Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc. - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors Summary

Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”) constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements regarding our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows, strategies and prospects, and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. These forward-looking statements may be identified by terminology such as “likely,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue,” or the negative of such terms and other comparable terminology. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results. Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report or as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. However, any further disclosures made on related subjects in subsequent reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K should be considered.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and other factors that may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the items in the following list, which also summarizes some of the principal risks relating to the Company and its business:

PART I

Item 1. Business

Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc. is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Denver, Colorado. We refer to Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc. as the “Company,” “CPH,”, “us”, “we” or “our” in this Annual Report, and these designations include our subsidiaries unless we state otherwise.

Our principal executive offices are located at 500 E. 84^th Ave., Suite A-5, Thornton, Colorado, 80229. We maintain a website at https://www.concretepumpingholdings.com/. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report.

Overview

CPH is a leading provider of concrete pumping services and concrete waste management services in the United States (“U.S.”) and the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) based on fleet size, primarily operating under what we believe are the only established, national concrete pumping brands in both geographies – Brundage-Bone Concrete Pumping, Inc. (“Brundage-Bone”) for concrete pumping in the U.S., Camfaud Group Limited (“Camfaud”) in the U.K., and Eco-Pan, Inc. (“Eco-Pan”) for waste management services in both the U.S. and U.K. The Brundage-Bone business was founded in 1983 in Denver, Colorado. Since then, the Company has expanded across the U.S. and U.K. through more than 70 strategic acquisitions. Eco-Pan was founded in 1999 and was acquired by CPH in 2014. In November 2016, we entered the U.K. market through the acquisition of Camfaud. In recent years, we have successfully executed on our acquisition strategy, including (1) our fiscal 2021 acquisition of Hi-Tech Concrete Pumping Services (“Hi-Tech”), which added complementary assets in our Texas market, (2) our fiscal 2022 acquisition of Pioneer Concrete Pumping Service, Inc. (“Pioneer”), which provided us with complementary assets and operations in both Georgia and Texas, and (3) our acquisition of Coastal Carolina Concrete Pumping, Inc. ("Coastal") in August of 2022, which expanded our operations in the Carolinas and Florida.

Concrete pumping is a highly specialized method of concrete placement that requires skilled operators to position a truck-mounted, fully-articulating boom for precise delivery of ready-mix concrete from mixer trucks to placing crews on a construction job site. In addition, proper concrete washout handling is an important area of focus for our Company given rising awareness of environmental factors. We believe that our large fleet of specialized pumping equipment, washout pans and trucks, and highly-trained operators enable us to be the trusted provider of concrete placement and waste management solutions to our customers. We deliver and facilitate substantial labor cost savings, shortened concrete placement times, enhanced worksite safety, and efficient concrete washout containment, and thereby help improve the overall quality of construction projects. As of October 31, 2022, we operated a fleet of approximately 1,630 units of equipment, with approximately 1,650 employees and approximately 150 locations globally.

With almost 40 years of experience, we believe we are the only nationally-scaled provider of concrete pumping services in the U.S. and the U.K., with the most comprehensive and reliable fleet and highly-skilled operators to provide quality service. We are especially equipped to support large and technically complex construction projects, which generally command higher price points than smaller projects. In addition, we have actively focused our business on commercial and infrastructure construction projects, while continuing to pursue profitable residential opportunities. Our fleet is capable of handling multiple large projects concurrently, and can be deployed on short-notice across the U.S. and the U.K., thereby allowing us to efficiently allocate resources depending on market conditions to more profitable markets. Our highly complementary Eco-Pan business provides customers with a one-stop solution for their concrete washout needs. We plan to continue establishing additional Eco-Pan locations across the U.S. and the U.K., and further penetrate our existing concrete pumping customer base by cross-selling our Eco-Pan services. 

As of October 31, 2022, we estimate our share of the concrete pumping market to be approximately 17% in the U.S. and approximately 34% in the U.K., based on fleet size. In the U.S. and U.K. markets, we serve a large and diverse customer base and as of October 31, 2022, our top ten customers represented less than 10% of our total revenue and had an average tenure of more than 20 years.

Segments

We operate through the following four reportable segments:

U.S. Concrete Pumping: Our U.S. concrete pumping services segment represented 74% of our total revenue for the year ended October 31, 2022 and services from this segment are primarily provided under our Brundage-Bone and Capital Pumping brands, which as of October 31, 2022 operated a total fleet of approximately 1,090 equipment units from a diversified footprint of approximately 100 locations across 20 states. We provide operated concrete pumping services, for which customers are billed on a negotiated time and volume basis based on the duration of the job and yards of concrete pumped. Additional charges (such as a fuel surcharge and travel costs) are frequently added based on specific project requirements. Typically, we send a single operator with each concrete pump. We do not take ownership of the concrete and thus have minimal inventory or product liability risk. We typically do not engage in fixed-bid work or have surety bonding requirements and operate a daily fee-based revenue model regardless of overall construction project completion.

U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services: Our U.S. concrete waste management services segment represented 12% of our total revenue for the year ended October 31, 2022. Through our Eco-Pan business, we are a leading provider of concrete waste management services in the U.S. Eco-Pan provides a full-service, cost-effective, regulation-compliant solution to manage environmental issues caused by concrete washout. Eco-Pan is a route-based solution that operates approximately 100 trucks and over 8,000 custom metal pans or containers for construction sites from 18 locations in the U.S. as of October 31, 2022. We charge a fixed fee that includes (1) the round-trip delivery and pickup of watertight pans / containers, (2) environmental disposal of concrete washout and (3) a specified number of days the pans / containers can be used for. This provides a turnkey solution to the customer compared to the alternatives of bagging the waste concrete, pouring it into an on-site lined pit, or disposing of it into trash dumpsters and arranging for a pick-up. To the extent that the pans or containers are held at the job site for an extended number of days or irregular waste is found in the pan, we charge incremental fees. Our trucks are designed to allow for the pick-up and re-delivery of multiple pans, leading to significant incremental efficiencies as route densities increase.

U.K. Operations: Our U.K. operations segment represented 14% of our total revenue for the year ended October 31, 2022 and consisted of concrete pumping and concrete waste management services. Our concrete pumping services are primarily provided through either our Camfaud brand (operated pumping services) or our Premier Concrete Pumping brand (rental of pumping equipment without an operator). Mobile equipment is charged to customers under a minimum hire rate, which is typically five to eight hours. Our concrete pumping business in the U.K. is comprised of a fleet of approximately 440 equipment units that are serviced from 30 locations as of October 31, 2022. In addition, during the third quarter of fiscal 2019 we started concrete waste management operations under our Eco-Pan brand name in the U.K. and the results of these operations are included in this segment. Our Eco-Pan business in the U.K. is operated from a shared Camfaud location as of October 31, 2022. We bill our customers for our Eco-Pan services in the same manner as our U.S. Eco-Pan services.

Corporate: Our Corporate segment is primarily related to the intercompany leasing of real estate to certain of our U.S Concrete Pumping branches.

Competitive Environment 

The concrete pumping industry is highly fragmented in both the U.S. and the U.K. In the U.S., we believe there are approximately 1,000 industry participants, the majority of which operate with an average of five to ten pumps each, a limited number having a multi-regional presence (average of 50-60 pumps) and no other company having a national presence. We believe many industry participants are undercapitalized, utilize aged equipment and operate only smaller and significantly fewer boom pumps. In a typical geographic market, we generally compete with only one or two other concrete pumping companies that can perform the larger and more complex projects that we typically target.

In the concrete waste management industry, we compete with local operators who may have a small number of washout pans but are not capable of offering services across the U.S. We believe we are the only operator of scale with a national footprint in this industry and estimate that there is only one competitor on a national level. While the technology underlying the washout pans is less sophisticated than that for a concrete pump, we believe having the route density that Eco-Pan has achieved is a differentiator in terms of profitability. Our U.K. operations segment is the pioneer of the concrete waste management service in the U.K. and as such, we are not aware of any equivalent competitor in the U.K.

Equipment

Our fleet is operated by approximately 1,000 experienced employees as of October 31, 2022, each of whom is required to complete rigorous training and safety programs. In addition, we have approximately 140 skilled mechanics who perform in-house equipment servicing. As of October 31, 2022, we owned 100% of our fleet consisting of approximately 970 boom pumps, ranging in size from 17 to 65 meters, 90 placing booms, 20 telebelts, 340 stationary pumps, and 100 waste management trucks. As of October 31, 2022, the average age of our fleet was approximately 9 years old and most of our equipment had useful lives of 20 to 25 years.

Customers

We serve a base of more than 12,000 customers (often with several projects per customer) across the U.S. and the U.K. and have an approximate 92% customer retention rate based on our top 500 customers and ~100% customer retention rate of our top 100 customers as of October 31, 2022. In addition, as of October 31, 2022, our top ten customers represented less than 10% of our total revenue and had an average tenure of more than 20 years. Our customer composition is largely dependent on geographic location and general economic and construction market trends within individual operating markets. We actively monitor regional trends and target customers in fast-growing markets through our extensive geographic footprint and knowledge of the local construction markets in each region in which we operate.

Our customer base consists of general contractors or concrete contractors that span across the commercial, infrastructure and residential end markets. We also sell replacement parts to regional operators that lack the capital and scale to independently maintain a sufficiently stocked replacement parts inventory. Our contractual arrangements with customers are typically on a project-to-project purchase order basis.

Suppliers

We primarily purchase pumping equipment, replacement parts, and fuel for our day-to-day operations. Concrete pumping equipment is primarily sourced from three suppliers – Schwing, Putzmeister, and Alliance. There are a number of other suppliers as well and we are not solely dependent upon any single one. We believe we are the concrete pumping industry’s largest consumer of concrete pumping supplies and, as such, have significant leverage with respect to making purchases. We typically purchase fuel in bulk at favorable prices and utilize onsite fuel storage facilities.

Employees

As of October 31, 2022, we had approximately 1,650 employees across the U.S. and the U.K., of which approximately 1,140 are highly-skilled equipment operators and mechanics, approximately 200 are managers, approximately 50 are in sales, and approximately 70 are dispatchers. The remaining employees include administrative support, corporate functions, and laborers. Our employees have an average tenure of approximately five years for pump operators. Additionally, our regional managers have, on average, approximately 30 years of experience in the concrete pumping industry. We maintain a highly sophisticated, industry recognized training program, which ensures all operators can meet the requirements of any project. Operators are trained in concrete pumping as well as in basic mechanical repair, while shop managers are trained in inspection and maintenance of all critical truck systems.

Approximately 130 employees in CPH’s workforce are unionized across California, Oregon and Washington. These individuals are represented by the International Union of Operating Engineers (“IUOE”) under three separate collective bargaining agreements. We have historically maintained favorable relations with the IUOE and have not experienced any significant disputes, disagreements, strikes or work stoppages.

Safety

To our knowledge, we are the only concrete pumping company in the U.S. and the U.K. with a comprehensive, active safety program, including an in-house corporate safety department and a designated safety trainer at each branch. As part of our safety management program, we actively track key safety performance indicators at each branch location to monitor safety performance and take corrective action when needed. Over the last two years, our Total Recordable Incident Rate (“TRIR”) has remained better than industry averages.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to various federal, state and local and environmental laws and regulations, including those governing the discharge of pollutants into air or water, the management, storage and disposal of, or exposure to, hazardous substances and wastes, the responsibility to investigate and clean up contamination, and occupational health and safety. Fines and penalties may be imposed for non-compliance with applicable environmental, health and safety requirements and the failure to have or to comply with the terms and conditions of required permits. We are not aware of any material instances of non-compliance with respect to environmental regulations.

Available Information

We make our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file or furnish the materials electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). To obtain any of this information, go to our investor relations website, www.ir.concretepumpingholdings.com, and select “SEC Filings”. Our investor relations website includes our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and charters for the Audit, Compensation and Corporate Governance/Nominating Committees. These materials may also be obtained, free of charge, at www.ir.concretepumpingholdings.com (select “Governance”).

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Operations

Our business is cyclical in nature and a slowdown in the economic recovery or a decrease in general economic activity has in the past and could in the future negatively impact our financial results.

Substantially all of our customer base comes from the commercial, infrastructure and residential construction markets. Global economic challenges including rising inflation, significant increases in fuel costs, supply-chain disruptions, and adverse labor market conditions have recently caused macroeconomic uncertainty and volatility in markets where we operate, and as a result of these challenges, (1) we have experienced negative impacts to our gross margins where we have not been able to fully pass these price increases on to our customers and (2) some of our customers’ projects have been delayed or potentially cancelled. A further worsening of economic conditions or significant decrease in construction expenditures and/or investments could cause weakness in our end markets, cause declines in construction and industrial activity, and materially adversely affect our revenue and operating results.

The following factors, among others, may cause weakness in our end markets, either temporarily or long-term:

A downturn in any of our end markets in one or more of our geographic markets caused by these or other factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

Our business is seasonal and subject to adverse weather conditions.

Since our business is primarily conducted outdoors, erratic weather patterns, seasonal changes and other weather-related conditions affect our business. Adverse weather conditions, including hurricanes and tropical storms, cold weather, snow, and heavy or sustained rainfall, reduce construction activity, restrict the demand for our products and services, and impede our ability to deliver and pump concrete efficiently or at all. In addition, during periods of extended adverse weather or other operational delays, we may elect to continue to pay certain hourly employees to maintain our workforce, which may adversely impact our results of operations. In addition, severe drought conditions can restrict available water supplies and restrict production. Consequently, these events could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows.

Our revenue and operating results have varied historically from period to period and any unexpected periods of decline could result in an overall decline in our available cash flows.

Our revenue and operating results have varied historically from period to period and may continue to do so. We have identified below certain of the factors that have in the past and may in the future cause our revenue and operating results to vary:

Accordingly, our operating results in any particular quarter may not be indicative of the results that can be expected for any other quarter or for the entire year. Furthermore, negative trends in the concrete pumping and waste management industries or in our geographic markets could have material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows.

Our business is highly competitive and competition may increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The concrete pumping industry is highly competitive and fragmented. Many of the markets in which we operate are served by several competitors, ranging from larger regional companies to small, independent businesses with a limited fleet and geographic scope of operations. Some of our principal competitors may have more flexible capital structures or may have greater name recognition in one or more of our geographic markets. We generally compete on the basis of, among other things, quality and breadth of service, expertise, reliability, price and the size, quality and availability of our fleet of pumping equipment, which is significantly affected by the level of our capital expenditures. If we are required to reduce or delay capital expenditures for any reason, including due to restrictions contained in, or debt service payments required by, our credit facilities or otherwise, the ability to replace our fleet or the age of our fleet may put us at a disadvantage to our competitors and adversely impact our ability to generate revenue. In addition, our industry may be subject to competitive price decreases in the future, particularly during cyclical downturns in our end markets, which can adversely affect revenue, profitability and cash flow. We may encounter increased competition from existing competitors or new market entrants in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We are dependent on our relationships with key suppliers to obtain equipment for our business.

We depend on a small group of key manufacturers of concrete pumping equipment to sell equipment to us. We have historically relied primarily on three suppliers and we cannot provide assurance that our favorable working relationships with our suppliers will continue in the future or that they will continue to provide high-quality products, service and support. Any deterioration in the quality of such products, service or support could result in additional maintenance costs and operational issues.

In addition, the concrete industry has historically been subject to periods of supply shortages, particularly in a strong economy or due to macroeconomic supply chain issues driven by factors such as the war in Ukraine. We cannot predict the impact on our suppliers of changes in the economic environment and other developments in their respective businesses. Insolvency, financial difficulties, strategic changes or other factors may result in our suppliers not being able to fulfill the terms of their agreements with us, whether satisfactorily or at all. Further, such factors may render suppliers unwilling to extend contracts that provide favorable terms to us or may force them to seek to renegotiate existing contracts with us. Termination of our relationship with any of our key suppliers, or interruption of our access to concrete pumping equipment, pipe or other supplies, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

As the average fleet age increases, our offerings may not be as attractive to potential customers and our operating costs may materially increase, impacting our results of operations.

As our equipment ages, the cost of maintaining such equipment, if not replaced within a certain period of time or amount of use, will likely increase. We estimate that our fleet assets generally will have a useful life of up to 25 years depending on the size of the machine, hours in service, yardage pumped, and, in certain instances, other circumstances unique to an asset. We manage our fleet of equipment according to the wear and tear that a specific machine or type of equipment is expected to experience over its useful life. As of October 31, 2022, the average age of our concrete pumping equipment was approximately nine years. If the average age of our equipment increases, whether as a result of our inability to access sufficient capital to maintain or replace equipment in a timely manner or otherwise, our investment in the maintenance, parts and repair for individual pieces of equipment may exceed the book value or replacement value of that equipment. We cannot provide assurance that costs of maintenance will not materially increase in the future. Any material increase in such costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, as our equipment ages, it may become less attractive to potential customers, thus decreasing our ability to effectively compete for new business.

The costs of new equipment we use in our fleet may increase, requiring us to spend more for replacement equipment or preventing us from procuring equipment on a timely basis.

The cost of new equipment for use in our concrete pumping fleet has increased and could further increase due to increased material costs to our suppliers or other factors beyond our control. Such increases could materially adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows in future periods. Furthermore, changes in technology or customer demand could cause certain of our existing equipment to become obsolete and require us to purchase new equipment at increased costs.

We sell used equipment on a regular basis. Our fleet is subject to residual value risk upon disposition and may not sell at the prices or in the quantities we expect.

We continuously evaluate our fleet of equipment as we seek to optimize our vehicle size and capabilities for our end markets in multiple locations. We therefore seek to sell used equipment on a regular basis. The market value of any given piece of equipment could be less than its depreciated value at the time it is sold. The market value of used equipment depends on several factors, including:

We include in income from operations the difference between the sales price and the net book value of an item of equipment sold. Changes in our assumptions regarding depreciation could change our depreciation expense, as well as the gain or loss realized upon disposal of equipment. Sales of our used concrete pumping equipment at prices that fall significantly below our expectations or in lesser quantities than we anticipate could have a negative impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have in the past and may in the future incur impairment charges as a result of an impairment to goodwill or intangible assets, which would negatively impact our operating results.

Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations.

We assess potential impairment of our goodwill at least annually. Impairment may result from significant changes in the manner of use of the acquired assets, negative industry or economic trends or significant underperformance relative to historical or projected operating results. An impairment of our goodwill may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic drove a sustained decline in our stock price and a deterioration in general economic conditions, resulting in us recording goodwill and intangibles impairment charges totaling $57.9 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2020. At October 31, 2022, we had remaining recorded goodwill of $220.2 million related to multiple acquisitions.

If we are unable to collect on contracts with a significant number of customers, our operating results would be adversely affected.

We have billing arrangements with a majority of our customers that provide for payment on agreed terms after our services are provided. If we are unable to manage credit risk issues adequately, or if a large number of customers should have financial difficulties at the same time, our credit losses could increase significantly above their low historical levels and our operating results would be adversely affected. Further, delinquencies and credit losses increased during the last recession and generally can be expected to increase during economic slowdowns or recessions.

Fluctuations in fuel costs or reduced supplies of fuel could harm our business.

Fuel costs represent a significant portion of our operating expenses and we are dependent upon fuel to transport and operate our equipment. We have in the past and could in the future be adversely affected by limitations on fuel supplies or increases in fuel prices that result in higher costs of transporting equipment to and from job sites and higher costs to operate our concrete pumps and other equipment. Although we are able to pass through the impact of fuel price charges to most of our customers, there is often a lag before such pass-through arrangements are reflected in our operating results and there may be a limit to how much of any fuel price increases we can pass onto our customers. Any such limits may adversely affect our results of operations.

We depend on access to our branch facilities to service our customers and maintain and store our equipment, and natural disasters and other developments could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on our primary branch facilities in the U.S. and U.K., respectively, to store, service and maintain our fleet. These facilities contain most of the specialized equipment we require to service our fleet, in addition to the extensive secure storage areas needed for a significant number of large vehicles. If any of our facilities were to sustain significant damage or become unavailable to us for any reason, including natural disasters, our operations could be disrupted, which could in turn adversely affect our relationships with our customers and our results of operations and cash flow. Any limitation on our access to facilities as a result of any breach of, or dispute under, our leases could also disrupt and adversely affect our operations. In addition, if natural disasters such as forest fires were to cause significant disruptions to the construction projects where we focus our business, our operations could be disrupted, which could in turn materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Due to the material portion of our business conducted in currency other than U.S. dollars, we have significant foreign currency risk.

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with GAAP, and we report, and will continue to report, our results in U.S. dollars. Some of our operations are conducted by subsidiaries in the United Kingdom and the results of operations and the financial position of these subsidiaries are recorded in the relevant foreign currencies and then translated into U.S. dollars. Any change in the value of the pound sterling against the U.S. dollar during a given financial reporting period would result in a foreign currency loss or gain on the translation of U.S. dollar denominated revenues and costs. The exchange rates between the pound sterling against the U.S. dollar have fluctuated significantly in recent years and may fluctuate significantly in the future. Consequently, our reported earnings could fluctuate materially as a result of foreign exchange translation gains or losses and may not be comparable from period to period.

Acquisitions and expansions into new markets may result in significant transaction expense and expose us to risks associated with entering new markets and integrating new or acquired operations.

We may encounter risks associated with entering new markets in which we have limited or no experience. New operations require significant capital expenditures and may initially have a negative impact on our short-term cash flow, net income and results of operations, or may never become profitable.

In addition, our industry is highly fragmented, and we expect to consider acquisition opportunities when we believe they would enhance our business and financial performance. However, acquisitions may impose significant strains on our management, operating systems and financial resources, and could experience unanticipated integration issues. The pursuit and integration of acquisitions has in the past and can continue to require substantial attention from our senior management, which will limit the amount of time they have available to devote to our existing operations. Our ability to realize the expected benefits from any future acquisitions depends in large part on our ability to integrate and consolidate the new operations with our existing operations in a timely and effective manner. Future acquisitions could also result in the incurrence of substantial amounts of indebtedness and contingent liabilities (including environmental, employee benefits and safety and health liabilities), accumulation of goodwill that may become impaired, and an increase in amortization expenses related to intangible assets. Any significant diversion of management’s attention from our existing operations, the loss of key employees or customers of any acquired business, any major difficulties encountered in the opening of start-up locations or the integration of acquired operations or any associated increases in indebtedness, liabilities or expenses could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may not realize the anticipated synergies, cost savings or profits from acquisitions.

We have completed a number of acquisitions in recent years that we believe present revenue, profit and cost-saving synergy opportunities. However, the integration of recent or future acquisitions may not result in the realization of the full benefits of the revenue, profit and cost synergies that we expected at the time or currently expect within the anticipated time frame or at all. Moreover, we may incur substantial expenses or unforeseen liabilities in connection with the integration of acquired businesses. While we anticipate that certain expenses will be incurred, such expenses are difficult to estimate accurately and may exceed our estimates. Accordingly, the expected benefits of any acquisition may be offset by costs or delays incurred in integrating the businesses. Failure of recent or future acquisitions to meet our expectations and be integrated successfully could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Disruptions in our information technology systems due to cyber security threats or other factors could limit our ability to effectively monitor and control our operations and adversely affect our operating results, and unauthorized access to customer information on our systems could adversely affect our relationships with our customers or result in liability.

Our information technology systems, including our enterprise resource planning system, facilitate our ability to monitor and control our assets and operations and adjust to changing market conditions and customer needs. Any disruptions in these systems or the failure of these systems to operate as expected could, depending on the magnitude of the problem, adversely affect our operating results by limiting our capacity to effectively monitor and control our assets and operations and adjust to changing market conditions in a timely manner. Many of our business records at most of our branches are still maintained manually, and loss of those records as a result of facility damage, personnel changes or otherwise could also cause such disruptions. In addition, because our systems sometimes contain information about individuals and businesses, our failure to appropriately safeguard the security of the data it holds, whether as a result of our own error or the malfeasance or errors of others, could harm our reputation or give rise to legal liabilities, leading to lower revenue, increased costs and other material adverse effects on our results of operations.

We have taken steps intended to mitigate these risks, including business continuity planning, disaster recovery planning and business impact analysis. However, a significant disruption or cyber intrusion could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Furthermore, instability in the financial markets as a result of terrorism, sustained or significant cyber-attacks, or war could also materially adversely affect our ability to raise capital.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

We are exposed to liability claims on a continuing basis, which may exceed the level of our insurance or not be covered at all, and this could have a material adverse effect on our operating performance.

Our business exposes us to claims for personal injury, death or property damage resulting from the use of the equipment we operate, rent, sell, service or repair and from injuries caused in motor vehicle or other accidents in which our personnel are involved. Our business also exposes us to workers’ compensation claims and other employment-related claims. We carry comprehensive insurance, subject to deductibles, at levels we believe are sufficient to cover existing and future claims; however, future claims may exceed the level of our insurance, and our insurance may not continue to be available on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Certain types of claims, such as claims for punitive damages, are not covered by our insurance. In addition, we are self-insured for the deductibles on our policies and have established reserves for incurred but not reported claims. If actual claims exceed our reserves, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows would be adversely affected. Whether or not we are covered by insurance, certain claims may generate negative publicity, which may lead to lower revenues, as well as additional similar claims being filed.

Our business is subject to significant operating risks and hazards that have in the past and could in the future result in personal injury or damage or destruction to property, which could result in losses or liabilities to the Company.

Construction sites are potentially dangerous workplaces and often put our employees and others in close proximity with mechanized equipment and moving vehicles. Our equipment has been involved in workplace incidents and incidents involving mobile operators of our equipment in transit in the past and may also be involved in such incidents in the future.

Our profitability and relationships with our customers is dependent on our safety record. If serious accidents or fatalities occur, regardless of whether we were at fault, or our safety record were to deteriorate, we may be ineligible to bid on certain work, be exposed to possible litigation, and existing service arrangements could be terminated, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity. Adverse experiences with hazards and claims could have a negative effect on our reputation with our existing or potential new customers and our prospects for future work.

In any concrete construction environment, our workers are subject to the usual hazards associated with providing construction and related services on construction sites, including environmental hazards, industrial accidents, hurricanes, adverse weather conditions and flooding. Operating hazards can cause personal injury or death, damage to or destruction of property, plant and equipment, environmental damage, performance delays, monetary losses or legal liability.

We have operations throughout the United States and the United Kingdom, which subjects us to multiple federal, state, and local laws and regulations. Moreover, we operate at times as a government contractor or subcontractor which subjects us to additional laws, regulations, and contract provisions. Changes in law, regulations, government contract provisions, or other legal requirements, or our material failure to comply with any of them, can increase our costs and have other negative impacts on our business.

Each of our sites exposes us to a host of different local laws and regulations. These requirements address multiple aspects of our operations, such as worker safety, consumer rights, privacy, employee benefits, antitrust, emissions regulations and may also impact other areas of our business, such as pricing. In addition, government contracts and subcontracts are subject to a wide range of requirements not applicable in the purely commercial context, such as extensive auditing and disclosure requirements; anti-money laundering, anti-bribery and anti-gratuity rules; political campaign contribution and lobbying limitations; and small and/or disadvantaged business preferences. Even when a government contractor has reasonable policies and practices in place to address these risks and requirements, it is still possible for problems to arise. Moreover, government contracts or subcontracts are generally riskier than commercial contracts, because, when problems arise, the adverse consequences can be severe, including civil false claims (which can involve penalties and treble damages), suspension and debarment, and even criminal prosecution. Moreover, the requirements of laws, regulations, and government contract provisions are often different in different jurisdictions. Changes in these requirements, or any material failure by us to comply with them, can increase our costs, negatively affect our reputation, reduce our business, require significant management time and attention and generally otherwise impact our operations in adverse ways.

We are subject to numerous environmental and safety regulations. If we are required to incur compliance or remediation costs that are not currently anticipated, our liquidity and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

Our facilities and operations are subject to comprehensive and frequently changing federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and health and safety. These laws and regulations govern, among other things, occupational safety, employee relations, the discharge of substances into the air, water and land, the handling, storage, transport, use and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes and the cleanup of properties affected by pollutants. If we violate environmental or safety laws or regulations, we may be required to implement corrective actions and could be subject to civil or criminal fines or penalties or other sanctions. We cannot assure you that we will not have to make significant capital or operating expenditures in the future in order to comply with applicable laws and regulations or that we will comply with applicable environmental laws at all times. Such violations or liability could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Environmental laws also impose obligations and liability for the investigation and cleanup of properties affected by hazardous substance or fuel spills or releases. These liabilities are often joint and several and may be imposed on the parties generating or disposing of such substances or on the owner or operator of affected property, often without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of hazardous substances. We may also have liability for past contaminated properties historically owned or operated by companies that we have acquired or merged with, even though we never owned or operated such properties. Accordingly, we may become liable, either contractually or by operation of law, for investigation, remediation, monitoring and other costs even if the contaminated property is not presently owned or operated by us, or if the contamination was caused by third parties during or prior to our ownership or operation of the property. Contamination and exposure to hazardous substances can also result in claims for damages, including personal injury, property damage, and natural resources damage claims.

Most of our properties currently have above or below ground storage tanks for fuel and other petroleum products and oil-water separators (or equivalent wastewater collection/treatment systems). Given the nature of our operations (which involve the use of diesel and other petroleum products, solvents and other hazardous substances) for fueling and maintaining our equipment and vehicles, and the historical operations at some of our properties, we may incur material costs associated with soil or groundwater contamination. Future events, such as changes in existing laws or policies or their enforcement, or the discovery of currently unknown contamination, may give rise to remediation liabilities or other claims or costs that may be material.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and previously restated our financial statements for the quarter ended July 31, 2022. If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses and maintain effective controls in the future, our stock price may suffer.

We recently identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as described in Part II, Item 9A “Controls and Procedures” of this Annual Report. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The restatement of our financial statements for the quarter ended July 31, 2022 and the material weaknesses we identified may adversely affect our stock price, and the measures we take to remediate these deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting and to implement and maintain effective controls in the future may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a public company and produce reliable financial reports, which may result in additional material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements and adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires any company subject to the reporting requirements of the U.S. securities laws to do a comprehensive evaluation of its and its consolidated subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting. To comply with this statute, we were required to document, test and report on our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, starting with our 2022 fiscal year, our independent auditors were required to issue an opinion on our audit of our internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation to meet the detailed standards under the rules. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the possibility of human error and the risk of fraud.

We may be adversely affected by developments relating to Brexit.

On January 31, 2020, the U.K. withdrew from the European Union (“EU”), which is commonly referred to as Brexit. On December 24, 2020, the U.K. and EU reached an agreement which contains rules for how the U.K. and EU are to live, work and trade together. On December 31, 2020, the transition period ended, and the U.K. left the EU single market and customs union.

While almost all of the work performed by our UK Operations segment continues to be performed domestically in the U.K., the effects of and the perceptions as to the impact from the withdrawal of the U.K. from the EU continues to have the potential to adversely affect business activity and economic and market conditions in the U.K., the Eurozone, and globally and could contribute to instability in global financial and foreign exchange markets, including volatility in the value of the pound sterling and the euro. As reported previously, Brexit could continue to lead to additional political, legal and economic instability in the EU or labor shortages due to changes and restrictions regarding the free movement of people into the U.K. from the EU. Any of these effects of Brexit, and others we cannot anticipate, could adversely affect the value of our assets in the U.K., as well as our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition to Brexit, the UK and worldwide macro economies have been impacted by other significant events such as COVID-19 which have created other variables in assessing the impact of Brexit. This has meant that the potential medium to longer term impact of Brexit continues and will continue to be assessed.

Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and U.K., and our domestic tax liabilities will be subject to the allocation of expenses in differing jurisdictions. Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including:

In addition, we may be subject to audits of our income, sales and other transaction taxes by U.S. federal and state authorities or by U.K. authorities. Outcomes from these audits could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in laws or, regulations or rules, or a failure to comply with any laws, regulations or rules, may adversely affect our business, investments and results of operations.

We are subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by national, regional and local governments and Nasdaq. In particular, we are required to comply with certain SEC, Nasdaq and other legal or regulatory requirements in the U.S. and U.K. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time consuming and costly.

For example, there is a growing concern from advocacy groups and the general public that the emissions of greenhouse gases and other human activities have caused, or will cause, significant changes in weather patterns and temperatures and the frequency and severity of natural disasters. These concerns have resulted in increasing governmental and societal attention to environmental, social, and governance ("ESG") matters, including expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure on topics such as climate change, waste production, water usage, human capital, labor, and risk oversight, and could expand the nature, scope, and complexity of matters on which we are required to control, assess, and report. These and other rapidly changing laws, regulations, policies and related interpretations, as well as increased enforcement actions by various governmental and regulatory agencies, may create challenges for us, including for our compliance and ethics programs, the environment in which we do business and by increasing our ongoing costs of compliance, which could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows.

These laws, regulations or rules and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Employee Related Risks 

Our business depends on favorable relations with our employees. Any deterioration of these relations, including those with our union-represented employees, issues with our collective bargaining agreements, labor shortages or increases in labor costs could disrupt our ability to serve our customers, lead to higher labor costs or the payment of withdrawal liability in connection with multiemployer plans, adversely affecting our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As of October 31, 2022, approximately 10% of our employees in the United States (but none of our employees in the United Kingdom) were represented by unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. The states in which our employees are represented by unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements are California, Washington and Oregon. There can be no assurance that our non-unionized employees will not become members of a union or become covered by a collective bargaining agreement, including through an acquisition of a business whose employees are subject to such an agreement. Any significant deterioration in employee relations, shortages of labor or increases in labor costs at any of our locations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. A slowdown or work stoppage that lasts for a significant period of time could cause lost revenues and increased costs and could adversely affect our ability to meet our customers’ needs.

Furthermore, our labor costs could increase as a result of the settlement of actual or threatened labor disputes. In addition, our collective bargaining agreement with our union in California was renewed as of July 1, 2022 and is effective through June 30, 2025. It will continue on a year-to-year basis after unless parties provide advance written notice to change, amend, modify, or terminate the Agreement. No such notices have been given or received. Our collective bargaining agreement with our union in Oregon expires in 2024. Our collective bargaining agreement with our union in Washington expires in 2037. We cannot assure you that renegotiation of these agreements will be successful or will not result in adverse economic terms or work stoppages or slowdowns.

Under our collective bargaining agreements, we are, and have previously been, obligated to contribute to several multiemployer pension plans on behalf of our unionized employees. A multiemployer pension plan is a defined benefit pension plan that provides pension benefits to the union-represented workers of various generally unrelated companies. Under the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), an employer that has an obligation to contribute to an underfunded multiemployer plan, as well as any other entities that are treated as a single employer with such employer under applicable tax and ERISA rules, may become jointly and severally liable, generally upon complete or partial withdrawal from a multiemployer plan, for its proportionate share of the plan’s unfunded benefit obligations. These liabilities are known as “withdrawal liabilities.” Certain of the multiemployer plans to which we are obligated to contribute have been significantly underfunded in the past. If any of the multiemployer plans were to become significantly underfunded again, and go into an “endangered status,” the trustees of the plan would be required to adopt and maintain a rehabilitation plan and we may be required to pay a surcharge on top of our regular contributions to the plan.

We currently have no intention of withdrawing, in either a complete or partial withdrawal, from any of the multiemployer plans to which we currently contribute, and we have not been assessed any withdrawal liability in the past when we have ceased participating in certain multiemployer plans to which we previously contributed. In addition, we believe that the “construction industry” multiemployer plan exception may apply if we did withdraw from any of our current multiemployer plans. The “construction industry” exception generally delays the imposition of withdrawal liability in connection with an employer’s withdrawal from a “construction industry” multiemployer plan unless and until (among other things) that employer continues or resumes covered operations in the relevant geographic market without continuing or resuming (as applicable) contributions to the multiemployer plan. If this exception applies, withdrawal liability may be delayed or even inapplicable if we cease participation in any multiemployer plan(s). However, there can be no assurance that we will not withdraw from one or more multiemployer plans in the future, that the “construction industry exception” would apply if we did withdraw, or that we will not incur withdrawal liability if we do withdraw. Accordingly, we may be required to pay material amounts of withdrawal liability if one or more of those plans is underfunded at the time of withdrawal and withdrawal liability applies in connection with our withdrawal. In addition, we may incur material liabilities if any multiemployer plan(s) in which we participate requires us to increase our contribution levels to alleviate existing underfunding and/or becomes insolvent, terminates or liquidates.

Labor relations matters at construction sites where we provide services may result in increases in our operating costs, disruptions in our business and decreases in our earnings.

Labor relations matters at construction sites where we provide services may result in work stoppages, which would in turn affect our ability to provide services at such locations. If any such work stoppages were to occur at work sites where we provide services, we could experience a significant disruption of our operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, and cash flows. Also, labor relations matters affecting our suppliers could adversely impact our business from time to time.

Turnover of members of our management, staff and pump operators and our ability to attract and retain key personnel may affect our ability to efficiently manage our business and execute our strategy.

Our business depends on the quality of, and our ability to attract and retain, our senior management and staff, and competition in our industry and the business world for top management talent is generally significant. Although we believe we generally have competitive pay packages, we can provide no assurance that our efforts to attract and retain senior management staff will be successful. In addition, the loss of services of certain members of our senior management could adversely affect our business until suitable replacements can be found.

We depend upon the quality of our staff personnel, including sales and customer service personnel who routinely interact with and fulfill the needs of our customers, and on our ability to attract and retain and motivate skilled operators and fleet maintenance personnel and other associated personnel to operate our equipment in order to provide our concrete pumping services to our customers. There is significant competition for qualified personnel in a number of our markets where we face competition from the oil and gas industry for qualified drivers and operators. There is a limited number of persons with the requisite skills to serve in these positions, and such positions require a significant investment by us in initial training of operators of our equipment. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to locate, employ, or retain such qualified personnel on terms acceptable to us or at all. Our costs of operations and selling, general and administrative expenses have increased in certain markets and may increase in the future if we are required to increase wages and salaries to attract qualified personnel, and there is no assurance that we can increase our prices to offset any such cost increases. There is also no assurance that we can effectively limit staff turnover as competitors or other employers seek to hire our personnel. A significant increase in such turnover could negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Related to our Indebtedness

Our financing agreements could limit our financial and operating flexibility.

Our credit facilities impose, and any future financing agreements could impose, operating and financial restrictions on our activities, including restricting our ability to incur additional indebtedness, pay dividends or make other payments, make loans and investments, sell assets, incur certain liens, enter into transactions with affiliates and consolidate, merge or sell assets. These covenants could limit the ability of the respective restricted entities to fund future working capital and capital expenditures, engage in future acquisitions or development activities, or otherwise realize the value of their assets and opportunities fully because of the need to dedicate a portion of cash flow from operations to payments on debt. In addition, such covenants limit the flexibility of the respective restricted entities in planning for, or reacting to, changes in the industries in which they operate.

We have a significant amount of indebtedness, which could adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to operate our business and to fulfill our obligations under our indebtedness.

As of October 31, 2022, we had $427.1 million of indebtedness outstanding, consisting of (1) $375.0 million for our fixed 6.000% senior secured second lien notes due 2026 (the "Senior Notes") and (2) $52.1 million outstanding under our ABL credit agreement (the "ABL Facility"), in addition to $103.7 million of availability under our ABL Facility. USD borrowings under our ABL Facility bear interest at (1) a base rate or (2) the SOFR rate plus an applicable margin currently set at 1.0000% for base rate loans or 2.0000% for SOFR loans. GBP borrowings under our ABL Facility bear interest at the SONIA rate plus an applicable margin currently set at 2.0326%.

Our substantial level of indebtedness increases the possibility that we may not generate enough cash flow from operations to pay, when due, the principal of, interest on or other amounts due in respect of, these obligations. Other risks relating to our long-term indebtedness include:

In addition, it is possible that we may need to incur additional indebtedness in the future in the ordinary course of business. The terms of our Senior Notes and ABL Facility allow us to incur additional debt subject to certain limitations. If new debt is added to current debt levels, the risks described above could intensify. In addition, our inability to maintain certain leverage ratios could result in acceleration of a portion of our debt obligations and could cause us to be in default if we are unable to repay the accelerated obligations.

Our business could be hurt if we are unable to obtain capital as required, resulting in a decrease in our revenue and cash flows.

We require capital for, among other purposes, purchasing equipment to replace existing equipment that has reached the end of its useful life and for growth resulting from expansion into new markets, completing acquisitions and refinancing existing debt. If the cash that we generate from our business, together with cash that we may borrow under our credit facilities, is not sufficient to fund our capital requirements, we will require additional debt or equity financing. If such additional financing is not available to fund our capital requirements, we could suffer a decrease in our revenue and cash flows that would have a material adverse effect on our business. Furthermore, our ability to incur additional debt is and will be contingent upon, among other things, the covenants contained in our credit facilities. In addition, our credit facilities place restrictions on our and our restricted subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends and make other restricted payments (subject to certain exceptions). We cannot be certain that any additional financing that we require will be available or, if available, will be available on terms that are satisfactory to us. If we are unable to obtain sufficient additional capital in the future, our business could be materially adversely affected.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under applicable debt instruments, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our indebtedness obligations, including our credit facilities, depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and certain financial, business and other factors beyond our control. We may not be able to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance indebtedness. Our ability to restructure or refinance our indebtedness will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of indebtedness could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict business operations. The terms of existing or future debt instruments may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives. In addition, any failure to make payments of interest and principal on outstanding indebtedness on a timely basis would likely result in a reduction of our credit rating, which could harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness.

Risks Related to our Securities

There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with Nasdaq’s continued listing standards.

We are subject to the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq. If we became unable to meet such requirements, we and our shareholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

Shares of our common stock have been thinly traded in the past.

Although a trading market for our common stock exists, the trading volume has not been significant and there can be no assurance that an active trading market for our common stock will develop or, if developed, be sustained in the future. As a result of the thin trading market or “float” for our stock, the market price for our common stock may fluctuate significantly more than the stock market as a whole. Without a large float, our common stock is less liquid than the stock of companies with broader public ownership and, as a result, the trading prices of our common stock may be more volatile. In the absence of an active public trading market, an investor may be unable to liquidate his or her investment in our common stock. Trading of a relatively small volume of our common stock may have a greater impact on the trading price for our stock than would be the case if our public float were larger. We cannot predict the prices at which our common stock will trade in the future.

In addition, the price of our securities can vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, our general business condition and the release of our financial reports. Additionally, if our shares of common stock become delisted from Nasdaq for any reason, and are quoted on the OTC Markets, the liquidity and price of our shares may be more limited than if we were quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your shares unless a market can be established or sustained.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, or our industry, or if they change their recommendations regarding our common stock adversely, then the price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our industry, or our competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover the Company change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our peers, the price of our common stock would likely decline. If any analyst who covers the Company were to cease coverage of the Company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our existing stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.

The sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

As of October 31, 2022, CFLL Holdings, LLC owns 15,477,138 shares, or 28% of outstanding shares of common stock and BBCP Investors, LLC owns 11,005,275 shares, or 20% of our outstanding shares of our common stock. These shares are registered for resale and are not subject to any contractual restrictions on transfer. The sale of some or all of these shares by these investors could put downward pressure on the market price of our common stock.

In addition, the shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our Omnibus Incentive Plan will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions in various vesting agreements and Rule 144, as applicable. Following an amendment to our 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan on October 29, 2020, a total of 4.8 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under our 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan, of which 0.3 million shares of common stock remain available for future issuance as of October 31, 2022.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly and could fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors due to seasonality, adverse weather and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, resulting in a decline in our stock price.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly because of several factors, including:

We may amend the terms of the warrants in a manner that may be adverse to holders with the approval by the holders of at least 65% of the then-outstanding warrants. As a result, the exercise price of our warrants could be increased, the exercise period could be shortened and the number of shares of common stock purchasable upon exercise of a warrant could be decreased without a warrant holder’s approval.

Our warrants were issued in registered form under a warrant agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and us. The warrant agreement provides that the terms of the warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision but requires the approval by the holders of at least 65% of the then-outstanding public warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least 65% of the then-outstanding public warrants approve of such amendment. Although our ability to amend the terms of the warrants with the consent of at least 65% of the then-outstanding public warrants is unlimited, examples of such amendments could be amendments to, among other things, increase the exercise price of the warrants, shorten the exercise period or decrease the number of shares of common stock purchasable upon exercise of a warrant or automatically at our option.

Our warrants are exercisable for common stock, which would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

As of October 31, 2022, there were 13,017,677 public warrants and no private placement warrants outstanding, respectively. The public warrants have an exercise price of $11.50 per share. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional shares of common stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of common stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We are a holding company with no business operations of our own and we depend on cash flow from our wholly owned subsidiaries to meet our obligations.

We are a holding company with no business operations of its own or material assets other than the stock of our subsidiaries, all of which are wholly-owned. All of our operations are conducted by our subsidiaries and as a holding company, we require dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries to meet cash requirements. The terms of any credit facility may restrict our subsidiaries from paying dividends and otherwise transferring cash or other assets to us. If there is an insolvency, liquidation or other reorganization of any of our subsidiaries, our stockholders likely will have no right to proceed against their assets. Creditors of those subsidiaries will be entitled to payment in full from the sale or other disposal of the assets of those subsidiaries before we, as an equity holder, would be entitled to receive any distribution from that sale or disposal. If our subsidiaries are unable to pay dividends or make other payments to us when needed, we will be unable to satisfy our obligations.

Anti-takeover provisions contained in the Company's Charter and Bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

The Charter of the Company contains provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. We are also subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which could delay or prevent a change of control. Together, these provisions may make more difficult the removal of management and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities. These provisions include:

The Charter of the Company designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

The Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder (including a beneficial owner) to bring (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Company, our directors, officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, the Charter or the Bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Company, our directors, officers or employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine, except for, as to each of (i) through (iv) above, any claim (A) as to which the Court of Chancery determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery within ten days following such determination), (B) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court of Chancery, or (C) arising under the Securities Act or for which the Court of Chancery does not have subject matter jurisdiction including, without limitation, any claim arising under the Exchange Act, as to which the federal district court for the District of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of, and consented to, the provisions of the Charter described in the preceding paragraph. However, stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and such persons. Alternatively, a court may determine that the choice of forum provision is unenforceable. If a court were to find these provisions of the Charter inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties

Our corporate office is located at 500 E. 84^th Avenue, Suite A-5, Thornton, CO 80229, where we lease approximately 13,415 square feet of office space in the building. We operate from a base of approximately 100 locations in 20 states in the U.S. and 30 locations in the U.K. as of October 31, 2022. We own 16 of our locations in the U.S. We lease all remaining U.S locations and all of our locations in the U.K. Certain facilities are shared between Brundage-Bone and Eco-Pan and certain locations operate without a formal lease. We believe that our properties are suitable for our current operating needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we have been and may again become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any litigation that we believe to be material and we are not aware of any pending or threatened litigation against us that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating result, financial condition or cash flows.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “BBCP” and our public warrants are quoted on the OTC Pink marketplace operated by OTC Markets Group, Inc. under the symbol “BBCPW.” As of January 30, 2023, there were 129 holders of record of shares of our common stock and 1 holder of record of our public warrants. A substantially greater number of holders of common stock are "street name" or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers, and other financial institutions. As a result, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by the record holders of our common stock.

Dividend Policy

The Company has not paid any cash dividends on its common stock to date. It is the present intention of the Company to retain any earnings for investment in its business operations or share repurchase activity (see below) and, accordingly, the Company does not currently anticipate the Board declaring any dividends.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The table below sets forth information regarding repurchases by the Company of its common stock during the periods indicated.

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES 

(1) During the fourth quarter of 2022, we repurchased an aggregate of 416,952 shares of our common stock for a total of $2.8 million at an average price of $ 6.60 per share, pursuant to the following:

(2) Includes commission cost.

(3) Dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the repurchase program is as of the end of the period.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding the Company’s expectation for future performance, liquidity and capital resources that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company's expectations. The Company's actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause such differences include those identified below and those described in “Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors Summary” and in Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company assumes no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements

Business Overview

The Company is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Denver, Colorado. The audited consolidated financial statements included herein include the accounts of Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries including Brundage-Bone Concrete Pumping, Inc. (“Brundage-Bone”), Capital Pumping, LP (“Capital”), and Camfaud Group Limited (“Camfaud”), and Eco-Pan, Inc. (“Eco-Pan”).

As part of the Company’s business growth strategy and capital allocation policy, strategic acquisitions are considered opportunities to enhance our value proposition through differentiation and competitiveness. Depending on the deal size and characteristics of the M&A opportunities available, we expect to allocate capital for opportunistic M&A utilizing cash on the balance sheet and the revolving line of credit. In recent years and as further described below, we have successfully executed on this strategy, including (1) our September 2021 acquisition of Hi-Tech Concrete Pumping Services (“Hi-Tech”) for the purchase consideration of $12.3 million, which added complementary assets in our Texas market, (2) our November 2021 acquisition of Pioneer Concrete Pumping Service, Inc. (“Pioneer”) for the purchase consideration of $20.2 million, which provided us with complementary assets and operations in both Georgia and Texas and (3) our acquisition of Coastal Carolina Concrete Pumping, Inc. ("Coastal") in August 2022 for the purchase consideration of $30.8 million, which expanded our operations in the Carolinas and Florida.

U.S. Concrete Pumping

All branches operating within our U.S Concrete Pumping segment are concrete pumping service providers in the United States ("U.S."). Their core business is the provision of concrete pumping services to general contractors and concrete finishing companies in the commercial, infrastructure and residential sectors. Equipment generally returns to a “home base” nightly and these branches do not contract to purchase, mix, or deliver concrete. This segment collectively has approximately 100 branch locations across 20 states with their corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado.

In recent years, U.S. Concrete Pumping has grown through the acquisitions of Coastal in August 2022, Pioneer in November 2021 and Hi-Tech in September 2021, as described above, and the Company completed its greenfield expansion into Las Vegas during fiscal 2021 and Metro Washington DC in fiscal 2022.

U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services

Our U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services segment consists of our U.S. based Eco-Pan business. Eco-Pan provides industrial cleanup and containment services, primarily to customers in the construction industry. Eco-Pan uses containment pans specifically designed to hold waste products from concrete and other industrial cleanup operations. Eco-Pan has 18 operating locations across the U.S. with its corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado.

U.K. Operations

Our U.K. Operations segment consists of our Camfaud, Premier and U.K. based Eco-Pan businesses. Camfaud is a concrete pumping service provider in the U.K. Their core business is primarily the provision of concrete pumping services to general contractors and concrete finishing companies in the commercial, infrastructure and residential sectors. Equipment generally returns to a “home base” nightly and does not contract to purchase, mix, or deliver concrete. Camfaud has approximately 30 branch locations throughout the U.K., with its corporate headquarters in Epping (near London), England. In addition, we have concrete waste management operations under our Eco-Pan brand name in the U.K. and currently operate from a shared Camfaud location.

Corporate

Our Corporate segment is primarily related to the intercompany leasing of real estate to certain of our U.S Concrete Pumping branches.

Impacts of Macroeconomic Factors and COVID-19 Recovery

Global economic challenges including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have contributed to rising inflation, significant increases in fuel costs, supply-chain disruptions, and adverse labor market conditions. For example, the war in Ukraine has had a global impact on the supply and price of fuel and has contributed to increased inflation around the world. While the Company has increased the rates per hour we charge for our services when possible to make up for our increased costs, rising fuel prices had a material impact on our results of operations for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022. The impact from fuel price increases has reduced our gross profit by approximately $10.1 million and our gross margin by approximately 2.5% since October 31, 2021. In regard to the impacts from COVID-19, the Company’s revenue volumes during fiscal 2022 have largely recovered in most of our markets; however, the lingering impact from COVID-19 remains an issue and has contributed to a tight labor market that has impacted our operations in certain markets. We will continue to monitor and adapt our strategic approach as these issues persist. 

Looking into our next fiscal year 2023, we believe that residential end market volumes may fluctuate depending on the geographical region as a result of the macroeconomic factors, while commercial and infrastructure end markets may continue to have strong demand. With respect to our financial condition, impairments may be recorded as a result of such adverse challenges. As previously reported during fiscal 2020, the Company reported goodwill and intangible impairment charges as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, but no impairments were identified through October 31, 2022. The Company will continue to evaluate its goodwill and intangible assets in future quarters.

Restatement and Revision of Prior Period Financial Statements

The Company restated its unaudited consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2022 to correct the understatement of accrued payroll which resulted in a decrease in income (loss) before income taxes of $2.0 million for the three and nine months ended July 31, 2022, as described in the Explanatory Note to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for the period ended July 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on December 13, 2022. The consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2022 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect the impacts of such revisions.

Notes Offering and Upsize of Asset-Based Lending Credit Agreement

In January 2021, Brundage-Bone, closed its private offering of $375.0 million in aggregate principal amount of senior secured second lien notes due 2026 (the “Senior Notes”). The Senior Notes were issued at par and bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.000% per annum. In addition, we amended and restated our existing ABL credit agreement (the “ABL Facility”) to provide up to $125.0 million (previously $60.0 million) of commitments.  The offering proceeds from our Senior Notes, along with approximately $15.0 million of borrowings under the ABL Facility, were used to repay all outstanding indebtedness under our then-existing Term Loan Agreement (as defined below), dated December 6, 2018, and pay related fees and expenses.

In July 2022, the ABL Facility was further amended to, among other changes, increase the maximum revolver borrowings available to be drawn thereunder from $125.0 million to $160.0 million and increase the letter of credit sublimit from $7.5 million to $10.5 million. The $35.0 million in incremental commitments was provided by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

Results of Operations

Twelve Months Ended October 31, 2022 and October 31, 2021

For the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022, our net income was $28.7 million, compared to a net loss of $15.1 million in the same period a year ago. The primary drivers impacting comparability between the two periods were (1) a $25.9 million improvement in gross profit, driven by an $85.5 million increase in revenue that was partially offset by a 280 basis point decline in gross margin, (2) $13.8 million additional expense in general and administrative ("G&A") expenses, (3) a $15.5 million loss on extinguishment of debt recorded in fiscal 2021 (with no related charge in fiscal 2022), (4) a $9.9 million loss from the revaluation of warrant liabilities during fiscal 2021 compared to a $9.9 million revaluation gain in fiscal 2022, driving a net $19.8 million improvement year-over-year, and (5) $2.9 million in higher income tax expense in fiscal 2021 when compared to fiscal 2022.

Total Assets

Total assets increased from $792.7 million as of October 31, 2021 to $887.5 million as of October 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to growth in our U.S Concrete Pumping segment where we have grown organically through capital expenditures while also completing asset acquisitions / business combinations during the first and fourth quarters of fiscal 2022.

Revenue

U.S. Concrete Pumping

Revenue for our U.S. Concrete Pumping segment increased by 29.2%, or $67.0 million, from $229.5 million in the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021 to $296.5 million for fiscal 2022. Revenue attributable to our acquisitions of Hi-Tech (full year in fiscal 2022 vs partial year in fiscal 2021), Pioneer and Coastal, was $32.7 million for fiscal 2022. The remaining improvement in revenue was attributable to robust organic improvements in most of our other markets as a result of higher volumes and rate per hour increases.

U.K. Operations

Revenue for our U.K. Operations segment increased by 14.2%, or $6.8 million, from $48.1 million in the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021 to $54.9 million for fiscal 2022. Excluding the impact from foreign currency translation, revenue was up 24.7% year-over-year. The increase in revenue was primarily attributable to rate per job increases across the U.K. region, in addition to the continued recovery from COVID-19, which started in the fiscal 2021 first quarter.

U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services

Revenue for the U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services segment improved by 30.1%, or $11.6 million, from $38.6 million in the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021 to $50.2 million for fiscal 2022. The increase in revenue was primarily due to organic growth, pricing improvements and continued recovery from the impacts of the pandemic.

Corporate

There was no change in revenue for our Corporate segment for the periods presented. Any year-over-year changes for our Corporate segment were primarily related to the intercompany leasing of real estate to certain of our U.S Concrete Pumping branches. These revenues are eliminated in consolidation through the Intersegment line item.

Gross Margin

Our industry has experienced significant inflation in our input costs, particularly in labor and fuel in both the U.S. and the U.K. To help maintain profitability in the face of these challenges, we have increased pricing in line with the rise in our actual costs. However, given the speed of recent input cost increases, there has been a lag between the time of our selling price increases and any resulting revenue. In addition, there is a mathematical dilution effect in margin percentage as we only seek to pass on the actual cost increases to our customers. As a result of these factors, our gross margin for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022 was 40.8% compared to 43.6% in the previous twelve-months ended October 31, 2021.

General and Administrative Expenses

G&A expenses for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022 were $113.2 million, an increase of $13.8 million from $99.4 million in the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021. The increase in G&A expenses was primarily due to (1) higher health insurance and labor costs of approximately $11.1 million primarily due to additional personnel that joined the Company as a result of recent acquisitions, (2) higher other G&A-related expenses of $8.6 million, which primarily is from higher automotive, travel, office and rent expense due to recent acquisitions and (3) an additional $2.5 million related to fluctuations in the GBP. This was offset slightly by lower amortization of intangible assets expense of $4.6 million and lower stock-based compensation expense of $1.6 million. G&A expenses as a percent of revenue were 28.2% for fiscal 2022 compared to 31.5% for the same period a year ago.

Excluding amortization of intangible assets of $22.5 million, depreciation expense of $2.3 million and stock-based compensation expense of $5.0 million, G&A expenses were $83.4 million for the fiscal year 2022 (20.8% of revenue), up $19.8 million from $63.6 million for fiscal 2021 (20.1% of revenue). The increase in G&A expenses was primarily due to (1) higher health insurance and labor costs of approximately $11.1 million primarily due to additional personnel that joined the Company as a result of recent acquisitions, (2) higher other G&A-related expenses of $8.6 million, which primarily is from higher automotive, travel, office and rent expense due to recent acquisitions and (3) an additional $2.5 million related to fluctuations in the GBP.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities

During the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 we recognized a $9.9 million gain and a $9.9 million expense, respectively, on the fair value remeasurement of our liability-classified warrants. The decrease seen in the fair value remeasurement of the public warrants from October 31, 2021 to October 31, 2022 is due to a decline in the Company's share price year-over-year.

Transaction Costs & Debt Extinguishment Costs

Transaction costs include expenses for legal, accounting, and other professionals that were engaged in connection with an acquisition. Transaction costs in each of the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 were $0.3 million.

On January 28, 2021, we (1) closed on our private offering of $375.0 million in aggregate principal amount of senior secured second lien notes due 2026, (2) amended and restated our existing ABL Facility to provide up to $125.0 million (previously $60.0 million) of commitments and (3) repaid all outstanding indebtedness under our then-existing term loan agreement, dated December 6, 2018. The $15.5 million in debt extinguishment costs incurred relate to the write-off of all unamortized deferred debt issuance costs that were related to the fully paid term loan.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net for the year ended October 31, 2022 was $25.9 million, up $0.7 million from the same period from a year ago. 
 

Income Tax (Benefit) Provision

For the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022, the Company recorded an income tax expense of $5.5 million on a pretax income of $34.2 million. Our income tax provision was mostly impacted by the following factors during fiscal 2022:

For the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $2.6 million on a pretax loss of $12.4 million. Our income tax provision was mostly impacted by the following factors during fiscal 2021:

Adjusted EBITDA¹ and Net Income (Loss)

¹ Please see “Non-GAAP Measures (EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA)” below for reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to EBITDA to Adjusted EBITDA.

U.S. Concrete Pumping 

Net income for our U.S. Concrete Pumping segment was $6.5 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022, up from a net loss of $11.0 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021. Adjusted EBITDA for our U.S. Concrete Pumping segment was $77.5 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022, up 13.9% from $68.1 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021. The year-over-year increase was primarily attributable to the year-over-year increase in revenue that was partially offset by higher costs due to inflation that drove a decline in our gross margins as discussed previously.

U.K. Operations

Net income for our U.K. Operations segment was $2.1 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022, up from a net loss of $1.0 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021. Adjusted EBITDA for our U.K. Operations segment was $15.7 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022, up 2.5% from $15.3 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021. The year-over-year increase was primarily attributable to the year-over-year improvement in revenue that was partially offset by inflationary pressures on gross margins.

U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services

Net income for our U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services segment was $8.9 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022, up from net income of $5.5 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021. Adjusted EBITDA for our U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services segment was $22.8 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022, up 24.0% from $18.4 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021. The increase was primarily attributable to the year-over-year change in revenue that was partially offset by inflationary pressures on gross margins.

Corporate

There was no change in Adjusted EBITDA for our Corporate segment for the periods presented.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our capital structure is primarily a combination of (1) permanent financing, represented by stockholders’ equity; (2) zero-dividend convertible perpetual preferred stock; (3) long-term financing represented by our Senior Notes and (4) short-term financing under our ABL Facility. Our primary sources of liquidity are cash generated from operations, available cash and cash equivalents and access to our revolving credit facility under our ABL Facility, which provides for aggregate borrowings of up to $160.0 million, subject to a borrowing base limitation. We use our liquidity and capital resources to: (1) finance working capital requirements; (2) service our indebtedness; (3) purchase property, plant and equipment; and (4) finance strategic acquisitions, such as the acquisition of Capital, Pioneer, Coastal and others. As of October 31, 2022, we had $7.5 million of cash and cash equivalents and $103.7 million of available borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility, providing total available liquidity of $111.2 million.

We may from time to time seek to retire or pay down borrowings on the outstanding balance of our ABL Facility or Senior Notes using cash on hand. Such repayments, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors.

We believe our existing cash and cash equivalent balances, cash flow from operations, and borrowing capacity under our ABL Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for at least the next 12 months. Our future capital requirements may vary materially from those currently planned and will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, potential acquisitions and overall economic conditions. To the extent that current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, we may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. The sale of additional equity could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations.

Material Cash Requirements

Our principal sources of liquidity have been from cash provided by operating activities, proceeds from the issuance of debt, and borrowings available under the ABL Facility. Our principal uses of cash historically have been to fund operating activities and working capital, purchases of property and equipment, strategic acquisitions, fund payments due under facility operating and finance leases, share repurchases and to meet debt service requirements.

The amount of our future capital expenditures will depend on a number of factors including general economic conditions and growth prospects. In response to changing economic conditions, we believe we have the flexibility to modify our capital expenditures by adjusting them (either up or down) to match our actual performance. Our capital expenditures for the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $101.9 million and $62.8 million, respectively.

To service our debt, we require a significant amount of cash. Our ability to pay interest and principal on our indebtedness will depend upon our future operating performance and the availability of borrowings under the ABL Facility and/or other debt and equity financing alternatives available to us, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and conditions in the global credit and capital markets, as well as financial, business and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. Based on our current level of operations and given the current state of the capital markets, we believe our cash flow from operations, available cash and available borrowings under the ABL Facility will be adequate to service our debt and meet our future liquidity needs for the foreseeable future. See “Senior Notes and ABL Facility” discussion below for more information.

Future Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations and commercial commitments principally include obligations associated with our outstanding indebtedness, interest payments, lease agreements and capital expenditures. We have no off-balance sheet arrangements. Our estimated future obligations as of October 31, 2022 include both current and long term obligations. We have a long-term obligation of $375.0 million related to our Senior Notes due January 2026 (excluding discount for deferred financing costs). Under our operating leases, we have short-term obligations for payments of $5.4 million and long-term obligations for payments of $25.8 million. We have current obligations related to finance leases of $0.1 million and a long-term obligation of $0.2 million. We have a current obligation for our ABL Facility of $52.1 million. Additionally, the Company was contractually committed for $17.0 million of capital expenditures for purchases of property and equipment and these are expected to be paid in the next twelve months.

Senior Notes and ABL Facility

On January 28, 2021, Brundage-Bone Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Issuer”) and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (i) completed a private offering of $375.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 6.000% senior secured second lien notes due 2026 (the "Senior Notes") issued pursuant to an indenture, among the Issuer, the Company, the other Guarantors (as defined below), Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee and as collateral agent (the "Indenture") and (ii) entered into an amended and restated ABL Facility (as subsequently amended, the "ABL Facility") by and among the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as agent, sole lead arranger and sole bookrunner and the other Lenders party thereto, which provided up to $125.0 million of asset-based revolving loan commitments to the Company and the other borrowers under the ABL Facility. The proceeds from the Senior Notes, along with certain borrowings under the ABL Facility, were used to repay all outstanding indebtedness under the Company’s existing term loan agreement (see discussion below), dated December 6, 2018, and pay related fees and expenses. Summarized terms of these facilities are included below.

On July 29, 2022, the ABL Facility was amended to, among other changes, increase the maximum revolver borrowings available to be drawn thereunder from $125.0 million to $160.0 million and increase the letter of credit sublimit from $7.5 million to $10.5 million. The $35.0 million in incremental commitments was provided by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. The ABL Facility also provides for an uncommitted accordion feature under which the ABL Borrowers can, subject to specified conditions, increase the ABL Facility by up to an additional $75.0 million.

Senior Notes

Summarized terms of the Senior Notes are as follows:

The outstanding principal amount of Senior Notes as of October 31, 2022 was $375.0 million and as of that date, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the Indenture.

ABL Facility

Summarized terms of the ABL Facility, as amended, are as follows:

The outstanding balance under the ABL Facility as of October 31, 2022 was $52.1 million and the Company was in compliance with all debt covenants thereunder.

Cash Flows

Cash generated from operating activities typically reflects net income, as adjusted for non-cash expense items such as depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation, and changes in our operating assets and liabilities. Generally, we believe our business requires a relatively low level of working capital investment due to low inventory requirements and timely customer payments due to daily billings for most of our services.

 Net cash provided by operating activities generally reflects the cash effects of transactions and other events used in the determination of net income or loss. Net cash provided by operating activities during the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022 was $76.7 million. The Company had net income of $28.7 million that included deferred income tax expense of $5.2 million, a gain on sale of assets of $2.8 million and significant non-cash charges, net totaling $60.4 million as follows: (1) depreciation expense of $34.9 million, (2) amortization of intangible assets of $22.5 million, (3) stock-based compensation expense of $5.0 million, (4) operating lease expense of $3.9 million, (5) foreign currency adjustments of $2.1 million, (6) amortization of deferred financing costs of $1.9 million and (7) a $9.9 million decrease in the fair value of warrant liabilities. In addition, we had cash inflows related to an increase of $8.9 million in accrued payroll, accrued expenses and other current liabilities. This change is primarily due to an increase in accrued insurance, the timing of accrued capital expenditures and other smaller items. These amounts were partially offset by outflows related to the following activity: (1) an increase of $15.3 million in trade receivables, primarily related to an increase in sales due to higher volumes and rate per hour increases, (2) a decrease of $3.7 million related to the change in operating lease liability due to implementation of ASC 842 and bifurcating out the operating lease payments, less the accreted interest, (3) a decrease of $3.0 million in accounts payable, primarily due to timing, (4) an increase of $0.9 million in inventory, (5) an increase of prepaid expenses and other current assets of $0.6 million, and (6) a decrease of $0.3 million in income taxes payable.

We used $124.1 million to fund investing activities during the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022. The Company used $101.9 million for the purchase of property, plant and equipment, $30.8 million to fund the acquisition of Coastal and $1.5 million for the purchase of intangible assets. These amounts were partially offset by $10.0 million in proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $46.0 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2022. Financing activities during this period included $50.4 million in net proceeds under the Company’s ABL Facility, and $4.1 million in purchase of treasury stock, which included $2.7 million purchased under the June 2022 share repurchase program and $1.4 million that were purchased directly from employee's when their stock awards vested in order to cover their tax liability.

Net cash provided by operating activities during the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021 was $75.8 million. The Company had a net loss of $15.1 million that included a decrease of $2.5 million in our net deferred income taxes, a gain on sale of assets of $1.2 million and significant non-cash charges, net totaling $90.2 million as follows: (1) depreciation of $28.8 million, (2) amortization of intangible assets of $27.1 million, (3) amortization of deferred financing costs of $2.3 million (4) loss on extinguishment of debt expense of $15.5 million, (5) stock-based compensation expense of $6.6 million, and (6) a $9.9 million increase in the fair value of warrant liabilities. In addition, we had cash inflows related to the following activity: (1) an increase of $4.0 million in accounts payable, primarily due to timing of payments, (2) an increase of $1.0 million in accrued payroll, accrued expenses and other current liabilities and (3) an increase of $0.5 million in income taxes payable. These amounts were partially offset by outflows related to the following activity: (1) an increase of $4.2 million in trade receivables, primarily due to the timing of billings, and (2) an increase of prepaid expenses and other current assets of $1.8 million.

We used $56.6 million to fund investing activities during the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021. The Company used $62.8 million for the purchase of property, plant and equipment and $0.8 million for the purchase of intangible assets. These amounts were partially offset by $7.0 million in proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment.

Net cash used in financing activities was $16.0 million for the twelve-months ended October 31, 2021. Financing activities during this period included $0.9 million in net payments under the Company’s ABL Facility, $375.0 million in proceeds from the issuance of Senior Notes, $381.2 million in payments made to extinguish the Company's Term Loan Agreement and $8.5 million in the payment of debt issuance costs.

Non-GAAP Measures (EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA)

We calculate EBITDA by taking GAAP net income and adding back interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by taking EBITDA and adding back transaction expenses, loss on debt extinguishment, stock-based compensation, other income, net, goodwill and intangibles impairment and other adjustments. We believe these non-GAAP measures of financial results provide useful information to management and investors regarding certain financial and business trends related to our financial condition and results of operations, and as a tool for investors to use in evaluating our ongoing operating results and trends and in comparing our financial measures with competitors who also present similar non-GAAP financial measures. In addition, these measures (1) are used in quarterly and annual financial reports prepared for management and our board of directors and (2) help management to determine incentive compensation. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA have limitations and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated under GAAP. These non-GAAP measures exclude certain cash expenses that we are obligated to make. In addition, other companies in our industry may calculate EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA differently or may not calculate it at all, which limits the usefulness of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as comparative measures. Transaction expenses represent expenses for legal, accounting, and other professionals that were engaged in the completion of various acquisitions. Transaction expenses can be volatile as they are primarily driven by the size of a specific acquisition. As such, we exclude these amounts from Adjusted EBITDA for comparability across periods. Other adjustments include reversal of intercompany allocations (in consolidation these net to zero), severance expenses, director fees, foreign currency gains or losses, expenses related to being a publicly-traded company and other non-recurring costs.

¹ Other adjustments includes the adjustment for warrant liabilities revaluation, restructuring costs, director costs, public company expense, extraordinary expenses and gain/loss on currency transactions. Starting in the first quarter of fiscal 2023, we will modify the method in which adjusted EBITDA is calculated by no longer including an add-back for director costs (which were $2.0 million in 2022 and $2.4 million in 2021) or expenses related to being a publicly-traded company (which were $0.5 million in both 2022 and 2021).

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

In presenting our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported therein. Several of the estimates and assumptions we are required to make relate to matters that are inherently uncertain as they pertain to future events. However, events that are outside of our control cannot be predicted and, as such, they cannot be contemplated in evaluating such estimates and assumptions. If there is a significant unfavorable change to current conditions, it could result in a material impact to our consolidated and combined results of operations, financial position and liquidity. We believe that the estimates and assumptions we used when preparing our financial statements were the most appropriate at that time. Presented below are those accounting policies that we believe require subjective and complex judgments that could potentially affect reported results. However, the majority of our business activities are in environments where we are paid a fee for a service performed, and therefore the results of the majority of our recurring operations are recorded in our financial statements using accounting policies that are not particularly subjective, nor complex.

Listed below are those estimates that we believe are critical and require the use of complex judgment in their application.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 350, Intangibles–Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), the Company evaluates goodwill for possible impairment annually, generally as of August 31st, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company uses a two-step process to assess the realizability of goodwill. The first step (generally referred to as a "step 0" analysis) is a qualitative assessment that analyzes current economic indicators associated with a particular reporting unit. For example, the Company analyzes changes in economic, market and industry conditions, business strategy, cost factors, and financial performance, among others, to determine if there are indicators of a significant decline in the fair value of a particular reporting unit. If the qualitative assessment indicates a stable or improved fair value, no further testing is required. If a qualitative assessment indicates it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company will proceed to the quantitative second step (generally referred to as a "step 1" analysis) where the fair value of a reporting unit is calculated based on weighted income and market-based approaches. If the fair value of a reporting unit is lower than its carrying value, an impairment to goodwill is recorded, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill in the reporting unit.

Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions, estimates and market factors. Estimating fair value of individual reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets requires us to make assumptions and estimates regarding our future plans, as well as industry and economic conditions including those relating to the duration and severity of COVID-19. These assumptions and estimates include projected revenue, cash flow margins, capital expenditures, trade name royalty rates, discount rate, tax amortization benefit and other market factors outside of our control. The Company elects to perform a qualitative assessment for the other quarterly reporting periods throughout the fiscal year.

When we perform any goodwill impairment test, the estimated fair value of our reporting units are determined using an income approach that utilizes a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model and a market approach that utilizes the guideline public company method (“GPC”), both of which are weighted for each reporting unit and are discussed below in further detail. In accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement ("ASC 820"), we evaluated the methods for reasonableness and reliability and assigned weightings accordingly. A mathematical weighting is not prescribed by ASC 820, rather it requires judgement. As such, each of the valuation methods were weighted by accounting for the relative merits of each method and considered, among other things, the reliability of the valuation methods and the inputs used in the methods. In addition, in order to assess the reasonableness of the fair value of our reporting units as calculated under both approaches, we also compare the Company’s total fair value to its market capitalization and calculate an implied control premium (the excess sum of the reporting unit’s fair value over its market capitalization). We evaluate the implied control premium by comparing it to control premiums of recent comparable market transactions, as applicable.

Under the income approach, the DCF model is based on expected future after-tax operating cash flows of the reporting unit, discounted to a present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate. Estimates of future cash flows require management to make significant assumptions concerning (i) future operating performance, including future sales, long-term growth rates, operating margins, variations in the amount and timing of cash flows and the probability of achieving the estimated cash flows, (ii) the probability of regulatory approvals, and (iii) future economic conditions, including the extent and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, all of which may differ from actual future cash flows. These assumptions are based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. The discount rate, which is intended to reflect the risks inherent in future cash flow projections, used in the DCF model, is based on estimates of the weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”) of market participants relative to our reporting unit. Financial and credit market volatility can directly impact certain inputs and assumptions used to develop the WACC. Any changes in these assumptions may affect our fair value estimate and the result of an impairment test. The discount rates and other inputs and assumptions are consistent with those that a market participant would use.

The GPC method provides an estimate of value using multiples derived from the stock prices of publicly traded companies. This method requires a selection of comparable publicly-traded companies on major exchanges and involves a certain degree of judgment, as no two companies are entirely alike. These companies should be engaged in the same or a similar line of business as the reporting units be evaluated. Once comparable companies are selected, the application of the GPC method includes (i) analysis of the guideline public companies' financial and operating performance, growth, intangible asset's value, size, leverage, and risk relative to the respective reporting unit, (ii) calculation of valuation multiples for the selected guideline companies, and (iii) application of the valuation multiples to each reporting unit's selected operating metrics to arrive at an indication of value. Market multiples for the selected guideline public companies are developed by dividing the business enterprise value of each guideline public company by a measure of its financial performance (e.g., earnings). The business enterprise value is calculated taking the market value of equity (share price times fully-diluted shares outstanding) plus total interest bearing debt net of cash, preferred stock and minority interest. The market value of equity is based upon the stock price of equity as of the valuation date, and the debt figures are taken from the most recently available financial statements as of the valuation date. In selecting appropriate multiples to apply to each reporting unit, we perform a comparative analysis between the reporting units and the guideline public companies. In making a selection, we consider the revenue growth, profitability and the size of the reporting unit compared to the guideline public companies, and the overall EBITDA multiples implied from the transaction price. In addition, we consider a control premium for purposes of estimating the fair value of our reporting units as we believe that a market participant buyer would be required to pay a premium for control of our business. The control premium utilized is based on control premiums observed in recent comparable market transactions.

The Company elected to have a step one impairment analysis performed as of August 31, 2022 on the Company’s U.S. Concrete Pumping, U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services, and U.K. Operations reporting units. Management’s projections used to estimate the undiscounted cash flows included modest annual increases to revenue volumes and rates, cash flow margins that are consistent with recently achieved actual amounts, terminal growth rates of 3.0% and discount rates ranging from 10.0% to 11.3%.

As a result of the goodwill impairment analysis, the fair values of its U.S. Concrete Waste Management Services and U.K. Operations reporting units substantially exceeded their carrying values by 82% and 32%, respectively.

For the U.S. Concrete Pumping reporting unit, which had goodwill of $147.5 million, the fair value was approximately 7% greater than its carrying value. Changes in any of the significant assumptions used could materially affect the expected cash flows and such impacts could result in a potentially material non-cash impairment charge. The most sensitive assumption is the discount rate and a 50 basis point increase in the discount rate would not have resulted in any of the reporting units’ carrying values exceeding their fair values.

Business combinations and asset acquisitions

The Company applies the principles provided in ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"), to determine whether a transaction involves an asset or a business.

If it is determined an acquisition is a business combination, tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value and goodwill is recognized to the extent the fair value of the consideration transferred exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. Transaction costs for business combinations are expensed as incurred in accordance with ASC 805.

If it is determined an acquisition is an asset acquisition, the purchase consideration (which will include certain transaction costs) is allocated first to indefinite lived intangible assets (if applicable) based on their fair values with the remaining balance of purchase consideration being allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities based on their relative fair values.

The application of acquisition accounting requires the Company to make fair value determinations as of the valuation date. In making these determinations, the Company is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the recorded amounts, including, but not limited to, expected future cash flows, market comparable and discount rates, replacement costs of property and equipment and the amounts to be recovered in future periods from acquired deferred tax assets. To assist the Company in making these fair value determinations, the Company may engage third-party valuation specialists or internal specialists who generally assist the Company in the fair value determination of identifiable assets such as customer relationships, property and equipment and any other significant asset or liabilities. The Company’s estimates in this area impact, among other items, the amount of depreciation and amortization and income tax expense or benefit that we report. The Company’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

For a detailed description of recently adopted and new accounting pronouncements refer to Note 3 to the Company’s audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are a smaller reporting company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act; therefore, pursuant to Item 305(e) of Regulation S-K, we are not required to provide the information required by this Item.

Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc.  

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

 October 31, 2020 through October 31, 2022

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc. 

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Note 1. Organization and Description of Business

Organization

Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Denver, Colorado. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Concrete Pumping Holdings, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries including Brundage-Bone Concrete Pumping, Inc. (“Brundage-Bone”), Capital Pumping (“Capital”), Camfaud Group Limited (“Camfaud”), and Eco-Pan, Inc. (“Eco-Pan”).

Nature of business

Brundage-Bone and Capital are concrete pumping service providers in the United States ("U.S.") and Camfaud is a concrete pumping service provider in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”). Their core business is the provision of concrete pumping services to general contractors and concrete finishing companies in the commercial, infrastructure and residential sectors. Most often equipment returns to a “home base” nightly and these service providers do not contract to purchase, mix, or deliver concrete. Brundage-Bone and Capital collectively have approximately 100 branch locations across 20 states, with its corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado. Camfaud has approximately 30 branch locations throughout the U.K., with its corporate headquarters in Epping (near London), England.

Eco-Pan provides industrial cleanup and containment services, primarily to customers in the construction industry. Eco-Pan uses containment pans specifically designed to hold waste products from concrete and other industrial cleanup operations. Eco-Pan has 18 operating locations across the U.S. with its corporate headquarters in Denver, Colorado. In addition, we have concrete waste management operations under our Eco-Pan brand name in the U.K. and currently operate from a shared Camfaud location.

Seasonality

The Company’s sales are historically seasonal, with lower revenue in the first quarter and higher revenue in the fourth quarter of each year. Such seasonality also causes the Company’s working capital cash flow requirements to vary from quarter to quarter and primarily depends on the variability of weather patterns with the Company generally having lower sales volume during the winter and spring months.

Impacts of Macroeconomic Factors and COVID-19 Recovery

Global economic challenges including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have contributed to rising inflation, significant increases in fuel costs, supply-chain disruptions, and adverse labor market conditions. For example, the war in Ukraine has had a global impact on the supply and price of fuel and has contributed to increased inflation around the world. While the Company has increased the rates per hour we charge for our services when possible to make up for our increased costs, rising fuel prices had a material impact on our results of operations for the twelve months ended October 31, 2022. The impact from fuel price increases has reduced our gross profit by approximately $10.1 million and our gross margin by approximately 2.5% since October 31, 2021. In regard to the impacts from COVID-19, the Company’s revenue volumes during fiscal 2022 have largely recovered in most of our markets; however, the lingering impact from COVID-19 remains an issue and has contributed to a tight labor market that has impacted our operations in certain markets.

With respect to our financial condition, impairments may be recorded as a result of adverse challenges related to the macroeconomic factors described above. While no impairments were recorded during the fiscal years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company will continue to evaluate its goodwill and intangible assets in future quarters.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of presentation 

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The enclosed statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments which, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company at  October 31, 2022 and for all periods presented.

Principles of consolidation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include all amounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Significant estimates include the liability for incurred but unreported claims under various partially self-insured polices, goodwill and intangible impairment analysis, valuation of share-based compensation, accounting for business combinations and estimates used in calculating the right-of-use asset and lease liability. Estimates and judgements for leases include, but are not limited to, estimates for the incremental borrowing rate ("IBR"), determination if a contract contains a lease and the allocation of the contract consideration between lease and nonlease components. Actual results may differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Inventory

Inventory consists primarily of replacement parts for concrete pumping equipment. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. The Company evaluates inventory and records an allowance for obsolete and slow- moving inventory to account for cost adjustments to market. Based on management’s analysis, there was a $0.2 million allowance for obsolete and slow-moving inventory as of October 31, 2022.  No such allowance was required as of October 31, 2021.

Fair Value Measurements

The Financial Accounting Standard Board's (the "FASB") standard on fair value measurements establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. This standard establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of fair value of assets or liabilities.

Deferred financing costs

Deferred financing costs representing third-party, non-lender debt issuance costs are deferred and amortized using the effective interest rate method over the term of the related long-term-debt agreement, and the straight-line method for the revolving credit agreement.

Debt issuance costs, including any original issue discounts, related to term loans or senior notes are reflected as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the long-term debt liability that is included in long term debt, net of discount for deferred financing costs in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Debt issuance costs related to revolving credit facilities are capitalized and reflected as an asset in deferred financing costs in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of debt issuance costs are recorded in interest expense.

Goodwill

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 350, Intangibles–Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), the Company evaluates goodwill for possible impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company uses a two-step process to assess the realizability of goodwill. The first step (generally referred to as a "step 0" analysis) is a qualitative assessment that analyzes current economic indicators associated with a particular reporting unit. For example, the Company analyzes changes in economic, market and industry conditions, business strategy, cost factors, and financial performance, among others, to determine if there are indicators of a significant decline in the fair value of a particular reporting unit. If the qualitative assessment indicates a stable or improved fair value, no further testing is required. If a qualitative assessment indicates it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company will proceed to the quantitative second step (generally referred to as a "step 1" analysis) where the fair value of a reporting unit is calculated based on weighted income and market-based approaches. If the fair value of a reporting unit is lower than its carrying value, an impairment to goodwill is recorded, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill in the reporting unit.

The Company elected to perform a step one impairment analysis as of August 31, 2022.  Based on the results of this analysis the fair values of the Company's reporting units were in excess of their carrying values and as such, no impairments were identified.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Expenditures for additions and betterments are capitalized. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred; however, maintenance and repairs that improve or extend the life of existing assets are capitalized. The carrying amount of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts in the year of disposal. Gains or losses from property and equipment disposals are recognized in the year of disposal. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives or the remaining term of the lease, whichever is shorter. All other property, plant and equipment is depreciated using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

Finance lease assets are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset (see Note 9).

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are recorded at cost or their estimated fair value (when acquired through a business combination or asset acquisition) less accumulated amortization (if finite-lived).

Intangible assets with finite lives, except for customer relationships, are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Customer relationships are amortized on an accelerated basis over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized but are subject to annual reviews for impairment. The Company elected to perform a step 1 impairment test on its indefinite-lived trade names as of August 31, 2022. Refer to Note 8 for further discussion.

Impairment of long-lived assets

ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (ASC 360) requires other long-lived assets to be evaluated for impairment when indicators of impairment are present. If indicators are present, assets are grouped to the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of other asset groups and cash flows are estimated for each asset group over the remaining estimated life of each asset group. If the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the asset’s carrying amount, impairment is recognized in the amount of the excess of the carrying value over the fair value. No indicators of impairment were identified as of October 31, 2022.

Derivatives

The Company has public warrants outstanding and due to certain provisions in the warrant agreement, coupled with the Company's capital structure, which includes preferred stock with voting rights, the public warrants do not meet the criteria to be classified in stockholders’ equity and instead meet the definition of a liability-classified derivative under ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging ("ASC 815"). As such, the Company recognizes these warrants within long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations at each reporting date. See further discussion of the warrants fair value in Note 5.

Revenue recognition

The Company generates revenues primarily from (1) concrete pumping services in both the U.S. and U.K and (2) the Company’s concrete waste services business, both of which are discussed below. In addition, the Company generates an immaterial amount of revenue from the sales of replacement parts to customers. The Company’s delivery terms for replacement part sales are FOB shipping point.

The Company adopted ASC 606, Revenue Recognition ("ASC 606") on October 31, 2021, effective as of November 1, 2020, using the modified retrospective method. Revenue for the reporting periods ending before November 1, 2021 is presented under ASC 606. The Company adopted ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASC 842”) on October 31, 2022, effective as of November 1, 2021, using the modified retrospective method. Revenue for the reporting periods ending after October 31, 2021 is presented under ASC 606 or ASC 842. With the exception of the daily pan rental fee for the Company's concrete waste services business, which is accounted for in accordance with ASC 842, all other revenue for the Company is recorded in accordance with ASC 606 (see discussion below for each revenue stream).

Revenue from contracts with customers (ASC 606)

Concrete Pumping Services

The vast majority of the Company's revenue from concrete pumping services comes from the Company's daily service, where the Company sends a single operator with a conventional concrete pump truck (an articulating boom attached to a large truck) to deliver concrete (or other construction material such as aggregate) from one point to another as directed by the customer. Customers are billed on either (1) a solely time basis or (2) a time and volume pumped basis. Additional charges (such as a fuel surcharge and travel costs) are frequently added based on specific project requirements. The Company's performance obligations related to these jobs are satisfied daily and invoiced accordingly and as such, there are no unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of any day.

A much smaller component of the total concrete pumping services revenue comes from placing boom services. Placing booms have become an essential tool in the efficient construction of high-rise buildings. A placing boom is the articulating boom component of a conventional concrete pump truck, positioned on the uppermost floor of a building construction project. Concrete is then supplied through a pipeline from the pump that remains at ground level. Due to the long term nature of high-rise jobs, these contracts are generally longer term but typically not in excess of one year. Customers are generally invoiced (1) at month end for a fixed monthly placing boom usage fee, (2) daily for time worked and volume of concrete pumped and (3) at the beginning of the job for certain set-up costs and at the end of the job for tear-down costs. As it pertains to the fixed monthly usage fee and daily fees related to time worked and volume of concrete pumped, which collectively make up a significant portion of the total consideration in the contract, the Company recognizes revenue as invoiced in accordance with ASC 606. For the consideration allocated to set-up and tear-down fees, the Company recognizes revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated term of the contract. The aggregate asset or liability from these services is not significant. As invoices are issued with terms of net 30 and substantially all of the contracts are completed within a year, we do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations, which would include the value of future usage of the Company’s placing boom asset, hours to be worked or cubic yards to be pumped.

Revenue from contracts with customers (ASC 606) & Lease revenue (ASC 842)

Concrete Waste Services

The Company’s concrete waste services business consists of service fees charged to customers for the delivery and usage over time of its pans or containers and the disposal of the concrete waste material. Almost all contracts include two prices: (1) A fixed price that includes (a) the pickup and disposal of the waste material and (b) a specified number of days the customer can use the pan and (2) a daily rental price if the customer keeps the pan for a time period in excess of days permitted in the fixed price. For these services, the Company has identified two performance obligations: (1) the daily usage of the pans or containers and (2) the pickup and disposal of the waste material. The fees allocable to these obligations are based on their standalone selling prices based on observable prices or an expected cost plus margin approach. The Company recognizes lease revenue monthly for the daily usage fees pursuant to ASC 842 and recognizes the revenue attributable to the disposal services when the disposal is completed pursuant to ASC 606. The aggregate asset or liability from these services is not significant. As invoices are issued with terms of net 30 and substantially all of the contracts are completed within a year, we do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations, which would include the remaining days the pans will be utilized or the future pickup and disposal of the waste material.

The Company recognizes revenue from pan rentals in the period earned, regardless of the timing of billing to customers. A pan rental contract is fixed in nature, but the total includes a fixed amount for the pan rental and a services component. The performance obligation for the service component of the pan rental is satisfied at the time of the pan rental pickup, which is when the Company will recognize the services component revenue under ASC 606. The pan rental contract is generally rented for short periods of time (less than a year). The pan rental is disclosed under ASC 842 revenue and the services component is disclosed under ASC 606 revenue.

Leases as Lessor

Our Eco-Pan pan business involves contracts with customers whereby we are a lessor for the rental component of the contract and therefore, such rental components of the contract are subject to ASC 842. We account for such rental contracts as operating leases. We recognize revenue from pan rentals in the period earned, regardless of the timing of billing to customers. The lease component of the revenue is disaggregated by a base price that is based on the number of contractual days and a variable component that is based on days in excess of the number of contractual days. See further discussion above under "Revenue recognition". 

The table below summarizes our revenues as presented in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended October 31, 2021 and 2022 by revenue type and by the applicable accounting standard:

Practical Expedients Applied

The Company collects sales taxes when required from customers as part of the purchase price, which are then subsequently remitted to the appropriate authorities. The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient that allows entities to make an accounting policy election to exclude sales taxes and other similar taxes from the measurement.

At contract inception, the Company does not expect the period between customer payment and transfer of control of the promised services to the customer to exceed one year as customers are invoiced with terms of 30 days. As such, the Company has used the practical expedient in ASC 606 which states that no adjustment for a significant financing component is necessary.

Trade receivables and contract assets and liabilities

Trade receivables are carried at the original invoice amount less an estimate made for doubtful receivables based on a review of all outstanding amounts. Generally, the Company does not require collateral for their accounts receivable; however, the Company may file statutory liens or take other appropriate legal action when necessary on construction projects in which collection problems arise. A trade receivable is typically considered to be past due if any portion of the receivable balance is outstanding for more than 30 days. The Company does not charge interest on past-due trade receivables.

Management determines the allowance for doubtful accounts by identifying troubled accounts and by using historical experience applied to an aging of accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.9 million and $0.7 million as of October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Trade receivables are written off when deemed uncollectible. Recoveries of trade receivables previously written off are recorded when received.

The Company does not have contract liabilities associated with contracts with customers. The Company’s contract assets and impairment losses associated therewith are not significant. Contracts with customers do not result in amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue.

Performance obligations

The Company’s ASC 606 revenue is recognized primarily over time. Accordingly, in any particular period, we do not generally recognize a significant amount of revenue from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods.

Contract costs

The Company incurs limited costs in order to obtain contracts. However, as the amortization period for these assets would be one year or less, the Company has elected the practical expedient permitted by ASC 606 and recognized those incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred. Upon transition to the new the standard, the Company did not restate contracts that begin and are completed within the same annual reporting period. As discussed above, contracts of the Company are typically completed within the year.

Disaggregation of Revenue

Revenue disaggregated by reportable segment and geographic area where the work was performed for the fiscal years ended  October 31, 2022 and 2021 is presented in Note 19.

Leases

General

The Company adopted ASC 842 as of November 1, 2021 using the transition alternative to the modified retrospective approach. Therefore, the Company has not restated comparative period financial information for the effects of ASC 842, and will not make the new required lease disclosures for comparative periods beginning before November 1, 2021. The Company’s financial position for reporting periods beginning on or after November 1, 2021 is presented under the new accounting guidance, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with previous guidance.

Leases as Lessee

The Company primarily leases various office and land facilities, vehicles and general office equipment. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and whether that lease meets the classification criteria of a finance or operating lease in accordance with GAAP, based on the terms and conditions in the contract. A contract contains a lease if there is an identified asset and we have the right to control the asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Lease arrangements can take several forms. Some arrangements are clearly within the scope of lease accounting, such as a real estate contract that provides an explicit contractual right to use a building for a specified period of time in exchange for consideration. However, the right to use an asset can also be conveyed through arrangements that are not leases in form, such as leases embedded within service and supply contracts. We analyze all arrangements with potential embedded leases to determine if an identified asset is present, if substantive substitution rights are present, and if the arrangement provides the customer control of the asset. Right-of-use ("ROU") assets are recognized at the lease commencement date at amounts equal to the respective lease liabilities. Lease-related liabilities are recognized at the present value of the remaining expected future lease payments (see discussion below), which are discounted using the Company’s incremental borrowing rates as the rates implicit in the leases are not readily determinable. The incremental borrowing rates used are based on the Company’s Senior Notes rates, adjusted to approximate the rates at which we could borrow on a collateralized basis over a term similar to the recognized lease term. The incremental borrowing rates are applied to each lease based upon the length of the lease term and the reporting entity in which the lease resides. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, while variable lease payments are expensed as incurred.

Many of the Company’s lease arrangements contain multiple lease components (including fixed payments, such as rent, real estate taxes and insurance costs) and non-lease components (including common-area maintenance ("CAM") costs). The Company has elected to not separate the lease and non-lease components for leases as lessee. All leases that contain CAM or pass-through components that are variable payments and are billed separate from the base payment for the lease are expensed as variable lease expense in the period in which the obligation of these payments was incurred. Other leases that have a component of the base payment that is known to include CAM or other pass-through charges will be not be separated and therefore are included in the analysis of the lease liability. Any true-ups or variable payments billed will be expensed as variable lease expense when incurred.

Expected Future Lease payments - The Company’s lease agreements contain a contractual minimum number of fixed lease payments, and many contain renewal options. However, the Company does not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for renewal periods unless at inception or when a triggering event occurs, it is determined that it is reasonably certain the lease will be renewed. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Some of the Company’s lease agreements are on a month-to-month basis and the Company does not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities until it is determined that it is reasonably certain the Company will have rights to the asset greater than 12 months. Based on this, the expected future lease payments that are discounted to arrive at the initial lease liability are reflective of (1) contractual minimum number of fixed lease payments plus (2) the contractually permitted renewals that are reasonably certain to be elected. Quarterly, the Company reviews the month-to-month agreements and agreements with renewal terms where it was previously determined the renewal was not reasonably certain.

These leases, with few exceptions, provide for escalations that are fixed escalation clauses (such as fixed-dollar or fixed-percentage increases) or inflation-based escalation clauses (such as those tied to the consumer price index). The lease term for most leases includes the initial non-cancelable term plus any term under renewal options that are reasonably certain.

The Company, from time to time, will enter into subleases, but these are de minimis in nature. From the Company’s perspective, these items are not factored into the value of the ROU asset, but are disclosed as an offset to expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

The adoption of the new standard resulted in the recording of operating ROU assets and operating lease liabilities of approximately $18.6 million as of November 1, 2021. Management has determined that the amounts reflected in earnings in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended October 31, 2021 under ASC 840 are not materially different than that of the amounts in regards to ASC 842. All capital leases under ASC 840 as of October 31, 2021 were converted and disclosed as finance leases under ASC 842 as of November 1, 2021.

Practical Expedients Applied

The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard, which among other things (i) allowed it to carry forward the historical lease classification; (ii) did not require reassessment whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases under the new definition of a lease; and (iii) did not require the Company to reassess whether previously capitalized initial direct costs for any existing leases would qualify for capitalization under ASC 842.

The Company has elected the short-term lease practical expedient, which excludes short-term leases from the scope of ASC 842. The Company will expense all short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company also elected the hindsight practical expedient regarding the likelihood of exercising a lessee purchase option or assessing any impairment of right-of-use assets for existing leases. For all leases as lessee, the Company has elected the expedient that allows the Company to not separate non-lease components from lease components, but instead account for each separate lease component and the non-lease components associated with that lease component as a single lease component. For leases as lessor, the Company cannot separate these components as the timing and patter of transfer of the lease and service components are not the same. The Company believes these elections will not have a material impact on the ROU asset and lease liability.

Stock-based compensation

The Company follows ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation ("ASC 718"), which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expense, based on estimated fair values, for all share-based awards made to employees and directors. The fair value of time-based only restricted stock awards and time-based only stock options with a $.01 exercise price are valued at the closing price of the Company's stock as of the date of the grant of these awards. The Company expenses the grant date fair value of the award in the consolidated statements of operations over the requisite service periods on a straight-line basis. For stock awards that include a market-based vesting condition, such as the trading price of the Company’s common stock exceeding certain price targets, the Company uses a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair value at grant date and recognizes compensation expense over the implied service period (median time to vest). Shares exercised are issued out of authorized but not outstanding shares. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Income taxes

The Company complies with ASC 740, Income Taxes, which requires an asset and liability approach to financial reporting for income taxes.

The Company computes deferred income tax assets and liabilities annually for differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, carryback opportunities, and tax planning strategies in making the assessment. Income tax expense includes both the current income taxes payable or refundable and the change during the period in the deferred tax assets and liabilities. The tax benefit from an uncertain tax position is only recognized in the consolidated balance sheet if the tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon an examination. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to underpayment of income taxes in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Camfaud files income tax returns in the U.K. Camfaud’s national statutes are generally open for one year following the statutory filing period.

Foreign currency translation and transactions

The functional currency of Camfaud is the Pound Sterling (GBP). The assets and liabilities of the Company's foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. Dollars using the period end exchange rates for the periods presented, and the consolidated statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rate for the periods presented. Retained earnings are translated at historic rates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of comprehensive income on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income and is the only component of accumulated other comprehensive income. The functional currency of our other subsidiaries is the United States Dollar.

Gains/(losses) from foreign currency transactions during the years ended October 31, 2022 and October 31, 2021 were $(2.1) million and $0.4 million, respectively, and were included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Earnings per share

The Company calculates earnings per share in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share ("ASC 260"). The two-class method of computing earnings per share is required for entities that have participating securities. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for participating securities according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. For purposes of ASC 260, the two-class method is computed based on the following participating stock: (1) Common Stock and (2) Restricted Stock Awards.

Basic earnings (loss) per common share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding each period. Diluted earnings (loss) per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period plus the common stock equivalents which would arise from the exercise of stock options outstanding using the treasury stock method and the average market price per share during the period. Common stock equivalents are not included in the diluted earnings (loss) per share calculation when their effect is antidilutive.

An anti-dilutive impact is an increase in earnings per share or a reduction in net loss per share resulting from the conversion, exercise, or contingent issuance of certain securities.

Business combinations and asset acquisitions

The Company applies the principles provided in ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"), to determine whether a transaction involves an asset or a business.

If it is determined an acquisition is a business combination, tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recorded at fair value and goodwill is recognized to the extent the fair value of the consideration transferred exceeds the fair value of the net assets acquired. Transaction costs for business combinations are expensed as incurred in accordance with ASC 805.

If it is determined an acquisition is an asset acquisition, the purchase consideration (which will include certain transaction costs) is allocated first to indefinite lived intangible assets (if applicable) based on their fair values with the remaining balance of purchase consideration being allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities based on their relative fair values.

Concentrations

As of  October 31, 2022 there were three primary vendors that the Company relied upon to purchase concrete pumping boom equipment. However, should the need arise, there are alternate vendors who can provide concrete pumping boom equipment.

Cash balances held at financial institutions may, at times, be in excess of federally insured limits. The Company places its temporary cash balances in high-credit quality financial institutions.

The Company’s customer base is dispersed across the U.S. and U.K. The Company performs ongoing evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and requires no collateral to support credit sales. During the periods described above, no customer represented 10 percent or more of sales or trade receivables.

Note 3. New Accounting Pronouncements

Newly adopted accounting pronouncements

Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”) - In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, which provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting for contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). Specifically, to the extent the Company's debt agreements are modified to replace LIBOR with another interest rate index, ASU 2020-04 will permit the Company to account for the modification as a continuation of the existing contract without additional analysis. Companies may generally elect to apply the guidance for periods that include March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Effective October 1, 2021, the Company transitioned all of its GBP borrowings from LIBOR to the Sterling Overnight Index Average ("SONIA") rate. Effective June 29, 2022, the Company transitioned all of its U.S. Dollar borrowings from LIBOR to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). See Note 10 for further discussion.

ASU 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”) - In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, which is codified in ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) and supersedes current lease guidance in ASC 840, Leases. ASC 842 requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability for substantially all leases. The lease liability will be equal to the present value of the remaining lease payments while the right-of-use asset will be similarly calculated and then adjusted for initial direct costs. In addition, ASC 842 expands the disclosure requirements to increase the transparency and comparability of the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases ASC 842: Targeted Improvements, which allows entities to initially apply the new leases standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The new standard is effective for emerging growth companies that have elected to use private company adoption dates for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company has adopted the guidance for the year ended October 31, 2022, with an effective date of adoption of November 1, 2021. See Note 9 for further discussion. 

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet effective

ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments Credit Losses (Topic 326) (“ASU 2016-13”) - In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, which, along with subsequently issued related ASUs, requires financial assets (or groups of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected, among other provisions. This ASU is effective for smaller reporting companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company plans to adopt the guidance during the first quarter of the fiscal year ending October 31, 2024. The amendments of this ASU should be applied on a modified retrospective basis to all periods presented. The Company is currently evaluating the effects adoption of this guidance will have on the consolidated financial statements.

Note 4. Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions

The Company completed one acquisition during the first quarter of fiscal 2022 (purchase consideration of $20.2 million), three acquisitions during the second quarter of fiscal 2022 (aggregate purchase consideration of $11.4 million), one acquisition during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022 (purchase consideration of $30.8 million) and three acquisitions in fiscal 2021 (aggregate purchase consideration $20.6 million). All acquisitions either added complementary assets in markets in which the Company already operates or expanded the Company's footprint into adjacent markets. With the exception of the acquisition during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, all other transactions qualified as asset acquisitions. Except for the acquisition of Pioneer in the first quarter of fiscal 2022, Coastal in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022 and Hi-Tech in fiscal 2021, these acquisitions were not individually significant to our results of operations. The consideration for the acquisitions in both fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021 consisted of cash and was allocated to the acquired long-lived tangible and intangible assets.

August 2022 (Fiscal 2022) Coastal Acquisition

In August 2022, the Company acquired the property, equipment and intangible assets of Coastal Carolina Pumping, Inc. (“Coastal”) for total purchase consideration of $30.8 million, which was paid for using cash and the ABL Facility (defined below). This transaction expanded our operations in the Carolinas and Florida and qualified as a business combination under ASC 805. Accordingly, the Company recorded all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair values. There was no goodwill recognized in this transaction.

The following table represents the final allocation of consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated acquisition-date fair values with any measurement-period adjustments included:

All assets were valued using level 3 inputs. The equipment was valued using a market approach while the intangible assets were valued using an income approach based on management’s projections.

Identifiable intangible assets acquired consist of customer relationships of $1.7 million and non-compete agreements valued at $0.8 million. The customer relationships were valued using the multi-period excess earnings method. The non-competes were valued using a direct valuation of economic damages approach. The Company determined the useful life of both the customer relationships and non-compete agreements to be 5 years.

Concurrent with closing of the asset purchase agreement, the Company signed five leases directly with the seller. The leases were entered into at market rates and the Company recognized an ROU asset and liability of $6.5 million related to these leases.

November 2021 (Fiscal 2022) Pioneer Acquisition

In November 2021, the Company acquired the assets, no cash, of Pioneer Concrete Pumping Services (“Pioneer”) for total purchase consideration of $20.2 million, of which, $1.0 million was held back (the “Holdback”) to allow for a post-closing joint inspection of Pioneer’s fleet vehicles. The Holdback had not been paid out as of October 31, 2022. This transaction was treated as an asset acquisition. The Company allocated $19.1 million to the purchase of Pioneer's equipment. The remaining $1.1 million was allocated to a definite-lived assembled workforce intangible asset and a definite-lived customer relationships intangible asset. All assets were valued using level 3 inputs. The equipment was valued using a market approach while the intangible assets were valued using an income approach based on management’s projections. The intangible assets will be amortized over 3 to 5 years.

September 2021 (Fiscal 2021) Hi-Tech Acquisition

In September 2021, the Company acquired the assets, no cash, of Hi-Tech Concrete Pumping Services (“Hi-Tech”) for total purchase consideration of $12.3 million. This transaction was treated as an asset acquisition. The Company allocated $11.5 million to the purchase of Hi-Tech's equipment. The remaining $0.8 million was allocated to a definite-lived assembled workforce intangible asset and a definite-lived customer relationships intangible asset. All assets were valued using level 3 inputs. The equipment was valued using a market approach while the intangible assets were valued using an income approach based on management’s projections. The intangible assets will be amortized over 3 to 5 years.

Transaction Costs

Transaction costs include expenses for legal, accounting, and other professionals that were engaged in connection with an asset acquisition or business combination. Transaction costs in each of the twelve months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 were $0.3 million.