COWEN INC. - Annual Report: 2016 (Form 10-K)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the fiscal year ended: | December 31, 2016 | Commission file number: 001-34516 | |
Cowen Group, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | 27-0423711 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||
599 Lexington Avenue
New York, New York 10022
(212) 845-7900
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive office)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class | Name of Exchange on Which Registered | |
Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | The Nasdaq Global Market | |
8.25% Senior Notes due 2021 | The Nasdaq Global Market | |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No Q
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No Q
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes Q No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes Q No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of the Annual Report on Form 10-K or any amendment to the Annual Report on Form 10-K. Q
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer o | Accelerated filer Q | Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company o | |||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No Q
The aggregate market value of Class A common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2016, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based upon the closing sale price of the Class A common stock on the NASDAQ Global Market on that date was $298,141,545.
As of February 24, 2017, after taking into account the Company’s December 5, 2016 one-for-four reverse stock split, there were 26,750,754 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding.
Documents incorporated by reference:
Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference information (to the extent specific sections are referred to herein) from the Registrant's Proxy Statement for its 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Item No. | Page No. | |||
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Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
We have included or incorporated by reference into our Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "Annual Report"), and from time to time may make in our public filings, press releases or other public documents, certain statements, including (without limitation) those under Item 1—"Business," Item 1A—"Risk Factors," Item 3—"Legal Proceedings," Item 7—"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Item 7A—"Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" that may constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking terms such as "may," "might," "will," "would," "could," "should," "expect," "plan," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "project," "possible," "potential," "intend," "seek" or "continue," the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology or similar expressions. In addition, our management may make forward-looking statements to analysts, representatives of the media and others. These forward-looking statements represent only the Company's beliefs regarding future events (many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control) and are predictions only, based on our current expectations and projections about future events. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In particular, you should consider the risks outlined under Item 1A—"Risk Factors" in this Annual Report.
Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this filing to conform our prior statements to actual results or revised expectations.
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PART I
When we use the terms "we," "us," "Cowen Group" and the "Company," we mean Cowen Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation, its consolidated subsidiaries and entities in which it has a controlling financial interest, taken as a whole, as well as any predecessor entities, unless the context otherwise indicates.
Item 1. Business
Overview
Cowen Group, Inc. (the "Company"), a Delaware corporation formed in 2009, is a diversified financial services firm and, together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, "Cowen", "Cowen Group" or the "Company"), provides alternative investment management, investment banking, research, sales and trading and prime brokerage services through its two business segments: alternative investment and broker-dealer. The alternative investment segment includes private investment funds, managed accounts, commodity pools, real estate funds, private equity structures, registered investment companies and listed vehicles and also manages a significant portion of the Company’s proprietary capital. The broker-dealer segment offers industry focused investment banking for growth-oriented companies including advisory and global capital markets origination and domain knowledge-driven research and a sales and trading platform for institutional investors.
The Company's alternative investment platform, which operates primarily under the Ramius name, offers innovative investment products and solutions across the liquidity spectrum to institutional and private clients. The predecessor to this business was founded in 1994 and, through one of its subsidiaries, has been a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the "Advisors Act") since 1997. Ramius offers investors access to strategies to meet their specific needs including long/short equity, merger arbitrage, activist equity, event driven credit, fundamental global macro, managed futures, health care royalties and real estate direct lending and equity. Ramius focuses on attracting and retaining talented in-house and affiliated investment teams and providing seed capital and working capital, an institutional infrastructure, robust sales and marketing and industry knowledge. A significant portion of the Company’s capital is invested alongside Ramius’s alternative investment clients. The Company has also invested some of its capital in its recently formed aviation and reinsurance businesses. Our alternative investment business had approximately $10.5 billion of assets under management as of January 1, 2017. See the section titled "Assets Under Management and Fund Performance" for further analysis.
Our broker-dealer businesses include research, sales and trading, prime brokerage and investment banking services to companies and primarily institutional investor clients. Our primary target sectors ("Target Sectors") are healthcare, technology, media and telecommunications, information and technology services, consumer, aerospace and defense, industrials, energy and transportation. We provide research and brokerage services to over 1,000 domestic and international clients seeking to trade securities and other financial instruments, principally in our target sectors. The broker-dealer segment also offers a full-service suite of introduced prime brokerage services targeting emerging hedge fund managers. Historically, we have focused our investment banking efforts on small to mid-capitalization public companies as well as private companies. From time to time, the Company invests in private capital raising transactions of its investment banking clients.
On December 5, 2016, the Company effected a one-for-four reverse stock split of our common stock. Except where the context indicates otherwise, all share and per share information has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split.
Principal Business Lines
Alternative Investment Products and Services
Alternative Investment Strategies
The Company's alternative investment strategies are focused on addressing the needs of institutional investors and high net worth individuals to preserve and grow allocated capital. The Company and its affiliated investment advisors manage a number of single strategy vehicles, including merger arbitrage, long/short equity, consumer based long/short equity, activism and fundamental global macro. The Company and one of its affiliated investment advisors also manage certain multi-strategy hedge funds that are currently in wind-down. The majority of assets remaining in these funds include private investments in public companies, investments in private companies, real estate investments and special situations.
Ramius Trading Strategies
Our managed futures fund business serves as investment adviser and commodity pool operator to the State Street/Ramius Managed Futures Strategy Fund, a mutual fund advised by Ramius Trading Strategies LLC and sub-advised by SSgA Funds Management Inc. (an affiliate of State Street Global Advisors), that offers U.S. investors access to a multi-manager strategy that seeks to capture returns tied to a combination of global macroeconomic trends in the commodity futures and financial futures markets and interest income and capital appreciation. The State Street/Ramius Managed Futures Strategy Fund seeks to offer
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investors access to returns with low correlation to the public equity and debt markets by allocating capital to various third party commodity trading advisors that pursue a managed futures strategy in a managed account format.
Real Estate
Our real estate business focuses on generating attractive, risk adjusted returns by using an owner/manager approach to underwriting, structuring, financing and redevelopment of all real estate property types since 1999. This approach emphasizes a focus on real estate fundamentals and potential market inefficiencies. The RCG Longview platform provides senior bridge loans, subordinated mortgages, mezzanine loans, and preferred equity through its debt fund series, and makes equity investments through its equity funds. As of December 31, 2016, the members of the general partners of the RCG Longview platform and its affiliates, independent of the RCG Longview funds, collectively owned interests in and/or manage over 21,000 apartments and approximately 21 million square feet of commercial space for their own accounts. The Company's ownership interests in the various general partners of the RCG Longview funds range from 20% to 55%.
HealthCare Royalty Partners ("HRP")
The Company’s healthcare royalties business primarily purchases royalties and uses debt-like structures to invest in commercial or near-commercial stage life science assets (through the funds managed by HRP (the "HRP Funds")). We share the net management fees from the HRP Funds equally with the founders of the HRP Funds. In addition, we have interests in the general partners of the HRP Funds ranging from 20% to 40.2%.
Broker-Dealer Business
Investment Banking
Our investment banking professionals are focused on providing strategic advisory and capital raising services to U.S. and international public and private companies in our Target Sectors. By focusing on our Target Sectors over a long period of time, we have developed a significant understanding of the unique challenges and demands with respect to public and private capital raising and strategic advice in these sectors. Our advisory and capital raising capabilities begin at the early stages of a private company's accelerated growth phase and continue through its evolution as a public company. Our advisory business focuses on mergers and acquisitions, including providing fairness opinions and providing advice on other strategic transactions. Our capital markets capabilities include equity, including private investments in public equity and registered direct offerings, credit and fixed income, including public and private debt placements, exchange offers, consent solicitations and tender offers, as well as origination and distribution capabilities for convertible securities. We have a unified capital markets group which we believe allows us to be effective in providing cohesive solutions for our clients. Historically, a significant majority of our investment banking revenue has been earned from high-growth small and mid-capitalization companies. The Company, from time to time, may invest in private capital raising transactions of its clients.
Brokerage
Our team of brokerage professionals serves institutional investor clients in the United States and internationally. We trade common stocks, listed options, equity-linked securities and other financial instruments on behalf of our clients and offer a full-service suite of introduced prime brokerage services targeting emerging hedge fund managers. We provide our clients with an electronic execution suite. We provide global, multi-asset class algorithmic execution trading models to both buy side and sell side clients and also offer execution capabilities relating to these trading models through ATM Execution LLC ("ATM Execution"). We also provide our clients with commentary on political, economic and market conditions. We have relationships with over 1,000 institutional investor clients. Our brokerage team is comprised of experienced professionals dedicated to our Target Sectors, which allows us to develop a level of knowledge and focus that we believe differentiates our brokerage capabilities from those of many of our competitors. We tailor our account coverage to the unique needs of our clients. We believe that our sector traders are able to provide superior execution because of their knowledge of the interests of our institutional investor clients in specific companies in our Target Sectors.
Our sales professionals also provide our institutional investor clients with access to the management of our investment banking clients outside the context of financing transactions. These meetings are commonly referred to as non-deal road shows. Non-deal road shows allow our investment banking clients to increase their visibility within the institutional investor community while providing our institutional investor clients with the opportunity to further educate themselves on companies and industries through meetings with management. We believe our deep relationships with company management teams and our sector-focused approach provide us with broad access to management for the benefit of our institutional investor and investment banking clients.
Research
As of December 31, 2016, we had a research team of 54 senior analysts covering approximately 895 companies. Within our coverage universe, approximately 28% are healthcare companies, 24% are TMT (technology, media and telecom)
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companies, 16% are energy companies, 13% are capital goods and industrial companies, 5% are basic materials companies and 14% are consumer companies. Our differentiated approach to research focuses our analysts' efforts toward delivering specific investment ideas and de-emphasizes maintenance research. We place significant emphasis on analyst collaboration, both within and between sectors. We sponsor a number of conferences every year that are focused on our Target Sectors and sub-sectors. During these conferences we highlight our investment research and provide significant investor access to corporate management teams.
Information About Geographic Areas
We are principally engaged in providing alternative investment services to global institutional investors and investment banking sales and trading and research services to corporations and institutional investor clients primarily in the United States. We provide investment banking services to companies and institutional investor clients in Europe through our U.K. broker-dealer, Cowen International Limited ("CIL").
Employees
As of February 24, 2017, the Company had 843 employees.
Competition
We compete with many other firms in all aspects of our business, including raising funds, seeking investment opportunities and hiring and retaining professionals, and we expect our business will continue to be highly competitive. The alternative investment and broker-dealer industries are currently undergoing contraction and consolidation, reducing the number of industry participants and generally resulting in the larger firms being better positioned to retain and gain market share. We compete in the United States and globally for investment opportunities, investor capital, client relationships, reputation and talent. We face competitors that are larger than we are and have greater financial, technical and marketing resources. Certain of these competitors continue to raise additional amounts of capital to pursue investment strategies that may be similar to ours. Some of these competitors may also have access to liquidity sources that are not available to us, which may pose challenges for us with respect to investment opportunities. In addition, some of these competitors may have higher risk tolerances or make different risk assessments than we do, allowing them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish broader networks of business relationships. Our competitive position depends on our reputation, our investment performance and processes, the breadth of our business platform and our ability to continue to attract and retain qualified employees while managing compensation and other costs. For additional information regarding the competitive risks that we face, see "Item 1A Risk Factors-Risks Related to the Company's Alternative Investment Business" and "Risk Factors-Risks Related to the Company's Broker-Dealer Business."
Regulation
Our businesses, as well as the financial services industry generally, are subject to extensive regulation, including periodic examinations by governmental and self-regulatory organizations, in the United States and the jurisdictions in which we operate around the world. As a publicly traded company in the United States, we are subject to the U.S. federal securities laws and regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").
Virtually all aspects of our business are subject to various laws and regulations both inside and outside the United States, some of which are summarized below. Regulatory bodies in the United States and the rest of the world are charged with safeguarding the integrity of the securities and other financial markets and with protecting the interests of customers participating in those markets. Governmental authorities in the United States and in the other countries in which we operate have proposed or adopted additional disclosure requirements and regulation of alternative investment funds and alternative asset managers. The rules governing the regulation of the various aspects of our business are very detailed and technical. Accordingly, the discussion below is general in nature, does not purport to be complete and is current only as of the date of this report.
Alternative Investment Business
The investment advisers responsible for the Company's alternative investment business are all registered as investment advisers with the SEC or rely upon the registration of an affiliated adviser. In addition, several of our investment advisers are also registered as commodity pool operators (“CPOs”) and therefore are also subject to regulation by the National Futures Association (the "NFA") and the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the "CFTC").
Registered investment advisers are subject to the requirements of the Advisers Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. Such requirements relate to, among other things, fiduciary duties to clients, maintaining an effective compliance program, operational and marketing requirements, disclosure obligations and prohibitions on fraudulent activities. The NFA and CFTC each also administer a comparable regulatory system covering futures contracts and various other financial instruments, including swaps in which certain alternative investment funds may invest.
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The investment activities of our alternative investment business are also subject to regulation under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and various other statutes as well as the rules of various United States and non-United States securities exchanges and self-regulatory organizations, including laws governing trading on inside information, market manipulation and a broad number of technical requirements (e.g., short sale limits, volume limitations, reporting obligations) and market regulation policies in the United States and globally. Congress, regulators, tax authorities and others continue to explore and implement, on their own and in response to demands from the investment community and the public, increased regulation including changes with respect to investor eligibility, certain limitations on trading activities, record-keeping and reporting, the scope of anti-fraud protections, safekeeping of client assets and a variety of other matters. Most of our registered investment advisers are required to report certain information about a number of their alternative investment funds to the SEC and certain information about a number of their commodity pools to the CFTC, pursuant to systemic risk reporting requirements adopted by both agencies.
In addition, certain of our investment advisers act as a “fiduciaries” under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) with respect to benefit plan clients. As such, the advisers, and certain of the alternative investment funds they advise, may be subject to ERISA and to regulations promulgated thereunder. ERISA and applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code impose duties on persons who are fiduciaries under ERISA, prohibit specified transactions involving ERISA plan clients and provide monetary penalties for violations of these prohibitions.
In the aftermath of the financial crisis of the late 2000's, significant regulatory reforms have been enacted. On July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Dodd-Frank Act") was signed into law in the United States. The Dodd-Frank Act is expansive in scope and has led to the adoption of extensive regulations by the SEC and other governmental agencies and additional regulations are anticipated in the future. As of July 2016 approximately 70% of the total rulemaking requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act have been met with finalized rules. As such, we are continuing to review what impact the Dodd-Frank Act legislation and related rule making that remains will have on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The Dodd-Frank Act establishes the Financial Services Oversight Council (the "FSOC") to identify threats to the financial stability of the United States, promote market discipline, and respond to emerging risks to the stability of the United States financial system. The FSOC is empowered to determine whether the material financial distress or failure of a non-bank financial company would threaten the stability of the United States financial system, and such a determination can subject a non-banking finance company to supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve and the imposition of standards and supervision including stress tests, liquidity requirements and enhanced public disclosures including the authority to require the supervision and regulation of systemically significant non-bank financial companies. We do not believe we are at risk of being considered a systematically significant non-bank financial company.
The regulation of swaps and derivatives under the Dodd-Frank Act may impact the manner by which our alternative investment business utilize trade swaps and other derivatives, and may significantly increase the costs of derivatives trading conducted on behalf of our clients. Moreover, applicability of CFTC rules and regulations to our investment advisory products and requirements to centrally clear certain swap transactions and to execute certain swap transactions only on or through CFTC-registered trading venues may impact our alternative investment business. The European Union ("EU") (and some other countries) are implementing similar requirements that will affect derivatives transactions with a counterparty organized in that country or otherwise subject to that country’s derivatives regulation. The mandatory minimum margin requirements for bilateral derivatives adopted by the U.S. government and the EU affect our alternative investment management business as these requirements can increase the amount of margin required to be provided in connection with a derivatives transactions and, therefore, makes derivatives transactions more expensive. While certain of the rules are effective, other rules are not yet final and/or effective, so their ultimate impact on our alternative investment management business remains unclear.
Given our investment activities are carried out around the globe, we are subject to a variety of regulatory regimes that vary country by country. Certain of our investment advisers are subject to the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier in Luxembourg. Also, our captive insurance and reinsurance companies are regulated by the New York State Department of Finance and the Luxembourg Commissariat aux Assurances, respectively. EU financial reforms included a number of initiatives to be reflected in new or updated directives, regulations and recommendations of the pan-European regulatory regime established by the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (“MiFID”), which regulates the provision of investment services and activities throughout the European Economic Area (the “EEA”). In addition, the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (“AIFMD”), which became effective on July 21, 2011 and was required to be implemented by EU member states by July 22, 2013, regulates managers of, and service providers to, a broad range of alternative investment funds domiciled within and (depending on the precise circumstances) outside the EU as well as regulate the marketing of all alternative investment funds inside the EEA. The AIFMD is being implemented in stages through 2018. Compliance with the AIFMD impacts our alternative investment fund marketing efforts in the EEA and requires additional compliance and disclosure obligations on any alternative investment funds we actively market in the EEA and for funds domiciled in the EU, may also necessitate, among other requirements, the use of EU domiciled depositories and custodians. Additionally, certain individual EU Member States,
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such as France and Italy, have enacted national financial transaction taxes (“FTTs”), and a group of Member States also could adopt a FTT under an EU Enhanced Cooperation procedure that would apply in those Member States. Although not a member of the EU, Switzerland also imposes similar regulatory requirements for foreign investment advisors marketing alternative investment funds in Switzerland including the use of a Swiss domiciled depository and marketing agent.
Our businesses have operated for many years within a legal framework that requires us to be able to monitor and comply with a broad range of legal and regulatory developments that affect our activities both in the United States and abroad. As noted above, certain of our businesses are subject to compliance with laws and regulations of United States federal and state governments, foreign governments, their respective agencies and/or various self-regulatory organizations or exchanges relating to the privacy of client information, and any failure to comply with these regulations could expose us to liability and/or reputational damage. Additional legislation, changes in rules promulgated by the SEC, the CFTC, our other regulators and self-regulatory organizations or changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and rules, either in the United States or elsewhere, may directly affect the mode of our operation and profitability. The United States and non-United States government agencies and self-regulatory organizations, as well as state securities commissions in the United States, are empowered to conduct administrative proceedings that can result in censure, fine, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or the suspension or expulsion or deregulation of a broker-dealer, an investment advisor or its directors, officers or employees.
Broker-Dealer Business
Cowen and Company, LLC ("Cowen and Company") is a registered broker-dealer with the SEC and in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Self-regulatory organizations, including the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA"), adopt and enforce rules governing the conduct and activities of its member firms, including Cowen and Company, ATM Execution, and Cowen Prime Services LLC ("Cowen Prime"). In addition, state securities regulators have regulatory or oversight authority over our broker-dealer entities. Accordingly, Cowen and Company, ATM Execution, and Cowen Prime are subject to regulation and oversight by the SEC and FINRA and Cowen Prime is also registered with and subject to oversight by the NFA. Cowen and Company is also a member of, and subject to regulation by the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"), the NASDAQ PHLX LLC, the NYSE MKT LLC, the International Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq Stock Market as well as other exchanges. ATM Execution is a member of, and subject to regulation by, the NYSE and the Nasdaq Stock Market. Additionally, CIL is primarily regulated by the FCA in the United Kingdom.
Broker-dealers are subject to regulations that cover all aspects of the securities business, including sales methods, trade practices among broker-dealers, use and safekeeping of customers' funds, conflicts of interest, securities and information, capital structure, research/banking interaction, record-keeping, the financing of customers' purchases and the conduct and qualifications of directors, officers and employees. In particular, as registered broker-dealers and members of various self-regulatory organizations, Cowen and Company, ATM Execution, and Cowen Prime are subject to the SEC's uniform net capital rule. Rule 15c3-1 specifies the minimum level of net capital a broker-dealer must maintain and also requires that a significant part of a broker-dealer's assets be kept in relatively liquid form. The SEC and various self-regulatory organizations impose rules that require notification when net capital falls below certain predefined criteria, limit the ratio of subordinated debt to equity in the regulatory capital composition of a broker-dealer and constrain the ability of a broker-dealer to expand its business under certain circumstances. Additionally, the SEC's uniform net capital rule requires us to give prior notice to the SEC for certain withdrawals of capital. As a result, our ability to withdraw capital from our broker-dealer subsidiaries may be limited.
The effort to combat money laundering and terrorist financing is a priority in governmental policy with respect to financial institutions. The Bank Secrecy Act ("BSA"), as amended by Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and its implementing regulations ("Patriot Act"), requires broker-dealers and other financial services companies to maintain an anti-money laundering compliance program that includes written policies and procedures, designated compliance officer(s), appropriate training, independent review of the program, standards for verifying client identity at account opening and obligations to report suspicious activities and certain other financial transactions. Through these and other provisions, the BSA and Patriot Act seek to promote the identification of parties that may be involved in financing terrorism or money laundering. We must also comply with sanctions programs administered by the U.S. Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Asset Control, which may include prohibitions on transactions with designated individuals and entities and with individuals and entities from certain countries.
Anti-money laundering laws outside the United States contain certain similar provisions. The obligation of financial institutions, including us, to identify their customers, watch for and report suspicious transactions, respond to requests for information by regulatory authorities and law enforcement agencies, and share information with other financial institutions, has required the implementation and maintenance of internal practices, procedures and controls that have increased, and may continue to increase, our costs. Any failure with respect to our programs in this area could subject us to serious regulatory consequences, including substantial fines, and potentially other liabilities.
Rigorous legal and compliance analysis of our businesses and investments is important to our culture and risk management. In addition, disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting are documented,
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tested and assessed for design and operating effectiveness in compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. We strive to maintain a culture of compliance through the use of policies and procedures such as oversight compliance, codes of conduct, compliance systems, communication of compliance guidance and employee education and training. Our corporate risk management function further analyzes our business, investment and other key risks, reinforcing their importance in our environment. We have a compliance group that monitors our compliance with all of the regulatory requirements to which we are subject and manages our compliance policies and procedures. Our General Counsel supervises our compliance group, which is responsible for addressing all regulatory and compliance matters that affect our activities. Our compliance policies and procedures address a variety of regulatory and compliance risks such as the handling of material non-public information, position reporting, personal securities trading, valuation of investments on a fund-specific basis, document retention, potential conflicts of interest and the allocation of investment opportunities. Our compliance group also monitors the information barriers that we maintain between each of our different businesses. We believe that our various businesses' access to the intellectual capital, contacts and relationships that reside throughout our firm benefits all of our businesses. However, in order to maximize that access without compromising our legal and contractual obligations, our compliance group oversees and monitors the communications between or among our firm's different businesses. Occasionally, we have been subject to investigations and proceedings, and sanctions have been imposed for infractions of various regulations relating to our activities.
Available Information
We routinely file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information required by the Exchange Act with the SEC. You may read and copy any document we file with the SEC at the SEC's public reference room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, U.S.A. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. Our SEC filings also are available to the public from the SEC's internet site at http://www.sec.gov.
We maintain a public internet site at http://www.cowen.com and make available free of charge through this site our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements and Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers, as well as any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. We also post on our website the charters for our Board of Directors' Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, as well as our Corporate Governance Guidelines, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics governing our directors, officers and employees and other related materials. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Risks Related to the Company's Businesses and Industry
For purposes of the following risk factors, references made to the Company's funds include hedge funds and other alternative investment products, services and solutions offered by the Company, investment vehicles through which the Company invests its own capital, and real estate funds. References to the Company's broker-dealer business include Cowen and Company, ATM Execution, and Cowen Prime.
The Company
The Company's alternative investment and broker-dealer businesses have incurred losses in recent periods and may incur losses in the future.
While the Company's alternative investment business was profitable for the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company's broker-dealer business and alternative investment business have incurred losses in recent periods. For example, the Company's broker-dealer business incurred losses in each of the years ended December 31, 2016, 2013 and 2012. In addition, the Company's alternative investment business incurred losses in each of the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008. The Company may incur losses in any of its future periods. Future losses may have a significant effect on the Company's liquidity as well as our ability to operate.
In addition, we may incur significant expenses in connection with any expansion, strategic acquisition or investment with respect to our businesses. Specifically, we have invested, and will continue to invest, in our broker-dealer business, including hiring a number of senior professionals to expand our research, investment banking and sales and trading product offerings. Accordingly, the Company will need to increase its revenues at a rate greater than its expenses to achieve and maintain profitability. If the Company's revenues do not increase sufficiently, or even if its revenues increase but it is unable to manage its expenses, the Company will not achieve and maintain profitability in future periods. As an alternative to increasing its revenues, the Company may seek additional capital through the sale of additional common stock or other forms of debt or equity financing. The Company cannot be certain that it would have access to such financing on acceptable terms.
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The Company depends on its key senior personnel and the loss of their services would have a material adverse effect on the Company's businesses and results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
The Company depends on the efforts, skill, reputations and business contacts of its principals and other key senior personnel, the information and investment activity these individuals generate during the normal course of their activities and the synergies among the diverse fields of expertise and knowledge held by the Company's senior professionals. Accordingly, the Company's continued success will depend on the continued service of these individuals. Key senior personnel may leave the Company in the future, and we cannot predict the impact that the departure of any key senior personnel will have on our ability to achieve our investment and business objectives. The loss of the services of any of them could have a material adverse effect on the Company's revenues, net income and cash flows and could harm our ability to maintain or grow assets under management in existing funds or raise additional funds in the future. Our senior and other key personnel possess substantial experience and expertise and have strong business relationships with investors in its funds, clients and other members of the business community. As a result, the loss of such personnel could have a material adverse effect on the Company's businesses and results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
The Company's ability to retain its senior professionals is critical to the success of its businesses, and its failure to do so may materially affect the Company's reputation, business and results of operations.
Our people are our most valuable resource. Our success depends upon the reputation, judgment, business generation capabilities and project execution skills of our senior professionals. Our employees' reputations and relationships with our clients are critical elements in obtaining and executing client engagements. The Company may encounter intense competition for qualified employees from other companies inside and outside of their industries. From time to time, the Company has experienced departures of professionals. Losses of key personnel have occurred and may occur in the future. In addition, if any of our client-facing employees or executive officers were to join an existing competitor or form a competing company, some of our clients could choose to use the services of that competitor instead of the services of the Company.
The success of our businesses is based largely on the quality of our employees and we must continually monitor the market for their services and seek to offer competitive compensation. In challenging market conditions, such as have occurred in recent years, it may be difficult to pay competitive compensation without the ratio of our compensation and benefits expense to revenues becoming higher. In addition, a portion of the compensation of many of our employees takes the form of restricted stock or deferred cash that vest over a period of years, which is not as attractive to existing and potential employees as compensation consisting solely of cash or a lesser percentage of stock or other deferred compensation that may be offered by our competitors.
Difficult market conditions, market disruptions and volatility have adversely affected, and may in the future adversely affect, the Company's businesses, results of operations and financial condition.
The Company's businesses, by their nature, do not produce predictable earnings, and all of the Company's businesses may be materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and by global economic conditions, such as interest rates, the availability of credit, inflation rates, economic uncertainty, changes in laws, commodity prices, asset prices (including real estate), currency exchange rates and controls and national and international political circumstances (including wars, terrorist acts, protests or security operations). Challenging market conditions could affect the level and volatility of securities prices and the liquidity and the value of investments in the Company's funds or other investments in which the Company has investments of its own capital, and the Company may not be able to effectively manage its alternative investment business's exposure to challenging market conditions. Challenging market conditions can also adversely affect the Company's broker-dealer business as increased volatility and lower stock prices can make companies less likely to conduct transactions.
Volatility in the value of the Company's investments and securities portfolios or other assets and liabilities or negative returns from the investments made by the Company could adversely affect the Company's results of operations and statement of financial condition.
The Company invests a significant portion of its capital base to help drive results and facilitate growth of its alternative investment and broker-dealer businesses. As of December 31, 2016, the Company's invested capital amounted to a net value $656.8 million (supporting a long market value of $1,030 million), representing approximately 85% of Cowen Group's stockholders' equity presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP"). In accordance with US GAAP, we define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. US GAAP also establishes a framework for measuring fair value and a valuation hierarchy based upon the transparency of inputs used in the valuation of an asset or liability. Changes in fair value are reflected in the statement of operations at each measurement period. Therefore, continued volatility in the value of the Company's investments and securities portfolios or other assets and liabilities, including funds, will result in volatility of the Company's results. In addition, the investments made by the Company may not generate
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positive returns. As a result, changes in value or negative returns from investments made by the Company may have an adverse effect on the Company's financial condition or operations in the future.
If the Company were deemed an investment company under the U.S. Investment Company Act, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for the Company to continue its respective businesses as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on the Company's businesses and prospects.
We do not believe that we are an "investment company" as defined in the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, because the nature of our assets and the sources of our income exclude us from the definition of an investment company under the Investment Company Act and we are primarily engaged in a non-investment company business.
The Investment Company Act and the rules thereunder contain detailed requirements for the organization and operation of investment companies. Among other things, the Investment Company Act and the rules thereunder limit transactions with affiliates, impose limitations on the issuance of debt and equity securities, generally prohibit the issuance of options and impose certain governance requirements. The Company intends to conduct its operations so that the Company will not be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act. If anything were to happen which would cause the Company to be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act, requirements imposed by the Investment Company Act, including limitations on its capital structure, ability to transact business with affiliates (including subsidiaries) and ability to compensate key employees, could make it impractical for the Company to continue its business as currently conducted, impair the agreements and arrangements between and among it, its subsidiaries and its senior personnel, or any combination thereof, and materially adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations. Accordingly, the Company may be required to limit the amount of investments that it makes as a principal or otherwise conduct its business in a manner that does not subject the Company to the registration and other requirements of the Investment Company Act.
Limitations on access to capital by the Company and its subsidiaries could impair its liquidity and its ability to conduct its businesses.
Liquidity, or ready access to funds, is essential to the operations of financial services firms. Failures of financial institutions have often been attributable in large part to insufficient liquidity. Liquidity is of particular importance to Cowen and Company's trading business and perceived liquidity issues may affect the willingness of the Company's broker-dealer clients and counterparties to engage in brokerage transactions with Cowen and Company. Cowen and Company's liquidity could be impaired due to circumstances that the Company may be unable to control, such as a general market disruption or an operational problem that affects Cowen and Company, its trading clients or third parties. Furthermore, the Company's ability to sell assets may be impaired if other market participants are seeking to sell similar assets at the same time.
The Company primarily depends on its subsidiaries to fund its operations. Cowen and Company, ATM Execution, and Cowen Prime are subject to the net capital requirements of the SEC and various self-regulatory organizations of which they are members. These requirements typically specify the minimum level of net capital a broker-dealer must maintain and also mandate that a significant part of its assets be kept in relatively liquid form. CIL, the Company's U.K. registered broker-dealer subsidiary, is subject to the capital requirements of the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA"). Any failure to comply with these capital requirements could impair the Company's ability to conduct its broker-dealer business.
The Company's alternative investment business and/or Cowen and Company and the Company's other broker-dealer subsidiaries may become subject to additional regulations which could increase the costs and burdens of compliance or impose additional restrictions which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's businesses and the performance of the Company's investment advisory products.
Firms in the financial services industry have been subject to an increasingly regulated environment. The industry has experienced increased scrutiny from a variety of regulators, including the SEC, CFTC, FINRA, NFA, U.S. Treasury, the NYSE and state attorneys general. Penalties and fines sought by regulatory authorities have increased substantially over the last several years. In light of current conditions in the global financial markets and the global economy, regulators have increased their focus on the regulation of the financial services industry. The Company may be adversely affected by changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and rules by these governmental authorities and self-regulatory organizations. The Company also may be adversely affected as a result of new or revised legislation or regulations imposed by the SEC, other United States or foreign governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets. The Company could be fined, prohibited from engaging in some of its business activities or subjected to limitations or conditions on its business activities. In addition, the Company could incur significant expense associated with compliance with any such legislation or regulations or the regulatory and enforcement environment generally. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against the Company could have a material adverse effect on the financial condition and results of operations of the Company or cause significant reputational harm to the Company, which could seriously affect its business prospects.
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The Company may need to modify the strategies or operations of its alternative investment business, face increased constraints or incur additional costs in order to satisfy new regulatory requirements or to compete in a changed business environment. The Company's alternative investment business is subject to regulation by various regulatory authorities both within and outside the United States that are charged with protecting the interests of investors. The activities of certain of the Company's subsidiaries and affiliates are regulated primarily within the United States by the SEC, FINRA, the NFA and the CFTC, as well as various state agencies, and are also subject to regulation by other agencies in the various jurisdictions in which they operate and are offered, including the FCA, the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier in Luxembourg and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The activities of our investment advisor entities are all regulated by the SEC due to their registrations as U.S. investment advisers and certain of these entities are also registered as CPOs with the NFA and subject to CFTC and NFA regulations. The Company’s alternative investment management business is also subject to applicable anti-money laundering regulations in the jurisdictions in which it operates and certain alternative investment funds that are being marketed to investors domiciled in Switzerland and the EU are subject to disclosure and reporting requirements set forth under Swiss law and AIFMD, respectively.
In addition, the Company's alternative investment business is subject to regulation in the jurisdictions in which it organizes and offers its various investment products. These and other regulators in these jurisdictions have broad regulatory powers dealing with all aspects of financial services including, among other things, the authority to make inquiries of companies regarding compliance with applicable regulations, to grant permits and to regulate marketing and sales practices and the maintenance of adequate financial resources as well as significant reporting obligations to regulatory authorities. Additionally, the regulatory environment in which the Company operates frequently changes and has seen significant increased regulation in recent years and it is possible that this trend may continue.
The regulatory environment continues to be turbulent. There is an extraordinary volume of regulatory discussion papers, draft directives and proposals being issued around the world and these initiatives are not always coordinated. The predecessor to the FCA has issued a discussion paper entitled "A Regulatory Response to the Global Banking Crisis" as well as undertaken an exercise to collect data to assess the systemic risk that hedge funds may or may not pose. The Bank of England is also collecting data on the systemic risk of hedge funds. Recent rulemaking by the SEC and other regulatory authorities outside the United States have imposed trading restrictions and reporting requirements on short selling, which have impacted certain of the investment strategies implemented on behalf of the Company's investment advisory products, and continued restrictions on or further regulations of short sales could also negatively impact their performance.
In addition, financial services firms are subject to numerous perceived or actual conflicts of interest, which have drawn and which we expect will continue to draw scrutiny from the SEC and other federal and state regulators. For example, the research areas of investment banks have been and remain the subject of heightened regulatory scrutiny, which has led to increased restrictions on the interaction between equity research analysts and investment banking personnel at securities firms. Regulations have also been focusing on potential conflicts of interest or issues relating to impermissible disclosure of material nonpublic information. Appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult, and our reputation could be damaged if it fails to do so. Such policies and procedures to address or limit actual or perceived conflicts may also result in increased costs, additional operational personnel and increased regulatory risk. Failure to adhere to these policies and procedures may result in regulatory sanctions or client litigation.
The Company is subject to third party litigation risk and regulatory risk which could result in significant liabilities and reputational harm which, in turn, could materially adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.
The Company depends to a large extent on its reputation for integrity and high-caliber professional services to attract and retain clients. As a result, if a client is not satisfied with the Company's services, it may be more damaging in its business than in other businesses. Moreover, the Company's role as advisor to clients on underwriting or merger and acquisition transactions involves complex analysis and the exercise of professional judgment, including rendering "fairness opinions" in connection with mergers and other transactions. Such activities may subject the Company to the risk of significant legal liabilities, not covered by insurance, to clients and aggrieved third parties, including stockholders of clients who could commence litigation against the Company. Although the Company's investment banking engagements typically include broad indemnities from its clients and provisions to limit exposure to legal claims relating to such services, these provisions may not protect the Company, may not be enforceable, or may be with foreign companies requiring enforcement in foreign jurisdictions which may raise the costs and decrease the likelihood of enforcement. As a result, the Company may incur significant legal and other expenses in defending against litigation and may be required to pay substantial damages for settlements and/or adverse judgments. In addition, in some instances Cowen Prime serves as a registered investment advisor providing advice to retail investors and retaining discretion over some retail investment accounts. The Company could be exposed to potential litigation and liability if any of these clients are not satisfied with the investment advisory services being provided. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against the Company could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or cause significant reputational harm, which could seriously harm our business and prospects.
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In general, the Company is exposed to risk of litigation by investors in its alternative investment management business if the management of any of its investment advisory products is alleged to have been grossly negligent or fraudulent. Investors or beneficial owners of the Company’s investment advisory products could sue to recover amounts lost due to any alleged misconduct, up to the entire amount of the loss. In addition, the Company faces the risk of litigation from investors and beneficial owners of any of its investment advisory products if applicable restrictions are violated. In addition, the Company is exposed to risks of litigation or investigation relating to transactions that presented conflicts of interest that were not properly addressed. In the majority of such actions the Company would be obligated to bear legal, settlement and other costs, which may be in excess of any available insurance coverage. In addition, although the Company is contractually entitled to indemnification from its investment advisory products, our rights to indemnification may be challenged. If the Company is required to incur all or a portion of the costs arising out of litigation or investigations as a result of inadequate insurance proceeds, if any, or is not wholly indemnified, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In its alternative investment management business, the Company is exposed to the risk of litigation if a fund suffers catastrophic losses due to the failure of a particular investment strategy or due to the trading activity of an employee who has violated market rules or regulations. Any litigation arising in such circumstances is likely to be protracted, expensive and surrounded by circumstances which are materially damaging to the Company's reputation and businesses.
The potential for conflicts of interest within the Company, and a failure to appropriately identify and deal with conflicts of interest could adversely affect our businesses.
Due to the combination of our alternative investment and broker-dealer businesses, we face an increased potential for conflicts of interest, including situations where our services to a particular client or investor or our own interests in our investments conflict with the interests of another client. Such conflicts may also arise if our broker-dealer business has access to material non-public information that may not be shared with our alternative investment business or vice versa. Additionally, our regulators have the ability to scrutinize our activities for potential conflicts of interest, including through detailed examinations of specific transactions.
Appropriately identifying and dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult, and the willingness of clients to enter into transactions or engagements in which such a conflict might arise may be affected if we fail to identify and appropriately address potential conflicts of interest. In addition, potential or perceived conflicts could give rise to litigation or enforcement actions.
Employee misconduct could harm the Company by, among other things, impairing the Company's ability to attract and retain investors and subjecting the Company to significant legal liability, reputational harm and the loss of revenue from its own invested capital.
It is not always possible to detect and deter employee misconduct. The precautions that the Company takes to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases, and we may suffer significant reputational harm and financial loss for any misconduct by our employees. The potential harm to the Company's reputation and to our business caused by such misconduct is impossible to quantify.
There is a risk that the Company's employees or partners could engage in misconduct that materially adversely affects the Company's business, including a decrease in returns on its own invested capital. The Company is subject to a number of obligations and standards arising from its businesses. The violation of these obligations and standards by any of the Company's employees could materially adversely affect the Company and its investors. For instance, the Company's businesses require that the Company properly deal with confidential information. If the Company's employees were improperly to use or disclose confidential information, we could suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial position and current and future business relationships. If one of the Company's employees were to engage in misconduct or were to be accused of such misconduct, the business and reputation of the Company could be materially adversely affected.
The Company may be unable to successfully identify, manage and execute future acquisitions, investments and strategic alliances, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
We intend to continually evaluate potential acquisitions, investments and strategic alliances to expand our alternative investment and broker-dealer businesses. In the future, we may seek additional acquisitions, investments, strategic alliances or similar arrangements, which may expose us to risks such as:
• | the difficulty of identifying appropriate acquisitions, investments, strategic allies or opportunities on terms acceptable to us; |
• | the possibility that senior management may be required to spend considerable time negotiating agreements and monitoring these arrangements; |
• | potential regulatory issues applicable to the financial services business; |
• | the loss or reduction in value of the capital investment; |
• | our inability to capitalize on the opportunities presented by these arrangements; and |
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• | the possibility of insolvency of a strategic ally. |
Furthermore, any future acquisitions of businesses could entail a number of risks, including:
• | problems with the effective integration of operations; |
• | inability to maintain key pre-acquisition business relationships; |
• | increased operating costs; |
• | exposure to unanticipated liabilities; and |
• | difficulties in realizing projected efficiencies, synergies and cost savings. |
There can be no assurance that we would successfully overcome these risks or any other problems encountered with these acquisitions, investments, strategic alliances or similar arrangements.
The Company's future results will suffer if the Company does not effectively manage its expanded operations.
The Company may continue to expand its operations through new product and service offerings and through additional strategic investments, acquisitions or joint ventures, some of which may involve complex technical and operational challenges. The Company's future success depends, in part, upon its ability to manage its expansion opportunities, which pose numerous risks and uncertainties, including the need to integrate new operations into its existing business in an efficient and timely manner, to combine accounting and data processing systems and management controls and to integrate relationships with customers and business partners. In addition, future acquisitions or joint ventures may involve the issuance of additional shares of common stock of the Company, which may dilute the ownership of the Company's stockholders.
The Company's failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition, results of operations and business and the price of our Class A common stock.
The Sarbanes‑Oxley Act and the related rules require our management to conduct an annual assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and require a report by our independent registered public accounting firm addressing our internal control over financial reporting. To comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act, we are required to document formal policies, processes and practices related to financial reporting that are necessary to comply with Section 404. Such policies, processes and practices are important to ensure the identification of key financial reporting risks, assessment of their potential impact and linkage of those risks to specific areas and activities within our organization.
If we fail for any reason to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, our independent registered public accounting firm may, at that time, issue an adverse report regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Matters impacting our internal controls may cause us to be unable to report our financial information on a timely basis and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions by the SEC or violations of applicable stock exchange listing rules. There could also be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. Any such event could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and business, and result in a decline in the price of our Class A common stock.
Certain provisions of the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law may have the effect of delaying or preventing an acquisition by a third party.
The Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain several provisions that may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of the Company, even if such acquisition would be financially beneficial to the Company's stockholders. These provisions also may delay, prevent or deter a merger, acquisition, tender offer, proxy contest or other transaction that might otherwise result in the Company's stockholders receiving a premium over the then-current trading price of our common stock. For example, the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes its board of directors to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of "blank check" preferred stock. Without stockholder approval, the board of directors has the authority to attach special rights, including voting and dividend rights, to this preferred stock. With these rights, preferred stockholders could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire the Company. In addition, the Company's amended and restated bylaws provide for an advance notice procedure with regard to the nomination of candidates for election as directors and with regard to business to be brought before a meeting of stockholders. The Company is also subject to the anti-takeover provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Under these provisions, if anyone becomes an "interested stockholder," the Company may not enter into a "business combination" with that person for three years without special approval, which could discourage a third party from making a takeover offer and could delay or prevent a change of control. For the purposes of Section 203, "interested stockholder" means, generally, someone owning 15% or more of the Company's outstanding voting stock or an affiliate of the Company that owned 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock during the past three years, subject to certain exceptions as described in Section 203.
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The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 may adversely impact the Company's business.
The Dodd-Frank Act, signed into law on July 21, 2010, represents a comprehensive overhaul of the financial services industry within the United States and is being implemented through extensive rulemaking by the SEC and other governmental agencies. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act established the federal Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (the "BCFP") and the FSOC and will require the BCFP and FSOC, among other federal agencies, to implement new rules and regulations. Many of these new rules have already been adopted, including new rules which require certain investment advisers to file information under Form PF and rules that require certain registered investment advisers which are also registered CPOs to file Form CPO-PQR with the CFTC. These filings require extensive information and we incur significant costs to satisfy these new filing requirements. As of July 2016, rule-making under Dodd-Frank was 70% complete and therefore a full assessment of the impact that the Dodd-Frank Act or the resulting rules and regulations will have on the Company's business or the financial services industry within the United States is still not practical at this time.
Heightened cyber-security risks may disrupt our businesses, result in losses or limit our growth.
We may be subject to cyber-attacks on our critical data and we may not be able to anticipate or prevent all such attacks. We may incur increasing costs in an effort to minimize these risks and could be held liable for any security breach or loss. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of the possible failure, interruption or security breach of our information and communication systems, there can be no assurance that any such failure, interruption or security breach will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. The occurrence of any failure, interruption or security breach of our information or communication systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability.
Risks relating to the Company's financing transactions.
Our indebtedness has increased significantly as a result of the Cash Convertible Note financing ("Cash Convertible Notes") issued in March 2014 and Senior Notes financing ("2021 Notes") issued in October 2014 (together referred to as "Notes") and servicing this indebtedness requires a significant amount of cash. We may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to service our indebtedness.
Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on or to refinance our indebtedness, including the Notes, depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not continue to generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.
We operate with a significant amount of indebtedness, which is subject to variable interest rates and contains restrictive covenants. In addition, our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock contains certain restrictions on our operations.
The 2021 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture, dated as of October 10, 2014 (the “Senior Indenture”), by and among the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee. The Senior Indenture contains covenants that, among other things, limit (subject to certain exceptions) the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’s Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the Senior Indenture) to: (1) incur debt (including certain preferred stock), if the incurrence of such indebtedness would cause the Company’s consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio, as defined in the Senior Indenture, to fall below 2.0 to 1.0, (2) pay dividends or make distributions on its capital stock, or purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire its capital stock, and (3) grant liens securing indebtedness of the Company without securing the 2021 Notes equally and ratably. If certain conditions are met, certain of these covenants may be suspended. In the fourth quarter of 2016 the Company’s consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio was 1.3 to 1.0 compared to the minimum of 2.0 to 1.0 required by the Senior Indenture. As a result, the Company may not currently incur new debt or make restricted payments, other than in limited permitted amounts set out in the Senior Indenture. We cannot assure you when or if the Company’s consolidated fixed charge ratio will be above the minimum 2.0 to 1.0 required by the Senior Indenture.
The certificate of designations governing our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock contains certain restrictions on our and our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things, pay dividends on, redeem or repurchase our Class A common stock and, under certain circumstances, our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, and to issue additional preferred stock. Additionally, if dividends on our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are in arrears and unpaid for at least six or more quarterly periods, the holders (voting as a single class) of our outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock will be entitled to elect two additional directors to our Board of Directors until paid in full.
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The conditional conversion feature of the Cash Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
In the event the conditional conversion feature of the Cash Convertible Notes is triggered, holders of notes will be entitled to convert the notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their notes, we would be required to pay cash to settle any such conversion, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.
The accounting for the Cash Convertible Notes will result in our having to recognize interest expense significantly greater than the stated interest rate of the notes and may result in volatility to our Consolidated Statements of Operations.
We will settle conversions of the Cash Convertible Notes entirely in cash. Accordingly, the conversion option that is part of the Cash Convertible Notes is accounted for as a derivative pursuant to accounting standards relating to derivative instruments and hedging activities. In general, this results in an initial valuation of the conversion option, which is bifurcated from the debt component of the Cash Convertible Notes, resulting in an original issue discount. The original issue discount will be accreted to interest expense over the term of the Cash Convertible Notes, which will result in an effective interest rate reported in our financial statements significantly in excess of the stated coupon rate of the Cash Convertible Notes. This accounting treatment will reduce our US GAAP earnings and could adversely affect the price at which our Class A common stock trades, but it will not affect the amount of cash interest paid to holders of the Cash Convertible Notes or our cash flows.
For each financial statement period after issuance of the Cash Convertible Notes, a gain (or loss) will be reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations to the extent the valuation of the conversion option changes from the previous period. The Cash Convertible Notes economic hedge transaction we entered into in connection with the issuance of the Cash Convertible Notes will also be accounted for as a derivative instrument, offsetting the gain (or loss) associated with changes to the valuation of the conversion option. Although we do not expect there to be a material net impact to our financial statements as a result of our issuing the Cash Convertible Notes and entering into the Cash Convertible Notes economic hedge transaction, we cannot assure you that these transactions will be completely offset, which may result in volatility to our financial statements.
Risks Related to the Company's Alternative Investment Business.
The Company's profitability may be adversely affected by decreases in revenue relating to changes in market and economic conditions.
Market conditions have been and remain inherently unpredictable and outside of the Company's control, and may result in reductions in the Company's revenue and results of operations. Such reductions may be caused by a decline in assets under management, resulting in lower management fees and incentive income, an increase in the cost of financial instruments, lower investment returns or reduced demand for assets held by investment advisory products managed by the Company's alternative investment business, which would negatively affect its ability to realize value from such assets or continued investor redemptions, resulting in lower fees and increased difficulty in raising new capital.
These factors may reduce the Company's revenue, revenue growth and income and may slow the growth of the alternative investment business or may cause the contraction of the alternative investment business. In particular, negative performance reduces assets under management, which decreases the management fees and incentive income that the Company ultimately earns. Negative performance of the Company's investment advisory products or its own proprietary investments also decreases revenue derived from the Company's returns on investment of its own capital.
The Company's ability to increase revenues and improve profitability will depend on increasing assets under management in existing alternative investment strategies and developing and marketing new investment products and strategies, including identifying and hiring or affiliating with new investment teams.
The Company’s alternative investment business generates management and incentive fee income based on its assets under management. If the Company is unable to increase its assets under management in its existing products it may be difficult to increase its revenues. The Company has recently developed and launched several new products, including a UCITS listed company offering a merger arbitrage strategy, and a long/short equity strategy. The Company may also launch new alternative investment products and hire or affiliate with new investment teams focusing on new investment strategies. If these products or strategies are not successful, or if the Company is unable to hire or affiliate with new investment teams, or successfully manage its relationships with its affiliated investment teams, the Company's profitability could be adversely affected.
The Company's revenues and, in particular, its ability to earn incentive income, would be adversely affected if its investment advisory products fall beneath their "high-water marks" as a result of negative performance.
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Incentive income, which has historically comprised a substantial portion of the Company’s alternative investment advisory business annual revenues, is, in most cases, subject to "high-water marks" whereby incentive income is earned by the Company only to the extent that the net asset value of an investment advisory product at the end of a measurement period exceeds the highest net asset value as of the end of a preceding measurement period for which the Company earned incentive income. The Company's incentive allocations are also subject, in some cases, to performance hurdles or benchmarks. To the extent the Company's investment advisory products experience negative investment performance, the investors in or beneficial owners of these investment advisory products would need to recover cumulative losses before the Company can earn incentive income with respect to the investments of those who previously suffered losses.
It may be difficult for the Company's alternative investment business to retain investment professionals during periods where market conditions make it more difficult to generate positive investment returns.
Certain of the Company's investment advisory products face particular retention issues with respect to investment professionals whose compensation is tied, often in large part, to such performance thresholds. This retention risk is heightened during periods where market conditions make it more difficult to generate positive investment returns. For example, several investment professionals receive performance-based compensation at the end of each year based upon their annual investment performance, and this performance-based compensation represents substantially all of the compensation the professional is entitled to receive during the year. If the investment professional's annual performance is negative, the professional may not be entitled to receive any performance-based compensation for the year. If investment professionals or funds, as the case may be, produce investment results that are negative (or below the applicable hurdle or benchmark), the affected investment professionals may be incentivized to join a competitor because doing so would allow them to earn performance-based compensation without the requirement that they first satisfy the high-water mark.
Investors and beneficial owners in the Company's investment advisory products can generally redeem investments with prior notice. The rate of redemptions could accelerate at any time. Historically, redemptions have created difficulties in managing the liquidity of certain of the Company's investment advisory products, reduced assets under management and adversely affected the Company's revenues, and may do so in the future.
Investors in the Company's funds and investors with managed accounts may generally redeem their investments with prior notice, subject to certain initial holding periods. Investors may reduce the aggregate amount of their investments, or transfer their investments to other funds or asset managers with different fee rate arrangements, for any number of reasons, including investment performance, changes in prevailing interest rates and financial market performance. Furthermore, investors in the Company's funds may be investors in products managed by other alternative asset managers where redemptions have been restricted or suspended. Such investors may redeem capital from Company's funds, even if the Company's funds' performance is superior, due to an inability to redeem capital from other managers. Increased volatility in global markets could accelerate the pace of fund and managed account redemptions. Redemptions of investments in the Company's funds could also take place more quickly than assets may be sold by those funds to meet the price of such redemptions, which could result in the relevant funds and/or the Company being in breach of applicable legal, regulatory and contractual requirements in relation to such redemptions, resulting in possible regulatory and investor actions against the Company and/or the Company's funds. If the Company's funds or managed accounts underperform, existing investors may decide to reduce or redeem their investments or transfer asset management responsibility to other asset managers and the Company may be unable to obtain new alternative investment business. Any such action could potentially cause further redemptions and/or make it more difficult to attract new investors.
The redemption of investments in the Company's funds or in managed accounts could also adversely affect the revenues of the Company's alternative investment business, which are substantially dependent upon the assets under management in the Company's funds. If redemptions of investments cause revenues to decline, they would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. If market conditions, negative performance or other factors cause an increased level of redemption activity returns, it could become more difficult to manage the liquidity requirements of the Company's funds, making it more difficult or more costly for the Company's funds to liquidate positions rapidly to meet redemption requests or otherwise. This in turn may negatively impact the Company's returns on its own invested capital.
In addition to the impact on the market value of assets under management, illiquidity and volatility of the global financial markets could negatively affect the ability of the Company's alternative investment business to manage inflows and outflows from the Company's funds. Several alternative investment managers, including the Company's alternative investment business, have in the past exercised, and may in the future exercise, their rights to limit, and in some cases, suspend, redemptions from the funds they manage. The Company's alternative investment business has also negotiated, and may in the future negotiate, with investors or exercise such rights in an attempt to limit redemptions or create a variety of other investor structures to bring fund assets and liquidity requirements into a more manageable balance. To the extent that the Company's alternative investment business has negotiated with investors to limit redemptions, it may be likely that such investors will continue to seek further redemptions in the future. Such actions may have an adverse effect on the ability of the Company's funds to attract new capital
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to existing funds or to develop new investment platforms. Poor performance relative to other asset management firms may result in reduced investments in the Company's funds and managed accounts and increased redemptions from the Company's funds and managed accounts. As a result, investment underperformance would likely have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial condition.
Hedge fund investments, including the investments of the Company's own capital in the Company's funds, are subject to other additional risks.
Investments by the Company's funds are subject to certain risks that may result in losses. Decreases to assets under management as a result of investment losses or client redemptions may have a material adverse effect on the Company's revenues, net income and cash flows and could harm our ability to maintain or grow assets under management in existing funds or raise additional funds in the future. Additional risks include the following:
• | Generally, there are few limitations on hedge funds' investment strategies, which are often subject to the sole discretion of the management company or the general partner of such funds. |
• | Hedge funds may engage in short selling, which is subject to a theoretically unlimited risk of loss because there is no limit on how much the price of a security sold short may appreciate before the short position is closed out. A fund may be subject to losses if a security lender demands return of the lent securities and an alternative lending source cannot be found or if the fund is otherwise unable to borrow securities that are necessary to hedge its positions. Furthermore, by the SEC and other regulatory authorities outside the United States have imposed trading restrictions and reporting requirements on short selling, which in certain circumstances may impair hedge funds' ability to use short selling effectively. |
• | The efficacy of investment and trading strategies depend largely on the ability to establish and maintain an overall market position through a combination of financial instruments. A hedge fund's trading orders may not be executed in a timely and efficient manner due to various circumstances, including systems failures or human error. In such event, the fund might only be able to acquire some but not all of the components of the position, or if the overall position were in need of adjustment, the fund might not be able to make such an adjustment. As a result, a hedge fund would not be able to achieve the market position selected by the management company or general partner of such fund, and might incur a loss in liquidating its position. |
• | Credit risk may arise through a default by one of several large institutions that are dependent on one another to meet their respective liquidity or operational needs, so that a default by one institution causes a series of defaults by the other institutions. This "systemic risk" may adversely affect the financial intermediaries (such as clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, securities firms, other counterparties and exchanges) with which the hedge funds interact on a daily basis. |
• | Hedge funds are subject to risks due to the potential illiquidity of assets. Hedge funds may make investments or hold trading positions in markets that are volatile and which may become illiquid. The timely sale of trading positions can be impaired by decreased trading volume, increased price volatility, concentrated trading positions, limitations on the ability to transfer positions in highly specialized or structured transactions to which they may be a party, and changes in industry and government regulations. It may be impossible or highly costly for hedge funds to liquidate positions rapidly to meet margin calls, redemption requests or otherwise, particularly if there are other market participants seeking to dispose of similar assets at the same time, if the relevant market is otherwise moving against a position or in the event of trading halts or daily price movement limitations on the market. In addition, increased levels of redemptions may result in increased illiquidity as more liquid assets are sold to fund redemptions. |
• | Hedge fund investments are subject to risks relating to investments in commodities, futures, options and other derivatives, the prices of which are highly volatile and may be subject to the theoretically unlimited risk of loss in certain circumstances. Price movements of commodities, futures and options contracts and payments pursuant to swap agreements are influenced by, among other things, interest rates, changing supply and demand relationships, trade, fiscal, monetary and exchange control programs and policies of governments and national and international political and economic events and policies. The value of futures, options and swap agreements also depends upon the price of the commodities underlying them. In addition, hedge funds' assets are subject to the risk of the failure of any of the exchanges on which their positions trade. |
• | Hedge fund investments that are not denominated in the U.S. dollar are subject to the risk that the value of a particular currency will change in relation to one or more other currencies. Among the factors that may affect currency values are trade balances, the level of short-term interest rates, differences in relative values of similar assets in different currencies, long-term opportunities for investment and capital appreciation and political developments. Officials in foreign countries may, from time to time, take actions in respect of their currencies that could significantly affect the value of a hedge fund’s assets denominated in those currencies or the liquidity of such investments. For example, a |
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foreign government may unilaterally devalue its currency against other currencies, which would typically have the effect of reducing the U.S. dollar value of investments denominated in that currency. A foreign government may also limit the convertibility or repatriation of its currency or assets denominated in that currency. While the Company generally expects to hedge its exposure to currencies other than the U.S. dollar, and may do so through foreign currency futures contracts and options thereon, forward foreign currency exchange contracts, swaps or any combination thereof, but there can be no assurance that such hedging strategies will be implemented, or if implemented, will be effective. While a hedge fund may enter into currency hedging transactions to seek to reduce risk, such transactions may result in a poorer overall performance than if it had not engaged in such hedging transactions. For a variety of reasons, the Company may not seek to establish a perfect correlation between the hedging instruments utilized and the portfolio holdings being hedged. Such an imperfect correlation may prevent the Company from achieving the intended hedge or expose a fund to risk of loss.
• | Hedge funds are also subject to the risk that war, terrorism, and related geopolitical events may lead to increased short-term market volatility and have adverse long-term effects on the U.S. and world economies and markets generally, as well as adverse effects on issuers of securities and the value of investments. War, terrorism, and related geopolitical events have led, and in the future may lead, to increased short-term market volatility and may have adverse long-term effects on U.S. and non-U.S. economies and markets generally. Those events, as well as other changes in U.S. and non-U.S. economic and political conditions, also could adversely affect individual issuers or related groups of issuers, securities markets, interest rates, credit ratings, inflation, investor sentiment and other factors affecting the value of the Company’s investments. |
If the Company's or managed account's counterparty for any of its derivative or non-derivative contracts defaults on the performance of those contracts, the Company may not be able to cover its exposure under the relevant contract.
The Company's funds and managed accounts enter into numerous types of financing arrangements with a wide array of counterparties around the world, including loans, hedge contracts, swaps, repurchase agreements and other derivative and non-derivative contracts. The terms of these contracts are generally complex and often customized and generally are not subject to regulatory oversight. The Company is subject to the risk that the counterparty to one or more of these contracts may default, either voluntarily or involuntarily, on its performance under the contract. Any such default may occur at any time without notice. Additionally, the Company may not be able to take action to cover its exposure if a counterparty defaults under such a contract, either because of a lack of the contractual ability or because market conditions make it difficult to take effective action. The impact of market stress or counterparty financial condition may not be accurately foreseen or evaluated and, as a result, the Company may not take sufficient action to reduce its risks effectively.
Counterparty risk is accentuated where the fund or managed account has concentrated its transactions with a single or small group of counterparties. Generally, hedge funds are not restricted from concentrating any or all of their transactions with one counterparty. Moreover, the Company's internal review of the creditworthiness of their counterparties may prove inaccurate. The absence of a regulated market to facilitate settlement and the evaluation of creditworthiness may increase the potential for losses.
In addition, these financing arrangements often contain provisions that give counterparties the ability to terminate the arrangements if any of a number of defaults occurs with respect to the Company or its funds or managed accounts, as the case may be, including declines in performance or assets under management and losses of key management personnel, each of which may be beyond our control. In the event of any such termination, the Company's funds or managed accounts may not be able to enter into alternative arrangements with other counterparties and our business may be materially adversely affected.
The Company may suffer losses in connection with the insolvency of prime brokers, custodians, administrators and other agents whose services the Company uses and who may hold assets of the Company's funds.
All of the Company's funds use the services of prime brokers, custodians, administrators or other agents to carry out certain securities transactions and to conduct certain business of the Company's funds. In the event of the insolvency of a prime broker and/or custodian, the Company's funds might not be able to recover equivalent assets in full as they may rank among the prime broker's and custodian's unsecured creditors in relation to assets which the prime broker or custodian borrows, lends or otherwise uses. In addition, the Company's funds' cash held with a prime broker or custodian (if any) may not be segregated from the prime broker's or custodian's own cash, and the funds will therefore rank as unsecured creditors in relation thereto.
Operational risks relating to the failure of data processing systems and other information systems and technology may disrupt our alternative investment business, result in losses and/or limit the business's operations and growth.
The Company's alternative investment business and its funds rely heavily on financial, accounting, trading and other data processing systems to, among other things, execute, confirm, settle and record transactions across markets and geographic locations in a time-sensitive, efficient and accurate manner. If any of these systems does not operate properly or are disabled,
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the Company could suffer financial loss, a disruption of its business, liability to the Company's funds, regulatory intervention and/or reputational damage. In addition, the Company's alternative investment business is highly dependent on information systems and technology, and the cost of maintaining such systems may increase from its current level. Such a failure to accommodate the operational needs of the Company's alternative investment business, or an increase in costs related to such information systems, could have a material adverse effect on the Company, both with respect to a decrease in the operational performance of its alternative investment business and an increase in costs that may be necessary to improve such systems.
The Company depends on its presence in New York, New York, where most of the Company's alternative investment personnel are located, for the continued operation of its business. We have taken precautions to limit the impact that a disruption to operations at our New York headquarters could cause (for example, by ensuring that the Company can operate independently of offices in other geographic locations). Although these precautions have been taken, a disaster or a disruption in the infrastructure that supports our alternative investment business, including a disruption involving electronic communications or other services used by the third parties with whom the Company's alternative investment business conducts business (including the funds invested in by the Company’s fund of funds platform), or directly affecting the New York, New York, headquarters, could have a material adverse impact on the Company's ability to continue to operate its alternative investment business without interruption. The Company's disaster recovery programs may not be sufficient to mitigate the harm that may result from such a disaster or disruption. In addition, insurance might only partially reimburse us for our losses, if at all. Finally, the Company relies on third party service providers for certain aspects of its business, including for certain information systems and technology and administration of the Company's funds. Severe interruptions or deteriorations in the performance of these third parties or failures of their information systems and technology could impair the quality of the Company's alternative investment business operations and could impact the Company's reputation and materially adversely affect our alternative investment business.
Certain of the Company's funds may invest in relatively high-risk, illiquid assets, and the Company may fail to realize any profits from these activities for a considerable period of time or lose some or all of the principal amounts of these investments.
Certain of the Company's funds and managed accounts invest a portion of their assets in securities that are not publicly traded. In many cases, such funds may be prohibited by contract or by applicable securities laws from selling such securities for a period of time or there may not be a public market for such securities. Even if the securities are publicly traded, large holdings of securities can often be disposed of only over a substantial length of time, exposing the investment returns to risks of downward movement in market prices during the disposition period. Accordingly, under certain conditions, the Company's funds may be forced to either sell securities at lower prices than they had expected to realize or defer, potentially for a considerable period of time, sales that they had planned to make. Investing in these types of investments can involve a high degree of risk, and the Company's funds may lose some or all of the principal amount of such investments, including our own invested capital.
Risk management activities may materially adversely affect the return on the Company's funds' investments if such activities do not effectively limit a fund's exposure to decreases in investment values or if such exposure is overestimated.
When managing the Company's funds' exposure to market risks, the relevant fund (or one of the funds invested in by the Company) may use forward contracts, options, swaps, caps, collars and floors or pursue other strategies or use other forms of derivative financial instruments to limit its exposure to changes in the relative values of investments that may result from market developments, including changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates and asset prices. The success of such derivative transactions generally will depend on the Company's (or the underlying fund manager's) ability to accurately predict market changes in a timely fashion, the degree of correlation between price movements of a derivative instrument, the position being hedged, the creditworthiness of the counterparty and other factors. As a result, these transactions may result in poorer overall investment performance than if they had not been executed. Such transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the value of a hedged position increases. A perfect correlation between the instruments used in a hedging or other derivative transaction and the position being hedged may not be attained. An imperfect correlation could give rise to a loss. Also, it may not be possible to fully or perfectly limit exposure against all changes in the value of an investment because the value of an investment is likely to fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, many of which will be beyond the Company's (or the underlying fund manager's) control or ability to hedge.
Fluctuations in currency exchange rates could materially affect the Company's alternative investment business and its results of operations and financial condition.
The Company uses U.S. dollars as its reporting currency. Investments in the Company's funds and managed accounts are made in different currencies, including Euros, Pounds Sterling, Australian Dollar and Yen. In addition, the Company's funds and managed accounts hold investments denominated in many foreign currencies. To the extent that the Company's revenues from its alternative investment business are based on assets under management denominated in such foreign currencies, our reported revenues may be significantly affected by the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar against these currencies. Typically, an increase in
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the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and these currencies will reduce the impact of revenues denominated in these currencies in the financial results of our alternative investment business. For example, management fee revenues derived from each Euro and Australian Dollar of assets under management denominated in Euros and Australian Dollar will decline in U.S. dollar terms if the value of the U.S. dollar appreciates against the Euro and Australian Dollar. In addition, the calculation of the amount of assets under management is affected by exchange rate movements as assets under management denominated in foreign currencies are converted to U.S. dollars. The Company's alternative investment business also incurs a portion of its expenditures in currencies other than U.S. dollars. As a result, our alternative investment business is subject to the effects of exchange rate fluctuations with respect to any currency conversions and the Company’s ability to hedge these risks and the cost of such hedging or the Company’s decision not to hedge could impact the performance of the Company's funds and our alternative investment business and its results of operations and financial condition.
The due diligence process that the Company's alternative investment business undertakes in connection with investments by the Company's funds is inherently limited and may not reveal all facts that may be relevant in connection with making an investment.
Before making investments, particularly investments in securities that are not publicly traded, the Company endeavors to conduct a due diligence review of such investment that it deems reasonable and appropriate based on the facts and circumstances applicable to each investment. When conducting due diligence, the Company is often required to evaluate critical and complex business, financial, tax, accounting, environmental and legal issues. Outside consultants, legal advisors, accountants, investment bankers and financial analysts may be involved in the due diligence process in varying degrees depending on the type of investment. Nevertheless, when conducting due diligence and making an assessment regarding an investment, the Company is limited to the resources available, including information provided by the target of the investment and, in some circumstances, third party investigations. The due diligence investigation that the Company conducts with respect to any investment opportunity may not reveal or highlight all relevant facts that may be necessary or helpful in evaluating such investment opportunity. Moreover, such an investigation will not necessarily result in the investment being successful, which may adversely affect the performance of the Company's funds and managed accounts and the Company's ability to generate returns on its own invested capital from any such investment.
The Company's real estate business is subject to the risks inherent in the ownership and operation of real estate and the construction and development of real estate.
The Company's real estate business is subject to the risks inherent in the ownership and operation of real estate and real estate-related businesses and assets. These risks include those associated with general and local economic conditions, changes in supply of and demand for competing properties in an area, changes in environmental regulations and other laws, various uninsured or uninsurable risks, natural disasters, changes in real property tax rates, changes in interest rates, the reduced availability of mortgage financing which may render the sale or refinancing of properties difficult or impracticable, environmental liabilities, contingent liabilities on disposition of assets, terrorist attacks, war and other factors that are beyond our control. Further, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has found that global climate change could increase the severity and perhaps the frequency of extreme weather events, which could subject real property to increased weather-related risks in the coming years. There are also presently a number of current and proposed regulatory initiatives, both domestically and globally, that are geared towards limiting and scaling back the emission of greenhouse gases, which certain scientists have linked to global climate change. Although not known with certainty at this time, such regulation could adversely affect the costs to construct and operate real estate in the coming years, such as through increased energy costs.
In recent years commercial real estate markets in the United States generally experienced major disruptions due to the unprecedented lack of available capital, in the form of either debt or equity, and declines in value as a result of the overall economic decline. If these conditions were to occur again transaction volume may drop precipitously, negatively impacting the valuation and performance of the Company's real estate investments significantly. Additionally, if the Company's real estate business acquires direct or indirect interests in undeveloped land or underdeveloped real property, which may often be non-income producing, they will be subject to the risks normally associated with such assets and development activities, including risks relating to the availability and timely receipt of zoning and other regulatory or environmental approvals, the cost, potential for cost overruns and timely completion of construction (including risks beyond the control of the investor, such as weather or labor conditions or material shortages) and the availability of both construction and permanent financing on favorable terms.
Our third party reinsurance business could expose us to losses.
We provide third party reinsurance coverage through our Luxembourg subsidiary, Hollenfels Re S.A (“Hollenfels”). We have written polices relating to property and casualty, worker's compensation, general liability and construction performance bonds and may issue reinsurance policies relating to other types of insurance. Because we write reinsurance, the success of our underwriting efforts depends, in part, upon the policies, procedures and expertise of the ceding companies making the original underwriting decisions. We face the risk that these ceding companies may fail to accurately assess the risks that they assume initially, which, in turn, may lead us to inaccurately assess the risks we assume. If we fail to establish and receive appropriate
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premium rates or the claims we receive exceed the premiums and retrocession recoverables we are able to collect, we will suffer losses.
We may be unable to purchase retrocession reinsurance and our retrocession agreements subject us to third-party credit risk.
We may enter into retrocession agreements with third parties in order to limit our exposure to losses from the reinsurance coverage provided by Hollenfels. Changes in the availability and cost of retrocession reinsurance, which are subject to market conditions that are outside of our control, may reduce to some extent our ability to use retrocession reinsurance to balance exposures across our reinsurance operations. Accordingly, we may not be able to obtain our desired amounts of retrocession reinsurance. In addition, even if we are able to obtain such reinsurance, we may not be able to negotiate terms that we deem appropriate or acceptable or obtain such reinsurance from entities with satisfactory creditworthiness. While we seek to do business with creditworthy counterparties, if the parties who provide us with retrocession are not able to meet their obligations to us or fail to make timely payments under the terms of our retrocession agreements, we could be materially and adversely affected because we may remain liable under the terms.
The alternative investment industry is intensely competitive, which may adversely affect the Company's ability to attract and retain investors and investment professionals.
The alternative investment industry is extremely competitive. Competition includes numerous international, national, regional and local asset management firms and broker-dealers, commercial bank and thrift institutions, and other financial institutions. Many of these institutions offer products and services that are similar to, or compete with, those offered by us and have substantially more personnel and greater financial resources than the Company does. The key areas for competition include historical investment performance, the ability to identify investment opportunities, the ability to attract and retain the best investment professionals and the quality of service provided to investors. The Company's ability to compete may be adversely affected if it underperforms in comparison to relevant benchmarks, peer groups or competing asset managers. The competitive market environment may result in increased downward pressure on fees, for example, by reduced management fee and incentive allocation percentages. The future results of operations of the Company's alternative investment business are dependent in part on its ability to maintain appropriate fee levels for its products and services. In the current economic environment, many competing asset managers experienced substantial declines in investment performance, increased redemptions, or counterparty exposures which impaired their businesses. Some of these asset managers have reduced their fees in an attempt to avoid additional redemptions. Competition within the alternative investment industry could lead to pressure on the Company to reduce the fees that it charges its clients for alternative investment products and services. A failure to compete effectively may result in the loss of existing clients and business, and of opportunities to generate new business and grow assets under management, each of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's alternative investment business and results of operations, financial condition and prospects. Furthermore, consolidation in the alternative investment industry may accelerate, as many asset managers are unable to withstand the substantial declines in investment performance, increased redemptions, and other pressures impacting their businesses, including increased regulatory, compliance and control requirements. Some competitors may acquire or combine with other competitors. The combined business may have greater resources than the Company does and may be able to compete more effectively against the Company and rapidly acquire significant market share.
Increased regulatory focus could result in regulation that may limit the manner in which the Company and the investment advisory products it manages invest in the Company's investment advisory products, materially impacting the Company's business.
The Company's alternative investment business may be adversely affected if new or revised legislation or regulations are enacted, or by changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing rules and regulations imposed by the SEC, other U.S. or foreign governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets and their participants. Such changes could place limitations on the type of investor that can invest in alternative investment funds or on the conditions under which such investors may invest. Further, such changes may limit the scope of investing activities that may be undertaken by alternative investment managers as well as their funds. It is impossible to determine the extent of the impact of any new or recently enacted laws, including the Dodd-Frank Act, or any regulations or initiatives that may be proposed, or whether any of the proposals will become law. Compliance with any new laws or regulations could be difficult and expensive and affect the manner in which the Company's alternative investment business conducts itself, which may adversely impact its results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
Additionally, as a result of highly publicized financial scandals, investors, regulators and the general public have exhibited concerns over the integrity of both the U.S. financial markets and the regulatory oversight of these markets. As a result, the business environment in which Company's alternative investment business operates is subject to heightened regulation. With respect to alternative investment funds, in recent years, there has been debate in both U.S. and foreign governments about new rules or regulations, including increased oversight or taxation, in addition to the recently enacted
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legislation described above. As calls for additional regulation have increased, there may be a related increase in regulatory investigations of the trading and other investment activities of alternative investment funds, including the Company's funds. Such investigations may impose additional expenses on the Company, may require the attention of senior management and may result in fines if any of the Company's funds are deemed to have violated any regulations.
The Company's alternative investment business may suffer as a result of loss of business from key investors.
The loss of all or a substantial portion of the business provided by key investors could have a material impact on income derived from management fees and incentive allocations and consequently have a material adverse effect on our alternative investment business and results of operations or financial condition.
The success of our Cowen Aviation business depends on our ability to lease the aircraft we own and to dispose of the aircraft at the end of the lease terms.
Our Cowen Aviation business leases specialized aircraft to various counterparties. We may incur losses if these counterparties do not renew their leases with us if we are unable to re-lease the aircraft to different counterparties. In addition, we may also incur losses if the residual value of the aircraft at the end of the lease terms is less than what we expected the value to be or if we are unable to dispose of the aircraft at the end of the lease term.
Risks Related to the Company's Broker-Dealer Business
The Company's broker-dealer business focuses principally on specific sectors of the economy, and deterioration in the business environment in these sectors or a decline in the market for securities of companies within these sectors could materially affect our broker-dealer business.
The Company focuses principally on the Target Sectors of the economy. Therefore, volatility in the business environment in these sectors or in the market for securities of companies within these sectors could substantially affect the Company's financial results. The business environment for companies in these sectors has been subject to substantial volatility, and the Company's financial results have consequently been subject to significant variations from year to year. The market for securities in each of the Company's target sectors may also be subject to industry-specific risks. For example, changes in policies of the United States Food and Drug Administration, along with changes to Medicare and government reimbursement policies, may affect the market for securities of healthcare companies, and changes to how the U.S. government reviews foreign acquisitions of U.S. based companies may make executing M&A transactions more difficult.
As an investment bank which focuses primarily on specific growth sectors of the economy, the Company also depends significantly on private company transactions for sources of revenues and potential business opportunities. To the extent the pace of these private company transactions slows or the average size declines due to a decrease in private equity financings, difficult market conditions in the Company's target sectors or other factors, the Company's business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
The financial results of the Company's broker-dealer business may fluctuate substantially from period to period.
The Company has experienced, and we expect to experience in the future, significant periodic variations in its revenues and results of operations. These variations may be attributed in part to the fact that its investment banking revenues are typically earned upon the successful completion of a transaction, the timing of which is uncertain and beyond the Company's control. In most cases, the Company receives little or no payment for investment banking engagements that do not result in the successful completion of a transaction. As a result, our broker-dealer business is highly dependent on market conditions as well as the decisions and actions of its clients and interested third parties. For example, a client's acquisition transaction may be delayed or terminated because of a failure to agree upon final terms with the counterparty, failure to obtain necessary regulatory consents or board or stockholder approvals, failure to secure necessary financing, adverse market conditions or unexpected financial or other problems in the client's or counterparty's business. If the parties fail to complete a transaction on which the Company is advising or an offering in which the Company is participating, we will earn little or no revenue from the transaction, and we may incur significant expenses that may not be recouped. This risk may be intensified by the Company's focus on growth companies in the Target Sectors as the market for securities of these companies has experienced significant variations in the number and size of equity offerings. Many companies initiating the process of an IPO are simultaneously exploring other strategic alternatives, such as a merger and acquisition transaction. The Company's broker-dealer revenues would be adversely affected in the event that an IPO for which it is acting as an underwriter is preempted by the company's sale if the Company is not also engaged as a strategic advisor in such sale. As a result, our broker-dealer business is unlikely to achieve steady and predictable earnings on a quarterly basis.
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Pricing and other competitive pressures may impair the revenues of the Company's brokerage business.
The Company's brokerage business accounted for approximately 60% of the broker-dealer segment's revenues during 2016. Along with other firms, the Company has experienced price competition in this business in recent years. In particular, the ability to execute trades electronically and through alternative trading systems has increased the pressure on trading commissions and spreads. We expect to continue to experience competitive pressures in these and other areas in the future as some of our competitors in the investment banking industry seek to obtain market share by competing on the basis of price or use their own capital to facilitate client trading activities. In addition, the Company faces pressure from larger competitors, who may be better able to offer a broader range of complementary products and services to clients in order to win their trading or prime brokerage business. We are committed to maintaining and improving the Company's comprehensive research coverage to support its brokerage business and the Company may be required to make additional investments in the Company's research capabilities.
The Company faces strong competition from larger firms.
The research, brokerage and investment banking industries are intensely competitive, and the Company expects them to remain so. The Company competes on the basis of a number of factors, including client relationships, reputation, the abilities of the Company's professionals, market focus and the relative quality and price of the Company's services and products. The Company has experienced intense price competition in some of its businesses, including trading commissions and spreads in its brokerage business. In addition, pricing and other competitive pressures in investment banking, including the trends toward multiple book runners, co-managers and financial advisors, and a larger share of the underwriting fees and discounts being allocated to the book-runners, could adversely affect the Company's revenues from its broker-dealer business.
The Company is a relatively small investment bank. Many of the Company's competitors in the research, brokerage and investment banking industries have a broader range of products and services, greater financial resources, larger customer bases, greater name recognition and marketing resources, a larger number of senior professionals to serve their clients' needs, greater global reach and more established relationships with clients than the Company has. These larger competitors may be better able to respond to changes in the research, brokerage and investment banking industries, to compete for skilled professionals, to finance acquisitions, to fund internal growth and to compete for market share generally.
The scale of our competitors in the investment banking industry has increased in recent years as a result of substantial consolidation among companies in the research, brokerage and investment banking industries. In addition, a number of large commercial banks and other broad-based financial services firms have established or acquired underwriting or financial advisory practices and broker-dealers or have merged with other financial institutions. These firms have the ability to offer a wider range of products than the Company does which may enhance their competitive position. They also have the ability to support their investment banking and advisory groups with commercial banking and other financial services in an effort to gain market share, which has resulted, and could further result, in pricing pressure in the Company's businesses. If we are unable to compete effectively with our competitors in the investment banking industry, the Company's business and results of operations may be adversely affected.
The Company's capital markets and strategic advisory engagements are singular in nature and do not generally provide for subsequent engagements.
The Company's investment banking clients generally retain the Company on a short-term, engagement-by-engagement basis in connection with specific capital markets or mergers and acquisitions transactions, rather than on a recurring basis under long-term contracts. As these transactions are typically singular in nature and the Company's engagements with these clients may not recur, the Company must seek out new engagements when its current engagements are successfully completed or are terminated. As a result, high activity levels in any period are not necessarily indicative of continued high levels of activity in any subsequent period. If the Company is unable to generate a substantial number of new engagements that generate fees from new or existing clients, the Company's broker-dealer business and results of operations would likely be adversely affected.
Larger and more frequent capital commitments in the Company's trading and underwriting businesses increase the potential for significant losses.
There has been a trend toward larger and more frequent commitments of capital by financial services firms in many of their activities. For example, in order to compete for certain transactions, investment banks may commit to purchase large blocks of stock from publicly traded issuers or significant stockholders, instead of the more traditional marketed underwriting process in which marketing is completed before an investment bank commits to purchase securities for resale. To the extent the total net capital of the Company's broker-dealers allows it, the Company anticipates participating in this trend and, as a result, the Company will be subject to increased risk as it commits capital to facilitate business. As of December 31, 2016, the Company has total net capital of approximately $65.3 million. Furthermore, the Company may suffer losses as a result of the
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positions taken in these transactions even when economic and market conditions are generally favorable for others in the industry.
The Company may enter into large transactions in which it commits its own capital as part of its trading business to facilitate client trading activities. The number and size of these large transactions may materially affect the Company's results of operations in a given period. Market fluctuations may also cause the Company to incur significant losses from its trading activities. To the extent that the Company owns assets (i.e., has long positions), a downturn in the value of those assets or in the markets in which those assets are traded could result in losses. Conversely, to the extent that the Company has sold assets it does not own (i.e., has short positions), in any of those markets, an upturn in the value of those assets or in markets in which those assets are traded could expose the Company's broker-dealer business to potentially large losses as it attempts to cover short positions by acquiring assets in a rising market.
Operational risks relating to the failure of data processing systems and other information systems and technology or other infrastructure may disrupt the Company's broker-dealer business and result in losses or limit our operations and growth in the industry.
The Company's broker-dealer business is highly dependent on its ability to process, on a daily basis, a large number of transactions across diverse markets, and the transactions that the Company processes have become increasingly complex. The inability of the Company's systems to accommodate an increasing volume of transactions could also constrain the Company's ability to expand its broker-dealer business. If any of these systems do not operate properly or are disabled, or if there are other shortcomings or failures in the Company's internal processes, people or systems, the Company could suffer impairments, financial loss, a disruption of its broker-dealer business, liability to clients, regulatory intervention or reputational damage.
The Company has outsourced certain aspects of its technology infrastructure including data centers and wide area networks, as well as some trading applications. The Company is dependent on its technology providers to manage and monitor those functions. A disruption of any of the outsourced services would be out of the Company's control and could negatively impact our broker-dealer business. The Company has experienced disruptions on occasion, none of which has been material to the Company's operations and results. However, there can be no guarantee that future material disruptions with these providers will not occur.
The Company also faces the risk of operational failure of or termination of relations with any of the clearing agents, exchanges, clearing houses or other financial intermediaries that the Company uses to facilitate its securities transactions. Any such failure or termination could adversely affect the Company's ability to effect transactions and to manage its exposure to risk.
In addition, the Company's ability to conduct its broker-dealer business may be adversely impacted by a disruption in the infrastructure that supports Company and the communities in which we are located. This may affect, among other things, the Company's financial, accounting or other data processing systems. This may include a disruption involving electrical, communications, transportation or other services used by us or third parties with which the Company conducts business, whether due to fire, other natural disaster, power or communications failure, act of terrorism or war or otherwise. Nearly all of our broker-dealer employees in our primary locations in New York, Boston, San Francisco and London work in close proximity to each other. Although the Company has a formal disaster recovery plan in place, if a disruption occurs in one location and our broker-dealer employees in that location are unable to communicate with or travel to other locations, the Company's ability to service and interact with its clients may suffer, and the Company may not be able to implement successfully contingency plans that depend on communication or travel.
Our broker-dealer business also relies on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in its computer systems and networks. The Company's computer systems, software and networks may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses or other malicious code and other events that could have a security impact. If one or more of such events occur, this could jeopardize our or our broker-dealer clients' or counterparties' confidential and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, the Company's computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our broker-dealer business', its clients', its counterparties' or third parties' operations. The Company may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify its protective measures, to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures or to make required notifications, and the Company may be subject to litigation and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by the Company.
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The market structure in which our market-making business operates may make it difficult for this business to maintain profitability.
Market structure changes have had an adverse effect on the results of operations of our market-making business. These changes may make it difficult for us to maintain and/or predict levels of profitability of, or may cause us to generate losses in, our market-making business.
The growth of electronic trading and the introduction of new technology in the markets in which our market-making business operates may adversely affect this business and may increase competition.
The continued growth of electronic trading and the introduction of new technologies is changing our market-making business and presenting new challenges. Securities, futures and options transactions are increasingly occurring electronically, through alternative trading systems. It appears that the trend toward alternative trading systems will continue to accelerate. This acceleration could further increase program trading, increase the speed of transactions and decrease our ability to participate in transactions as principal, which would reduce the profitability of our market-making business. Some of these alternative trading systems compete with our market-making business and with our algorithmic trading platform, and we may experience continued competitive pressures in these and other areas. Significant resources have been invested in the development of our electronic trading systems, which includes our ATM business, but there is no assurance that the revenues generated by these systems will yield an adequate return on the investment, particularly given the increased program trading and increased percentage of stocks trading off of the historically manual trading markets.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Our principle offices, all of which are leased, are located in New York City, Boston, San Francisco and London. Our other offices, all of which are leased, are located in Atlanta, Chicago, Cleveland, Greenwich, Houston, Jersey City, Menlo Park, Port Orange, Stamford, Purchase, Washington D.C., Luxembourg, Belfast, Hong Kong, and other various locations. Our corporate headquarters are located in New York, New York and comprise approximately 150,000 square feet of leased space pursuant to lease agreements through 2023. We lease approximately 19,000 square feet of space in Boston pursuant to a lease agreement expiring in 2023, which is used primarily by our broker-dealer segment. In San Francisco, we lease approximately 22,000 square feet of space, pursuant to a lease agreement expiring in 2025 which is used by our broker-dealer segment. Our London offices are subject to lease agreements expiring in 2022 which are used by our alternative investment and broker-dealer segments.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
In the ordinary course of business, we are named as defendants in, or as parties to, various legal actions and proceedings. Certain of these actions and proceedings assert claims or seek relief in connection with alleged violations of securities, banking, anti-fraud, anti-money laundering, employment and other statutory and common laws. Certain of these actual or threatened legal actions and proceedings include claims for substantial or indeterminate compensatory or punitive damages, or for injunctive relief.
In the ordinary course of business, we are also subject to governmental and regulatory examinations, information gathering requests (both formal and informal), certain of which may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief. Certain of our affiliates and subsidiaries are investment banks, registered broker-dealers, futures commission merchants, investment advisers or other regulated entities and, in those capacities, are subject to regulation by various U.S., state and foreign securities, commodity futures and other regulators. In connection with formal and informal inquiries by these regulators, we receive requests, and orders seeking documents and other information in connection with various aspects of our regulated activities.
Due to the global scope of our operations, and presence in countries around the world, we may be subject to litigation, and governmental and regulatory examinations, information gathering requests, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal), in multiple jurisdictions with legal and regulatory regimes that may differ substantially, and present substantially different risks, from those we are subject to in the United States.
The Company seeks to resolve all litigation and regulatory matters in the manner management believes is in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders, and contests liability, allegations of wrongdoing and, where applicable, the amount of damages or scope of any penalties or other relief sought as appropriate in each pending matter.
In accordance with US GAAP, the Company establishes reserves for contingencies when the Company believes that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company discloses a
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contingency if there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss may have been incurred and there is no reserve for the loss because the conditions above are not met. The Company's disclosure includes an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss for those matters, for which an estimate can be made. Neither a reserve nor disclosure is required for losses that are deemed remote.
The Company appropriately reserves for certain matters where, in the opinion of management, the likelihood of liability is probable and the extent of such liability is reasonably estimable. Such amounts are included within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. Estimates, by their nature, are based on judgment and currently available information and involve a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the type and nature of the litigation, claim or proceeding, the progress of the matter, the advice of legal counsel, the Company's defenses and its experience in similar cases or proceedings as well as its assessment of matters, including settlements, involving other defendants in similar or related cases or proceedings. The Company may increase or decrease its legal reserves in the future, on a matter-by-matter basis, to account for developments in such matters. The Company accrues legal fees as incurred.
The following information reflects developments with respect to the Company's legal proceedings that occurred in the year ended December 31, 2016.
On May 28, 2014, Energy Intelligence Group, Inc. and Energy Intelligence Group UK (collectively, "EIG") filed a lawsuit against Cowen and Company, LLC in the United States Court for the Southern District of New York (Energy Intelligence Group, Inc. and Energy Intelligence Group UK v. Cowen and Company, LLC, No. 14-CV-3789). The complaint alleged copyright infringement based on alleged impermissible distribution of EIG's publication, Oil Daily, by Cowen and Company and Dahlman Rose & Company, LLC, as Cowen's alleged predecessor-in-interest. EIG sought statutory damages based on alleged willful infringement of their copyrights. On November 12, 2014, the Company filed an answer and affirmative defenses to the EIG complaint. On September 25, 2015, the Company filed its motion for partial summary judgment to dismiss certain of EIG’s claims relating to Dahlman Rose’s alleged copyright infringement. During the second quarter of 2016 the Company also filed a motion to disqualify EIG’s copyright counsel on conflict of interest grounds. Both of the Company’s motions were heard in the second quarter of 2016. On July 15, 2016 the District Court ruled in favor of the Company on both of its motions. The Company and EIG entered into a settlement agreement on September 30, 2016, pursuant to which EIG agreed to withdraw its lawsuit with prejudice. The settlement amount paid by the Company and the current period impact of the settlement was not material to the Company’s financial position or the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. The dismissal of the lawsuit was approved by the District Court on October 4, 2016.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not Applicable.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Stock Price Information and Stockholders
Our Class A common stock is listed and trades on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol "COWN." As of February 24, 2017, there were approximately 40 holders of record of our Class A common stock. This number does not include stockholders for whom shares were held in "nominee" or "street" name.
The following table contains historical quarterly price information for the year ended December 31, 2016. On December 5, 2016, we effected a one-for-four reverse stock split. On February 24, 2017, the last reported sale price of our Class A common stock was $14.55.
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2016 Fiscal Year | High | Low | |||||
First Quarter | $ | 15.88 | $ | 9.88 | |||
Second Quarter | 15.56 | 10.92 | |||||
Third Quarter | 15.32 | 11.48 | |||||
Fourth Quarter | 16.75 | 11.60 | |||||
2015 Fiscal Year | High | Low | |||||
First Quarter | $ | 22.12 | $ | 16.40 | |||
Second Quarter | 26.04 | 20.60 | |||||
Third Quarter | 26.36 | 17.44 | |||||
Fourth Quarter | 19.60 | 15.08 | |||||
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on Class A common stock or any other class of common stock. Any payment of cash dividends on stock in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our results of operations, earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, future prospects, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund the operation, development and expansion of our business, and therefore we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on common stock in the foreseeable future.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities: Sales of Unregistered Securities
As of December 31, 2016, the Company's Board of Directors has approved a share repurchase program that authorizes the Company to purchase up to $138.3 million of Cowen Class A common stock from time to time through a variety of methods, including in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, in accordance with applicable securities laws. During the year ended December 31, 2016, through the share repurchase program, the Company repurchased 533,939 shares of Cowen Class A common stock at an average price of $14.33 per share.
The table below sets forth the information with respect to purchases made by or on the behalf of the Company or any “affiliated purchaser” (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act, as amended), of our common stock during the year ended December 31, 2016. All amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split, which was effective December 5, 2016.
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Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs | ||||||||||
Month 1 (January 1, 2016 – January 31, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | — | $ | — | — | 18,019,322 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 888 | $ | 18.27 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 888 | |||||||||||||
Month 2 (February 1, 2016 – February 29, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | — | $ | — | — | 25,000,000 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 5,916 | $ | 12.93 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 5,916 | $ | 12.93 | |||||||||||
Month 3 (March 1, 2016 – March 31, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | 249,530 | $ | 14.31 | 249,530 | 21,429,975 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 274,365 | $ | 14.28 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 523,895 | $ | 14.29 | |||||||||||
Month 4 (April 1, 2016 – April 30, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | — | $ | — | — | 25,000,000 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 20,284 | $ | 14.32 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 20,284 | $ | 14.32 | |||||||||||
Month 5 (May 1, 2016 – May 31, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | — | $ | — | — | 25,000,000 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 297,355 | $ | 12.98 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 297,355 | $ | 12.98 | |||||||||||
Month 6 (June 1, 2016 – June 30, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | 181,250 | $ | 13.48 | 181,250 | 22,556,160 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 28,924 | $ | 13.83 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 210,174 | $ | 13.53 | |||||||||||
Month 7 (July 1, 2016 – July 31, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | — | $ | — | — | 22,556,160 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 781 | $ | 10.92 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 781 | $ | 10.92 | |||||||||||
Month 8 (August 1, 2016 – August 31, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | — | $ | — | — | 22,556,160 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 1,689 | $ | 13.60 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 1,689 | $ | 13.60 | |||||||||||
Month 9 (September 1, 2016 – September 30, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | — | $ | — | — | 22,556,160 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 14,503 | $ | 13.70 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 14,503 | $ | 13.70 | |||||||||||
Month 10 (October 1, 2016 – October 31, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | — | $ | — | — | 22,556,160 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 16 | $ | 12.96 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 16 | $ | 12.96 | |||||||||||
Month 11 (November 1, 2016 – November 30, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | — | $ | — | — | 22,556,160 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 1,585 | $ | 12.42 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 1,585 | $ | 12.42 | |||||||||||
Month 12 (December 1, 2016 – December 31, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | 103,159 | $ | 15.90 | 103,159 | 20,916,234 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 1,624 | $ | 14.00 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 104,783 | $ | 15.87 | |||||||||||
Total (January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2016) | ||||||||||||||
Common stock repurchases(1) | 533,939 | $ | 14.33 | 533,939 | 20,916,234 | |||||||||
Employee transactions(2) | 647,930 | $ | 13.64 | — | — | |||||||||
Total | 1,181,869 | $ | 13.95 | |||||||||||
(1) | The Company's Board of Directors have authorized the repurchase, subject to market conditions, of up to $138.3 million of the Company's outstanding common stock. |
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(2) | Represents shares of common stock withheld in satisfaction of tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of equity awards or other similar transactions. |
(3) | Board approval of repurchases is based on dollar amount. The Company cannot estimate the number of shares that may yet be purchased. |
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following table sets forth our selected consolidated financial and other data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, and 2012. The selected consolidated statements of financial condition data and consolidated statements of operations data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, and 2012 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. Our selected consolidated financial data are only a summary and should be read in conjunction with the section entitled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||||
(in thousands except per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: | |||||||||||||||||||
Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||
Investment banking | $ | 133,279 | $ | 222,781 | $ | 170,506 | $ | 105,333 | $ | 71,762 | |||||||||
Brokerage | 199,180 | 157,722 | 140,132 | 114,593 | 91,167 | ||||||||||||||
Management fees | 40,612 | 41,906 | 40,627 | 37,303 | 38,116 | ||||||||||||||
Incentive income | 8,334 | 1,466 | 2,785 | 12,586 | 5,411 | ||||||||||||||
Interest and dividends | 14,732 | 13,796 | 48,870 | 39,454 | 24,608 | ||||||||||||||
Reimbursement from affiliates | 10,504 | 21,557 | 12,495 | 10,434 | 6,274 | ||||||||||||||
Aircraft lease revenue | 4,161 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Reinsurance premiums | 32,459 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Other revenues | 22,355 | 3,726 | 9,446 | 5,418 | 3,668 | ||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds revenues | 5,949 | 1,613 | 2,915 | 3,398 | 509 | ||||||||||||||
Total revenues | 471,565 | 464,567 | 427,776 | 328,519 | 241,515 | ||||||||||||||
Expenses | |||||||||||||||||||
Employee compensation and benefits | 310,038 | 321,386 | 305,483 | 207,248 | 194,034 | ||||||||||||||
Non-compensation expense | 198,112 | 180,678 | 180,740 | 151,630 | 131,190 | ||||||||||||||
Reinsurance claims, commissions and amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 29,904 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Goodwill impairment | — | — | 2,334 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds expenses | 9,064 | 2,310 | 1,634 | 2,039 | 1,676 | ||||||||||||||
Total expenses | 547,118 | 504,374 | 490,191 | 360,917 | 326,900 | ||||||||||||||
Other income (loss) | |||||||||||||||||||
Net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments | 23,381 | 36,789 | 104,928 | 39,651 | 54,630 | ||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds net gains (losses) | 20,685 | 14,497 | 15,323 | 11,044 | 7,246 | ||||||||||||||
Total other income (loss) | 44,066 | 51,286 | 120,251 | 50,695 | 61,876 | ||||||||||||||
Income (loss) before income taxes | (31,487 | ) | 11,479 | 57,836 | 18,297 | (23,509 | ) | ||||||||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) | (19,092 | ) | (47,496 | ) | (124,944 | ) | 457 | 448 | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) | (12,395 | ) | 58,975 | 182,780 | 17,840 | (23,957 | ) | ||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | 6,882 | 15,246 | 15,564 | 13,193 | (72 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | (19,277 | ) | 43,729 | 167,216 | 4,647 | (23,885 | ) | ||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 6,792 | 4,075 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (26,069 | ) | $ | 39,654 | $ | 167,216 | $ | 4,647 | $ | (23,885 | ) | |||||||
Weighted average common shares outstanding: | |||||||||||||||||||
Basic (a) | 26,857 | 27,522 | 28,731 | 29,175 | 28,600 | ||||||||||||||
Diluted (a) | 26,857 | 29,043 | 29,871 | 30,279 | 28,600 | ||||||||||||||
Earnings (loss) per share: | |||||||||||||||||||
Basic (a) | $ | (0.97 | ) | $ | 1.44 | $ | 5.82 | $ | 0.16 | $ | (0.84 | ) | |||||||
Diluted (a) | $ | (0.97 | ) | $ | 1.37 | $ | 5.60 | $ | 0.15 | $ | (0.84 | ) | |||||||
(a) Share and per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016.
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As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | |||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Data: | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||
Total assets | $ | 2,018,523 | $ | 1,787,659 | $ | 2,399,718 | $ | 1,842,000 | $ | 1,638,476 | |||||||||
Total liabilities | 866,668 | 810,755 | 1,635,967 | 1,248,420 | 1,057,664 | ||||||||||||||
Redeemable non-controlling interests | 379,205 | 186,911 | 86,076 | 85,814 | 85,703 | ||||||||||||||
Total Stockholders' Equity | $ | 772,650 | $ | 789,993 | $ | 677,675 | $ | 507,766 | $ | 495,109 | |||||||||
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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical information, this discussion includes forward-looking information that involves risks and assumptions, which could cause actual results to differ materially from management's expectations. See "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Overview
Cowen Group, Inc. (the "Company"), a Delaware corporation formed in 2009, is a diversified financial services firm and, together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, "Cowen", "Cowen Group" or the "Company"), provides alternative investment management, investment banking, research, sales and trading and prime brokerage services through its two business segments: alternative investment and broker-dealer. The alternative investment segment includes private investment funds, managed accounts, commodity pools, real estate funds, private equity structures, registered investment companies and listed vehicles and also manages a significant portion of the Company’s proprietary capital. The broker-dealer segment offers industry focused investment banking for growth-oriented companies including advisory and global capital markets origination and domain knowledge-driven research and a sales and trading platform for institutional investors.
The Company's alternative investment platform, which operates primarily under the Ramius name, offers innovative investment products and solutions across the liquidity spectrum to institutional and private clients. The predecessor to this business was founded in 1994 and, through one of its subsidiaries, has been a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the "Advisors Act") since 1997. Ramius offers investors access to strategies to meet their specific needs including long/short equity, merger arbitrage, activist equity, event driven credit, fundamental global macro, managed futures, health care royalties and real estate direct lending and equity. Ramius focuses on attracting and retaining talented in-house and affiliated investment teams and providing seed capital and working capital, an institutional infrastructure, robust sales and marketing and industry knowledge. A significant portion of the Company’s capital is invested alongside Ramius’s alternative investment clients. The Company has also invested some of its capital in its recently formed aviation and reinsurance businesses. Our alternative investment business had approximately $10.5 billion of assets under management as of January 1, 2017. See the section titled "Assets Under Management and Fund Performance" for further analysis.
Our broker-dealer businesses include research, sales and trading, prime brokerage and investment banking services to companies and primarily institutional investor clients. Our primary target sectors ("Target Sectors") are healthcare, technology, media and telecommunications, information and technology services, consumer, aerospace and defense, industrials, energy and transportation. We provide research and brokerage services to over 1,000 domestic and international clients seeking to trade securities and other financial instruments, principally in our target sectors. The broker-dealer segment also offers a full-service suite of introduced prime brokerage services targeting emerging hedge fund managers. Historically, we have focused our investment banking efforts on small to mid-capitalization public companies as well as private companies. From time to time, the Company invests in private capital raising transactions of its investment banking clients.
On December 5, 2016, the Company effected a one-for-four reverse sock split of our common stock. Except where the context indicates otherwise, all share and per share information has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split.
Certain Factors Impacting Our Business
Our alternative investment business and results of operations are impacted by the following factors:
• | Assets under management. Our revenues from management fees are directly linked to assets under management. As a result, the future performance of our alternative investment business will depend on, among other things, our ability to retain assets under management and to grow assets under management from existing and new products. In addition, positive performance increases assets under management which results in higher management fees. |
• | Investment performance. Our revenues from incentive income are linked to the performance of the funds and accounts that we manage. Performance also affects assets under management because it influences investors' decisions to invest assets in, or withdraw assets from, the funds and accounts managed by us. |
• | Fee and allocation rates. Our management fee revenues are linked to the management fee rates we charge as a percentage of assets under management. Our incentive income revenues are linked to the incentive allocation rates we charge as a percentage of performance-driven asset growth. Our incentive allocations are generally subject to “high-water marks,” whereby incentive income is generally earned by us only to the extent that the net asset value of a fund at the end of a measurement period exceeds the highest net asset value as of the end of the earlier measurement period for which we earned incentive income. Our incentive allocations, in some cases, are subject to performance hurdles. |
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• | Investment performance of our own capital. We invest our own capital and the performance of such invested capital affects our revenues. |
Our broker-dealer business and results of operations are impacted by the following factors:
• | Underwriting, private placement and strategic/financial advisory fees. Our revenues from investment banking are directly linked to the underwriting fees we earn in equity and debt securities offerings in which the Company acts as an underwriter, private placement fees earned in non-underwritten transactions, sales commissions earned in at-the-market offerings and success fees earned in connection with advising both buyers and sellers, principally in mergers and acquisitions. As a result, the future performance of our investment banking business will depend on, among other things, our ability to secure lead manager and co-manager roles in clients capital raising transactions as well as our ability to secure mandates as a client's strategic financial advisor. |
• | Commissions. Our commission revenues depend for the most part on our customer trading volumes. |
• | Principal transactions. Principal transactions revenue includes net trading gains and losses from the Company's market-making activities and net trading gains and losses on inventory and other firm positions. Commissions associated with these transactions are also included herein. In certain cases, the Company provides liquidity to clients buying or selling blocks of shares of listed stocks without previously identifying the other side of the trade at execution, which subjects the Company to market risk. |
• | Equity and credit research fees. Equity and credit research fees are paid to the Company for providing equity and credit research. The Company also permits institutional customers to allocate a portion of their commissions to pay for research products and other services provided by third parties. Our ability to generate revenues relating to our equity and credit research depends on the quality of our research and its relevance to our institutional customers and other clients. |
• | Investment performance of our own capital. Investment income in the broker-dealer business includes gains and losses generated by the capital the Company invests in private capital raising transactions of its investment banking clients. Our revenues from investment income are linked to the performance of the underlying investments. |
External Factors Impacting Our Business
Our financial performance is highly dependent on the environment in which our businesses operate. We believe a favorable business environment is characterized by many factors, including a stable geopolitical climate, transparent financial markets, low inflation, low interest rates, low unemployment, strong business profitability and high business and investor confidence. Unfavorable or uncertain economic or market conditions can be caused by declines in economic growth, business activity or investor or business confidence, limitations on the availability (or increases in the cost of) credit and capital, increases in inflation or interest rates, exchange rate volatility, unfavorable global asset allocation trends, outbreaks of hostilities or other geopolitical instability, corporate, political or other scandals that reduce investor confidence in the capital markets, or a combination of these or other factors. Our businesses and profitability have been and may continue to be adversely affected by market conditions in many ways, including the following:
• | Our broker-dealer business has been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by market conditions. Increased competition continues to affect our investment banking and capital markets businesses. The same factors also affect trading volumes in secondary financial markets, which affect our brokerage business. Commission rates, market volatility, increased competition from larger financial firms and other factors also affect our brokerage revenues and may cause these revenues to vary from period to period. |
• | Our broker-dealer business focuses primarily on small to mid-capitalization and private companies in specific industry sectors. These sectors may experience growth or downturns independent of general economic and market conditions, or may face market conditions that are disproportionately better or worse than those impacting the economy and markets generally. In addition, increased government regulation has had, and may continue to have, a disproportionate effect on capital formation by smaller companies. Therefore, our broker-dealer business could be affected differently than overall market trends. |
• | Our alternative investment business can be adversely affected by unanticipated levels of requested redemptions. We experienced significant levels of requested redemptions during the 2008 financial crisis and, while the environment for investing in alternative investment products has since improved, it is possible that we could intermittently experience redemptions above historical levels, regardless of fund performance. |
Our businesses, by their nature, do not produce predictable earnings. Our results in any period can be materially affected by conditions in global financial markets and economic conditions generally. We are also subject to various legal and regulatory actions that impact our business and financial results.
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Recent Developments
The Company completed its previously announced one-for-four reverse stock split of the Company's Class A and B common stock. Pursuant to the reverse split, common shareholders automatically received one common share for every four common shares owned. The Company’s Class A common stock began trading on a reverse split adjusted basis on the NASDAQ Global Market at the opening of trading on December 5, 2016. The Company believes that existing stockholders will benefit from the ability to attract a broader range of investors as a result of the reverse stock split and a higher per share stock price.
Basis of presentation
The Company's consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with US GAAP as promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") through Accounting Standards Codification as the source of authoritative accounting principles in the preparation of financial statements, of the Company appearing in Part IV of this Form 10-K include the accounts of the Company, its subsidiaries, and entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest or a substantive, controlling general partner interest. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain fund entities that are consolidated in the consolidated financial statements, are not subject to these consolidation provisions with respect to their own investments pursuant to their specialized accounting.
The Company serves as the managing member/general partner and/or investment manager to affiliated fund entities which it sponsors and manages. Certain of these funds in which the Company has a substantive, controlling general partner interest are consolidated with the Company pursuant to US GAAP as described below (the “Consolidated Funds”). Consequently, the Company's consolidated financial statements reflect the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of these funds on a gross basis. The ownership interests in these funds which are not owned by the Company are reflected as redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries in the consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The management fees and incentive income earned by the Company from these funds are eliminated in consolidation.
Acquisitions
On April 22, 2016, Cowen Aviation Finance Holdings Inc. ("Cowen Aviation Finance") entered into a transaction whereby Cowen Aviation Finance acquired Low Country III, LLC, which is comprised of a portfolio of four specialized aircraft currently on lease in exchange for an immaterial upfront payment and a minority equity interest in Cowen Aviation Finance. As part of the transaction Cowen Aviation Finance also acquired the associated debt financing and lease contracts for each aircraft. Separate from the transaction, Cowen Aviation Finance entered into services agreements with Tempus Applied Solutions, Inc., a related party through common directors, which, among other services, will provide marketing, maintenance, and lease administration services for Cowen Aviation Finance's current aircraft fleet. This acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition in accordance with US GAAP because, upon separation from the seller, the acquired assets do not meet the definition of a business.
On May 6, 2016, the Company completed its previously announced acquisition of the credit products, credit research, special situations and emerging markets units from CRT Capital Group LLC (“CRT”). The acquisition was completed for a combination of cash of $6.3 million and contingent consideration payable annually based on future revenues exceeding specific targets. The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with US GAAP. As such, the results of operations of the businesses acquired are included in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations since the date of the acquisition and the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and the resulting goodwill were recorded at their fair values within their respective line items on the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of financial condition.
Divestitures
On September 23, 2016, the Company and the portfolio managers of Ramius Alternative Solutions LLC ("RASL") completed the sale of their respective ownership interests in RASL, an investment advisor, and RASL was deconsolidated as of that date. RASL offered a range of customized hedge fund investment solutions with approximately $2.5 billion in client assets. As the Company will continue to offer its alternative investment platform to institutional and retail investors, the sale was not presented as discontinued operations. The overall impact on the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows is not expected to be significant.
Revenue recognition
Our principal sources of revenue are derived from two segments: an alternative investment segment and a broker-dealer segment, as more fully described below.
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Our alternative investment segment generates revenue through three principal sources: management fees, incentive income and investment income from the Company's own capital.
Our broker-dealer segment generates revenue through three principal sources: investment banking, brokerage and investment income.
Management fees
The Company earns management fees from affiliated funds and certain managed accounts that it serves as the investment manager based on assets under management. The actual management fees received vary depending on distribution fees or fee splits paid to third parties either in connection with raising the assets or structuring the investment.
Several general partners of the funds are owned jointly by the Company and third parties. Accordingly, the management fees generated by these funds are split between the Company and the other general partners. Pursuant to US GAAP, these fees received by the general partners that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are reflected under net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Management fees are generally paid on a quarterly basis at the beginning of each quarter in arrears and are prorated for capital inflows and redemptions. While some investors may have separately negotiated fees, in general the management fees are as follows:
• | Hedge Funds. Management fees for the Company's hedge funds are generally charged at an annual rate of up to 2% of assets under management or notional trading level. Management fees are generally calculated monthly based on assets under management at the end of each month before incentive income. |
• | Registered Funds. Management fees for the Company’s registered funds (State Street/Ramius Managed Futures Strategy Fund and Ramius Archview Credit and Distressed Fund) are generally charged at an annual rate of up to 1.50% of assets under management. |
• | Real Estate. Management fees from the Company's real estate business are generally charged at an annual rate from 0.25% to 1.50% of total capital commitments during the investment period and of invested capital or net asset value of the applicable fund after the investment period has ended. Management fees are typically paid to the general partners on a quarterly basis, at the beginning of the quarter in arrears, and are prorated for changes in capital commitments throughout the investment period and invested capital after the investment period. |
• | HealthCare Royalty Partners. In HealthCare Royalty Partners main funds, during the investment period (as defined in the relevant partnership agreements), management fees are generally charged at an annual rate of 1% to 2% of committed capital. After the investment period, management fees for these funds are generally charged at an annual rate of 0.5% to 2% of the net asset value or the aggregate cost basis of the unrealized investments held by the funds. For the other funds (and managed account) managed by Healthcare Royalty Partners, the management fee ranges from .2% to 1% and there is no adjustment based on an investment period. Management fees for the HealthCare Royalty Partners funds are calculated on a quarterly basis. |
• | Ramius Trading Strategies. Management fees and platform fees for the Company's private commodity trading advisory business are generally charged at an annual rate of up to 0.5%. Management and platform fees are generally calculated monthly based on each account's notional trading level at the end of each month. |
Incentive income
The Company earns incentive income based on net profits (as defined in the respective investment management agreements) with respect to certain of the Company's funds and managed accounts, allocable for each fiscal year that exceeds cumulative unrecovered net losses, if any, that have been carried forward from prior years. For the products we offer, incentive income earned is typically up to 20% for hedge funds (in certain cases on performance in excess of a benchmark), of the net profits earned for the full year that are attributable to each fee-paying investor. Generally, incentive income on real estate funds is earned after the investor has received a full return of their invested capital, plus a preferred return. However, for certain real estate funds, the Company is entitled to receive incentive fees earlier, provided that the investors have received their preferred return on a current basis or on an investor by investor basis. These funds are generally subject to a potential clawback of these incentive fees upon the liquidation of the fund if the investor has not received a full return of its invested capital plus the preferred return thereon. Incentive income in the HealthCare Royalty Partners funds is generally earned only after investors receive a full return of their capital plus a preferred return. Pursuant to US GAAP, incentive income received by the general partners that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are reflected under net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
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In periods following a period of a net loss attributable to an investor, the Company generally does not earn incentive income on any future profits attributable to that investor until the accumulated net loss from prior periods is recovered, an arrangement commonly referred to as a “high-water mark.” The Company has elected to record incentive income revenue in accordance with “Method 2” of US GAAP. Under Method 2, the incentive income from the Company's funds and managed accounts for any period is based upon the net profits of those funds and managed accounts at the reporting date. Any incentive income recognized in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations may be subject to future reversal based on subsequent negative performance prior to the conclusion of the fiscal year, when all contingencies have been resolved.
Carried interest in the real estate funds and HealthCare Royalty Partners funds are subject to clawback to the extent that the carried interest actually distributed to date exceeds the amount due to the Company based on cumulative results. As such, the accrual for potential repayment of previously received carried interest, which is a component of accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, represents all amounts previously distributed to the Company, less an assumed tax liability, that would need to be repaid to certain funds if these funds were to be liquidated based on the current fair value of the underlying funds' investments as of the reporting date. The actual clawback liability does not become realized until the end of a fund's life.
Investment Banking
The Company earns investment banking revenue primarily from fees associated with public and private capital raising transactions and providing strategic advisory services. Investment banking revenues are derived primarily from small and mid-capitalization companies within the Company's Target Sectors.
Investment banking revenue consists of underwriting fees, strategic/financial advisory fees and placement and sales agent fees.
• | Underwriting fees. The Company earns underwriting fees in securities offerings in which the Company acts as an underwriter, such as initial public offerings, follow-on equity offerings, debt offerings, and convertible security offerings. Fee revenue relating to underwriting commitments is recorded when all significant items relating to the underwriting process have been completed and the amount of the underwriting revenue has been determined. This generally is the point at which all of the following have occurred: (i) the issuer's registration statement has become effective with the SEC or the other offering documents are finalized; (ii) the Company has made a firm commitment for the purchase of securities from the issuer; and (iii) the Company has been informed of the number of securities that it has been allotted. |
When the Company is not the lead manager for an underwriting transaction, management must estimate the Company's share of transaction-related expenses incurred by the lead manager in order to recognize revenue. Transaction-related expenses are deducted from the underwriting fee and therefore reduce the revenue the Company recognizes as co-manager. Such amounts are adjusted to reflect actual expenses in the period in which the Company receives the final settlement, typically within 90 days following the closing of the transaction.
• | Strategic/financial advisory fees. The Company's strategic advisory revenues include success fees earned in connection with advising companies, principally in mergers and acquisitions and restructuring transactions. The Company also earns fees for related advisory work such as providing fairness opinions. The Company records strategic advisory revenues when the services for the transactions are completed under the terms of each assignment or engagement and collection is reasonably assured. Expenses associated with such transactions are deferred until the related revenue is recognized or the engagement is otherwise concluded. |
• | Placement and sales agent fees. The Company earns agency placement fees and sales agent commissions in non-underwritten transactions such as private placements of loans and debt and equity securities, including, private investment in public equity transactions (“PIPEs”), and as sales agent in at-the-market offerings of equity securities. The Company records placement revenues (which may be in cash and/or securities) when the services for the transactions are completed under the terms of each assignment or engagement and collection is reasonably assured. The Company records sales agent commissions on a trade date basis. Expenses associated with such transactions are deferred until the related revenue is recognized or the engagement is otherwise concluded. |
Brokerage
Brokerage revenue consists of commissions, principal transactions and research fees.
• | Commissions. Commission revenue includes fees from executing client transactions. These fees are recognized on a trade date basis. The Company permits institutional customers to allocate a portion of their commissions to pay for research products and other services provided by third parties. The amounts allocated for those purposes are commonly referred to as soft dollar arrangements. Commissions on soft dollar brokerage are recorded net of the |
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related expenditures on an accrual basis. Commission revenues also includes fees from making algorithms available to clients.
• | Principal transactions. Principal transactions revenue includes net trading gains and losses from the Company's market-making activities in over-the-counter equity and fixed income securities, trading of convertible securities, and trading gains and losses on inventory and other firm positions, which include warrants previously received as part of investment banking transactions. In certain cases, the Company provides liquidity to clients by buying or selling blocks of shares of listed stocks without previously identifying the other side of the trade at execution, which subjects the Company to market risk. These positions are typically held for a very short duration. |
• | Equity and credit research fees. Equity and credit research fees are paid to the Company for providing equity and credit research. Revenue is recognized once an arrangement exists, access to research has been provided, the fee amount is fixed or determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. |
Investment Income
Investment income earned by the alternative investment and broker-dealer segments are earned from investing the Company's capital in various strategies and from investments in private capital raising transactions of its investment banking clients.
Interest and Dividends
Interest and dividends are earned by the Company from various sources. The Company receives interest and dividends primarily from securities held by the Company for purposed of investing capital, investments held by its Consolidated Funds and its brokerage balances. Interest is recognized on an accrual basis and interest income is recognized on the debt of those issuers that is deemed collectible. Interest income and expense includes premiums and discounts amortized and accreted on debt investments based on criteria determined by the Company using the effective yield method, which assumes the reinvestment of all interest payments. Dividends are recognized on the ex-dividend date.
Reimbursement from Affiliates
The Company allocates, at its discretion, certain expenses incurred on behalf of its hedge fund and real estate businesses. These expenses relate to the administration of such subsidiaries and assets that the Company manages for its funds. In addition, pursuant to the funds' offering documents, the Company charges certain allowable expenses to the funds, including charges and personnel costs for legal, compliance, accounting, tax compliance, risk and technology expenses that directly relate to administering the assets of the funds. Such expenses that have been reimbursed at their actual costs are included in the consolidated statements of operations as employee compensation and benefits, professional, advisory and other fees, communications, occupancy and equipment, client services and business development and other.
Aircraft lease revenue
Aircraft lease revenue associated with the Company's aircraft leasing business is recorded on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, net of the amortization of rent receivables, deferred rent, and/or prepaid initial direct costs.
Reinsurance premiums
Premiums for insurance-related contracts are earned over the coverage period. In most cases, premiums are recognized as revenues ratably over the term of the contract with unearned premiums computed on a monthly basis. For each of its contracts, the Company determines if the contract provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk, in accordance with US GAAP. If the Company determines that a contract does not expose it to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk, the Company records the contract under the deposit method of accounting with any net amount receivable reflected as an asset in other assets, and any net amount payable reflected as a liability within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition.
The liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses are recorded at the estimated ultimate payment amounts, including reported losses. Estimated ultimate payment amounts are based upon (1) reports of losses from policyholders, (2) individual case estimates and (3) estimates of incurred but not reported losses.
Provisions for losses and loss adjustment expenses are charged to earnings after deducting amounts recovered and estimates of recoverable amounts and are included in other expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.
Costs of acquiring new policies, which vary with and are directly related to the production of new policies, have been deferred to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from future premiums or gross profits. Such costs include commissions and allowances as well as certain costs of policy issuance and underwriting and are included within other assets on the consolidated statements of financial condition.
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Expenses
The Company's expenses consist of compensation and benefits, interest expense and general, administrative and other expenses.
• | Compensation and Benefits. Compensation and benefits is comprised of salaries, benefits, discretionary cash bonuses and equity-based compensation. Annual incentive compensation is variable, and the amount paid is generally based on a combination of employees' performance, their contribution to their business segment, and the Company's performance. Generally, compensation and benefits comprise a significant portion of total expenses, with annual incentive compensation comprising a significant portion of total compensation and benefits expenses. |
• | Interest and Dividends. Interest and dividend expense relates primarily to trading activity with respect to the Company's investments and interest expense on debt issued during March and October 2014. |
• | Reinsurance claims, commissions and amortization of deferred acquisition costs. Reinsurance related expenses relate to loss and claim reserves, acquisition costs and other expenses related to our insurance and reinsurance related policies entered into during the second quarter of 2016 related to our respective businesses which commenced at the end of the fourth quarter of 2015. |
• | General, Administrative and Other. General, administrative and other expenses are primarily related to professional services, occupancy and equipment, business development expenses, communications, expenses associated with our reinsurance business and other miscellaneous expenses. These expenses may also include certain one-time charges and non-cash expenses. |
• | Consolidated Funds Expenses. Certain funds are consolidated by the Company pursuant to US GAAP. As such, the Company's consolidated financial statements reflect the expenses of these consolidated entities and the portion attributable to other investors is allocated to a redeemable non-controlling interest. |
Income Taxes
The taxable results of the Company’s U.S. operations are subject to U.S. federal, state and city taxation as a corporation. The Company is also subject to foreign taxation on income it generates in certain countries.
The Company records deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax benefit or expense that will result from differences between the carrying value of its assets for income tax purposes and for financial reporting purposes, as well as for operating or capital loss and tax credit carryovers. A valuation allowance is recorded to bring the net deferred tax assets to a level that, in management’s view, is more likely than not to be realized in the foreseeable future. This level will be estimated based on a number of factors, especially the amount of net deferred tax assets of the Company that are actually expected to be realized, for tax purposes, in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax liabilities that cannot be realized in a similar future time period and thus that cannot offset the Company’s deferred tax assets are not taken into account when calculating the Company’s net deferred tax assets.
Redeemable Non-controlling Interests
Redeemable non-controlling interests represent the pro rata share of the income or loss of the non-wholly owned consolidated entities attributable to the other owners of such entities. Due to the fact that the non-controlling interests are redeemable at the option of the holder they have been classified as temporary equity.
Assets Under Management and Fund Performance
Assets Under Management
Assets under management refer to all of our alternative investment products, solutions and services including hedge funds, private equity structures, registered investment companies and listed vehicles. The Company's alternative investment segment includes such strategies as long/short equity, activist equity, event driven equity, event driven credit, global macro, customized portfolio solutions, managed futures, health care royalties and private real estate.
Assets under management also include the fair value of assets the Company manages pursuant to separately managed accounts, collateralized debt obligations for which the Company is the collateral manager, and, as indicated in the footnotes to the table below, proprietary assets which the Company has invested in these products. Also, as indicated, assets under management for certain products may represent committed capital or committed funding that may not be under our control but forms part of the alternative investment product’s trading level.
As of January 1, 2017, the Company had assets under management of $10.5 billion, a 20.9% decrease as compared to assets under management of $13.3 billion as of January 1, 2016. The $2.8 billion decrease in assets under management during
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the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily resulted from the sale of the alternative solutions business (see note (a) to the following table).
The following table is a breakout of total assets under management by platform as of January 1, 2017 (which excludes cross investments from other Ramius platforms):
Platform | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hedge Funds (a) (b) (g) (l) | Alternative Solutions (a) | Ramius Trading Strategies (h) | Real Estate (a) (i) | Healthcare Royalty Partners (c) (d) (j) | Other (k) | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(dollars in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
January 1, 2014 | $ | 3,168 | $ | 2,936 | $ | 94 | $ | 1,639 | $ | 1,523 | $ | 67 | $ | 9,427 | ||||||||||||||
Subscriptions | 1,132 | 1,326 | 35 | 249 | 1,059 | — | 3,801 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Redemptions | (935 | ) | (272 | ) | — | (181 | ) | — | (19 | ) | (1,407 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Performance (e) | 853 | (206 | ) | 18 | — | — | — | 665 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net Return (f) | 26.93 | % | (7.02 | )% | 19.15 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 7.05 | % | ||||||||||||||
January 1, 2015 | 4,218 | 3,784 | 147 | 1,707 | 2,582 | 48 | 12,486 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Subscriptions | 2,725 | 997 | — | — | — | — | 3,722 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Redemptions | (572 | ) | (810 | ) | (49 | ) | (65 | ) | (178 | ) | (14 | ) | (1,688 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Performance (e) | (781 | ) | (419 | ) | (3 | ) | — | 5 | — | (1,198 | ) | |||||||||||||||||
Net Return (f) | (18.52 | )% | (11.07 | )% | (2.04 | )% | — | % | 0.19 | % | — | % | (9.59 | )% | ||||||||||||||
January 1, 2016 | 5,590 | 3,552 | 95 | 1,642 | 2,409 | 34 | 13,322 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Subscriptions | 1,537 | — | — | — | — | — | 1,537 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Redemptions | (714 | ) | (3,641 | ) | (40 | ) | (220 | ) | (137 | ) | (21 | ) | (4,773 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Performance (e) | 362 | 89 | (3 | ) | — | 10 | — | 458 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Net Return (f) | 6.48 | % | 2.51 | % | (3.16 | )% | — | % | 0.42 | % | — | % | 3.44 | % | ||||||||||||||
January 1, 2017 | $ | 6,775 | $ | — | $ | 52 | $ | 1,422 | $ | 2,282 | $ | 13 | $ | 10,544 | ||||||||||||||
(a) | The Company owns between 20% and 55% of the general partners or managing members of the real estate business, the activist business, the global macro strategy business (the single strategy hedge funds) and the alternative solutions business (starting as of September 2013). On September 23, 2016 the Company completed the sale of its interest in the alternative solutions business, thereby reducing the Company’s estimated assets under management by approximately $2.5 billion. |
(b) | These amounts include the Company's invested capital of approximately $176.6 million, $173.6 million and $172.2 million as of January 1, 2017, January 1, 2016 and January 1, 2015, respectively. |
(c) | These amounts include the Company's invested capital of approximately $10.5 million, $20.2 million and $20.7 million as of January 1, 2017, January 1, 2016 and January 1, 2015, respectively. |
(d) | This amount reflects committed capital. |
(e) | Performance and net returns are net of all management and incentive fees and includes the effect of any foreign exchange translation adjustments and leverage in certain funds. |
(f) | Net returns are calculated on the platform as a whole. Net return of individual funds will vary based on the timing and strategy the respective funds. |
(g) | The Company’s actively marketed hedge fund products have varying liquidity terms typically ranging from daily to quarterly liquidity with less liquidity applying to certain co-investment vehicles. In 2010, the Company suspended redemption rights with respect to certain hedge funds that are being wound down. The hedge funds that have suspended redemption rights represent approximately 4.94% of the total hedge fund assets under management. |
(h) | The Ramius Trading Strategies products offer investors daily liquidity. |
(i) | The real estate business does not provide investors with redemption rights. Investors receive distributions upon dispositions of the underlying real estate investments of which a portion reflects committed capital. |
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(j) | The Healthcare Royalty funds do not provide investors with redemption rights. Investors receive distributions upon realizations of the funds’ investments. |
(k) | The collateralized debt obligations managed by the Company is an amortizing pool of assets with cash returned to investors in periodic distributions as it becomes available. |
(l) | Due to the sale of its interest in Orchard Square Partners, effective December 31, 2014, redemptions during the 2014 year include $420.8 million of assets under management related to this business. |
Fund Performance
For the quarter ended December 31, 2016, the Company's strategies had mostly positive results relative to their respective benchmarks, as was the case for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Our activist strategy had slightly negative results for the quarter, lagging the Russell 2000 Index, which rebounded sharply following the U.S. presidential and congressional elections in November. This strategy was positive for the year but underperformed the Russell 2000 Index in 2016; however, the portfolio management team has maintained its long term out performance since the strategy’s inception. The merger arbitrage strategy finished the year in positive territory despite losses relating to one specific transaction in the second quarter. The strategy significantly outperformed its benchmark index for the fourth quarter and for the the period after the loss relating to the specific merger arbitrage transaction in the second quarter. There was substantial growth in assets under management in 2016 pursuant to this strategy. The new UCITS Merger Fund, in partnership with Bank America Merrill Lynch, also had positive results since trading was initiated in July. The Ramius event team manages the merger arbitrage component for two multi-manager Advisor Act funds. Positive results were also achieved in these products for the quarter.
Our options-based global macro strategy had positive performance for the fourth quarter despite the continuance of an overall decline in volatility across multiple asset classes throughout 2016. Another of our affiliate managers engages in equity long/short investing in consumer-related stocks. Since joining Ramius, the strategy had generated positive results, but experienced a challenging fourth quarter due to extreme intra-sector movements within the consumer space. Our other equity long/short affiliate successfully launched its commingled fund on October 1, 2016 and enjoyed a positive fourth quarter, substantially exceeding the results of the HFRX Equity Hedge Index. In contrast to our affiliate manager that engages in equity long/short investing in consumer-related stocks, this team follows a multi-sector approach and was able to take advantage of the performance dispersion across various equity sectors.
The State Street Ramius Managed Futures Strategy Fund, which offers exposure to multi-manager managed futures, had negative returns for both the fourth quarter and the year. During a challenging period for commodity trading advisors, in general, performance was slightly better than the relevant index for the quarter and slightly behind for the full year. The internally managed multi-strategy vehicles maintained their focus on capital preservation, while also experiencing an overall increase in valuation on the remaining assets during the quarter. The management team continues to execute opportunistic transactions linked to certain holdings in order to create liquidity. As a result, we expect further distributions to investors in this product during 2017.
With regard to the longer-dated investment vehicles in real estate, the largest legacy real estate debt vehicle, as well as the legacy equity vehicles experienced minimal changes in value for the fourth quarter. Certain of the legacy real estate funds, inclusive of these two, are in the process of returning capital to investors. The most recent real estate debt vehicle remains active, with interim results meeting performance expectations. Our healthcare royalty strategy, having raised a substantial amount of capital in 2014, still remains in its investment period. As noted in previous quarterly comments, ongoing turbulence in the pharmaceutical and health care sectors in 2016 presented attractive opportunities to long term investors. As a result, the strategy has been able to invest significant capital in both its latest commingled fund and separate managed accounts.
Invested Capital
The Company invests a significant portion of its capital base to help drive results and facilitate the growth of its alternative investment and broker/dealer businesses. Management allocates capital to three primary investment categories: (i) trading strategies; (ii) merchant banking investments; and (iii) real estate investments. The Company seeks to make strategic and opportunistic investments in varying capital structures across a diverse array of businesses, hedge funds and mutual funds. Much of the Company's trading strategy portfolio is invested alongside the Company's alternative investment clients and includes liquid investment strategies such as corporate credit trading, event driven, macro trading, and enhanced cash management. Within its merchant banking investments, management generally takes a long-term view that typically involves investing directly in public and private companies globally, private equity funds and alongside its alternative investment clients. In addition, from time to time the Company makes investments in private capital raising transactions of its investment banking
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clients. The Company's real estate investment strategy focuses on making investments alongside the alternative investment clients invested in the RCG Longview funds, as well as in direct investments in commercial real estate projects.
As of December 31, 2016, the Company's invested capital amounted to a net value of $656.8 million (supporting a long market value of $1,030.0 million), representing approximately 85% of Cowen Group's stockholders' equity presented in accordance with US GAAP. The table below presents the Company's invested equity capital by strategy and as a percentage of Cowen Group's stockholders' equity as of December 31, 2016. The net values presented in the table below do not tie to Cowen Group's consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2016 because they are included in various line items of the accompanying consolidated statement of financial condition, including “securities owned, at fair value”, “other investments”, “cash and cash equivalents”, and “consolidated funds-securities owned, at fair value”.
Strategy | Net Value | % of Stockholders' Equity | |||
(dollars in millions) | |||||
Trading | $ | 426.6 | 55% | ||
Merchant Banking | 176.2 | 23% | |||
Real Estate | 54 | 7% | |||
Total | 656.8 | 85% | |||
Stockholders' Equity | $ | 772.7 | 100% | ||
The allocations shown in the table above will change over time.
Results of Operations
To provide comparative information of the Company's operating results for the periods presented, a discussion of Economic Income (Loss) (which is a non-GAAP measure) of our alternative investment and broker-dealer segments follows the discussion of our total consolidated US GAAP results. Economic Income (Loss) reflects, on a consistent basis for all periods presented in the Company's consolidated financial statements, income earned from the Company's funds and managed accounts and from its own invested capital. Economic Income (Loss) excludes certain adjustments required under US GAAP. See the section titled “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of the Company-Segment Analysis and Economic Income (Loss),” and Note 23 to the accompanying Company's consolidated financial statements, appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K, for a reconciliation of Economic Income (Loss) to total Company US GAAP net income (loss).
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Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2015
Consolidated Statements of Operations | ||||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, | Period to Period | |||||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||
Investment banking | $ | 133,279 | $ | 222,781 | $ | (89,502 | ) | (40 | )% | |||||
Brokerage | 199,180 | 157,722 | 41,458 | 26 | % | |||||||||
Management fees | 40,612 | 41,906 | (1,294 | ) | (3 | )% | ||||||||
Incentive income | 8,334 | 1,466 | 6,868 | 468 | % | |||||||||
Interest and dividends | 14,732 | 13,796 | 936 | 7 | % | |||||||||
Reimbursement from affiliates | 10,504 | 21,557 | (11,053 | ) | (51 | )% | ||||||||
Aircraft lease revenue | 4,161 | — | 4,161 | NM | ||||||||||
Reinsurance premiums | 32,459 | — | 32,459 | NM | ||||||||||
Other revenues | 22,355 | 3,726 | 18,629 | 500 | % | |||||||||
Consolidated Funds revenues | 5,949 | 1,613 | 4,336 | 269 | % | |||||||||
Total revenues | 471,565 | 464,567 | 6,998 | 2 | % | |||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||
Employee compensation and benefits | 310,038 | 321,386 | (11,348 | ) | (4 | )% | ||||||||
Interest and dividends | 29,308 | 26,220 | 3,088 | 12 | % | |||||||||
Reinsurance claims, commissions and amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 29,904 | — | 29,904 | NM | ||||||||||
General, administrative and other expenses | 168,804 | 154,458 | 14,346 | 9 | % | |||||||||
Consolidated Funds expenses | 9,064 | 2,310 | 6,754 | 292 | % | |||||||||
Total expenses | 547,118 | 504,374 | 42,744 | 8 | % | |||||||||
Other income (loss) | ||||||||||||||
Net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments | 23,381 | 36,789 | (13,408 | ) | (36 | )% | ||||||||
Consolidated Funds net gains (losses) | 20,685 | 14,497 | 6,188 | 43 | % | |||||||||
Total other income (loss) | 44,066 | 51,286 | (7,220 | ) | (14 | )% | ||||||||
Income (loss) before income taxes | (31,487 | ) | 11,479 | (42,966 | ) | (374 | )% | |||||||
Income taxes expense (benefit) | (19,092 | ) | (47,496 | ) | 28,404 | 60 | % | |||||||
Net income (loss) | (12,395 | ) | 58,975 | (71,370 | ) | (121 | )% | |||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | 6,882 | 15,246 | (8,364 | ) | (55 | )% | ||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | (19,277 | ) | 43,729 | (63,006 | ) | (144 | )% | |||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 6,792 | 4,075 | 2,717 | 67 | % | |||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (26,069 | ) | $ | 39,654 | $ | (65,723 | ) | (166 | )% | ||||
Revenues
Investment Banking
Investment banking revenues decreased $89.5 million to $133.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $222.8 million in the prior year period. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company completed 76 underwriting transactions, 15 strategic advisory transactions and seven debt capital market transactions. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company completed 129 underwriting transactions, 13 strategic advisory transactions and seven debt capital market transactions. The average underwriting fee per transaction was 12.2% less for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the prior year.
Brokerage
Brokerage revenues increased $41.5 million to $199.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $157.7 million in the prior year period. This was attributable to higher commissions due to an increase in customer trading volumes, the initiation of our prime brokerage businesses in the third and fourth quarters of 2015 and the initiation of our credit trading business in May 2016. Customer trading volumes across the industry (according to Bloomberg) increased 6% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016 compared to the prior year.
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Management Fees
Management fees decreased $1.3 million to $40.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $41.9 million in the prior year period. The decrease was primarily related to lower management fees from our alternative solutions business (due to the sale of our interest in the business) offset partially by an increase in management fees from our prime services business (acquired during the fourth quarter of 2015) and our macro options business.
Incentive Income
Incentive income increased $6.8 million to $8.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $1.5 million in the prior year period. This increase was primarily related to an increase in performance fees from certain private investments.
Interest and Dividends
Interest and dividends increased $0.9 million to $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $13.8 million in the prior year period. This was primarily attributable to an increase in the number of investments in interest bearing securities during 2016 as compared to 2015.
Reimbursements from Affiliates
Reimbursements from affiliates decreased $11.1 million to $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $21.6 million in the prior year period. The decrease is primarily related to a decrease in reimbursements from the activist business.
Aircraft lease revenues
Aircraft lease revenues were $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 relating to our new aircraft leasing business which began during 2016.
Reinsurance premiums
Reinsurance premiums of $32.5 million relate to premiums from our insurance-related business (which was entered into at the end of the fourth quarter of 2015).
Other Revenues
Other revenues increased $18.7 million to $22.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $3.7 million in the prior year period. The increase primarily relates to the sale of our interest in the alternative solutions business.
Consolidated Funds Revenues
Consolidated Funds revenues increased $4.3 million to $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $1.6 million in the prior year period. The increase is due to the consolidation of new funds during 2016.
Expenses
Employee Compensation and Benefits
Employee compensation and benefits expenses decreased $11.3 million to $310.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $321.4 million in the prior year period. The decrease is primarily due to $7.0 million higher total revenues offset by $7.2 million lower other income (loss) during 2016 as compared to 2015, resulting in a lower compensation and benefits accrual. The compensation to revenue ratio, including other income (loss), was 60% for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with 62% in the prior year period.
Interest and Dividends
Interest and dividend expenses increased $3.1 million to $29.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $26.2 million in the prior year period. This was primarily attributable to an increase in the number of debt securities held during 2016 as compared to 2015.
Reinsurance claims, commissions and amortization of deferred acquisition costs
Reinsurance related expenses of $29.9 million relate to loss and claim reserves, acquisition costs and other expenses related to our insurance and reinsurance related policies entered into during the second quarter of 2016 and are related to our respective businesses which commenced at the end of the fourth quarter of 2015.
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General, Administrative and Other Expenses
General, administrative and other expenses increased $14.3 million to $168.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $154.5 million in the prior year period. The increase is primarily related to higher floor brokerage and trade execution costs, due to higher brokerage revenue, and increased marketing and business development expenses, legal and other professional fees, depreciation and amortization and increased occupancy costs, some of which is related to acquisitions during late 2015 and during 2016.
Consolidated Funds Expenses
Consolidated Funds expenses increased $6.8 million to $9.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $2.3 million in the prior year period. The increase is due to the consolidation of new funds during 2016.
Other Income (Loss)
Other income (loss) decreased $7.2 million to $44.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $51.3 million in the prior year period. The decrease primarily relates to decrease in performance of the Company's own invested capital. The gains and losses shown under Consolidated Funds reflect the consolidated total performance for such funds, and the portion of those gains or losses that are attributable to other investors is allocated to redeemable non-controlling interests.
Income Taxes
Income tax benefit decreased $28.4 million to $19.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with an income tax benefit of $47.5 million in the prior year period. This decrease in benefit is primarily attributable to the deferred tax benefit recognized by the Company’s Luxembourg subsidiary in 2015, partially offset by the reversal of a basis difference in the Company’s Luxembourg subsidiaries in 2016.
Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Non-controlling Interests
Income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests decreased $8.4 million to income of $6.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with income of $15.2 million in the prior year period. The decrease was primarily the result of losses incurred by one of our consolidated funds. Non-controlling interests represent the pro rata share of the income or loss of the non-wholly owned consolidated entities attributable to the other owners of such entities.
Preferred Stock Dividends
On May 19, 2015, the Company completed its offering of 120,750 shares of the Company's 5.625% Series A cumulative perpetual convertible preferred stock. Each share of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is entitled to dividends at a rate of 5.625% per annum. The Company may, at its option, pay dividends in cash, common stock or a combination thereof.
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Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Consolidated Statements of Operations | ||||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, | Period to Period | |||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
Revenues | ||||||||||||||
Investment banking | $ | 222,781 | $ | 170,506 | $ | 52,275 | 31 | % | ||||||
Brokerage | 157,722 | 140,132 | 17,590 | 13 | % | |||||||||
Management fees | 41,906 | 40,627 | 1,279 | 3 | % | |||||||||
Incentive income | 1,466 | 2,785 | (1,319 | ) | (47 | )% | ||||||||
Interest and dividends | 13,796 | 48,870 | (35,074 | ) | (72 | )% | ||||||||
Reimbursement from affiliates | 21,557 | 12,495 | 9,062 | 73 | % | |||||||||
Other revenues | 3,726 | 9,446 | (5,720 | ) | (61 | )% | ||||||||
Consolidated Funds revenues | 1,613 | 2,915 | (1,302 | ) | (45 | )% | ||||||||
Total revenues | 464,567 | 427,776 | 36,791 | 9 | % | |||||||||
Expenses | ||||||||||||||
Employee compensation and benefits | 321,386 | 305,483 | 15,903 | 5 | % | |||||||||
Interest and dividends | 26,220 | 42,752 | (16,532 | ) | (39 | )% | ||||||||
General, administrative and other expenses | 154,458 | 137,988 | 16,470 | 12 | % | |||||||||
Goodwill impairment | — | 2,334 | (2,334 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Consolidated Funds expenses | 2,310 | 1,634 | 676 | 41 | % | |||||||||
Total expenses | 504,374 | 490,191 | 14,183 | 3 | % | |||||||||
Other income (loss) | ||||||||||||||
Net gain (loss) on securities, derivatives and other investments | 36,789 | 104,928 | (68,139 | ) | (65 | )% | ||||||||
Consolidated Funds net gains (losses) | 14,497 | 15,323 | (826 | ) | (5 | )% | ||||||||
Total other income (loss) | 51,286 | 120,251 | (68,965 | ) | (57 | )% | ||||||||
Income (loss) before income taxes | 11,479 | 57,836 | (46,357 | ) | (80 | )% | ||||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) | (47,496 | ) | (124,944 | ) | 77,448 | (62 | )% | |||||||
Net income (loss) | 58,975 | 182,780 | (123,805 | ) | (68 | )% | ||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | 15,246 | 15,564 | (318 | ) | (2 | )% | ||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | 43,729 | 167,216 | (123,487 | ) | (74 | )% | ||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 4,075 | — | 4,075 | NM | ||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. common stockholders | $ | 39,654 | $ | 167,216 | $ | (127,562 | ) | (76 | )% | |||||
Revenues
Investment Banking
Investment banking revenues increased $52.3 million to $222.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $170.5 million in the prior year period. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company completed 129 underwriting transactions, 13 strategic advisory transactions and seven debt capital market transactions. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company completed 129 underwriting transactions, 12 strategic advisory transactions and 16 debt capital market transactions. The average underwriting fee per transaction was 45.0% greater for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the prior year period.
Brokerage
Brokerage revenues increased $17.6 million to $157.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $140.1 million in the prior year period. This was attributable to higher commissions due to an increase in customer trading volumes, a decrease in facilitation losses in our cash equity and option businesses, an increase in payments for research services and the initiation of our prime brokerage businesses in the third and fourth quarter of 2015. Customer trading volumes across the industry (according to Bloomberg) increased 9% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the prior year.
Management Fees
Management fees increased $1.3 million to $41.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $40.6 million in the prior year period. This increase was primarily related to an increase in management fees from our healthcare
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royalty business and prime services business offset partially by a decrease in management fees from the long/short credit business, which was sold in the fourth quarter of 2014.
Incentive Income
Incentive income decreased $1.3 million to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $2.8 million in the prior year period. This decrease was primarily related to a decrease in performance fees from our alternative solutions business and a decrease in performance fees from the long/short credit business, which was sold in the fourth quarter of 2014.
Interest and Dividends
Interest and dividends decreased $35.1 million to $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $48.9 million in the prior year period. This decrease was attributable to the completion of the wind down of our securities lending business during the first quarter of 2015.
Reimbursements from Affiliates
Reimbursements from affiliates increased $9.1 million to $21.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $12.5 million in the prior year period. The increase is primarily related to an increase in reimbursements from the activist business.
Other Revenues
Other revenues decreased $5.7 million to $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $9.4 million in the prior year period.
Consolidated Funds Revenues
Consolidated Funds revenues decreased $1.3 million to $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $2.9 million in the prior year period.
Expenses
Employee Compensation and Benefits
Employee compensation and benefits expenses increased $15.9 million to $321.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $305.5 million in the prior year period. The increase is primarily due to $36.8 million higher total revenues partially offset by $69.0 million lower other income (loss) during 2015 as compared to 2014, resulting in a higher compensation and benefits accrual to remain consistent with the Company's compensation to revenue ratio. The compensation to revenue ratio, based on total revenues only, was 69% for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with 71% in the prior year period. The compensation to revenue ratio, including other income (loss), was 62% for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with 56% in the prior year period.
Interest and Dividends
Interest and dividend expenses decreased $16.6 million to $26.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $42.8 million in the prior year period. This decrease was attributable to the completion of the wind down of our securities lending business during the first quarter of 2015 offset partially by an increase related to the convertible debt and other notes payable issued during the first and fourth quarters of 2014.
General, Administrative and Other Expenses
General, administrative and other expenses increased $16.5 million to $154.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $138.0 million in the prior year period. This was primarily due to higher legal and other professional fees, increased occupancy costs and an increase in client services and business development and floor brokerage and trade execution, which are variable expenses, related to higher revenues, as well as transaction costs related to acquisitions.
Goodwill Impairment
During the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company made a decision to wind down the operations of its securities lending business, therefore, the Company recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $2.3 million.
Consolidated Funds Expenses
Consolidated Funds expenses increased $0.7 million to $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $1.6 million in the prior year period.
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Other Income (Loss)
Other income (loss) decreased $69.0 million to $51.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $120.3 million in the prior year period. The decrease primarily relates to a decrease in performance in our activist strategy and the Company's own invested capital offset partially by the agreement to sell a portion of the Company's ownership in the activist business to the principal owners of Starboard Value. The gains and losses shown under Consolidated Funds reflect the consolidated total performance for such funds, and the portion of those gains or losses that are attributable to other investors is allocated to redeemable non-controlling interests.
Income Taxes
Income tax benefit decreased $77.4 million to an income tax benefit of $47.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to an income tax benefit of $124.9 million in the prior year period. This increase in expense is primarily attributable to the release, in 2014, of the Company’s valuation allowance that were previously recorded against the Company’s US federal and state deferred tax assets, partially offset by the deferred tax benefit recognized by the Company's Luxembourg subsidiary in 2015.
Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Non-controlling Interests
Income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests decreased $0.4 million to $15.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $15.6 million in the prior year period. The decrease was primarily the result of losses incurred by our merchant banking co-investments and a decrease in performance in the alternative solutions business offset partially by an increase in performance in our healthcare royalty business. Non-controlling interests represent the pro rata share of the income or loss of the non-wholly owned consolidated entities attributable to the other owners of such entities.
Preferred Stock Dividends
On May 19, 2015, the Company completed its offering of 120,750 shares of the Company's 5.625% Series A cumulative perpetual convertible preferred stock. Each share of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is entitled to dividends at a rate of 5.625% per annum. The Company may, at its option, pay dividends in cash, common stock or a combination thereof.
Segment Analysis and Economic Income (Loss)
Segments
The Company conducts its operations through two segments: an alternative investment segment and a broker-dealer segment.
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, the Company's alternative investment segment includes hedge funds, private equity structures, registered investment companies and listed vehicles operating results and other investment platforms operating results.
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, the Company's broker-dealer segment includes investment banking, research, sales and trading and prime brokerage businesses' operating results.
Economic Income (Loss)
The performance measure used by the Company for each segment is Economic Income (Loss), which management uses to evaluate the financial performance of and to make operating decisions for the firm as a whole and each segment. Accordingly, management assesses its business by analyzing the performance of each segment and believes that investors should review the same performance measure that it uses to analyze its segment and business performance. In addition, management believes that Economic Income (Loss) is helpful to gain an understanding of its segment results of operations because it reflects such results on a consistent basis for all periods presented.
Our Economic Income (Loss) may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. We use Economic Income (Loss) as a measure of each segment's operating performance, not as a measure of liquidity. Economic Income (Loss) should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income, net income, operating cash flows, investing and financing activities, or other income or cash flow statement data prepared in accordance with US GAAP. As a result of the adjustments made to arrive at Economic Income (Loss), Economic Income (Loss) has limitations in that it does not take into account certain items included or excluded under US GAAP, including our Consolidated Funds. Economic Income (Loss) is considered by management as a supplemental measure to the US GAAP results to provide a more complete understanding of each segment's performance as measured by management. For a reconciliation of Economic Income (Loss) to US GAAP net income (loss) for the periods presented and additional information regarding the reconciling adjustments discussed above, see Note 23 to the Company's consolidated financial statements included in this 10-K.
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In general, Economic Income (Loss) is a pre-tax measure that (i) eliminates the impact of consolidation for consolidated funds (ii) excludes goodwill and intangible impairment (iii) excludes certain other acquisition-related adjustments and/or reorganization expenses and (iv) excludes preferred stock dividends. In addition, Economic Income (Loss) revenues include investment income that represents the income the Company has earned in investing its own capital, including realized and unrealized gains and losses, interest and dividends, net of associated investment related expenses. For US GAAP purposes, these items are included in each of their respective line items. Economic Income (Loss) revenues also include management fees, incentive income and investment income earned through the Company's investment as a general partner in certain real estate entities and the Company's investment in the activist business. For US GAAP purposes, all of these items are recorded in other income (loss). In addition, Economic Income (Loss) expenses are reduced by reimbursement from affiliates, which for US GAAP purposes is presented gross as part of revenue.
Economic Income (Loss) Revenues
The Company's principal sources of Economic Income (Loss) revenues are derived from activities in the following business segments:
Our alternative investment segment generates Economic Income (Loss) revenues through three principal sources: management fees, incentive income and investment income from our own capital. Management fees are directly impacted by any increase or decrease in assets under management, while incentive income is impacted by our funds' performance and resulting increase or decrease in assets under management. Investment income from the Company's own capital is impacted by the performance of the funds and other securities in which our capital is invested.
Our broker-dealer segment generates Economic Income (Loss) revenues through two principal sources: investment banking and brokerage. The Company earns investment banking revenue primarily from fees associated with public and private capital raising transactions and providing strategic advisory services. Investment banking revenues are derived primarily from small and mid-capitalization companies within the Company's Target Sectors: healthcare, technology, media and telecommunications, information and technology services, consumer, aerospace and defense, industrials, energy and transportation. The Company's brokerage revenues consist of commissions, principal transactions and fees paid for equity research. Cowen's broker-dealer segment also offers a full-service suite of prime brokerage services. Management reviews brokerage revenue on a combined basis as the vast majority of the revenue is derived from the same group of clients. The Company derives its brokerage revenue primarily from trading equity and equity-linked securities on behalf of institutional investors. The majority of the Company's trading gains and losses are a result of activities that support the facilitation of client orders in both listed and over-the-counter securities, although all trading gains and losses are recorded in brokerage in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.
Economic Income (Loss) Expenses
The Company's Economic Income expenses consist of non-interest expenses and interest expense. Non interest expenses consist of compensation and benefits and non-compensation expenses (fixed and variable), less reimbursement from affiliates. Interest expense is primarily interest from indebtedness, not trading activity (which is included within investment income (loss)).
Non-controlling Interests
Non-controlling interests represent the pro rata share of the income or loss of the non-wholly owned consolidated entities attributable to the partners of such entities.
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Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2015
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | Total Period-to-Period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alternative Investment | Total | Alternative Investment | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker-Dealer | Broker-Dealer | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Economic Income Revenues | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment banking | $ | — | $ | 133,279 | $ | 133,279 | $ | — | $ | 222,781 | $ | 222,781 | $ | (89,502 | ) | (40 | )% | |||||||||||||
Brokerage | — | 207,040 | 207,040 | — | 160,436 | 160,436 | 46,604 | 29 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
Management fees | 64,086 | 3,162 | 67,248 | 68,989 | 1,026 | 70,015 | (2,767 | ) | (4 | )% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Incentive income (loss) | 26,274 | — | 26,274 | (1,544 | ) | — | (1,544 | ) | 27,818 | NM | ||||||||||||||||||||
Investment income (loss) | 3,015 | 1,008 | 4,023 | 49,244 | 13,352 | 62,596 | (58,573 | ) | (94 | )% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other income (loss) | 29,202 | 565 | 29,767 | 14,492 | 890 | 15,382 | 14,385 | 94 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total economic income revenues | 122,577 | 345,054 | 467,631 | 131,181 | 398,485 | 529,666 | (62,035 | ) | (12 | )% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Economic Income (Loss)
Total Economic Income (Loss) was a loss of $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $63.3 million compared to Economic Income (Loss) of $34.5 million in the prior year period.
Total Economic Income (Loss) revenues were $467.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $62.1 million compared to Economic Income (Loss) revenues of $529.7 million in the prior year period. This was related to a decrease in investment banking activity and a decrease in performance in investment income offset partially by an increase in brokerage activity, incentive fees and other income.
Alternative Investment Segment Revenues
Alternative investment segment Economic Income (Loss) revenues were $122.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $8.6 million compared to Economic Income (Loss) revenues of $131.2 million in the prior year period.
Management Fees. Management fees for the segment decreased $4.9 million to $64.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $69.0 million in the prior year period. This decrease was primarily related to a decrease in management fees for our alternative solutions and activist businesses offset partially by an increase in management fees from our macro options and equities businesses.
Incentive Income (Loss). Incentive income for the segment increased $27.8 million to $26.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with a loss of $1.5 million in the prior year period. This increase was primarily related to an increase in performance from our activist business and certain private investments.
Investment Income (Loss). Investment income for the segment decreased $46.2 million to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $49.2 million in the prior year period. The decrease primarily relates to a prior year deferred tax benefit recorded pursuant to the acquisition of Hollenfels and a decrease in performance of the Company's own invested capital.
Other Income (Loss). Other income (loss) for the segment increased $14.7 million to $29.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $14.5 million in the prior year period. This increase is primarily related to the sale of our interest in the alternative solutions business and the principal owners of Starboard Value exercising their right to acquire a portion of the Company’s ownership interest in the activist business.
Broker-Dealer Segment Revenues
Broker-dealer segment Economic Income (Loss) revenues were $345.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $53.4 million compared with Economic Income (Loss) revenues of $398.5 million in the prior year.
Investment Banking. Investment banking revenues decreased $89.5 million to $133.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $222.8 million in the prior year period. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company completed 76 underwriting transactions, 15 strategic advisory transactions and seven debt capital market transactions. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company completed 129 underwriting transactions, 13 strategic advisory transactions and seven debt capital market transactions. The average underwriting fee per transaction was 12.2% less for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016 as compared to the prior year.
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Brokerage. Brokerage revenues increased $46.6 million to $207.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $160.4 million in the prior year period. This was attributable to higher commissions due to an increase in customer trading volumes, the initiation of our prime brokerage businesses in the third and fourth quarters of 2015 and the initiation of our credit trading business in May 2016. Customer trading volumes across the industry (according to Bloomberg) increased 6% for the twelve months ended December 31, 2016 compared to the prior year.
Investment Income (Loss). Investment income for the segment decreased $12.4 million to $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $13.4 million in the prior year period. The decrease is a result of a decrease in overall investment income which is allocated amongst the segments.
Other Income (Loss). Other income (loss) for the segment decreased $0.3 million to $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $0.9 million in the prior year period.
Non-Interest Expenses
Non-interest expenses. Total non-interest expenses increased $1.6 million to $471.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared with $469.8 million in the prior year period.
Compensation and benefits expenses. Compensation and benefits expenses, included within non-interest expenses, decreased $17.2 million to $300.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $317.6 million in the prior year period. The decrease is due to $62.1 million lower revenues during 2016 as compared to 2015 which resulted in a lower compensation and benefits accrual. The compensation to revenue ratio was 64% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with 60% in the prior year period.
Non-compensation Expenses—Fixed. Fixed non-compensation expenses, included within non-interest expenses, increased $6.8 million to $101.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $94.2 million in the prior year period. This increase was primarily due to higher communications and increased occupancy costs both of which are primarily related to acquisitions during late 2015 and during 2016.
The following table shows the components of the non-compensation expenses—fixed, for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:
Year Ended December 31, | Period-to-Period | |||||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
Non-compensation expenses—fixed: | ||||||||||||||
Communications | $ | 17,752 | $ | 14,320 | $ | 3,432 | 24 | % | ||||||
Professional, advisory and other fees | 17,280 | 17,605 | (325 | ) | (2 | )% | ||||||||
Occupancy and equipment | 29,975 | 26,739 | 3,236 | 12 | % | |||||||||
Service fees | 7,831 | 7,503 | 328 | 4 | % | |||||||||
Expenses from equity investments | 15,844 | 14,156 | 1,688 | 12 | % | |||||||||
Other | 12,297 | 13,913 | (1,616 | ) | (12 | )% | ||||||||
Total | $ | 100,979 | $ | 94,236 | $ | 6,743 | 7 | % | ||||||
Depreciation and amortization expenses. Depreciation and amortization expenses increase $1.5 million to $11.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $9.5 million in the prior year period. The increase is primarily related to an increase in amortization on intangible assets related to acquisitions during late 2015 and during 2016.
Non-compensation Expenses—Variable. Variable non-compensation expenses, included within non-interest expenses, which primarily are comprised of expenses which are incurred as a direct result of the processing and soliciting of revenue generating activities, increased $5.0 million to $61.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $56.2 million in the prior year period. The increase is primarily related to higher floor brokerage and trade execution costs, due to higher brokerage revenue, and increased marketing and business development expenses, some of which is related to acquisitions during late 2015 and during 2016. Costs related to the 2015 acquisition of Hollenfels also decreased.
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The following table shows the components of the non-compensation expenses—variable, for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:
Year Ended December 31, | Period-to-Period | |||||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
Non-compensation expenses—Variable: | ||||||||||||||
Floor brokerage and trade execution | $ | 29,432 | $ | 24,054 | $ | 5,378 | 22 | % | ||||||
HealthCare Royalty Partners syndication costs | 528 | 528 | — | — | % | |||||||||
Expenses related to Luxembourg companies | 2,406 | 5,475 | (3,069 | ) | (56 | )% | ||||||||
Marketing and business development | 26,163 | 23,367 | 2,796 | 12 | % | |||||||||
Other | 2,649 | 2,726 | (77 | ) | (3 | )% | ||||||||
Total | $ | 61,178 | $ | 56,150 | $ | 5,028 | 9 | % | ||||||
Reimbursement from Affiliates. Reimbursements from affiliates, included within non-interest expenses, which relate to the alternative investment segment, decreased $5.4 million to $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $7.7 million in the prior year period.
Interest expense
Interest expense, which primarily relates to debt issued during the first and fourth quarters of 2014, increased $0.6 million to $17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $16.6 million in the prior year period.
Non-Controlling Interest
Income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests decreased by $1.0 million to $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with $8.8 million in the prior year period. Non-Controlling interest represents the portion of the net income or loss attributable to certain non-wholly owned subsidiaries that is allocated to our partners in those subsidiaries.
Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared with the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | Total Period-to-Period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alternative Investment | Total | Alternative Investment | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Broker-Dealer | Broker-Dealer | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Economic Income Revenues | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment banking | $ | — | $ | 222,781 | $ | 222,781 | $ | — | $ | 170,506 | $ | 170,506 | $ | 52,275 | 31 | % | ||||||||||||||
Brokerage | — | 160,436 | 160,436 | 55 | 146,192 | 146,247 | 14,189 | 10 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
Management fees | 68,989 | 1,026 | 70,015 | 64,774 | — | 64,774 | 5,241 | 8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
Incentive income (loss) | (1,544 | ) | — | (1,544 | ) | 45,708 | — | 45,708 | (47,252 | ) | (103 | )% | ||||||||||||||||||
Investment income (loss) | 49,244 | 13,352 | 62,596 | 45,193 | 20,022 | 65,215 | (2,619 | ) | (4 | )% | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other income (loss) | 14,492 | 890 | 15,382 | 4,645 | 523 | 5,168 | 10,214 | 198 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
Total economic income revenues | 131,181 | 398,485 | 529,666 | 160,375 | 337,243 | 497,618 | 32,048 | 6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||
Economic Income (Loss)
Total Economic Income (Loss) was a loss of $34.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $9.7 million compared to Economic Income (Loss) of $44.2 million in the prior year period.
Total Economic Income (Loss) revenues were $529.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $32.1 million compared to Economic Income (Loss) revenues of $497.6 million in the prior year period. The increase was related to investment banking activity, which was partially offset with decreased performance in investment and incentive income. For purposes of the following section, all references to revenue refer to Economic Income (Loss) revenues.
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Alternative Investment Segment Revenues
Alternative investment segment Economic Income (Loss) revenues were $131.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $29.2 million compared to Economic Income (Loss) revenues of $160.4 million in the prior year period.
Management Fees. Management fees for the segment increased $4.2 million to $69.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $64.8 million in the prior year period. This increase was primarily related to an increase in management fees for our activist and healthcare royalty businesses offset partially by lower management fees from the real estate business and from the long/short credit business, which was sold in the fourth quarter of 2014.
Incentive Income (Loss). Incentive income for the segment decreased $47.2 million to a loss of $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with income of $45.7 million in the prior year period. This decrease was primarily related to a decrease in performance fees from our activist business.
Investment Income (Loss). Investment income for the segment increased $4.0 million to $49.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $45.2 million in the prior year period. The increase primarily relates to the deferred tax benefit recorded pursuant to the acquisition of Hollenfels partially offset by a decrease in performance of the Company's own invested capital.
Other Income (Loss). Other income (loss) for the segment increased $9.9 million to $14.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $4.6 million in the prior year period. This increase is related to the Company reaching an agreement at the end of the fourth quarter of 2015, with an effective date of December 31, 2015, to sell a portion of the Company's ownership interest in the activist business back to the principal owners of Starboard Value offset partially by a sale of our credit business during the fourth quarter of 2014.
Broker-Dealer Segment Revenues
Broker-dealer segment Economic Income (Loss) revenues were $398.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $61.3 million compared with Economic Income (Loss) revenues of $337.2 million in the prior year.
Investment Banking. Investment banking revenues increased $52.3 million to $222.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $170.5 million in the prior year period. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company completed 129 underwriting transactions, 13 strategic advisory transactions and seven debt capital market transactions. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company completed 129 underwriting transactions, 12 strategic advisory transactions and 16 debt capital market transactions. The average underwriting fee per transaction was 45.0% greater for the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the prior year period.
Brokerage. Brokerage revenues increased $14.2 million to $160.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $146.2 million in the prior year period. This was attributable to higher commissions due to an increase in customer trading volumes, a decrease in facilitation losses in our cash equity and option businesses, an increase in payments for research services and the initiation of our prime brokerage businesses in the third and fourth quarter of 2015. Customer trading volumes across the industry (according to Bloomberg) increased 9% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to the prior year.
Investment Income (Loss). Investment income for the segment decreased $6.6 million to $13.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $20.0 million in the prior year period. The decrease is a result of a decrease in overall investment income which is allocated amongst the segments.
Other Income (Loss). Other income (loss) for the segment increased $0.4 million to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $0.5 million in the prior year period.
Non-Interest Expenses
Non-interest expenses. Total non-interest expenses increased $33.9 million to $469.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared with $435.9 million in the prior year period.
Compensation and benefits expenses. Compensation and benefits expenses, included within non-interest expenses, increased $15.4 million to $317.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $302.2 million in the prior year period. The increase is due to $32.1 million higher revenues during 2015 as compared to 2014 and resulted in a higher compensation and benefits accrual to remain consistent with the Company's compensation to revenue ratio. The compensation to revenue ratio was 60% for year ended December 31, 2015 compared with 61% in the prior year period.
Non-compensation Expenses—Fixed. Fixed non-compensation expenses, included within non-interest expenses, increased $8.0 million to $94.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $86.2 million in the prior year
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period. This increase was primarily due to higher legal and other professional fees and increased occupancy costs related to additional office space.
The following table shows the components of the non-compensation expenses—fixed, for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:
Year Ended December 31, | Period-to-Period | |||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
Fixed expenses: | ||||||||||||||
Communications | $ | 14,320 | $ | 13,046 | $ | 1,274 | 10 | % | ||||||
Professional, advisory and other fees | 17,605 | 14,634 | 2,971 | 20 | % | |||||||||
Occupancy and equipment | 26,739 | 24,177 | 2,562 | 11 | % | |||||||||
Service fees | 7,503 | 8,065 | (562 | ) | (7 | )% | ||||||||
Expenses from equity investments | 14,156 | 14,606 | (450 | ) | (3 | )% | ||||||||
Other | 13,913 | 11,647 | 2,266 | 19 | % | |||||||||
Total | $ | 94,236 | $ | 86,175 | $ | 8,061 | 9 | % | ||||||
Depreciation and amortization expenses. Depreciation and amortization expenses increase $0.2 million to $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $9.3 million in the prior year period
Non-compensation Expenses—Variable. Variable non-compensation expenses, included within non-interest expenses, which primarily are comprised of expenses which are incurred as a direct result of the processing and soliciting of revenue generating activities, increased $10.5 million to $56.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $45.7 million in the prior year period. The increase is primarily related to an increase in client services and business development, increased floor brokerage and trade execution costs and expenses related to the acquisition of a Luxembourg reinsurance company offset partially by a decrease in syndication costs.
The following table shows the components of the non-compensation expenses—variable, for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014:
Year Ended December 31, | Period-to-Period | |||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | $ Change | % Change | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
Variable expenses: | ||||||||||||||
Floor brokerage and trade execution | $ | 24,054 | $ | 19,273 | $ | 4,781 | 25 | % | ||||||
HealthCare Royalty Partners syndication costs | 528 | 2,310 | (1,782 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Expenses related to Luxembourg reinsurance companies | 5,475 | 2,855 | 2,620 | 92 | % | |||||||||
Marketing and business development | 23,367 | 19,862 | 3,505 | 18 | % | |||||||||
Other | 2,726 | 1,437 | 1,289 | 90 | % | |||||||||
Total | $ | 56,150 | $ | 45,737 | $ | 10,413 | 23 | % | ||||||
Reimbursement from Affiliates. Reimbursements from affiliates, included within non-interest expenses, which relate to the alternative investment segment, increased $0.1 million to $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $7.6 million in the prior year period.
Interest expense
Interest expense, which primarily relates to debt issued during the first and fourth quarters of 2014, increased $6.8 million to $16.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $9.8 million in the prior year period.
Non-Controlling Interest
Income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests increased by $1.0 million to $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with $7.8 million in the prior year period. Non-Controlling interest represents the portion of the net income or loss attributable to certain non-wholly owned subsidiaries that is allocated to our partners in those subsidiaries.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
We continually monitor our liquidity position. The working capital needs of the Company's business have been met through current levels of equity capital, current cash and cash equivalents, and anticipated cash generated from our operating activities, including management fees, incentive income, returns on the Company's own capital, investment banking fees and brokerage commissions. The Company expects that its primary working capital liquidity needs over the next twelve months will be:
• | pay our operating expenses, primarily consisting of compensation and benefits, interest on debt and other general and administrative expenses; and |
• | provide capital to facilitate the growth of our existing business. |
Based on our historical results, management's experience, our current business strategy and current assets under management, the Company believes that its existing cash resources will be sufficient to meet its anticipated working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next twelve months. Our cash reserves include cash, cash equivalents and assets readily convertible into cash such as our securities held in inventory. Securities inventories are stated at fair value and are generally readily marketable. As of December 31, 2016, we had cash and cash equivalents of $112.0 million and net liquid investment assets of $438.8 million. Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments held by foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 were $13.7 million and $53.8 million, respectively. The Company intends to permanently reinvest the capital and accumulated earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in the respective subsidiary, but remits the current earnings of its foreign subsidiaries to the United States to the extent permissible under local regulatory rules. The undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries totaled $0.8 million and $1.0 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and the tax liability that would arise if these earnings were remitted to the United States would be approximately $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively.
The timing of cash bonus payments to our employees may significantly affect our cash position and liquidity from period to period. While our employees are generally paid salaries semi-monthly during the year, cash bonus payments, which can make up a significant portion of total compensation, are generally paid once a year by March 15th.
Unfunded commitments
The following table summarizes unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2016:
Entity | Unfunded Commitments | Commitment term | ||||
($ in millions) | ||||||
Real estate (a) | $ | 7.6 | (a) | |||
HealthCare Royalty Partners funds (b) | $ | 7.3 | 2 years | |||
Eclipse Ventures Fund I, L.P. (formerly Formation8 Partners Hardware Fund I, L.P.) | $ | 0.8 | 7 years | |||
Lagunita Biosciences, LLC | $ | 3 | 3 years | |||
Eclipse Fund II, L.P. | $ | 0.9 | 8 years | |||
Eclipse Continuity Fund I, L.P. | $ | 0.9 | 9 years | |||
(a) The Company had unfunded commitments pertaining to capital commitments in five real estate investments held by the Company, all of which pertain to related party investments. Such commitments can be called at any time up to three years, subject to advance notice.
(b) The Company is a limited partner of the HealthCare Royalty Partners funds (which are managed by Healthcare Royalty Management) and is a member of HealthCare Royalty Partners General Partners. The Company will make its pro-rata investment in the HealthCare Royalty Partners funds along with the other limited partners.
Due to the nature of the securities business and our role as a market-maker and execution agent, the amount of our cash and short-term investments, as well as operating cash flow, may vary considerably due to a number of factors, including the dollar value of our positions as principal, whether we are net buyers or sellers of securities, the dollar volume of executions by our customers and clearing house requirements, among others. Certain regulatory requirements constrain the use of a portion of our liquid assets for financing, investing or operating activities. Similarly, due to the nature of our business lines, the capital necessary to maintain current operations and our current funding needs subject our cash and cash equivalents to different requirements and uses.
Revolver
On July 31, 2015, the Company entered into a $25.0 million 364 day revolving unsecured credit facility with multiple financial institutions primarily for working capital management. On July 29, 2016, the Company amended its credit facility to, among other things, extend the existing stated maturity thereof from August 3, 2016 to September 29, 2016, reduce the aggregate revolving commitments thereunder from $25 million to $15 million and make future draws on the revolver during the
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extension period subject to the sole discretion of the lenders thereunder. In connection with the amendment, the Company repaid all outstanding amounts under the credit facility. The facility terminated in accordance with its terms on September 29, 2016.
Preferred Stock and Purchase of Capped Call Option
On May 19, 2015, the Company completed its offering of 120,750 shares of the Company's 5.625% Series A cumulative perpetual convertible preferred stock ("Series A Convertible Preferred Stock") that provided $117.2 million of proceeds, net of underwriting fees and issuance costs of $3.6 million. Each share of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is entitled to dividends at a rate of 5.625% per annum which will be payable, when and if declared by the board of directors of the Company, quarterly, in arrears, on February 15, May 15, August 15 and November 15 of each year. The Company may, at its option, pay dividends in cash, common stock or a combination thereof.
Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is non-voting and has a liquidity preference over the Company's Class A common stock and ranks senior to all classes or series of the Company's Class A common stock, but junior to all of the Company's existing and future indebtedness with respect to divided rights and rights upon the Company's involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding down.
Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into a number of shares of our Class A common stock equal to the liquidation preference of $1,000 divided by the conversion rate. The initial conversion rate (subsequent to the December 5, 2016 reverse stock split) is 38.0619 shares (which equates to $26.27 per share) of the Company's Class A common stock for each share of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. At any time on or after May 20, 2020, the Company may elect to convert all outstanding shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock into shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, cash or a combination thereof, at the Company’s election, in each case, based on the then-applicable conversion rate, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s Class A common stock equals or exceeds 150% of the then-current conversion price on at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days (including on the last trading day of such period) immediately prior to such election. At the time of conversion, the conversion rate may be adjusted based on certain events including but not limited to the issuance of cash dividends or Class A common stock as a dividends to the Company's Class A common shareholders or a share split or combination.
In connection with the issuance and sale of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, the Company entered into a privately negotiated capped call option transaction (the “Capped Call Option Transaction”) with Nomura Global Financial Products Inc. (the “option counterparty”) for $15.9 million. The Capped Call Option Transaction is expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to the Company’s Class A common stock (if the Company elects to convert to common shares) and/or offset any cash payments that the Company is required to make upon conversion of any Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. The Capped Call Option Transaction has an initial effective strike price of $26.27 per share, which matches the initial conversion price of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, and a cap price of $33.54 per share. However, to the extent that the market price of Class A common stock, as measured under the terms of the Capped Call Option Transaction, exceeds the cap price thereof, there would nevertheless be dilution and/or such cash payments would not be offset. As the Capped Call Option Transaction is a free standing derivative that is indexed to the Company's own stock price and the Company controls if it is settled in cash or stock it qualifies for equity classification as a reduction to additional paid in capital.
The Company may also incur additional indebtedness or raise additional capital under certain circumstances to respond to market opportunities and challenges. Current market conditions may make it more difficult or costly to borrow additional funds or raise additional capital.
Regulation
As registered broker-dealers, Cowen and Company, ATM Execution and Cowen Prime are subject to the SEC's Uniform Net Capital Rule 15c3-1 (the “Rule”), which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital. Under the alternative method permitted by the Rule, Cowen and Company's minimum net capital requirement, as defined, is $1.0 million. Under the alternative method ATM Execution and Cowen Prime are required to maintain minimum net capital, as defined, equal to $250,000. The broker-dealers are not permitted to withdraw equity if certain minimum net capital requirements are not met. As of December 31, 2016, Cowen and Company had total net capital of approximately $65.3 million, which was approximately $64.3 million in excess of its minimum net capital requirement of $1.0 million. As of December 31, 2016, ATM Execution had total net capital of approximately $3.5 million, which was approximately $3.2 million in excess of its minimum net capital requirement of $250,000. As of December 31, 2016, Cowen Prime had total net capital of approximately $13.9 million, which was approximately $13.6 million in excess of its minimum net capital requirement of $250,000.
Cowen and Company, ATM Execution and Cowen Prime claim exemption from the provisions of Rule 15c3-3 under the Exchange Act as their activities are limited to those set forth in the conditions for exemption appearing in paragraph (k)(2)(ii) of the Rule.
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Proprietary accounts of broker-dealers (“PAB”) held at the clearing broker are considered allowable assets for net capital purposes, pursuant to agreements between Cowen and Company, ATM Execution and Cowen Prime and the clearing brokers, which require, among other things, that the clearing brokers perform computations for PAB and segregate certain balances on behalf of Cowen and Company, ATM Execution and Cowen Prime, if applicable.
Ramius UK Ltd. ("Ramius UK") and Cowen International Limited ("CIL") are subject to the capital requirements of the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) of the UK. Financial Resources, as defined, must exceed the requirement of the FCA. As of December 31, 2016, Ramius UK's Financial Resources of $0.22 million exceeded its minimum requirement of $0.05 million by $0.17 million. As of December 31, 2016, CIL's Financial Resources of $9.6 million exceeded its minimum requirement of $2.6 million by $7.0 million.
Cowen’s Luxembourg reinsurance companies, Vianden RCG Re SCA (“Vianden”) and Hollenfels, are required to maintain a solvency capital ratio as calculated by relevant European Commission directives and local regulatory rules in Luxembourg. Each company’s solvency capital ratio as of December 31, 2016 was in excess of this minimum requirement.
Based on minimum capital and surplus requirements pursuant to the laws of the state of New York that apply to captive insurance companies, RCG Insurance Company, Cowen’s captive insurance company incorporated and licensed in the state of New York, was required to maintain capital and surplus of approximately $0.3 million as of December 31, 2016. RCG Insurance Company’s capital and surplus as of December 31, 2016 totaled approximately $22.5 million.
Cash Flows Analysis
The Company's primary sources of cash are derived from its operating activities, fees and realized returns on its own invested capital. The Company's primary uses of cash include compensation and general and administrative expenses.
Operating Activities. Net cash used in operating activities of $354.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily related to purchases of other investments and cash used to pay for year end bonuses. Net cash used in operating activities of $67.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily related to purchases of securities and other investments partially offset by a decrease in cash held at other brokers. Net cash used in operating activities of $63.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily related to purchases of securities partially offset by an increase in cash held at other brokers.
Investing Activities. Net cash provided by investing activities of $58.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily related to repayment of certain loans made for investing purposes and sales of other investments offset partially by the purchases of other investments and fixed assets. Net cash used in investing activities of $47.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 was primarily related to the purchases of businesses, other investments and fixed assets partially offset by proceeds from sales of other investments. Net cash used in investing activities of $37.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 was primarily related to the cash convertible note economic hedge transaction and purchase of fixed assets.
Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 of $249.8 million was primarily related to contributions from non-controlling interests in Consolidated Funds. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 of $143.8 million was primarily related to the proceeds from issuance of preferred stock and contributions from non-controlling interests in Consolidated Funds offset partially by repurchase of shares of our common stock. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 of $176.0 million was primarily related to the issuance of convertible debt and other notes payable offset partially by the purchase of treasury stock.
Debt
Convertible Debt
On March 10, 2014, the Company issued $149.5 million of 3.0% cash convertible senior notes ("Convertible Notes"). The Convertible Notes are due on March 15, 2019 unless earlier repurchased by the Company or converted by the holder into cash in accordance with their terms prior to such date. The interest on the Convertible Notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations and rank senior in right of payments to other obligations. The Convertible Notes may be converted into cash, upon the occurrence of certain events, whereby a holder will receive, per $1,000 principal amount of notes being converted, an amount equal to the sum of principal amount outstanding and the conversion amount based on the current conversion price (the "Conversion Option"). The Convertible Notes were issued with an initial conversion price of $21.32 per share (per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016).
The Company recorded interest expense of $4.5 million, $4.5 million and $3.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The initial unamortized discount on the Convertible Notes was $35.7 million and is shown net in convertible debt in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. Amortization on the discount, included within interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations is $6.9 million $6.3 million, and
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$4.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, based on an effective interest rate of 8.89%. The Company capitalized the debt issuance costs in the amount of $3.7 million, which is a direct deduction from the carrying value of the debt and will be amortized over the life of the Convertible Notes.
Of the net proceeds from the sale of the Convertible Notes, approximately $20.5 million was applied to pay the net cost of a cash convertible note economic hedge and warrant transaction which increases the effective conversion price to $28.72 (see Note 5), and approximately $0.3 million was applied to repurchase shares of Cowen Class A common stock. The remainder of the net proceeds is being used for general corporate purposes.
Note Payable
On October 10, 2014 the Company completed its public offering of $63.3 million aggregate principal amount of 8.25% senior notes due on October 15, 2021 ("2021 Notes"). Interest on the 2021 Notes is payable quarterly in arrears on January 15, April 15, July 15 and October 15, commencing on January 15, 2015. The Company recorded interest expense of $5.2 million and $5.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company capitalized debt issuance costs of approximately $2.9 million which is a direct deduction from the carrying value of the debt and will be amortized over the life of the 2021 Notes.
The 2021 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture, dated as of October 10, 2014 (the “Senior Indenture”), by and among the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee. The Senior Indenture contains covenants that, among other things, limit (subject to certain exceptions) the Company’s ability and the ability of the Company’s Restricted Subsidiaries (as defined in the Senior Indenture) to: (1) incur debt (including certain preferred stock), if the incurrence of such indebtedness would cause the Company’s consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio, as defined in the Senior Indenture, to fall below 2.0 to 1.0, (2) pay dividends or make distributions on its capital stock, or purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire its capital stock, and (3) grant liens securing indebtedness of the Company without securing the 2021 Notes equally and ratably. If certain conditions are met, certain of these covenants may be suspended. The Company’s consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio was 1.3 to 1.0 compared to the minimum of 2.0 to 1.0 required by the Senior Indenture. As a result, the Company may not currently incur new debt or make restricted payments, other than in limited permitted amounts set out in the Senior Indenture.
Other Notes Payable
During January 2016, the Company borrowed $2.0 million to fund insurance premium payments. This note has an effective interest rate of 1.38% and was due on December 31, 2016, with monthly payment requirements of $0.2 million. As of December 31, 2016, the note was fully repaid. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was insignificant.
During the second quarter of 2016, the Company entered into financing for two of its aircraft and incurred additional debt when four other aircraft were acquired (See Note 2). The aircraft financing, net of debt costs, is recorded in notes payable and short-term borrowings in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. The debt maturities ranged from February 2017 to May 2021 and interest rates ranged from 4.80% to 7.25%. As of December 31, 2016, the remaining balance on the aircraft financing agreements was $14.4 million. Interest expense was $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Revolver
On July 31, 2015, the Company entered into a $25.0 million 364 day revolving unsecured credit facility with multiple financial institutions primarily for working capital management. On July 29, 2016, the Company amended its credit facility to, among other things, extend the existing stated maturity thereof from August 3, 2016 to September 29, 2016, reduce the aggregate revolving commitments thereunder from $25 million to $15 million and make future draws on the revolver during the extension period subject to the sole discretion of the lenders thereunder. In connection with the amendment, the Company repaid all outstanding amounts under the credit facility. The facility terminated in accordance with its terms on September 29, 2016. Interest accrued on borrowed funds at LIBOR plus 3.0% and interest accrued on the undrawn facility amount at LIBOR plus 0.38%. Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, was $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
Capital Lease Obligations
The Company entered into several capital leases for computer equipment during the fourth quarter of 2010 and one in January 2014. These leases amounted to $7.6 million and are recorded in fixed assets and as capital lease obligations, which are included in short-term borrowings and other debt in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition, and have lease terms that range from 48 to 60 months and interest rates that range from 0.60% to 6.03%. As of December 31, 2016, the remaining balance on these capital leases was $1.8 million. Interest expense was $0.1 million, $0.2 million, and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.
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Letters of Credit
As of December 31, 2016, the Company has the following nine irrevocable letters of credit, related to leased office space, for which there is cash collateral pledged, which the Company pays a fee on the stated amount of the letter of credit. The Company also has a letter of credit, in the amount of $5.5 million, due March 2017, for which cash is pledged as collateral under a reinsurance agreement.
Location | Amount | Maturity | ||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||
San Francisco | $ | 710 | January 2017 | |||
Connecticut | $ | 65 | January 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 1,000 | February 2017 | |||
Boston | $ | 382 | March 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 355 | May 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 70 | May 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 695 | October 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 2,811 | October 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 1,600 | November 2017 | |||
To the extent any letter of credit is drawn upon, interest will be assessed at the prime commercial lending rate. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were no amounts due related to these letters of credit.
Contractual Obligations
The following tables summarize the Company's contractual cash obligations as of December 31, 2016:
Total | < 1 Year | 1-3 Years | 3-5 Years | More Than 5 Years | |||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
Equipment/Aircraft Leases, Service Payments and Facility Leases | |||||||||||||||||||
Real Estate | $ | 97,405 | $ | 16,745 | $ | 32,472 | $ | 30,894 | $ | 17,294 | |||||||||
Service Payments | 28,406 | 15,674 | 11,316 | 1,416 | — | ||||||||||||||
Equipment leases | 2,455 | 1,157 | 1,293 | 5 | — | ||||||||||||||
Aircraft | 3,255 | 1,260 | 1,995 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Total | 131,521 | 34,836 | 47,076 | 32,315 | 17,294 | ||||||||||||||
Debt | |||||||||||||||||||
Convertible Debt | 160,713 | 4,485 | 156,228 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
Note Payable | 89,034 | 4,912 | 10,436 | 73,686 | — | ||||||||||||||
Other Notes Payable | 16,680 | 4,225 | 5,927 | 6,528 | — | ||||||||||||||
Total | $ | 266,427 | $ | 13,622 | $ | 172,591 | $ | 80,214 | $ | — | |||||||||
Clawback obligations
For financial reporting purposes, the general partners of a real estate fund have recorded a liability for potential clawback obligations to the limited partners, due to changes in the unrealized value of the fund's remaining investments and where the fund's general partner has previously received carried interest distributions.
The clawback liability, however, is not realized until the end of the fund's life. The life of the real estate funds with a potential clawback obligation is currently in a winding-up phase whereby the remaining assets of the fund are being liquidated as promptly as possible so as to maximize value, however a final date for liquidation has not been set.
The fund is currently winding-down as of December 31, 2016 and the clawback obligations were $6.2 million (see Note 5 to the Company's consolidated financial statements).
Minimum payments for all debt outstanding
Annual scheduled maturities of debt and minimum payments for all debt outstanding as of December 31, 2016, is as follows:
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Convertible Debt | Note Payable | Other Note Payable | Capital Lease Obligation | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
2017 | $ | 4,485 | $ | 4,912 | $ | 4,225 | $ | 938 | |||||||
2018 | 4,485 | 5,218 | 2,225 | 938 | |||||||||||
2019 | 151,743 | 5,218 | 3,702 | 78 | |||||||||||
2020 | — | 5,218 | 1,805 | — | |||||||||||
2021 | — | 68,468 | 4,723 | — | |||||||||||
Thereafter | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||
Subtotal | 160,713 | 89,034 | 16,680 | 1,954 | |||||||||||
Less: Amount representing interest (a) | (30,684 | ) | (28,081 | ) | (2,443 | ) | (114 | ) | |||||||
Total | $ | 130,029 | $ | 60,953 | $ | 14,237 | $ | 1,840 | |||||||
(a) | Amount necessary to reduce net minimum payments to present value calculated at the Company's implicit rate at inception. This amount also includes the unamortized discount on the convertible debt. |
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2016. However, through indemnification provisions in our clearing agreements, customer activities may expose us to off-balance-sheet credit risk. Pursuant to the clearing agreements, we are required to reimburse our clearing broker, without limit, for any losses incurred due to a counterparty's failure to satisfy its contractual obligations. However, these transactions are collateralized by the underlying security, thereby reducing the associated risk to changes in the market value of the security through the settlement date.
Cowen and Company, Cowen Prime and ATM Execution are members of various securities exchanges. Under the standard membership agreement, members are required to guarantee the performance of other members and, accordingly, if another member becomes unable to satisfy its obligations to the exchange, all other members would be required to meet the shortfall. The Company's liability under these arrangements is not quantifiable. Accordingly, no contingent liability is carried in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition for these arrangements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Critical accounting policies are those that require the Company to make significant judgments, estimates or assumptions that affect amounts reported in its consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto. The Company bases its judgments, estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that the Company believes to be reasonable and prudent. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
The following is a summary of what the Company believes to be its most critical accounting policies and estimates.
Consolidation
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its subsidiaries, and entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest, including the Consolidated Funds, in which the Company has a controlling general partner interest. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company’s funds are not subject to these consolidation provisions with respect to their investments pursuant to their specialized accounting.
The Company’s consolidated financial statements reflect the assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and cash flows of the Consolidated Funds on a gross basis. The management fees and incentive income earned by the Company from the Consolidated Funds were eliminated in consolidation; however, the Company’s allocated share of net income from these funds was increased by the amount of this eliminated income. Hence, the consolidation of these funds had no net effect on the Company’s net earnings.
The Company consolidates all entities that it controls through a majority voting interest or otherwise, including those funds in which the Company either directly or indirectly has a controlling financial interest. In addition, the Company consolidates all variable interest entities for which it is the primary beneficiary.
The Company adopted the new accounting pronouncement regarding consolidation accounting using the modified retrospective method with an effective adoption date of January 1, 2016. The modified retrospective method did not require the restatement of prior year periods. The adoption of the new accounting pronouncement also resulted in a reclassification of certain entities which were previously considered voting interest entities and are considered variable interest entities.
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In accordance with these standards, the Company presently consolidates six funds for which it acts as the general partner and investment manager. As of December 31, 2016 the Company consolidated the following funds: Ramius Enterprise LP (“Enterprise LP”), Ramius Merger Fund LLC (the "Merger Fund"), Cowen Private Investments LP ("Cowen Private"), (as of May 1, 2016) Caerus Select Fund LP ("Caerus LP"), Ramius Archview Credit and Distressed Master Fund ("Archview Master Fund") and Ramius Merger Arbitrage UCITS Fund ("UCITS Fund") (collectively the "Consolidated Funds"). Archview Credit and Distressed Fund ("Archview Feeder Fund") was consolidated during the year but was deconsolidated during the fourth quarter of 2016 upon sale of the Company's investment in this fund.
The Company determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting operating entity ("VOE") or a variable interest entity ("VIE") under US GAAP.
Voting Operating Entities—VOEs are entities in which (i) the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance its activities independently and (ii) the equity holders at risk have the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance.
Under US GAAP, the usual condition for a controlling financial interest in a VOE is ownership of a majority voting interest. Accordingly, the Company consolidates all VOEs in which it owns a majority of the entity's voting shares or units.
In connection with the adoption of the new accounting pronouncement regarding consolidation accounting, the Company reevaluated all of its investment products for consolidation. As of January 1, 2016, in accordance with the adoption of the new accounting pronouncement, the Company deconsolidated Quadratic Fund LLC ("Quadratic LLC"). Adoption of this pronouncement also resulted in a reclassification of certain entities for which the Company was presumed to have control and will now be VIEs.
Variable Interest Entities—VIEs are entities that lack one or more of the characteristics of a VOE. In accordance with US GAAP, an enterprise must consolidate all VIEs of which it is the primary beneficiary. Under the US GAAP consolidation model for VIEs, an enterprise that (1) has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impacts the VIE's economic performance, and (2) has an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE, is considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE and thus is required to consolidate it.
The Company reconsiders whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE by performing a periodic qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of the VIE that includes a review of, among other things, its capital structure, contractual agreements between the Company and the VIE, the economic interests that create or absorb variability, related party relationships and the design of the VIE.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company also sponsors various other entities that it has determined to be VIEs. These VIEs are primarily funds and real estate entities for which the Company serves as the general partner, managing member and/or investment manager with decision-making rights.
The Company does not consolidate certain entities that are VIEs as it has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary in each instance. Fund investors are entitled to all of their economics of these VIEs with the exception of the management fee and incentive income, if any, earned by the Company. The Company's involvement with funds and real estate entities that are unconsolidated VIEs is limited to providing investment management services in exchange for management fees and incentive income. Although the Company may advance amounts and pay certain expenses on behalf of the funds and real estate entities that it considers to be VIEs, it does not provide, nor is it required to provide, any type of substantive financial support to these entities outside of regular investment management services.
Equity Method Investments—For operating entities over which the Company exercises significant influence but which do not meet the requirements for consolidation as outlined above, the Company uses the equity method of accounting. The Company's investments in equity method investees are recorded in other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company's share of earnings or losses from equity method investees is included in net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may not be recoverable. The difference between the carrying value of the equity method investment and its estimated fair value is recognized as an impairment charge when the loss in value is deemed other than temporary.
Other—If the Company does not consolidate an entity, apply the equity method of accounting or account for an investment under the cost method, the Company accounts for such entities (primarily, all securities of such entity which are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term as trading securities) in accordance with US GAAP,
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at fair value with unrealized gains (losses) resulting from changes in fair value reflected within net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Retention of Specialized Accounting—The Consolidated Funds and certain other consolidated companies are investment companies and apply specialized industry accounting for investment companies. The Company has retained this specialized accounting for these funds pursuant to US GAAP. The Company reports its investments on the consolidated statements of financial condition at their estimated fair value, with unrealized gains (losses) resulting from changes in fair value reflected within net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments and other transactions. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect different accounting policies for investments depending on whether or not they are held through a consolidated investment company. In addition, the Company's broker-dealer subsidiaries also apply the specialized industry accounting for brokers and dealers in securities also prescribed under US GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"). The Company also retains specialized accounting upon consolidation.
Valuation of investments and derivative contracts
US GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1 Inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has
the ability to access at the measurement date;
Level 2 Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly, including
inputs in markets that are not considered to be active; and
Level 3 Fair value is determined based on pricing inputs that are unobservable and includes situations where there is little,
if any, market activity for the asset or liability. The determination of fair value for assets and liabilities in this
category requires significant management judgment or estimation.
Inputs are used in applying the various valuation techniques and broadly refer to the assumptions that market participants use to make valuation decisions, including assumptions about risk. Inputs may include price information, volatility statistics, specific and broad credit data, liquidity statistics, and other factors. A financial instrument's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. However, the determination of what constitutes “observable” requires significant judgment by the Company. The Company considers observable data to be that market data which is readily available, regularly distributed or updated, reliable and verifiable, not proprietary, and provided by independent sources that are actively involved in the relevant market. The categorization of a financial instrument within the hierarchy is based upon the pricing transparency of the instrument and does not necessarily correspond to the Company's perceived risk of that instrument. For additional information regarding the use of unobservable inputs to fair value assets and liabilities see Note 6 in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statement in Part 1 Item 1.
The Company and its operating subsidiaries act as the manager for the Consolidated Funds. Both the Company and the Consolidated Funds hold certain investments which are valued by the Company, acting as the investment manager. The fair value of these investments is generally estimated based on proprietary models developed by the Company, which include discounted cash flow analysis, public market comparables, and other techniques and may be based, at least in part, on independently sourced market information. The material estimates and assumptions used in these models include the timing and expected amount of cash flows, the appropriateness of discount rates used, and, in some cases, the ability to execute, timing of, and estimated proceeds from expected financings. Significant judgment and estimation goes into the selection of an appropriate valuation methodology as well as the assumptions used in these models, and the timing and actual values realized with respect to investments could be materially different from values derived based on the use of those estimates. The valuation methodologies applied impact the reported value of the Company's investments and the investments held by the Consolidated Funds in the consolidated financial statements. Certain of the Company's investments are relatively illiquid or thinly traded and may not be immediately liquidated on demand if needed. Fair values assigned to these investments may differ significantly from the fair values that would have been used had a ready market for the investments existed and such differences could be material.
The Company primarily uses the “market approach” to value its financial instruments measured at fair value. In determining an instrument's level within the hierarchy, the Company categorizes the Company's financial instruments into three categories: securities, derivative contracts and other investments. To the extent applicable, each of these categories can further be divided between those held long or sold short.
The Company has the option to measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each period. The election is made on an instrument by instrument basis at initial recognition of an
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asset or liability or upon an event that gives rise to a new basis of accounting for that instrument. The Company has elected the fair value option for certain of its investments held by its operating companies. This option has been elected because the Company believes that it is consistent with the manner in which the business is managed as well as the way that financial instruments in other parts of the business are recorded.
Securities— Securities with values based on quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets are classified within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. These securities include active listed equities, certain U.S. government and sovereign obligations, ETF's, mutual funds and certain money market securities. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for such instruments, even in situations where the Company holds a large position and a sale could reasonably impact the quoted price.
Certain positions for which trading activity may not be readily visible, consisting primarily of convertible debt, corporate debt and loans and restricted equities, are stated at fair value and classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The estimated fair values assigned by management are determined in good faith and are based on available information considering, trading activity, broker quotes, quotations provided by published pricing services, counterparties and other market participants, and pricing models using quoted inputs, and do not necessarily represent the amounts which might ultimately be realized. As level 2 investments include positions that are not always traded in active markets and/or are subject to transfer restrictions, valuations may be adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability.
Derivative contracts—Derivative contracts can be exchange-traded or privately negotiated over-the-counter (“OTC”). Exchange-traded derivatives, such as futures contracts and exchange-traded option contracts, are typically classified within level 1 or level 2 of the fair value hierarchy depending on whether or not they are deemed to be actively traded. OTC derivatives, such as generic forwards, swaps and options, have inputs which can generally be corroborated by market data and are therefore classified within level 2. OTC derivatives, such as swaps and options where market data is not readily available or observable are classified as level 3.
Other investments—Other investments consist primarily of portfolio funds, real estate investments and equity method investments, which are valued as follows:
i. | Portfolio funds—Portfolio funds (“Portfolio Funds”) include interests in funds and investment companies which may be managed by the Company or its affiliates. The Company follows US GAAP regarding fair value measurements and disclosures relating to investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value (“NAV”) per share (or its equivalent). The guidance permits, as a practical expedient, an entity holding investments in certain entities that either are investment companies as defined by the AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide, Investment Companies, or have attributes similar to an investment company, and calculate net asset value per share or its equivalent for which the fair value is not readily determinable, to measure the fair value of such investments on the basis of that NAV per share, or its equivalent, without adjustment. In accordance with US GAAP, investments which are valued using NAV per share as a practical expedient are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy. |
ii. | Real estate investments—Real estate debt and equity investments are valued at fair value. The fair value of real estate investments are estimated based on the price that would be received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between marketplace participants at the measurement date. Real estate investments without a public market are valued based on assumptions and valuation techniques used by the Company. Such valuation techniques may include discounted cash flow analysis, prevailing market capitalization rates or earnings multiples applied to earnings from the investment, analysis of recent comparable sales transactions, actual sale negotiations and bona fide purchase offers received from third parties, consideration of the amount that currently would be required to replace the asset, as adjusted for obsolescence, as well as independent external appraisals. In general, the Company considers several valuation techniques when measuring the fair value of a real estate investment. However, in certain circumstances, a single valuation technique may be appropriate. Real estate investments are reviewed on a quarterly basis by the Company for significant changes at the property level or a significant change in the overall market which would impact the value of the real estate investment resulting in unrealized appreciation or depreciation. |
Real estate and capital markets are cyclical in nature. Property and investment values are affected by, among other things, the availability of capital, occupancy rates, rental rates and interest and inflation rates. In addition, the Company invests in real estate and real estate related investments for which no liquid market exists. The market prices for such investments may be volatile and may not be readily ascertainable. Amounts ultimately realized by the Company from investments sold may differ from the fair values presented, and the differences could be material.
The Company's real estate investments are typically categorized as level 3 investments within the fair value hierarchy as management uses significant unobservable inputs in determining their estimated fair value.
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Revenue recognition
The Company's principal sources of revenue are derived from two segments: an alternative investment segment and a broker-dealer segment, as more fully described below.
Our alternative investment segment generates revenue through three principal sources: management fees, incentive income and investment income from the Company's own capital.
Our broker-dealer segment generates revenue through three principal sources: investment banking, brokerage and investment income.
Management fees
The Company earns management fees from affiliated funds and certain managed accounts that it serves as the investment manager based on assets under management. The actual management fees received vary depending on distribution fees or fee splits paid to third parties either in connection with raising the assets or structuring the investment.
Several general partners of the funds are owned jointly by the Company and third parties. Accordingly, the management fees generated by these funds are split between the Company and the other general partners. Pursuant to US GAAP, these fees received by the general partners that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are reflected under net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Management fees are generally paid on a quarterly basis at the beginning of each quarter in arrears and are prorated for capital inflows and redemptions. While some investors may have separately negotiated fees, in general the management fees are as follows:
• | Hedge Funds. Management fees for the Company's hedge funds are generally charged at an annual rate of up to 2% of assets under management or notional trading level. Management fees are generally calculated monthly based on assets under management at the end of each month before incentive income. |
• | Registered Funds. Management fees for the Company’s registered funds (State Street/Ramius Managed Futures Strategy Fund and Ramius Archview Credit and Distressed Fund) are generally charged at an annual rate of up to 1.50% of assets under management. |
• | Real Estate. Management fees from the Company's real estate business are generally charged at an annual rate from 0.25% to 1.50% of total capital commitments during the investment period and of invested capital or net asset value of the applicable fund after the investment period has ended. Management fees are typically paid to the general partners on a quarterly basis, at the beginning of the quarter in arrears, and are prorated for changes in capital commitments throughout the investment period and invested capital after the investment period. |
• | HealthCare Royalty Partners. In HealthCare Royalty Partners main funds, during the investment period (as defined in the relevant partnership agreements), management fees are generally charged at an annual rate of 1% to 2% of committed capital. After the investment period, management fees for these funds are generally charged at an annual rate of 0.5% to 2% of the net asset value or the aggregate cost basis of the unrealized investments held by the funds. For the other funds (and managed account) managed by Healthcare Royalty Partners, the management fee ranges from .2% to 1% and there is no adjustment based on an investment period. Management fees for the HealthCare Royalty Partners funds are calculated on a quarterly basis. |
• | Ramius Trading Strategies. Management fees and platform fees for the Company's private commodity trading advisory business are generally charged at an annual rate of up to 0.5%. Management and platform fees are generally calculated monthly based on each account's notional trading level at the end of each month. |
Incentive income
The Company earns incentive income based on net profits (as defined in the respective investment management agreements) with respect to certain of the Company's funds and managed accounts, allocable for each fiscal year that exceeds cumulative unrecovered net losses, if any, that have been carried forward from prior years. For the products we offer, incentive income earned is typically up to 20% for hedge funds (in certain cases on performance in excess of a benchmark), of the net profits earned for the full year that are attributable to each fee-paying investor. Generally, incentive income on real estate funds is earned after the investor has received a full return of their invested capital, plus a preferred return. However, for certain real estate funds, the Company is entitled to receive incentive fees earlier, provided that the investors have received their preferred return on a current basis or on an investor by investor basis. These funds are generally subject to a potential clawback of these incentive fees upon the liquidation of the fund if the investor has not received a full return of its invested capital plus the preferred return thereon. Incentive income in the HealthCare Royalty Partners funds is generally earned only after investors
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receive a full return of their capital plus a preferred return. Pursuant to US GAAP, incentive income received by the general partners that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are reflected under net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
In periods following a period of a net loss attributable to an investor, the Company generally does not earn incentive income on any future profits attributable to that investor until the accumulated net loss from prior periods is recovered, an arrangement commonly referred to as a “high-water mark.” The Company has elected to record incentive income revenue in accordance with “Method 2” of US GAAP. Under Method 2, the incentive income from the Company's funds and managed accounts for any period is based upon the net profits of those funds and managed accounts at the reporting date. Any incentive income recognized in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations may be subject to future reversal based on subsequent negative performance prior to the conclusion of the fiscal year, when all contingencies have been resolved.
Carried interest in the real estate funds and HealthCare Royalty Partners funds are subject to clawback to the extent that the carried interest actually distributed to date exceeds the amount due to the Company based on cumulative results. As such, the accrual for potential repayment of previously received carried interest, which is a component of accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, represents all amounts previously distributed to the Company, less an assumed tax liability, that would need to be repaid to certain funds if these funds were to be liquidated based on the current fair value of the underlying funds' investments as of the reporting date. The actual clawback liability does not become realized until the end of a fund's life.
Investment Banking
The Company earns investment banking revenue primarily from fees associated with public and private capital raising transactions and providing strategic advisory services. Investment banking revenues are derived primarily from small and mid-capitalization companies within the Company's Target Sectors.
Investment banking revenue consists of underwriting fees, strategic/financial advisory fees and placement and sales agent fees.
• | Underwriting fees. The Company earns underwriting fees in securities offerings in which the Company acts as an underwriter, such as initial public offerings, follow-on equity offerings, debt offerings, and convertible security offerings. Fee revenue relating to underwriting commitments is recorded when all significant items relating to the underwriting process have been completed and the amount of the underwriting revenue has been determined. This generally is the point at which all of the following have occurred: (i) the issuer's registration statement has become effective with the SEC or the other offering documents are finalized; (ii) the Company has made a firm commitment for the purchase of securities from the issuer; and (iii) the Company has been informed of the number of securities that it has been allotted. |
When the Company is not the lead manager for an underwriting transaction, management must estimate the Company's share of transaction-related expenses incurred by the lead manager in order to recognize revenue. Transaction-related expenses are deducted from the underwriting fee and therefore reduce the revenue the Company recognizes as co-manager. Such amounts are adjusted to reflect actual expenses in the period in which the Company receives the final settlement, typically within 90 days following the closing of the transaction.
• | Strategic/financial advisory fees. The Company's strategic advisory revenues include success fees earned in connection with advising companies, principally in mergers and acquisitions and restructuring transactions. The Company also earns fees for related advisory work such as providing fairness opinions. The Company records strategic advisory revenues when the services for the transactions are completed under the terms of each assignment or engagement and collection is reasonably assured. Expenses associated with such transactions are deferred until the related revenue is recognized or the engagement is otherwise concluded. |
• | Placement and sales agent fees. The Company earns agency placement fees and sales agent commissions in non-underwritten transactions such as private placements of loans and debt and equity securities, including, private investment in public equity transactions (“PIPEs”), and as sales agent in at-the-market offerings of equity securities. The Company records placement revenues (which may be in cash and/or securities) when the services for the transactions are completed under the terms of each assignment or engagement and collection is reasonably assured. The Company records sales agent commissions on a trade date basis. Expenses associated with such transactions are deferred until the related revenue is recognized or the engagement is otherwise concluded. |
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Brokerage
Brokerage revenue consists of commissions, principal transactions and research fees.
• | Commissions. Commission revenue includes fees from executing client transactions. These fees are recognized on a trade date basis. The Company permits institutional customers to allocate a portion of their commissions to pay for research products and other services provided by third parties. The amounts allocated for those purposes are commonly referred to as soft dollar arrangements. Commissions on soft dollar brokerage are recorded net of the related expenditures on an accrual basis. |
• | Principal transactions. Principal transactions revenue includes net trading gains and losses from the Company's market-making activities in over-the-counter equity and fixed income securities, trading of convertible securities, and trading gains and losses on inventory and other firm positions, which include warrants previously received as part of investment banking transactions. In certain cases, the Company provides liquidity to clients by buying or selling blocks of shares of listed stocks without previously identifying the other side of the trade at execution, which subjects the Company to market risk. These positions are typically held for a very short duration. |
• | Equity and credit research fees. Equity and credit research fees are paid to the Company for providing equity and credit research. Revenue is recognized once an arrangement exists, access to research has been provided, the fee amount is fixed or determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. |
Investment Income
Investment income earned by the alternative investment and broker-dealer segments are earned from investing the Company's capital in various strategies and from investments in private capital raising transactions of its investment banking clients.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price consideration of acquired companies over the estimated fair value assigned to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is allocated to the Company's reporting units at the date the goodwill is initially recorded. Once goodwill has been allocated to the reporting units, it generally no longer retains its identification with a particular acquisition, but instead becomes identifiable with the reporting unit. As a result, all of the fair value of each reporting unit is available to support the value of goodwill allocated to the unit.
In accordance with US GAAP, the Company tests goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or at an interim period if events or changed circumstances would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Under US GAAP, the Company first assesses the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amounts as a basis for determining if it is necessary to perform the two-step approach. The first step requires a comparison of the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, the related goodwill is not considered impaired and no further analysis is required. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, there is an indication that the related goodwill might be impaired and the step two is performed to measure the amount of impairment, if any.
The second step of the goodwill impairment test compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill with its carrying amount to measure the amount of impairment, if any. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in the same manner as the amount of goodwill recognized in a business combination. In other words, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to all of its assets and liabilities (including any unrecognized intangible assets) as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the fair value of the reporting unit was the purchase price paid. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Goodwill impairment tests involve significant judgment in determining the estimates of future cash flows, discount rates, economic forecast and other assumptions which are then used in acceptable valuation techniques, such as the market approach (earning and or transactions multiples) and / or income approach (discounted cash flow method). Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value and any resulting impairment of goodwill.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated average useful lives. The Company does not have any intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives. Intangible assets are tested for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances suggest that an asset or asset group's carrying value may not be fully recoverable. An impairment loss, calculated as the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of an asset or asset group, is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations if the sum of the estimated discounted cash flows relating to the asset or asset group is less than the corresponding carrying value.
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Legal Reserves
The Company estimates potential losses that may arise out of legal and regulatory proceedings and records a reserve and takes a charge to income when losses with respect to such matters are deemed probable and can be reasonably estimated, in accordance with US GAAP. These amounts are reported in other expenses, net of recoveries, in the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 18 "Commitments and Contingencies" in our accompanying consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 for further discussion.
Recently adopted and future adoption of accounting pronouncements
For a detailed discussion, see Note 3 "Recently issued accounting pronouncements" in our accompanying consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
The Company's primary exposure to market risk is a function of our role as investment manager for our funds and managed accounts, our role as a financial intermediary in customer trading and market making activities, as well as the fact that a significant portion of our own capital is invested in securities. Adverse movements in the prices of securities that are either owned or sold short may negatively impact the Company's management fees and incentive income, as well as the value of our own invested capital.
The market value of the assets and liabilities in our funds and managed accounts, as well as the Company's own securities, may fluctuate in response to changes in equity prices, interest rates, credit spreads, currency exchange rates, commodity prices, implied volatility, dividends, prepayments, recovery rates and the passage of time. The net effect of market value changes caused by fluctuations in these risk factors will result in gains (losses) for our funds and managed accounts which will impact our management fees and incentive income and for the Company's securities which will impact the value of our own invested capital as well as the capital utilized in facilitating customer trades.
The Company's risk measurement and risk management processes are an integral part of our proprietary investment process as well as market making and customer facilitation trading activities. These processes are implemented at the individual position, strategy and total portfolio levels and are designed to provide a complete picture of the risks of the Company's balance sheet. The key elements of our risk reporting include sensitivities, exposures, stress testing and profit and loss attribution. As a result of our views of levels of risk being taken, the firm may undertake to hedge out some or all of any or all risks at either the individual position, strategy or total portfolio levels.
Impact on Management Fees
The Company's management fees are generally based on the net asset value of the Company's funds and managed accounts. Accordingly, management fees will change in proportion to changes in the market value of investments held by the Company's funds and managed accounts.
Impact on Incentive Income
The Company's incentive income is generally based on a percentage of the profits of the Company's various funds and managed accounts, which is impacted by global economies and market conditions as well as other factors. Consequently, incentive income cannot be readily predicted or estimated.
Custody and prime brokerage risks
There are risks involved in dealing with the custodians or prime brokers who settle trades. Under certain circumstances, including certain transactions where the Company's assets are pledged as collateral for leverage from a non-broker-dealer custodian or a non-broker-dealer affiliate of the prime broker, or where the Company's assets are held at a non-U.S. prime broker, the securities and other assets deposited with the custodian or broker may be exposed to credit risk with regard to such parties. In addition, there may be practical or timing problems associated with enforcing the Company's rights to its assets in the case of an insolvency of any such party.
Market risk
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may result from the change in value of a financial instrument due to fluctuations in its market price. Market risk may be exacerbated in times of trading illiquidity when market participants refrain from transacting in normal quantities and/or at normal bid-offer spreads. Our exposure to market risk is primarily related to the fluctuation in the fair values of securities owned and sold, but not yet purchased in the Company's funds and our role as a financial intermediary in customer trading and to our market making and investment activities. Market risk is inherent in financial instruments and risks arise in options, warrants and derivative contracts from changes in the fair values of their underlying financial instruments. Securities sold, but not yet purchased, represent obligations of the Company's funds to deliver
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specified securities at contracted prices and thereby create a liability to repurchase the securities at prevailing future market prices. We trade in equity securities as an active participant in both listed and over the counter markets. We typically maintain securities in inventory to facilitate our market making activities and customer order flow. We may use a variety of risk management techniques and hedging strategies in the ordinary course of our trading business to manage our exposures. In connection with our trading business, management also reviews reports appropriate to the risk profile of specific trading activities. Typically, market conditions are evaluated and transaction details and securities positions are reviewed. These activities are intended to ensure that our trading strategies are conducted within acceptable risk tolerance parameters, particularly when we commit our own capital to facilitate client trading. Activities include price verification procedures, position reconciliations and reviews of transaction booking. We believe these procedures, which stress timely communications between traders, trading management and senior management, are important elements of the risk management process.
A 10% change in the fair value of the investments held by the Company's funds as of December 31, 2016 would result in a change of approximately $1.1 billion in our assets under management and would impact management fees by approximately $5.6 million on an annual basis. This number is an estimate. The amount would be dependent on the fee structure of the particular fund or funds that experienced such a change.
Currency risk
The Company is also exposed to foreign currency fluctuations. Currency risk arises from the possibility that fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates will affect the value of such financial instruments, including direct or indirect investments in securities of non-U.S. companies. A 10% weakening or strengthening of the U.S. dollar against all or any combination of currencies to which the Company's investments or the Company's funds have exposure to exchange rates would not have a material effect on the Company's revenues, net loss or Economic Income.
Inflation risk
Because our assets are, to a large extent, liquid in nature, they are not significantly affected by inflation. However, the rate of inflation affects such expenses as employee compensation and communications charges, which may not be readily recoverable in the prices of services we offer. To the extent inflation results in rising interest rates and has other adverse effects on the securities markets, it may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations in certain businesses.
Leverage and interest rate risk
There is no guarantee that the Company's borrowing arrangements or other arrangements for obtaining leverage will continue to be available, or if available, will be available on terms and conditions acceptable to the Company. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase funding costs, limit access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to the Company. In addition, a decline in market value of the Company's assets may have particular adverse consequences in instances where we have borrowed money based on the market value of those assets. A decrease in market value of those assets may result in the lender (including derivative counterparties) requiring the Company to post additional collateral or otherwise sell assets at a time when it may not be in the Company's best interest to do so.
Credit risk
The Company clears all of its securities transactions through clearing brokers on a fully disclosed basis. Pursuant to the terms of the agreements between the Company and the clearing brokers, the clearing brokers have the right to charge the Company for losses that result from a counterparty's failure to fulfill its contractual obligations. As the right to charge the Company has no maximum amount and applies to all trades executed through the clearing brokers, we believe there is no maximum amount assignable to this right. Accordingly, at December 31, 2016, the Company had recorded no liability.
Credit risk is the potential loss the Company may incur as a result of the failure of a counterparty or an issuer to make payments according to the terms of a contract. The Company's exposure to credit risk at any point in time is represented by the fair value of the amounts reported as assets at such time.
In the normal course of business, our activities may include trade execution for our clients as well as agreements to borrow or lend securities. These activities may expose us to risk arising from price volatility which can reduce clients' ability to meet their obligations. To the extent investors are unable to meet their commitments to us, we may be required to purchase or sell financial instruments at prevailing market prices to fulfill clients' obligations.
In accordance with industry practice, client trades are settled generally three business days after trade date. Should either the client or the counterparty fail to perform, we may be required to complete the transaction at prevailing market prices.
We manage credit risk by monitoring the credit exposure to and the standing of each counterparty, requiring additional collateral where appropriate, and using master netting agreements whenever possible.
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Operational risk
Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. We outsource all or a portion of certain critical business functions, such as clearing. Accordingly, we negotiate our agreements with these firms with attention focused not only on the delivery of core services but also on the safeguards afforded by back-up systems and disaster recovery capabilities. We make specific inquiries on any relevant exceptions noted in a service provider's Standards for Attestation Engagements (SSAE) No. 16, Reporting on Controls at a Service Organization report on the state of its internal controls, when available.
Our service offerings in electronic and algorithmic trading require us to maintain consistent levels of speed and accuracy in the management of orders generated by our models. We monitor these activities on a continuous basis and do not believe that they comprise a material risk.
Our Internal Audit department oversees, monitors, measures, analyzes and reports on operational risk across the Company. The scope of Internal Audit encompasses the examination and evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of the Company's system of internal controls and is sufficiently broad to help determine whether the Company's network of risk management, control and governance processes, as designed by management, is adequate and functioning as intended. Internal Audit works with the senior management to help ensure a transparent, consistent and comprehensive framework exists for managing operational risk within each area, across the Company and globally.
We are focused on maintaining our overall operational risk management framework and minimizing or mitigating these risks through a formalized control assessment process to ensure awareness and adherence to key policies and control procedures. Primary responsibility for management of operational risk is with the businesses and the business managers therein. The business managers, generally, maintain processes and controls designed to identify, assess, manage, mitigate and report operational risk. As new products and business activities are developed and processes are designed and modified, operational risks are considered.
Legal risk
Legal risk includes the risk of non-compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements and standards. Legal risk also includes contractual and commercial risk such as the risk that a counterparty's performance obligations will be unenforceable. The Company has established procedures based on legal and regulatory requirements that are designed to achieve compliance with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. The Company, principally through the Legal and Compliance Division, also has established procedures that are designed to require that the Company's policies relating to conduct, ethics and business practices are followed. In connection with its businesses, the Company has and continuously develops various procedures addressing issues such as regulatory capital requirements, sales and trading practices, new products, potential conflicts of interest, use and safekeeping of customer funds and securities, money laundering, privacy and recordkeeping. In addition, the Company has established procedures to mitigate the risk that a counterparty's performance obligations will be unenforceable, including consideration of counterparty legal authority and capacity, adequacy of legal documentation, the permissibility of a transaction under applicable law and whether applicable bankruptcy or insolvency laws limit or alter contractual remedies. The legal and regulatory focus on the financial services industry presents a continuing business challenge for the Company.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
The financial statements and supplementary data required by this item are listed in Item 15—"Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
As of December 31, 2016, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and
65
operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective and were operating at the reasonable assurance level.
For Management's report on internal control over financial reporting see page F-2, and attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm see page F-3.
In addition, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, that occurred in the fourth quarter.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information in the definitive proxy statement for our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders under the captions "Executive Officers," "Board of Directors," "Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Committees of the Board—Audit Committee," "Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Director Nomination Process," "Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Procedures for Nominating Director Candidates," "Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Code of Business Conduct and Ethics" and "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information in the definitive proxy statement for our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders under the captions "Executive Compensation—Compensation and Benefits Committee Report," "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions—Compensation and Benefits Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" and "Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Compensation Program for Non-Employee Directors" is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information in the definitive proxy statement for our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders under the captions "Security Ownership—Beneficial Ownership of Directors, Nominees and Executive Officers," "Security Ownership—Beneficial Owners of More than Five Percent of our Common Stock" and "Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans" are incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions
The information in the definitive proxy statement for our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders under the captions "Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance—Director Independence," "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions—Transactions with Related Persons," and "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions—Review and Approval of Transactions with Related Persons" is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The information in the definitive proxy statement for our 2017 annual meeting of stockholders under the captions "Audit Committee Report and Payment of Fees to Our Independent Auditor—Auditor Fees" and "Audit Committee Report and Payment of Fees to Our Independent Auditor—Auditor Services Pre-Approval Policy" is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) | Documents filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: |
1. Consolidated Financial Statements
The consolidated financial statements required to be filed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K are listed on page F-1 hereof. The required financial statements appear on pages F-1 through F-66 hereof.
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2. Financial Statement Schedules
Separate financial statement schedules have been omitted either because they are not applicable or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements.
3. Exhibits
See the Exhibit Index on pages E-1 through E-2 for a list of the exhibits being filed or furnished with or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
Not Applicable.
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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Consolidated Financial Statements | Page | ||
F- 1
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management of Cowen Group, Inc. (the "Company") is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Company's principal executive and principal financial officers to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company's financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
As of the end of the Company's 2016 fiscal year, management conducted an assessment of the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 was effective.
Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.
The Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report included herein, which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016.
F- 2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Cowen Group, Inc.
In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Cowen Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the Company) at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing on page F-2. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
New York, New York
February 27, 2017
F- 3
Cowen Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)
As of December 31, 2016 | As of December 31, 2015 | ||||||
Assets | |||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 112,014 | $ | 158,485 | |||
Cash collateral pledged | 13,342 | 10,085 | |||||
Securities owned, at fair value | 700,876 | 609,234 | |||||
Receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value | 22,901 | 39,618 | |||||
Other investments | 157,279 | 141,647 | |||||
Receivable from brokers | 87,837 | 117,757 | |||||
Fees receivable, net of allowance | 45,883 | 34,413 | |||||
Due from related parties | 39,629 | 39,659 | |||||
Fixed assets, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $23,867 and $29,953, respectively | 42,408 | 27,231 | |||||
Goodwill | 60,678 | 58,361 | |||||
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $29,418 and $28,301, respectively | 25,769 | 25,663 | |||||
Deferred tax asset, net | 165,656 | 143,560 | |||||
Other assets | 38,406 | 71,531 | |||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 17,761 | 13,934 | |||||
Securities owned, at fair value | 79,237 | 32,000 | |||||
Receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value | 893 | — | |||||
Other investments | 401,465 | 263,818 | |||||
Receivable from brokers | 5,978 | — | |||||
Other assets | 511 | 663 | |||||
Total Assets | $ | 2,018,523 | $ | 1,787,659 | |||
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity | |||||||
Liabilities | |||||||
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value | $ | 266,090 | $ | 257,159 | |||
Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value | 20,762 | 21,183 | |||||
Payable to brokers | 210,309 | 131,789 | |||||
Compensation payable | 98,084 | 150,403 | |||||
Notes payable and other debt | 77,030 | 68,565 | |||||
Convertible debt | 130,029 | 122,401 | |||||
Fees payable | 3,272 | 5,638 | |||||
Due to related parties | 573 | 329 | |||||
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | 51,115 | 52,233 | |||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value | 883 | — | |||||
Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value | 572 | — | |||||
Payable to brokers | 3,700 | — | |||||
Due to related parties | 189 | 3 | |||||
Contributions received in advance | 2,000 | 850 | |||||
Capital withdrawals payable | 1,408 | 78 | |||||
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | 652 | 124 | |||||
Total Liabilities | 866,668 | 810,755 | |||||
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 18) | |||||||
Redeemable non-controlling interests | 379,205 | 186,911 | |||||
Stockholders' equity | |||||||
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share: 10,000,000 shares authorized, 120,750 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2016 (aggregate liquidation preference of $120,750,000) and 120,750 shares issued and outstanding as of as of December 31, 2015 (aggregate liquidation preference of $120,750,000), respectively | 1 | 1 | |||||
Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share: 62,500,000 shares authorized, 36,542,091 shares issued and 26,731,289 outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 35,030,097 shares issued and 26,401,164 outstanding as of December 31, 2015, respectively (including 162,176 and 124,392 restricted shares, respectively) | 292 | 292 | |||||
Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share: 62,500,000 authorized, no shares issued and outstanding | — | — | |||||
Additional paid-in capital | 928,646 | 903,429 | |||||
(Accumulated deficit) retained earnings | (2,442 | ) | 23,627 | ||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (2 | ) | — | ||||
Less: Class A common stock held in treasury, at cost, 9,810,802 and 8,628,933 shares, respectively | (153,845 | ) | (137,356 | ) | |||
Total Stockholders' Equity | 772,650 | 789,993 | |||||
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity | $ | 2,018,523 | $ | 1,787,659 | |||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 4
Cowen Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||
Revenues | |||||||||||
Investment banking | $ | 133,279 | $ | 222,781 | $ | 170,506 | |||||
Brokerage | 199,180 | 157,722 | 140,132 | ||||||||
Management fees | 40,612 | 41,906 | 40,627 | ||||||||
Incentive income | 8,334 | 1,466 | 2,785 | ||||||||
Interest and dividends | 14,732 | 13,796 | 48,870 | ||||||||
Reimbursement from affiliates | 10,504 | 21,557 | 12,495 | ||||||||
Aircraft lease revenue | 4,161 | — | — | ||||||||
Reinsurance premiums | 32,459 | — | — | ||||||||
Other revenues | 22,355 | 3,726 | 9,446 | ||||||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||||||
Interest and dividends | 4,792 | 1,086 | 2,189 | ||||||||
Other revenues | 1,157 | 527 | 726 | ||||||||
Total revenues | 471,565 | 464,567 | 427,776 | ||||||||
Expenses | |||||||||||
Employee compensation and benefits | 310,038 | 321,386 | 305,483 | ||||||||
Floor brokerage and trade execution | 32,286 | 27,460 | 23,425 | ||||||||
Interest and dividends | 29,308 | 26,220 | 42,752 | ||||||||
Professional, advisory and other fees | 23,190 | 25,578 | 18,724 | ||||||||
Service fees | 7,918 | 7,535 | 8,071 | ||||||||
Communications | 17,768 | 14,325 | 13,449 | ||||||||
Occupancy and equipment | 32,286 | 29,055 | 26,025 | ||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 12,713 | 9,498 | 10,188 | ||||||||
Client services and business development | 27,828 | 25,413 | 22,897 | ||||||||
Goodwill impairment | — | — | 2,334 | ||||||||
Reinsurance claims, commissions and amortization of deferred acquisition costs | 29,904 | — | — | ||||||||
Other expenses | 14,815 | 15,594 | 15,209 | ||||||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||||||
Interest and dividends | 6,434 | 1,104 | 788 | ||||||||
Professional, advisory and other fees | 1,148 | 654 | 620 | ||||||||
Floor brokerage and trade execution | 431 | 51 | 16 | ||||||||
Other expenses | 1,051 | 501 | 210 | ||||||||
Total expenses | 547,118 | 504,374 | 490,191 | ||||||||
Other income (loss) | |||||||||||
Net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments | 23,381 | 36,789 | 104,928 | ||||||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments and other transactions | 7,085 | 12,517 | 12,890 | ||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives | 13,503 | 2,071 | 2,451 | ||||||||
Net gains (losses) on foreign currency transactions | 97 | (91 | ) | (18 | ) | ||||||
Total other income (loss) | 44,066 | 51,286 | 120,251 | ||||||||
Income (loss) before income taxes | (31,487 | ) | 11,479 | 57,836 | |||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) | (19,092 | ) | (47,496 | ) | (124,944 | ) | |||||
Net income (loss) | (12,395 | ) | 58,975 | 182,780 | |||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | 6,882 | 15,246 | 15,564 | ||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | (19,277 | ) | 43,729 | 167,216 | |||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 6,792 | 4,075 | — | ||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (26,069 | ) | $ | 39,654 | $ | 167,216 | ||||
Weighted average common shares outstanding: | |||||||||||
Basic (a) | 26,857 | 27,522 | 28,731 | ||||||||
Diluted (a) | 26,857 | 29,043 | 29,871 | ||||||||
Earnings (loss) per share: | |||||||||||
Basic (a) | $ | (0.97 | ) | $ | 1.44 | $ | 5.82 | ||||
Diluted (a) | $ | (0.97 | ) | $ | 1.37 | $ | 5.60 | ||||
(a) Share and per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 5
Cowen Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(dollars in thousands)
Year Ended December 31, 2016 | Year Ended December 31, 2015 | Year Ended December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | (12,395 | ) | $ | 58,975 | $ | 182,780 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation | (2 | ) | (17 | ) | (231 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Defined benefit pension plans: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net gain/(loss) arising during the period | — | — | (344 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Add: amortization of prior service cost included in net periodic pension cost | — | — | — | — | — | (344 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (2 | ) | (17 | ) | (575 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (12,397 | ) | $ | 58,958 | $ | 182,205 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 6
Cowen Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(dollars in thousands, except share data)
Common Shares Outstanding | Common Stock | Preferred Shares Outstanding | Preferred Stock | Treasury Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Retained Earnings/ (Accumulated deficit) | Total Stockholders' Equity | Redeemable Non-controlling Interest | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2013 | 28,756,658 | $ | 290 | — | $ | — | $ | (48,084 | ) | $ | 738,211 | $ | 592 | $ | (183,243 | ) | $ | 507,766 | $ | 85,814 | |||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 167,216 | 167,216 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15,564 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Defined benefit plans | — | — | — | — | — | — | (344 | ) | — | (344 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation | — | — | — | — | — | — | (231 | ) | — | (231 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital contributions | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 10,441 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital withdrawals | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (24,585 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deconsolidation of funds | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (1,158 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restricted stock awards issued | 1,066,334 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost | (1,908,526 | ) | — | — | (31,687 | ) | — | — | (31,687 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock options exercised | 8,333 | — | — | — | — | 116 | — | — | 116 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Warrants issued | — | — | — | — | — | 15,218 | — | — | 15,218 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income tax effect from share based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | 1,324 | — | — | 1,324 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of share based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | 18,297 | — | — | 18,297 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2014 | 27,922,799 | $ | 290 | — | $ | — | $ | (79,771 | ) | $ | 773,166 | $ | 17 | $ | (16,027 | ) | $ | 677,675 | $ | 86,076 | |||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 43,729 | 43,729 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15,246 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation | — | — | — | — | — | — | (17 | ) | — | (17 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital contributions | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 110,178 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital withdrawals | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (24,589 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restricted stock awards issued | 1,068,227 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost | (2,752,019 | ) | — | — | (57,585 | ) | — | — | (57,585 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Common stock issuance upon acquisition (See Note 2) | 137,156 | 2 | — | — | — | 3,006 | — | — | 3,008 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock issuance, net of issuance costs (See Note 20) | — | — | 120,750 | 1 | — | 117,194 | — | — | 117,195 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends (See Note 20) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (4,075 | ) | (4,075 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capped call option transaction (See Note 20) | — | — | — | — | — | (15,878 | ) | — | — | (15,878 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock options exercised | 25,000 | — | — | — | — | 395 | — | — | 395 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income tax effect from share based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | 3,806 | — | — | 3,806 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of share based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | 21,740 | — | — | 21,740 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2015 | 26,401,163 | $ | 292 | 120,750 | $ | 1 | $ | (137,356 | ) | $ | 903,429 | $ | — | $ | 23,627 | $ | 789,993 | $ | 186,911 | ||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (19,277 | ) | (19,277 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 6,882 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation | — | — | — | — | — | — | (2 | ) | — | (2 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital contributions | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 276,923 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital withdrawals | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (18,469 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deconsolidation of entities | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (73,042 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restricted stock awards issued | 1,511,995 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost | (1,181,869 | ) | — | — | (16,489 | ) | — | — | (16,489 | ) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends (See Note 20) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (6,792 | ) | (6,792 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income tax effect from share based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | (822 | ) | — | — | (822 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of share based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | 26,039 | — | — | 26,039 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2016 | 26,731,289 | $ | 292 | 120,750 | $ | 1 | $ | (153,845 | ) | $ | 928,646 | $ | (2 | ) | $ | (2,442 | ) | $ | 772,650 | $ | 379,205 | ||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 7
Cowen Group, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||
Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | (12,395 | ) | $ | 58,975 | $ | 182,780 | ||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by / (used in) operating activities: | |||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization | 12,713 | 9,498 | 10,188 | ||||||||
Net gain on sale of divested business | (15,638 | ) | — | — | |||||||
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 1,208 | 1,163 | 692 | ||||||||
Amortization of debt discount | 6,885 | 6,302 | 4,685 | ||||||||
Tax benefit (expense) from share-based payment arrangements | (822 | ) | 3,806 | 1,324 | |||||||
Share-based compensation | 26,039 | 21,740 | 18,297 | ||||||||
Deferred tax benefit | (21,274 | ) | (17,966 | ) | (130,724 | ) | |||||
Deferred rent obligations | (880 | ) | (2,333 | ) | (2,348 | ) | |||||
Net loss on disposal of fixed assets | — | 54 | 1,575 | ||||||||
Net gain on disposal of capital leases | — | — | (1,261 | ) | |||||||
Goodwill impairment | — | — | 2,334 | ||||||||
Contingent liability adjustment | 2,139 | (200 | ) | (2,055 | ) | ||||||
Purchases of securities owned, at fair value | (4,483,975 | ) | (5,856,112 | ) | (4,722,554 | ) | |||||
Proceeds from sales of securities owned, at fair value | 4,447,094 | 6,039,719 | 4,272,785 | ||||||||
Proceeds from sales of securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value | 3,016,934 | 2,730,939 | 1,992,965 | ||||||||
Payments to cover securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value | (3,054,869 | ) | (2,674,153 | ) | (1,898,102 | ) | |||||
Net (gains) losses on securities, derivatives and other investments | (28,878 | ) | (34,495 | ) | (97,013 | ) | |||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||||||
Purchases of securities owned, at fair value | (113,653 | ) | (25,000 | ) | — | ||||||
Proceeds from sales of securities owned, at fair value | 73,011 | — | — | ||||||||
Proceeds from sales of securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value | 2,226 | — | — | ||||||||
Payments to cover securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value | (1,799 | ) | — | — | |||||||
Purchases of other investments | (221,897 | ) | (92,305 | ) | (19,736 | ) | |||||
Proceeds from sales of other investments | 17,116 | 31,417 | 34,225 | ||||||||
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on investments and other transactions | (17,402 | ) | (13,552 | ) | (16,386 | ) | |||||
(Increase) decrease in operating assets: | |||||||||||
Cash at deconsolidated entity | — | — | (784 | ) | |||||||
Cash collateral pledged | (3,257 | ) | (1,779 | ) | 2,601 | ||||||
Securities owned, at fair value, held at broker-dealer | (17,005 | ) | 14,877 | (3,939 | ) | ||||||
Receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value | 16,717 | 10,259 | (4,092 | ) | |||||||
Securities borrowed | — | 676,100 | 251,673 | ||||||||
Receivable from brokers | 29,921 | (27,750 | ) | (15,533 | ) | ||||||
Fees receivable, net of allowance | (12,632 | ) | 11,099 | (1,406 | ) | ||||||
Due from related parties | (176 | ) | (13,344 | ) | (109 | ) | |||||
Other assets | (10,048 | ) | 4,580 | (13,687 | ) | ||||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | (3,827 | ) | (13,433 | ) | 1,547 | ||||||
Receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value | (893 | ) | — | — | |||||||
Receivable from brokers | (5,978 | ) | — | — | |||||||
Other assets | 152 | 770 | 4,187 | ||||||||
Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: | |||||||||||
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value, held at broker-dealer | 7,160 | (11,747 | ) | (21,633 | ) | ||||||
Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value | (421 | ) | (20,147 | ) | (2,055 | ) | |||||
Securities loaned | — | (682,493 | ) | (236,084 | ) | ||||||
Payable to brokers | 78,520 | (204,186 | ) | 258,587 | |||||||
Compensation payable | (60,279 | ) | 5,540 | 78,264 | |||||||
Fees payable | (2,366 | ) | (693 | ) | (129 | ) | |||||
Due to related parties | 244 | (145 | ) | 92 | |||||||
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | (8,891 | ) | (3,112 | ) | 7,375 | ||||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||||||
Contributions received in advance | 1,150 | 850 | — | ||||||||
Payable to brokers | 3,699 | — | — | ||||||||
Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value | 572 | — | — | ||||||||
Due to related parties | 453 | 3 | — | ||||||||
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | 528 | (98 | ) | (327 | ) | ||||||
Net cash provided by / (used in) operating activities | $ | (354,774 | ) | $ | (67,352 | ) | $ | (63,781 | ) | ||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. | |||||||||||
F- 8
Cowen Group, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
(continued) | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||||
Cash flows from investing activities: | |||||||||||
Purchases of other investments | $ | (33,786 | ) | $ | (14,149 | ) | (81,597 | ) | |||
Purchase of business, net of cash acquired (Note 2) | (6,258 | ) | (38,416 | ) | — | ||||||
Cash convertible note economic hedge transaction | — | — | (35,710 | ) | |||||||
Proceeds from sales of other investments | 54,068 | 58,166 | 82,072 | ||||||||
Loans issued | — | (46,000 | ) | — | |||||||
Proceeds from loans held for investment | 42,800 | — | — | ||||||||
Proceeds from divested business, net of cash divested | 17,303 | — | — | ||||||||
Purchase of fixed assets | (15,613 | ) | (7,030 | ) | (2,224 | ) | |||||
Net cash provided by / (used in) investing activities | 58,514 | (47,429 | ) | (37,459 | ) | ||||||
Cash flows from financing activities: | |||||||||||
Securities sold under agreement to repurchase | — | — | (3,657 | ) | |||||||
Proceeds from issuance of convertible debt | — | — | 149,500 | ||||||||
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock, net of issuance costs | — | 117,194 | — | ||||||||
Capped call option transaction | — | (15,878 | ) | — | |||||||
Deferred debt issuance cost | — | — | (6,650 | ) | |||||||
Proceeds from sale of warrant | — | — | 15,218 | ||||||||
Borrowings on notes and other debt | 30,638 | 7,140 | 65,392 | ||||||||
Repayments on notes and other debt | (29,800 | ) | (3,299 | ) | (3,627 | ) | |||||
Income tax effect from share-based payment arrangements | (822 | ) | 3,806 | 1,324 | |||||||
Proceeds from stock options exercised | — | 394 | 116 | ||||||||
Purchase of treasury stock | (7,654 | ) | (48,678 | ) | (26,038 | ) | |||||
Cash paid to acquire net assets (contingent liability payment) | (2,358 | ) | (1,725 | ) | (800 | ) | |||||
Capital contributions by redeemable non-controlling interests in operating entities | 10 | 5,644 | 705 | ||||||||
Capital withdrawals to redeemable non-controlling interests in operating entities | (6,995 | ) | (13,860 | ) | (8,279 | ) | |||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||||||
Capital contributions by redeemable non-controlling interests in Consolidated Funds | 276,914 | 104,533 | 9,736 | ||||||||
Capital withdrawals to redeemable non-controlling interests in Consolidated Funds | (10,144 | ) | (11,514 | ) | (16,911 | ) | |||||
Net cash provided by / (used in) financing activities | 249,789 | 143,757 | 176,029 | ||||||||
Change in cash and cash equivalents | (46,471 | ) | 28,976 | 74,789 | |||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 158,485 | 129,509 | 54,720 | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 112,014 | $ | 158,485 | $ | 129,509 | |||||
Supplemental information | |||||||||||
Cash paid during the year for interest | $ | 17,540 | $ | 17,525 | $ | 32,032 | |||||
Cash paid during the year for taxes | $ | 5,085 | $ | 4,161 | $ | 547 | |||||
Supplemental non-cash information | |||||||||||
Purchase of treasury stock, at cost, through net settlement (See Note 20) | $ | 8,835 | $ | 8,907 | $ | 5,649 | |||||
Notes payable increase through asset acquisition | $ | 7,164 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||
Preferred stock dividends declared (See Note 20) | $ | 6,792 | $ | 4,075 | $ | — | |||||
Cash conversion option (see Note 5) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 35,710 | |||||
Net assets (liabilities) acquired upon acquisition (net of cash) (See Note 2) | $ | — | $ | 22,468 | $ | — | |||||
Common stock issuance upon close of acquisition (see Note 2) | $ | — | $ | 3,008 | $ | — | |||||
Asset acquired under capital lease | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 4,075 | |||||
Net assets of deconsolidated entities | $ | 73,042 | $ | — | $ | 1,544 | |||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 9
Cowen Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Organization and Business
Cowen Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation formed in 2009, is a diversified financial services firm and, together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, “Cowen,” “Cowen Group” or the “Company”), provides alternative investment management, investment banking, research, sales and trading and prime brokerage services through its two business segments: alternative investment and broker-dealer. The Company's alternative investment segment, includes hedge funds, private equity structures, registered investment companies and listed vehicles. The Company's broker-dealer segment offers research, sales and trading, prime brokerage and investment banking services to companies and primarily institutional investor clients. Our primary target sectors are healthcare, technology, media and telecommunications, information and technology services, consumer, aerospace and defense, industrials, energy and transportation sectors.
On December 5, 2016, the Company effected a one-for-four reverse stock split of our common stock. Except where the context indicates otherwise, all share and per share information has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split.
2. Acquisitions and Divestitures
Acquisitions
Low Country
On April 22, 2016, Cowen Aviation Finance Holdings Inc. ("Cowen Aviation Finance") entered into a transaction whereby Cowen Aviation Finance acquired Low Country III, LLC, which is comprised of a portfolio of four specialized aircraft currently on lease in exchange for an immaterial upfront payment and a non-controlling equity interest in Cowen Aviation Finance. As part of the transaction Cowen Aviation Finance also acquired the associated debt financing and lease contracts for each aircraft. Separate from the transaction, Cowen Aviation Finance entered into services agreements with Tempus Applied Solutions, Inc., a related party through common directors, which, among other services, will provide marketing, maintenance, and lease administration services for Cowen Aviation Finance's current aircraft fleet. This acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP") because, upon separation from the seller, the acquired assets do not meet the definition of a business.
CRT business
On May 6, 2016, the Company completed its previously announced acquisition of the credit products, credit research, special situations and emerging markets units from CRT Capital Group LLC (“CRT”). The acquisition was completed for a combination of cash of $6.3 million and contingent consideration payable annually based on future revenues exceeding specific targets. In the aggregate, the purchase price, assets acquired and liabilities assumed were not significant and the near term impact to the Company and its consolidated results of operations and cash flows is not expected to be significant. Following the acquisition, the businesses acquired from CRT are included in the broker-dealer segment.
In accordance with the terms of the purchase agreement, the Company is required to pay to the sellers a portion of future revenue of the business exceeding specified targets over the period through June 2018. The Company estimated the contingent consideration using the income approach (discounted cash flow method) which requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions regarding the future cash flows. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the amount recognized. On the acquisition date, the undiscounted amount ranged from zero to $8.0 million.
The acquisition was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with US GAAP. As such, the results of operations of the businesses acquired are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations since the date of the acquisition and the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and the resulting goodwill were recorded at their fair values within their respective line items on the accompanying consolidated statement of financial condition (see Note 9).
The Company recognized approximately $0.4 million of acquisition-related costs, including legal, accounting, and valuation services. These costs are included in professional, advisory and other fees in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company also assumed contractual obligations, of up to $6 million, toward certain employees which will vest over a 12 month period. These obligations are recorded as compensation expenses on a straight line basis.
The results of operations of the businesses acquired from CRT for the period from May 6, 2016 through December 31, 2016 are integrated with the broker-dealer business and are included within respective line items. Included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 are revenues of $20.5 million, respectively and net income of $4.1 million, respectively (excluding corporate allocated expenses) related to the businesses acquired from CRT.
F- 10
Concept and Conifer
During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company completed two acquisitions. On September 1, 2015, the Company completed its acquisition of all of the outstanding interests in Concept Capital Markets, LLC ("Concept") offering prime brokerage services and outsourced trading. On October 1, 2015 the Company completed its acquisition of all of the outstanding interests in Conifer Securities, LLC ("Conifer") representing the prime brokerage services division of Conifer Financial Services LLC. Following the acquisitions, Concept was renamed Cowen Prime Services LLC ("Cowen Prime") and Conifer was renamed Cowen Prime Services Trading LLC ("Cowen Prime Trading"). Both were registered broker-dealers (members Financial Industry Regulatory Authority "FINRA" and Securities Industry Protection Corporation "SIPC"). Following the acquisitions, Conifer and Concept were integrated. During the second quarter of 2016, Cowen Prime Trading's broker-dealer withdrawal request, filed with FINRA, became effective and the business was combined into Cowen Prime.
The acquisitions were accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with US GAAP. As such, the results of operations for Concept and Conifer are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations since the dates of the respective acquisitions and the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and the resulting goodwill were recorded at their fair values within their respective line items on the accompanying consolidated statement of financial condition. Both of the acquisitions were not deemed material individually but were material in the aggregate.
Included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 are revenues of $40.2 million and net income of $3.7 million, respectively (excluding corporate allocated expenses) related to the Concept and Conifer combined results of operations.
The following unaudited supplemental pro forma information presents consolidated financial results for the year ended December 31, 2015 as if the acquisitions were completed as of the beginning of that period. This supplemental pro forma information has been prepared for comparative purposes only and is not intended to be indicative of what the Company's results would have been had the acquisitions been completed on January 1, 2015, nor does it purport to be indicative of any future results.
For the year ended December 31, 2015 | |||
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||
(unaudited) | |||
Revenues | $ | 496,543 | |
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. common stockholders | 40,613 | ||
Net income per common share: | |||
Basic | $ | 1.48 | |
Diluted | $ | 1.40 | |
Divestitures
On September 23, 2016, the Company and the portfolio managers of Ramius Alternative Solutions LLC ("RASL") completed the sale of their respective ownership interests in RASL, an investment advisor, and RASL was deconsolidated as of that date. RASL offered a range of customized hedge fund investment solutions with approximately $2.5 billion in client assets. In accordance with the terms of the agreement, the Company was only required to transfer an immaterial target working capital balance on the closing date. The net consideration received by the Company was approximately $17.3 million. Along with the target working capital transferred at closing, the Company also allocated a portion of goodwill associated with the alternative investment segment to the sale price which is shown net in other revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
As the Company will continue to offer its alternative investment platform to institutional and retail investors, the sale was not presented as discontinued operations. The overall impact on the consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows was not significant.
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3. Significant Accounting Policies
a. Basis of Presentation
These consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with US GAAP as promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") through Accounting Standards Codification as the source of authoritative accounting principles in the preparation of financial statements, and include the accounts of the Company, its operating and other subsidiaries, and entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest or a general partner interest. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated on consolidation. Certain fund entities that are consolidated in these accompanying consolidated financial statements, as further discussed below, are not subject to the consolidation provisions with respect to their own controlled investments pursuant to their specialized accounting.
The Company serves as the managing member/general partner and/or investment manager to affiliated fund entities which it sponsors and manages. Funds in which the Company has a controlling financial interest are consolidated with the Company pursuant to US GAAP as described below. Consequently, the Company's consolidated financial statements reflect the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of these funds on a gross basis. The ownership interests in these funds that are not owned by the Company are reflected as redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The management fees and incentive income earned by the Company from these funds are eliminated in consolidation.
Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts in order to conform to current period presentation.
b. | Principles of consolidation |
The Company consolidates all entities that it controls through a majority voting interest or otherwise, including those funds in which the Company either directly or indirectly has a controlling financial interest. In addition, the Company consolidates all variable interest entities for which it is the primary beneficiary.
The Company adopted the new accounting pronouncement regarding consolidation accounting using the modified retrospective method with an effective adoption date of January 1, 2016. The modified retrospective method did not require the restatement of prior year periods. The adoption of the new accounting pronouncement also resulted in a reclassification of certain entities which were previously considered voting interest entities and are considered variable interest entities.
In accordance with these standards, the Company presently consolidates six funds for which it acts as the general partner and investment manager. As of December 31, 2016 the Company consolidated the following funds: Ramius Enterprise LP (“Enterprise LP”), Ramius Merger Fund LLC (the "Merger Fund"), Cowen Private Investments LP ("Cowen Private"), (as of May 1, 2016) Caerus Select Fund LP ("Caerus LP"), Ramius Archview Credit and Distressed Master Fund ("Archview Master Fund") and Ramius Merger Arbitrage UCITS Fund ("UCITS Fund") (collectively the "Consolidated Funds"). Archview Credit and Distressed Fund ("Archview Feeder Fund") was consolidated during the year but was deconsolidated during the fourth quarter of 2016 upon sale of the Company's investment in this fund.
The Company determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting operating entity ("VOE") or a variable interest entity ("VIE") under US GAAP.
Voting Operating Entities—VOEs are entities in which (i) the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance its activities independently and (ii) the equity holders at risk have the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance.
Under US GAAP, the usual condition for a controlling financial interest in a VOE is ownership of a majority voting interest. Accordingly, the Company consolidates all VOEs in which it owns a majority of the entity's voting shares or units.
In connection with the adoption of the new accounting pronouncement regarding consolidation accounting, the Company reevaluated all of its investment products for consolidation. As of January 1, 2016, in accordance with the adoption of the new accounting pronouncement, the Company deconsolidated Quadratic Fund LLC ("Quadratic LLC"). Adoption of this pronouncement also resulted in a reclassification of certain entities for which the Company was presumed to have control and will now be VIEs.
Variable Interest Entities—VIEs are entities that lack one or more of the characteristics of a VOE. In accordance with US GAAP, an enterprise must consolidate all VIEs of which it is the primary beneficiary. Under the US GAAP consolidation model for VIEs, an enterprise that (1) has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impacts the VIE's economic performance, and (2) has an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could
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potentially be significant to the VIE, is considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE and thus is required to consolidate it.
The Company reconsiders whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE by performing a periodic qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of the VIE that includes a review of, among other things, its capital structure, contractual agreements between the Company and the VIE, the economic interests that create or absorb variability, related party relationships and the design of the VIE. As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the total net assets of the consolidated VIEs were $461.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively. The VIEs act as investment managers and/or investment companies that may be managed by the Company or the Company may have equity interest in those investment companies. The VIEs are financed through their operations and/or loan agreements with the Company.
As of December 31, 2016 the Company holds variable interests in Ramius Enterprise Master Fund Ltd (“Enterprise Master”), Ramius Merger Master Fund Ltd ("Merger Master") and Caerus Select Master Fund Ltd ("Caerus Master") (collectively the “Unconsolidated Master Funds”) through the Consolidated Funds. Investment companies, which account for their investments under the specialized industry accounting guidance for investment companies prescribed under US GAAP, are not subject to the consolidation provisions for their investments. Therefore, the Company has not consolidated the Unconsolidated Master Funds.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company also sponsors various other entities that it has determined to be VIEs. These VIEs are primarily funds and real estate entities for which the Company serves as the general partner, managing member and/or investment manager with decision-making rights.
The Company does not consolidate the Unconsolidated Master Funds or real estate entities that are VIEs as it has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary in each instance. Fund investors are entitled to all of their economics of these VIEs with the exception of the management fee and incentive income, if any, earned by the Company. The Company's involvement with funds and real estate entities that are unconsolidated VIEs is limited to providing investment management services in exchange for management fees and incentive income. Although the Company may advance amounts and pay certain expenses on behalf of the funds and real estate entities that it considers to be VIEs, it does not provide, nor is it required to provide, any type of substantive financial support to these entities outside of regular investment management services (see Note 5 for additional disclosures on VIEs).
Equity Method Investments—For operating entities over which the Company exercises significant influence but which do not meet the requirements for consolidation as outlined above, the Company uses the equity method of accounting. The Company's investments in equity method investees are recorded in other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company's share of earnings or losses from equity method investees is included in net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may not be recoverable. The difference between the carrying value of the equity method investment and its estimated fair value is recognized as an impairment charge when the loss in value is deemed other than temporary.
Other—If the Company does not consolidate an entity, apply the equity method of accounting or account for an investment under the cost method, the Company accounts for such entities (primarily, all securities of such entity which are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term as trading securities) in accordance with US GAAP, at fair value with unrealized gains (losses) resulting from changes in fair value reflected within net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Retention of Specialized Accounting—The Consolidated Funds and certain other consolidated companies are investment companies and apply specialized industry accounting for investment companies. The Company has retained this specialized accounting for these funds pursuant to US GAAP. The Company reports its investments on the consolidated statements of financial condition at their estimated fair value, with unrealized gains (losses) resulting from changes in fair value reflected within net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments and other transactions. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect different accounting policies for investments depending on whether or not they are held through a consolidated investment company. In addition, the Company's broker-dealer subsidiaries, Cowen and Company, LLC ("Cowen and Company"), ATM Execution LLC ("ATM Execution"), Cowen International Limited ("CIL"), Ramius UK Ltd. ("Ramius UK") and Cowen Prime also apply the specialized industry accounting for brokers and dealers in securities also prescribed under US GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"). The Company also retains specialized accounting upon consolidation.
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c. | Use of estimates |
The preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires the management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the fair value of securities and other investments, the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the accompanying consolidated financial statements, the accounting for goodwill and identifiable intangible assets and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.
d. | Cash and cash equivalents |
The Company considers investments in money market funds and other highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less which are deposited with a bank or prime broker to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents held at Consolidated Funds, although not legally restricted, are not available to fund the general liquidity needs of the Company. The Company may also be exposed to credit risk as a result of cash being held at several banks.
e. | Valuation of investments and derivative contracts |
US GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1 Inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has
the ability to access at the measurement date;
Level 2 Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly, including
inputs in markets that are not considered to be active; and
Level 3 Fair value is determined based on pricing inputs that are unobservable and includes situations where there is little,
if any, market activity for the asset or liability. The determination of fair value for assets and liabilities in this
category requires significant management judgment or estimation.
Inputs are used in applying the various valuation techniques and broadly refer to the assumptions that market participants use to make valuation decisions, including assumptions about risk. Inputs may include price information, volatility statistics, specific and broad credit data, liquidity statistics, and other factors. A financial instrument's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. However, the determination of what constitutes “observable” requires significant judgment by the Company. The Company considers observable data to be that market data which is readily available, regularly distributed or updated, reliable and verifiable, not proprietary, and provided by independent sources that are actively involved in the relevant market. The categorization of a financial instrument within the hierarchy is based upon the pricing transparency of the instrument and does not necessarily correspond to the Company's perceived risk of that instrument.
The Company and its operating subsidiaries act as the manager for the Consolidated Funds. Both the Company and the Consolidated Funds hold certain investments which are valued by the Company, acting as the investment manager. The fair value of these investments is generally estimated based on proprietary models developed by the Company, which include discounted cash flow analysis, public market comparables, and other techniques and may be based, at least in part, on independently sourced market information. The material estimates and assumptions used in these models include the timing and expected amount of cash flows, the appropriateness of discount rates used, and, in some cases, the ability to execute, timing of, and estimated proceeds from expected financings. Significant judgment and estimation goes into the selection of an appropriate valuation methodology as well as the assumptions used in these models, and the timing and actual values realized with respect to investments could be materially different from values derived based on the use of those estimates. The valuation methodologies applied impact the reported value of the Company's investments and the investments held by the Consolidated Funds in the consolidated financial statements. Certain of the Company's investments are relatively illiquid or thinly traded and may not be immediately liquidated on demand if needed. Fair values assigned to these investments may differ significantly from the fair values that would have been used had a ready market for the investments existed and such differences could be material.
The Company primarily uses the “market approach” to value its financial instruments measured at fair value. In determining an instrument's level within the hierarchy, the Company categorizes the Company's financial instruments into three categories: securities, derivative contracts and other investments. To the extent applicable, each of these categories can further be divided between those held long or sold short.
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The Company has the option to measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each period. The election is made on an instrument by instrument basis at initial recognition of an asset or liability or upon an event that gives rise to a new basis of accounting for that instrument. The Company has elected the fair value option for certain of its investments held by its operating companies. This option has been elected because the Company believes that it is consistent with the manner in which the business is managed as well as the way that financial instruments in other parts of the business are recorded.
Securities—Securities with values based on quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets are classified within level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. These securities include active listed equities, certain U.S. government and sovereign obligations, ETF's, mutual funds and certain money market securities. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for such instruments, even in situations where the Company holds a large position and a sale could reasonably impact the quoted price.
Certain positions for which trading activity may not be readily visible, consisting primarily of convertible debt, corporate debt and loans and restricted equities, are stated at fair value and classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The estimated fair values assigned by management are determined in good faith and are based on available information considering, trading activity, broker quotes, quotations provided by published pricing services, counterparties and other market participants, and pricing models using quoted inputs, and do not necessarily represent the amounts which might ultimately be realized. As level 2 investments include positions that are not always traded in active markets and/or are subject to transfer restrictions, valuations may be adjusted to reflect illiquidity and/or non-transferability.
Derivative contracts—Derivative contracts can be exchange-traded or privately negotiated over-the-counter (“OTC”). Exchange-traded derivatives, such as futures contracts and exchange-traded option contracts, are typically classified within level 1 or level 2 of the fair value hierarchy depending on whether or not they are deemed to be actively traded. OTC derivatives, such as generic forwards, swaps and options, have inputs which can generally be corroborated by market data and are therefore classified within level 2. OTC derivatives, such as swaps and options where market data is not readily available or observable are classified as level 3.
Other investments—Other investments consist primarily of portfolio funds, real estate investments and equity method investments, which are valued as follows:
i. | Portfolio funds—Portfolio funds (“Portfolio Funds”) include interests in funds and investment companies which may be managed by the Company or its affiliates. The Company follows US GAAP regarding fair value measurements and disclosures relating to investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value (“NAV”) per share (or its equivalent). The guidance permits, as a practical expedient, an entity holding investments in certain entities that either are investment companies as defined by the AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide, Investment Companies, or have attributes similar to an investment company, and calculate net asset value per share or its equivalent for which the fair value is not readily determinable, to measure the fair value of such investments on the basis of that NAV per share, or its equivalent, without adjustment. In accordance with US GAAP, investments which are valued using NAV per share as a practical expedient are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy. |
ii. | Real estate investments—Real estate debt and equity investments are valued at fair value. The fair value of real estate investments are estimated based on the price that would be received to sell an asset in an orderly transaction between marketplace participants at the measurement date. Real estate investments without a public market are valued based on assumptions and valuation techniques used by the Company. Such valuation techniques may include discounted cash flow analysis, prevailing market capitalization rates or earnings multiples applied to earnings from the investment, analysis of recent comparable sales transactions, actual sale negotiations and bona fide purchase offers received from third parties, consideration of the amount that currently would be required to replace the asset, as adjusted for obsolescence, as well as independent external appraisals. In general, the Company considers several valuation techniques when measuring the fair value of a real estate investment. However, in certain circumstances, a single valuation technique may be appropriate. Real estate investments are reviewed on a quarterly basis by the Company for significant changes at the property level or a significant change in the overall market which would impact the value of the real estate investment resulting in unrealized appreciation or depreciation. |
Real estate and capital markets are cyclical in nature. Property and investment values are affected by, among other things, the availability of capital, occupancy rates, rental rates and interest and inflation rates. In addition, the Company invests in real estate and real estate related investments for which no liquid market exists. The market prices for such investments may be volatile and may not be readily ascertainable. Amounts ultimately realized by the Company from investments sold may differ from the fair values presented, and the differences could be material.
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The Company's real estate investments are typically categorized as level 3 investments within the fair value hierarchy as management uses significant unobservable inputs in determining their estimated fair value.
See Notes 5 and 6 for further information regarding the Company's investments, including equity method investments, and fair value measurements.
f. | Due from/due to related parties |
The Company may advance amounts and pay certain expenses on behalf of employees of the Company or other affiliates of the Company. These amounts settle in the ordinary course of business. Such amounts are included in due from and due to related parties, respectively, on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition.
g. | Receivable from and payable to brokers |
Receivable from and payable to brokers, includes cash held at clearing brokers, amounts receivable or payable for unsettled transactions, monies borrowed and proceeds from short sales equal to the fair value of securities sold, but not yet purchased. Pursuant to the Company's prime broker agreements, these balances are presented net (assets less liabilities) across balances with the same broker.
h. | Fixed Assets |
Fixed assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation or amortization. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of their useful life or lease term. When the Company commits to a plan to abandon fixed assets or leasehold improvements before the end of its original useful life, the estimated depreciation or amortization period is revised to reflect the shortened useful life of the asset. Other fixed assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives.
Aircraft and related equipment, which are leased out under operating leases, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and are depreciated to estimated residual value using the straight-line method over the lease term or estimated useful life of the asset. Any assets received at the end of the lease are marked to the lower of cost or fair value with the adjustment recorded in other income.
Asset | Depreciable Lives | Principal Method | |
Telephone and computer equipment | 3-8 years | Straight-line | |
Computer software | 3-7 years | Straight-line | |
Furniture and fixtures | 5-8 years | Straight-line | |
Leasehold improvements | 5-15 years | Straight-line | |
Capitalized lease asset | 5 years | Straight-line | |
Aircraft and related equipment | 10-20 years | Straight-line | |
Modifications to aircraft | 4-10 years | Straight-line | |
i. | Goodwill and intangible assets |
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price consideration of acquired companies over the estimated fair value assigned to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is allocated to the Company's reporting units at the date the goodwill is initially recorded. Once goodwill has been allocated to the reporting units, it generally no longer retains its identification with a particular acquisition, but instead becomes identifiable with the reporting unit. As a result, all of the fair value of each reporting unit is available to support the value of goodwill allocated to the unit.
In accordance with US GAAP, the Company tests goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, at December 31st each year, or at an interim period if events or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Under US GAAP, the Company tests goodwill for impairment by assessing the qualitative factors including, macroeconomic environment, industry and market specific conditions, financial performance and events specific to the reporting unit to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Based on the results of the qualitative assessment the Company performs the two-step goodwill impairment test. The first step requires a comparison of the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, the related goodwill is not considered impaired and no further analysis is required. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, there is an indication that the related goodwill might be impaired and the step two is performed to measure the amount of impairment, if any.
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The second step of the goodwill impairment test compares the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill with its carrying amount to measure the amount of impairment, if any. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in the same manner as the amount of goodwill recognized in a business combination. In other words, the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is allocated to all of its assets and liabilities (including any unrecognized intangible assets) as if the reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination and the fair value of the reporting unit was the purchase price paid. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. Goodwill impairment tests involve significant judgment in determining the estimates of future cash flows, discount rates, economic forecast and other assumptions which are then used in acceptable valuation techniques, such as the market approach (earning and or transactions multiples) and / or income approach (discounted cash flow method). Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value and any resulting impairment of goodwill. See Note 9 for further discussion.
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated average useful lives. The Company does not have any intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives. Intangible assets are tested for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances suggest that an asset or asset group's carrying value may not be fully recoverable. Similar to goodwill impairment test, an impairment loss, calculated as the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of an asset or asset group, is recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations if the sum of the estimated undiscounted cash flows relating to the asset or asset group is less than the corresponding carrying value.
j. | Debt |
Long-term debt is carried at the principal amount borrowed net of any discount/premium. The discount is accreted to interest expense using the effective interest method over the remaining life of the underlying debt obligations. Accrued but unpaid coupon interest is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company adopted a new accounting pronouncement, during the first quarter of 2016, which reclassified the unamortized debt issuance costs in the Company's previously reported consolidated statements of financial condition from other assets to a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the debt. Notes payable and other debt and convertible debt as of December 31, 2015 was previously presented as $195.7 million. Due to the retrospective application, notes payable and other debt and convertible debt is now presented as $191.0 million as of December 31, 2015.
k. Deferred rent
Deferred rent primarily consists of step rent, allowances from landlords and valuing the Company's lease properties in accordance with US GAAP. Step rent represents the difference between actual operating lease payments due and straight-line rent expense, which is recorded by the Company over the term of the lease, including the build-out period. This amount is recorded as deferred rent in the early years of the lease, when cash payments are generally lower than straight-line rent expense, and reduced in the later years of the lease when payments begin to exceed the straight-line expense. Landlord allowances are generally comprised of amounts received and/or promised to the Company by landlords and may be received in the form of cash or free rent. These allowances are part of the negotiated terms of the lease. The Company records a receivable from the landlord and a deferred rent liability when the allowances are earned. This deferred rent is amortized into income (through lower rent expense) over the term (including the pre-opening build-out period) of the applicable lease, and the receivable is reduced as amounts are received from the landlord. Liabilities resulting from valuing the Company's leased properties acquired through business combinations are quantified by comparing the current fair value of the leased space to the current rental payments on the date of acquisition. Deferred rent, included in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 is $10.3 million and $12.0 million, respectively. Deferred rent asset, included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 is $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively.
l. Legal reserves
In accordance with US GAAP, the Company establishes reserves for contingencies when the Company believes that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company discloses a contingency if there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss may have been incurred and there is no reserve for the loss because the conditions above are not met. The Company's disclosure includes an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss for those matters, for which an estimate can be made. Neither reserve nor disclosure is required for losses that are deemed remote.
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m. | Capital withdrawals payable |
Capital withdrawals from the Consolidated Funds are recognized as liabilities, net of any incentive income, when the amount requested in the withdrawal notice represents an unconditional obligation at a specified or determined date (or dates) or upon an event certain to occur. This generally may occur either at the time of the receipt of the notice, or on the last day of a reporting period, depending on the nature of the request. As a result, withdrawals paid after the end of the year, but based upon year-end capital balances are reflected as liabilities at the balance sheet date.
n. | Redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries |
Redeemable non-controlling interests represent the pro rata share of the book value of the financial positions and results of operations attributable to the other owners of the consolidated subsidiaries. Redeemable non-controlling interests related to Consolidated Funds are generally subject to annual, semi-annual or quarterly withdrawals or redemptions by investors in these funds, sometimes following the expiration of a specified period of time (generally one year), or may only be withdrawn subject to a redemption fee (generally ranging from 1% to 5%). Likewise, non-controlling interests related to certain other consolidated entities are generally subject to withdrawal, redemption, transfer or put/call rights that permit such non-controlling investors to withdraw from the entities on varying terms and conditions. Because these non-controlling interests are redeemable at the option of the non-controlling interests, they have been classified as temporary equity in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. When redeemed amounts become legally payable to investors on a current basis, they are reclassified as a liability.
o. | Treasury stock |
In accordance with the US GAAP relating to repurchases of an entity's own outstanding common stock, the Company records the purchases of stock held in treasury at cost and reports them separately as a deduction from total stockholders' equity on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition and changes in equity.
p. | Comprehensive income (loss) |
Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income and other comprehensive income (loss). The Company's other comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of valuation adjustments to the Company's defined benefit plans and foreign currency cumulative translation adjustments.
q. Revenue recognition
The Company's principle sources of revenue are derived from two segments: an alternative investment segment and a broker-dealer segment, as more fully described below.
Our alternative investment segment generates revenue through three principle sources: management fees, incentive income and investment income from the Company's own capital.
Our broker-dealer segment generates revenue through three principle sources: investment banking, brokerage and investment income.
Management fees
The Company earns management fees from affiliated funds and certain managed accounts that it serves as the investment manager based on assets under management. The actual management fees received vary depending on distribution fees or fee splits paid to third parties either in connection with raising the assets or structuring the investment.
Several general partners of the funds are owned jointly by the Company and third parties. Accordingly, the management fees generated by these funds are split between the Company and the other general partners. Pursuant to US GAAP, these fees received by the general partners that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are reflected under net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Management fees are generally paid on a quarterly basis at the beginning of each quarter in arrears and are prorated for capital inflows and redemptions. While some investors may have separately negotiated fees, in general the management fees are as follows:
• | Hedge Funds. Management fees for the Company's hedge funds are generally charged at an annual rate of up to 2% of assets under management or notional trading level. Management fees are generally calculated monthly based on assets under management at the end of each month before incentive income. |
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• | Registered Funds. Management fees for the Company’s registered funds (State Street/Ramius Managed Futures Strategy Fund and Ramius Archview Credit and Distressed Fund) are generally charged at an annual rate of up to 1.50% of assets under management. |
• | Real Estate. Management fees from the Company's real estate business are generally charged at an annual rate from 0.25% to 1.50% of total capital commitments during the investment period and of invested capital or net asset value of the applicable fund after the investment period has ended. Management fees are typically paid to the general partners on a quarterly basis, at the beginning of the quarter in arrears, and are prorated for changes in capital commitments throughout the investment period and invested capital after the investment period. |
• | HealthCare Royalty Partners. In HealthCare Royalty Partners main funds, during the investment period (as defined in the relevant partnership agreements), management fees are generally charged at an annual rate of 1% to 2% of committed capital. After the investment period, management fees for these funds are generally charged at an annual rate of 0.5% to 2% of the net asset value or the aggregate cost basis of the unrealized investments held by the funds. For the other funds (and managed account) managed by Healthcare Royalty Partners, the management fee ranges from .2% to 1% and there is no adjustment based on an investment period. Management fees for the HealthCare Royalty Partners funds are calculated on a quarterly basis. |
• | Ramius Trading Strategies. Management fees and platform fees for the Company's private commodity trading advisory business are generally charged at an annual rate of up to 0.5%. Management and platform fees are generally calculated monthly based on each account's notional trading level at the end of each month. |
Incentive income
The Company earns incentive income based on net profits (as defined in the respective investment management agreements) with respect to certain of the Company's funds and managed accounts, allocable for each fiscal year that exceeds cumulative unrecovered net losses, if any, that have been carried forward from prior years. For the products the Company offers, incentive income earned is typically up to 20% for hedge funds (in certain cases on performance in excess of a benchmark), of the net profits earned for the full year that are attributable to each fee-paying investor. Generally, incentive income on real estate funds is earned after the investor has received a full return of their invested capital, plus a preferred return. However, for certain real estate funds, the Company is entitled to receive incentive fees earlier, provided that the investors have received their preferred return on a current basis or on an investor by investor basis. These funds are generally subject to a potential clawback of these incentive fees upon the liquidation of the fund if the investor has not received a full return of its invested capital plus the preferred return thereon. Incentive income in the HealthCare Royalty Partners funds is generally earned only after investors receive a full return of their capital plus a preferred return. Pursuant to US GAAP, incentive income received by the general partners that are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are reflected under net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
In periods following a period of a net loss attributable to an investor, the Company generally does not earn incentive income on any future profits attributable to that investor until the accumulated net loss from prior periods is recovered, an arrangement commonly referred to as a “high-water mark.” The Company has elected to record incentive income revenue in accordance with “Method 2” of US GAAP. Under Method 2, the incentive income from the Company's funds and managed accounts for any period is based upon the net profits of those funds and managed accounts at the reporting date. Any incentive income recognized in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations may be subject to future reversal based on subsequent negative performance prior to the conclusion of the fiscal year, when all contingencies have been resolved.
Carried interest in the real estate funds and HealthCare Royalty Partners funds are subject to clawback to the extent that the carried interest actually distributed to date exceeds the amount due to the Company based on cumulative results. As such, the accrual for potential repayment of previously received carried interest, which is a component of accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, represents all amounts previously distributed to the Company, less an assumed tax liability, that would need to be repaid to certain funds if these funds were to be liquidated based on the current fair value of the underlying funds' investments as of the reporting date. The actual clawback liability does not become realized until the end of a fund's life.
Investment Banking
The Company earns investment banking revenue primarily from fees associated with public and private capital raising transactions and providing strategic advisory services. Investment banking revenues are derived primarily from small and mid-capitalization companies within the Company's Target Sectors.
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Investment banking revenue consists of underwriting fees, strategic/financial advisory fees and placement and sales agent fees.
• | Underwriting fees. The Company earns underwriting fees in securities offerings in which the Company acts as an underwriter, such as initial public offerings, follow-on equity offerings, debt offerings, and convertible security offerings. Fee revenue relating to underwriting commitments is recorded when all significant items relating to the underwriting process have been completed and the amount of the underwriting revenue has been determined. This generally is the point at which all of the following have occurred: (i) the issuer's registration statement has become effective with the SEC or the other offering documents are finalized; (ii) the Company has made a firm commitment for the purchase of securities from the issuer; and (iii) the Company has been informed of the number of securities that it has been allotted. |
When the Company is not the lead manager for an underwriting transaction, management must estimate the Company's share of transaction-related expenses incurred by the lead manager in order to recognize revenue. Transaction-related expenses are deducted from the underwriting fee and therefore reduce the revenue the Company recognizes as co-manager. Such amounts are adjusted to reflect actual expenses in the period in which the Company receives the final settlement, typically within 90 days following the closing of the transaction.
• | Strategic/financial advisory fees. The Company's strategic advisory revenues include success fees earned in connection with advising companies, principally in mergers and acquisitions and restructuring transactions. The Company also earns fees for related advisory work such as providing fairness opinions. The Company records strategic advisory revenues when the services for the transactions are completed under the terms of each assignment or engagement and collection is reasonably assured. Expenses associated with such transactions are deferred until the related revenue is recognized or the engagement is otherwise concluded. |
• | Placement and sales agent fees. The Company earns agency placement fees and sales agent commissions in non-underwritten transactions such as private placements of loans and debt and equity securities, including, private investment in public equity transactions (“PIPEs”), and as sales agent in at-the-market offerings of equity securities. The Company records placement revenues (which may be in cash and/or securities) when the services for the transactions are completed under the terms of each assignment or engagement and collection is reasonably assured. The Company records sales agent commissions on a trade date basis. Expenses associated with such transactions are deferred until the related revenue is recognized or the engagement is otherwise concluded. |
Brokerage
Brokerage revenue consists of commissions, principal transactions and research fees.
• | Commissions. Commission revenue includes fees from executing client transactions. These fees are recognized on a trade date basis. The Company permits institutional customers to allocate a portion of their commissions to pay for research products and other services provided by third parties. The amounts allocated for those purposes are commonly referred to as soft dollar arrangements. Commissions on soft dollar brokerage are recorded net of the related expenditures on an accrual basis. Commission revenues also includes fees from making algorithms available to clients. |
• | Principal transactions. Principal transactions revenue includes net trading gains and losses from the Company's market-making activities in over-the-counter equity and fixed income securities, trading of convertible securities, and trading gains and losses on inventory and other firm positions, which include warrants previously received as part of investment banking transactions. In certain cases, the Company provides liquidity to clients by buying or selling blocks of shares of listed stocks without previously identifying the other side of the trade at execution, which subjects the Company to market risk. These positions are typically held for a very short duration. |
• | Equity and credit research fees. Equity and credit research fees are paid to the Company for providing equity and credit research. Revenue is recognized once an arrangement exists, access to research has been provided, the fee amount is fixed or determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. |
Interest and dividends
Interest and dividends are earned by the Company from various sources. The Company receives interest and dividends primarily from securities held by the Company for purposed of investing capital, investments held by its Consolidated Funds and its brokerage balances. Interest is recognized on an accrual basis and interest income is recognized on the debt of those issuers that is deemed collectible. Interest income and expense includes premiums and discounts amortized and accreted on
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debt investments based on criteria determined by the Company using the effective yield method, which assumes the reinvestment of all interest payments. Dividends are recognized on the ex-dividend date.
Reimbursement from affiliates
The Company allocates, at its discretion, certain expenses incurred on behalf of its hedge fund and real estate businesses. These expenses relate to the administration of such subsidiaries and assets that the Company manages for its funds. In addition, pursuant to the funds' offering documents, the Company charges certain allowable expenses to the funds, including charges and personnel costs for legal, compliance, accounting, tax compliance, risk and technology expenses that directly relate to administering the assets of the funds. Such expenses that have been reimbursed at their actual costs are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as employee compensation and benefits, professional, advisory and other fees, communications, occupancy and equipment, client services and business development and other.
Aircraft lease revenue
Aircraft lease revenue associated with the Company's aircraft leasing business is recorded on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, net of the amortization of rent receivables, deferred rent, and/or prepaid initial direct costs.
Reinsurance-related contracts
Premiums for reinsurance-related contracts are earned over the coverage period. In most cases, premiums are recognized as revenues ratably over the term of the contract with unearned premiums computed on a monthly basis. For each of its contracts, the Company determines if the contract provides indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk, in accordance with US GAAP. If the Company determines that a contract does not expose it to a reasonable possibility of a significant loss from insurance risk, the Company records the contract under the deposit method of accounting with any net amount receivable reflected as an asset in other assets, and any net amount payable reflected as a liability within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition.
The liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses are recorded at the estimated ultimate payment amounts, including reported losses. Estimated ultimate payment amounts are based upon (1) reports of losses from policyholders, (2) individual case estimates and (3) estimates of incurred but not reported losses.
Provisions for losses and loss adjustment expenses are charged to earnings after deducting amounts recovered and estimates of recoverable amounts and are included in other expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.
Costs of acquiring new policies, which vary with and are directly related to the production of new policies, have been deferred to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from future premiums or gross profits. Such costs include commissions and allowances as well as certain costs of policy issuance and underwriting and are included within other assets on the consolidated statements of financial condition.
r. | Investments transactions and related income/expenses |
Purchases and sales of securities, net of commissions, and derivative contracts, and the related revenues and expenses are recorded on a trade date basis with net trading gains and losses included as a component of net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments, and with respect to the Consolidated Funds and other real estate entities as a component of net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments and other transactions and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
s. | Share-based compensation |
The Company accounts for its share-based awards granted to individuals as payment for employee services in accordance with US GAAP and values such awards based on grant date fair value. Unearned compensation associated with share-based awards is amortized over the vesting period of the option or award. The Company estimates forfeiture for equity-based awards that are not expected to vest. See Note 15 for further information regarding the Company's share-based compensation plans.
t. | Leases |
The Company leases certain facilities and equipment used in its operations. The Company evaluates and classifies its leases as operating or capital leases for financial reporting purposes. Assets held under capital leases are included in fixed assets. Operating lease expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Landlord incentives are recorded as deferred rent and amortized, as reductions to lease expense, on a straight-line basis over the life of the applicable lease.
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u. | Income taxes |
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with US GAAP which requires the recognition of tax benefits or expenses based on the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of its assets and liabilities. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized as income or loss in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
US GAAP clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements, requiring the Company to determine whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. For tax positions meeting the more likely than not threshold, the tax amount recognized in the financial statements is reduced by the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant taxing authority. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to its uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.
In accordance with federal and state tax laws, the Company and its subsidiaries file consolidated federal, state, and local income tax returns as well as stand-alone state and local tax returns. The Company also has subsidiaries that are resident in foreign countries where tax filings have to be submitted on a stand-alone or combined basis. These subsidiaries are subject to tax in their respective countries and the Company is responsible for and, thus, reports all taxes incurred by these subsidiaries in the consolidated statement of operations. The countries where the Company owns subsidiaries and has tax filing obligations are the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, and Hong Kong.
v. | Foreign currency transactions |
The Company consolidates certain foreign subsidiaries that have designated a foreign currency as their functional currency. For entities that have designated a foreign currency as their functional currency, assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars based on current rates, which are the spot rates prevailing at the end of each statement of financial condition date, and revenues and expenses are translated at historical rates, which are the average rates for the relevant periods. The resulting translation gains and losses, and the tax effects of such gains and losses, are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a separate component of stockholders' equity.
For subsidiaries that have designated the U.S. Dollar as their functional currency, securities and other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. Dollar amounts at the date of valuation. Purchases and sales of securities and other assets and liabilities and the related income and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. Dollar amounts on the respective dates of the transactions. The Company does not isolate that portion of the results of operations resulting from changes in foreign exchange rates on these balances from fluctuations arising from changes in market prices of securities and other assets/liabilities held or sold. Such fluctuations are included in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as a component of net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments. Gains and losses primarily relating to foreign currency broker balances are included in Other income (loss) in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
w. Recently issued accounting pronouncements
In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance which clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. Under the current guidance, there are three elements of a business-inputs, processes, and outputs. While an integrated set of assets and activities (collectively, a “set”) that is a business usually has outputs, outputs are not required to be present. In addition, all the inputs and processes that a seller uses in operating a set are not required if market participants can acquire the set and continue to produce outputs, for example, by integrating the acquired set with their own inputs and processes. The new guidance provides a screen to determine when a set is not a business. The screen requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business. For public business entities, the guidance is effective prospectively for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued guidance which reduces the diversity in practice as to how changes in restricted cash are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The guidance requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the
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statement of cash flows. The guidance does not provide a definition of restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. For public business entities, the guidance is effective prospectively for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company currently presents its restricted cash and changes in its restricted cash, separately on its consolidated statement of financial condition and consolidated statements of cash flows respectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In October 2016, the FASB issued guidance to amend the consolidation guidance on how a reporting entity that is the single decision maker of a VIE should treat indirect interests in the entity held through related parties that are under common control with the reporting entity when determining whether it is the primary beneficiary of that VIE. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the reporting entity that has a controlling financial interest in a VIE and, therefore, consolidates the VIE. A reporting entity has an indirect interest in a VIE if it has a direct interest in a related party that, in turn, has a direct interest in the VIE. The amendments require that reporting entity, in determining whether it satisfies the second characteristic of a primary beneficiary, to include all of its direct variable interests in a VIE and, on a proportionate basis, its indirect variable interests in a VIE held through related parties, including related parties that are under common control with the reporting entity. That is, under the amendments, a single decision maker is not required to consider indirect interests held through related parties that are under common control with the single decision maker to be the equivalent of direct interests in their entirety. Instead, a single decision maker is required to include those interests on a proportionate basis consistent with indirect interests held through other related parties. The amendments in this guidance are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance which reduces the diversity in practice as to how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. This guidance addresses eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing and potential future diversity in practice. The amendments in this guidance are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s cash flows presentation.
In March 2016, as part of its simplification initiative, the FASB issued a new accounting pronouncement which simplified the requirements for share based payments. The guidance among other things covers the income tax consequences and classification of excess tax benefit and tax withholding on the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, the guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company will reflect the impact in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows.
In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance which amends and supersedes the revenue recognition requirements and most industry-specific guidance and creates a single source of revenue guidance. The new guidance outlines the principles an entity must apply to measure and recognize revenue and related cash flows. The guidance also provides a model for the measurement and recognition of gains and losses on the sale of certain non-financial assets. The guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. In July 2015, the FASB confirmed a deferral of the effective date by one year, with early adoption on the original effective date permitted. In 2016, the FASB issued various new guidance to clarify the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations, revenue from contracts with customers and identifying performance obligations and licensing implementation. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In March 2016, as part of its simplification initiative, the FASB issued a new accounting pronouncement which eliminates the requirement that when an investment qualifies for use of the equity method as a result of an increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence, an investor must adjust the investment, results of operations, and retained earnings retroactively on a step-by step basis as if the equity method had been in effect during all previous periods that the investment had been held. The amendments require that the equity method investor add the cost of acquiring the additional interest in the investee to the current basis of the investor’s previously held interest and adopt the equity method of accounting as of the date the investment becomes qualified for equity method accounting. Therefore, upon qualifying for the equity method of accounting, no retroactive adjustment of the investment is required. The guidance is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. As of December 31, 2016 the Company determined that it does not have any impact from this pronouncement.
In March 2016, the FASB issued two amendments relating to Derivatives and Hedging. The amendments clarify that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as the hedging instrument under Topic 815 does not, in and of itself, require de-designation of that hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria continue to be met. The second amendment relates to Contingent Put and call option in a debt instrument and clarify the requirements for assessing whether contingent call (put) options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt
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instruments are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts when assessed under the current guidance. For public business entities the guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s financial condition and its disclosures. As of December 31, 2016 the Company determined that it does not have any impact from this pronouncement.
In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance which amends and supersedes its previous guidance regarding leases. The new guidance requires the lessee to recognize the right to use assets and lease liabilities that arise from leases and present them in its statement of financial condition. The recognition of these lease assets and lease liabilities represents an improvement over previous GAAP, which did not require lease assets and lease liabilities to be recognized for most leases. The recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee have not significantly changed from previous GAAP. There continues to be a differentiation between finance leases and operating leases. However, the principal difference from previous guidance is that the lease assets and lease liabilities arising from operating leases should be recognized in the statement of financial condition. For public business entities the guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s financial condition and its disclosures.
In January 2016, as a joint project with International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the FASB issued a new accounting pronouncement to address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments. The amendments in the update made improvements to US GAAP for equity investments and investments carried at amortized cost. The guidance also simplifies the impairment assessment for equity investments and clarifies the need for valuation allowance on deferred tax asset related to available for sale securities. For public business entities the guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s financial condition and its disclosure.
In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance which simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill, the new guidance eliminated Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test which was required in computing the implied fair value of goodwill. Instead, under the new amendments, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The amendments in this guidance are effective for public business entities for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests performed in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted after January 1, 2017. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
4. Cash Collateral Pledged
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company pledged cash collateral in the amount of $7.8 million and $10.1 million, respectively, which relates to letters of credit issued to the landlords of the Company's premises in New York City, Boston, Stamford and San Francisco. The Company also has a letter of credit, in the amount of $5.5 million, due March 2017, for which cash is pledged as collateral under a reinsurance agreement. (See Note 19).
5. Investments of Operating Entities and Consolidated Funds
a. | Operating Entities |
Securities owned, at fair value
Securities owned, at fair value are held by the Company and are considered held for trading. Substantially all equity securities are pledged to the clearing brokers under terms which permit the clearing broker to sell or re-pledge the securities to others subject to certain limitations.
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As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, securities owned, at fair value consisted of the following:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Common stocks (b) | $ | 669,655 | $ | 515,108 | |||
Preferred stock (b) | 15,811 | 25,563 | |||||
Warrants and rights | 8,335 | 3,059 | |||||
U.S. Government securities (a) (b) | 3,780 | 3,016 | |||||
Corporate bonds (d) | 3,029 | 47,192 | |||||
Convertible bonds (c) | 250 | 819 | |||||
Trade claims | 10 | — | |||||
Mutual funds (b) (e) | 6 | 14,477 | |||||
$ | 700,876 | $ | 609,234 | ||||
(a) | As of December 31, 2016, maturities ranged from February 2017 to December 2017 with an interest rate of 0%. As of December 31, 2015, maturities ranged from January 2016 to August 2016 with interest rates ranged between 0% to 5.95%. |
(b) | The Company has elected the fair value option for investments in securities of preferred and common stocks with a fair value of $7.0 million and $5.2 million at December 31, 2016 and preferred and common stock with a fair value of $11.6 million and $9.4 million, respectively, at December 31, 2015. The Company has also elected the fair value option for investments in mutual funds and U.S. government securities with a fair value of $0.1 million and $3.8 million at December 31, 2016 and mutual funds and U.S. government securities with a fair value of $5.5 million and $3.0 million, respectively, at December 31, 2015, respectively. |
(c) | As of December 31, 2016, the maturity was March 2018 with an interest rate of 8%. As of December 31, 2015, maturities ranged from July 2016 to March 2018 with interest rates ranged between 8% to 10.00%. |
(d) | As of December 31, 2016, maturities ranged from January 2017 to January 2036 and interest rates ranged between 6.25% to 13.00%. As of December 31, 2015, maturities ranged from March 2016 to February 2046 and interest rates ranged between 3.25% to 9.00%. |
(e) | Included in this amount as of December 31, 2015, are investments in affiliated funds of $13.4 million all of which was liquidated during the three months ended March 31, 2016. |
Receivable on and Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value
The Company's direct involvement with derivative financial instruments includes total return swaps, futures, currency forwards, equity swaps, credit default swaps and options. The Company's derivatives trading activities exposes the Company to certain risks, such as price and interest rate fluctuations, volatility risk, credit risk, counterparty risk, foreign currency movements and changes in the liquidity of markets.
Upon issuance of the Company's cash convertible unsecured senior notes ("Convertible Notes") (See Note 19), the Company recognized the embedded cash conversion option at fair value of $35.7 million which is valued as of December 31, 2016 at $14.8 million and is included in payable for derivative contracts in the accompanying consolidated statement of financial condition. Also, on the date of issuance of the Convertible Notes, the Company entered into a separate cash convertible note economic hedge transaction (the "Hedge Transaction") with a counterparty (the “Option Counterparty”) whereby, the Company purchased a cash settled option contract with terms identical to the conversion option embedded in the Convertible Notes and simultaneously sold an equity settled warrant with a higher strike price. The Hedge Transaction is expected to reduce the Company’s exposure to potential cash payments in excess of the principal amount of converted notes that the Company may be required to make upon conversion of the Convertible Notes. The Company paid a premium of $35.7 million for the option under the Hedge Transaction and received a premium of $15.2 million for the equity settled warrant transaction, for a net cost of $20.5 million. The Hedge Transaction is valued at $14.8 million as of December 31, 2016 and is included in receivable on derivative contracts in the accompanying consolidated statement of financial condition. Aside from the initial premium paid, the Company will not be required to make any cash payments under the Hedge Transaction and could be entitled to receive an amount of cash from the Option Counterparty generally equal to the amount by which the market price per share of common stock exceeds the strike price of the Hedge Transaction during the relevant valuation period. The warrants cover 7,012,196 shares of the Company's Class A common stock and have an initial exercise price of $28.72 per share
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(share and per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016). The warrants expire over a period of 80 trading days beginning on November 14, 2018. The warrant transaction could have a dilutive effect to the extent that the market value per share of the Company’s Class A common stock exceeds the applicable strike price of the warrants.
The Company's long and short exposure to derivatives is as follows:
Receivable on derivative contracts | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||
Number of contracts / Notional Value | Fair value | Number of contracts / Notional Value | Fair value | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Futures | $ | 12,421 | $ | 104 | $ | 9,416 | $ | 189 | |||||||
Currency forwards | $ | 80,608 | 592 | $ | 67,862 | 659 | |||||||||
Swaps | $ | 46,462 | 468 | $ | 118,488 | 2,327 | |||||||||
Options other (a) | 256,097 | 21,539 | 289,433 | 31,456 | |||||||||||
Foreign currency options | $ | 57,051 | 198 | $ | 283,797 | 4,987 | |||||||||
$ | 22,901 | $ | 39,618 | ||||||||||||
(a) Includes index, equity, commodity future and cash conversion options.
Payable for derivative contracts | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||
Number of contracts / Notional Value | Fair value | Number of contracts / Notional Value | Fair value | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Futures | $ | 38,345 | $ | 642 | $ | 11,995 | $ | 101 | |||||||
Currency forwards | $ | — | — | $ | 44,156 | 463 | |||||||||
Swaps | $ | 9,533 | 181 | $ | 7,605 | 71 | |||||||||
Options other (a) | 23,726 | 19,939 | 16,632 | 20,548 | |||||||||||
$ | 20,762 | $ | 21,183 | ||||||||||||
(a) Includes index, equity, commodity future and cash conversion options.
The following tables present the gross and net derivative positions and the related offsetting amount, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. This table does not include the impact of over collateralization.
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Gross amounts not offset in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross amounts recognized | Gross amounts offset on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition (a) | Net amounts included on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition | Financial instruments | Cash Collateral pledged (b) | Net amounts | ||||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value | $ | 22,901 | $ | — | $ | 22,901 | $ | — | $ | 1,382 | $ | 21,519 | |||||||||||
Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value | 20,762 | — | 20,762 | — | 181 | 20,581 | |||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value | 39,618 | — | 39,618 | — | 9,339 | 30,279 | |||||||||||||||||
Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value | 21,183 | — | 21,183 | — | 534 | 20,649 | |||||||||||||||||
(a) | Includes financial instruments subject to enforceable master netting provisions that are permitted to be offset to the extent an event of default has occurred. |
(b) | Includes the amount of collateral held or posted. |
The realized and unrealized gains/(losses) related to derivatives trading activities were $(11.2) million ,$(5.6) million and $(0.5) million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 respectively, and are included in other income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Pursuant to the various derivatives transactions discussed above, except for the cash convertible note hedge (see Note 19) and exchange traded derivatives, the Company is required to post/receive collateral. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, collateral consisting of $17.1 million and $27.1 million of cash, respectively, is included in receivable from brokers and payable to brokers on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015 all derivative contracts were with multiple major financial institutions.
Other investments
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, other investments included the following:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Portfolio Funds, at fair value (1) | $ | 120,023 | $ | 114,281 | |||
Equity method investments (2) | 36,991 | 27,067 | |||||
Lehman claims, at fair value | 265 | 299 | |||||
$ | 157,279 | $ | 141,647 | ||||
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(1) Portfolio Funds, at fair value
The Portfolio Funds, at fair value as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, included the following:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Starboard Value and Opportunity Fund LP (c)(*) | $ | 27,424 | $ | 20,369 | |||
Formation8 Partners Fund I, L.P. (f) | 22,234 | 19,454 | |||||
RCG Longview Debt Fund V, L.P. (i) (*) | 16,187 | 18,147 | |||||
HealthCare Royalty Partners LP (a)(*) | 7,147 | 12,127 | |||||
Quadratic Fund LLC (k) (*) | 6,729 | — | |||||
Green Energy Metals Fund, LP (o) | 6,241 | — | |||||
Starboard Partners Fund LP (d)(*) | 5,067 | 14,036 | |||||
Orchard Square Partners Credit Fund LP (b) | 4,327 | 4,170 | |||||
RCG LPP2 PNW5 Co-Invest, L.P. (j) (*) | 3,152 | 2,468 | |||||
HealthCare Royalty Partners II LP (a)(*) | 2,091 | 6,006 | |||||
Eclipse Ventures Fund I, L.P. (formerly Formation8 Partners Hardware Fund I, L.P.) (g) | 1,790 | 1,101 | |||||
Lagunita Biosciences, LLC (n) | 1,698 | 1,000 | |||||
Starboard Leaders Fund LP (e)(*) | 1,231 | 1,080 | |||||
RCGL 12E13th LLC (i) (*) | 348 | 609 | |||||
RCG LV Park Lane LLC (h) (*) | — | 809 | |||||
Other private investment (l) (*) | 8,548 | 6,909 | |||||
Other affiliated funds (m)(*) | 5,809 | 5,996 | |||||
$ | 120,023 | $ | 114,281 | ||||
* These portfolio funds are affiliates of the Company.
The Company has no unfunded commitments regarding the portfolio funds held by the Company except as noted in Note 18.
(a) | HealthCare Royalty Partners, L.P. and HealthCare Royalty Partners II, L.P. are private equity funds and therefore distributions will be made when cash flows are received from the underlying investments, typically on a quarterly basis. |
(b) | Orchard Square Partners Credit Fund LP has a quarterly redemption policy with a 60 day notice period and a 4% penalty on redemptions of investments of less than a year in duration. |
(c) | Starboard Value and Opportunity Fund LP permits quarterly withdrawals upon 90 days notice. |
(d) | Starboard Partners Fund LP permits redemptions on a semi-annual basis on 180 days prior written notice subsequent to an initial two year lock up. |
(e) | Starboard Leaders Fund LP does not permit withdrawals, but instead allows terminations with respect to capital commitments upon 30 days prior written notice at any time following the first anniversary of an investors initial capital contribution. |
(f) | Formation8 Partners Fund I, L.P. is a private equity fund which invests in early stage and growth transformational information and energy technology companies. Distributions will be made when the underlying investments are liquidated. |
(g) | Eclipse Ventures Fund I, L.P. (Formerly Formation8 Partners Hardware Fund I, L.P.) is a private equity fund which invests in early stage and growth hardware companies. Distributions will be made when the underlying investments are liquidated. |
(h) | RCG LV Park Lane LLC was a single purpose entity formed to participate in a joint venture which acquired, at a discount, the mortgage notes on a portfolio of multifamily real estate properties located in Birmingham, Alabama. RCG LV Park Lane LLC is a private equity fund and therefore distributions will be made when the underlying investments are liquidated. |
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(i) | RCGL 12E13th LLC and RCG Longview Debt Fund V, L.P. are real estate private equity structures and therefore distributions will be made when the underlying investments are liquidated. |
(j) | RCG LPP2 PNW5 Co-Invest, L.P. is a single purpose entity formed to participate in a joint venture which acquired five multi-unit residential rental properties located in the Pacific Northwest. RCG LPP2 PNW5 Co-Invest, L.P. is a private equity structure and therefore distributions will be made when the underlying investments are liquidated. |
(k) | Quadratic Fund LLC permits redemptions on a 30 days prior written notice. |
(l) | Other private investment represents the Company's closed end investment in a portfolio fund that invests in a wireless broadband communication provider in Italy. |
(m) | The majority of these funds are affiliates of the Company or are managed by the Company and the investors can redeem from these funds as investments are liquidated. |
(n) | Lagunita Biosciences, LLC, a healthcare investment company that creates and grows early stage companies to commercialize impactful translational science that addresses significant clinical needs, is a private equity structure and therefore distributions will be made when the underlying investments are liquidated. |
(o) | The Green Energy Metals Fund, LP invests the vast majority of its capital in physical off-exchange traded minor metals that are crucial to the production and sustainability of clean energy, emerging technology and energy efficiency. The Company is invested in a managed account specifically targeting Cobalt. The Green Energy Metals Fund, LP is a private equity structure and therefore distributions will be made when the underlying investments are liquidated. |
(2) | Equity method investments |
Equity method investments include investments held by the Company in several operating companies whose operations primarily include the day to day management of a number of real estate funds, including the portfolio management and administrative services related to the acquisition, disposition, and active monitoring of the real estate funds' underlying debt and equity investments. The Company's ownership interests in these equity method investments range from 20% to 57%. The Company holds a majority of the outstanding ownership interest (i.e., more than 50%) in RCG Longview Partners II, LLC and in Surf House Ocean Views Holdings, LLC. The operating agreement that governs the management of day-to-day operations and affairs of these entities stipulates that certain decisions require support and approval from other members in addition to the support and approval of the Company. As a result, all operating decisions made in these entities requires the support of both the Company and an affirmative vote of a majority of the other managing members who are not affiliates of the Company. As the Company does not possess control over any of these entities, the presumption of consolidation has been overcome pursuant to current accounting standards and the Company accounts for these investments under the equity method of accounting. Also included in equity method investments are the investments in (a) HealthCare Royalty Partners General Partners and (b) Starboard Value (and certain related parties) which serves as an operating company whose operations primarily include the day to day management (including portfolio management) of several activist hedge funds and related managed accounts and c) Surf House Ocean Views Holdings, LLC which is a joint venture in a real estate development project. The Company recorded no impairment charges in relation to its equity method investments for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.
The Company holds a non-controlling financial interest in Starboard Value entities. The independent portfolio managers are responsible for activities which are significant to the overall business and hold the majority of the equity interest. The Starboard Value entities were formed to provide a full range of investment advisory and management services and act as a general partner, investment advisor, and pension advisor or in similar capacity to clients. In accordance with the respective offering documents of the underlying funds, Starboard Value entities are entitled to a fixed percentage of management fee and performance fees. The principal owners of Starboard Value exercised their right to acquire a portion of the Company’s ownership interest in the activist business for a gain of $9.6 million which is recorded in Other Income (Loss) in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Due From Related Parties in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The sale price is being financed through the profits of the relevant Starboard entities over a five year period and earns interest at 5% per annum.
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The following table summarizes equity method investments held by the Company:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Surf House Ocean Views Holdings, LLC | $ | 13,522 | $ | — | |||
Starboard Value LP | 12,501 | 15,769 | |||||
RCG Longview Debt Fund V Partners, LLC | 7,256 | 4,655 | |||||
RCG Longview Management, LLC | 656 | 656 | |||||
HealthCare Royalty GP, LLC | 583 | 989 | |||||
HealthCare Royalty GP II, LLC | 354 | 1,017 | |||||
RCG Longview Debt Fund IV Management, LLC | 331 | 331 | |||||
HealthCare Royalty GP III, LLC | 208 | 88 | |||||
RCG Kennedy House, LLC | 183 | 304 | |||||
RCG Longview Equity Management, LLC | 114 | 114 | |||||
HealthCare Overflow Fund GP, LLC | 68 | — | |||||
Urban American Real Estate Fund II, LLC | — | 1,211 | |||||
RCG Urban American Management, LLC | — | 379 | |||||
RCG Urban American, LLC | — | 120 | |||||
Other | 1,215 | 1,434 | |||||
$ | 36,991 | $ | 27,067 | ||||
For the period ended December 31, 2016, one equity method investments have met the significance criteria as defined under Regulation S-X Rule 4-08(g) of the SEC guidance. As such, the Company is presenting the following summarized financial information:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Assets | |||||||
Cash | $ | 1,176 | $ | 213 | |||
Performance & management fee receivable | 10,146 | 16,839 | |||||
Investments in Portfolio Funds, at fair value | 2,490 | 3,425 | |||||
Liabilities | 5,604 | — | |||||
Equity | $ | 8,208 | $ | 20,477 | |||
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
Revenues | $ | 24,008 | $ | (19,246 | ) | $ | 90,905 | ||||
Expenses | — | — | — | ||||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | 301 | (221 | ) | 734 | |||||||
Net Income | $ | 24,309 | $ | (19,467 | ) | $ | 91,639 | ||||
For the period ended December 31, 2016, equity method investments held by the Company in aggregate have met the
significance criteria as defined under SEC guidance. As such, the Company is required to present summarized financial
information for these significant investees for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, and such information is as follows.
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As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Assets | $ | 88,965 | $ | 96,529 | |||
Liabilities | 22,504 | 10,669 | |||||
Equity | $ | 66,461 | $ | 85,860 | |||
Other equity method investment | Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
Revenues | $ | 90,337 | $ | 38,571 | $ | 139,360 | |||||
Expenses | (34,490 | ) | (20,658 | ) | (20,044 | ) | |||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | (6,305 | ) | 9,715 | 12,342 | |||||||
Net Income | $ | 49,542 | $ | 27,628 | $ | 131,658 | |||||
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company's share of losses in its equity method investment in RCG Longview Partners II, LLC has exceeded the carrying amount recorded in this investee. These amounts are included in accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. RCG Longview Partners II, LLC, as general partner to a real estate fund, has reversed previously recorded incentive income allocations and has recorded a current clawback obligation to the limited partners in the fund. This obligation is due to a change in unrealized value of the fund on which there have previously been distributed carried interest realizations; however, the settlement of a potential obligation is not due until the end of the life of the respective fund. As the Company is obligated to return previous distributions it received from RCG Longview Partners II, LLC, it has continued to record its share of gains/losses in the investee including reflecting its share of the clawback obligation in the amount of $6.2 million.
The Company's income (loss) from equity method investments was a gain of $14.4 million, $3.4 million, and $49.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and is included in net gains (losses) on securities, derivatives and other investments on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value represent obligations of the Company to deliver a specified security at a contracted price and, thereby, create a liability to purchase that security at prevailing prices. The Company's liability for securities to be delivered is measured at their fair value as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. However, these transactions result in off-balance sheet risk, as the Company's ultimate cost to satisfy the delivery of securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value may exceed the amount reflected in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. Substantially all equity securities and options are pledged to the clearing broker under terms which permit the clearing broker to sell or re-pledge the securities to others subject to certain limitations. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value consisted of the following:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Common stocks | $ | 263,460 | $ | 257,101 | |||
Corporate bonds (a) | 2,591 | 58 | |||||
Warrants and rights | 39 | — | |||||
$ | 266,090 | $ | 257,159 | ||||
(a) | As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the maturities ranged from April 2021 to January 2036 with interest rates ranged between 5.50% to 6.25%. |
Variable Interest Entities
The total assets and liabilities of the variable interest entities for which the Company has concluded that it holds a variable interest, but for which it is not the primary beneficiary, are $5.3 billion and $1.0 billion as of December 31, 2016 and $3.1 billion and $473.3 million as of December 31, 2015, respectively. In addition, the maximum exposure relating to these variable interest entities as of December 31, 2016 was $508.1 million, and as of December 31, 2015 was $327.8 million, all of
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which is included in other investments, at fair value in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. The exposure to loss primarily relates to the Consolidated Feeder Funds' investment in their Unconsolidated Master Funds and the Company's investment in unconsolidated investment companies.
b. | Consolidated Funds |
Securities owned, at fair value
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, securities owned, at fair value, held by the Consolidated Funds consisted of the following:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Preferred stock | $ | 37,343 | $ | 32,000 | |||
Common stocks | 28,474 | — | |||||
U.S. Government securities (a) | 6,994 | — | |||||
Corporate bonds (b) | 4,214 | — | |||||
Term Loan | 2,209 | — | |||||
Warrants and rights | 3 | — | |||||
$ | 79,237 | $ | 32,000 | ||||
(a) As of December 31, 2016, the maturity was March 2017 with an interest rate of 0%.
(b) As of December 31, 2016, maturities ranged from October 2017 to June 2038 and interest rates ranged between 0% and 14.37%.
Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value
As of December 31, 2016, securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value, held by the Consolidated Funds consisted of the following:
As of December 31, 2016 | |||
(dollars in thousands) | |||
Corporate bonds (a) | $ | 672 | |
Common stocks | 211 | ||
$ | 883 | ||
(a) As of December 31, 2016, maturities ranged from September 2019 to September 2023 and interest rates ranged between 4.38% and 9.25%.
Receivable on derivative contracts
As of December 31, 2016, receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value, held by the Consolidated Funds are comprised of:
As of December 31, 2016 | |||
(dollars in thousands) | |||
Currency forwards | $ | 18 | |
Equity swaps | 731 | ||
Options | 144 | ||
$ | 893 | ||
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Payable for derivative contracts
As of December 31, 2016, payable for derivative contracts, at fair value, held by the Consolidated Funds are comprised of:
As of December 31, 2016 | |||
(dollars in thousands) | |||
Currency forwards | $ | 10 | |
Futures | 495 | ||
Options | 67 | ||
$ | 572 | ||
Other investments, at fair value
Investments in Portfolio Funds, at fair value
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, investments in Portfolio Funds, at fair value, included the following:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Investments of Enterprise LP | $ | 114,159 | $ | 111,075 | |||
Investments of Merger Fund | 281,572 | 74,348 | |||||
Investments of Caerus Select Fund LP | 5,734 | — | |||||
Investments of Quadratic LLC | — | 78,395 | |||||
$ | 401,465 | $ | 263,818 | ||||
Consolidated portfolio fund investments of Enterprise LP
Enterprise LP operates under a “master-feeder” structure, whereby Enterprise Master's shareholders are Enterprise LP and RCG II Intermediate Fund, L.P. The consolidated investments in Portfolio Funds include Enterprise LP's investment of $114.2 million and $111.1 million in Enterprise Master as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. On May 12, 2010, the Company announced its intention to close Enterprise Master. Prior to this announcement, strategies utilized by Enterprise Master included merger arbitrage and activist investing, investments in distressed securities, convertible hedging, capital structure arbitrage, equity market neutral, investments in private placements of convertible securities, proprietary mortgages, structured credit investments, investments in mortgage backed securities and other structured finance products, investments in real estate and real property interests, structured private placements and other relative value strategies. Enterprise Master had broad investment powers and maximum flexibility in seeking to achieve its investment objective. Enterprise Master was permitted to invest in equity securities, debt instruments, options, futures, swaps, credit default swaps and other derivatives. As Enterprise Master winds down its positions, it will return capital to its investors. There are no unfunded commitments at Enterprise LP.
Consolidated portfolio fund investments of Merger Fund
The Merger Fund operates under a “master-feeder” structure, whereby Ramius Merger Master Ltd's ("Merger Master") shareholders are Merger Fund and Ramius Merger Fund Ltd. The consolidated investments in Portfolio Funds include Merger Fund's investment of $281.6 million and $74.3 million in Merger Master as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Merger Master’s investment objective is to achieve consistent absolute returns while emphasizing the preservation of investor capital. The Merger Master seeks to achieve these objectives by taking a fundamental, research-driven approach to investing, primarily in the securities of issuers engaged in, or subject to, announced (or unannounced but otherwise anticipated) extraordinary corporate transactions, which may include, but are not limited to, mergers, acquisitions, leveraged buyouts, tender offers, hostile takeover bids, sale processes, exchange offers, and recapitalizations. Merger Master invests in the securities of one or more issuers engaged in or subject to such extraordinary corporate transactions. Merger Master typically seeks to derive a profit by realizing the price differential, or “spread,” between the market price of securities purchased or sold short and the market price or value of securities realized in connection with the completion or termination of the extraordinary corporate transaction, or in connection with the adjustment of market prices in anticipation thereof, while seeking to minimize the market risk associated with the aforementioned investment activities. Merger Master will, depending on markets conditions, generally focus the majority of its investment program on announced transactions. If the investment manager of Merger Master considers it necessary, it may either alone or as part of a group, also initiate shareholder actions seeking to maximize value. Such
F- 33
shareholder actions may include, but are not limited to, re-orienting management’s focus or initiating the sale of the company (or one or more of its divisions) to a third party. There are no unfunded commitments at Merger Fund.
Consolidated portfolio fund investments of Caerus LP
Caerus LP operates under a “master-feeder” structure, whereby Caerus Select Master Fund Ltd's ("Caerus Master") shareholder is Caerus LP. The consolidated investments in Portfolio Funds include Caerus LP's investment of $5.7 million in Caerus Master as of December 31, 2016. Caerus Master’s investment objective is to achieve superior risk-adjusted rates of return that bear little correlation to the overall market. Caerus Master seeks to achieve this objective by utilizing a long/short investment strategy, investing primarily in equities and options on equities that trade on major global market exchanges. Caerus Master focuses on investments in the global consumer sector, including, but not limited to, securities in sub-sectors such as retail, apparel and footwear, restaurants, gaming and lodging, consumer products, food and beverage, consumer technology, media, transportation and homebuilding and building materials. There are no unfunded commitments at Caerus LP.
Consolidated portfolio fund investments of Quadratic Fund LLC
Quadratic LLC operates under a “master-feeder” structure, whereby Quadratic Master Fund Ltd's ("Quadratic Master") shareholders are Quadratic Fund LLC and Quadratic Fund Ltd. The consolidated investments in Portfolio Funds include Quadratic Fund LLC's investment of $78.4 million in Quadratic Master as of December 31, 2015. Quadratic LLC was deconsolidated on January 1, 2016 (See Note 3). The Quadratic Master’s investment objective is to achieve attractive, risk-adjusted rates of return through the use of proprietary fundamental global macro and options/swaptions based strategies. Quadratic Master’s strategy is primarily executed via options and swaptions.
Indirect Concentration of the Underlying Investments Held by Consolidated Funds
From time to time, either directly or indirectly through its investments in the Consolidated Funds, the Company may maintain exposure to a particular issue or issuer (both long and/or short) which may account for 5% or more of the Company's equity. Based on information that is available to the Company as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company assessed whether or not its interests in an issuer for which the Company's pro-rata share exceeds 5% of the Company's equity. There were no indirect concentrations that exceeded 5% of the Company's equity as of December 31, 2016 and 2015.
Underlying Investments of Unconsolidated Funds Held by Consolidated Funds
Enterprise Master and Merger Master
Enterprise LP's investment in Enterprise Master represents Enterprise LP's proportionate share of Enterprise Master's net assets; as a result, the investment balances of Enterprise Master reflected below may exceed the net investment which Enterprise LP has recorded. Merger Fund's investment in Merger Master represents Merger Fund's proportionate share of Merger Master's net assets; as a result, the investment balances of Merger Master reflected below may exceed the net investment which Merger Fund has recorded. The following tables present summarized investment information for the underlying investments and derivatives held by Enterprise Master and Merger Master as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:
Securities owned by Enterprise Master, at fair value
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Preferred stock | $ | 1,581 | $ | 1,484 | |||
Common stock | 835 | 724 | |||||
Rights | — | 321 | |||||
Trade claims | — | 128 | |||||
Restricted stock | — | 124 | |||||
$ | 2,416 | $ | 2,781 | ||||
Receivable/(Payable) on derivative contracts, at fair value, owned by Enterprise Master
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
Description | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||
Currency forwards | $ | — | $ | (4 | ) | ||
$ | — | $ | (4 | ) | |||
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Portfolio Funds, owned by Enterprise Master, at fair value
As of December 31, | |||||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||||
Strategy | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||
RCG Special Opportunities Fund, Ltd* | Multi-Strategy | $ | 101,832 | $ | 81,544 | ||||
RCG Longview Equity Fund, LP* | Real Estate | 4,744 | 7,635 | ||||||
RCG Longview Debt Fund IV, LP* | Real Estate | 1,637 | 3,577 | ||||||
RCG Longview II, LP* | Real Estate | 836 | 698 | ||||||
RCG Renergys, LLC* | Energy | 1 | 1 | ||||||
RCG Energy, LLC * | Energy | — | 1,189 | ||||||
RCG Soundview, LLC* | Real Estate | — | 452 | ||||||
RCG Urban American Real Estate Fund, L.P.* | Real Estate | — | 312 | ||||||
Other Private Investments | Various | 8,682 | 10,515 | ||||||
Other Real Estate Investments * | Real Estate | 295 | 5,753 | ||||||
$ | 118,027 | $ | 111,676 | ||||||
* | Affiliates of the Company. |
Merger Master
Securities owned by Merger Master, at fair value
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Common stocks | $ | 835,672 | $ | 157,429 | |||
Corporate bonds (a) | — | 492 | |||||
$ | 835,672 | $ | 157,921 | ||||
(a) | As of December 31, 2015, the maturity was June 2024 with an interest rate of 5.25%. |
Securities sold, not yet purchased, by Merger Master, at fair value
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, Merger Master held common stock, sold not yet purchased, of $395.5 million and $73.8 million, respectively.
Receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value, owned by Merger Master
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
Description | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||
Options | $ | 4,264 | $ | 1,275 | |||
Equity swaps | 255 | 1,001 | |||||
Currency forwards | — | 235 | |||||
$ | 4,519 | $ | 2,511 | ||||
Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value, owned by Merger Master
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
Description | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||
Options | $ | 2,285 | $ | 563 | |||
Equity swaps | 123 | 30 | |||||
$ | 2,408 | $ | 593 | ||||
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Caerus Master
As of December 31, 2016, Caerus Master held common stock, of $3.2 million and common stock, sold not yet purchased, of $2.6 million.
6. Fair Value Measurements for Operating Entities and Consolidated Funds
The following table presents the assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition by caption and by level within the valuation hierarchy as of December 31, 2016 and 2015:
Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Operating Entities | |||||||||||||||
Securities owned | |||||||||||||||
US Government securities | $ | 3,780 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3,780 | |||||||
Preferred stock | — | — | 15,811 | 15,811 | |||||||||||
Common stocks | 658,179 | 1,355 | 10,121 | 669,655 | |||||||||||
Convertible bonds | — | — | 250 | 250 | |||||||||||
Corporate bonds | — | 2,477 | 552 | 3,029 | |||||||||||
Trade claims | — | — | 10 | 10 | |||||||||||
Warrants and rights | 4,616 | — | 3,719 | 8,335 | |||||||||||
Mutual funds | 6 | — | — | 6 | |||||||||||
Receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value | |||||||||||||||
Futures | 104 | — | — | 104 | |||||||||||
Currency forwards | — | 592 | — | 592 | |||||||||||
Swaps | — | 468 | — | 468 | |||||||||||
Options | 6,662 | 322 | 14,753 | 21,737 | |||||||||||
Other investments | |||||||||||||||
Lehman claim | — | — | 265 | 265 | |||||||||||
Consolidated funds | |||||||||||||||
Securities owned | |||||||||||||||
US Government securities | 6,994 | — | — | 6,994 | |||||||||||
Preferred stock | — | 415 | 36,928 | 37,343 | |||||||||||
Common stocks | 19,467 | 8,712 | 295 | 28,474 | |||||||||||
Corporate Bonds | — | 4,214 | — | 4,214 | |||||||||||
Warrants and rights | — | — | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||
Term loan | — | 1,552 | 657 | 2,209 | |||||||||||
Receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value | |||||||||||||||
Currency forwards | — | 18 | — | 18 | |||||||||||
Futures | — | 731 | — | 731 | |||||||||||
Options | 132 | 12 | — | 144 | |||||||||||
$ | 699,940 | $ | 20,868 | $ | 83,364 | $ | 804,172 | ||||||||
Percentage of total assets measured at fair value | 87.0 | % | 2.6 | % | 10.4 | % | |||||||||
Portfolio funds measured at net asset value (a) | 120,023 | ||||||||||||||
Consolidated funds' portfolio funds measured at net asset value (a) | 401,465 | ||||||||||||||
Equity method investments | 36,991 | ||||||||||||||
Total investments | $ | 1,362,651 | |||||||||||||
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Liabilities at Fair Value as of December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Operating Entities | |||||||||||||||
Securities sold, not yet purchased | |||||||||||||||
Common stocks | $ | 263,460 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 263,460 | |||||||
Corporate bonds | — | 2,591 | — | 2,591 | |||||||||||
Warrants and rights | 39 | — | — | 39 | |||||||||||
Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value | |||||||||||||||
Futures | 642 | — | — | 642 | |||||||||||
Swaps | — | 181 | — | 181 | |||||||||||
Options | 5,186 | — | 14,753 | 19,939 | |||||||||||
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | |||||||||||||||
Contingent consideration liability (b) | — | — | 5,997 | 5,997 | |||||||||||
Consolidated funds | |||||||||||||||
Securities sold, not yet purchased | |||||||||||||||
Common stocks | 211 | — | — | 211 | |||||||||||
Corporate bonds | — | 672 | — | 672 | |||||||||||
Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value | |||||||||||||||
Currency forwards | — | 10 | — | 10 | |||||||||||
Options | 67 | — | — | 67 | |||||||||||
Futures | — | 495 | — | 495 | |||||||||||
$ | 269,605 | $ | 3,949 | $ | 20,750 | $ | 294,304 | ||||||||
Percentage of total liabilities measured at fair value | 91.6 | % | 1.3 | % | 7.1 | % | |||||||||
(a) In accordance with US GAAP, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated statement of financial condition.
(b) In accordance with the terms of the purchase agreements for acquisitions that closed during the third and fourth quarter of 2015 and the second quarter of 2016, the Company is required to pay to the sellers a portion of future net income and/or revenues of the acquired businesses, if certain revenue targets are achieved through the periods ended August 2016, December 2018, December 2020, and June 2018, respectively. The Company estimated the contingent consideration liability using the income approach (discounted cash flow method) which requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions regarding the future cash flows and profits. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the amounts recognized. The undiscounted amounts as of December 31, 2016 can range from $0.1 million to $15.1 million.
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Assets at Fair Value as of December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Operating Entities | |||||||||||||||
Securities owned | |||||||||||||||
US Government securities | $ | 3,016 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3,016 | |||||||
Preferred stock | 7,891 | 4,800 | 12,872 | 25,563 | |||||||||||
Common stocks | 505,303 | 7,527 | 2,278 | 515,108 | |||||||||||
Convertible bonds | — | — | 819 | 819 | |||||||||||
Corporate bonds | — | 47,192 | — | 47,192 | |||||||||||
Warrants and rights | 487 | — | 2,572 | 3,059 | |||||||||||
Mutual funds | 14,477 | — | — | 14,477 | |||||||||||
Receivable on derivative contracts, at fair value | |||||||||||||||
Futures | 189 | — | — | 189 | |||||||||||
Currency forwards | — | 659 | — | 659 | |||||||||||
Equity swaps | — | 2,327 | — | 2,327 | |||||||||||
Options | 11,895 | 6,354 | 18,194 | 36,443 | |||||||||||
Other investments | |||||||||||||||
Lehman claim | — | — | 299 | 299 | |||||||||||
Consolidated funds | |||||||||||||||
Preferred stock | — | — | 32,000 | 32,000 | |||||||||||
$ | 543,258 | $ | 68,859 | $ | 69,034 | $ | 681,151 | ||||||||
Percentage of total assets measured at fair value | 79.8 | % | 10.1 | % | 10.1 | % | |||||||||
Portfolio funds measured at net asset value (a) | 114,281 | ||||||||||||||
Consolidated funds' portfolio funds measured at net asset value (a) | 263,818 | ||||||||||||||
Equity method investments | 27,067 | ||||||||||||||
Total investments | $ | 1,086,317 | |||||||||||||
Liabilities at Fair Value as of December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||
Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Securities sold, not yet purchased | |||||||||||||||
Common stocks | $ | 257,101 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 257,101 | |||||||
Corporate bonds | — | 58 | — | 58 | |||||||||||
Payable for derivative contracts, at fair value | |||||||||||||||
Futures | 101 | — | — | 101 | |||||||||||
Currency forwards | — | 463 | — | 463 | |||||||||||
Equity and credit default swaps | — | 71 | — | 71 | |||||||||||
Options | 2,354 | — | 18,194 | 20,548 | |||||||||||
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | |||||||||||||||
Contingent consideration liability (b) | — | — | 6,158 | 6,158 | |||||||||||
$ | 259,556 | $ | 592 | $ | 24,352 | $ | 284,500 | ||||||||
Percentage of total liabilities measured at fair value | 91.2 | % | 0.2 | % | 8.6 | % | |||||||||
(a) In accordance with US GAAP, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated statement of financial condition.
(b) In accordance with the terms of the purchase agreements for acquisitions that closed during 2012 and the third and fourth quarter of 2015, the Company is required to pay to the sellers a portion of future net income of the acquired businesses, if certain revenue targets are achieved through the periods ended August 2016, December 2018, and
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December 2020, respectively. The Company estimated the contingent consideration liability using the income approach (discounted cash flow method) which requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions regarding the future cash flows and profits. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the amounts recognized. The undiscounted amounts as of December 31, 2015 can range from $0.1 million to $10.0 million.
The following table includes a rollforward of the amounts for the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, for financial instruments classified within level 3. The classification of a financial instrument within level 3 is based upon the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement.
Year Ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2015 | Transfers in | Transfers out | Purchases/(covers) | (Sales)/shorts | Realized and Unrealized gains/losses | Balance at December 31, 2016 | Change in unrealized gains/losses relating to instruments still held (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating Entities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock | $ | 12,872 | $ | — | $ | (1,000 | ) | (a) | $ | 3,717 | $ | (218 | ) | $ | 440 | $ | 15,811 | $ | 34 | ||||||||||||
Common stocks | 2,278 | — | — | 7,099 | (3,222 | ) | 3,966 | 10,121 | 3,972 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Convertible bonds | 819 | — | — | — | (569 | ) | — | 250 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Corporate bond | — | 675 | (c) | — | 279 | (325 | ) | (77 | ) | 552 | (111 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
Options, asset | 18,194 | — | — | — | — | (3,441 | ) | 14,753 | (3,441 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Options, liability | 18,194 | — | — | — | — | (3,441 | ) | 14,753 | (3,441 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Warrants and Rights | 2,572 | — | — | 1,914 | (817 | ) | 50 | 3,719 | 79 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Trade claims | — | — | — | 10 | — | — | 10 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Lehman claim | 299 | — | — | — | — | (34 | ) | 265 | (35 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Contingent consideration liability | 6,158 | — | — | 2,397 | (4,697 | ) | 2,139 | 5,997 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock | 32,000 | — | (11,000 | ) | (a) | 13,483 | — | 2,445 | 36,928 | 2,445 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Common stocks | — | — | — | 314 | — | (19 | ) | 295 | (19 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Warrants and rights | — | — | — | — | — | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Term Loan | — | — | — | 590 | — | 67 | 657 | 67 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance at December 31, 2014 | Transfers in | Transfers out | Purchases/(covers) | (Sales)/shorts | Realized and Unrealized gains/losses | Balance at December 31, 2015 | Change in unrealized gains/losses relating to instruments still held (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating Entities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred stock | $ | 12,517 | $ | — | $ | (11,322 | ) | (a) (b) | $ | 14,850 | $ | (6,665 | ) | $ | 3,492 | $ | 12,872 | $ | 217 | ||||||||||||
Common stocks | 412 | — | — | 2,398 | (441 | ) | (91 | ) | 2,278 | 90 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Convertible bonds | 900 | — | — | 250 | — | (331 | ) | 819 | (331 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Options, asset | 36,807 | — | — | — | — | (18,613 | ) | 18,194 | (18,613 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Options, liability | 36,807 | — | — | — | — | (18,613 | ) | 18,194 | (18,613 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Warrants and Rights, asset | 1,322 | — | — | 824 | (71 | ) | 497 | 2,572 | 715 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lehman claim | 380 | — | — | — | — | (81 | ) | 299 | (81 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Contingent consideration liability | 4,083 | — | — | 3,600 | (1,725 | ) | 200 | 6,158 | 200 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preferred Stock | — | 7,000 | (b) | — | 25,000 | — | — | 32,000 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lehman claim | 493 | — | — | — | (739 | ) | 246 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Unrealized gains/losses are reported in other income (loss) in the accompanying consolidated statements of
operations.
(a) The investments were converted to common stock.
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(b) The Company transferred investments to a consolidated fund.
(c) The investment undertook a reorganization and subsequently is not traded in an active market.
All realized and unrealized gains (losses) in the table above are reflected in other income (loss) in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and therefore are not included in the tables above.
The Company recognizes all transfers and the related unrealized gain (loss) at the beginning of the reporting period.
Transfers between level 1 and 2 generally relate to whether the principal market for the security becomes active or inactive. Transfers between level 2 and 3 generally relate to whether significant relevant observable inputs are available for the fair value measurements or due to change in liquidity restrictions for the investments.
During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, there were no transfers between level 1 and level 2 assets and liabilities.
The following table includes quantitative information as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 for financial instruments classified within level 3. The table below quantifies information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company's level 3 financial instruments.
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements | |||||||||
Fair Value at December 31, 2016 | Valuation techniques | Unobservable Inputs | Range | ||||||
Level 3 Assets | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||
Common and preferred stocks | $ | 10,917 | Guideline companies/transaction price Option pricing method, discounted cash flow | Volatility Market multiples Discount rate | 37% 0.8x to 9.3x 9.5% to 10% | ||||
Corporate and Convertible bonds | 520 | Discounted cash flows | Market multiples Discount rate | 6x 20% | |||||
Warrants and rights, net | 3,719 | Model based | Volatility | 30% to 85% (weighted average 73%) | |||||
Options | 14,753 | Option pricing models | Volatility | 40% | |||||
Other level 3 assets (a) | 53,455 | ||||||||
Total level 3 assets | 83,364 | ||||||||
Level 3 Liabilities | |||||||||
Options | 14,753 | Option pricing models | Volatility | 40% | |||||
Contingent consideration | 5,997 | Discounted cash flows | Projected cash flow and discount rate | 8% - 25% (weighted average 23%) | |||||
Total level 3 liabilities | $ | 20,750 | |||||||
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Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements | |||||||||
Fair Value at December 31, 2015 | Valuation techniques | Unobservable Inputs | Range | ||||||
Level 3 Assets | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||
Common and preferred stocks | $ | 2,569 | Market multiples and option pricing method | Volatility Market multiples | 34% 1x to 4.75x | ||||
Convertible bonds | 819 | Recovery analysis | Recovery rate | 50% | |||||
Warrants and rights, net | 2,572 | Model based | Volatility | 18% to 61% (weighted average 43%) | |||||
Options | 18,194 | Option pricing models | Volatility | 38% | |||||
Other level 3 assets (a) | 44,880 | ||||||||
Total level 3 assets | 69,034 | ||||||||
Level 3 Liabilities | |||||||||
Options | 18,194 | Option pricing models | Volatility Credit spreads | 38% | |||||
Contingent consideration | 6,158 | Discounted cash flows | Projected cash flow and discount rate | 6.6% - 24.5% (weighted average 16.4%) | |||||
Total level 3 liabilities | $ | 24,352 | |||||||
(a) | The quantitative disclosures exclude financial instruments for which the determination of fair value is based on prices from recent transactions. |
The Company has established valuation policies and procedures and an internal control infrastructure over its fair value measurement of financial instruments which includes ongoing oversight by the valuation committee as well as periodic audits performed by the Company's internal audit group. The valuation committee is comprised of senior management, including non-investment professionals, who are responsible for overseeing and monitoring the pricing of the Company's investments, including the review of the results of the independent price verification process, approval of new trading asset classes and use of applicable pricing models and approaches.
The US GAAP fair value leveling hierarchy is designated and monitored on an ongoing basis. In determining the designation, the Company takes into consideration a number of factors including the observability of inputs, liquidity of the investment and the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement. Designations, models, pricing vendors, third party valuation providers and inputs used to derive fair market value are subject to review by the valuation committee and the internal audit group. The Company reviews its valuation policy guidelines on an ongoing basis and may adjust them in light of, improved valuation metrics and models, the availability of reliable inputs and information, and prevailing market conditions. The Company reviews a daily profit and loss report, as well as other periodic reports, and analyzes material changes from period-to-period in the valuation of its investments as part of its control procedures. The Company also performs back testing on a regular basis by comparing prices observed in executed transactions to previous valuations.
The fair market value for level 3 securities may be highly sensitive to the use of industry standard models, unobservable inputs and subjective assumptions. The degree of fair market value sensitivity is also contingent upon the subjective weight given to specific inputs and valuation metrics. The Company holds various equity and debt instruments where different weight may be applied to industry standard models representing standard valuation metrics such as: discounted cash flows, market multiples, comparative transactions, capital rates, recovery rates and timing, and bid levels. Generally, changes in the weights ascribed to the various valuation metrics and the significant unobservable inputs in isolation may result in significantly lower or higher fair value measurements. Volatility levels for warrants and options are not readily observable and subject to interpretation. Changes in capital rates, discount rates and replacement costs could significantly increase or decrease the valuation of the real estate investments. The interrelationship between unobservable inputs may vary significantly amongst level 3 securities as they are generally highly idiosyncratic. Significant increases (decreases) in any of those inputs in isolation can result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
Other financial assets and liabilities
The following table presents the carrying values and fair values, at December 31, 2016 and 2015, of financial assets and liabilities and information on their classification within the fair value hierarchy which are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis. For additional information regarding the financial instruments within the scope of this disclosure, and the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate their fair value see Note 3.
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December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | Fair Value Hierarchy | |||||||||||||||
Carrying Amount | Fair Value | Carrying Amount | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||
Financial Assets | |||||||||||||||||
Operating companies | |||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 112,014 | $ | 112,014 | $ | 158,485 | $ | 158,485 | Level 1 | ||||||||
Cash collateral pledged | 13,342 | 13,342 | 10,085 | 10,085 | Level 2 | ||||||||||||
Loans receivable | 31,088 | 31,088 | (d) | 65,612 | 65,612 | (d) | Level 3 | ||||||||||
Consolidated funds | |||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | 17,761 | 17,761 | 13,934 | 13,934 | Level 1 | ||||||||||||
Financial Liabilities | |||||||||||||||||
Convertible debt | 130,029 | (a) | 149,545 | (b) | 122,401 | (a) | 144,946 | (b) | Level 2 | ||||||||
Notes payable and other debt | 77,030 | 80,817 | (c) | 68,565 | 71,945 | (c) | Level 2 | ||||||||||
(a) | The carrying amount of the convertible debt includes an unamortized discount of $17.8 million and $24.7 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. |
(b) | The convertible debt includes the conversion option and is based on the last broker quote available. |
(c) | Notes payable and other debt are based on the last broker quote available. |
(d) | The fair market value of level 3 loans is calculated using discounted cash flows. |
7. Receivables from and Payable to Brokers
Receivables from and payable to brokers includes cash held at the clearing brokers, amounts receivable or payable for unsettled transactions, monies borrowed and proceeds from short sales (including commissions and fees related to securities transactions) equal to the fair value of securities sold, not yet purchased, which are restricted until the Company purchases the securities sold short. Pursuant to the master netting agreements the Company entered into with its brokers, these balances are presented net (assets less liabilities) across balances with the same broker. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, receivable from brokers was $87.8 million and $117.8 million, respectively. Payable to brokers was $210.3 million and $131.8 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company's receivables from and payable to brokers balances are held at multiple financial institutions.
8. Fixed Assets
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, fixed assets consisted of the following:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Telephone and computer equipment | $ | 2,787 | $ | 6,521 | |||
Computer software | 2,167 | 1,680 | |||||
Furniture and fixtures | 1,204 | 6,131 | |||||
Leasehold improvements | 35,092 | 35,215 | |||||
Assets acquired under capital leases—equipment | 4,075 | 7,637 | |||||
Aircraft and related equipment | 20,893 | — | |||||
Other | 57 | — | |||||
66,275 | 57,184 | ||||||
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (23,867 | ) | (29,953 | ) | |||
$ | 42,408 | $ | 27,231 | ||||
Depreciation and amortization expense related to fixed assets was $7.7 million, $6.8 million and $6.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively and are included in depreciation and amortization expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
On April 22, 2016, the Company entered into a transaction whereby the Company acquired a portfolio of four specialized aircraft which were on lease (See Note 2). During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company purchased two aircraft and
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entered into two additional lease agreements. As of December 31, 2016 aircraft and related equipment of $20.9 million is held for leasing purposes. Depreciation expense related to leased assets was $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016 accumulated depreciation related to leased assets was $1.7 million.
Assets acquired under capital leases were $4.1 million and $7.6 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. If the assets acquired under capital leases transfer title at the end of the lease term or contain a bargain purchase option, the assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives; otherwise, the assets are amortized over the respective lease term. The depreciation of assets capitalized under capital leases is included in depreciation and amortization expenses and was $1.2 million, $1.5 million, and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2016 accumulated depreciation related to assets acquired under capital leases was $2.4 million.
9. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
In accordance with US GAAP, the Company tests goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or at an interim period if events or changed circumstances would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Under US GAAP, the Company first assesses the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amounts as a basis for determining if it is necessary to perform the two-step approach. Periodically estimating the fair value of a reporting unit requires significant judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions could have a significant effect on whether or not an impairment charge is recorded and the magnitude of such a charge.
The Company estimated the fair value using the income and market approach which involves estimates of future cash flows, discount rates, economic forecast and other assumption which are then used in the market approach (earning and / or transactions multiples) and / or income approach (discounted cash flow method).
In connection with the CRT transaction (See Note 2), in May 2016, the Company recognized goodwill of $3.5 million. Goodwill, which primarily relates to expected synergies from combining operations, is fully deductible for tax purposes and has been assigned to the broker-dealer segment of the Company.
On September 23, 2016, the Company and the portfolio managers of RASL completed the sale of their respective ownership interests in RASL, an investment advisor. In contemplation with the sale transaction, the Company allocated $1.2 million of goodwill to the RASL disposal group (See Note 2) which was included in the alternative investment reporting unit.
No impairment charges for goodwill were recognized during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Based on the results of the impairment analysis as of December 31, 2016, the Company did not recognize any impairment relating to the alternative investment or broker dealer reporting units.
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The following table presents the changes in the Company's goodwill balance, by reporting unit for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014:
Alternative Investment | Broker- Dealer | Total | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
Beginning balance - December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||
Goodwill | $ | 30,228 | $ | 24,363 | $ | 54,591 | |||||
Accumulated impairment charges | (10,200 | ) | (9,485 | ) | (19,685 | ) | |||||
Net | 20,028 | 14,878 | 34,906 | ||||||||
Activity: 2015 | |||||||||||
Recognized goodwill | — | 23,455 | 23,455 | ||||||||
Goodwill impairment charges | — | — | — | ||||||||
Ending balance: December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||
Goodwill | 30,228 | 47,818 | 78,046 | ||||||||
Accumulated impairment charges | (10,200 | ) | (9,485 | ) | (19,685 | ) | |||||
Net | 20,028 | 38,333 | 58,361 | ||||||||
Activity: 2016 | |||||||||||
Recognized goodwill | — | 3,519 | 3,519 | ||||||||
Goodwill allocated to disposal group | (1,202 | ) | — | (1,202 | ) | ||||||
Goodwill impairment charges | — | — | — | ||||||||
Ending balance: December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||
Goodwill | 29,026 | 51,337 | 80,363 | ||||||||
Accumulated impairment charges | (10,200 | ) | (9,485 | ) | (19,685 | ) | |||||
Net | $ | 18,826 | $ | 41,852 | $ | 60,678 | |||||
Intangible assets
Information for the Company's intangible assets that are subject to amortization is presented below as of December 31, 2016 and 2015.
December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization Period | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||
(in years) | (in thousands) | (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment contracts | 5 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3,900 | $ | (3,900 | ) | $ | — | ||||||||||||
Trade names | 1 - 7.5 | 9,962 | (9,689 | ) | 273 | 9,712 | (8,897 | ) | 815 | |||||||||||||||||
Customer relationships | 3 - 14 | 33,874 | (12,948 | ) | 20,926 | 29,484 | (10,338 | ) | 19,146 | |||||||||||||||||
Customer contracts | 1.2 | 800 | (800 | ) | — | 800 | (800 | ) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Non compete agreements and covenants with limiting conditions acquired | 3 - 5 | 2,268 | (818 | ) | 1,450 | 1,831 | (172 | ) | 1,659 | |||||||||||||||||
Intellectual property | 3 - 10 | 8,283 | (5,163 | ) | 3,120 | 8,237 | (4,194 | ) | 4,043 | |||||||||||||||||
$ | 55,187 | $ | (29,418 | ) | $ | 25,769 | $ | 53,964 | $ | (28,301 | ) | $ | 25,663 | |||||||||||||
The Company tests intangible assets for impairment if events or circumstances suggest that the asset groups carrying value may not be fully recoverable. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, no impairment charge for intangible assets was recognized.
In connection with the CRT transaction (See Note 2), in May 2016, the Company recognized intangible assets (including customer relationships, trade name, intellectual property and non-compete arrangements) with an estimated fair value of $5.1
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million which are included within intangible assets, net in the condensed consolidation statements of financial condition with the expected useful lives ranging from 1 to 9 years with a weighted average useful life of 8.1 years.
Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $5.0 million, $2.7 million, and $3.6 million (including impairment charges of $0.9 million related to the broker-dealer segment) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively, which is included in depreciation and amortization expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. All of the Company's intangible assets have finite lives.
The estimated future amortization expense for the Company's intangible assets as of December 31, 2016 is as follows:
(dollars in thousands) | |||
2017 | $ | 4,681 | |
2018 | 3,688 | ||
2019 | 2,929 | ||
2020 | 2,733 | ||
2021 | 2,674 | ||
Thereafter | 9,064 | ||
$ | 25,769 | ||
10. Other Assets
Other assets in Operating Entities are as follows:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Prepaid expenses | 10,669 | 7,783 | |||||
Deposits | 5,322 | 674 | |||||
Reinsurance receivables, net (d) | 5,187 | — | |||||
Loan receivable (a) | 3,700 | 8,000 | |||||
Tax receivables | 3,267 | 2,855 | |||||
Miscellaneous receivables (See Note 2) | 1,313 | 2,788 | |||||
Interest and dividends receivable | 718 | 2,006 | |||||
Deferred acquisition costs (d) | 677 | — | |||||
Deferred rent asset | 52 | 341 | |||||
Short term bridge loan (b) | — | 38,000 | |||||
Other (c) | 7,501 | 9,084 | |||||
$ | 38,406 | $ | 71,531 | ||||
(a) As of December 31, 2016, the maturity was August 2017 with interest rate of 12%.
(b) As of December 31, 2015, the maturity was February 2016, was secured by the real estate assets and had an effective annualized interest rate of 8%.
(c) Included in this amount is $4.5 million, due January 2024, with interest rate of 8% for the first five years and 8.5% for the remainder of the term, related to the Company's commercial reinsurance activities.
(d) Balances relate to the Company's reinsurance business entered into during 2016 (See Note 13 ).
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11. Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in Operating Entities are as follows:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Deferred rent obligations (see Note 3(k)) | $ | 10,335 | $ | 11,979 | |||
Contingent consideration payable (see Note 2) | 5,997 | 6,158 | |||||
Equity in RCG Longview Partners II, LLC (see Note 5a(3)) | 5,948 | 5,969 | |||||
Interest and dividends payable | 3,541 | 3,574 | |||||
Loss reserves and claims incurred but not reported (a) | 3,455 | — | |||||
Professional fees payable | 3,143 | 4,811 | |||||
Unearned premiums (a) | 2,375 | — | |||||
Fees payable | 1,093 | 1,555 | |||||
Accrued tax liabilities | 456 | 1,236 | |||||
Deferred income | 353 | 428 | |||||
Litigation reserve | — | 1,300 | |||||
Accrued expenses and accounts payable | 14,419 | 15,223 | |||||
$ | 51,115 | $ | 52,233 | ||||
(a) Balances relate to the Company's reinsurance business entered into during 2016 (See Note 13 ).
12. Redeemable Non-Controlling Interests in Consolidated Subsidiaries and Funds
Redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds and the related net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds are comprised as follows:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | |||||||
Operating companies | $ | 7,638 | $ | 10,906 | |||
Consolidated funds | 371,567 | 176,005 | |||||
$ | 379,205 | $ | 186,911 | ||||
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
Income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | |||||||||||
Operating companies | $ | 3,717 | $ | 9,503 | $ | 10,094 | |||||
Consolidated funds | 3,165 | 5,743 | 5,470 | ||||||||
$ | 6,882 | $ | 15,246 | $ | 15,564 | ||||||
13. Reinsurance
The Company’s wholly-owned Luxembourg subsidiary, Hollenfels Re SA (“Hollenfels”) provides reinsurance to third party insurance and reinsurance companies. As Hollenfels started its operations in 2016, all claims it experienced (reported or not reported) were from the 2016 accident year. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2016, Hollenfels’ share of incurred and paid claims, as reported to it by the underlying insurance and reinsurance companies, amounted to $10.9 million. For the same period, Hollenfels’ share of claims incurred but not reported plus expected development on reported claims totaled $3.5 million. Hollenfels generally employs an estimation methodology whereby historical average claims ratios over a period of 5 or 10 years, based on availability of data, are utilized. In cases where an event may have occurred that could give rise to claims in excess of the amount calculated using the above-mentioned methodology, then actuarial methods are used to calculate the impact of such an event. Hollenfels did not change its methodology for determining claim liability or claim adjustment expenses.
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While Hollenfels typically settles its premiums and claim payments on a quarterly basis, the frequency of claims in the underlying policies is impractical for Hollenfels to obtain. This is because certain contracts Hollenfels has written are on a quota-share basis and others provide aggregate loss protection and the underlying information is not available for all contracts. Hollenfels did not discount any of its reserves and did not cede any portion of its exposures during the twelve months ended December 31, 2016. As a result, the figures above are the same as reported on the Company’s balance sheet.
14. Other Revenues and Expenses
On September 23, 2016, the Company and the portfolio managers RASL completed the sale of their respective ownership interests in RASL (See Note 2). Along with the target working capital transferred at closing, the Company also allocated a portion of goodwill associated with the alternative investment segment to the sale price (See Note 9) which is shown net in other revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Upon closing of the sale of the Company's long/short credit business, on December 31, 2014, the company recorded a gain of $4.5 million included in other revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations (See Note 2).
During the fourth quarter of 2014, the company adjusted the value of the contingent liability related to the securities lending business by $2.1 million due to the Company's decision to wind down the operations of the business. This amount is included in other revenues in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations (See Note 2).
Other expenses, during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, are primarily the general administrative expenses of the various operating company subsidiaries or the Consolidated Funds.
15. Share-Based and Deferred Compensation and Employee Ownership Plans
On December 5, 2016, the Company effected a one-for-four reverse stock split of our class A and class B common stock. All share and per share information has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split.
The Company issues share based compensation under the 2006 Equity and Incentive Plan, the 2007 Equity and Incentive Plan (both established prior to the November 2009 transaction between Ramius and Cowen) and the Cowen Group, Inc. 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan (collectively, the “Equity Plans”). The Equity Plans permit the grant of options, restricted shares, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights ("SAR's") and other equity based awards to the Company's employees and directors. Stock options granted generally vest over two-to-five-year periods and expire seven years from the date of grant. Restricted shares and restricted share units issued may be immediately vested or may generally vest over a two-to-five-year period. SAR's vest and expire after five years from grant date. Awards are subject to the risk of forfeiture. As of December 31, 2016, there were approximately 0.1 million shares available for future issuance under the Equity Plans.
Under the 2010 Equity Plan, the Company awarded $25.9 million of deferred cash awards to its employees during the year ended December 31, 2016. These awards vest over a four year period and accrue interest between 0.70% to 0.75% per year. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had unrecognized compensation expense related to deferred cash awards of $32.9 million.
The Company measures compensation cost for share based awards according to the equity method. In accordance with the expense recognition provisions of those standards, the Company amortizes unearned compensation associated with share based awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the option or award. In relation to awards under the Equity Plans, the Company recognized compensation expense of $26.0 million, $21.7 million, and $18.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The income tax effect recognized for the Equity Plans was a benefit of $11.4 million, $5.0 million, and $6.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights
The Company values options and SAR's on grant date using the Black-Scholes valuation model which requires the Company to make assumptions regarding the expected term, volatility, risk-free rate and dividend yield:
Expected term. Expected term represents the period of time that awards granted are expected to be outstanding. The Company elected to use the "simplified" calculation method, as applicable to companies that lack extensive historical data. The mid-point between the vesting date and the contractual expiration date is used as the expected term under this method.
Expected volatility. The Company bases its expected volatility on its own stock price history.
Risk free rate. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected term of the award is based on the interest rate of a traded zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond with a term equal to the awards' expected term on the date of grant.
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Dividend yield. The Company has not paid and does not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, the assumed dividend yield is zero.
The following table summarizes the Company's stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:
Shares Subject to Option (2) | Weighted Average Exercise Price/Share (2) | Weighted Average Remaining Term | Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) | ||||||||||
(in years) | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2014 | 54,168 | $ | 22.6 | 1.6 | $ | 87 | |||||||
Options granted | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Options acquired | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Options exercised | (25,000 | ) | 15.84 | — | — | ||||||||
Options forfeited | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Options expired | (25,001 | ) | 29.96 | — | — | ||||||||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 4,167 | $ | 19.56 | 1.10 | $ | — | |||||||
Options granted | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Options exercised | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Options expired | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2016 | 4,167 | $ | 19.56 | 0.10 | $ | — | |||||||
Options exercisable at December 31, 2015 | 4,167 | $ | 19.56 | 1.10 | $ | — | |||||||
Options exercisable at December 31, 2016 | 4,167 | $ | 19.56 | 0.10 | $ | — | |||||||
(1) | Based on the Company's closing stock price of $15.50 on December 31, 2016 and $15.32 on December 31, 2015. |
(2) | Share and per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016. |
As of December 31, 2016, the Company's stock options were fully expensed.
The following table summarizes the Company's SAR's for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:
Shares Subject to Option (2) | Weighted Average Exercise Price/Share (2) | Weighted Average Remaining Term | Aggregate Intrinsic Value(1) | ||||||||||
(in years) | (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2014 | 100,000 | $ | 11.60 | 3.21 | $ | 913 | |||||||
SAR's granted | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
SAR's acquired | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
SAR's expired | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 100,000 | $ | 11.60 | 2.21 | $ | 558 | |||||||
SAR's granted | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
SAR's acquired | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
SAR's expired | — | — | — | — | |||||||||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2016 | 100,000 | $ | 11.60 | 1.21 | $ | 435 | |||||||
SAR's exercisable at December 31, 2015 | — | $ | — | — | $ | — | |||||||
SAR's exercisable at December 31, 2016 | — | $ | — | — | $ | — | |||||||
(1) | Based on the Company's closing stock price of $15.50 on December 31, 2016 and $15.32 on December 31, 2015. |
(2) | Share and per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016. |
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the unrecognized compensation expense related to the Company's grant of SAR's was $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively.
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Restricted Shares and Restricted Stock Units Granted to Employees
Restricted shares and restricted stock units are referred to collectively as restricted stock. The following table summarizes the Company's restricted share and restricted stock unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015:
Nonvested Restricted Shares and Restricted Stock Units (2) | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value (2) | |||||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2014 | 4,413,646 | $ | 14.80 | |||
Granted (1) | 2,260,901 | 17.96 | ||||
Vested | (1,047,072 | ) | 12.32 | |||
Canceled | — | — | ||||
Forfeited | (257,384 | ) | 13.68 | |||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 5,370,091 | $ | 16.68 | |||
Granted (1) | 2,157,403 | 14.02 | ||||
Vested | (1,487,092 | ) | 14.95 | |||
Canceled | — | — | ||||
Forfeited | (322,470 | ) | 14.89 | |||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2016 (1) | 5,717,932 | $ | 16.23 | |||
(1) Performance linked restricted stock units of 481,438 were awarded to employees of the Company in December 2013 and January 2014. An additional 700,000 performance linked restricted stock units were awarded in March 2016. Of the awards granted, 96,875 have been forfeited through December 31, 2016. The remaining awards, included in the outstanding balance as of December 31, 2016, will vest between March 2019 and December 2020 and will be earned only to the extent that the Company attains specified market conditions relating to its volume-weighted average share price and total shareholder return in relation to certain benchmark indices and performance goals relating to aggregate net income and average return on shareholder equity. The actual number of RSUs ultimately earned could vary from 0, if performance goals are not met, to as much as 150% of the targeted award. Each RSU is equal to the one share of the Company’s Class A common stock. Compensation expense is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the Company will attain the performance goals.
(2) Share and per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016.
The fair value of restricted stock (excluding performance linked units which are valued using the Monte Carlo valuation model) is determined based on the number of shares granted and the quoted price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant.
As of December 31, 2016, there was $60.6 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to the Company's grant of nonvested restricted shares and restricted stock units to employees. Unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested restricted shares and restricted stock units granted to employees is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.49 years.
Restricted Shares and Restricted Stock Units Granted to Non-employee Board Members
There were 56,100 restricted stock units awarded during the year ended December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016 there were 162,176 restricted stock units outstanding.
16. Defined Contribution Plans
The Company sponsors a Retirement and Savings Plan which is a defined contribution plan pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the "401k Plans"). All full-time employees of the Company can contribute on a tax deferred basis to the 401k Plans up to federal contribution limits or up to 100% of their annual compensation, subject to certain limitations. The Company provides matching contributions for certain employees that are equal to a specified percentage of the eligible participant's contribution as defined by the 401k Plans. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company's contributions to the Plans were $0.5 million and $0.5 million, respectively. The Company did not contribute to the Plans during the year ended December 31, 2014.
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17. Income Taxes
The taxable results of the Company’s U.S. operations are included in the consolidated income tax returns of Cowen Group, Inc. as well as stand‑alone state and local tax returns. The Company has subsidiaries that are resident in foreign countries where tax filings have to be submitted on a stand‑alone basis. These subsidiaries are subject to tax in their respective countries and the Company is responsible for and, thus, reports all taxes incurred by these subsidiaries. The countries where the Company owns subsidiaries with tax filing obligations are the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, and Hong Kong.
The components of the Company's income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 are as follows:
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
Current tax expense/(benefit) | |||||||||||
Federal | $ | 1,268 | $ | (635 | ) | $ | 2,247 | ||||
State and local | 1,972 | 313 | 573 | ||||||||
Foreign | 262 | 348 | 341 | ||||||||
Total | $ | 3,502 | $ | 26 | $ | 3,161 | |||||
Deferred tax expense/(benefit) | |||||||||||
Federal | $ | (22,834 | ) | $ | (37,979 | ) | $ | (99,284 | ) | ||
State and local | (1,900 | ) | (7,420 | ) | (28,825 | ) | |||||
Foreign | 2,140 | (2,123 | ) | 4 | |||||||
Total | (22,594 | ) | (47,522 | ) | (128,105 | ) | |||||
Total Tax expense/(benefit) | $ | (19,092 | ) | $ | (47,496 | ) | $ | (124,944 | ) | ||
Consolidated U.S. income/(loss) before income taxes was $(29.5) million in 2016, $8 million in 2015, and $56.7 million in 2014. The corresponding amounts for non-U.S.-based income/(loss) were $(2.0) million in 2016, $3.5 million in 2015, and $1.1 million in 2014.
The reconciliations of the Company's federal statutory rate to the effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 are as follows:
Year ended December 31, | ||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | ||||||
Pre-tax loss at U.S. statutory rate | 35.0 | % | 35.0 | % | 35.0 | % | ||
Deferred asset recognition | — | (323.8 | ) | — | ||||
Unrecognized gains on foreign subsidiaries | 38.7 | — | — | |||||
Change in valuation allowance | (6.7 | ) | — | (252.7 | ) | |||
Impact of change in NY tax law | — | (27.9 | ) | — | ||||
State and foreign tax | 1.3 | (39.6 | ) | 5.8 | ||||
Minority interest reversal | 1.3 | (46.5 | ) | (9.4 | ) | |||
Other, net | (9.0 | ) | (11.0 | ) | 5.3 | |||
Total | 60.6 | % | (413.8 | )% | (216.0 | )% | ||
As of December 31, 2016, the Company has net income taxes receivable of approximately $2.0 million representing Federal and foreign tax overpayments, which is included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company also has state income taxes payable of $0.02 million, which is included in other liabilities on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition.
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The components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | |||||||
Net operating loss | $ | 126,037 | $ | 110,904 | |||
Deferred compensation | 44,966 | 65,162 | |||||
Goodwill | 4,758 | 7,009 | |||||
Fixed assets | 3,541 | 2,003 | |||||
Tax credits | 2,898 | 1,630 | |||||
Acquired lease liability | 4,111 | 4,843 | |||||
Other | 2,238 | 2,317 | |||||
Total deferred tax assets | 188,549 | 193,868 | |||||
Valuation allowance | (2,119 | ) | — | ||||
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 186,430 | 193,868 | |||||
Deferred tax liabilities | |||||||
Basis difference on investments | — | (15,352 | ) | ||||
Unrealized gains on investments | (20,774 | ) | (34,613 | ) | |||
Intangible assets | — | (296 | ) | ||||
Other | — | (47 | ) | ||||
Total deferred tax liabilities | (20,774 | ) | (50,308 | ) | |||
Deferred tax assets/(liabilities), net | $ | 165,656 | $ | 143,560 | |||
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance, are reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. In addition to the deferred tax balances in the table above, the Company records balances related to its operating losses in Luxembourg, which are discussed below.
The Company records deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax benefit or expense that will result from differences between the carrying value of its assets for income tax purposes and for financial reporting purposes, as well as for operating or capital loss and tax credit carryovers. A valuation allowance is recorded to bring the net deferred tax assets to a level that, in management’s view, is more likely than not to be realized in the foreseeable future. This level will be estimated based on a number of factors, especially the amount of net deferred tax assets of the Company that are actually expected to be realized, for tax purposes, in the foreseeable future. The Company recorded approximately $2.1 million valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets of $188.5 million as of December 31, 2016 and recorded no valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets of $193.9 million as of December 31, 2015. Separately, the Company has deferred tax liabilities of $20.8 million as of December 31, 2016, and $50.3 million as of December 31, 2015.
In December 2016, the Company recorded a deferred tax benefit of $22.6 million which was derived by the release of deferred tax liabilities related to the previous acquisitions by a local subsidiary, and reversal of temporary items during the course of normal operations. The deferred tax benefit of $47.5 million in December 31, 2015 was mainly represented the deferred tax benefits generated by an acquisition of a local subsidiary. At the time of the acquisition, pursuant to an Advance Tax Agreement, the local subsidiary generated deferred tax assets that fully offsets the deferred tax liabilities of the acquired company, resulting in the recognition of the deferred tax benefit in 2015. The deferred tax benefit of $128.1 million recorded in December 31, 2014, predominantly represented the release of valuation allowance due to the anticipation of future profits.
The Company has the following net operating loss carryforwards at December 31, 2016:
Federal | California | Massachusetts | Illinois | New York State | New York City | Hong Kong | |||||||||||||||
Jurisdiction: | |||||||||||||||||||||
Net operating loss (in millions) | $296.7 | $61.8 | $31.5 | $12.3 | $95.6 | $142.8 | $12.8 | ||||||||||||||
Year of expiration | 2036 | 2036 | 2036 | 2028 | 2036 | 2036 | Indefinite | ||||||||||||||
In addition to the net operating loss carryforwards in the table above, the Company also has net operating loss carryforwards in Luxembourg. These loss carryforwards are only accessible to the extent of taxable income generated by the Luxembourg reinsurance companies, including any deferred income that will be generated in the future. Consequently, the
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Company recorded a deferred tax asset of $113.8 million, net of deferred tax liabilities of $357.1 million in connection with future taxable income, and an offsetting valuation allowance of $113.8 million against its Luxembourg net operating loss carryforwards that are in excess of such taxable income. The increase in deferred tax liabilities and corresponding reduction in the valuation allowance was caused by the acquisition of Hollenfels, as described above.
The Company underwent a change of control under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code on November 2, 2009 (“Section 382”). Accordingly, a portion of the Company’s deferred tax assets, in particular a portion of its net operating loss and foreign tax credit carryovers, are subject to an annual limitation. The deduction limitation is approximately $2.4 million annually and applies to approximately $6.6 million of pre-transaction losses. Further, as a result of an acquisition of a subsidiary with net operating loss carryovers in June 2011, a portion of the Company’s deferred tax assets, are subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Section 382”). The deduction limitation is approximately $6.7 million annually and applies to approximately $57.2 million of net operating losses. The Company is not expected to lose any deferred tax assets as a result of these limitations.
The Company adopted the accounting guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes as which clarifies the criteria that must be met prior to recognition of the financial statement benefit of a position taken in a tax return. The Company does not have any uncertain tax positions recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014. Further, the Company did not record any additions to its unrecognized tax benefit balances as a result of current or prior year tax positions or reductions due to expired statute of limitations during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014.
The Company is subject to examination by the United States Internal Revenue Service, the United Kingdom Inland Revenue Service as well as state, local and foreign tax authorities in jurisdictions where the Company has significant business operations, such as New York. Currently, the Company is under audit by New York State for 2010 to 2012 tax years. Management is not expecting a material tax liability from this audit.
The Company intends to permanently reinvest the capital and accumulated earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in the respective subsidiary, but remits the current earnings of its foreign subsidiaries to the United States to the extent permissible under local regulatory rules. The undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries totaled $0.8 million and $1.0 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and the tax liability that would arise if these earnings were remitted to the United States would be approximately $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively.
18. Commitments and Contingencies
Lease Obligations
The Company has entered into leases for office space and equipment. These leases contain rent escalation clauses. The Company records rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including any rent holiday periods. Rent expense was $20.3 million, $18.5 million and $16.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.
As of December 31, 2016, future minimum annual lease and service payments for the Company were as follows:
Equipment Leases (a) | Service Payments | Facility Leases (b) | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
2017 | $ | 2,417 | $ | 15,674 | $ | 16,745 | |||||
2018 | 2,359 | 8,550 | 17,002 | ||||||||
2019 | 928 | 2,766 | 15,470 | ||||||||
2020 | 6 | 740 | 15,305 | ||||||||
2021 | — | 676 | 15,589 | ||||||||
Thereafter | — | — | 17,294 | ||||||||
$ | 5,710 | $ | 28,406 | $ | 97,405 | ||||||
(a) | Equipment Leases include the Company's commitments relating to operating and capital leases. See Note 19 for further information on the capital lease minimum payments which are included in the table. |
(b) | The Company has entered into various agreements to sublease certain of its premises. The Company recorded sublease income related to these leases of $2.2 million, $2.3 million, and $1.8 million and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. |
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Clawback Obligations
For financial reporting purposes, the general partners of a real estate fund have recorded a liability for potential clawback obligations to the limited partners, due to changes in the unrealized value of the fund's remaining investments and where the fund's general partner has previously received carried interest distributions. The clawback liability, however, is not realized until the end of the fund's life. The life of the real estate funds with a potential clawback obligation is currently in a winding-up phase whereby the remaining assets of the fund are being liquidated as promptly as possible so as to maximize value, however a final date for liquidation has not been set. The fund is currently winding-down and as of both December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the clawback obligation was $6.2 million.
The Company serves as the general partner/managing member and/or investment manager to various affiliated and sponsored funds. As such, the Company is contingently liable for obligations for those entities. These amounts are not included above as the Company believes that the assets in these funds are sufficient to discharge any liabilities.
Unfunded Commitments
The following table summarizes unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2016:
Entity | Unfunded Commitments | Commitment term | ||||
($ in millions) | ||||||
Real estate (a) | $ | 7.6 | (a) | |||
HealthCare Royalty Partners funds (b) | $ | 7.3 | 2 years | |||
Eclipse Ventures Fund I, L.P. (formerly Formation8 Partners Hardware Fund I, L.P.) | $ | 0.8 | 7 years | |||
Lagunita Biosciences, LLC | $ | 3.0 | 3 years | |||
Eclipse Fund II, L.P. | $ | 0.9 | 8 years | |||
Eclipse Continuity Fund I, L.P. | $ | 0.9 | 9 years | |||
(a) The Company had unfunded commitments pertaining to capital commitments in five real estate investments held by the Company, all of which pertain to related party investments. Such commitments can be called at any time up to three years, subject to advance notice.
(b) The Company is a limited partner of the HealthCare Royalty Partners funds (which are managed by Healthcare Royalty Management) and is a member of HealthCare Royalty Partners General Partners. The Company will make its pro-rata investment in the HealthCare Royalty Partners funds along with the other limited partners.
Litigation
In the ordinary course of business, the Company and its affiliates and subsidiaries and current and former officers, directors and employees (the "Company and Related Parties") are named as defendants in, or as parties to, various legal actions and proceedings. Certain of these actions and proceedings assert claims or seek relief in connection with alleged violations of securities, banking, anti-fraud, anti-money laundering, employment and other statutory and common laws. Certain of these actual or threatened legal actions and proceedings include claims for substantial or indeterminate compensatory or punitive damages, or for injunctive relief.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company and Related Parties are also subject to governmental and regulatory examinations, information gathering requests (both formal and informal), certain of which may result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief. Certain affiliates and subsidiaries of the Company are investment banks, registered broker-dealers, futures commission merchants, investment advisers or other regulated entities and, in those capacities, are subject to regulation by various U.S., state and foreign securities, commodity futures and other regulators. In connection with formal and informal inquiries by these regulators, the Company and such affiliates and subsidiaries receive requests, and orders seeking documents and other information in connection with various aspects of their regulated activities.
Due to the global scope of the Company's operations, and its presence in countries around the world, the Company and Related Parties may be subject to litigation, and governmental and regulatory examinations, information gathering requests, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal), in multiple jurisdictions with legal and regulatory regimes that may differ substantially, and present substantially different risks, from those the Company and Related Parties are subject to in the United States.
The Company seeks to resolve all litigation and regulatory matters in the manner management believes is in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders, and contests liability, allegations of wrongdoing and, where applicable, the amount of damages or scope of any penalties or other relief sought as appropriate in each pending matter.
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In accordance with US GAAP, the Company establishes reserves for contingencies when the Company believes that it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company discloses a contingency if there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss may have been incurred and there is no reserve for the loss because the conditions above are not met. The Company's disclosure includes an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of loss for those matters, for which an estimate can be made. Neither a reserve nor disclosure is required for losses that are deemed remote.
The Company appropriately reserves for certain matters where, in the opinion of management, the likelihood of liability is probable and the extent of such liability is reasonably estimable. Such amounts are included within accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. Estimates, by their nature, are based on judgment and currently available information and involve a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the type and nature of the litigation, claim or proceeding, the progress of the matter, the advice of legal counsel, the Company's defenses and its experience in similar cases or proceedings as well as its assessment of matters, including settlements, involving other defendants in similar or related cases or proceedings. The Company may increase or decrease its legal reserves in the future, on a matter-by-matter basis, to account for developments in such matters. The Company accrues legal fees as incurred.
On May 28, 2014, Energy Intelligence Group, Inc. and Energy Intelligence Group UK (collectively, "EIG") filed a lawsuit against Cowen and Company, LLC in the United States Court for the Southern District of New York (Energy Intelligence Group, Inc. and Energy Intelligence Group UK v. Cowen and Company, LLC, No. 14-CV-3789). The complaint alleged copyright infringement based on alleged impermissible distribution of EIG's publication, Oil Daily, by Cowen and Company and Dahlman Rose & Company, LLC, as Cowen's alleged predecessor-in-interest. EIG sought statutory damages based on alleged willful infringement of their copyrights. On November 12, 2014, the Company filed an answer and affirmative defenses to the EIG complaint. On September 25, 2015, the Company filed its motion for partial summary judgment to dismiss certain of EIG’s claims relating to Dahlman Rose’s alleged copyright infringement. During the second quarter of 2016 the Company also filed a motion to disqualify EIG’s copyright counsel on conflict of interest grounds. Both of the Company’s motions were heard in the second quarter of 2016. On July 15, 2016 the District Court ruled in favor of the Company on both of its motions. The Company and EIG entered into a settlement agreement on September 30, 2016, pursuant to which EIG agreed to withdraw its lawsuit with prejudice. The settlement amount paid by the Company and the current period impact of the settlement was not material to the Company’s financial position or the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. The dismissal of the lawsuit was approved by the District Court on October 4, 2016.
19. Convertible Debt and Notes Payable
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company's outstanding debt was as follows:
As of December 31, | |||||||
2016 | 2015 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Convertible debt | $ | 130,029 | $ | 122,401 | |||
Note payable | 60,953 | 60,831 | |||||
Other notes payable | 14,237 | — | |||||
Revolver | — | 5,000 | |||||
Capital lease obligations | 1,840 | 2,734 | |||||
$ | 207,059 | $ | 190,966 | ||||
Convertible Debt
On March 10, 2014, the Company issued $149.5 million of 3.0% cash convertible senior notes ("Convertible Notes"). The Convertible Notes are due on March 15, 2019 unless earlier repurchased by the Company or converted by the holder into cash in accordance with their terms prior to such date. The interest on the Convertible Notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations and rank senior in right of payments to other obligations. The Convertible Notes may be converted into cash, upon the occurrence of certain events, whereby a holder will receive, per $1,000 principal amount of notes being converted, an amount equal to the sum of principal amount outstanding and the conversion amount based on the current conversion price (the "Conversion Option"). The Convertible Notes were issued with an initial conversion price of $21.32 per share (per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016).
The Company recorded interest expense of $4.5 million, $4.5 million and $3.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. The initial unamortized discount on the Convertible Notes was $35.7 million and is shown
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net in convertible debt in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. Amortization on the discount, included within interest expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations is $6.9 million$6.3 million, and $4.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively, based on an effective interest rate of 8.89%. The Company capitalized the debt issuance costs in the amount of $3.7 million, which is a direct deduction from the carrying value of the debt and will be amortized over the life of the Convertible Notes.
Of the net proceeds from the sale of the Convertible Notes, approximately $20.5 million was applied to pay the net cost of a cash convertible note economic hedge and warrant transaction which increases the effective conversion price to $28.72 (see Note 5) (per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016), and approximately $0.3 million was applied to repurchase shares of Cowen Class A common stock. The remainder of the net proceeds is being used for general corporate purposes.
Note Payable
On October 10, 2014 the Company completed its public offering of $63.3 million aggregate principal amount of 8.25% senior notes due on October 15, 2021 ("2021 Notes"). Interest on the 2021 Notes is payable quarterly in arrears on January 15, April 15, July 15 and October 15, commencing on January 15, 2015. The Company recorded interest expense of $5.2 million and $5.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company capitalized debt issuance costs of approximately $2.9 million which is a direct deduction from the carrying value of the debt and will be amortized over the life of the 2021 Notes. As of December 31, 2016, the Company fell below a minimum calculation as required by a covenant. As a result, the Company may not currently incur new debt or make restricted payments, other than in limited permitted amounts set out in the Senior Indenture.
Other Notes Payable
During January 2016, the Company borrowed $2.0 million to fund insurance premium payments. This note has an effective interest rate of 1.38% and was due on December 31, 2016, with monthly payment requirements of $0.2 million. As of December 31, 2016, the note was fully repaid. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2016 was insignificant.
During the second quarter of 2016, the Company entered into financing for two of its aircraft and incurred additional debt when four other aircraft were acquired (See Note 2). The aircraft financing, net of debt costs, is recorded in notes payable and short-term borrowings in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. The debt maturities ranged from February 2017 to May 2021 and interest rates ranged from 4.80% to 7.25%. As of December 31, 2016, the remaining balance on the aircraft financing agreements was $14.4 million. Interest expense was $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.
Revolver
On July 31, 2015, the Company entered into a $25.0 million 364 day revolving unsecured credit facility with multiple financial institutions primarily for working capital management. On July 29, 2016, the Company amended its credit facility to, among other things, extend the existing stated maturity thereof from August 3, 2016 to September 29, 2016, reduce the aggregate revolving commitments thereunder from $25 million to $15 million and make future draws on the revolver during the extension period subject to the sole discretion of the lenders thereunder. In connection with the amendment, the Company repaid all outstanding amounts under the credit facility. The facility terminated in accordance with its terms on September 29, 2016. Interest accrued on borrowed funds at LIBOR plus 3.0% and interest accrued on the undrawn facility amount at LIBOR plus 0.38%. Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, was $0.4 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
Capital Lease Obligations
The Company entered into several capital leases for computer equipment during the fourth quarter of 2010 and one in January 2014. These leases amounted to $7.6 million and are recorded in fixed assets and as capital lease obligations, which are included in short-term borrowings and other debt in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition, and have lease terms that range from 48 to 60 months and interest rates that range from 0.60% to 6.03%. As of December 31, 2016, the remaining balance on these capital leases was $1.8 million. Interest expense was $0.1 million, $0.2 million, and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.
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Annual scheduled maturities of debt and minimum payments for all debt outstanding as of December 31, 2016, is as follows:
Convertible Debt | Note Payable | Other Note Payable | Capital Lease Obligation | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
2017 | $ | 4,485 | $ | 4,912 | $ | 4,225 | $ | 938 | |||||||
2018 | 4,485 | 5,218 | 2,225 | 938 | |||||||||||
2019 | 151,743 | 5,218 | 3,702 | 78 | |||||||||||
2020 | — | 5,218 | 1,805 | — | |||||||||||
2021 | — | 68,468 | 4,723 | — | |||||||||||
Thereafter | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||
Subtotal | 160,713 | 89,034 | 16,680 | 1,954 | |||||||||||
Less: Amount representing interest (a) | (30,684 | ) | (28,081 | ) | (2,443 | ) | (114 | ) | |||||||
Total | $ | 130,029 | $ | 60,953 | $ | 14,237 | $ | 1,840 | |||||||
(a) | Amount necessary to reduce net minimum payments to present value calculated at the Company's implicit rate at inception. This amount also includes the unamortized discount on the convertible debt. |
Letters of Credit
As of December 31, 2016, the Company has nine irrevocable letters of credit, related to leased office space, for which there is cash collateral pledged, which the Company pays a fee on the stated amount of the letter of credit. The Company also has a letter of credit, in the amount of $5.5 million, due March 2017, for which cash is pledged as collateral under a reinsurance agreement.
Location | Amount | Maturity | ||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||
San Francisco | $ | 710 | January 2017 | |||
Connecticut | $ | 65 | January 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 1,000 | February 2017 | |||
Boston | $ | 382 | March 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 355 | May 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 70 | May 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 695 | October 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 2,811 | October 2017 | |||
New York | $ | 1,600 | November 2017 | |||
To the extent any letter of credit is drawn upon, interest will be assessed at the prime commercial lending rate. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were no amounts due related to these letters of credit.
20. Stockholder's Equity
On December 5, 2016, the Company effected a one-for-four reverse stock split of our class A and class B common stock. All share and per share information has been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split. In addition, there was a reclassification of $0.9 million from the par value of our class A common stock to additional paid-in capital to reflect the impact of the reverse stock split.
The Company is authorized to issue 125,000,000 shares of common stock, which shall consist of 62,500,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 62,500,000 shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share. The Company is also authorized to issue 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. Subject to the rights of holders of any outstanding preferred stock, the number of authorized shares of common stock or preferred stock may be increased or decreased by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote on such matters, but in no instance can the number of authorized shares be reduced below the number of shares then outstanding.
Common stock
The certificate of incorporation of the Company provides for two classes of common stock, and for the conversion of each class into the other, to provide a mechanism by which holders of Class A common stock of the Company who may be
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limited in the amount of voting common stock of the Company they can hold pursuant to federal, state or foreign bank laws, to convert their shares into non-voting Class B common stock to prevent being in violation of such laws. Each holder of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote per share in connection with the election of directors and on all other matters submitted to a stockholder vote, provided, however, that, except as otherwise required by law, holders of Class A common stock are not entitled to vote on any amendment to the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation that relates solely to the terms of one or more outstanding series of the Company's preferred stock, if holders of the preferred stock series are entitled to vote on the amendment under the Company's certificate of incorporation or Delaware law. No holder of Class A common stock may accumulate votes in voting for directors of the Company.
Each holder of Class B common stock is not entitled to vote except as otherwise provided by law, provided however that the Company must obtain the consent of a majority of the holders of Class B common stock to effect any amendment, alteration or repeal of any provision of the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated by-laws that would adversely affect the voting powers, preferences or rights of holders of Class B common stock. Except as otherwise provided by law, Class B common stock shares will not be counted as shares held by stockholders for purposes of determining whether a vote or consent has been approved or given by the requisite percentage of shares.
Each share of Class A common stock is convertible at the option of the holder and at no cost into one share of Class B common stock, and each share of Class B common stock is convertible at the option of the holder and at no cost into one share of Class A common stock. The conversion ratios will be adjusted proportionally to reflect any stock split, stock dividend, merger, reorganization, recapitalization or other change in the Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Upon conversion, converted shares resume the status of authorized and unissued shares.
Subject to the preferences of the holders of any of the Company's preferred stock that may be outstanding from time to time, each share of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will have an equal and ratable right to receive dividends and other distributions in cash, property or shares of stock as may be declared by the Company's board of directors out of assets or funds legally available for the payment of dividends and other distributions.
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, subject to the preferences of the holders of any preferred stock of the Company that may be outstanding from time to time, holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock will be entitled to share equally and ratably in the assets available for distribution to the Company's stockholders. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Class A or the Class B common stock.
Preferred stock
The Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation permits the Company to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series with such designations, titles, voting powers, preferences and rights and such qualifications, limitations and restrictions as may be fixed by the board of directors of the Company without any further action by the Company's stockholders. The Company's board of directors may increase or decrease the number of shares of any series of preferred stock following the issuance of that series of preferred stock, but in no instance can the number of shares of a series of preferred stock be reduced below the number of shares of the series then outstanding.
Preferred Stock and Purchase of Capped Call Option
On May 19, 2015, the Company completed its offering of 120,750 shares of the Company's 5.625% Series A cumulative perpetual convertible preferred stock ("Series A Convertible Preferred Stock") that provided $117.2 million of proceeds, net of underwriting fees and issuance costs of $3.6 million. Each share of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is entitled to dividends at a rate of 5.625% per annum which will be payable, when and if declared by the board of directors of the Company, quarterly, in arrears, on February 15, May 15, August 15 and November 15 of each year. The Company may, at its option, pay dividends in cash, common stock or a combination thereof. During the years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015 the Company declared and accrued a cash dividend of $6.8 million and $4.1 million.
Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is non-voting and has a liquidity preference over the Company's Class A common stock and ranks senior to all classes or series of the Company's Class A common stock, but junior to all of the Company's existing and future indebtedness with respect to divided rights and rights upon the Company's involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding down.
Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into a number of shares of our Class A common stock equal to the liquidation preference of $1,000 divided by the conversion rate. The initial conversion rate (subsequent to the December 5, 2016 reverse stock split) is 38.0619 shares (which equates to $26.27 per share) of the Company's Class A common stock for each share of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. At any time on or after May 20, 2020, the Company may elect to convert all outstanding shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock into shares of the
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Company’s Class A common stock, cash or a combination thereof, at the Company’s election, in each case, based on the then-applicable conversion rate, if the last reported sale price of the Company’s Class A common stock equals or exceeds 150% of the then-current conversion price on at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days (including on the last trading day of such period) immediately prior to such election. At the time of conversion, the conversion rate may be adjusted based on certain events including but not limited to the issuance of cash dividends or Class A common stock as a dividends to the Company's Class A common shareholders or a share split or combination.
In connection with the issuance and sale of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, the Company entered into a privately negotiated capped call option transaction (the “Capped Call Option Transaction”) with Nomura Global Financial Products Inc. (the “option counterparty”) for $15.9 million. The Capped Call Option Transaction is expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to the Company’s Class A common stock (if the Company elects to convert to common shares) and/or offset any cash payments that the Company is required to make upon conversion of any Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. The Capped Call Option Transaction has an initial effective strike price of $26.27 per share, which matches the initial conversion price of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, and a cap price of $33.54 per share. However, to the extent that the market price of Class A common stock, as measured under the terms of the Capped Call Option Transaction, exceeds the cap price thereof, there would nevertheless be dilution and/or such cash payments would not be offset. As the Capped Call Option Transaction is a free standing derivative that is indexed to the Company's own stock price and the Company controls if it is settled in cash or stock it qualifies for equity classification as a reduction to additional paid in capital.
Treasury Stock
Treasury stock of $153.8 million as of December 31, 2016, compared to $137.4 million as of December 31, 2015, resulted from $8.8 million acquired through repurchases of shares to cover employee minimum tax withholding obligations related to stock compensation vesting events under the Company's Equity Plan or other similar transactions and $7.6 million purchased in connection with a share repurchase program.
The following represents the activity relating to the treasury stock held by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2016:
Treasury stock shares (a) | Cost (dollars in thousands) | Average cost per share (a) | ||||||||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2015 | 8,628,933 | $ | 137,356 | $ | 15.92 | |||||
Shares purchased for minimum tax withholding under the Equity Plan or other similar transactions | 647,930 | 8,835 | 13.64 | |||||||
Purchase of treasury stock | 533,939 | 7,654 | 14.33 | |||||||
Balance outstanding at December 31, 2016 | 9,810,802 | $ | 153,845 | $ | 15.68 | |||||
(a) Share and per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016.
21. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income includes the after tax change in unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency translation adjustments. During the periods presented, the Company did not have material reclassifications out of other comprehensive income.
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
Beginning Balance | $ | — | $ | 17 | $ | 592 | |||||
Defined benefit plans | — | — | (344 | ) | |||||||
Foreign currency translation | (2 | ) | (17 | ) | (231 | ) | |||||
Ending Balance | $ | (2 | ) | $ | — | $ | 17 | ||||
22. Earnings Per Share
The Company calculates its basic and diluted earnings per share in accordance with US GAAP. Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to the Company's common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. As of December 31, 2016, there were 26,731,289 shares outstanding. The Company has included 162,176 fully vested, unissued restricted stock units in its calculation of basic earnings per share.
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Diluted earnings per common share are calculated by adjusting the weighted average outstanding shares to assume conversion of all potentially dilutive items. The Company uses the treasury stock method to reflect the potential dilutive effect of the warrants (see Note 5(a)), unexercised stock options, unvested restricted shares, restricted stock units, and SAR's. In calculating the number of dilutive shares outstanding, the shares of common stock underlying unvested restricted shares and restricted stock units are assumed to have been delivered, and options and warrants are assumed to have been exercised, on the grant date. The assumed proceeds from the assumed vesting, delivery and exercising were calculated as the sum of (a) the amount of compensation cost attributed to future services and not yet recognized and (b) the amount of tax benefit that would be credited to additional paid-in capital assuming vesting and delivery of the shares. The tax benefit is the amount resulting from a tax deduction for compensation in excess of compensation expense recognized for financial statement reporting purposes. All outstanding stock options, SAR's, unvested restricted shares and warrants were not included in the computation of diluted net income (loss) per common share for the year ended December 31, 2016 as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. The Company can elect to settle the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock in shares, cash, or a combination of both. The Company's intent is to settle in cash and, based on current and projected liquidity needs, the Company has the ability to do so.
The computation of earnings per share is as follows:
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2016 | 2015 | 2014 | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) | $ | (12,395 | ) | $ | 58,975 | $ | 182,780 | ||||
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | 6,882 | 15,246 | 15,564 | ||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | (19,277 | ) | 43,729 | 167,216 | |||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 6,792 | 4,075 | — | ||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (26,069 | ) | $ | 39,654 | $ | 167,216 | ||||
Shares for basic and diluted calculations: | |||||||||||
Weighted average shares used in basic computation (a) | 26,857 | 27,522 | 28,731 | ||||||||
Stock options (a) | — | 3 | — | ||||||||
Performance based restricted stock (a) | — | 65 | — | ||||||||
Stock appreciation rights (a) | — | 35 | 15 | ||||||||
Restricted stock (a) | — | 1,418 | 1,125 | ||||||||
Weighted average shares used in diluted computation (a) | 26,857 | 29,043 | 29,871 | ||||||||
Earnings (loss) per share: | |||||||||||
Basic (a) | $ | (0.97 | ) | $ | 1.44 | $ | 5.82 | ||||
Diluted (a) | $ | (0.97 | ) | $ | 1.37 | $ | 5.60 | ||||
(a) Share and per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016.
23. Segment Reporting
The Company conducts its operations through two segments: the alternative investment segment and the broker‑dealer segment. These activities are conducted primarily in the United States and substantially all of its revenues are generated domestically. The performance measure for these segments is Economic Income (Loss), which management uses to evaluate the financial performance of and make operating decisions for the segments including determining appropriate compensation levels. Expenses not directly associated with specific segments are allocated based on the most relevant measures applicable, including headcount, square footage and other factors.
In general, Economic Income (Loss) is a pre-tax measure that (i) eliminates the impact of consolidation for consolidated funds (ii) excludes goodwill and intangible impairment (iii) excludes certain other acquisition-related adjustments and/or reorganization expenses and (iv) excludes preferred stock dividends. In addition, Economic Income (Loss) revenues include investment income that represents the income the Company has earned in investing its own capital, including realized and unrealized gains and losses, interest and dividends, net of associated investment related expenses. For US GAAP purposes, these items are included in each of their respective line items. Economic Income (Loss) revenues also include management fees, incentive income and investment income earned through the Company's investment as a general partner in certain real estate entities and the Company's investment in the activist business. For US GAAP purposes, all of these items are recorded in
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other income (loss). In addition, Economic Income (Loss) expenses are reduced by reimbursement from affiliates, which for US GAAP purposes is presented gross as part of revenue.
As further stated below, one major difference between Economic Income (Loss) and US GAAP net income (loss) is that Economic Income (Loss) presents the segments' results of operations without the impact resulting from the full consolidation of any of the Consolidated Funds. Consolidation of these funds results in including in income the pro rata share of the income or loss attributable to other owners of such entities which is reflected in net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interest in consolidated subsidiaries in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. This pro rata share has no effect on the overall financial performance for the alternative investment segment, as ultimately, this income or loss is not income or loss for the alternative investment segment itself. Included in Economic Income (Loss) is the actual pro rata share of the income or loss attributable to the Company as an investor in such entities, which is relevant in management making operating decisions and evaluating financial performance.
The following tables set forth operating results for the Company's alternative investment and broker-dealer segments and related adjustments necessary to reconcile the Company's Economic Income (Loss) measure to arrive at the Company's consolidated US GAAP net income (loss):
Year Ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alternative Investment | Broker-Dealer | Total Economic Income/(Loss) | Funds Consolidation | Other Adjustments | US GAAP | ||||||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment banking | $ | — | $ | 133,279 | $ | 133,279 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 133,279 | |||||||||||||
Brokerage | — | 207,040 | 207,040 | — | (7,860 | ) | 199,180 | ||||||||||||||||||
Management fees | 64,086 | 3,162 | 67,248 | (1,665 | ) | (24,971 | ) | (a) | 40,612 | ||||||||||||||||
Incentive income (loss) | 26,274 | — | 26,274 | (714 | ) | (17,226 | ) | (a) | 8,334 | ||||||||||||||||
Investment income (loss) | 3,015 | 1,008 | 4,023 | — | (4,023 | ) | (c) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Interest and dividends | — | — | — | — | 14,732 | (c) | 14,732 | ||||||||||||||||||
Aircraft lease revenue | — | — | — | — | 4,161 | (f) | 4,161 | ||||||||||||||||||
Reimbursement from affiliates | — | — | — | (303 | ) | 10,807 | (e) | 10,504 | |||||||||||||||||
Reinsurance premiums | — | — | — | — | 32,459 | (h) | 32,459 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other revenue | 29,202 | 565 | 29,767 | — | (7,412 | ) | (f) (h) (c) | 22,355 | |||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds revenues | — | — | — | 5,949 | — | 5,949 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total revenues | 122,577 | 345,054 | 467,631 | 3,267 | 667 | 471,565 | |||||||||||||||||||
Expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non interest expense | 102,163 | 369,188 | 471,351 | (429 | ) | 37,824 | (b)(c)(d) | 508,746 | |||||||||||||||||
Interest and dividends | 12,827 | 4,363 | 17,190 | — | 12,118 | (c) | 29,308 | ||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds expenses | — | — | — | 9,064 | — | 9,064 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total expenses | 114,990 | 373,551 | 488,541 | 8,635 | 49,942 | 547,118 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total other income (loss) | — | — | — | 8,532 | 35,534 | (c) | 44,066 | ||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes expense / (benefit) | — | — | — | — | (19,092 | ) | (b) | (19,092 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
(Income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | (7,821 | ) | — | (7,821 | ) | (3,164 | ) | 4,103 | (6,882 | ) | |||||||||||||||
Economic Income (Loss) / Net Income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | $ | (234 | ) | $ | (28,497 | ) | $ | (28,731 | ) | $ | — | $ | 9,454 | $ | (19,277 | ) | |||||||||
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Year Ended December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alternative Investment | Broker-Dealer | Total Economic Income/(Loss) | Funds Consolidation | Other Adjustments | US GAAP | ||||||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment banking | $ | — | $ | 222,781 | $ | 222,781 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 222,781 | |||||||||||||
Brokerage | — | 160,436 | 160,436 | — | (2,714 | ) | 157,722 | ||||||||||||||||||
Management fees | 68,989 | 1,026 | 70,015 | (1,307 | ) | (26,802 | ) | (a) | 41,906 | ||||||||||||||||
Incentive income (loss) | (1,544 | ) | — | (1,544 | ) | (736 | ) | 3,746 | (a) | 1,466 | |||||||||||||||
Investment income (loss) | 49,244 | 13,352 | 62,596 | — | (62,596 | ) | (c) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Interest and dividends | — | — | — | — | 13,796 | (c) | 13,796 | ||||||||||||||||||
Reimbursement from affiliates | — | — | — | (190 | ) | 21,747 | (e) | 21,557 | |||||||||||||||||
Other revenue | 14,492 | 890 | 15,382 | — | (11,656 | ) | (c) | 3,726 | |||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds revenues | — | — | — | 1,613 | — | 1,613 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total revenues | 131,181 | 398,485 | 529,666 | (620 | ) | (64,479 | ) | 464,567 | |||||||||||||||||
Expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non interest expense | 107,291 | 362,463 | 469,754 | — | 6,090 | (b)(c)(d) | 475,844 | ||||||||||||||||||
Interest and dividends | 11,839 | 4,745 | 16,584 | — | 9,636 | (c) | 26,220 | ||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds expenses | — | — | — | 2,310 | — | 2,310 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total expenses | 119,130 | 367,208 | 486,338 | 2,310 | 15,726 | 504,374 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total other income (loss) | — | — | — | 8,781 | 42,505 | (c) | 51,286 | ||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes expense / (benefit) | — | — | — | — | (47,496 | ) | (b) | (47,496 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
(Income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | (8,796 | ) | — | (8,796 | ) | (5,851 | ) | (599 | ) | (15,246 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Economic Income (Loss) / Net Income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | $ | 3,255 | $ | 31,277 | $ | 34,532 | $ | — | $ | 9,197 | $ | 43,729 | |||||||||||||
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Year Ended December 31, 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alternative Investment | Broker-Dealer (1) | Total Economic Income/(Loss) | Funds Consolidation | Other Adjustments | US GAAP | ||||||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investment banking | $ | — | $ | 170,506 | $ | 170,506 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 170,506 | |||||||||||||
Brokerage | 55 | 146,192 | 146,247 | — | (6,115 | ) | 140,132 | ||||||||||||||||||
Management fees | 64,774 | — | 64,774 | (963 | ) | (23,184 | ) | (a) | 40,627 | ||||||||||||||||
Incentive income (loss) | 45,708 | — | 45,708 | (281 | ) | (42,642 | ) | (a) | 2,785 | ||||||||||||||||
Investment income (loss) | 45,193 | 20,022 | 65,215 | — | (65,215 | ) | (c) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Interest and dividends | — | — | — | — | 48,870 | (c) | 48,870 | ||||||||||||||||||
Reimbursement from affiliates | — | — | — | (342 | ) | 12,837 | (e) | 12,495 | |||||||||||||||||
Other revenue | 4,645 | 523 | 5,168 | — | 4,278 | (c) | 9,446 | ||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds revenues | — | — | — | 2,915 | — | 2,915 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total revenues | 160,375 | 337,243 | 497,618 | 1,329 | (71,171 | ) | 427,776 | ||||||||||||||||||
Expenses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non interest expense | 115,601 | 320,261 | 435,862 | — | 7,609 | (b)(c)(d) | 443,471 | ||||||||||||||||||
Goodwill impairment | — | — | — | — | 2,334 | (g) | 2,334 | ||||||||||||||||||
Interest and dividends | 7,804 | 1,994 | 9,798 | — | 32,954 | (c) | 42,752 | ||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Funds expenses | — | — | — | 1,634 | — | 1,634 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total expenses | 123,405 | 322,255 | 445,660 | 1,634 | 42,897 | 490,191 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total other income (loss) | — | — | — | 5,775 | 114,476 | (c) | 120,251 | ||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes expense / (benefit) | — | — | — | — | (124,944 | ) | (b) | (124,944 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
(Income) loss attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | (7,802 | ) | — | (7,802 | ) | (5,470 | ) | (2,292 | ) | (15,564 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Economic Income (Loss) / Net Income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. stockholders | $ | 29,168 | $ | 14,988 | $ | 44,156 | $ | — | $ | 123,060 | $ | 167,216 | |||||||||||||
The following is a summary of the adjustments made to US GAAP net income (loss) for the segment to arrive at
Economic Income (Loss):
Funds Consolidation: The impacts of consolidation and the related elimination entries of the Consolidated Funds are not included in Economic Income (Loss). Adjustments to reconcile to US GAAP net income (loss) include elimination of incentive income and management fees earned from the Consolidated Funds and addition of fund expenses excluding management fees paid, fund revenues and investment income (loss).
Other Adjustments:
(a) Economic Income (Loss) recognizes revenues (i) net of distribution fees paid to agents and (ii) our proportionate share
of management and incentive fees of certain real estate operating entities and the activist business.
(b) Economic Income (Loss) excludes income taxes and acquisition related adjustments as management does not consider
these items when evaluating the performance of the segment.
(c) Economic Income (Loss) recognizes Company income from proprietary trading (including interest and dividends).
(d) Economic Income (Loss) recognizes the Company's proportionate share of expenses for certain real estate and other
operating entities for which the investments are recorded under the equity method of accounting for investments.
(e) Reimbursement from affiliates is shown as a reduction of Economic Income expenses, but is included as a part of
revenues under US GAAP.
(f) Aircraft lease revenue is shown net of expenses in other revenue for Economic Income (Loss).
(g) Economic Income (Loss) excludes goodwill impairment and other reorganization expenses.
(h) Economic Income (Loss) recognizes underwriting income from the Company's insurance related activities net of
expenses.
For the year ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, there was no one fund or other customer which represented more than 10% of the Company's total revenues.
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24. Regulatory Requirements
As registered broker-dealers, Cowen and Company, ATM Execution and Cowen Prime are subject to the SEC's Uniform Net Capital Rule 15c3-1 (the “Rule”), which requires the maintenance of minimum net capital. Under the alternative method permitted by the Rule, Cowen and Company's minimum net capital requirement, as defined, is $1.0 million. Under the alternative method ATM Execution and Cowen Prime are required to maintain minimum net capital, as defined, equal to $250,000. The broker-dealers are not permitted to withdraw equity if certain minimum net capital requirements are not met. As of December 31, 2016, Cowen and Company had total net capital of approximately $65.3 million, which was approximately $64.3 million in excess of its minimum net capital requirement of $1.0 million. As of December 31, 2016, ATM Execution had total net capital of approximately $3.5 million, which was approximately $3.2 million in excess of its minimum net capital requirement of $250,000. As of December 31, 2016, Cowen Prime had total net capital of approximately $13.9 million, which was approximately $13.6 million in excess of its minimum net capital requirement of $250,000.
Cowen and Company, ATM Execution and Cowen Prime claim exemption from the provisions of Rule 15c3-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as their activities are limited to those set forth in the conditions for exemption appearing in paragraph (k)(2)(ii) of the Rule.
Proprietary accounts of broker-dealers (“PAB”) held at the clearing broker are considered allowable assets for net capital purposes, pursuant to agreements between Cowen and Company, ATM Execution and Cowen Prime and the clearing brokers, which require, among other things, that the clearing brokers perform computations for PAB and segregate certain balances on behalf of Cowen and Company, ATM Execution and Cowen Prime, if applicable.
Ramius UK Ltd. ("Ramius UK") and Cowen International Limited ("CIL") are subject to the capital requirements of the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”) of the UK. Financial Resources, as defined, must exceed the requirement of the FCA. As of December 31, 2016, Ramius UK's Financial Resources of $0.22 million exceeded its minimum requirement of $0.05 million by $0.17 million. As of December 31, 2016, CIL's Financial Resources of $9.6 million exceeded its minimum requirement of $2.6 million by $7.0 million.
Cowen’s Luxembourg reinsurance companies, Vianden RCG Re SCA (“Vianden”) and Hollenfels, are required to maintain a solvency capital ratio as calculated by relevant European Commission directives and local regulatory rules in Luxembourg. Each company’s solvency capital ratio as of December 31, 2016 was in excess of this minimum requirement.
Based on minimum capital and surplus requirements pursuant to the laws of the state of New York that apply to captive insurance companies, RCG Insurance Company, Cowen’s captive insurance company incorporated and licensed in the state of New York, was required to maintain capital and surplus of approximately $0.3 million as of December 31, 2016. RCG Insurance Company’s capital and surplus as of December 31, 2016 totaled approximately $22.5 million.
25. Related Party Transactions
The Company and its affiliated entities are the managing member, general partner and/or investment manager to the Company's alternative asset management products and certain managed accounts. Management fees and incentive income are primarily earned from affiliated entities. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, $12.6 million and $6.3 million, respectively, included in fees receivable are earned from related parties. The Company may, at its discretion, reimburse certain fees charged to the funds that it manages to avoid duplication of fees when such funds have an underlying investment in another affiliated investment fund. For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company reimbursed the funds it manages $0.2 million, which were recorded net in management fees and incentive income in the accompanying consolidated statements of operation. For the year ended December 31, 2015, these amounts were immaterial. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company reimbursed the funds it manages $0.1 million. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, related amounts still payable were $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, and were reflected in fees payable in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. Fees receivable and fees payable are recorded at carrying value, which approximates fair value.
The Company may also make loans to employees or other affiliates, excluding executive officers of the Company. These loans are interest bearing and settle pursuant to the agreed-upon terms with such employees or affiliates and are included in due from related parties in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, loans to employees of $9.2 million and $5.5 million, respectively, were included in due from related parties on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. Of these amounts $3.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively, are related to forgivable loans. These forgivable loans provide for a cash payment up-front to employees, with the amount due back to the Company forgiven over a vesting period. An employee that voluntarily ceases employment, or is terminated with cause, is generally required to pay back to the Company any unvested forgivable loans granted to them. The forgivable loans are recorded as an asset to the Company on the date of grant and payment, and then amortized to compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The vesting period on forgivable loans is generally one to three years. The Company
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recorded compensation expense of $1.2 million, $3.2 million, and $4.4 million, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. This expense is included in employee compensation and benefits in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, the interest income was insignificant for all related party loans and advances.
Included in due to related parties is approximately $0.7 million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, related to a subordination agreement with an investor in certain real estate funds. This total is based on a hypothetical liquidation of the real estate funds as of the balance sheet date.
As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, included in due from related parties is $18.7 million and $14.4 million, respectively, related to the sales of portions of the Company's ownership interest in the activist business of Starboard Value to the Starboard principals. It is being financed through the profits of the relevant Starboard entities over a five year period and earns interest at 5% per annum. The interest income for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $0.6 million. The interest income for the year ended December 31, 2015 was immaterial.
The remaining balance included in due from related parties of $11.8 million and $19.7 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, relates to amounts due to the Company from affiliated funds and real estate entities due to expenses paid on their behalf.
Employees and certain other related parties invest on a discretionary basis within consolidated entities. These investments generally are subject to preferential management fee and performance fee arrangements. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, such investments aggregated $32.9 million and $21.3 million, respectively, were included in redeemable non-controlling interests on the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition. Their share of the net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds aggregated $5.7 million, $10.4 million, and $10.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 respectively.
26. Guarantees and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Guarantees
US GAAP requires the Company to disclose information about its obligations under certain guarantee arrangements. Those standards define guarantees as contracts and indemnification agreements that contingently require a guarantor to make payments to the guaranteed party based on changes in an underlying security (such as an interest or foreign exchange rate, security or commodity price, an index or the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a specified event) related to an asset, liability or equity security of a guaranteed party. Those standards also define guarantees as contracts that contingently require the guarantor to make payments to the guaranteed party based on another entity's failure to perform under an agreement as well as indirect guarantees of the indebtedness of others.
In the normal course of its operations, the Company enters into contracts that contain a variety of representations and warranties and which provide general indemnifications. The Company's maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be made against the Company that have not yet occurred. However, based on experience, the Company expects the risk of loss to be remote.
The Company indemnifies and guarantees certain service providers, such as clearing and custody agents, trustees and administrators, against specified potential losses in connection with their acting as an agent of, or providing services to, the Company or its affiliates. The Company also indemnifies some clients against potential losses incurred in the event specified third-party service providers, including sub-custodians and third-party brokers, improperly execute transactions. The maximum potential amount of future payments that the Company could be required to make under these indemnifications cannot be estimated. However, the Company believes that it is unlikely it will have to make significant payments under these arrangements and has not recorded any contingent liability in the consolidated financial statements for these indemnifications.
The Company also provides representations and warranties to counterparties in connection with a variety of commercial transactions and occasionally indemnifies them against potential losses caused by the breach of those representations and warranties. The Company may also provide standard indemnifications to some counterparties to protect them in the event additional taxes are owed or payments are withheld, due either to a change in or adverse application of certain tax laws. These indemnifications generally are standard contractual terms and are entered into in the normal course of business. The maximum potential amount of future payments that the Company could be required to make under these indemnifications cannot be estimated. However, the Company believes it is unlikely it will have to make material payments under these arrangements and has not recorded any contingent liability in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for these indemnifications.
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company has no material off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2016 and 2015. However, through indemnification provisions in the clearing agreement, customer activities may expose the Company to off-balance-sheet credit risk. Pursuant to the clearing agreement, the Company is required to reimburse the Company's clearing broker, without limit, for any losses incurred due to a counterparty's failure to satisfy its contractual obligations. However, these transactions are collateralized by the underlying security, thereby reducing the associated risk to changes in the market value of the security through the settlement date.
In addition, during the normal course of business, the Company has exposure to a number of risks including market risk, currency risk, credit risk, operational risk, liquidity risk and legal risk. As part of the Company's risk management process, these risks are monitored on a regular basis throughout the course of the year.
27. Subsequent Events
The Company has evaluated events that have occurred after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are issued and has determined that there were no subsequent events requiring adjustment or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.
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Supplemental Financial Information
The following table presents unaudited quarterly results of operations for 2016 and 2015. These quarterly results reflect all normal recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results. Revenues and net income (loss) can vary significantly from quarter to quarter due to the nature of the Company's business activities.
Cowen Group, Inc.
Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)
Quarter Ended | |||||||||||||||
March 31, 2016 | June 30, 2016 | September 30, 2016 | December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||
Total revenues | $ | 101,039 | $ | 117,231 | $ | 131,027 | $ | 122,268 | |||||||
Income (loss) before income taxes | (11,315 | ) | (39,153 | ) | 24,018 | (5,037 | ) | ||||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) | (3,320 | ) | (11,992 | ) | 8,759 | (12,539 | ) | ||||||||
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | (7,995 | ) | (27,161 | ) | 15,259 | 7,502 | |||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | (4,297 | ) | (16,705 | ) | 18,478 | 9,406 | |||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | (3,698 | ) | (10,456 | ) | (3,219 | ) | (1,904 | ) | |||||||
Preferred stock dividends | 1,698 | 1,698 | 1,698 | 1,698 | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. common stockholders | $ | (5,396 | ) | $ | (12,154 | ) | $ | (4,917 | ) | $ | (3,602 | ) | |||
Earnings (loss) per share: | |||||||||||||||
Basic (a) | $ | (0.20 | ) | $ | (0.45 | ) | $ | (0.18 | ) | $ | (0.13 | ) | |||
Diluted (a) | $ | (0.20 | ) | $ | (0.45 | ) | $ | (0.18 | ) | $ | (0.13 | ) | |||
Weighted average number of common shares: | |||||||||||||||
Basic (a) | 26,591 | 26,867 | 26,993 | 26,973 | |||||||||||
Diluted (a) | 26,591 | 26,867 | 26,993 | 26,973 | |||||||||||
Quarter Ended | |||||||||||||||
March 31, 2015 | June 30, 2015 | September 30, 2015 | December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||
Total revenues | $ | 121,094 | $ | 119,608 | $ | 113,254 | $ | 110,611 | |||||||
Income (loss) before income taxes | 26,365 | 13,978 | (11,083 | ) | (17,781 | ) | |||||||||
Income tax expense (benefit) | 6,947 | 3,346 | (5,081 | ) | (52,708 | ) | |||||||||
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 19,418 | 10,632 | (6,002 | ) | 34,927 | ||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries and funds | 2,720 | 3,916 | 4,344 | 4,266 | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. | 16,698 | 6,716 | (10,346 | ) | 30,661 | ||||||||||
Preferred stock dividends | — | 755 | 1,603 | 1,717 | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Cowen Group, Inc. common stockholders | $ | 16,698 | $ | 5,961 | $ | (11,949 | ) | $ | 28,944 | ||||||
Earnings (loss) per share: | |||||||||||||||
Basic (a) | $ | 0.60 | $ | 0.21 | $ | (0.44 | ) | $ | 1.08 | ||||||
Diluted (a) | $ | 0.56 | $ | 0.20 | $ | (0.44 | ) | $ | 1.03 | ||||||
Weighted average number of common shares: | |||||||||||||||
Basic (a) | 28,013 | 27,978 | 27,297 | 26,809 | |||||||||||
Diluted (a) | 29,647 | 29,556 | 27,297 | 28,182 | |||||||||||
(a) Share and per share amounts have been retroactively updated to reflect the one-for-four reverse stock split effective as of December 5, 2016.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
COWEN GROUP, INC. | |||||||
By: | /s/ PETER A. COHEN | ||||||
Name: | Peter A. Cohen | ||||||
Date: | February 27, 2017 | Title: | Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President | ||||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature | Title | Date | ||
/s/ PETER A. COHEN | Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and President (Principal Executive Officer) | |||
Peter A. Cohen | February 27, 2017 | |||
/s/ STEPHEN A. LASOTA | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) | |||
Stephen A. Lasota | February 27, 2017 | |||
/s/ KATHERINE E. DIETZE | ||||
Katherine E. Dietze | Director | February 27, 2017 | ||
/s/ STEVEN KOTLER | ||||
Steven Kotler | Director | February 27, 2017 | ||
/s/ JEROME S. MARKOWITZ | ||||
Jerome S. Markowitz | Director | February 27, 2017 | ||
/s/ JACK H. NUSBAUM | ||||
Jack H. Nusbaum | Director | February 27, 2017 | ||
/s/ DOUGLAS A. REDIKER | ||||
Douglas A. Rediker | Director | February 27, 2017 | ||
/s/ JEFFREY M. SOLOMON | ||||
Jeffrey M. Solomon | Director | February 27, 2017 | ||
/s/ JOSEPH R. WRIGHT | ||||
Joseph R. Wright | Director | February 27, 2017 | ||
Exhibit No. | Description | ||
2.1 | Transaction Agreement and Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 3, 2009, by and among Cowen Group, Inc., Lexington Park Parent Corp., Lexington Merger Corp., Park Exchange LLC and Ramius LLC (included as Appendix A to the proxy statement/prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed on July 10, 2009). | ||
2.2 | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of February 16, 2011, by and among the Company, Louisiana Merger Sub, Inc. and LaBranche (previously filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Form 8-K filed on February 17, 2011). | ||
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Cowen Group, Inc. (previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 10-Q filed November 25, 2009). | ||
3.2 | Amended and Restated By-Laws of Cowen Group, Inc. (previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 10-Q filed November 25, 2009). | ||
3.3 | Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Cowen Group, Inc. (previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 10-Q filed November 25, 2009). | ||
3.4 | Certificate of Designations of the Company for its Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed May 20, 2015). | ||
3.5 | Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Cowen Group, Inc. (previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Form 8-K filed December 5, 2016). | ||
4.1 | Form of Class A Common Stock Certificate (previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 filed on December 14, 2009). | ||
4.2 | Indenture, dated March 10, 2014 by and between Cowen Group, Inc., as Issuer and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 11, 2014). | ||
4.3 | First Supplemental Indenture by and between Cowen Group, Inc., as Issuer and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Form 10-Q filed May 8, 2014). | ||
4.4 | Senior Notes Indenture dated October 10, 2014, by and between Cowen Group, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon (previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K filed on October 10, 2014). | ||
4.5 | First Supplemental Indenture dated October 10, 2014, by and between Cowen Group, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon (previously filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form 8-K filed on October 10, 2014). | ||
4.6 | Certificate of Designations of the Company for its Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed May 20, 2015). | ||
10.1 | Lease, dated as of June 22, 2007 by and between 599 Lexington Avenue LLC and Ramius LLC (as successor in interest to RCG Holdings LLC (f/k/a Ramius Capital Group, LLC)), as amended by the First Amendment to Lease, dated as of June 9, 2008, by and between BP 599 Lexington Avenue LLC and Ramius LLC (as successor in interest to RCG Holdings LLC (f/k/a Ramius LLC)) (previously filed as Exhibit 10.14 to Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 filed on December 14, 2009). | ||
10.2 | Indemnification Agreement, dated as of July 11, 2006, by and among Société Générale, SG Americas Securities Holdings, Cowen and Company, LLC and Cowen Holdings, Inc. (f/k/a Cowen Group, Inc.) (previously filed as Exhibit 10.18 to Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 filed on December 14, 2009). | ||
10.3 | Cowen Group, Inc. 2006 Equity and Incentive Plan (previously filed as Exhibit 10.20 to Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 filed on December 14, 2009).* | ||
10.4 | Cowen Group, Inc. 2007 Equity and Incentive plan (previously filed as Exhibit 10.21 to Amendment No. 2 to Form S-1 filed on December 14, 2009).* | ||
10.5 | Form of RSU Award Agreement. (previously filed as Exhibit 10.23 to the Form 10-K filed on March 25, 2010).* | ||
10.6 | Cowen Group, Inc. 2010 Equity and Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Definitive Proxy Statement of Cowen Group, Inc., on Schedule 14A for the year ended December 31, 2009, as filed on April 30, 2010).* | ||
10.7 | Form of Equity Award Agreement (previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 8-K filed on June 10, 2010).* | ||
10.8 | Second Amendment to Lease dated August 20, 2010 between BP 599 Lexington Avenue and the Company, amending that certain Lease dated as of June 22, 2007 by and between 599 Lexington Avenue LLC and Ramius LLC (as successor in interest to RCG Holdings LLC (f/k/a Ramius Capital Group, LLC)), as amended by the First Amendment to Lease, dated as of June 9, 2008, by and between BP 599 Lexington Avenue LLC and Ramius LLC (previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed August 24, 2010). | ||
10.9 | Form of Restricted Stock Unit and Deferred Cash Award Agreement (previously filed as Exhibit 10.18 to the Form 10-K filed on March 9, 2012).* | ||
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Exhibit No. | Description | ||
10.10 | Employment Agreement, dated as of May 31, 2012, by and between Cowen Group, Inc. and Jeffrey Solomon (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed June 1, 2012).* | ||
10.11 | Employment Agreement, dated as of August 2, 2012, by and between Cowen Group, Inc. and Stephen Lasota (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed August 3, 2012).* | ||
10.12 | Employment Agreement, dated as of August 2, 2012, by and between Cowen Group, Inc. and Owen Littman (previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 8-K filed August 3, 2012).* | ||
10.13 | Form of Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement (previously filed as Exhibit 10.16 to the Form 10-K filed March 7, 2013).* | ||
10.14 | Convertible note hedge transaction confirmation, dated as of March 4, 2014, by and between Cowen Group, Inc. and Nomura Global Financial Products Inc. (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2014). | ||
10.15 | Amendment to convertible note hedge transaction, dated as of March 5, 2014, by and between Cowen Group, Inc. and Nomura Global Financial Products Inc. (previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2014). | ||
10.16 | Warrant transaction confirmation, dated as of March 4, 2014, by and between Cowen Group, Inc. and Nomura Global Financial Products Inc. (previously filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2014). | ||
10.17 | Additional Warrant transaction confirmation, dated as of March 5, 2014, by and between Cowen Group, Inc. and Nomura Global Financial Products Inc. (previously filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Form 8-K filed on March 10, 2014). | ||
10.18 | Amendment to the Employment Agreement between the Company and Stephen Lasota dated April 24, 2015 (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed April 27, 2015).* | ||
10.19 | Amendment to the Employment Agreement between the Company and John Holmes dated April 24, 2015 (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed April 27, 2015).* | ||
10.20 | Amendment to the Employment Agreement between the Company and Owen Littman dated April 24, 2015 (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed April 27, 2015).* | ||
10.21 | Initial capped call confirmation, dated as of May 13, 2015, by and between Nomura Global Financial Products Inc. and the Company (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed May 20, 2015). | ||
10.22 | Additional capped call confirmation, dated as of May 19, 2015, by and between Nomura Global Financial Products Inc. and the Company (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed May 20, 2015). | ||
10.23 | Form of Performance Shares Award Agreement (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-Q filed May 2, 2016).* | ||
10.24 | Employment Agreement, dated as of August 26, 2016, by and between Cowen Group, Inc. and Peter A. Cohen (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K filed August 30, 2016).* | ||
10.25 | First Amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of July 29, 2016, by and among Cowen Finance Holdings, LLC, Cowen Structured Holdings LLC, RCG LV Pearl, LLC, Ramius LLC and Nomura Corporate Funding America LLC, and Suntrust Bank (previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 10-Q filed August 1, 2016). | ||
12.1 | Calculation of Ratio of Earnings to Total Fixed Charges (filed herewith). | ||
21.1 | Subsidiaries of Cowen Group, Inc. (filed herewith). | ||
23.1 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (filed herewith). | ||
31.1 | Certification of CEO Pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith). | ||
31.2 | Certification of CFO Pursuant to Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith). | ||
32 | Certification of CEO and CFO Pursuant to Section 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith). | ||
101.INS | XBRL INSTANCE DOCUMENT | ||
101.SCH | XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA DOCUMENT | ||
101.CAL | XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION CALCULATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT | ||
101.DEF | XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION DEFINITION LINKBASE DOCUMENT | ||
101.LAB | XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE DOCUMENT | ||
101.PRE | XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT | ||
* | Signifies management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. |
E- 2