Corvus Gold ULC - Quarter Report: 2021 February (Form 10-Q)

PART I

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

CORVUS GOLD INC.

CONDENSED INTERIM CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Expressed in Canadian dollars)

Nature and continuance of operations (note 1)

Approved on behalf of the Directors:

“Jeffrey Pontius”                  Director

“Anton Drescher”                  Director

These accompanying notes form an integral part of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements

CORVUS GOLD INC.

CONDENSED INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)

(Expressed in Canadian dollars)

These accompanying notes form an integral part of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements

CORVUS GOLD INC.

CONDENSED INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(Expressed in Canadian dollars)

NINE MONTHS ENDED

Supplemental cash flow information (note 8)

These accompanying notes form an integral part of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements

CORVUS GOLD INC.

CONDENSED INTERIM CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(Expressed in Canadian dollars)

NINE MONTHS ENDED FEBRUARY 28, 2021

These accompanying notes form an integral part of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements

On August 25, 2010, International Tower Hill Mines Ltd. (“ITH”) completed a Plan of Arrangement (the “Arrangement”) whereby its existing Alaska mineral properties (other than the Livengood project) and related assets and the North Bullfrog mineral property and related assets in Nevada (collectively, the “Nevada and Other Alaska Business”) were indirectly spun out into a new public company, being Corvus Gold Inc. (“Corvus” or the “Company”). As part of the Arrangement, ITH transferred its wholly-owned subsidiary Corvus Gold Nevada Inc. (“Corvus Nevada”) (which held the North Bullfrog property), to Corvus and a wholly-owned Alaskan subsidiary of ITH, Talon Gold Alaska, Inc. sold to Raven Gold Alaska Inc. (“Raven Gold”), the Terra, Chisna, LMS and West Pogo properties. As a consequence of the completion of the Arrangement, the Terra, Chisna, LMS, West Pogo and North Bullfrog properties were transferred to Corvus.

The Company was incorporated on April 13, 2010 under the Business Corporations Act (British Columbia). These condensed interim consolidated financial statements reflect the cumulative operating results of the predecessor, as related to the mineral properties that were transferred to the Company from June 1, 2006.

The Company is engaged in the business of acquiring, exploring and evaluating mineral properties, and either joint venturing or developing these properties further or disposing of them when the evaluation is completed. At February 28, 2021, the Company had interests in properties in Nevada, U.S.A.

The business of mining and exploration involves a high degree of risk and there can be no assurance that current exploration programs will result in profitable mining operations. The Company has no source of revenue, and has significant cash requirements to meet its administrative overhead and maintain its mineral property interests. The recoverability of amounts shown for mineral properties is dependent on several factors. These include the discovery of economically recoverable reserves, the ability of the Company to obtain the necessary financing to complete the development of these properties, and future profitable production or proceeds from disposition of mineral properties. The carrying value of the Company’s mineral properties does not reflect current or future values.

These condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which presume the realization of assets and discharge of liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon achieving profitable operations and/or obtaining additional financing.

In assessing whether the going concern assumption is appropriate, management takes into account all available information about the future within one year from the date the condensed interim consolidated financial statements are issued. There is substantial doubt upon the Company’s ability to continue as going concern, as explained in the following paragraphs.

The Company has sustained significant losses from operations, has negative cash flows, and has an ongoing requirement for capital investment to explore its mineral properties.  As at February 28, 2021, the Company had working capital of $3,609,670 compared to working capital of $14,568,048 as at May 31, 2020.  Based on its current plans, budgeted expenditures, and cash requirements, the Company does not have sufficient cash to finance its current plans for at least 12 months from the date the condensed interim consolidated financial statements are issued.

The Company expects that it will need to raise substantial additional capital to accomplish its business plan over the next several years.  There is no assurance that additional capital or other types of financing will be available if needed or that these financings will be on terms at least as favourable to the Company as those previously obtained, or at all. As well, there can be no assurance that the Company will not be impacted by adverse consequences that impact the global financial markets as a whole, including any adverse consequences that may be brought about by pandemics, or increased severity of existing pandemics, which may reduce resources, share prices and financial liquidity and which may severely limit the financing capital available in the mineral exploration sector. Should such financing not be available in that time-frame, the Company will be required to reduce its activities and will not be able to carry out all of its presently planned exploration and development activities on its currently anticipated scheduling.   

These condensed interim consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to the amounts and classification of assets and liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue in business.

All currency amounts are stated in Canadian dollars unless noted otherwise.

These condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8-03 of Regulation S-X under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for annual financial statements. These condensed interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended May 31, 2020 as filed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the opinion of the Company’s management these condensed interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position at February 28, 2021 and the results of its operations for the nine months then ended. Operating results for the nine months ended February 28, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending May 31, 2021. The 2020 year-end balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.

The preparation of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of these condensed interim consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. These judgments, estimates and assumptions are continuously evaluated and are based on management’s experience and knowledge of the relevant facts and circumstances. While management believes the estimates to be reasonable, actual results could differ from those estimates and could impact future results of operations and cash flows.

Basis of consolidation

These condensed interim consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”), Corvus Gold (USA) Inc. (“Corvus USA”) (a Nevada corporation), Corvus Nevada (a Nevada corporation), Raven Gold (an Alaska corporation), SoN Land and Water LLC (“SoN”) (a Nevada limited liability company) and Mother Lode Mining Company LLC (a Nevada limited liability company). All intercompany transactions and balances were eliminated upon consolidation.

Loss per share

Basic loss per share is calculated using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The Company uses the treasury stock method to compute the dilutive effect of options, warrants and similar instruments. Under this method, the dilutive effect on earnings (loss) per share is calculated presuming the exercise of outstanding options, warrants and similar instruments. It assumes that the proceeds of such exercise would be used to repurchase common shares at the average market price during the period. However, the calculation of diluted loss per share excludes the effects of various conversions and exercise of options and warrants that would be anti-dilutive. For the period ended February 28, 2021, 12,255,000 outstanding stock options (2020 – 12,345,000) were not included in the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per share as their inclusion was anti-dilutive.

The Company had the following activity related to capitalized acquisition costs:

The following table presents costs incurred for exploration and evaluation activities for the nine months ended February 28, 2021:

The following table presents costs incurred for exploration and evaluation activities for the nine months ended February 29, 2020:

The Company’s North Bullfrog project consists of certain leased patented lode mining claims and federal unpatented mining claims owned 100% by the Company.

On October 9, 2009, a US subsidiary of ITH at the time (Corvus Nevada) completed the acquisition of all of the interests of Redstar Gold Corp. (“Redstar”) and Redstar Gold U.S.A. Inc. (“Redstar US”) in the North Bullfrog project, which consisted of six leases covering 33 patented mining claims. The leases have an initial term of ten years, and for so long thereafter as mining activities continue on the claims or contiguous claims held by the Company.

The Company is required to pay annual advance minimum royalty payments (recoupable from production royalties) for as long as there are mining activities continuing on the claims or contiguous claims held by the Company. The required annual advance minimum royalty payments are:

The lessor is entitled to receive a separate NSR royalty related to all production from the leased property of the various individual leases which may be purchased by the Company as follows:

The various NSR royalties above relate only to the property covered by each specific lease and are not cumulative.

The Company has an option to purchase a property related to twelve patented mining claims for USD 1,000,000 at any time during the life of the lease (subject to the net smelter return (“NSR”) royalty of 4% which may be purchased by the Company for USD 1,250,000 per 1% (USD 5,000,000 for the entire royalty).

Pursuant to a purchase agreement made effective June 9, 2017 between Corvus Nevada and Goldcorp USA, Inc. (“Goldcorp USA”), Corvus Nevada has acquired 100% of the Mother Lode property (the “Mother Lode Property”). In addition, Corvus Nevada staked two additional adjacent claim blocks to the Mother Lode Property. In connection with the acquisition, the Company issued 1,000,000 common shares at a price of $0.81 per common share to Goldcorp USA. The Mother Lode Property is subject to an NSR in favour of Goldcorp USA. The NSR pays 1% from production at the Mother Lode Property when the price of gold is less than USD 1,400 per ounce and an additional 1% NSR for a total of 2% NSR when gold price is greater than or equal to USD 1,400 per ounce.

On June 7, 2019, the Company completed the sale of the royalties where four non-core Alaskan royalty interests owned by Corvus were sold to EMX Royalty Corporation (“EMX”) for a purchase price of $350,000. In connection with the Alaskan royalty package sale, the Company incurred $31,463 in legal fees, resulting in a total cost recovery for the Alaska Royalty Interest of $318,537.

The general terms of the Alaskan royalty package sale include:

Acquisitions

The acquisition of title to mineral properties is a detailed and time-consuming process. The Company has taken steps, in accordance with industry norms, to verify title to mineral properties in which it has an interest. Although the Company has taken every reasonable precaution to ensure that legal title to its properties is properly recorded in the name of the Company (or, in the case of an option, in the name of the relevant optionor), there can be no assurance that such title will ultimately be secured.

Environmental Expenditures

The operations of the Company may in the future be affected from time to time in varying degrees by changes in environmental regulations, including those for future removal and site restoration costs. Both the likelihood of new regulations and their overall effect upon the Company vary greatly and are not predictable. The Company’s policy is to meet or, if possible, surpass standards set by relevant legislation by application of technically proven and economically feasible measures.

Environmental expenditures that relate to ongoing environmental and reclamation programs are charged against earnings as incurred or capitalized and amortized depending on their future economic benefits. Estimated future removal and site restoration costs, when the ultimate liability is reasonably determinable, are charged against earnings over the estimated remaining life of the related business operation, net of expected recoveries.

The Company has estimated the fair value of the liability for asset retirement that arose as a result of exploration activities to be $343,280 (USD 270,000) ( May 31, 2020 - $373,103 (USD 270,000)). The fair value of the liability was determined to be equal to the estimated remediation costs. Due to the early stages of the project, and that extractive activities have not yet begun, the Company is unable to predict with any precision the timing of the cash flow related to the reclamation activities.

Authorized

Unlimited common shares without par value.

Share issuances

During the nine-month period ended February 28, 2021:

Stock options

Stock options awarded to employees and non-employees by the Company are measured and recognized in the Condensed Interim Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss over the vesting period.

The Company has adopted an incentive stock option plan, first adopted in 2010 and then most recently amended in 2019 (the “Amended 2010 Plan”). The essential elements of the Amended 2010 Plan provide that the aggregate number of common shares of the Company’s share capital that may be made issuable pursuant to options granted under the Amended 2010 Plan (together with any other shares which may be issued under other share compensation plans of the Company) may not exceed 10% of the number of issued shares of the Company at the time of the granting of the options. Options granted under the Amended 2010 Plan will have a maximum term of ten years. The exercise price of options granted under the Amended 2010 Plan will not be less than the greater of the market price of the common shares (as defined by TSX, currently defined as the five day volume weighted average price for the five trading days immediately preceding the date of grant) or the closing market price of the Company’s common shares for the trading day immediately preceding the date of grant), or such other price as may be agreed to by the Company and accepted by the TSX. Options granted under the Amended 2010 Plan vest immediately, unless otherwise determined by the directors at the date of grant.

A summary of the status of the stock option plan as of February 28, 2021, and May 31, 2020, and changes during the periods are presented below:

The weighted average remaining contractual life of options outstanding at February 28, 2021 was 3.02 years ( May 31, 2020 – 2.68 years).

Stock options outstanding are as follows:

*The Company’s share trading policy (the “Policy”) requires that all restricted persons and others who are subject to the Policy refrain from conducting any transactions involving the purchase or sale of the Company’s securities, during the period in any quarter commencing 30 days prior to the scheduled issuance of the next quarter or year-end public disclosure of the financial results as well as when there is material data on hand. In accordance with the terms of the Amended 2010 Plan, if stock options are set to expire during a restricted period and are not exercised prior to any such restriction, they will not expire but instead will be available for exercise for ten days after such restrictions are lifted. These stock options were exercised during the period ended February 28, 2021 after the restrictions were lifted.

The Company uses the fair value method for determining stock-based compensation for all options granted during the periods. The fair value of options granted was $4,083,771 (2020 - $2,974,411), determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the following weighted average assumptions:

Annualized volatility was determined by reference to historic volatility of the Company.

Stock-based compensation has been allocated to the same expenses as cash compensation paid to the same employees or consultants, as follows:

The Company entered into the following transactions with related parties:

As at February 28, 2021, included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities was $nil ( May 31, 2020 – $1,274) in expenses owing to companies related to officers and officers of the Company.

These amounts were unsecured, non-interest bearing and had no fixed terms or terms of repayment. Accordingly, fair value could not be readily determined.

The Company has also entered into change of control agreements with officers of the Company. In the case of termination, the officers are entitled to an amount equal to a multiple (ranging from two times to three times) of the sum of the annual base salary or fees then payable to the officer, the aggregate amount of bonus(es) (if any) paid to the officer within the calendar year immediately preceding the Effective Date of Termination, and an amount equal to the vacation pay which would otherwise be payable for the one year period next following the Effective Date of Termination.

The Company operates in one industry segment, the mineral resources industry, and in two geographical segments, Canada and the United States. All current exploration activities are conducted in the United States and Canada. The significant asset categories identifiable with these geographical areas are as follows:

Significant subsidiaries for the periods ended February 28, 2021 and February 29, 2020 are:

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our condensed interim consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended February 28, 2021, and the related notes thereto, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements and forward-looking information that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements and information as a result of many factors. See section heading “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” below. All currency amounts are stated in Canadian dollars unless noted otherwise.

CAUTIONARY NOTE TO U.S. INVESTORS REGARDING ESTIMATES OF MEASURED, INDICATED AND INFERRED RESOURCES AND PROVEN AND PROBABLE RESERVES

Corvus Gold Inc. (“we”, “us”, “our,” “Corvus” or the “Company”) is a mineral exploration company engaged in the acquisition and exploration of mineral properties. The mineral estimates in the two technical reports entitled “Technical Report and Preliminary Economic Assessment for Gravity Milling and Heap Leach Processing at the North Bullfrog Project, Bullfrog Mining District, Nye County, Nevada”, dated November 21, 2020 with an effective date of October 7, 2020 (the “NBP Technical Report”), and “Technical Report and Preliminary Economic Assessment for BIOX Mill and Heap Leach Processing at the Mother Lode Project, Bullfrog Mining District, Nye County, Nevada” dated November 21, 2020 with an effective date of October 7, 2020 (the “ML Technical Report” and together with the NBP Technical Report, the “Technical Reports”) referenced in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the securities laws in effect in Canada, which differ from the requirements of United States securities laws. As used in the Technical Reports referenced in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the terms “Mineral Reserve”, “Proven Mineral Reserve” and “Probable Mineral Reserve” are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with Canadian National Instrument 43-101 “Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects” (“NI 43-101”) and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (the “CIM”) Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, adopted by the CIM Council, as amended.

These definitions differ materially from the definitions in the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Industry Guide 7 (“SEC Industry Guide 7”). Under SEC Industry Guide 7 standards, a “final” or “bankable” feasibility study is required to report reserves, the three-year historical average price is used in any reserve or cash flow analysis to designate reserves, and the primary environmental analysis or report must be filed with the appropriate governmental authority.

In addition, the terms “Mineral Resource”, “Measured Mineral Resource”, “Indicated Mineral Resource” and “Inferred Mineral Resource” are defined in and required to be disclosed by NI 43-101; however, these terms are not defined terms under SEC Industry Guide 7 and are normally not permitted to be used in reports and registration statements filed with the SEC. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of a mineral deposit in these categories will ever be converted into reserves. Under Canadian rules, Inferred Mineral Resources can only be used in economic studies as provided under CIM Standards. Under Canadian rules, estimates of Inferred Mineral Resources may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies, except in rare cases. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an Inferred Mineral Resource is economically or legally mineable. An “Inferred Mineral Resource” is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. Geological evidence is sufficient to imply but not verify geological and grade or quality continuity. An Inferred Mineral Resource has a lower level of confidence than that applying to an Indicated Mineral Resource and must not be converted to a Mineral Reserve. It is reasonably expected that the majority of Inferred Mineral Resources could be upgraded to Indicated Mineral Resources with continued exploration. Disclosure of “contained ounces” in a resource is permitted disclosure under Canadian regulations; however, the SEC normally only permits issuers to report mineralization that does not constitute “reserves” by SEC standards as in place tonnage and grade without reference to unit measures.

Accordingly, information contained in this report and the Technical Reports referenced in this report contain descriptions of our mineral deposits that may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies reporting under SEC Industry Guide 7 requirements.

The SEC has adopted amendments to its disclosure rules to modernize the mineral property disclosure requirements for issuers whose securities are registered with the SEC. These amendments became effective February 25, 2019 (the “SEC Modernization Rules”) and, following a two-year transition period, the SEC Modernization Rules will replace the historical property disclosure requirements for mining registrants that are included in SEC Industry Guide 7. The Company is not required to provide disclosure on its mineral properties under the SEC Modernization Rules until its fiscal year beginning June 1, 2021. Under the SEC Modernization Rules, the definitions of “Proven Mineral Reserves” and “Probable Mineral Reserves” have been amended to be substantially similar to the corresponding CIM Definition Standards and the SEC has added definitions to recognize “Measured Mineral Resources”, “Indicated Mineral Resources” and “Inferred Mineral Resources” which are also substantially similar to the corresponding CIM Definition Standards; however there are differences in the definitions under the SEC Modernization Rules and the CIM Definition Standards and therefore once the Company begins reporting under the SEC Modernization Rules there is no assurance that the Company’s Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates will be the same as those reported under CIM Definition Standards as contained in this report.

CAUTIONARY NOTE TO ALL INVESTORS CONCERNING ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS THAT INCLUDE INFERRED RESOURCES

The Company currently holds or has the right to acquire interests in advanced stage exploration projects in Nye County, Nevada referred to as the North Bullfrog Project (the “NBP”) and the Mother Lode Project (“MLP” or “Mother Lode”). Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves have no demonstrated economic viability. The preliminary economic assessments included in the Technical Reports on the NBP and on the MLP are preliminary in nature and include Inferred Mineral Resources that have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, and are considered too speculative geologically to have economic considerations applied to them that would enable them to be categorized as Mineral Reserves. It cannot be assumed that all, or any part, of an Inferred Mineral Resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category. Under Canadian rules, estimates of Inferred Mineral Resources may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies. There is no certainty that such Inferred Mineral Resources at the NBP or at the MLP will ever be realized. Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an Inferred Mineral Resource exists or is economically or legally mineable. Readers should refer to the Technical Reports for additional information.

NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the exhibits attached hereto contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, and “forward-looking information” within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities legislation, collectively “forward-looking statements”. Such forward-looking statements concern our anticipated results and developments in the operations of the Company in future periods, planned exploration activities, the adequacy of the Company’s financial resources and other events or conditions that may occur in the future. Forward-looking statements are frequently, but not always, identified by words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “intends,” “estimates,” “potential,” “possible” and similar expressions, or statements that events, conditions or results “will,” “may,” “could” or “should” (or the negative and grammatical variations of any of these terms) occur or be achieved. These forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements concerning:

Such forward-looking statements reflect the Company’s current views with respect to future events and are subject to certain known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Many factors could cause actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements that may be expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements, including, among others, risks related to:

Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described herein. This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of the Company’s forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are statements about the future and are inherently uncertain, and actual achievements of the Company or other future events or conditions may differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements due to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors, including without limitation those discussed in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC on August 13, 2020, which are incorporated herein by reference, as well as other factors described elsewhere in this report and the Company’s other reports filed with the SEC.

The Company’s forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are based on the beliefs, expectations and opinions of management as of the date of this report. The Company does not assume any obligation to update forward-looking statements if circumstances or management’s beliefs, expectations or opinions should change, except as required by law. For the reasons set forth above, investors should not attribute undue certainty to or place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

Current Business Activities

General

The Company’s material mineral properties are the NBP and the MLP, advanced exploration stage projects in Nevada which have a number of high-priority, bulk tonnage and high-grade vein targets (held through Corvus Nevada, a Nevada subsidiary). While exploring the NBP, the Company acquired the MLP in June 2017, which is located approximately 19 km to the south east of the NBP. The MLP was mined in the late 1980s and has substantial gold mineralization remaining unexploited extending to the north of the existing open pit mine. Exploration drilling and surface mapping have revealed that other exploration targets on the Corvus property in the Mother Lode area contain gold mineralization and are therefore being actively explored.

The primary focus of the Company will be to leverage its exploration expertise to expand its existing deposits and discover major new gold deposits. Other than with respect to the ongoing exploration of the MLP and NBP, the Company’s strategy is to leverage its other non-core assets by maintaining a retained royalty.

Highlights of activities during the period and to the date of this MD&A include:

Nevada Properties

NBP and MLP

Our principal mineral properties are the NBP and the MLP, which form two separate gold exploration projects (the “NBP” and the “MLP”) located in northwestern Nye County, Nevada, in the Northern Bullfrog Hills and Bare Mountains to the east, north and west of the town of Beatty. Neither, the NBP nor the MLP have any known proven or probable reserves under SEC Industry Guide 7 and the projects are exploratory in nature. The Technical Reports are available under Corvus’ SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com and EDGAR profile at www.sec.gov, and describe the two properties as separate mining operations. The Technical Reports are referred to herein for informational purposes only and are not incorporated herein by reference. The Technical Reports contain disclosure regarding Mineral Resources at both projects that are not SEC Industry Guide 7 compliant proven or probable reserves. See “Cautionary Note to U.S. Investors Regarding Estimates of Measured, Indicated and Inferred Resources and Proven and Probable Reserves” above.

The following disclosure is derived, in part, and supported by the Technical Reports.

The NBP and the MLP are located in the Bullfrog Hills and Bare Mountains of northwestern Nye County, Nevada (Figure 1).  Together, the NBP and the MLP cover approximately 129 square kilometers (12,895 hectares) of patented and unpatented mining claims in sections 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36 of T10S, R46E; sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 34 and 35 of T11S, R46E; sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 18 of T12S R46E; sections 19, 30, 31, and 32 of T10S, R47E; sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 26, 27, 34, 35 and 36 of T11S, R47E;  sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of T12S R47E; sections 4, 9, 10, 15, 22, 27, 31, 32, 33 and 34 of T11S R48E; and sections 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16, 17 and 18 of T12S R48E of MDBM.  The total number of federal lode claims is 1601.  Corvus has total of nine option/lease agreements in place that give us control of private land based on an aggregate of 51 historical patented lode claims (see Private Lands in Figure 1).  Corvus Nevada owns an additional private land based on five historical patented claims (the Millman claims) and a 430 acre property with 1600 acre-feet of water rights located north of NBP in the Sarcobatus hydrographic basin (Basin 146).

Figure 1 – Property Map showing the Location of the NBP and the MLP with respect to the town of Beatty, NV.

Studies at the NBP and MLP have been focused on the potential to develop separate mining and processing operations at each site. Technical Reports describing the conceptual mining and processing operations at each location were completed on November 21, 2020 and are available on SEDAR and EDGAR.

NBP Drilling Activities

No exploration drilling was performed at NBP during the period. The RC rig was moved to NBP on March 14^th to drill the first of four test wells to be used to define the hydrogeology characteristics of the YellowJacket vein system for associated dewatering projections

MLP Drilling Activities

During the period December 1, 2020 to date, nine RC drill holes were completed at Mother Lode deposit and in the Lynnda Strip for a total of 3,487 m drilled. In addition, core-tail drilling was performed on six holes for a total of 951 m of core drilled. Four of the core-tail holes were drilled for definition of the Mother Lode deposit, and two core-tail holes were drilled at the Lynnda Strip.

MLP Deposit

During the period, additional results were received for the new, northern high-grade feeder zone target in the Central Intrusive Zone at the Mother Lode deposit. The northern high-grade feeder zone occurs as a series of echelon structures along a north-northeast trend and likely has a corresponding deep-seated intrusive connection. The structures consist of broad zones of higher-grade material directly related to intrusive dikes and continue to confirm the genetic relationship of the gold deposit to a high-level magmatic system at depth (shallow porphyry environment). This configuration is illustrated by the map in Figure 2, with the structural relationships shown in the cross section in Figure 3.

Figure 2 – Map showing location of MLP drilling and New Northern Feeder Zone

Figure 3 – Cross Section along 4084640 N showing mineralization orientation at MLP

Lynnda Strip

Drilling at Lynnda Strip continued to define a large and continuous oxide gold system that now stretches for over 700 metres width. The drill intercepts indicate mineralization greater than 200 m in thickness, containing an upper, high-grade vein/stockwork zone returned gold grades of greater than 5 g/t over 37 m. Figure 4 is a map of the Lynnda Strip area showing the locations of Corvus drilling plus constructed drill sites by AngloGold Ashanti to the north and by Coeur Mining Inc. to the south of the Corvus drill locations.

A cross section along the E-W center line of the Corvus property at Lynnda Strip is shown in Figure 5. Corvus follow-up drilling at the South Merlin target, whose locations is shown to the east in Figure 5, suggests potential for major expansion of the deposit.

Figure 4 – Location map for new Lynnda Strip drill holes showing constructed AngloGold Ashanti and Coeur Mining Inc. drill pads to the north and south of the Corvus claims.

Figure 5 – Cross section along Lynnda Strip oxide deposits showing large low-grade zone (shaded orange) and high-grade upper and lower vein zones

Mother Lode Project Development

Planning to increase the permitted area for Mother Lode exploration has been completed and planning of baseline characterization work is underway. The raptor survey has been completed. The meeting to set the baseline characterization requirements for the expanded area is scheduled for mid-March.

Use of Proceeds

On October 10, 2019, the Company announced the completion of a $23,000,000 public bought deal financing, where the Company issued 11,500,000 common shares at a price of $2.00 per common share (the “Offering”). The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering was $21,020,000 after deducting the underwriter’s fee in the amount of $1,380,000, and the estimated expenses of the Offering of $600,000, which was paid out of the proceeds of the Offering.

The net proceeds of the Offering were anticipated to be applied as set out below. There are no material changes to the anticipated use of proceeds as described in the prospectus relating to the Offering.

Of the $21,020,000 in net proceeds received from the Offering, the net proceeds have been used as follows:

*Unaudited Cost Reporting

Qualified Person and Quality Control/Quality Assurance

Jeffrey A. Pontius (CPG 11044), a qualified person as defined by NI 43-101, has supervised the preparation of the scientific and technical information that forms the basis for the disclosure in this Report on Form 10-Q (other than the Mother Lode Mineral Resource estimate) and has reviewed and approved the disclosure herein. Mr. Pontius is not independent of the Company, as he is the Chief Executive Officer and President and holds common shares and incentive stock options in Corvus.

Carl E. Brechtel (Colorado PE 23212, Nevada PE 008744 and Registered Member 353000 of SME), a qualified person as defined by NI 43-101, has coordinated execution of the technical work and has reviewed and approved the disclosure in this Report on Form 10-Q related thereto. Mr. Brechtel is not independent of the Company, as he is the Chief Administrative Officer and holds Common Shares and incentive stock options in Corvus.

The work program at the NBP and the MLP was designed and supervised by Mark Reischman, Corvus’ US Exploration Manager, who is responsible for all aspects of the work, including the quality control/quality assurance program. On-site personnel at the project log and track all samples prior to sealing and shipping. Quality control is monitored by the insertion of blind certified standard reference materials and blanks into each sample shipment. All resource sample shipments are sealed and shipped to American Assay Laboratories in Reno, Nevada, for preparation and assaying.

Assaying for the NBP and the MLP holes has been performed by American Assay Laboratories (“AAL”) in Sparks, Nevada. Corvus has no business relationship with AAL beyond being a customer for analytical services. The Sparks laboratory is Standards Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario Accredited Laboratory No. 536 and conforms with requirements of CAN-P-1579, CAN-P-4E (ISO/IEC 17025:2005).

Check assaying has been performed by Bureau Veritas North America (“BV”, formerly Inspectorate America Corporation), in Sparks Nevada and Vancouver, Canada, and ALS Minerals Laboratories (“ALS Minerals”), in Sparks, Nevada. Corvus has no business relationship with BV or ALS Minerals beyond being a customer for analytical services. The BV laboratory is Accredited Laboratory No. 720 and conforms to requirements of CAN-P-1579, CAN-P-4E (ISO 9001:2008) and ALS is Accredited Laboratory No. 660 and conforms to requirements of CAN-P-1579, CAN-P-4E (ISO/IEC 17025:2005).

Mr. Scott E. Wilson, CPG (10965), Registered Member of SME (4025107) and President of Resource Development Associates Inc., is an independent consulting geologist specializing in Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource calculation reporting, mining project analysis and due diligence evaluations. He has acted as the Qualified Person, as defined in NI 43-101, for the Mineral Resource estimate and the Technical Reports. Mr. Wilson has over 29 years of experience in surface mining, resource estimation and strategic mine planning. Mr. Wilson and Resource Development Associates Inc. are independent of the Company under NI 43-101. Mr. Wilson, a Qualified Person, has verified the data underlying the information disclosed herein by reviewing the reports of AAL and all procedures undertaken for QA/QC. All matters were consistent and accurate accordingly to his professional judgment. There were no limitations on the verification process.

For additional information on the NBP and MLP, including information relating to exploration, data verification and the Mineral Resource estimates, see the Technical Reports, which are available under Corvus’ SEDAR profile at www.sedar.com and EDGAR profile at www.sec.gov. The Technical Reports are referred to herein for informational purposes only and is not incorporated herein by reference. The Technical Reports contains disclosure regarding Mineral Resources that are not Guide 7 compliant proven or probable reserves, see “Cautionary Note to U.S. Investors Regarding Estimates of Measured, Indicated and Inferred Resources and Proven and Probable Reserves” above.

Results of Operations

Nine months ended February 28, 2021 Compared to Nine months ended February 29, 2020

For the nine months ended February 28, 2021, the Company had a net loss of $15,602,267 compared to a net loss of $10,025,301 in the comparative period of the prior year. Included in net loss was $2,775,312 (2020 - $2,445,697) in stock-based compensation charges which is a result of stock options granted during the period and previously granted stock options which vested during the period. Stock-based compensation in the current period comprised of stock options granted on July 31, 2017, November 19, 2018, April 9, 2019, June 13, 2019, October 11, 2019 and February 3, 2020 which vested during the period and stock options granted on January 15, 2021. The prior period comparative had stock-based compensation arising from stock options granted on July 31, 2017, November 19, 2018, April 9, 2019, June 13, 2019, October 11, 2019 and February 3, 2020 which vested during the comparative period of the prior year. The increase in loss of $5,576,966 in the nine month period of the current year was due to a combination of factors discussed below.

The primary factor for the increase in the net loss was the exploration expenditures of $9,297,666 incurred in the current period compared to $4,769,292 in the comparative period of the prior year. The exploration activities of the Company increased mainly due to an increase of $4,483,751 incurred in exploration expenditures in the current period compared with the comparative period of the prior year as the Company secured further financing in October 2019 and partly due to increased stock-based compensation charges of $254,851 during the current period compared to $210,228 in the comparative period of the prior year.

Consulting fees increased to $1,595,264 (2020 - $1,400,180) mainly due to an increase in stock-based compensation charges of $1,315,829 during the current period compared to $1,146,231 in the comparative period of the prior year and an increase in consulting fees to the CFO as a result of amendment to her consulting agreement.

Insurance expenses increased to $287,185 (2020 - $172,440) mainly due to an increase in D&O liability insurance premium due to the Company’s listing on the Nasdaq Capital Markets.

Investor relations expenses increased to $1,360,864 (2020 - $1,309,806) mainly due to an increase in virtual advertising activities and an increase in stock-based compensation charges of $384,957 during the current period compared to $336,122 in the comparative period of the prior year. The increase in investor relations expenses was offset by a decrease in investor relations fees and investor relations-related travels in the current period due to COVID-19 travel restrictions and as a result, a shift from in-person meetings to virtual meetings and activities. Travel expenses decreased to $57,258 (2020 - $224,065).

Professional fees increased to $383,730 (2020 - $269,942) mainly due to an increase in the audit-related and legal fees as the Company prepared for a transition in its filing status, and an increase in stock-based compensation charges of $23,328 during the current period compared to $18,534 in the comparative period of the prior year.

Regulatory expenses increased to $290,917 (2020 - $173,948) mainly due to the entry fee to the Nasdaq Capital Markets as the Company commenced trading as of market open on August 12, 2020.

Wages and benefits increased to $1,942,784 (2020 - $1,756,541) mainly due to an increase in pension benefits, an increase in employer expenses due to expenses associated with stock option exercises during the current period, and an increase in stock-based compensation charges of $796,347 during the current period compared to $734,582 in the comparative period of the prior year.

Other expense categories that reflected only moderate change period over period were administration expenses of $322 (2020- $322), depreciation expenses of $51,390 (2020 - $47,005), office expenses of $100,792 (2020 - $92,140), and rent expenses of $10,567 (2020- $17,612).

Other items amounted to a loss of $223,528 compared to an income of $207,992 in the prior period. There was an increase in foreign exchange loss of $282,352 (2020 – gain of $26,436), which was the result of factors outside of the Company’s control and a decrease in interest income of $58,824 (2020 - $181,556) as a result of decrease in interest rates and less investments in cashable GIC’s during the current period net of interest expenses.

Three months ended February 28, 2021 Compared to Three months ended February 29, 2020

For the three months ended February 28, 2021, the Company had a net loss of $3,965,636 compared to a net loss of $3,642,976 in the comparative period of the prior year. Included in net loss was $1,005,652 (2020 - $843,803) in stock-based compensation charges which is a result of stock options granted during the period and previously granted stock options which vested during the period. Stock-based compensation in the current period comprised of stock options granted on November 19, 2018, April 9, 2019, June 13, 2019, October 11, 2019 and February 3, 2020 which vested during the period, and stock options granted on January 15, 2021. The prior period comparative had stock-based compensation arising from stock options granted on July 31, 2017, November 19, 2018, April 9, 2019, June 13, 2019, October 11, 2019 and February 3, 2020 which vested during the comparative period of the prior year. The increase in loss of $322,660 in the three month period of the current year was due to a combination of factors discussed below.

Exploration expenditures decreased to $2,151,997 (2020 - $2,174,346) which was offset by increased stock-based compensation charges of $95,334 during the current period compared to $73,210 in the comparative period of the prior year.

Consulting fees increased to $556,218 (2020 - $465,021) mainly due to an increase in stock-based compensation charges of $479,241 during the current period compared to $395,391 in the comparative period of the prior year and an increase in consulting fees to the CFO as a result of amendment to her consulting agreement.

Insurance expenses increased to $163,754 (2020 - $62,284) mainly due to an increase in D&O liability insurance premium due to the Company’s listing on the Nasdaq Capital Markets.

Investor relations expenses decreased to $304,459 (2020 - $405,756) mainly due to an increase in advertising activities and an increase in stock-based compensation charges of $133,322 during the current period compared to $118,468 in the comparative period of the prior year. The increase in investor relations expenses was offset by a decrease in investor relations fees and investor relations-related travels in the current period due to COVID-19 travel restrictions and as a result, a shift from in-person meetings to virtual meetings and activities. Travel expenses decreased to $3,646 (2020 - $55,469).

Regulatory expenses increased to $78,025 (2020 - $60,989) mainly due to the Nasdaq Capital Markets annual listing fee during the current period compared to none during the comparative period of the prior year.

Professional fees decreased to $107,916 (2020 - $119,325) offset by an increase in stock-based compensation charges of $8,823 during the current period compared to $6,531 in the comparative period of the prior year.

Wages and benefits increased to $563,083 (2020 - $475,314) mainly due to an increase in employer expenses due to stock options exercises in the current period and an increase in stock-based compensation charges of $288,932 during the current period compared to $250,203 in the comparative period of the prior year.

Other expense categories that reflected only moderate change period over period were administration expenses of $110 (2020- $108), depreciation expenses of $18,431 (2020 - $19,258), office expenses of $34,222 (2020 - $38,820), and rent expenses of $1,813 (2020- $1,706).

Other items amounted to an income of $18,038 compared to $235,420 in the prior period. There was an increase in foreign exchange gain of $14,644 (2020 – $131,822), which was the result of factors outside of the Company’s control and a decrease in interest income of $3,394 (2020 - $103,598) as a result of decrease in interest rates and less investment in cashable GIC’s during the current period net of interest expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company has no revenue generating operations from which it can internally generate funds. To date, the Company’s ongoing operations have been financed by the sale of its equity securities by way of public offerings, private placements and the exercise of incentive stock options and share purchase warrants. The Company believes that it will be able to secure additional private placements and public financings in the future, although it cannot predict the size or pricing of any such financings. In addition, the Company can raise funds through the sale of interests in its mineral properties, although current market conditions have substantially reduced the number of potential buyers/acquirers of any such interest(s). This situation is unlikely to change until such time as the Company can develop a bankable feasibility study on one of its projects. When acquiring an interest in mineral properties through purchase or option, the Company will sometimes issue Common Shares to the vendor or optionee of the property as partial or full consideration for the property interest in order to conserve its cash.

The condensed interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which presume the realization of assets and discharge of liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon achieving profitable operations and/or obtaining additional financing.

In assessing whether the going concern assumption is appropriate, management takes into account all available information about the future within one year from the date the condensed interim consolidated financial statements are issued.  There is substantial doubt upon the Company’s ability to continue as going concern, as explained in the following paragraphs.

The Company has sustained significant losses from operations, has negative cash flows and has an ongoing requirement for capital investment to explore its mineral properties.  Based on its current plans, budgeted expenditures, and cash requirements, the Company does not have sufficient cash to finance its current plans for the 12 months from the date the condensed interim consolidated financial statement are issued.

The Company reported cash and cash equivalents of $3,507,432 as at February 28, 2021 compared to $14,913,158 as at May 31, 2020. The change in cash position was the net result of $12,987,858 used for operating activities, $41,747 used for lease liabilities payments, $50,625 used for acquiring property and equipment, $103,819 used for capitalized acquisition costs, $340,762 received from issuance of common shares net of share issuance costs of $194,237 and $2,013,850 received from exercise of stock options during the period ended February 28, 2021. The Company entered into an ATM Agreement with H.C. Wainwright dated January 29, 2021, pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell at its discretion only through the Nasdaq Capital Market its common shares at market prices up to an aggregate gross sales value of US$12.6 million in an at-the-market offering over a period up to 12 months. The Company pays H.C. Wainwright a commission of approximately 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds the Company received from all sales of the Company's common shares under the ATM Agreement. From January 29, 2021 to the date hereof, the Company has sold 119,125 common shares and raised net proceeds of $146,525, net of share issuance costs, through the ATM Agreement, and has paid $10,223 in commission to H.C. Wainwright.

As at February 28, 2021, the Company had working capital of $3,609,670 compared to working capital of $14,568,048 as at May 31, 2020.

The Company expects that it will operate at a loss for the foreseeable future and believes the current cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient for it to maintain its currently held properties, fund its planned exploration, and fund its currently anticipated general and administrative costs for at least the next 12 months from the date of this report. Therefore, the Company will be required to raise additional funds, again through public or private equity financings in the future in order to continue in business. Should such financing not be available in that time-frame, the Company will be required to reduce its activities and will not be able to carry out all of its presently planned exploration and, if warranted, development activities at the NBP and the MLP on its currently anticipated scheduling.

Despite the Company’s success to date in raising significant equity financing to fund its operations, there is significant uncertainty that the Company will be able to secure any additional financing in the current or future equity markets. See “Risk Factors – We will require additional financing to fund exploration and, if warranted, development and production”. Failure to obtain additional financing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation and could cast uncertainty on our ability to continue as a going concern. The quantity of funds to be raised and the terms of any proposed equity financing that may be undertaken will be negotiated by management as opportunities to raise funds arise. Specific plans related to the use of proceeds will be devised once financing has been completed and management knows what funds will be available for these purposes. Due to this uncertainty, if the Company is unable to secure additional financing, it may be required to reduce all discretionary activities at the NBP and the Mother Lode Property to preserve its working capital to fund anticipated non-discretionary expenditures in the future.

The Company has no exposure to any asset-backed commercial paper. Other than cash held by its subsidiaries for their immediate operating needs in Alaska and Nevada, all of the Company’s cash reserves are on deposit with a major Canadian chartered bank. The Company does not believe that the credit, liquidity or market risks with respect thereto have increased as a result of the current market conditions. However, in order to achieve greater security for the preservation of its capital, the Company has, of necessity, been required to accept lower rates of interest, which has also lowered its potential interest income.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company has no off-balance sheet arrangements.

Environmental Regulations

The operations of the Company may in the future be affected from time to time in varying degrees by changes in environmental regulations, including those for future removal and site restoration costs. Both the likelihood of new regulations and their overall effect upon the Company vary greatly and are not predictable. The Company’s policy is to meet or, if possible, surpass standards set by relevant legislation by application of technically proven and economically feasible measures.

Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders

The Company has been a “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes in recent years and expects to continue to be a PFIC in the future. Current and prospective U.S. shareholders should consult their tax advisors as to the tax consequences of PFIC classification and the U.S. federal tax treatment of PFICs. Additional information on this matter is included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on August 13, 2020, under “Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of February 28, 2021 an evaluation was carried out under the supervision of and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (the principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (the principal financial officer and accounting officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based on the evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of February 28, 2021, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that: (i) information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted to the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in applicable rules and forms and (ii) material information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, in a manner that allows for accurate and timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

The effectiveness of our or any system of disclosure controls and procedures, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the system will be met and is subject to certain limitations, including the exercise of judgement in designing, implementing and evaluating controls and procedures and the assumptions used in identifying the likelihood of future events.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in internal control over financial reporting during the period ended February 28, 2021 that have materially, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

None.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes from the risk factors set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K as filed with the SEC on August 13, 2020.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Repurchase of Securities

None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Pursuant to Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Act, issuers that are operators, or that have a subsidiary that is an operator, of a coal or other mine in the United States are required to disclose specified information about mine health and safety in their periodic reports. These reporting requirements are based on the safety and health requirements applicable to mines under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (the “Mine Act”) which is administered by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Mine Safety and Health Administration (“MSHA”). During the nine months period ended February 28, 2021 the Company and its subsidiaries and their properties or operations were not subject to regulation by MSHA under the Mine Act and thus no disclosure is required under Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Act.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

CORVUS GOLD INC.

(the Registrant)