Coupa Software Inc - Quarter Report: 2018 October (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended October 31, 2018

OR

Commission File Number: 001-37901

COUPA SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (650) 931-3200

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of December 6, 2018, the Registrant had 59,444,864 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, customer lifetime value, strategy and plans, market size and opportunity, competitive position, industry environment, potential growth opportunities, product capabilities, our expectations for future operations and our convertible senior notes, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “design,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “seek,” “should,” “would” or the negative version of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, strategy, short- and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations” and “Risk Factors.”

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, except as required by law, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

COUPA SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

COUPA SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

(unaudited)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

COUPA SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

COUPA SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

COUPA SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COUPA SOFTWARE INCORPORATED

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Organization and Description of Business

Coupa Software Incorporated (the “Company”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware in 2006. The Company provides a comprehensive, cloud-based business spend management (or BSM) platform that provides greater visibility into and control over how companies spend money. The BSM platform enables businesses to achieve savings that drive profitability. The Company is based in San Mateo, California.

Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared using accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 31, 2018 filed with the SEC on March 28, 2018 (the “Form 10-K”). The condensed consolidated financial statements include the results of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated during consolidation.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 31, 2018, included herein, was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date, but does not include all disclosures including certain notes required by GAAP on an annual reporting basis.  Certain amounts in the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements for the prior period have been reclassified to conform to the presentation for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2018. Net operating results have not been affected by these reclassifications.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, comprehensive loss and cash flows for the interim periods, but are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full fiscal year or any other period.

There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies described in the Form 10-K for the year ended January 31, 2018 except for changes applied due to the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and in relation to the Company’s recent marketable securities activities.  Refer to “Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements.”

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its significant estimates including, but not limited to, the valuation of accounts receivable, the lives of tangible and intangible assets, stock-based compensation, the fair value of the contingent stock consideration, the valuation of acquired intangible assets and the recoverability or impairment of tangible and intangible assets, including goodwill, revenue recognition, the fair value of marketable securities, convertible senior notes fair value, the benefit period of deferred commissions, and provision for (benefit from) income taxes. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences could be material to the financial position and results of operations.

Concentration of Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable. Cash deposits exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents to date.

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Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company’s comprehensive gain or loss consists of other comprehensive gain or loss in relation to defined benefits plans, and unrealized gain or loss on marketable securities, net of tax. 

Revenue Recognition

The Company derives its revenues primarily from subscription services fees and professional services fees. Revenues are recognized when control of these services are transferred to the Company’s customers in an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be entitled to in exchange for those services.  Revenues are recognized net of applicable taxes imposed on the related transaction. The Company’s revenue recognition policy follows guidance from Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following five-step framework:

Subscription Services Revenues

The Company offers subscriptions to its cloud-based business spend management platform, including procurement, invoicing and expense management. Subscription services revenues consist primarily of fees to provide the Company’s customers access to its cloud-based platform, which includes routine customer support. Subscription service contracts do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software, are non-cancelable, and do not contain general rights of return. Generally revenues are recognized ratably over the contractual term of the arrangement, beginning on the date that the service is made available to the customer. Subscription contracts typically have a term of three years with invoicing occurring in annual installments at the beginning of each year in the subscription period.

Professional Services Revenues and Other

The Company offers professional services which include deployment services, optimization services, and training. Professional services are generally sold on a fixed-fee or time-and-materials basis.  For services billed on a fixed-fee basis, invoicing typically occurs in advance, and revenue is recognized over time based on the proportion performed.  For services billed on a time-and-materials basis, revenue is recognized over time as services are performed.

Refer to Note 14, “Significant Customers and Geographic Information” for additional information on disaggregated revenue during the period.

Significant Judgments

The Company’s contracts with customers often include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer.  For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct.  Subscription services and professional services are both distinct performance obligations that are accounted for separately.  In contracts with multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated to separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis.

The determination of standalone selling price (“SSP”) for each distinct performance obligations requires judgment.  The Company determines SSP for performance obligations based on overall pricing objectives, which take into consideration market conditions and entity-specific factors. This includes a review of historical data related to the size of arrangements, the cloud applications being sold, customer demographics and the numbers and types of users within the arrangements.  The Company uses a range of amounts to estimate SSP for performance obligations.  There is typically more than one SSP for individual products and services due to the stratification of those products and services by considerations such as size and type of customer.

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Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing for contracts with customers. The Company records a receivable when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing, or deferred revenue when revenue is recognized subsequent to invoicing. Subscription services and certain professional services arrangements are commonly billed in advance, recognized as deferred revenue, and then amortized as revenue over time.  However, other professional services arrangements, primarily those recognized on a time-and-materials basis, are billed in arrears following services that have been rendered.  This may result in revenue recognition greater than invoiced amounts which results in a receivable balance.  Receivables represent an unconditional right to payment. As of October 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018, the balance of accounts receivable, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, was $50.5 million and $61.4 million, respectively.  Of these balances, $1.7 million and $1.2 million represent unbilled receivable amounts as of October 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018, respectively.

When the timing of revenue recognition differs from the timing of invoicing, the Company uses judgment to determine whether the contract includes a significant financing component requiring adjustment to the transaction price. Various factors are considered in this determination including the duration of the contract, payment terms, and other circumstances. Generally, the Company determined that contracts do not include a significant financing component. The Company applies the practical expedient for instances where, at contract inception, the expected timing difference between when promised goods or services are transferred and associated payment will be one year or less.  Payment terms vary by contract type, however arrangements typically stipulate a requirement for the customer to pay within 30 days.

At any point in the contract term, transaction price may be allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or are partially unsatisfied.  These amounts relate to remaining performance obligations on non-cancelable contracts which include both the deferred revenue balance and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods.  As of October 31, 2018, approximately $406.7 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations, a majority of which is related to multi-year subscription arrangements.  The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately three fourths of these remaining performance obligations within the next 24 months and the remainder thereafter.  The Company applies the practical expedient to exclude remaining performance obligations that are part of contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less. During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2018, the revenue recognized from performance obligations satisfied in prior periods was approximately $193,000 and $825,000.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company extends credit to its customers in the normal course of business, and does not require cash collateral or other security to support the collection of customer receivables. The Company estimates the amount of uncollectible accounts receivable at the end of each reporting period based on the aging of the receivable balance, historical experience, and communications with customers, and provides a reserve when needed. Accounts receivable are written off when deemed uncollectible. The allowance for doubtful accounts was not material at October 31, 2018 and January 31, 2018.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consists of customer billings or payments received in advance of the recognition of revenue and is recognized as revenue as the revenue recognition criteria are met. The Company generally invoices its customers annually for the forthcoming year of service. Accordingly, the Company’s deferred revenue balance does not include revenue for future years of multiple year non-cancellable contracts that have not yet been billed. During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2018, the Company recognized revenue of $56.5 million that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of July 31, 2018 and $113.8 million that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of January 31, 2018.

Deferred Commissions

Commissions are earned by sales personnel upon the execution of the sales contract by the customer, and commission payments are made shortly after they are earned. Commission costs can be associated specifically with subscription and professional services arrangements.  Commissions earned by the Company’s sales personnel are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. These costs are deferred and then amortized over a period of benefit of five years.  The Company determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration its past experience with customers, present value of future cash flows, industry peers and other available information.  

Deferred commissions totaled $21.0 million at October 31, 2018.  For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2018, $1.5 million and $4.1 million of deferred commissions were amortized to sales and marketing expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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Marketable Securities

Marketable securities consist of financial instruments such as U.S. treasury securities, U.S. agency obligations, corporate notes and bonds, commercial paper, and asset backed securities. The Company classifies marketable securities as available-for-sale at the time of purchase and reevaluates such classification as of each balance sheet date. All marketable securities are recorded at estimated fair value.

Unrealized gains and losses for available-for-sale securities are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a component of stockholders’ equity. The Company evaluates its marketable securities to assess whether those with unrealized loss positions are other than temporarily impaired. Impairments are considered to be other than temporary if they are related to a deterioration in credit risk or if it is likely that the Company will sell the securities before recovering its cost basis. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other than temporary are determined based on the specific identification method and are reported in interest income and other, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

If quoted prices for identical instruments are available in an active market, marketable securities are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. If quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets are not available, fair values are estimated using quoted prices of similar instruments and are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) which provided a comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers.  Topic 606 superseded the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance. The core principle of Topic 606 is to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.  Topic 606 also includes Subtopic 340-40 which provides accounting guidance for incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. The Company refers to Topic 606 and Subtopic 340-40 collectively as the “new revenue standard.”

The Company adopted the new revenue standard effective on February 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method applied to all contracts not completed as of the adoption date.  Results for reporting periods beginning on February 1, 2018 are presented under the new revenue standard, while comparative results have not been restated. The primary impact of adopting the new revenue standard relates to Subtopic 340-40 and the deferral of incremental commission costs to obtain contracts with customers.  Under Topic 605, the Company deferred only direct and incremental commission costs to obtain a contract and amortized those costs over the non-cancelable contract term. Under the new revenue standard, the Company defers all incremental commission costs to obtain the contract. The Company amortizes these costs over a period of benefit of five years.  The adoption of the new revenue standard also removed the limitation on contingent revenue under Topic 605 which impacted revenue recognition and is reflected in the changes to the Company’s revenue recognition accounting policy.

The following table summarizes the cumulative impact of adoption of the new revenue standard for revenue recognition on line items within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands): 

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The impact of adoption on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the nine months ended October 31, 2018 was immaterial.  The impact to sales and marketing expense within the condensed consolidated statements of operations was a decrease of approximately $1.3 million and $3.4 million for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2018, respectively, due to deferred commission costs that would have been expensed prior to adoption of the new standard. The following table summarizes the effects of the new revenue standard for revenue recognition on line items within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands):

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (“ASU 2016-16"). ASU 2016-16 requires entities to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. As of January 31, 2018, the Company had an aggregate prepaid tax asset of $5.6 million recorded in prepayments and other current assets and other long-term assets, which represents tax expense that was deferred in accordance with GAAP prior to adoption of ASU 2016-16. The Company adopted this standard on February 1, 2018 and reversed the deferred tax charge of $5.6 million through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the accumulated deficit.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”). ASU 2016-18 requires an entity to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows, and an entity will no longer present transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. Entities are required to apply the standard’s provisions on a retrospective basis. The Company adopted this standard on February 1, 2018, which did not have material impact on the Company consolidated statement of cash flows.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (Topic 715), (“ASU 2017-07”).  ASU 2017-07 provides guidance on the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net period pension cost in the consolidated statements of operations.  The standard is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and requires retrospective adoption.  The Company adopted this standard on February 1, 2018, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”), which provides clarified guidance on applying modification accounting to changes in the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. ASU 2017-09 is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. This change is required to be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. The Company adopted this standard on February 1, 2018, which did not have impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”) which provides guidance for lease accounting. Since the issuance of ASU 2016-02, the FASB has also issued ASU 2017-13, ASU 2018-01, ASU 2018-10 and ASU 2018-11, all of which clarify certain aspects of ASU 2016-02. The new lease standard establishes a right-of-use (“ROU”) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. The new lease standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees with capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available.

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The Company will adopt the new lease standard in the first quarter of fiscal 2020 and plans to utilize certain practical expedients for this adoption. Upon adoption, the Company will recognize right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, which will increase total assets and total liabilities. The Company anticipates that the adoption of the new lease standard will have a material impact on its condensed consolidated balance sheets given that the Company had operating lease commitments of approximately $34.2 million as of October 31, 2018, on an undiscounted basis.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairments by eliminating step two from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss will be recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 also clarifies the requirements for excluding and allocating foreign currency translation adjustments to reporting units related to an entity’s testing of reporting units for goodwill impairment, and clarifies that an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is not expecting this standard to have an impact on its historical financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“ASU 2018-02”), which provides the option to reclassify certain income tax effects related to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act passed in December of 2017 between accumulated other comprehensive income and retained earnings and also requires additional disclosures.  ASU 2018-02 is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted.  Adoption of ASU 2018-02 is to be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the change in the tax laws or rates were recognized.  The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-02 on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Non-Employee Share Based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”), with an intent to reduce cost and complexity and to improve financial reporting for share-based payments issued to non-employees. The amendments in ASU 2018-07 provide for the simplification of the measurement of share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from non-employees. Currently, the accounting requirements for nonemployee and employee share-based payment transactions are significantly different. This standard expands the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payments issued to nonemployees for goods or services, aligning the accounting for share-based payments to nonemployees and employees. ASU 2018-17 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those periods, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-07 on its consolidated financial statements.In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”), which amends ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements by removing, modifying, or adding certain disclosures. The effective date is the first quarter of fiscal year 2021, with early adoption permitted for the removed disclosures and delayed adoption until fiscal year 2021 permitted for the new disclosures. The removed and modified disclosures will be adopted on a retrospective basis and the new disclosures will be adopted on a prospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2018-13 on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-use Software (subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”). The amendment aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). The effective date is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption allowed. The Company is currently evaluating the method of adoption and related impact of ASU 2018-15 on its consolidated financial statements.

Note 3. Marketable Securities

The following is a summary of available-for-sale marketable securities, excluding those securities classified within cash and cash equivalents on the condensed consolidated balance sheets at October 31, 2018 (in thousands):

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As of October 31, 2018, the fair values of available-for-sale marketable securities, by remaining contractual maturity, were as follows (in thousands):

The Company does not believe that any unrealized losses represent other-than-temporary impairments based on its evaluation of available evidence. To determine whether a decline in value is other-than-temporary, the Company evaluates, among other factors: the duration and extent to which the fair value has been less than the carrying value and its intent and ability to retain the marketable securities for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value. The Company considers all marketable securities as available for use in current operations, including those with maturity dates beyond one year, and therefore classifies these securities as current assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. No marketable securities were sold during the three months ended October 31, 2018.

Note 4. Business Combinations

Vinimaya, Inc. (d/b/a Aquiire)

On October 12, 2018, the Company completed its acquisition of Vinimaya, Inc. which conducted business as Aquiire (“Aquiire”) pursuant to an agreement dated October 7, 2018. Aquiire is a real-time supplier catalog search company, and the acquisition extended the Company’s capability to deliver a comprehensive business-to-business shopping experience spanning real-time, cached, and localized catalog search.

The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination and, accordingly, the total fair value of purchase consideration was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values on the acquisition date. The purchase consideration comprises $30.5 million in cash (of which $3.8 million is being held back by the Company for 18 months after closing of the acquisition) and 300,560 shares of the Company’s common stock (of which 37,570 shares are being held back by the Company for 18 months after closing of the acquisition).

The major classes of assets and liabilities to which the Company has allocated the fair value of purchase consideration were as follows (in thousands):

Other assets include indemnification assets totaling approximately $1.1 million due to assumed liability for which the seller is responsible. The Company continues to collect information and reevaluate the estimates and assumptions and records any adjustments to the Company’s preliminary estimates to goodwill provided that the Company is within the measurement period. The goodwill recognized was primarily attributed to increased synergies that are expected to be achieved from the integration of Aquiire and is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.  The Company determined the fair values of intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the assistance of third party valuation consultants. Based on this valuation, the intangible assets acquired are (in thousands):  

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The Company incurred costs related to this acquisition of approximately $424,000 during the three months ended October 31, 2018. All acquisition related costs were expensed as incurred and have been recorded in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

The revenue and earnings of the acquired business have been included in the Company’s results since the acquisition date and are not material to the Company’s consolidated financial results. Pro forma results of operations for this acquisition have not been presented as the financial impact to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements would be immaterial.

DCR Workforce, Inc.

On August 1, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of the technology assets of DCR Workforce Inc. ("DCR") for aggregate cash consideration of $25 million paid at closing (of which $3.75 million is being held back by the Company until the second anniversary after closing of the acquisition) and certain contingent stock consideration that may be earned and issued in the future. The maximum contingent stock consideration that may be earned and issued is up to 668,740 shares of the Company’s common stock. The payout of the contingent stock consideration will be determined based on the achievement of distinct revenue performance targets for each of three separate measurement periods that continue through December 31, 2022. As of October 31, 2018, the revenue performance target for the first measurement period ending October 31, 2019 has been met, and the Company expects to issue 291,602 shares of the Company’s common stock to the shareholders of DCR in the fourth quarter ending January 31, 2019.

The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination. The contingent stock consideration for each of three separate measurement periods may individually result in the delivery of a fixed number of shares and as a result it was classified as equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of the contingent stock consideration as of August 1, 2018, was determined to be $27.2 million using the Monte Carlo simulation method. This estimate was based on level 3 inputs under the fair value measurement and disclosure guidance which are not observable in the market including estimated financial forecasts.

The aggregate fair value of purchase consideration of $52.2 million, comprising of $25 million cash consideration and $27.2 million stock consideration, was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values on the acquisition date.

The major classes of assets to which the Company has allocated the fair value of purchase consideration were as follows (in thousands):

There were no liabilities assumed by the Company for the DCR acquisition. The Company continues to collect information and reevaluate the estimates and assumptions and records any adjustments to the Company’s preliminary estimates to goodwill provided that the Company is within the measurement period. The goodwill recognized was primarily attributed to increased synergies that are expected to be achieved from the integration of DCR and is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.  The Company determined the fair values of intangible assets acquired with the assistance of third party valuation consultants. Based on this valuation, the intangible assets acquired are as follows (in thousands):  

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The Company incurred costs related to this acquisition of approximately $316,000 during the three months ended October 31, 2018. All acquisition related costs were expensed as incurred and have been recorded in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

The revenue and earnings of the acquired business have been included in the Company’s results since the acquisition date. Pro forma results of operations for this acquisition have not been presented as the financial impact to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements would be immaterial.

In conjunction with the acquisition of technology assets of DCR, the Company signed a license agreement with DCR pursuant to which the Company granted DCR a limited, non-sublicensable, non-transferable, and nonexclusive license right to use certain of the intellectual property that the Company acquired from DCR. The Company also signed a transition service agreement, pursuant to which DCR will provide administrative services to the Company during a transitional service period to support the continuing operation of the acquired business. In addition, the Company signed a three-year office lease agreement beginning from August 1, 2018 with an entity that is wholly owned by the shareholders of DCR. Refer to Note 15 Related Parties for additional disclosure on the agreements.

Simeno Holdings AG

On December 1, 2017, the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding capital stock held by of Simeno Holdings AG (“Simeno”), a Switzerland based cross-catalog search and catalog management company.

The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination and, accordingly, the total fair value of purchase consideration was allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values on the acquisition date. The total purchase consideration was $8.7 million in cash, of which $1.5 million is being held until the second anniversary after closing of the acquisition. In addition, approximately $8.0 million in the form of 221,257 shares of the Company’s common stock was issued to the selling shareholder of Simeno and this stock is subject to service vesting conditions including continued employment with the Company. The value assigned to the common stock issued will be recorded as post-acquisition compensation expense over the requisite service period and has been excluded from the purchase consideration.

The major classes of assets and liabilities to which the Company has allocated the fair value of purchase consideration were as follows (in thousands):

The goodwill recognized was primarily attributed to increased synergies that are expected to be achieved from the integration of Simeno and is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.  The Company determined the fair values of intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the assistance of third party valuation consultants. Based on this valuation, the intangible assets acquired are as follows (in thousands):  

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Simeno maintained a pension plan covering employees in Switzerland pursuant to the requirements of Swiss pension law, which has been assumed by the Company upon the completion of the acquisition. The pension plan is accounted for as a defined benefit pension plan, which requires the Company to recognize the underfunded status of the plan as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets and changes in the funded status of defined benefit pension plan through other comprehensive loss. As of the acquisition date in December 2017, the Company recorded net liabilities of $4.2 million on its consolidated balance sheet in connection with this pension plan.

The Company incurred costs related to this acquisition of approximately $445,000 during the year ended January 31, 2018 and no significant costs were incurred during the nine months ended October 31, 2018. All acquisition related costs were expensed as incurred and have been recorded in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Trade Extensions TradeExt AB

On May 3, 2017, the Company acquired substantially all of the issued and outstanding capital stock held by shareholders of Trade Extensions TradeExt AB (“Trade Extensions”), a Swedish corporation. The acquisition enabled the Company to broaden its cloud platform for business spend, particularly in the area of strategic sourcing.

Upon the closing of the acquisition, the Company paid aggregate consideration of approximately $40.9 million in cash, of which $7.2 million is being held in escrow for 18 months after the transaction closing date. In November 2018, substantially all of the amount that was being held in escrow was released after deducting certain amounts to cover indemnification obligations and associated contractual provisions.

In addition, approximately $4.1 million in the form of 148,476 shares of the Company’s common stock was issued to certain key employees of Trade Extensions, which stock is subject to service vesting conditions including continued employment with the Company. The value assigned to the common stock issued will be recorded as post-acquisition compensation expense and has been excluded from the purchase consideration.

The major classes of assets and liabilities to which the Company has allocated the fair value of purchase consideration were as follows (in thousands):

Other assets include indemnification assets totaling $1.4 million due to assumed liability for which the seller is responsible.  The goodwill recognized was primarily attributed to increased synergies that are expected to be achieved from the integration of Trade Extensions and is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.  The Company determined the fair values of intangible assets acquired with the assistance of third party valuation consultants. Based on this valuation, the intangible assets acquired are (in thousands):

The Company incurred costs related to this acquisition of approximately $526,000 during the year ended January 31, 2018. All acquisition related costs were expensed as incurred and have been recorded in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

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Note 5. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Subsequent changes in fair value of these financial assets and liabilities are recognized in earnings or other comprehensive loss when they occur. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities which are required to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact and the market-based risk measurement or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and credit risk.

The Company applies the following fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

The following table summarizes the Company’s fair value hierarchy for its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

The Company carries Convertible Senior Notes (the “Convertible Notes”) at face value less unamortized discount and issuance costs on its consolidated balance sheet, and presents the fair value for required disclosure purposes only. As of October 31, 2018, the fair value of the Convertible Notes was $356.9 million. The estimated fair values of the Convertible Notes, which the Company has classified as Level 2 financial instruments, were determined based on the quoted bid prices of the Convertible Notes on the last trading day of each reporting period. As of January 31, 2018, the fair value of the Convertible Notes approximated its carrying amount at that time. For Note 9 for further information on the Convertible Notes.

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Note 6. Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment, excluding software development costs, was approximately $205,000 and $140,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively and $581,000 and $379,000 for the nine months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Amortization expense related to software development costs was approximately $753,000 and $932,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $2.4 million and $3.0 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The following table represents the changes in goodwill (in thousands):.

Other Intangible Assets

The following table summarizes the other intangible asset balances (in thousands):

The increase in the intangible assets balance is fully attributed to intangible assets acquired from business combinations. Refer to Note 4 for further information.

Amortization expense related to other intangible assets was approximately $1.9 million and $942,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $4.0 million and $2.4 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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As of October 31, 2018, the future amortization expense of other intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

Note 8. Common Stock and Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

Each share of common stock has the right to one vote. The holders of the common stock are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when declared by the board of directors of the Company (the “Board of Directors”), subject to the prior rights of holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights as to dividends. No dividends have been declared or paid since inception.

Preferred Stock 

As of October 31, 2018, the Company had authorized 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001, of which no shares were issued and outstanding.

2016 Equity Incentive Plan

The 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”) was approved by the Company’s stockholders in September 2016. The 2016 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights and performance cash awards. Awards could be granted under the 2016 Plan beginning on the effective date of the registration statement, October 5, 2016. The 2016 Plan replaced the Company’s 2006 Stock Plan; however, awards outstanding under the 2006 Stock Plan will continue to be governed by their existing terms.

As of October 31, 2018, the Company had 6,071,661 shares of its common stock available for future issuance under the 2016 Plan. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan will automatically increase on the first day of each fiscal year during the term of the 2016 Plan by a number of shares equal to 5% of its outstanding shares of common stock on the last day of the prior fiscal year. The number and class of shares reserved under the Company’s 2016 Plan will be adjusted in the event of a stock split, stock dividend or other changes in its capitalization.

The following table summarizes stock option activity under the Company’s 2006 Stock Plan and the 2016 Plan during the nine months ended October 31, 2018 (aggregate intrinsic value in thousands):

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The options exercisable as of October 31, 2018 include options that are exercisable prior to vesting. The aggregate intrinsic value of options vested and exercisable as of October 31, 2018 is calculated based on the difference between the exercise price and the fair value of the Company’s common stock as of October 31, 2018. The aggregate intrinsic value of exercised options was $46.7 million and $24.9 million for the three months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $121.2 million and $69.4 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is calculated based on the difference between the exercise price and the fair value of the Company’s common stock as of the exercise date.

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted was $21.56 and $11.26 per share for the nine months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. No options were granted for the three months ended October 31, 2018 or 2017. 

Early Exercises of Stock Options

Certain option grants under the 2006 Stock Plan are allowed to be exercised prior to vesting. The unvested shares of common stock exercised are subject to the Company’s right to repurchase at the lower of the original exercise price or the fair market value of the share at the time the repurchase right is exercised. Early exercises of options are not deemed to be substantive exercises for accounting purposes and accordingly, amounts received for early exercises are initially recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and reclassified to additional paid-in capital as the underlying shares vest. At October 31, 2018, the Company had $61,000 recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities related to early exercises of stock options, and the related number of unvested shares subject to repurchase was 9,548.

Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)

The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company’s RSUs:

2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Board of Directors adopted the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) in September 2016 and it has been approved by the Company’s stockholders. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock through payroll deductions and is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code.

As of October 31, 2018, the Company had 931,493 shares of its common stock available for future issuance under the ESPP. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP will automatically increase on the first day of each fiscal year during the term of the ESPP by a number of shares equal to the least of (i) 1% of its outstanding shares of common stock on the last day of the prior fiscal year, (ii) 1,250,000 shares or (iii) a lesser number of shares determined by the Board of Directors. The number and class of shares reserved under the ESPP will be adjusted in the event of a stock split, stock dividend or other changes in its capitalization.

Each offering period will last a number of months determined by the administrator, up to a maximum of 27 months. The initial offering period began on the effective date of the Company’s initial public offering, October 5, 2016, and ended on September 15, 2018, and new 24 month offering periods will begin on each March 16 and September 16 thereafter. Currently each offering period consists of four consecutive purchase periods, of approximately six months duration, at the end of which payroll contributions are used to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. Participants may purchase the Company’s common stock through payroll deductions, up to a maximum of 15% of their eligible compensation. Participants may withdraw from the ESPP and receive a refund of their accumulated payroll contributions at any time prior to a purchase date. Unless changed by the administrator, the purchase price for each share of common stock purchased under the ESPP will be 85% of the lower of the fair market value per share on the first day of the applicable offering period (or, in the case of the initial offering period, the price at which one share of common stock is offered to the public in its initial public offering) or the fair market value per share on the applicable purchase date.

As of October 31, 2018, 946,841 shares of common stock were purchased under the 2016 ESPP. The Company selected the Black-Scholes option-pricing model as the method for determining the estimated fair value for the Company’s 2016 ESPP. As of October 31, 2018, total unrecognized compensation cost related to the 2016 ESPP was $6.8 million which will be amortized over a weighted-average period of approximately two years.

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Market-based Options

In September 2016, the Board of Directors of the Company granted 544,127 stock options to the Chief Executive Officer (the “2016 CEO Grant”) under the 2006 Stock Plan with an exercise price of $13.04 per share. The 2016 CEO Grant is eligible to vest based on the achievement of market capital appreciation targets after the consummation of the initial public offering, as well as continuous service over a four-year period following the grant date. In March 2018, the Board of Directors granted 334,742 stock options to the Chief Executive Officer (the “2018 CEO Grant”) under the 2016 Equity Plan with an exercise price of $48.47 per share. The 2018 CEO Grant is eligible to vest based on the achievement of a stock price appreciation target as well as continuous service over a four-year period following the grant date. The fair value of the 2016 and 2018 CEO Grants were determined using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. The Company amortizes the fair value of the option awards using the graded-vesting method.

As of October 31, 2018, all performance-based milestones of the 2016 CEO Grant were achieved, resulting in 283,397 shares being vested and exercisable. As of October 31, 2018, the performance-based milestone was not achieved on the 2018 CEO Grant, resulting in no shares being vested and exercisable. Stock-based compensation expense recognized for market-based awards was approximately $531,000 and $356,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1.7 million and $1.3 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company’s total stock-based compensation expense as of the dates indicated was as follows (in thousands):

Stock-based compensation capitalized in capitalized software development costs was approximately $806,000 at October 31, 2018. The amortization of stock-based compensation was immaterial for all periods presented.

Of the total stock-based compensation expense, costs recognized for options granted to non-employees were immaterial for all periods presented.

As of October 31, 2018, there was approximately $18.8 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options granted to employees and non-employee service providers under the Company’s 2006 Stock Plan and 2016 Equity Incentive Plan. This unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of approximately two years.

As of October 31, 2018, there was approximately $109.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units granted to employees under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan. This unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of approximately three years.

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The fair values of the Company’s stock options granted during the nine months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017 were estimated using the following assumptions:

These assumptions and estimates are as follows:

Note 9. Convertible Senior Notes

In January 2018, the Company entered into a Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain counterparties relating to the Company’s sale of $230.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 0.375% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 to the counterparties in a private placement in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and for initial resale by the Initial Purchasers to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to the exemption from registration provided by Rule 144A under the Securities Act. The Convertible Notes consisted of a $200.0 million initial placement and an overallotment option that provided the initial purchasers of the Convertible Notes with the option to purchase an additional $30.0 million of the Convertible Notes, which was exercised in full by the counterparties prior to the Convertible Notes issuance. On January 17, 2018, for a total of $230.0 million, the Convertible Notes were issued in accordance with an Indenture (the “Indenture”) between the Company and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee.

The net proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible Notes are $200.4 million, net of debt issuance costs, including the underwriting discount and the cash used to purchase the capped call, discussed below.

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The Convertible Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of the Company, and interest is payable semi-annually in cash at a rate of 0.375% per annum on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on July 15, 2018. The Convertible Notes will mature on January 15, 2023 unless redeemed, repurchased or converted prior to such date. Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding October 15, 2022, the Convertible Notes are convertible at the option of holders during certain periods, upon satisfaction of certain conditions. On or after October 15, 2022, the Convertible Notes are convertible at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. The Convertible Notes will have an initial conversion rate of 22.4685 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $44.5068 per share of its common stock). The conversion rate is subject to customary adjustments for certain events as described in the Indenture. Upon conversion, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at its election. It is the Company’s current intent to settle conversions of the Convertible Notes through combination settlement, which involves repayment of the principal portion in cash and any excess of the conversion value over the principal amount in shares of its common stock.

Holders may convert their Convertible Notes, at their option, prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding October 15, 2022, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, only under the following circumstances:

If the Company undergoes a fundamental change, as described in the Indenture, subject to certain conditions, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Convertible Notes. The fundamental change repurchase price is equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest up to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. If holders elect to convert their Convertible Notes in connection with a make-whole fundamental change, as described in the Indenture, the Company will, to the extent provided in the Indenture, increase the conversion rate applicable to the Convertible Notes.

The Convertible Notes are the Company’s senior unsecured obligations and rank senior in right of payment to any of its indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the Convertible Notes, and equal in right of payment to any of its indebtedness that is not so subordinated. The Convertible Notes are effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) and any preferred equity of its current or future subsidiaries.

The Indenture contains customary events of default with respect to the Convertible Notes and provides that upon certain events of default occurring and continuing, the Trustee may, and the Trustee at the request of holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Convertible Notes shall, declare all principal and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, of the Convertible Notes to be due and payable. In case of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization, involving us or a significant subsidiary, all of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on the Convertible Notes will automatically become due and payable.

In accounting for the issuance of the Convertible Notes, the Company separated the Convertible Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the Convertible Notes as a whole. The difference between the principal amount of the Convertible Notes and the liability component, equal to $62.3 million (the “debt discount”), is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the Convertible Notes. The equity component of the Convertible Notes will not be remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

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The Company incurred $7.0 million of transaction costs related to the issuance of the Convertible Notes.  The Company allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components using the same proportions as the proceeds from the Convertible Notes. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the Convertible Notes using the effective interest method, and issuance costs attributable to the equity component are included along with the equity component in stockholders' equity.

The Convertible Notes consisted of the following (in thousands):

As of October 31 and January 31, 2018, the debt discount on the Convertible Notes will be amortized over the remaining period of approximately 4.2 years and 5.0 years, respectively.

For more than twenty trading days during the thirty consecutive trading days ended October 31, 2018, the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock exceeded 130% of the conversion price of the Convertible Notes. As a result, the Convertible Notes were convertible at the option of the holders and remained classified as current liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of October 31, 2018. As of the date of this filing, none of the holders of the Convertible Notes have submitted requests for conversion.

The following table sets forth interest expense recognized related to the Convertible Notes for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

As of October 31, 2018, the if-converted value of the Company’s Convertible Notes exceeded the principal amount by $105.0 million. As of January 31, 2018, the if-converted value of the Company's Convertible Notes did not exceed the principal amount.

Capped Call

In conjunction with the issuance of the Convertible Notes, the Company entered into a Capped Call transaction on the Company’s stock with certain counterparties at a net price of $23.3 million.

The Capped Call exercise price is equal to the Convertible Note’s initial conversion price and the cap price is $63.821 per share, subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the capped call transactions. The Capped Call options are exercisable on the same date when the conversion option is exercised.

By entering into the Capped Call, the Company expects to reduce the potential dilution to its common stock (or, in the event the conversion is settled in cash, to reduce its cash payment obligation) in the event that at the time of conversion its stock price exceeds the conversion price under the Convertible Notes.

The cost of the capped call is not expected to be tax deductible as the Company did not elect to integrate the capped call into the Convertible Notes for tax purposes. The cost of the capped call was recorded as a reduction of the Company’s additional paid-in capital in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments

The Company leases office space under non-cancelable operating leases with various expiration dates through April 2024. Rent expense, which is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, was approximately $1.8 million and $1.5 million for the three months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $5.4 million and $4.0 million for the nine months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The difference between the lease payments made and the lease expense recognized to date using the straight-line method is recorded as prepaid expenses and other current assets or accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. Additionally, the Company has current contractual purchase obligations for hosting services that support business operations.

Future minimum payments by year for the Company’s non-cancelable leases and purchase obligations as of October 31, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):

Contingencies

The Company may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company currently believes that the final outcome of these ordinary course matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, operating results, financial condition or cash flows. The Company accrues estimates for resolution of legal and other contingencies when losses are probable and estimable. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Warranties and Indemnifications

The Company’s cloud-based software platform and applications are typically warranted against material decreases in functionality and to perform in a manner consistent with general industry standards and in accordance with the Company’s on-line documentation under normal use and circumstances.

The Company includes service level commitments to its customers, typically regarding certain levels of uptime reliability and performance. If the Company fails to meet those levels, customers can receive credits and in some cases, terminate their relationship with the Company. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such commitments.

The Company generally agrees to defend and indemnify its customers against legal claims that the Company’s platform infringes certain patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of third parties. To date, the Company has not been required to make any material payment resulting from such infringement claims and has not recorded any related liabilities.

Note 11. Income Taxes

The Company is subject to federal and various state income taxes in the United States as well as income taxes in foreign jurisdictions in which it conducts business. The Company does not provide for federal income taxes on the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries as such earnings are reinvested indefinitely.

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The Company recorded a tax benefit of approximately $2.3 million and $1.4 million for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2018, respectively. The Company recorded a tax provision of approximately $263,000 and $438,000 for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2017, respectively. Effective tax rates for the nine months ended October 31, 2018 and 2017 was 3.42% and (1.26%), respectively. The tax benefit during the three and nine months ended October 31, 2018 was primarily due to the release of valuation allowance of approximately $3.1 million as a result of recognition of a deferred tax liability from the Aquiire acquisition, partially offset by the provision for foreign taxes. Refer to Note 4 for further information on the Aquiire acquisition.

The difference between the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% and the Company’s effective tax rate in all periods presented is primarily due to a full valuation allowance related to the Company’s U.S. and Canada deferred tax assets offset by foreign tax expense on the Company’s profitable foreign operations.

The Company's material income tax jurisdictions are the United States (federal) and California. As a result of net operating loss carryforwards, the Company is subject to audits for tax years 2006 and forward for federal purposes and 2009 and forward for California purposes. There are tax years which remain subject to examination in various other state and foreign jurisdictions that are not material to the Company's financial statements.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. Changes include, but are not limited to a corporate tax rate decrease from 35% to 21%, effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system, and a one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings as of January 31, 2018. As a result of the reduction in the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% under the Tax Act, the Company revalued its ending net deferred tax assets at January 31, 2018, which were fully offset by a valuation allowance.

The Tax Act provided for a one-time deemed mandatory repatriation of post-1986 undistributed foreign subsidiary earnings and profits, or E&P, through the year ended December 31, 2017.

The Company has calculated its best estimate of the impact of the Tax Act in its fiscal 2018 year end income tax provision in accordance with its understanding of the Tax Act and guidance available as of the date of this filing. Based on the preliminary calculation, the effects of the transition tax have been offset by the Company’s available tax credits in the United States. As the Company completes the analysis of the Tax Act, collects and prepares necessary data, and interprets any additional guidance, the Company may make adjustments to its initial assessment. Pursuant to Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, adjustments to the provisional amounts recorded by the Company as of January 31, 2018 that are identified within a subsequent measurement period of up to one year from the enactment date will be included as an adjustment to tax expense from continuing operations in the period the amounts are determined.

Note 12. Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities as they do not share in losses. During periods when the Company is in a net loss position, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as the effects of potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive given the net loss of the Company.

The following table sets forth the computation of the basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands, except per share amounts):

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Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as diluted net loss per share for all periods as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have been anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities that were not included in the diluted per share calculations because they would be anti-dilutive were as follows:

Additionally, approximately 5.2 million shares underlying the conversion option in the Convertible Notes are not considered in the calculation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be anti-dilutive. The Company uses the treasury stock method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion option on diluted net income per share, if applicable. During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2018, the average market price of the Company’s common stock exceeded the conversion price of the Convertible Notes of $44.51 per share.

Note 13. Business Segment Information

The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). The CEO reviews the financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating the Company’s financial performance. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates in a single reporting segment: cloud platform.

Note 14. Significant Customers and Geographic Information

No customer balance comprised 10% or more of total accounts receivable at October 31, 2018 or January 31, 2018.

During the three and nine months ended October 31, 2018 and October 31, 2017, revenues by geographic area, based on billing addresses of the customers, were as follows (in thousands):