COMPUTER TASK GROUP INC - Annual Report: 2021 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

OR

For the Transition period from                      to                    

Commission File No. 1-9410

COMPUTER TASK GROUP, INCORPORATED

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (716) 882-8000 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    YES ☐    NO ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    YES ☐    NO ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    YES ☒    NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    YES ☒    NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “an emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    YES ☐    NO ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold on the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second quarter was $132.1 million. Solely for the purposes of this calculation, all persons who are or may be executive officers or directors of the registrant have been deemed to be affiliates.

The total number of shares of Common Stock of the Registrant outstanding at March 9, 2022 was 15,341,048.

PCAOB Auditor Firm Id: 248Auditor Name: Grant Thornton LLPAuditor Location: Cleveland, OH, United States

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE: None.

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SEC Form 10-K Index

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As used in this annual report on Form 10-K, references to “CTG,” “the Company,” “the Registrant,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to Computer Task Group, Incorporated and its subsidiaries, unless the context suggests otherwise.

PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking information and statements made by the management of the “Company that are based on the beliefs of management as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, the Company, and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. Further, certain forward-looking statements are based upon assumptions as to future events that may not prove to be accurate. These forward-looking statements are current only as of the date of this annual report. The Company assumes no obligation to update these statements based on information from and after the date of this report. Generally, forward-looking statements include words or phrases such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “might,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “seeks,” “estimates,” ”anticipates,” “project,” “predict,” “potential,” “currently,” “continue,” “intends,” “outlook,” and words and phrases of similar impact. The forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding future operations, industry trends or conditions and the business environment, and statements regarding future levels of or trends in business strategy and expectations, new business opportunities, cost control initiatives, business wins, market demand, revenue, operating expenses, capital expenditures, and financing. The forward-looking statements are made pursuant to safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Numerous factors and risks could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including the following:

Overview

CTG was incorporated in Buffalo, New York on March 11, 1966, and its corporate headquarters are located at 300 Corporate Parkway, Suite 214N, Amherst, New York 14226 (716-882-8000). CTG has operations in North and South

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America, Western Europe, and India. CTG’s employees and billable subcontractors total approximately 3,450 people worldwide at December 31, 2021. During 2021, the parent, Computer Task Group, Incorporated (United States), had thirteen operating subsidiaries:

The Company provides information technology (“IT”) and related services to its clients. These services include information and technology-related solutions, including supplemental staffing as a solution. With solution services, the Company generally takes responsibility for the deliverables and some level of project and staff management, and services may include high-end advisory or business-related consulting. When providing staffing services, including managed staffing, staff augmentation, and volume staffing, personnel are provided to clients, who then, in turn, take their direction from the clients’ managers.

IT Solutions and Services

CTG is a leading provider of IT solutions and services, serving as a catalyst for our clients’ digital transformation. We increase project momentum and the speed at which our clients achieve their desired outcomes. Our solutions portfolio addresses critical challenges for clients in North America, South America, Western Europe, and India in high-growth industries. Clients we typically support are organizations with large, complex technology, information, and data requirements. Some have begun their digital transformation and are struggling to drive their desired results, while many are just starting to define their digital transformation needs and strategy.

CTG's Digital Transformation Solutions portfolio spans three areas that collectively address many of our clients' most pressing transformation challenges and are designed to address their unique business, technology, and operational needs. Our capabilities ensure that our clients utilize the right information technology to meet their business needs, maximize their IT systems' value, and operate efficiently and effectively. The following describes the typical services provided:

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Staffing

CTG’s staffing services address a range of information and technology resource needs, from filling specific talent gaps to managing high-volume staffing programs. CTG recruits, retains, and manages IT talent for its clients, which are primarily large technology service providers and other companies with multiple locations and a significant need for high-volume professional IT resources.

Capabilities

Our expertise in key technologies–what we call Digital Accelerators–underpins our solutions and ensures our clients receive optimal value from their digital technologies and methodologies. CTG's Digital Accelerators evolve to meet market needs and address the most innovative technology platforms and thinking. These Digital Accelerators include Agile and DevOps, Internet of Things (IoT), Intelligent Automation, Data and Analytics, Cloud, and Automated Testing.

As the pace of change accelerates, CTG accelerates our clients' digital environment through a unique combination of Transformation Solutions, Digital Accelerators, leading industry talent, domain expertise, innovative tools and methodologies, a partner ecosystem, and a Global Delivery Network.

Segments

In prior years, and in 2021 prior to the fourth quarter, the Company reported its results in one segment. This included operating segments for each of North America and Europe. The services the Company provided, regardless of geography or industry, were similar in nature and produced similar results. Additionally, the CEO, who is the Company’s chief operating decision maker, made decisions on investments and allocated resources at the North America or Europe level. Accordingly, given the consistency in the services provided and the results, the Company aggregated those results into one reporting segment.

During the 2021 fourth quarter, the Company further refined its strategy around providing digital services within its IT solutions business in both North America and Europe. As part of this process, the Company also determined that there are certain accounts that are no longer part of the Company’s long-term business plan. Accordingly, the Company is operating and reporting in three segments within its business; North America IT Solutions and Services, Europe IT Solutions and Services, and Non-Strategic Technology Services.

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CTG’s revenue by segment for the three years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was as follows:

Overall, the Company’s revenue increased from the prior year as demand for the Company’s IT Solutions and Services was strong, and the impact from the global COVID-19 pandemic (“Pandemic”) on demand for the Company’s services was lower in 2021 as compared with 2020.

IT Solutions and Services (North America and Europe)

Consistent with its long-term strategy, the Company invested in recent years in business development, solutions, delivery, recruiting and marketing resources to drive its IT Solutions and Services. IT Solutions and Services include the activities described under “IT Solutions and Services” and “Capabilities” above. In North America, IT Solutions and Services revenue increased 49.4% in 2021 from 2020, while the increase in revenue was 9.4% in Europe over that same time period. The increases were mainly the result of strong demand for the Company’s services, and as a direct result of the business development investments that had previously been made. In 2020, as compared with 2019, North American IT Solutions and Services revenue decreased 8.3%, while Europe increased 4.6% over that same time period. The North American decrease was primarily the result of a decrease in demand resulting from the impact the COVID-19 pandemic had on the North American IT solutions and services market.

Non-Strategic Technology Services

Consistent with its long-term strategy, the Company is not investing in low margin Non-Strategic Technology Services, and as these contracts expire, is often electing to disengage from the project. This segment only consists of lower margin IT staffing and related services in North America and Europe as described in “Staffing” above. The revenue in this segment decreased 15.3% in 2021 as compared to 2020, and 16.7% in 2020 as compared to 2019.

Vertical Markets

The Company provides a majority of its services through five vertical market focus areas: technology service providers, healthcare (which includes services provided to healthcare providers, health insurers (payers), and life sciences companies), financial services, manufacturing, and energy. The remainder of CTG’s revenue is derived from general markets.

CTG’s revenue by vertical market as a percentage of consolidated revenue for the three years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was as follows:

Technology Service Providers

Demand from our largest Non-Strategic Technology Services client, IBM, which is included in this vertical market, decreased in both 2021 and 2020. The revenue as a percentage of consolidated revenue decreased in 2021 as compared with previous years due to a change in business mix as the Company focused on driving its IT Solutions and Services, which are not included in this vertical market. Revenue for the Company's technology service providers vertical market as a percentage of consolidated revenue increased slightly in 2020 as compared with 2019 mainly due to a reduction in demand in other vertical markets at a higher rate than this vertical market.

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Healthcare

In 2021, the overall demand from our healthcare clients increased as a result of a large training, implementation, and support engagement for a health system in North America completed in the fourth quarter. In contrast, consolidated revenue for the Company’s healthcare vertical market decreased in 2020 as compared to 2019 as a significant project in this vertical market was essentially complete by the end of 2019 and was not replaced in 2020, and due to lower demand for this vertical market as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Financial Services

Revenue for the Company’s financial services vertical market as a percentage of consolidated revenue increased in 2021 as compared with 2020 due to strong demand from several clients for project related work in the North America IT Solutions and Services segment. Revenue for the Company’s financial services vertical market as a percentage of consolidated revenue increased in 2020 as compared to 2019 due to acquisitions completed by the Company in 2019 and 2020.

Manufacturing

The consolidated revenue in our manufacturing vertical market is primarily generated from several large Non-Strategic Technology Services clients, including Lenovo (through SDI International as a vendor manager for Lenovo), which is one of our largest clients. Revenue from Lenovo and other large clients decreased in 2021 as compared with 2020, and in 2020 as compared with 2019, as the demand for these services decreased in recent years. Additionally, the Company continues to disengage from its lowest margin Non-Strategic Technology Services business, which is generally included in this vertical market.

Energy

Revenue for the Company's energy vertical market decreased as a percentage of consolidated revenue in 2021, but increased in 2020 given strong demand at that time for our services in this vertical market.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, CTG provided its services to 676 clients, primarily in North America and Europe. In North America, the Company operates in the United States and Canada, with about 99% of 2021 North American revenue generated in the United States. In Europe, the Company operates in Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom. Of total 2021 consolidated revenue of $392.3 million, approximately 55.7% was generated in North America and 44.3% in Europe. Revenue generated in India and Colombia was insignificant. One client, IBM, accounted for greater than 10% of CTG’s consolidated revenue in 2021.

Revenue Recognition and Backlog

The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised good or service is transferred to clients, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. For time-and-material contracts, revenue is recognized as hours are incurred and costs are expended. For contracts with progress billing schedules, primarily monthly, revenue is recognized as services are rendered to the client. Revenue for fixed-price contracts is recognized over time using an input-based approach. Over time revenue recognition best portrays the Company’s performance in transferring control of the goods or services to the client. On most fixed-price contracts, revenue recognition is supported through contractual clauses that require the client to pay for work performed to date, including cost plus a reasonable profit margin, for goods or services that have no alternative use to the Company. On certain contracts, revenue recognition is supported through contractual clauses that indicate the client controls the asset, or work in process, as the Company creates or enhances the asset. On a given project, actual salary and indirect labor costs incurred are measured and compared with the total estimate of costs of such items at the completion of the project. Revenue is recognized based upon the percentage-of-completion calculation of total incurred costs to total estimated costs. The Company infrequently works on fixed-price projects that include significant amounts of material or other non-labor related costs that could distort the percent complete within a percentage-of-completion calculation. The Company’s estimate of the total labor costs it expects to incur over the term of the contract is based on the nature of the project and our experience on similar projects, and includes management judgments and estimates that affect the amount of revenue recognized on fixed-price contracts in any accounting period. Losses on fixed-price projects are recorded when identified.

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The Company’s revenue from contracts accounted for under time-and-material, progress billing, and percentage-of-completion methods as a percentage of consolidated revenue for the three years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was as follows:

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the backlog for fixed-price and all managed-support contracts was approximately $68.5 million and $50.9 million, respectively. Approximately 58% or $39.9 million of the December 31, 2021 backlog is expected to be earned in 2022. Approximately 65% of the $50.9 million of backlog at December 31, 2020, or $33.1 million, was earned in 2021. Revenue is subject to slight seasonal variations, with a minor slowdown and a decrease in billable resource utilization in months of high vacation and legal holidays (July, August, and December). Backlog does not tend to be seasonal; however, it does fluctuate based upon the timing of entry into long-term contracts.

Competition

The IT services market, for both information and technology solutions and IT and professional staffing services, is highly competitive. The market is also highly fragmented with many providers and no single competitor maintaining clear market leadership. Competition varies by location, the type of service, and the client to whom services are provided. The Company’s competition comes from four major channels: large national or international companies, including major accounting and consulting firms and large companies headquartered in India; hardware vendors and suppliers of packaged software systems; small local firms or individuals specializing in specific programming services or applications; and from a client’s internal IT staff. CTG competes against all four of these channels for its share of the market. The Company believes that to compete successfully, it is necessary to have a local geographic presence, offer appropriate IT solutions, provide skilled professional resources, and price its services competitively.

Intellectual Property

The Company has registered its symbol and logo with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and has taken steps to preserve its rights in other countries where it operates. We regard patents, trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property as important to our success, and we rely on them in the United States and foreign countries to protect our investments in products and technology. Our patents expire at various times, but we believe that the loss or expiration of any individual patent would not materially affect our business. We, like any other company, may be subject to claims of alleged infringement of the patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights of third parties from time to time in the ordinary course of business. CTG has entered into agreements with various software and hardware vendors from time to time in the normal course of business, and has capitalized certain costs under software development projects.

Human Capital Resources

Employees

CTG’s business depends on the Company’s ability to attract, develop and retain qualified professional staff to execute our strategy and provide services to its clients. The Company has a structured recruiting organization that works with its clients to meet their requirements by recruiting, retaining, and providing high quality, motivated staff. As the Company works with a number of subcontractors, the Company includes subcontractors in its total headcount, which equals approximately 3,450 total resources worldwide, with approximately 1,950 in the United States and Canada and 1,500 in Europe, as of December 31, 2021. Of these resources, approximately 90% are IT professionals and 10% are individuals who work in sales, recruiting, delivery, administrative and support positions. The Company believes that its relationship with its employees is good and supported by the Company’s 2021 recognition as a Great Place to Work® in all countries in which we operate. No employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement or are represented by a labor union. CTG is an equal opportunity employer.

In 2021, we focused on adding additional staff with IT Solutions backgrounds in both North America and Europe to drive our IT Solutions and Services segments in line with our business strategy. Employees are encouraged to learn and grow their careers, by using our internal learning tools to complete classes or reach certifications, externally through

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classes primarily to achieve certifications, or through external classes paid for in part or in full through a tuition reimbursement program.

COVID-19 Response

The health, well-being and safety of our employees, clients and communities is our top priority. COVID-19 became a potentially significant issue during the first quarter of 2020 as we followed global developments and observed the impacts of COVID-19 in North America, Western Europe, and other regions where we operate. Our senior management team initiated regular COVID-19 planning sessions to address the critical safety, operational and business risks associated with the Pandemic. With our continued commitment to monitor, assess and implement guidance and best practices for the Company as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we have been able to maintain the continuity of the essential services that we provide to our clients, while also managing the impact of the spread of the virus within our business, as well as promoting the health, well-being and safety of our employees, clients and communities.

Social Responsibility

Our social responsibility principles inform the way we work. CTG is committed to the highest standards in our labor practices, the health and safety of our employees, and business ethics.

CTG has business operations in North America, Western Europe, India and Colombia, all regions with strict labor laws regarding human rights. We have internal policies intended to ensure our compliance with these laws, and we will not knowingly conduct business with anyone who violates these laws or basic human rights. We are committed to adhering to the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), local labor laws, and prevailing wage rates. CTG prohibits any form of workplace or sexual harassment, and all employees are required to work in a manner that prevents harassment in the workplace. This policy is one component of CTG’s commitment to a discrimination-free work environment.

None of CTG’s leased office space is subject to industrial hazards and all adhere to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) office standards. We will not knowingly transact business with, or place our team members at, companies that do not enforce appropriate workplace safety and health standards.

Our Code of Business Conduct serves as our baseline for business ethics, and all employees are required to adhere to these guidelines. We are committed to providing clients with high-quality services that conform to mutually agreed-upon requirements and maintain certifications that support our Quality Policy, including 9001:2015 certification for our European operations. 

CTG Luxembourg PSF holds the “Entreprise Socialement Responsable” (Socially Responsible Enterprise) label that is awarded by the INDR Luxembourg (Institut National pour le Développement Durable et la Responsabilité Sociale des Entreprises), an organization that aims to promote responsible business practices in Luxembourg.

Our whistleblower hotline ensures that there is a confidential way to report any concerns with CTG business practices. Specific to CTG Luxembourg, PSF S.A., we have complaint handling (traitement des réclamations) processes for clients, in accordance with CSSF’s Regulation 16-07 and Circular 17/671.

Environmental Responsibility

CTG maintains a relatively small carbon/environmental footprint. As a professional services provider, much of our focus is on the individual behavior of our team members and the decisions we make in managing our office spaces. Our environmental strategy has three areas of focus:

Personal Initiative

Many of our improvements come from our employee's environmentally conscious efforts. CTG supports these efforts by:

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Corporate Contracts and Purchasing

CTG is committed to doing business with companies that share our environmental concern. Examples include purchasing environmentally-friendly products and prioritizing property management companies and office spaces that utilize environmentally friendly materials, policies, and services.

Corporate Stewardship

We are conscious of our impact on the communities our teams call home. Over the years, we have made significant improvements that support reducing the carbon/environmental footprint of our North American corporate headquarters, located in Buffalo, New York. In all locations, we are committed to ensuring that none of our outdated computer systems and electronics end up in landfills and that our office waste be disposed of through local energy-from-waste programs.

Available Company Information

The Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act), and reports filed under Section 16 of the Exchange Act are available without charge on the Company’s website at www.ctg.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The Company’s code of ethics (Code of Business Conduct), committee charters and governance policies (including a fraud and insider trading policy) are also available without charge on the Company’s website at http://investors.ctg.com/corporate-governance/governance-documents. If applicable, the Company intends to disclose future amendments to, or waivers from, certain provisions of the Code of Conduct on the Company's website or in a current report on Form 8-K. The information on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Additionally, the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov, contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Item 1A.Risk Factors

The following risk factors should be read carefully in connection with evaluating our business and the forward-looking information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The risk factors below represent what we believe are the known material risk factors with respect to the Company and our business, but are not the only risks we face. Additional risks unknown to us or that we currently believe are insignificant may also affect our business. Any of the risks described below or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or our other filings with the SEC could materially adversely affect our business, operations, financial position or future financial results.

Global Pandemic and Related Risks

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has had, and may continue to have, an adverse effect on our business and our financial results.

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the global economy, disrupted consumer spending and global supply chains, and created significant volatility and disruption of financial markets. The COVID-19 pandemic has had and may to continue to have an adverse effect on our business and financial performance. The extent of any further impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, including our ability to execute our business strategies as planned, will depend on future developments, including among others, the duration of the continued surges in the spread of COVID-19 within the United States and globally, new variants of COVID-19 emerging, the effectiveness of any vaccines for COVID-19 and the recovery efforts from the Pandemic, all of which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Additional impacts or more pronounced adverse impacts may arise that we are not currently aware of today.

Therefore, we cannot reasonably estimate the full extent of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on our future business and financial results. Our business, financial condition and results, cash flows and liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any such future developments.

Business Related Risks

Our business depends on the availability of a large number of highly qualified IT professionals, sales and management personnel, and our ability to recruit and retain these individuals.

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We actively compete with many other IT service providers for qualified personnel, including professional IT staff, recruiters, sales and business development specialists, and management. The availability of qualified personnel may affect our ability to provide services and meet the requirements of our clients. An inability to fulfill client requirements at agreed-upon rates due to a lack of available qualified personnel may adversely affect our revenue and operating results in the future.

The Company also began to experience wage inflation globally during 2021 making hiring and retaining key personnel difficult. Continued increases in wage requirements may reduce operating profits if the Company is unable to pass such increases along to clients. Additionally, the turnover of employees is disruptive to providing our services to clients and may impact our ability to complete engagements as required, impacting our operating results and our reputation as a digital IT Solutions provider, which may in turn impact our ability to win future engagements.

Our business long-term strategy to disengage from Non-Strategic Technology Services could have an adverse effect on our revenue and operating results if not successfully executed.

During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company further refined its strategy to focus on providing digital services within its IT Solutions and Services businesses in both North America and Europe. As part of this process, the Company determined that there are certain lower-margin staffing services accounts within its business that are no longer part of the Company’s long-term business plans. The Company’s inability to successfully execute on its strategy of disengaging from its lowest margin staffing services, Non-Strategic Technology Services, may negatively impact revenue and operating results.

Decreases in demand for our services in the future would have an adverse effect on our revenue and operating results.

The Company’s revenue and operating results are significantly impacted by changes in demand for its services. In the past, when global economic conditions declined, there was a significant decrease in demand for the Company’s services, which negatively affected the Company’s revenue and operating results as compared with prior years. Declines in demand for our IT services in 2022 or future years would adversely affect our revenue and operating results as it has in the past.

Our client contracts generally have a short term or are terminable on short notice, and a significant number of failures to renew contracts in place, or early terminations or renegotiations of our existing client contracts could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our clients typically retain us on a non-exclusive, engagement-by-engagement basis, rather than under exclusive long-term contracts. We performed 79.8% of our services on a time-and-materials basis during 2021. As such, our clients generally have the right to terminate a contract with us upon written notice without the payment of any financial penalty. Client projects may involve multiple engagements or stages, and there is a risk that a client may choose not to retain us for additional stages of a project, or that a client will cancel or delay additional planned engagements. These terminations, cancellations, or delays could result from factors that are beyond our control and are unrelated to our work product or the progress of the project but could be related to business or financial conditions of the client, changes in client strategies or the economy in general. When contracts are terminated, we lose the anticipated future revenue, and we may not be able to eliminate the associated costs that would have been required to support those contracts in a timely manner. Consequently, our operating results in subsequent periods may be lower than expected. Our clients can cancel or reduce the scope of their engagements with us on short notice. If they do so, we may be unable to reassign our professionals to new engagements without delay. The cancellation or reduction in scope of an engagement could, therefore, reduce the utilization rate of our professionals, which would have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. As a result of these and other factors, our past financial performance should not be relied on as a guarantee of similar or improved future performance. Due to these factors, we believe that our results from operations in the future may fluctuate from period to period.

Competition Related Risks

Increased competition and the bargaining power of our large clients may cause our billing rates to decline, which would have an adverse effect on our revenue and, if we are unable to control our personnel costs accordingly, on our margins and operating results.

We have experienced reductions in the rates we bill a number of our larger clients for services due to highly competitive market conditions. Additionally, we actively compete against many other companies for business at both new and existing clients. Billing rate reductions or competitive pressures may lead to a decline in revenue. When faced with

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such pressures, if we are unable to make commensurate reductions in our personnel costs, our margins and operating results would be adversely affected.

Existing and potential clients may outsource or consider outsourcing their IT requirements to foreign countries in which we may not currently have operations, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to retain existing clients or obtain new clients.

In recent years, more companies are using, or are considering using, low-cost offshore outsourcing centers to perform technology-related work and complete projects. Currently, we have partnered with clients to perform services outside of North America in both India and Colombia to mitigate and reduce this risk to our Company. However, the risk of additional outsourcing of IT solutions overseas to countries where we do not have operations could have a material, adverse impact on our future operations.

The IT services industry is highly competitive and fragmented, which means that our clients have a number of choices for providers of IT services, and we may not be able to compete effectively.

The market for our services is highly competitive. Moreover, the market is fragmented, and no company holds a dominant position. Accordingly, our competition for client requirements and experienced personnel varies significantly by geographic area and by the type of service provided. Some of our competitors are larger and have greater technical, financial, and marketing resources, and greater name recognition than we have in the markets we collectively serve. In addition, clients may elect to increase their internal IT system resources to satisfy their custom software development and integration needs. Finally, our industry is being impacted by the growing use of lower-cost offshore delivery capabilities (primarily India and other parts of Asia). There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to compete successfully with existing or future competitors or that future competition will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The introduction of new IT services or changes in client requirements for IT services may render our existing offerings obsolete or unnecessary, which, if we are unable to keep pace with these corresponding changes, could have an adverse effect on our business.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to implement and deliver services that anticipate and keep pace with rapid and continuing changes in technology, industry standards, and client preferences and requirements. We may not be successful in anticipating or responding to these developments on a timely basis, and our offerings may not be successful in the marketplace. Also, services, solutions, and technologies developed by our competitors may make our solutions or staffing offerings uncompetitive or obsolete. Any one of these circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our ability to obtain and successfully complete client engagements.

Operations Related Risks

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from one client, and a significant reduction in the amount of requirements requested by this client would have an adverse effect on our revenue and operating results.

IBM is CTG’s largest client, and we provide services to various IBM divisions in a number of locations. The National Technical Services Agreement (NTS Agreement) with IBM expires on October 27, 2023. In 2021, 2020, and 2019, IBM accounted for $74.8 million or 19.1%, $77.5 million or 21.2%, and $84.9 million or 21.5% of the Company’s consolidated revenue, respectively. The Company’s accounts receivable from IBM at December 31, 2021 and 2020 totaled $8.9 million and $11.3 million, respectively.

If we are unable to bill for our services or collect our receivables, our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Our business depends on our ability to obtain payment from our clients of the amounts they owe us for work performed. We evaluate the financial condition of our clients and typically bill and collect on reasonable cycles. However, we might not accurately assess the creditworthiness of our clients, or macroeconomic conditions could result in financial difficulties for our clients, including bankruptcy and insolvency. In certain industries, some clients have requested longer payment terms, which has adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, our cash flows. The timely collection of client balances also depends on our ability to complete our contractual commitments as required. If we are unable to meet our commitments or bill our clients on a timely basis, our results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected. We have established allowances for losses of receivables and unbilled services where we deem amounts to be uncollectible. The actual uncollectible amounts from clients could differ from those that we currently anticipate and have reserved for.

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If we repatriate our cash balances from our foreign operations, we may be subject to additional tax liabilities.

We earn a portion of our operating income outside of the United States, and any repatriation or deemed repatriation of funds currently held in foreign jurisdictions to the United States may result in additional tax liabilities for the Company. In addition, there have been changes to the tax laws in the United States that impact how United States-based multinational corporations are taxed on foreign earnings. Any further changes in these tax laws could have a material adverse impact on our tax expense and cash flows.

Ineffective internal controls could affect the Company's business and operating results. 

The Company's internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements because of the inherent limitations of internal controls, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, poorly designed or ineffective controls, or fraud. Internal controls that are deemed effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of the Company's consolidated financial statements. If the Company fails to maintain the adequacy of its internal controls, including the failure to implement new or improve existing controls, or fails to properly execute or properly test these controls, the Company's business and operating results could be adversely impacted and the Company could fail to meet its financial reporting obligations.

Changing economic conditions and the effect of such changes on accounting estimates could have a material impact on our results of operations.

The Company has made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of its assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare its consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC and other accounting rulemaking authorities. Such estimates primarily relate to the valuation of stock options for recording equity-based compensation expense, allowances for doubtful accounts receivable, investment valuation, discount rates associated with pension plans, incurred but not recorded claims related to the Company's self-insured medical plan, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, goodwill, acquisition and related accounting, legal matters, other contingencies and estimates of progress toward completion and direct profit or loss on contracts, as applicable. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ from these estimates. Changes in the economic climates in which the Company operates may affect these estimates and will be reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in the event they occur. Such changes could result in a material impact on the Company’s results of operations.

Cyber Related Risks

We could be subject to liability and damage to our reputation resulting from cyber-attacks or data breaches.

Cyber risks for companies providing global IT and professional services, especially in regulated industries, continue to increase. This increase in risk may be attributed to the increasing value and dependence on data, including organizations’ intellectual property and citizens’ personal data that could be misused for identity theft and fraud. While the value and dependence of data has increased, likewise the reliance on electronic communications, mobile technologies, social networking, hybrid and cloud-based resources, smart devices, and emerging technologies continues to grow. In most regions, the regulatory compliance requirements surrounding data protection and privacy have also increased. In addition, the sophistication, motivation, and organization of cyber-attacks continues to evolve, as does the sophistication of threat actors such as organized crime, hackers, terrorists, activists, insider threats, and foreign governments.

The Company’s business, operations, and its clients rely on the secure processing, transmission, storage, integrity, and availability of data, services, and resources provided by its IT environments and operational processes. The Company’s complex IT environments and variety of delivery services support a wide range of technologies, industries, regulatory compliance requirements, and clients globally.

Although the Company has not experienced any prior material data breaches, regulatory non-compliance incidents, or cyber security incidents, its environments may be impacted by cyber-attacks or cyber security incidents caused via the aforementioned threat actors, the Company's personnel, or the Company’s third party providers. These incidents could result in data loss, the disruption or loss of the Company's internal or client-supporting operations and services, adversely affect the Company’s adherence with regulatory requirements, or result in a data breach. Data losses and data breaches could include the unauthorized disclosure, misuse, loss, and destruction of both the Company’s and its clients’ intellectual property, financial information, or other regulated or privacy-related information.  This includes but is not limited to United States personally identifiable information (PII), personal data under the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), data covered under Luxembourg Law on the Financial Sector, protected health information (PHI) under the

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United States Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), and data covered under the increasing number of U.S. state privacy and data breach laws, and other countries’ privacy laws.

The Company’s failure to protect sensitive data and address the regulatory compliance requirements of data and associated internal or delivery services under the Company’s control could result in reputational damage, fines and penalties, litigation costs, external investigations, compensation costs including reimbursement and monetary awards, prohibition of providing services in a region or industry, and/or additional compliance and remediation costs that could have a material, adverse impact on the Company's operations. It could also have an adverse impact on the Company’s ability to maintain and execute new contracts with clients that produce or work with similar data, and make it more difficult to retain and recruit qualified personnel to perform its services in the future. As cyber threats continue to become more sophisticated and the regulatory compliance and privacy landscape continues to evolve resulting in changes to the Company’s risk profile, the Company may be required to expend and invest in additional resources, personnel, and technologies to enhance and implement new risk mitigation strategies.

Regulatory or Legislative Related Risks

Our business is subject to economic, political, regulatory and other risks associated with domestic and international operations which could have an adverse effect on our operating results if we are unable to mitigate or hedge these risks.

We have operations in the United States and Canada in North America, in Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom in Europe, in India, and in Colombia. Although our foreign operations conduct their business in their local currencies, these operations are subject to their own currency fluctuations, legislation, employment and tax law changes, and economic climates. As they relate to our foreign operations, these factors are different from those of the United States. Although we actively manage these foreign operations with local management teams, our overall operating results may be negatively affected by local economic conditions, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, or tax, regulatory or other economic changes beyond our control.

In addition, any widespread outbreak of an illness, pandemic or other local or global health issue (including COVID-19), natural disasters, climate change impacts, economic weakness, including inflation or a recession, or uncertain political climates, international hostilities including war, such as the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine, or any terrorist activities, could adversely affect customer demand, the Company’s operations, and its ability to source and deliver services to its customers, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial results. For instance, the U.K. referendum to exit from the European Union, commonly referred to as “Brexit,” continues to cause global economic, trade and regulatory uncertainty. The Company continues to monitor the impact that the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union (Brexit) has had on its operations. To date, there has been a nominal impact on the Company’s operating results from Brexit. As the total revenue generated by our British subsidiary is immaterial as compared with the Company’s total consolidated revenue, we do not expect the nominal impact the exit has had on the Company’s operations to date to change in the foreseeable future.

All of these factors are outside of our control, but may nonetheless harm our future results and cause us to adjust our strategy in order to compete effectively.

Government cuts in healthcare programs, such as Medicare, and delays in legislative or regulatory healthcare mandates could cause a reduction in IT spending by our healthcare clients, which could materially and adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.

The Company’s growth efforts include a focus on the healthcare market. Growth in this market depends on continued spending by our healthcare clients on IT projects. Cuts in government healthcare programs, such as sequestration, which has periodically cut Medicare reimbursements to hospitals and health systems, may result in reduced expenditures by our healthcare clients on IT projects. If additional government cuts in healthcare programs occur, whether due to the failure of Congress to adopt a budget, pass appropriations bills or raise the U.S. debt ceiling or for other reasons, there may be delays, reductions or cessation of funding to our clients, which could cause our clients to purchase less IT services from us, and materially and adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.

In addition, delays in implementation of legislative or regulatory healthcare mandates could adversely affect the IT spending by our healthcare clients to implement such mandates. If the implementation of existing or contemplated legislative or regulatory healthcare mandates are deferred, the resulting reduction in IT spending by our healthcare clients could materially and adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.

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Changes in government regulations and laws affecting the IT services industry, and the industries in which our clients operate, including accounting principles and interpretations, and the taxation of domestic operations could adversely affect our results of operations.

Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including new SEC regulations, create uncertainty for companies such as ours. These laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations which, in many instances, is due to their lack of specificity. As a result, the application of these standards and regulations in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We are committed to maintaining high standards of corporate governance and public disclosure. As a result, our efforts to comply with evolving laws, tax regulations and other standards have resulted in, and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the SEC, and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) or other accounting rule making authorities have issued and may continue to issue new accounting rules or auditing standards that are different from those that we presently apply to our financial results. Such new accounting rules or auditing standards could require significant changes from the way we currently report our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

U.S. generally accepted accounting principles have been the subject of frequent changes in interpretations, and the frequency of future accounting policy changes may accelerate. Such future changes in financial accounting standards may have a significant effect on our reported results of operations, including results of transactions entered into before the effective date of the changes.

We are subject to income and other taxes in the United States (federal and state) and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Our provisions for income and other taxes and our tax liabilities in the future could be adversely affected by numerous factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, income before taxes being lower than anticipated in countries with lower statutory tax rates and higher than anticipated in countries with higher statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in various federal, state and international tax laws, regulations, accounting principles or interpretations thereof, which could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows in future periods.

Acquisition Related Risks

Risks to the Company from acquisitions include integration challenges, disruptions of the Company's core business, a failure to achieve objectives, and the assumption of liabilities.  

The Company regularly evaluates acquisitions to aid the Company's growth in revenue and profits by expanding the services the Company offers in the geographies in which the Company operates, and its client base. Acquisitions often present significant challenges and risks relating to the integration of the business into the Company, and there can be no assurances that the Company will manage acquisitions successfully, that the Company's core business will not be significantly disrupted after an acquisition is finalized, or that strategic acquisition opportunities will be available to the Company on acceptable terms. The risks from an acquisition include the Company failing to achieve strategic objectives and anticipated revenue and profit improvements, borrowing a significant amount of money to fund the acquisitions which creates financial stress for the Company's operations, as well as failing to retain the key personnel of the acquired business. Additionally, failure to meet financial objectives of an acquisition could lead to impairment charges of intangible assets and goodwill in future periods. Finally, the assumption of liabilities related to litigation or other legal proceedings involving the acquired business may present a significant risk.

Capital Resources Related Risks

We may require additional capital to support our business, and this capital may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

The Company entered into a new asset-based lending revolving credit agreement (Credit Agreement) during the 2021 second quarter, which has a five-year term that expires in May 2026, replacing its previous agreement.  Under this Credit Agreement, the Company can borrow up to $50.0 million depending on collateral availability.  The Credit Agreement is collateralized by the Company’s accounts receivable in the United States, Belgium, and Luxembourg.  Interest rates range from 1.5% to 2.0% over LIBOR or EURIBOR loans, and 0.5% to 1.0% over base rate (prime rate)

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loans. The Company can borrow under the agreement at either rate at its discretion. The Company’s previous Credit and Security Agreement was terminated during the 2021 second quarter. At December 31, 2021, we had no borrowings outstanding under our revolving credit facility. The Company may be dependent on our revolving credit facility to meet working capital and operational requirements, and access to our facility is dependent on, among other things, compliance with applicable covenants, including fixed charge coverage ratio, consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) targets, and a limit on annual expenditures for property, plant, equipment, and capitalized software. The fixed charge coverage ratio is only tested if availability on a measurement date is below a threshold. The amount available for borrowing under the revolving credit facility could be significantly reduced due to poor operational performance, or other factors. Any loss or material reduction of our ability to access funds under the revolving credit facility could materially and negatively impact our liquidity.

In addition, the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), the interest rate benchmark used as a reference rate on our Credit Agreement, began being phased out at the beginning of calendar year 2022, with the one-month LIBOR, which we utilize as a reference rate, scheduled to cease immediately after June 30, 2023.  A reference rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), and other alternative benchmark rates, are replacing LIBOR. Our Credit Agreement gives the Company the option to use SOFR in replacement of LIBOR. It is possible that the volatility of and uncertainty around SOFR as a LIBOR replacement rate and the applicable credit adjustment would result in higher borrowing costs for us, and would adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition, and earnings.

Risk from Activist Shareholders

Actions of activist stockholders could cause us to incur substantial costs, divert management’s and the board’s attention and resources, and have an adverse effect on our business and stock price.

From time to time, we may be subject to proposals by stockholders urging us to take certain corporate actions. If activist stockholder activities ensue, our business could be adversely affected as responding to proxy contests and reacting to other actions by activist stockholders can be costly and time-consuming, disrupt our operations, and divert the attention of management and our board of directors, all of which could interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan. We may be required to retain the services of various professionals to advise us on activist stockholder matters, including legal, financial and communications advisors, the costs of which may adversely affect our financial results. In addition, the perceived uncertainties as to our future direction, strategy or leadership created as a consequence of activist stockholder initiatives may result in the loss of potential business opportunities, harm our ability to attract new investors, clients, and employees, and cause our stock price to experience periods of volatility or stagnation.

Share Price Related Risks

Our share price could fluctuate and be difficult to predict.

Our share price has fluctuated in the past and could continue to fluctuate in the future in response to various factors, including both external and internal, and those beyond our control. These factors may include, among others:

None.

All of the Company locations, totaling approximately 21 sites, are leased facilities. Of the total locations, 11 of these are located in Europe in the countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, France and the United Kingdom, where our European operations support the Europe IT Solutions and Services segment. The Company has two locations in Canada, one in each of India and Colombia, and the remaining locations are in the United States. All of these locations, with the exception of 2 sites which support the Non-Strategic Technology Services segment, support the North America IT Solutions and

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Services segment. These facilities generally serve as sales and support offices and their size varies with the number of people employed at each office, ranging from approximately 100 to 23,000 square feet. The Company’s lease terms vary from periods of less than a year to fifteen years and typically have flexible renewal options. The Company believes that its leased facilities are adequate to support its current and anticipated future needs.

The Company and its subsidiaries are involved from time to time in various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. Although the outcome of lawsuits or other proceedings involving the Company and its subsidiaries cannot be predicted with certainty and the amount of any liability that could arise with respect to such lawsuits or other proceedings cannot be predicted accurately, management does not expect these matters, if any, to have a material adverse effect on the financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company. See footnote 12 to the Company’s audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Not applicable.

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PART II

Stock Market Information

The Company’s common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC under the symbol CTG.

On March 9, 2022, there were 1,185 holders of record of the Company’s common shares. The Company currently does not pay a dividend. At December 31, 2021, under the terms of the Company's revolving credit facility, the Company is required to meet a financial covenant in order to pay dividends. The Company was in compliance with this financial covenant at December 31, 2021, as well as in 2020 under its previous Credit and Security Agreement. For additional information regarding these financial covenants, see Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Financial Condition and Liquidity." The determination of the timing, amount and the payment of dividends, if any, on the Company’s common stock in the future is at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend upon, among other things, the Company’s profitability, liquidity, financial condition, capital requirements, and compliance with the covenants under the Company's Credit Agreement. The Company currently has no intention to pay a dividend in the foreseeable future.

For information concerning common stock issued in connection with the Company’s equity compensation plans, see Item 12, “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.”

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The Company’s Board of Directors has authorized the repurchase of its stock up to a total of $30.0 million. As of March 9, 2022, the Company had repurchased approximately $22.3 million shares pursuant to the authorization, leaving a remaining authorization of approximately $7.7 million. No shares were purchased during 2021 under this authorization.

The information below includes shares withheld by or surrendered to the Company to satisfy tax withholding obligations associated with employee equity awards. The information for the fiscal fourth quarter of 2021 is as follows:

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Company Performance Graph

The following graph displays a five-year comparison of cumulative total shareholder returns for the Company’s common stock, the S&P 500 Index, and the Dow Jones U.S. Computer Services Index, assuming a base index of $100 at the end of 2016. The cumulative total return for each annual period within the five years presented is measured by dividing (1) the sum of (A) the cumulative amount of dividends for the period, assuming dividend reinvestment, and (B) the difference between the Company’s share price at the end and the beginning of the period by (2) the share price at the beginning of the period. The calculations were made excluding trading commissions and taxes.

The information included under this section entitled “Company Performance Graph” is deemed not to be “soliciting material” or “filed” with the SEC, is not subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of the filings previously made or made in the future by the Company under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates any such information into a document that is filed.

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Forward-Looking Statements

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated due to various factors discussed above under "Forward-Looking Statements" and under the caption "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of this report.

Industry Trends

The IT services industry is extremely competitive and characterized by continuous changes in client requirements and improvements in technologies. Our competition varies significantly by geographic region, as well as by the type of service provided. Many of our competitors are larger than CTG, and have greater financial, technical, sales, and marketing resources. In addition, the Company frequently competes with a client’s use of its own internal IT staff for projects. Our industry continues to be impacted by the use of lower-cost offshore delivery capabilities (primarily India and other parts of Asia). There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to compete successfully with existing or future competitors or that future competition will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The market demand for the Company’s services is heavily dependent on information and technology-related spending by major corporations, organizations and government entities in the markets and regions that we serve. The pace of technology advances, changes in business requirements, and the practices of our clients all have a significant impact on the demand for the services we provide. Competition for new engagements and pricing pressure has been strong as there are numerous competitors. The demand for the Company's IT Solutions and Services business significantly improved in 2021 as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was lower in 2021 than in 2020. In 2020, demand was reduced, primarily in our Non-Strategic Technology Services business, due to the impact the COVID-19 pandemic had on the economies of the countries and the markets we serve. In 2020, to offset this decrease in demand, the Company took action to reduce its expenses, including a full-time furlough for certain employees and a 20% furlough for nearly all other non-billable employees, including the senior management team. This furlough was in place for about six months, and ended with the close of the Company’s 2020 fiscal third quarter.

The Company also actively participated in government-sponsored programs in its European operations, including Belgium, France and Luxembourg, that partially reimbursed the Company for the costs of employees that were made idle by the COVID-19 pandemic.  This primarily included employees that were previously billable on an engagement, but the client made a decision to stop or end a project prior to completion. The Company continued to participate in these programs, but the benefit to the Company’s European operations was diminished subsequent to August 2020 as the respective governments reduced the reimbursement under these programs at that time. The Company believes that if these employees had remained billable throughout 2020, the revenue they would have generated would have approximated the reimbursements received from the various governments.

Revenue and Cost Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised good or service is transferred to clients in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. For time-and-material contracts, revenue is recognized as hours are incurred and costs are expended. For contracts with progress billing schedules, primarily monthly, revenue is recognized as services are rendered to the client. Revenue for fixed-price contracts is recognized over time using an input-based approach. Over time revenue recognition best portrays the Company’s performance in transferring control of the goods or services to the client. On most fixed price contracts, revenue recognition is supported through contractual clauses that require the client to pay for work performed to date, including cost plus a reasonable profit margin, for goods or services that have no alternative use to the Company. On certain contracts, revenue recognition is supported through contractual clauses that indicate the client controls the asset, or work in process, as the Company creates or enhances the asset. On a given project, actual salary and indirect labor costs incurred are measured and compared with the total estimate of costs of such items at the completion of the project. Revenue is recognized based upon the percentage-of-completion calculation of total incurred costs to total estimated costs. The Company infrequently works on fixed-price projects that include significant amounts of material or other non-labor related costs that could distort the percent complete within a percentage-of-completion calculation. The Company’s estimate of the total labor costs it expects to incur over the term of the contract is based on the nature of the project and our experience on similar projects, and includes management judgments and estimates that affect the amount of revenue recognized on fixed-price contracts in any accounting period. Losses on fixed-price projects are recorded when identified.

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The Company’s revenue from contracts accounted for under time-and-material, progress billing, and percentage-of-completion methods as a percentage of consolidated revenue for the three years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was as follows:

Segments

The Company provides information technology and related services to its clients. These services include digital IT Solutions and Services, and Non-Strategic Technology Services. With digital IT Solutions and Services, the Company generally takes responsibility for the deliverables and some level of project and staff management, and these services may include high-end advisory or business-related consulting. When providing Non-Strategic Technology Services, including managed staffing, staff augmentation, and volume staffing, personnel are provided to clients based upon their requirements for specific skills, who then, in turn, take their direction from clients’ managers.

The Company’s strategy throughout its operations has been, and continues to be, to expand the amount of IT Solutions and Services it provides to its clients as compared with Non-Strategic Technology Services, and to focus on delivering digital solutions. IT Solutions and Services provide significant value to our clients, and drive higher bill rates and margins for the Company. Our existing solutions include business, technology, and operations solutions that aid our clients in digitally transforming their company, and ultimately meet the needs of their clients. The digital services the Company delivers includes the Internet of Things, Intelligent Automation, Data and Analytics, Cloud and Automated Testing.

In prior years, and in 2021 prior to the fourth quarter, the Company reported its results in one segment. This included operating segments for each of North America and Europe. The services the Company provided, regardless of geography or industry, were similar in nature and produced similar results. Additionally, the CEO, who is the Company’s chief operating decision maker, made decisions on investments and allocated resources at the North America or Europe level. Accordingly, given the consistency of the services provided and results, the Company aggregated those results into one reporting segment.

During the 2021 fourth quarter, the Company further refined its strategy to focus on providing digital services within its IT Solutions and Services business in both North America and in Europe. The focus includes investing in business development, solutions, delivery, and marketing for IT Solutions and Services, and critically evaluating each significant staffing engagement as it comes up for renewal to determine if the Company would continue to provide those services to its client. These decisions are based on, among other factors, critically evaluating the work performed, the availability of the resources, the client, the long-term opportunities for the services provided at the client, and the revenue and profit associated with the engagement. As part of this process, the Company determined that there are certain lower margin staffing services within its business that are no longer part of the Company’s long-term business plan.

Accordingly, in connection with this refinement of the Company’s strategy in the 2021 fourth quarter, the Company is now operating and reporting in three segments within its business: North America IT Solutions and Services, Europe IT Solutions and Services, and Non-Strategic Technology Services. See Item 1. Business, “IT Solutions and Services,” and “Non-Strategic Technology Services” for further discussion of these segments.

CTG’s revenue by segment for the three years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was as follows:

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The Company provides a majority of its services in five vertical market focus areas: technology service providers, healthcare (which includes services provided to healthcare providers, health insurers (payers), and life sciences companies), financial services, manufacturing, and energy. The remainder of CTG’s revenue is derived from general markets.

CTG’s revenue by vertical market as a percentage of consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was as follows:

Results of Operations

The table below sets forth percentage information calculated as a percentage of consolidated revenue as reported on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this report.

2021 as compared with 2020

The Company’s operating segments recorded revenue in 2021 and 2020 as follows:

North America IT Solutions and Services revenue increased $33.6 million or 49.4% in 2021 as compared with 2020. The increase was due to a focused effort to invest in and grow this business as it has significantly higher bill rates and margins than Non-Strategic Technology Services. Additionally, the Pandemic had a lesser impact on this segments in 2021. Europe IT Solutions and Services revenue increased $14.5 million or 9.4% in 2021, and was driven by strong demand in a number of the countries in which we operate.

Non-Strategic Technology Services revenue decreased $21.9 million or 15.3% during 2021 as compared with 2020. The Non-Strategic Technology revenue decrease was in part due to the Company continuing to disengage from its lowest margin staffing projects, and from a continued decrease in demand for these services which began during the Pandemic.  

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The Company recorded revenue by geography in 2021 and 2020 as follows:

Reimbursable expenses billed to clients and included in revenue totaled $1.1 million and $1.9 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The Company includes all billable consultants, including both employees and subcontractors, in its headcount. The Company’s total headcount was approximately 3,450 at December 31, 2021, which was a 12% decrease from approximately 3,900 at December 31, 2020.  As the Company continues to disengage from lower margin non-strategic technology services, headcount is expected to continue to decrease. Approximately 90% of this headcount was for technical resources and 10% for support positions.

The increase in revenue in 2021 as compared with 2020 in the Company’s European operations was in part due to the strength relative to the U.S. dollar of the currencies in Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, the countries in which the Company’s European subsidiaries operate. In Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, the functional currency is the Euro, while in the United Kingdom the functional currency is the British Pound. In 2021 as compared with 2020, the average value of the Euro increased 3.6%, and the average value of the British Pound increased 7.2%. A significant portion of the Company's revenue from its European operations is recorded in Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. Had there been no change in these exchange rates from 2020 to 2021, total European revenue would have been approximately $6.8 million lower, or $167.1 million as compared with the $173.9 million reported. When considering the year-over-year change in revenue in constant currencies, revenue from our European operations increased 4.1%. Operating income was positively impacted by $0.5 million in 2021 as compared with 2020 given the increase in the exchange rates year-over-year.

The Company continues to monitor the impact that the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union (Brexit) has had on its operations. To date, there has been a nominal impact on the Company’s operating results from Brexit. As the total revenue generated by our British subsidiary is immaterial as compared with the Company’s total consolidated revenue, we do not expect the nominal impact the exit has had on the Company’s operations to date to change in the foreseeable future.

International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), CTG’s largest client, accounted for $74.8 million or 19.1% and $77.5 million or 21.2% of the Company’s consolidated revenue in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The National Technical Services Agreement with IBM expires on October 27, 2023. As part of the National Technical Services Agreement, the Company provides its services as a predominant supplier primarily to IBM’s Integrated Technology Services and the Systems and Technology Group business units. This agreement accounted for approximately 68% of all of the services provided to IBM by the Company in 2021. The Company’s accounts receivable from IBM at December 31, 2021 and 2020 totaled $8.9 million and $11.3 million, respectively.

We expect to continue to derive a significant portion of our revenue from IBM in future years; however, a significant decline or the loss of the revenue from this client would have a significant negative effect on our operating results. No other client accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s revenue in 2021 or 2020.

The Company recorded operating results in 2021 and 2020 in its operating segments as follows:

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North America IT Solutions and Services direct costs, defined as costs for billable staff including billable out-of-pocket expenses, were 67.9% and 64.7% of revenue in 2021 and 2020, respectively. This segment included a large training, implementation, and support engagement for a health system that drove higher direct costs in 2021, which resulted in a lower gross margin, 32.1% of revenue in 2021 compared with 35.3% of revenue in 2020.

Europe IT Solutions and Services direct costs were similar in 2021 and 2020 totaling 76.2% and 75.6% of revenue, respectively. Non-Strategic Technology Services incurred a decrease in directs costs of 0.5% from 89.4% of revenue in 2020 to 88.9% in 2021. As a result, the gross margin increased to 11.1% from 10.6%. The increase year-over-year was driven by the Company continuing to disengage from the lowest margin staffing engagements.

Operating expenses were lower in 2021 as a percentage of revenue as compared with 2020 in each of the Company’s segments despite continued investments in business development, solutions and delivery in the North America and Europe IT Solutions and Services segments. These decreases reflected operating leverage in the North America and Europe IT Solutions and Services segments, and a concerted effort in in the Non-Strategic Technology Services segment to reduce costs and improve profits.

Interest and other income (expense) was (0.2)% of revenue in 2021 and 0.4% of revenue in 2020. In 2020, the Company recorded non-taxable life insurance gains of approximately $1.0 million as two of its former executives passed away, and gains of approximately $0.8 million from the sale of a building.

The Company’s effective tax rate (ETR) is calculated based upon the full year's operating results and various tax related items. The ETR in 2021 was (17.0)%, while the 2020 ETR was 28.3%. The ETR in 2021 was impacted by a number of items, including a reversal of the valuation allowance against the Company’s U.S. deferred tax assets.

Net income for 2021 was 3.5% of revenue or $0.92 per diluted share, compared with 2.1% of revenue or $0.53 per diluted share in 2020. Diluted earnings per share were calculated using 15.0 million weighted-average equivalent shares outstanding in 2021 and 14.4 million in 2020.

2020 as compared with 2019

The Company’s operating segments recorded revenue in 2020 and 2019 as follows:

North America IT Solutions and Services revenue decreased $6.2 million or 8.3% in 2020 as compared with 2019. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in IT Solutions and Services in our healthcare vertical market as a large

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project in process during 2019 ended. In our European operations, IT Solutions and Services demand remained strong as revenue increased $6.7 million or 4.6%. The strong demand was complemented by the acquisition of StarDust, a company that provides crowd testing and quality assurance services in France and Canada, in March 2020.

Non-Strategic Technology Services revenue decreased $28.6 million or 16.7% during 2020 as compared with 2019. The Non-Strategic Technology Services revenue decrease was primarily due to a significant decrease in demand resulting from the Pandemic. Additionally, a number of contracts were not renewed given the low level of profitability of the services provided.

The Company recorded revenue in 2020 and 2019 as follows:

The revenue decrease in North America in 2020 as compared with 2019 was primarily due to a significant decrease in demand for the Company's Non-Strategic Technology Services business due to the impact the Pandemic had on the economies in the markets we serve. Additionally, the Company continued to disengage from its lowest margin non-strategic technology services as part of its strategy. Demand in some areas of our IT Solutions and Services business, primarily in our healthcare vertical market, also declined driven by the impact of the Pandemic and the completion of a large engagement in 2019. The revenue increase in Europe was primarily due to strong demand for the Company’s services in the European markets we serve, and the acquisition of StarDust on March 3, 2020, which at the time of acquisition had estimated annual revenue of approximately $6.0 million. Reimbursable expenses billed to clients and included in revenue totaled $1.9 million and $2.6 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company’s total headcount was approximately 3,900 at December 31, 2020, which was a 1.3% decrease from approximately 3,950 at December 31, 2019.  Approximately 91% of this headcount was for technical resources and 9% for support positions.

The increase in revenue in the Company’s European operations in 2020 as compared with 2019 was in part due to the strength relative to the U.S. dollar of the currencies in Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, the countries in which the Company’s European subsidiaries operate. In Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, the functional currency is the Euro, while in the United Kingdom the functional currency is the British Pound. In 2020 as compared with 2019, the average value of the Euro increased 2.0%, and the average value of the British Pound increased 0.5%. A significant portion of the Company's revenue from its European operations is recorded in Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. Had there been no change in these exchange rates from 2019 to 2020, total European revenue would have been approximately $3.0 million lower, or $158.8 million as compared with the $161.8 million reported. When considering the year-over-year change in revenue in constant currencies, revenue from our European operations increased 5.1%. Operating income was positively impacted by $0.1 million in 2020 as compared with 2019 given the increase in the exchange rates year-over-year.

International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), CTG’s largest client, accounted for $77.5 million or 21.2% and $84.9 million or 21.5% of the Company’s consolidated revenue in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The National Technical Services Agreement with IBM expires on October 27, 2023. As part of the National Technical Services Agreement, the Company provides its services as a predominant supplier primarily to IBM’s Integrated Technology Services and the Systems and Technology Group business units. This agreement accounted for approximately 66% of all of the services provided to IBM by the Company in 2020. The Company’s accounts receivable from IBM at December 31, 2020 and 2019 totaled $11.3 million and $23.0 million, respectively.

No other client accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s revenue in 2020 or 2019.

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The Company operating results in 2020 and 2019 in its operating segments as follows:

The results for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 have been recast to conform to the current year presentation, which reflects changes made to our reporting structure during the fourth quarter of 2021. Refer to footnote 13, “Segments and Enterprise-Wide Disclosures” to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K for detailed discussion about these changes to our segments.

Direct costs, defined as costs for billable staff including billable out-of-pocket expenses, were 64.7% and 68.1% of revenue in 2020 and 2019, respectively, for North America IT Solutions and Services, and 75.6% and 77.5% of revenue in 2020 and 2019, respectively, for Europe IT Solutions and Services. In North America, a large project which had higher direct costs, and therefore lower margins, ended in 2019. In Europe, the addition of Stardust via acquisition in March 2020 had a positive impact on the overall gross margins of this segment. In the Non-Strategic Technology Services segment, the decision to disengage from a large, lower margin non-strategic technology services engagement had a modest impact on the year’s direct cost percentage.

Operating expenses were higher in the North America IT Solutions and Services segment in 2020 as the Company made a concerted effort to invest in business development, solutions and delivery resources to position the segment for future revenue growth.  In the Europe IT Solutions and Services segment, operating expenses fell as a percentage of revenue due to the operating leverage resulting from higher revenue.  In the Non-Strategic Technology Services segment, operating expenses decreased as the Company made a concerted effort to reduce its expenses to increase profits.

Other income (expense) was 0.4% of revenue in 2020 and (0.2)% of revenue in 2019. In 2020, the Company recorded non-taxable life insurance gains of approximately $1.0 million as two of its former executives passed away, and gains of approximately $0.8 million from the sale of a building.

The Company’s effective tax rate (ETR) is calculated based upon the full year's operating results and various tax related items. The ETR in 2020 was 28.3%, while the 2019 ETR was 34.4%. The ETR in 2020 was impacted by a number of items, including non-taxable life insurance gains, a one-time tax benefit of approximately $0.08 per share for a change in tax legislation, offset by higher effective tax rates in the Company’s European operations where the Company generated most of its income in 2020.

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Net income for 2020 was 2.1% of revenue or $0.53 per diluted share, compared with 1.0% of revenue or $0.29 per diluted share in 2019. Diluted earnings per share were calculated using 14.4 million weighted-average equivalent shares outstanding in 2020 and 14.0 million in 2019.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires the Company’s management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company’s significant accounting policies are included in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained in this annual report on Form 10-K under Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” These policies, along with the underlying assumptions and judgments made by the Company’s management in their application, have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company identifies its most critical accounting policies as those that are the most pervasive and important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial position and results of operations, and that require the most difficult, subjective and/or complex judgments by management regarding estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. The Company’s critical accounting estimates are related to the valuation allowance for deferred income taxes, and the valuation of goodwill.

Income Taxes—Valuation Allowances on Deferred Tax Assets

At December 31, 2021, the Company had a total of approximately $4.9 million of deferred tax assets, and approximately $1.8 million of deferred tax liabilities recorded on its consolidated balance sheet. The deferred tax assets, net, primarily consist of deferred compensation, loss carryforwards, and state taxes. The changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities from period to period are determined based upon the changes in the differences between the basis of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the basis of assets and liabilities for tax purposes, as measured by the enacted tax rates when these differences are estimated to reverse. The Company has made certain assumptions regarding the timing of the reversal of these assets and liabilities, and whether taxable income in future periods will be sufficient to recognize all or a part of any gross deferred tax asset of the Company.

At December 31, 2021, the Company had deferred tax assets totaling approximately $1.4 million recorded resulting from net operating losses in previous years. The Company has analyzed each jurisdiction’s tax position, including forecasting potential taxable income in future periods and the expiration of the net operating loss carryforwards as applicable, and determined that it is unclear whether all of these deferred tax assets will be realized at any point in the future. Accordingly, at December 31, 2021, the Company had offset a portion of these assets with a valuation allowance totaling approximately $0.3 million, resulting in a net deferred tax asset from net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1.1 million.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers, within each taxing jurisdiction, whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will be realized, or that a valuation allowance is required. Management considers all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing realizability of its deferred tax assets. A key component of this assessment is management’s critical evaluation of current and future impacts of business and economic factors on the Company’s ability to generate future taxable income. Factors that may affect the Company’s ability to generate taxable income include, but are not limited to increased competition, a decline in revenue or margins, a loss of market share, the availability of qualified professional staff, and a decrease in demand for the Company’s services.

The Company’s deferred tax assets and their potential realizability are evaluated each quarter to determine if any changes should be made to the valuation allowance. During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company made the decision to reverse its valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets in the United States. The Company generated U.S. book and tax income during 2019, 2020, and 2021 resulting in a cumulative income position for the three years ended December 31, 2021. The Company believes its financial outlook remains positive and the uncertainty around the Pandemic has decreased. Given the positive U.S. financial results and outlook, management has concluded that it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to fully realize its U.S. deferred tax assets and reversed the valuation allowance totaling $5.2 million at December 31, 2021. The analysis the Company prepared to determine the valuation allowance required significant judgment and assumptions regarding future market conditions as well as forecasts for profits, taxable income, and taxable income by jurisdiction. Due to the sensitivity of the analysis, changes to the assumptions in subsequent periods could have a material effect on the valuation allowance. Any further change in the valuation allowance in the future could result in a change in the Company’s ETR. A 1% change in the ETR in 2021 would have increased or decreased net income by approximately $117,000, or $0.01 per diluted share.

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Goodwill Valuation

Goodwill recorded on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 totaled $19.7 million and relates to acquisitions completed by the Company in 2018, 2019, and 2020. The acquisition of Soft Company in 2018 and StarDust in 2020 are in the France reporting unit, while the 2019 acquisition of Tech-IT is in the Luxembourg reporting unit. During 2021, $1.4 million of goodwill was allocated to the North America IT Solutions and Services segment, while the balance of $18.3 million remains in the Europe IT Solutions and Services segment. There was no impairment prior to or after the allocation of goodwill to the North America IT Solutions and Services segment. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s goodwill balance totaled $21.3 million and $16.7 million, respectively, and was wholly included in the Company’s Europe IT Solutions and Services segment.

As of October 2021 fiscal month-end, we performed our annual goodwill impairment test with the assistance of an external consultant and estimated the fair value of our reporting units based on a combination of the income (estimates of future discounted cash flows) and the market approach (market multiples for similar companies). The income approach uses a discounted cash flow (DCF) method that utilizes the present value of cash flows to estimate fair value of the reporting unit. The future cash flows for the reporting units were projected based upon on our estimates of future revenue, operating income and other factors such as working capital and capital expenditures. As part of our projections, we took into account expected industry and market conditions for the industries in which the reporting units operate, as well as trends currently impacting the reporting units. The market approach utilizes multiples of earnings before interest expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit. The market multiples used for our reporting units were based on competitor industry data, along with the market multiples for the Company and other factors.

Finally, we compared our estimates of fair value to the consolidated Company’s October 2021 month-end total public market capitalization, which included factoring in the business operations that do not have goodwill, and assessed implied control premiums. The Company’s public market capitalization has significantly increased from October 2021 to December 31, 2021 given an increase in the Company’s stock price of approximately 28.5% during that time period. Based on the results of this analysis, we concluded that the estimated fair value determined under our approach for the annual goodwill impairment test for our France and Luxembourg reporting units was reasonable.

We concluded that the goodwill assigned to the France and Luxembourg reporting units as of October 2021 were not impaired, and that they continue to not be impaired as of December 31, 2021. However, the estimates and assumptions on which the Company’s evaluations are based involve judgments and are based on current available information, any of which could prove wrong or inaccurate when made, or become wrong or inaccurate as a result of subsequent events. In the event the business significantly under achieves its goals for revenue and profit growth in the future, the carrying value for this business unit may not be supportable using a discounted cash flow projection, and an impairment charge may exist. See “Fair Value” in footnote 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Other Estimates

The Company has also made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of its assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare the consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, the FASB, and other regulatory authorities. Such estimates primarily relate to the valuation of stock options for recording equity-based compensation expense, allowances for doubtful accounts receivable, investment valuation, discount rates associated with pension plans, incurred but not reported healthcare claims, acquisition and related accounting, legal matters, and estimates of progress toward completion and direct profit or loss on contracts, as applicable. As future events and their effect on the Company's operating results cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ from these estimates. Changes in the economic climates in which the Company operates may affect these estimates and will be reflected in the Company’s financial statements in the event they occur.

Financial Condition and Liquidity

Cash provided by operating activities was $7.4 million, $30.7 million, and $8.5 million in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. In 2021, net income was $13.7 million, while other non-cash adjustments, primarily consisting of depreciation and amortization expense, equity-based compensation, deferred income taxes, non-taxable life insurance gains, a gain from a sale of a building, impairment of capitalized software, and deferred compensation totaled $0.5 million. In 2020 and 2019, net income was $7.6 million and $4.1 million, respectively, while the corresponding non-cash adjustments netted to $4.4 million and $4.3 million, respectively.

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Accounts receivable balances increased $10.3 million in 2021 as compared with 2020, decreased $17.0 million in 2020 as compared with 2019, and increased $3.6 million in 2019 as compared with 2018. The increase in the accounts receivable balance in 2021 resulted from a large training, implementation, and support engagement for a health system in North America during the fourth quarter. Days Sales Outstanding (“DSO”) is calculated by dividing accounts receivable obtained from the consolidated balance sheet by average daily revenue for the fourth quarter of the respective year. DSO was 67 days at December 31, 2021 as compared with 74 days December 31, 2020. The decrease in DSO was primarily driven by the Company’s arrangement with its largest customer to factor outstanding receivables, which decreases the time of payment from 90 days to as little as 15 days based upon the Company’s direction. DSO was 74 days at December 31, 2020 as compared with DSO at December 31, 2019 of 85 days.

The cash surrender value of life insurance policies decreased $0.1 million in 2021, $0.7 million in 2020, and $1.0 million in 2019. The decrease in each of the years was due to normal appreciation of the existing cash surrender value of the outstanding policies at each respective point in time, which in turn was reduced by the benefits paid upon the death of two former executives in 2020. Accounts payable increased $2.9 million in 2021, decreased $0.6 million in 2020, and increased $3.9 million in 2019. The increase in 2021 was primarily due to the timing of certain payments near year-end, while the decrease in 2020 was primarily due to the growth in the size of the Company and the timing of payments made near year-end. Accrued compensation increased $2.1 million in 2021 primarily due to the growth in the Company’s IT Solutions and Services and higher incentives for 2021 paid in the first quarter of 2022, and decreased $3.1 million in 2020 primarily due to the US operations reducing its payroll lag from two weeks in 2019 to one week during 2020. Accrued compensation increased $2.2 million in 2019 primarily due to significant growth in the Company’s operations and higher incentives for 2019 paid in the first quarter of 2020. Income taxes receivable decreased by $1.1 million in 2021 due to higher taxable income in 2021, and increased $1.3 million in 2020 due to a change in tax legislation which created a one-time benefit of approximately $1.1 million. Income taxes receivable increased $0.2 million in 2019 due to refunds received from the federal government and higher taxable income. Deferred payroll taxes decreased $3.2 million in 2021 and increased $6.7 million in 2020. The decrease in 2021 was due to the Company’s 2021 payment of a portion of the employer payroll taxes deferred under the CARES ACT in 2020. The increase in 2020 was due to the Company’s participation in a U.S. government program that allows companies under the CARES ACT to defer the payment of the employer portion of payroll taxes until 2021 and 2022. Advance billings increased $1.8 million in 2021, increased $1.3 million in 2020, and decreased $2.8 million in 2019. The change in advance billings in any given period is determined by the nature and type of existing projects, and the advance payments, if any, associated with those projects.

Investing activities used $2.5 million, $5.0 million, and $11.5 million of cash in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. In 2020, cash paid for the acquisition of StarDust, net of cash acquired, was approximately $4.3 million. In 2019, net cash paid for the acquisition of Tech-IT totaled $8.5 million. The Company also used cash for additions to property, equipment and capitalized software of $1.9 million in 2021, $2.9 million in 2020, and $2.4 million in 2019. The Company expects the amount to be spent in 2022 on additions to property, equipment and capitalized software to be similar to the amount spent in 2021. The Company has no material commitments for future capital expenditures. During the 2020 second quarter, the Company sold its remaining owned real estate for $2.5 million. As the book value of the building was approximately $1.6 million, the Company recorded a gain of approximately $0.8 million, after fees. The Company paid premiums for life insurance totaling $0.5 million in 2021, and $0.6 million for life insurance in both 2020 and 2019. The Company received a total of $0.4 million of proceeds from life insurance policies upon the death of former executives in 2020.

Financing activities provided (used) $(1.1) million, $(5.7) million, and $1.8 million of cash in 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Net cash received (paid) under the Company’s revolving credit agreement was $0.0 million in 2021, $(5.3) million in 2020, and $1.7 million in 2019. Deferred debt costs were $1.2 million in 2021, which were costs associated with putting the new Credit Agreement in place in 2021. These deferred costs will be amortized over the term of the new Credit Agreement, or 60 months. Payments made to taxing authorities that represent the value of shares withheld for taxes in employee equity-based compensation transactions totaled $0.4 million in 2021, and $0.2 million in both 2020 and 2019. Cash overdrafts relate to the amount of outstanding checks at a point in time, and netted to $0.0 million, $(0.4) million, and less than $0.1 million in the 2021, 2020, and 2019 periods, respectively. No share purchases for treasury were made in 2021, and as of December 31, 2021, $7.7 million was available under the Company's authorization to purchase shares in future periods. The Company recorded $0.4 million, $0.0 million, and less than $0.1 million during 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, from the proceeds from stock option exercises.

No dividends were paid in 2021, 2020, or 2019, and the Company does not currently foresee making a dividend payment in the future.

The new Credit Agreement has a five-year term that expires in May 2026.  Under this Credit Agreement, the Company can borrow up to $50.0 million depending on collateral availability.  The Credit Agreement is collateralized by the Company’s accounts receivable in the United States, Belgium and Luxembourg.  Interest rates range from 1.5% to

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2.0% over LIBOR or EURIBOR loans, and 0.5% to 1.0% over base rate (prime rate) loans. The London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), the interest rate benchmark used as a reference rate on our Credit Agreement, began being phased out at the beginning of calendar year 2022, with the one-month LIBOR, which we utilize as a reference rate, scheduled to cease immediately after June 30, 2023.  A reference rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), and other alternative benchmark rates, are replacing LIBOR. The Company can borrow under the agreement at either rate at its discretion. The Company’s previous Credit and Security Agreement was terminated during the 2021 second quarter.

At both December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, there were no amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement or the Company’s previous Credit and Security Agreement, respectively. The Company borrows or repays its debts as needed based upon its working capital obligations, including the timing of the U.S. bi-weekly payroll. There were no borrowings during 2021. The maximum amounts outstanding under its previous Credit and Security Agreement in 2020 was $12.0 million, while the average amount outstanding was $6.4 million, and carried a weighted average interest rate of 1.9%. Total commitment fees incurred totaled approximately $0.2 million in 2020 and $0.3 million in 2019, while interest paid in 2020 and 2019 totaled $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Under the Credit Agreement, the Company is required to meet one financial covenant in order to maintain borrowings under its revolving credit line, pay dividends, and make acquisitions. The covenant is measured quarterly, and at December 31, 2021 represented a fixed charge coverage ratio, where for the trailing twelve months the consolidated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) adjusted for, amongst other items, equity-based compensation and severance expenses, must be greater than 1.0 times the consolidated interest expense paid in cash and any scheduled principal payments. The fixed charge coverage ratio is only tested if availability, subject to a maximum of the commitment of $50.0 million, on the measurement date is less than the greater of 12.5% of the total loan availability or $5.0 million. Actual borrowings by CTG under the Credit Agreement are subject to a borrowing base, which is a formula based on certain eligible receivables and reserves for each country included in the Credit Agreement (the United States, Belgium, and Luxembourg). Receivable balances from our largest client, IBM, have been removed from the Credit Agreement as collateral, as the Company had entered into a factoring arrangement for those receivables. See “Accounts Receivable Factoring” in footnote 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion. Total availability as of December 31, 2021 was approximately $44.7 million. The Company’s compliance with its financial covenant was not required to be tested at December 31, 2021 as the availability under the Credit Agreement was in excess of 12.5% of the total loan availability. The Company was in compliance with its applicable covenants under the previous Credit and Security Agreement at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

Of the total cash and cash equivalents reported on the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2021 of $35.6 million, approximately $24.8 million is held by the Company’s foreign operations and is considered to be indefinitely reinvested in those operations. The Company has not repatriated any of its cash and cash equivalents from its foreign operations in the past five years, and has no intention of doing so in the foreseeable future as the funds are generally required to meet the working capital needs of its foreign operations.

At December 31, 2021, the Company believes existing internally available funds, cash potentially generated from future operations, and funds potentially available under the Company's revolving line of credit (subject to collateral limits) totaling $49.8 million, will be sufficient to meet foreseeable working capital and capital expenditure needs, fund stock repurchases, fund acquisitions, pay a dividend (if any), and allow for future internal growth and expansion.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company did not have off-balance sheet arrangements or transactions in 2021, 2020, and 2019 other than guarantees in our European operations which support office leases and performance under government contracts. These guarantees totaled approximately $3.1 million at December 31, 2021. Also, the Company has purchase obligations in 2022, 2023, and 2024 for certain software, recruiting and other services totaling $1.9 million.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

The Company’s primary market risk exposure consists of foreign currency exchange risk associated with the Company’s European operations. See Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in this report.

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Recently Issued Accounting Standards

See footnote 1 - "Recently Issued Accounting Standards" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report for information regarding recent accounting pronouncements.

Contractual Obligations

The Company intends to satisfy its contractual obligations from operating cash flows, and, if necessary, from draws on its demand credit line. The Company’s purchase obligations in 2022, 2023 and 2024 total approximately $1.9 million, including $0.8 million for software maintenance, support and related fees, $0.2 million for telecommunications, $0.4 million for recruiting services, $0.3 million for professional organization memberships and consulting fees, and $0.2 million for computer-based training courses. In the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, see footnote 4, “Debt” for a description of our asset-based lending revolving credit agreement and outstanding borrowing obligations, footnote 6, “Lease Commitments” for lease obligations, and footnote 7, “Deferred Compensation Benefits” for a description of the pension and post-retirement obligations. The Company has not entered into any material off-balance sheet arrangements.

The Company’s primary market risk exposure consists of foreign currency exchange risk associated with the Company’s European operations.

During 2021, revenue was impacted by the year-over-year foreign currency exchange rate changes of Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom, the countries in which the Company’s European subsidiaries operate. In Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, the functional currency is the Euro, while in the United Kingdom the functional currency is the British Pound. Had there been no change in these exchange rates from 2020 to 2021, total European revenue would have been approximately $6.8 million lower in 2021, or $167.1 million as compared with the $173.9 million reported. Operating income in the Company’s European operations would have been $0.5 million lower if there had been no change in foreign currency exchange rates year-over-year.

The Company has historically not used any market rate sensitive instruments to hedge its foreign currency exchange risk as it conducts its foreign operations in local currencies, which generally limits risk. The Company believes the market risk related to intercompany balances in future periods will not have a material effect on its results of operations.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Shareholders
Computer Task Group, Incorporated

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Computer Task Group, Incorporated (a New York corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes and financial statement schedule included under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 14, 2022 expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical audit matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Valuation of Goodwill – France Reporting Unit

As described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company evaluates goodwill impairment for each reporting unit every fourth quarter, or on an interim basis if an indicator of impairment is present.  The Company’s goodwill balance related to the France reporting unit was $14,365 as of December 31, 2021.  We have identified the annual goodwill impairment assessment related to the France reporting unit as a critical audit matter.

The principal consideration for our determination that the impairment assessment of the France reporting unit is a critical audit matter was due to the significant estimation required to determine the fair value of the reporting unit.  In particular, the fair value estimates used in the valuation of the France reporting unit were sensitive to significant assumptions such as forecasted revenue, forecasted operating income margins, long-term discount rate, and estimated valuation multiples, which are affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions.

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Our audit procedures related to the goodwill impairment assessment for the France reporting unit included the following, among others.  We tested the design and operating effectiveness of key controls over the Company's goodwill impairment assessment process including controls over the development and review of significant assumptions used in the determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. We tested the significant assumptions discussed above by assessing the reasonableness of management’s forecasts compared to current results and forecasted industry trends. We performed sensitivity analyses of forecasted revenue and operating income margin assumptions to evaluate changes in the fair value that would result from changes in these assumptions. With the assistance of our valuation specialists, we evaluated the selection of the long-term discount and growth rates, including testing the underlying source information and the mathematical accuracy of the calculations by developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the rates selected by management. We also involved our valuation specialists to evaluate the market approach, including evaluating the reasonableness of estimated valuation multiples.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.

Cleveland, Ohio

March 14, 2022

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Consolidated Statements of Operations

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Balance Sheets

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows