authorization. There are also certain financial personnel that have incompatible duties, including in the areas of cash disbursements, payroll, and journal entry reviews. We have not yet completed the process of assigning different people the responsibilities of authorizing transactions, recording transactions, and maintaining custody of assets to reduce the opportunities to allow any person to be in a position to both perpetrate and conceal errors or fraud in the normal course of the person’s duties. Particularly in the areas of purchases, cash disbursements, and payroll, certain individuals have incompatible duties that limit our ability to identify and detect errors or fraud that may occur.

III. Risk Assessment, Monitoring Activities and Control Activities - Supervision and Review of Complex Accounting Areas

The Company lacks sufficient qualified personnel to review conclusions reached regarding the accounting for complex transactions and related analyses to record amounts resulting from such transactions in our financial records. For calculations related to stock-based compensation and the fair value of our derivative liabilities in particular, there is a lack of review of assumptions used and the underlying calculations made by the preparer of this information that are then used to record amounts in our financial statements. There is also a lack of review of assumptions used and documentation of the sources of information used in our evaluation of the fair value of our in-process research and development intangible asset. Our internal control over these processes would not allow for employees to detect a material misstatement in these areas in the normal course of performing their duties.

IV. Risk Assessment, Information and Communication - Authorization, Identification and Reporting of Related Party Transactions

We do not have processes in place to ensure that all related party transactions, including those entered into with or on behalf of related parties, (1) have been identified, (2) are properly authorized prior to entering into the transaction, and (3) are properly monitored and evaluated for appropriate recording and presentation in the financial statements.

V. Monitoring Activities and Control Activities - Financial Reporting Process

We did not maintain an effective financial reporting process to prepare financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Specifically, our process lacked timely and complete financial statement reviews and procedures to ensure all required disclosures were made in our financial statements. We also lacked a process to review information used to prepare our financial statements and disclosures and did not have adequate segregation of duties over preparation of the financial statements.

The material weaknesses identified by management could result in a material misstatement to our annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2016 due to the material weaknesses identified. We reviewed the results of management’s assessment with the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not Applicable

Item 2. Properties

We have operating facilities in Bothell, WA and Tucker, GA.

In January 2015, Cocrystal renewed its lease for approximately 9,400 square feet of office and laboratory space in Bothell, Washington. The lease expires on February 1, 2019 and provides for annual rent of approximately $149,617.

As part of the merger (that occurred on November 25, 2014) with RFS Pharma, LLC, Cocrystal assumed the lease for RFS Pharma facilities located in Tucker, Georgia. This lease was amended on January 1, 2014 and expired on December 31, 2016 for approximately 6,148 square feet of office and laboratory space. The Company executed a short-term lease extension for six months, through June 30, 2017. Cocrystal leases the Tucker, Georgia facility from a limited liability company owned by one of Cocrystal’s directors and principal shareholder, Dr. Raymond Schinazi. The annual expense for this lease is estimated to be $196,000.

We believe that our facilities are sufficient to meet our current needs and that suitable additional space will be available if needed for future work.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is a party to, or otherwise involved in, legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. As of the date of this report, except as described below, the Company is not aware of any proceedings, threatened or pending, against it which, if determined adversely, would have a material effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

In October 2013, Plaintiff Shefa LMV, LLC (“Plaintiff”) filed a First Amended Complaint (“Complaint”) in Los Angeles Superior Court for civil penalties and injunctive relief against numerous retailers and manufacturers of products, and alleged violations of California Health & Safety Code Sec. 25249.6 (part of the “Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act”) and California Business & Professional Code Sec. 17200, et seq. (California’s “Unfair Competition Law”). The case is captioned Shefa LMV, LLC v. Walgreens Co., et al., Los Angeles Superior Court Case No. BC520416. The Complaint alleges that the retailers and manufacturers failed to place a clear and reasonable warning on the products which contained “Cocamide DEA” pursuant to the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act. On October 17, 2014, Plaintiff filed an amendment to the Complaint, adding the Company’s subsidiary Biozone Laboratories, Inc. a California corporation, as Doe Defendant No. 9. An oral agreement between counsel for the Company and for Plaintiff has resulted in preparation of a Proposed Consent Judgment as to Biozone Laboratories, Inc. If fully executed and approved by the court, the Company will pay $7,500 in exchange for the release and discharge by the settling plaintiff only, with the Company presently expecting no further proceedings.

In 2014, Daniel Fisher and his affiliate, 580 Garcia Properties LLC, brought multiple lawsuits against the Company involving its predecessors and subsidiaries. The lawsuits have been settled and the complaints initiating them dismissed, without the Company making any payments to either Mr. Fisher or 580 Garcia Properties LLC. In addition, the Company holds a promissory note secured by a deed of trust under which 580 Garcia Properties LLC is the primary obligor. As of the time of the acquisition by the Company of the promissory note, 580 Garcia Properties LLC, was delinquent in its obligation to make certain monthly payments thereunder. Consequently, in December 2015, the Company issued notice of default letters to 580 Garcia Properties LLC, Daniel Fisher, and Sharon Fisher for said delinquencies, and proceeded in accordance with rights of a secured real estate creditor under California law, to initiate private foreclosure proceedings respecting the property, to foreclose under the promissory note secured by the deed of trust. A foreclosure sale was set in accordance with California law for January 27, 2017. Prior to the date of this foreclosure sale, Mr. Fisher filed a motion in an action that Mr. Fisher, Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and numerous others had been parties to, captioned Fisher v. Biozone Pharmaceuticals, et al. N.D. Cal. C12-03716 (WHA) (LB) (“Fisher/Biozone Lawsuit”) that had originally been filed in 2012 and settled by means of a settlement agreement dated September 5, 2013. In the motion that Mr. Fisher filed, he sought among other things an order of the court enjoining the foreclosure sale, alleging wrongdoing by the Company and Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and others that Mr. Fisher claims the Company has direct responsibility over. The court in the Fisher/Biozone Lawsuit heard oral argument on Mr. Fisher’s motion on March 2, 2017. On March 23, 2017, the court ordered further briefing by March 30, 2017 on the issue of whether to enjoin the foreclosure sale. Since the filing of Mr. Fisher’s motion the Company has voluntarily postponed the announced foreclosure sale several times from the original January 27, 2017 date and it is currently scheduled for April 28, 2017. There is no assurance that the sale date will not again be changed; that is highly dependent on proceedings in the Fisher/Biozone Lawsuit.

In October 2015, Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. received a subpoena from the staff of the Securities and Exchange Commission seeking the production of documents. The Company is fully cooperating with the inquiry. The Company cannot predict or determine whether any proceeding may be instituted in connection with the subpoena or the outcome of any proceeding that may be instituted.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock has been quoted on the OTCQB under the symbol “COCP” since April 15, 2014. Prior to that it was shown on the OTCQB under the symbol “BZNE.” The following table sets forth the high and low prices as reported on the OTCQB for the prior two years. The quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission, and may not represent actual transactions. As of March 10, 2017, there were approximately 232 holders of record of our common stock.

The last reported sales price of our Common stock on the OTCQB on March 28, 2017 was $0.25 per share.

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph compares the five-year cumulative total return of our Common Stock with the S&P 500 Index and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index. The graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2011 in our Common Stock and in each of the foregoing indices. The stock price performance reflected in the graph below is not necessarily indicative of future price performance.

Dividend Policy

We have not declared nor paid any cash dividend on our common stock, and we currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the expansion of our business, and we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The decision whether to pay cash dividends on our common stock will be made by our board of directors, in their discretion, and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors that our board of directors considers significant.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following chart reflects the number of awards granted under equity compensation plans approved and not approved by shareholders and the weighted average exercise price for such plans as of December 31, 2016.

In 2014, in connection with the Cocrystal Discovery merger, Cocrystal adopted and assumed the Prior Plan. On April 13, 2015, the Board adopted the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”). The 2015 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, qualified stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, and performance shares or units and cash awards. Awards may be granted under the 2015 Plan to our employees, directors and independent contractors.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

All recent sales of unregistered securities have been previously reported.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following selected historical consolidated statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012, below are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto. This data should be read in conjunction with our “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

Company Overview

The Company was formerly incorporated in Nevada under the name Biozone Pharmaceuticals, Inc. On January 2, 2014, the Company sold substantially all of its assets to MusclePharm Corporation (“MusclePharm”), and, on the same day, merged with Cocrystal Discovery, Inc. in a transaction accounted for as a reverse merger. Following the merger, the Company assumed Cocrystal Discovery, Inc.’s business plan and operations. On March 18, 2014, the Company reincorporated in Delaware under the name Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

Effective November 25, 2014, Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. and affiliated entities completed a series of merger transactions as a result of which Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. merged with RFS Pharma, LLC, a Georgia limited liability company (“RFS Pharma”). We refer to the surviving entity of this merger as “Cocrystal” or the “Company.”

Our primary business going forward is to develop novel medicines for use in the treatment of human viral diseases. Cocrystal has been developing novel technologies and approaches to create first-in-class and best-in-class antiviral drug candidates since its initial funding in 2008. Our focus is to pursue the development and commercialization of broad-spectrum antiviral drug candidates that will transform the treatment and prophylaxis of viral diseases in humans. By concentrating our research and development efforts on viral replication inhibitors, we plan to leverage our infrastructure and expertise in these areas.

Results of Operations

For the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015

As stated above, we are focused on research and development of novel medicines for use in the treatment of human viral diseases. Accordingly, we had no revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016 or 2015, except for $78,000 in grant revenues for 2015. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we had a net loss of $74,874,000 compared to a net loss of $50,122,000 for 2015. This net loss for the year was due primarily to an impairment loss of $92,396,000 on our IPR&D, $13,400,000 from ongoing operations, $1,177,000 impairment on our mortgage note, and a ($29,394,000) deferred tax benefit associated with the impairment charges incurred. Our operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $105,819,000, compared to an operating loss of $53,948,000 in 2015. Other income was $1,551,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, which is primarily due to a $2,603,000 gain on the fair value of derivative liabilities, offset by a loss of $1,177,000 related to impairment of our mortgage note receivable. Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, we record other income or expense for the change in fair value of our outstanding warrants that are accounted for as liabilities during each reporting period. If the value of the warrants decreases during a period, which occurred during the year ended December 31, 2016, we record other income. The fair value of our outstanding warrants is inversely related to the fair value of the underlying common stock; as such, a decrease in the fair value of our common stock during a given period generally results in other income while an increase in the fair value of our common stock generally results in other expense. This other income or expense is non-cash. We believe investors should focus on our operating loss rather than net income or loss for the periods presented.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense consists primarily of compensation-related costs for our 16 employees dedicated to research and development activities and for our Scientific Advisory Board members, as well as lab supplies, lab services, and facilities and equipment costs. We expect research and development expenses to increase in future periods as we expand our pre-clinical development activities. Also included in research and development expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 are impairment charges related to our in-process research and development (IPR&D) intangible asset.

Total research and development expenses were $101,679,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $47,261,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. This increase of $54,418,000 is primarily the result of recognizing an impairment loss on IPR&D of $92,396,000 in 2016 as compared to an impairment loss of $38,665,000 in 2015. Excluding the impact of the IPR&D impairment charges in each period, research and development expenses were $9,283,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, which is an increase of $687,000 from $8,596,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. We continue to expect research and development expenses to increase in 2017 as a result of ongoing Phase 1 programs and Phase 2 start up.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense includes compensation-related costs for our employees dedicated to general and administrative activities, legal fees, audit and tax fees, consultants and professional services, and general corporate expenses.

General and administrative expenses were $4,140,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $6,765,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. This decrease of $2,625,000 is primarily the result of lower stock option expense due to the resignation of the CEO and CMO during the year.

Future general and administrative expenses are expected to continue at the current levels, although we expect legal expenses relating to the SEC and the SEC investigation to be covered by insurance.

Interest Income/Expense

Interest income was $126,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $180,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. These amounts primarily represent interest earned on the mortgage note we acquired in June 2015. The key objectives of our investment policy are to preserve principal and ensure sufficient liquidity, so our invested cash may not earn as high a level of income as longer-term or higher risk securities, which generally have less liquidity and more volatility.

Other Income/Expense

Other Income, net, was $1,551,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with Other Expense, net of $11,422,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. Other Income, net for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily consists of a gain recognized from a decrease in the fair value of our derivative liabilities as our stock price decreased offset by an impairment loss of $1,177,000 related to our mortgage note receivable. Other Expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 is primarily due to a loss of $9,916,000 associated with an increase in the fair value of our derivative liabilities as our stock price decreased. In the year ended December 31, 2015, we also recorded other expense of $1,686,000 related to a loss shares that were previously held in escrow related to our sale of certain assets to MusclePharm. These shares were to be held in escrow but instead were released by the escrow agent to MusclePharm, which resulted in us recording a loss upon release of these shares.

Income Taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded an income tax benefit of $29,394,000 resulting from reduction of our deferred tax liability primarily stemming from the impairment loss recorded for the Company’s in-process research and development.

For the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense consists primarily of compensation-related costs for our employees dedicated to research and development activities and for our Scientific Advisory Board members, as well as lab supplies, lab services, and facilities and equipment costs.

Total research and development expenses were $47,261,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $4,071,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014. This increase of $43,190,000 is primarily the result of recognizing an impairment loss on our IPR&D intangible asset of $38,665,000 as well as reporting a full year of operations reflecting the merger of RFS Pharma, which occurred in November 2014. Laboratory Services increased $2,814,000, personnel costs increased $1,142,000 and professional fees increased $569,000.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense includes compensation-related costs for our employees dedicated to general and administrative activities, legal fees, audit and tax fees, consultants and professional services, and general corporate expenses.

General and administrative expenses were $6,765,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $1,737,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014. This increase of $5,028,000 is primarily the result of reporting a full year of operations reflecting the merger of RFS Pharma, which occurred in November 2014. In addition, there were significant new expenses in 2015 for equity stock option grants to new executives of $2,934,000 and $518,000 in additional legal expenses related to the several legal proceedings Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. is a party to.

Interest Income/Expense

Interest income was $180,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to $96,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014. These amounts primarily represent interest earned on the mortgage note we acquired in June 2014. The key objectives of our investment policy are to preserve principal and ensure sufficient liquidity, so our invested cash may not earn as high a level of income as longer-term or higher risk securities, which generally have less liquidity and more volatility.

Other Income/Expense

Other expense, net, was $11,422,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with Other Income, net of $5,648,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014.

Other expense, net of $11,422,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015 reflects an increase in fair value of our derivative liabilities as our stock price increased, which resulted in other expense of $9,916,000, and the loss on MusclePharm escrow shares of $1,686,000. These shares were to be held in escrow but released by the escrow agent to MusclePharm.

Other Income in 2014 of $5,648,000 reflects a $1,359,000 realized gain on marketable securities, and other income of $5,730,000 related to the decrease in fair value of our derivative liabilities as our stock price decreased, offset by other expense of $946,000 for the difference between the proceeds received in our January 2014 common stock financing and the fair value of the warrants issued with the common stock. These derivative liabilities are warrants to acquire the Company’s common stock that are potentially settleable in cash.

Income Taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded an income tax benefit of $15,248,000 resulting primarily from reduction of our deferred tax liability stemming from the impairment loss recorded for the Company’s in-process research and development intangible asset.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

For the year ended December 31, 2016, net cash used in operating activities was $14,655,000, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $10,317,000 for 2015. The increase in cash used in operating activities from 2016 to 2015 was attributable to our increase in research and development activities, including Phase I testing of our lead non-nucleoside inhibitor. In 2016, net cash provided by investing activities of $3,000 consisted of receipts related to our mortgage note offset by capital expenditures primarily for lab equipment for our R&D facilities, as compared to cash used by investing activities of $262,000 when our capital expenditures exceeded amounts received for our mortgage note. For the year ended December 31, 2016, net cash provided by financing activities was $9,016,000, compared to cash provided by financing activities of $15,885,000 for 2015. In both years, net cash generated by financing activities was primarily generated from the issuance of common stock.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash used in operating activities was $10,317,000, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $6,012,000 for 2014. The increase in cash used in operating activities from 2014 to 2015 was attributable to our increase in research and development activities, including an increase in personnel, and increased general and administrative expenses associated with being a public company and with the two mergers we entered into during 2014. In 2015, net cash used in investing activities of $262,000 consisted of capital expenditures primarily for improvements to our corporate offices in Tucker, Georgia. For the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash provided by financing activities was $15,885,000, compared to cash provided by financing activities of $2,866,000 for 2014. In 2015, net cash generated by financing activities was primarily due to the proceeds from issuance of common stock.

As of March 29, 2017, we have approximately $2.0 million cash on hand. Presently we have cash to last through April 2017. Accordingly, we must raise approximately $8 to $10 million to support our planned operations over the next 12 months. The Company is presently exploring various financing options, including but not limited to a private placement. We have a history of operating losses as we have focused our efforts on raising capital and research and development activities.

The Company has received non-binding offers from three parties including its two largest shareholders, both of whom are directors of the Company, to invest $1 million each or a total of $3 million. The understanding is that the investment will be common stock based on a 10-prior day average price going back from March 29th and is subject to approval of our Board of Directors and execution of Stock Purchase Agreements.

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared using generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company has incurred net losses and negative operating cash flows since inception. For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded a net loss of approximately $74.9 million and used approximately $14.6 million of cash in operating activities. The Company has not yet established an ongoing source of revenue sufficient to cover its operating costs and allow it to continue as a going concern. The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent on the Company obtaining adequate capital to fund operating losses until it becomes profitable.

We can give no assurances that any additional capital that we are able to obtain, if any, will be sufficient to meet our needs, or that any such financing will be obtainable on acceptable terms. If we are unable to obtain adequate capital, we could be forced to cease operations or substantially curtail our commercial activities. These conditions raise substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts and classification of liabilities should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

Over the next 12 months ending December 31, 2017, we estimate negative cash flow from operations. Management intends to fund future operations through additional private or public equity offerings, and may seek additional capital through arrangements with strategic partners or from other sources.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements

This report includes forward-looking statements including statements regarding our future business development, regulatory compliance, generation of revenues, our liquidity, expectations from proposed capital raises, and the issues relating to the potential claims relating to our former Pittsburg, California lease and the related bank loan guarantee.

The words “believe,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “could,” “target,” “potential,” “is likely,” “will,” “expect” and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs.

The results anticipated by any or all of these forward-looking statements might not occur. Important factors, uncertainties and risks that may cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements are contained in the Risk Factors in this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as the result of new information, future events or otherwise. For more information regarding some of the ongoing risks and uncertainties of our business, see the Risk Factors and our other filings with the SEC.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these estimates and judgments, including those described below. We base our estimates on our historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results and experiences may differ materially from these estimates. While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, we believe that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid you in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results and affect the more significant judgments and estimates that we use in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock options related to our equity incentive plans under the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718 which requires the recognition of the fair value of stock-based compensation. The fair value of stock options was estimated using a Black-Scholes option valuation model. This model requires the input of subjective assumptions including expected stock price volatility, expected life and estimated forfeitures of each award. The fair value of equity-based awards is amortized ratably over the requisite service period of the award. Due to the limited amount of historical data available to us, particularly with respect to stock-price volatility, employee exercise patterns and forfeitures, actual results could differ from our assumptions.

Fair Value of Warrants

Warrants are recorded either as equity instruments or derivative liabilities. In the case of warrants recorded as liabilities, they are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of issuance. Subsequent changes in estimated fair value are recorded in other income (expense) in the Company’s statement of operations in each subsequent period. The warrants are measured at estimated fair value using the Black Scholes valuation model, which is based, in part, upon inputs for which there is little or no observable market data, requiring the Company to develop its own assumptions. Inherent in this model are assumptions related to expected stock price volatility, expected life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. We estimate the volatility of our common stock at the date of issuance, and at each subsequent reporting period, based on historical implied volatility based on a group of comparable companies, that matches the expected remaining life of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the measurement date for a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend rate is based on our historical rate, which we anticipate to remain at zero. The assumptions used in calculating the estimated fair value of the warrants represent our best estimates. However these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. As a result, if factors change and different assumptions are used, the warrant liability and the change in estimated fair value could be materially different.

Business Combinations and Intangible Assets

In connection with our acquisition of RFS Pharma in November 2014, we acquired a substantial amount of intellectual property. We have accounted for the intellectual property acquired as an in-process research and development (IPR&D) asset and have determined that asset to have an indefinite life based on the stage of development of the research projects of RFS Pharma at the date of acquisition. This intangible asset, which we recorded at its estimated fair value of $185.0 million as of the acquisition date, will continue to have an indefinite life until the associated research and development activities are complete, at which point a determination of the asset’s useful life will be made. Prior to completion of these research and development activities, the intangible asset will be subject to annual impairment tests, or more frequent tests in the event of any impairment indicators occurring. These impairment tests require significant judgment regarding the status of the research activities, the potential for future revenues to be derived from any products that may result from those activities, and other factors.

The Company conducted its annual impairment tests related to the in-process research and development asset as of November 30, 2015. The initial valuation recorded in November 2014 at the time of the RFS Pharma acquisition represented the fair value of the acquired hepatitis C program acquired from RFS Pharma. We performed our impairment test and estimated fair value of each unit of account based on the income approach (also known as the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method, which utilizes the present value of future cash flows to estimate fair value.) The future cash flows for our hepatitis C assets were projected based upon our estimates of future revenues, operating income and other factors (such as working capital and capital expenditures). We took into account market conditions for hepatitis C therapies, anticipated new competitive therapies and anticipated market price declines as we modeled future cash flows.

Late in 2015, the Company received reports from ongoing pre-clinical studies that indicated higher than acceptable toxicity related to its hepatitis C lead molecule, CC-1845. Work is ongoing to further isolate the source(s) of the higher than acceptable toxicity by separating the two diasteromers that form CC-1845. We have determined one of these diasteromers has higher than desired toxicity. Work on the second diasteromer is still in process. These events result in longer than anticipated development times for our lead molecule, a lower probability of technical and regulatory success and longer development times for back-up molecules within hepatitis C. As a result, we have lowered our forecasts of future cash flows, which caused a reduction in value of our hepatitis C assets and which led to the impairment charge recorded in the amount of $38.7 million in 2015 related to our IPR&D asset. As we continue work on this program, we may be required to record additional impairment charges depending on the outcome of our research activities.

In November 2016, the Company performed annual tests of impairment on our IPR&D asset and to determine the fair value. Due to industry reports forecasting patient volume decreasing and the average price of treatment trending downward, as well as due to increased competition in the hepatitis C market, and partially the result of further data defining the scientific and commercial potential of Company HCV compounds, we have lowered our forecasts of future cash flows, which caused a reduction in value of our hepatitis C assets. This resulted in an impairment charge recorded to our IPR&D asset in the amount of $92.4 million in 2016.

We also recorded $65.2 million of goodwill in the RFS Pharma acquisition that is subject to impairment testing. This goodwill primarily represents the amount recorded as a deferred tax liability in the RFS Pharma acquisition, which was required as the goodwill recorded for book purposes is not tax deductible based on the structure of the acquisition. Future impairment tests of goodwill will also require substantial judgment and estimates. We completed our annual goodwill impairment tests as of November 30, 2016 and 2015, and determined that there was no impairment.

Income Taxes

Given the uncertainty regarding future realization of our deferred tax assets, which primarily result from our net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards, we have placed a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets. However, as noted above, we initially recorded a deferred tax liability of $65.2 million related to the RFS Pharma acquisition. Due to the impairment loss we recognized on our in-process research and development in 2015, we reduced the deferred tax liability for the tax effect on that impairment loss of approximately $15.3 million. In 2016, we recognized another impairment loss on our in-process research and development of $92.4 million. As a result, our deferred tax liability at December 31, 2016 was reduced to $20.5 million. We have not considered this deferred tax liability as a source of future income in our determination of the need for a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets due to the fact that this deferred tax liability relates to our indefinite-lived IPR&D asset, and the timing of reversal of this deferred tax liability cannot currently be determined due to uncertainty regarding the ultimate outcome of our research activities associated with the intellectual property acquired in the RFS Pharma transaction. To the extent our estimates regarding the outcome of those activities changes in future periods, our determination regarding the valuation allowance may also change.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations at December 31, 2016 (in thousands):

The minimum lease payments above do not include common area maintenance (CAM) charges, which are contractual obligations under some of the Company’s operating leases, but are not fixed and can fluctuate from year to year.

Licenses and Collaborations

In addition to the above contractual commitments, we also have potential future payments due under various licenses and collaborations as follows:

Emory University: Cocrystal Pharma has an exclusive license from Emory University for use of certain inventions and technology related to inhibitors of hepatitis C virus that were jointly developed by Emory and Cocrystal Pharma employees. The License Agreement is dated March 7, 2013 wherein Emory agrees to add to the Licensed Patents and Licensed Technology Emory’s rights to any patent, patent application, invention, or technology application that is based on technology disclosed within three (3) years of March 7, 2013. The agreement includes payments due to Emory ranging from $40,000 to $500,000 based on successful achievement of certain drug development milestones. Additionally, Cocrystal may have royalty payments at 3.5% of net sales due to Emory with a minimum in year one of $25,000 and increase to $400,000 in year five upon product commercialization.

Duke University and Emory University: Cocrystal Pharma has entered an agreement to license various patents and know-how to use CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for developing a possible cure for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV). This license allows Cocrystal Pharma to develop and potentially commercialize a cure for HBV utilizing the underlying patents and technologies developed by the universities. This agreement includes a non-refundable $100,000 license fee payable to Duke upon a determination of rights letter from the U.S. Veterans Administration with respect to patents and know-how that disclaims any ownership interest. Future royalties may be payable to Duke, ranging from 2-5% of net sales depending on achieving certain sales milestones, if commercial products are developed using this know-how.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates. However, as our investments are in highly liquid money market funds, we do not believe we are subject to any material market risk exposure. As of December 31, 2016, we did not have any material derivative financial instruments held as assets. The fair value of our cash and cash equivalents was $3.6 million as of December 31, 2016.

We do not currently have any hard to value investment securities or securities for which a market is not readily available or active.

We are not subject to significant credit risk as this risk does not have the potential to materially impact the value of our assets and liabilities.

Item 8. Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements of Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. required by this Item are described in Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are presented beginning on page F-1.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our interim Chief Executive Officer and interim Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of December 31, 2016. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2016 as a result of the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting discussed below.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined effective could provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management is also required to assess and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 404”). Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the framework in the Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework”). A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. During our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, our management concluded that our Company has the following material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016:

Control Environment

We did not maintain an effective control environment, which is the foundation and structure necessary for effective internal control over financial reporting, as evidenced by: (i) lack of segregation of duties over individuals responsible for certain key control activities; (ii) an insufficient number of personnel appropriately qualified to perform control monitoring activities, including the recognition of the risks and complexities of transactions; and (iii) an insufficient number of personnel with the appropriate level of GAAP knowledge and experience commensurate with our financial reporting requirements.  This control environment material weakness contributed to the company not having effective controls to ensure that potential errors or misstatements may occur, but may not be detected.

Risk Assessment, Monitoring Activities and Control Activities - Segregation of Duties

We did not maintain adequate segregation of duties in our accounting and financial reporting processes. We have not appropriately restricted access to our accounting applications to appropriate users and do not have processes in place that ensure that appropriate segregation of duties is maintained. Certain personnel have access to financial applications, programs and data beyond that needed to perform their individual job responsibilities and without independent monitoring. This allows for the creation, review and processing of certain financial data without independent review and authorization. There are also certain financial personnel that have incompatible duties, including in the areas of cash disbursements, payroll, and journal entry reviews. We have not yet completed the process of assigning different people the responsibilities of authorizing transactions, recording transactions, and maintaining custody of assets to reduce the opportunities to allow any person to be in a position to both perpetrate and conceal errors or fraud in the normal course of the person’s duties. Particularly in the areas of purchases, cash disbursements, and payroll, certain individuals have incompatible duties that limit our ability to identify and detect errors or fraud that may occur.

Risk Assessment, Monitoring Activities and Control Activities - Supervision and Review of Complex Accounting Areas

The Company lacks sufficient qualified personnel to review conclusions reached regarding the accounting for complex transactions and related analyses to record amounts resulting from such transactions in our financial records. For calculations related to stock-based compensation and the fair value of our derivative liabilities in particular, there is a lack of review of assumptions used and the underlying calculations made by the preparer of this information that are then used to record amounts in our financial statements. There is also a lack of review of assumptions used and documentation of the sources of information used in our evaluation of the fair value of our in-process research and development intangible asset. Our internal control over these processes would not allow for employees to detect a material misstatement in these areas in the normal course of performing their duties.

Risk Assessment, Information and Communication - Authorization, Identification and Reporting of Related Party Transactions

We do not have processes in place to ensure that all related party transactions, including those entered into with or on behalf of related parties, (1) have been identified, (2) are properly authorized prior to entering into the transaction, and (3) are properly monitored and evaluated for appropriate recording and presentation in the financial statements.

Monitoring Activities and Control Activities - Financial Reporting Process

We did not maintain an effective financial reporting process to prepare financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Specifically, our process lacked timely and complete financial statement reviews and procedures to ensure all required disclosures were made in our financial statements. We also lacked a process to review information used to prepare our financial statements and disclosures and did not have adequate segregation of duties over preparation of the financial statements.

The material weaknesses identified by management could result in a material misstatement to our annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2016 due to the material weaknesses identified. We reviewed the results of management’s assessment with the Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 has been audited by BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, as set forth at the beginning of Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2016, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. However, the following changes that occurred subsequent to December 31, 2016 have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

On January 24, 2017, Curtis Dale, Interim Chief Financial Officer, tendered his resignation, at which time the Company initiated a search for a qualified replacement.

On February 12, 2017, Walt A. Linscott informed the Board of the Company of his resignation as General Counsel and Secretary of the Company, effective March 1, 2017.

On February 23, 2017, James Martin was appointed to serve as the Interim Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Martin has extensive experience in accounting and finance, as well as significant pharmaceutical industry knowledge.

As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, we concluded there were material weaknesses in the design and operating effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2015. With the oversight of senior management and our audit committee, we took additional measures to remediate the underlying causes of the material weaknesses. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we worked with a third-party consultant to assist our management team in addressing the underlying cause of the material weaknesses primarily through the documentation of improved processes and documented procedures which were designed and implemented by our management team. Management concluded that certain previously identified material weaknesses, described above, were not remediated as of December 31, 2016, primarily due to the timing of the turnover in our management team and the effect of such timing on the transition of responsibilities related to the execution of control activities.

Remedial Actions to Address Material Weaknesses

Management is actively implementing a remediation plan to ensure that control deficiencies contributing to the material weakness are remediated such that these controls will operate effectively. The remediation actions we are taking, and expect to take, include:

In addition, as discussed above, in February 2017, our Board of Directors oversaw a change in the Company’s senior leadership when it appointed a new Interim Chief Financial Officer following the resignation of our former Interim Chief Financial Officer.

We believe that these actions, and the improvements we expect to achieve as a result, will effectively remediate the material weaknesses identified. However, the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be considered remediated until the remediated controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. We expect that the remediation of these material weaknesses will be completed in 2017.

Item 9B. Other Information

Not applicable.

COCRYSTAL PHARMA, INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

Tucker, Georgia

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) and our report dated March 31, 2017, expressed an adverse opinion thereon.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has an accumulated deficit that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Seattle, Washington

March 31, 2017

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.

Tucker, Georgia

We have audited Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). Cocrystal Pharma, Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Material weaknesses regarding management’s failure to maintain an effective control environment; design and maintain controls over appropriate segregation of duties; design and maintain controls over the supervision and review of complex accounting areas; design and maintain controls over the supervision and review of the financial reporting process; and design and maintain controls over the authorization, identification, and disclosure of related party transactions have been identified and described in management’s assessment. These material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2016 financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated March 31, 2017, on those financial statements.

In our opinion, Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on the COSO criteria.

We do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on management’s statements referring to any corrective actions taken by the company after the date of management’s assessment.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Cocrystal Pharma, Inc. as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016, and our report dated March 31, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Seattle, Washington

March 31, 2017

COCRYSTAL PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

COCRYSTAL PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(in thousands)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

COCRYSTAL PHARMA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(in thousands)