CRAWFORD & CO - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D. C. 20549

Form 10-K

Commission file number 1-10356

CRAWFORD & COMPANY

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code

(404) 300-1000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the Registrant's voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $161,115,590 as of June 30, 2022, based upon the closing prices of such stock as reported on the NYSE on such date. For purposes hereof, beneficial ownership is determined under rules adopted pursuant to Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and excludes voting and non-voting common stock beneficially owned by the directors and executive officers of the Registrant, some of whom may not be deemed to be affiliates upon judicial determination.

The number of shares outstanding of each class of the Registrant's common stock, as of February 28, 2023, was:

Class A Common Stock — $1.00 Par Value — 28,910,472 Shares

Class B Common Stock — $1.00 Par Value — 19,848,490 Shares

Documents incorporated by reference:

CRAWFORD & COMPANY

FORM 10-K

For The Year Ended December 31, 2022

Table of Contents

We use the terms "Crawford", "the Company", "the Registrant", "we", "us" and "our" to refer to the business of Crawford & Company, its subsidiaries, and variable interest entities.

Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains and incorporates by reference forward-looking statements within the meaning of that term in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Statements contained or incorporated by reference in this report that are not statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements made pursuant to the "safe harbor" provisions thereof. These statements may relate to, among other things, our expected future operating results and financial condition, our ability to grow our revenues and reduce our operating expenses, expectations regarding our anticipated contributions to our underfunded defined benefit pension plans, collectability of our billed and unbilled accounts receivable, financial results from our recent acquisitions, our continued compliance with the financial and other covenants contained in our financing agreements, and our other long-term capital resource and liquidity requirements. These statements may also relate to our business strategies, goals and expectations concerning our market position, future operations, margins, case volumes, profitability, contingencies, liquidity position, and capital resources. The words "anticipate", "believe", "could", "would", "should", "estimate", "expect", "intend", "may", "plan", "goal", "strategy", "predict", "project", "will" and similar terms and phrases, or the negatives thereof, identify forward-looking statements in this report and in the statements incorporated by reference in this report. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those described in Part I, "Item 1A. Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this report and those described from time to time in our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Although we believe the assumptions upon which these forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of these assumptions could prove to be inaccurate and the forward-looking statements based on these assumptions could prove to be incorrect. Our operations and the forward-looking statements related to our operations involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside our control, and any one of which, or a combination of which, could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, and whether the forward-looking statements ultimately prove to be correct. As a result, undue reliance should not be placed on any forward-looking statements. Actual results and trends in the future may differ materially from those suggested or implied by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and we undertake no obligation to publicly update any of these forward-looking statements in light of new information or future events.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, and founded in 1941, the Company is the world's largest publicly listed independent provider of claims management and outsourcing solutions to carriers, brokers and corporations with an expansive global network serving clients in more than 70 countries. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company reported total revenues before reimbursements of $1.189 billion.

Shares of the Company's two classes of common stock are traded on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbols CRD-A and CRD-B, respectively. The Company's two classes of stock are substantially identical, except with respect to voting rights and the Company's ability to pay greater cash dividends on the non-voting Class A Common Stock than on the voting Class B Common Stock, subject to certain limitations. In addition, with respect to mergers or similar transactions, holders of Class A Common Stock must receive the same type and amount of consideration as holders of Class B Common Stock, unless different consideration is approved by the holders of 75% of the Class A Common Stock, voting as a class.

DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES

The Company delivers services to its clients through a geographic reporting structure consisting of four operating segments as follows:

A significant portion of our revenues is derived from international operations. For a discussion of certain risks attendant to international operations, see Item 1A, "Risk Factors."

NORTH AMERICA LOSS ADJUSTING. The North America Loss Adjusting segment accounted for 23.1% of the Company's revenues before reimbursements in 2022. North America Loss Adjusting provides claims management and adjusting services to insurance carriers and self-insured entities in the U.S. and Canada related to property and casualty losses caused by physical damage to commercial and residential real property, certain types of personal property and marine losses. North America Loss Adjusting revenues are substantially derived from the insurance carrier market in the U.S. and Canada. Insurance companies customarily manage their own claims administration and adjusting functions, but often rely upon third-parties for certain services which the Company provides, primarily with respect to field investigation and the evaluation and resolution of property and casualty insurance claims. This is comprised of the Loss Adjusting operations in the U.S. and Canada, including Global Technical Services and edjuster. The Canadian operations include all operations within that country. This segment includes Global Technical Services, which provides claims management services to insurance companies and self-insured entities related to large, complex losses with technical adjusting and industry experts servicing a broad range of industries, including commercial property, forensic accounting, forensic engineering, transportation, retail, building and construction, cyber and energy. Global Technical Services is a group of skilled adjusters with technical training and specialized expertise, such as in forensics, engineering, accounting, or chemistry, with relationships spanning the insurance industry and Fortune 1000 corporations.

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Claims management and adjusting services offered by our North America Loss Adjusting segment are provided to clients pursuant to a variety of different referral assignments which generally are classified by the underlying insured risk categories used by insurance companies. These major risk categories are:

edjuster, Inc. is a technology-enabled, end-to-end contents services provider and platform that provides technology driven contents claims handling solutions, including field inventory services, desk valuation services, and contents valuation solutions for insurer clients.

INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS. The International Operations segment accounted for 30.0% of the Company's revenues before reimbursements in 2022. International Operations provides claims management and adjusting services to insurance carriers and self-insured entities from the global property and casualty insurance company markets in the U.K, Europe, Australia, Asia and Latin America. International Operations revenues are substantially derived from the global insurance carrier market. Insurance companies customarily manage their own claims administration and adjusting functions, but often rely upon third-parties for certain services which the Company provides, primarily with respect to field investigation and the evaluation and resolution of property and casualty insurance claims.

The operations in each country include Loss Adjusting, Global Technical Services, third party administration, and, where applicable, Contractor Connection services. This segment also includes Legal Services, which provides legal services related to handling claims in certain regions.

BROADSPIRE. Our Broadspire segment is a leading third party administrator that provides services to the U.S. casualty and disability insurance and self-insured markets. This segment accounted for 26.4% of the Company's revenues before reimbursements in 2022. Through the Broadspire segment, the Company provides a complete range of claims and risk management services and technology solutions to corporations in the self-insured or commercially-insured marketplace inclusive of brokers and insurance companies. In addition to desktop claim adjusting and evaluation of claims, Broadspire also offers initial loss reporting services for claimants; loss mitigation services, such as medical bill review, medical case management and vocational rehabilitation; risk management information services; and administration of loss funds established to pay claims. Broadspire services are provided through two major service lines:

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PLATFORM SOLUTIONS. The Platform Solutions segment accounted for 20.5% of the Company's revenues before reimbursements in 2022. Platform Solutions provides services to the property and casualty insurance company and consumer markets in the U.S. through service lines known as Contractor Connection, Networks and Subrogation.

CUSTOMER CONCENTRATION

From time to time, we derive a material portion of our revenues from a limited number of clients. No single customer accounts for 10% or more of our consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, or 2020. However, for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, three customers in our Platform Solutions segment each represented in excess of 10% of its revenue, and for the year ended December 31, 2020, one customer represented in excess of 10% of our Platform Solutions segment revenue. For each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020, our International Operations segment derived in excess of 10% of its revenue from one customer.

In the event we are not able to retain these significant relationships, or replace any lost revenues from such relationships, revenues and operating earnings within these segments could be materially adversely affected.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND TRADEMARKS

Our intellectual property portfolio is an important asset which we seek to expand and protect globally through a combination of trademarks, trade names, copyrights and trade secrets. We own a number of active trademark applications and registrations which expire at various times. As the laws of many countries do not protect intellectual property to the same extent as the laws of the U.S., we cannot ensure that we will be able to adequately protect our intellectual property assets outside of the U.S. The failure to protect our intellectual property assets could have a material adverse effect on our business; however, the loss of any single patent, trademark or service mark, taken alone, would not have a material adverse effect on any of our segments or on the Company as a whole.

SERVICE DELIVERY

Our claims management services are offered primarily through a global network serving clients in more than 70 countries. Contractor Connection services are offered by providing high-quality outsourced contractor management to national, regional and international clients. Catastrophe services are offered through a network of adjusters who are available to respond to natural and man-made catastrophic events. WeGoLook services are offered through a mobile platform of independent contractors.

COMPETITION

The global claims management services market is highly competitive and comprised of a large number of companies that vary in size and that offer a varied scope of services. The demand from insurance companies and self-insured entities for services provided by independent claims service firms like us is largely dependent on industry-wide claims volumes, which are affected by, among other things, the insurance underwriting cycle, weather-related events, general economic activity, supply chains, overall employment levels and workplace injury rates. Demand is also impacted by decisions insurance companies and self-insured entities make with respect to the level of claims outsourced to independent claim service firms as opposed to those handled by their own in-house claims adjusters. In addition, our ability to retain clients and maintain or increase case referrals is also dependent in part on our ability to continue to provide high-quality, competitively priced services and effective sales efforts.

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The Company competes with a substantial number of smaller local and regional claims management services firms. Many of these smaller firms have rate structures that are lower than the Company's or may, in certain markets, have local knowledge which provides a competitive advantage. We do not believe these smaller firms offer the broad spectrum of claims management services in the range of locations the Company provides and, although such firms may secure business which has a local or regional source, the Company believes its quality product offerings, broader scope of services, and geographically dispersed offices provide us with an overall competitive advantage in securing business from both U.S. and international clients. There are also national and global independent companies, some of which are larger than the Company, that provide a similar broad spectrum of claims management services and who directly compete with the Company.

ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL, AND GOVERNANCE ("ESG")

Crawford is committed to operating under high ethical and corporate governance standards, promoting sustainable use of resources, and fostering an inclusive and safe workplace for our employees. In the following sections, we list some of our initiatives in the environmental, social, and governance areas. In 2022, we invested in an ESG software data platform which will help us implement ESG strategies and become more sustainable through streamlined data management, effective governance, and skills development.

HUMAN CAPITAL

Human Capital is a key component to our success. Our culture is reflected in our RESTORE values of Respect, Empowerment, Sustainability, Training, One Crawford, Recognition and Entrepreneurial Spirit. These values define our desired culture, and influence organizational culture, decision-making and our priorities.

Employee Profile

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 10,400 employees operating in 70 countries. Of our global employees, 92% are full-time. Approximately, 81% of our workforce is concentrated in the United States ("U.S."), Canada, United Kingdom (“U.K.”), Australia and the Philippines. Women comprised 56% of our global workforce, 29% of our country-president roles, 28% of our global senior management team and 47% of our people management roles. With respect to our employees in the U.S., the percentage of our employees that identified as Black, Hispanic/Latino and Asian were 16%, 10% and 4% respectively.

Our employees join in service of their respective communities for a Global Day of Service. Over the last decade, our teams have participated in diverse humanitarian projects, each chosen by employees in their regions. From building homes for the homeless in Florida, to providing support to victims of earthquakes and tsunamis in Indonesia, Crawford employees donate their time to restore lives, businesses, and communities around the world.

Crawford’s Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) philosophy is to foster a safe and inclusive environment where every single employee’s unique perspective and experiences are heard, valued, and respected. Crawford’s Office of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion is responsible for designing and implementing programs that promote an inclusive culture and focus on achieving our company’s DEI goals. The Office also partners with our offices in other countries and regions to help ensure that our initiatives reach every employee and are embedded everywhere we do business. It underscores our deep-held belief that activating DEI is a shared responsibility.

We are also proud of being recognized for our DEI efforts globally. In 2022, we won Insurance Business 5-Star Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Award and the top prize for Diversity and Inclusion at the United Kingdom Customer Service Awards. These entries focused on Crawford’s unique approach to breaking down industry barriers and improving social mobility through our talent acquisition model.

Employee Wellness

At Crawford, we believe our ability to deliver on our purpose of Restoring Lives, Businesses and Communities is directly linked to the well-being of our workforce. As such, we provide a variety of comprehensive benefit programs that are designed to support the physical, mental and financial well-being of our people. Examples of such programs include: formal wellness programs with fitness challenges and incentives for prioritizing physical exercise and accessing preventive care services; company-paid flu shots; employee assistance programs; group healthcare and telemedicine programs; discounts for gym memberships; company-sponsored retirement savings plans; financial education webinars; tuition assistance and college scholarships for children of employees; and programs that support work-life balance such as remote work arrangements, flex-time, paid-time off, and parental leave.

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We are committed to helping our employees and their dependents maintain health and wellness by providing them with access to high levels of care. In 2022, we continued our contract with Headspace to provide all global employees with access to the Headspace App, at no cost, to encourage them to focus on self-care and build resilience through mindfulness, regular exercise, and good sleep habits. We also offered a comprehensive wellness program with Virgin Pulse Health to encourage healthy behaviors and lifestyle choices. Crawford employees in the U.S. had access to Hinge Health, a solution that delivers everything they need to overcome their chronic pain from home. With a tablet and wearable sensors, Hinge Health solution connects with a personal health coach and offers self-guided, self-paced exercise therapy sessions.

Employee Engagement

Due to the Covid 19 pandemic, we have created new work arrangements for our workforce by offering flexible working as an enduring new work norm and not just a pandemic response. The changes in workforce priorities and preferences challenged us to think differently about how work gets done in an increasingly digitized and virtual world, while still meeting the needs of all stakeholders, retaining our culture of collaboration, and providing excellent service to our clients. In our new hybrid approach, we view work as a thing to do rather than a place to go. The program helped employees structure their workspace, adapt routines, and interact with colleagues to ensure best results. The main focal areas of our Agile Working program include flexible location, flexible work, part-time work, compressed work week and flexible start/stop times.

In September 2022, we conducted our annual Employee Pulse Survey for all our global workforce to measure their sentiment on enhancing our employee experience and culture. Our overall response rate of 75% showed a strong desire from our employees to be heard. Our overall survey results in 2022 vs. 2021 showed consistent and positive responses in the areas of Growth Mindset, DEI, and Manager Support. Our intentional DEI efforts such as hiring from a diverse candidate pool, promoting employee-led Resource Groups, or rolling out Unconscious Bias training are valued by our employees. Approximately, 88% of our employees believe that they do not face any bias due to their personal identity and 81% agreed that Crawford is committed to fair treatment of its employees.

Finally, we received highly favorable scores on two new elements measured in the Pulse Survey – empowerment and customer centricity. Empowerment is one of our RESTORE values and demonstrates trust in our employees to make autonomous decisions, challenge the status quo and experiment with new ideas. Employees favorably responded to their department/team looking for better ways to serve their customers and agreed the Company has a deep understanding of what our customers think is important.

Employee Development

Training is not only a core value today but also a key component of Crawford's heritage. Employee development continued to be of strategic importance in 2022. We required our adjusters and other employees to build capabilities for strengthening their core skills, navigating disruptions and re-inventing themselves. Throughout 2022, we provided classes for our adjusters and other employees to develop and enrich their professional skills and obtain certifications. Approximately 2,600 employees completed the Anti-Fraud compliance course, and 1,884 learners completed the URAC Standards review course. We conducted 15 loss adjusting courses including Residential Property Loss Adjusting (3 weeks in duration), Commercial Property Loss Adjusting (2 weeks in duration), Casualty (1 week in duration) and Xactimate (1 week in duration) classes for our adjusters. Through these classes, adjusters are not only exposed to the technical aspect of claims handling but also trained on critical success behaviors such as empathy and customer service – attributes we consider crucial for becoming a world-class claims professional. Our adjusters in the U.S. completed 224 designations courses offered by The Institutes, an educational provider for risk management and insurance courses. The designations included designations such as Associate in Claims (AIC), Associate in Risk Management (ARM) and Chartered Property Casualty Underwriter (CPCU). Additionally, a total of approximately 1,600 individual courses were completed for Property Technical Certification (PTC) courses.

In 2022, we continued our learning journey to develop Crawford managers through a global development program called Manager Acceleration Program (MAP). The objective of this high-impact program is to enhance manager effectiveness. MAP consists of a comprehensive curriculum designed to help managers reach their full leadership potential and master skills for motivating, empowering, and successfully managing teams. In this learning journey, managers experience a blend of courses through online, self-paced and virtual instructor-led delivery formats. The content is both behavior and skill based and leverages premier educational providers such as LinkedIn Learning and Franklin Covey. We also launched a leadership development program for 75 of our senior leaders to elevate their leadership impact by offering courses through external leadership experts in areas such as leading high performing teams; mastering priorities; creating an environment of trust and candor; delegation and execution; building strategic relationships; and maximizing emotional intelligence.

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Our proprietary learning platform, KMC OnDemand (KMC) became an important source of on-line training for technical and professional development courses. In 2022, our learners spent approximately 41,740 hours on KMC. We also trained over 8,800 unique learners for an average of 4.7 hours per learner. The wide spectrum of KMC courses on loss adjusting, liability and workers compensation are also offered to our clients and other adjusters in the industry. Additionally, KMC contains a robust catalog of courses that are Continuing Education (CE) accredited and in 2022 we processed 750 CE requests. LinkedIn Learning became a popular learning platform for our employees to develop their professional skills and in 2022 we developed learning paths and curriculum for our employees by leveraging the platform. Employees world-wide completed approximately 9,300 learning course and 219,000 videos on the LinkedIn Learning platform.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

The Company is required to file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

The Company's Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 are available free of charge on our website, www.crawco.com through the "SEC/Edgar Filings" link located under the "Investors" tab, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are electronically filed or furnished to the SEC. The information contained on, or hyperlinked from, our website is not a part of, nor is it incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of the Company's Annual Report will also be made available, free of charge, upon written request to Corporate Secretary, Legal Department, Crawford & Company, 5335 Triangle Parkway, Peachtree Corners, Georgia, 30092.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information contained or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other filings with the SEC from time to time when evaluating our business and prospects. Any of the events discussed in the risk factors below may occur, and our business, results of operations or financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also materially adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

MARKET CONDITIONS

We depend on claim volumes for a significant portion of our revenues. Claim volumes are not subject to accurate forecasting, and a decline in claim volumes may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Because we depend on claim volume for revenue streams, a reduction in claim referrals for any reason may materially adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. We are unable to predict claim volumes for several reasons, including the following:

If our claim volume referrals decline for any of the foregoing, or any other reason, our revenues may decline, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

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In recent periods, we have derived a material amount of our revenues from a limited number of clients. If we are not able to retain these clients or replace these revenues, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

From time to time, we derive a material portion of our revenues from a limited number of clients. No single customer accounts for 10% or more of our consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, or 2020. However, for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, three customers in our Platform Solutions segment each represented in excess of 10% of its revenue, and for the year ended December 31, 2020, one customer represented in excess of 10% of our Platform Solutions segment revenue. For each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020, our International Operations segment derived in excess of 10% of its revenue from one customer.

In the event we are not able to retain these significant relationships, or replace any lost revenues from such relationships, revenues and operating earnings within these segments could be materially adversely affected.

TECHNOLOGY AND DATA SECURITY

We manage a large amount of highly sensitive and confidential consumer information including personally identifiable information, protected health information and financial information. Unauthorized access to, alteration or disclosure of this data, whether as a result of criminal conduct, advances in computer hacking or otherwise, could result in a material loss of business, substantial legal liability or significant harm to our reputation.

We manage a large amount of highly sensitive and confidential consumer information including personally identifiable information, protected health information and financial information. A security or privacy incident impacting data processed or stored in our own facilities or data maintained, processed or stored by our service providers, including cloud service providers, could compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of this information. Unauthorized access to or disclosure of sensitive and confidential information stored by us or our service providers may occur through break-ins, breaches of a secure network by an unauthorized party, systems and technology failures, failed internet processes, theft or misuse or other misconduct. It is also possible that unauthorized access to or disclosure of such sensitive and confidential information may be obtained through accidental or malicious failure to follow security policies or controls by us or our employees or our service providers. If there were an inadvertent disclosure of confidential consumer information, or if a third party were to gain unauthorized access to the confidential information, our operations could be disrupted, our reputation could be damaged and we could be subject to claims or other liabilities, regulatory investigations, or fines. In addition, such perceived or actual unauthorized disclosure of the information we collect or breach of our security could damage our reputation, result in the loss of customers and harm our business.

We are subject to increased frequency and complexity of cybersecurity attacks. Our failure to effectively identify such attacks or quickly recover from such attacks could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Malicious technology-related events, such as cyberattacks, computer hacking, computer viruses, ransomware, worms and other destructive or disruptive software and other attempts to gain access to confidential or personal data, denial of service attacks and other malicious activities are becoming increasingly diverse and sophisticated and the incidence of these events is on the rise worldwide and highlights the need for continual and effective cybersecurity awareness and education. Our business, which involves the collection, use, transmission and other processing of data, may make us and our clients and business partners attractive targets of hackers, denial of service attacks, malicious code, phishing attacks, ransomware attacks, and other threat actors, including malicious insiders (such as employees and prior employees), which may result in security incidents, including the unauthorized access, misuse, loss, corruption, inaccessibility, or destruction of this data (including personal, confidential and sensitive data), unavailability of services, or other adverse events.

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We have made investments in our information security policies, procedures and technical controls and routinely engage a third party to assess the maturity of our information security program against the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. However, we may not be able to prevent a cybersecurity breach due to the increasing sophistication and frequency of such attacks. All employees receive security awareness training including communication of processes for reporting a potential security incident. We have a robust Cyber Incident Response Plan in place which provides a documented framework for handling high severity security and privacy incidents and facilitates coordination across multiple parts of the Company and with external expertise when necessary. Additionally, we have existing procedures to determine the potential materiality of a cybersecurity incident. These procedures include reporting protocols to and oversight from our Board of Directors. We also have disclosure controls and insider trading restrictions that would apply in the event of a material cybersecurity incident, and we routinely perform simulations and drills at both a technical and management level. Notwithstanding these measures, we cannot provide any assurance that we will always be able to prevent or mitigate a cybersecurity attack. These types of cybersecurity attacks and incidents can give rise to a variety of losses and costs, including legal exposure and regulatory fines, damages to reputation, and others.

Increasing regulatory focus on privacy issues and expanding laws could impact our business models and expose us to increased liability.

U.S. privacy and data security laws apply to our various businesses. We also do business globally in countries that have stringent data protection laws that may be inconsistent across jurisdictions and are subject to evolving and differing interpretations. Governments, privacy advocates and class action attorneys are increasingly scrutinizing how companies collect, process, use, store, share and transmit personal data. In the U.S. and globally, new and evolving laws, continue to be implemented with an increasing focus on individual rights. These requirements, among others, may force us to bear the burden of more onerous obligations in our contracts. Any perception of our practices, products or services as a violation of individual privacy rights may subject us to public criticism, class action lawsuits, reputational harm, or investigations or claims by regulators, industry groups or other third parties, all of which could disrupt our business and expose us to increased liability. Additionally, we collect, process and store information at the direction of and on behalf of our customers and if our customers fail to comply with contractual obligations or applicable laws, it could result in litigation or reputational harm to us.

Transferring personal information across international borders is becoming increasingly complex. The mechanisms that we and many other companies rely upon for European data transfers are being updated in compliance with rulings by the Court of Justice for the European Union ("CJEU") also known as Schrems II. We have updated our transfer mechanisms to be compliant with the new Standard Contractual Clauses ("SCCs" issued by the European Data Protection Board ("EDPB") as well as the updates to the UK data protection laws and regulations post-Brexit. These requirements may result in an increase in the obligations required to provide our services in the EU or in sanctions and fines for non-compliance. Several other countries, including Brazil, China, Canada and Australia, have also established specific legal requirements for cross-border transfers of personal information. These ongoing developments in Europe and elsewhere could impact the way we operationalize our business models, with effects on results of operations, and financial condition.

We may not be able to develop or acquire necessary IT resources to support and grow our business, and disruptive technologies could impact the volume and pricing of our products. Our failure to address these risks could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We have made substantial investments in software and related technologies that are critical to the core operations of our business. These IT resources will require future maintenance and enhancements, potentially at substantial costs. Additionally, these IT resources may become obsolete in the future and require replacement, potentially at substantial costs. We may not be able to develop, acquire replacement resources or identify new technology resources necessary to support and grow our business.

In addition, we could face changes in our markets due to disruptive technologies that could impact the volume and pricing of our products, or introduce changes to the insurance claims management processes which could negatively impact our volume of case referrals. Our failure to address these risks, or to do so in a timely manner or at a cost considered reasonable by us, could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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If we do not protect our proprietary information and technology resources and prevent third parties from making unauthorized use of our proprietary information, intellectual property, and technology, our financial results could be harmed.

We rely on a combination of trademark, trade name, copyright and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary information, intellectual property, and technology. However, all of these measures afford only limited protection and may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented by third parties. Third parties may copy aspects of our processes, products or materials, or otherwise obtain and use our proprietary information without authorization. Unauthorized copying or use of our intellectual property or proprietary information could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Third parties may also develop similar or superior technology independently, including by designing around any of our proprietary technology. Furthermore, the laws of some foreign countries do not offer the same level of protection of our proprietary rights as the laws of the U.S., and we may be subject to unauthorized use of our intellectual property in those countries. Any legal action that we may bring to protect intellectual property and proprietary information could be unsuccessful, expensive and may distract management from day-to-day operations.

We currently operate on multiple proprietary and commercial software platforms to support our service offerings and internal corporate systems. The failure or obsolescence of any of these platforms, if not remediated or replaced, could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We currently utilize multiple software platforms to support our service offerings. We believe certain of these software platforms distinguish our service offerings from our competitors. The failure of one or more of our software platforms to function properly, or the failure of these platforms to remain competitive, could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, the cost to replace such systems may not generate a commensurate benefit.

BUSINESS AND OPERATIONS

A significant portion of our operations are international. These international operations subject us to political, legal, operational, exchange rate and other risks not generally present in U.S. operations, which could materially negatively affect those operations or our business.

Our international operations subject us to political, legal, operational, financial, exchange rate and other risks that we do not face in our domestic operations. Many of these operations are substantially smaller than our U.S. operations and as such are at risk of generating operating losses due to lack of scale. We face, among other risks, the risk of discriminatory regulation; nationalization or expropriation of assets; changes in both domestic and foreign laws regarding taxation, trade and investment abroad; pandemics such as coronavirus; potential loss of proprietary information due to piracy, misappropriation or laws that may be less protective of our intellectual property rights; or price controls and exchange controls or other restrictions that could prevent us from transferring funds from these operations out of the countries in which they were earned or converting local currencies we hold into U.S. dollars or other currencies.

Although we do not have direct exposure from the Russia/Ukraine conflict, we are aware of its potential negative impact to adjacent economies which could lower claim activity across our network of offices in Europe and increase our exposure to cyber attacks.

International operations also subject us to numerous additional laws and regulations that are in addition to, or may be different from, those affecting U.S. businesses, such as those related to labor, employment, worker health and safety, antitrust and competition, trade restriction, environmental protection, consumer protection, import/export and anti-corruption, including but not limited to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"). Although we have put into place policies and procedures aimed at ensuring legal and regulatory compliance, our employees, subcontractors, and agents could inadvertently or intentionally take actions that violate any of these requirements. Violations of these regulations could impact our ability to conduct business, or subject us to criminal or civil enforcement actions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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We currently, and from time to time in the future may, outsource a portion of our internal business functions to third-party providers. Outsourcing these functions has significant risks, and our failure to manage these risks successfully could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We currently, and from time to time in the future may, outsource significant portions of our internal business functions to third-party providers. Third-party providers may not comply on a timely basis with all of our requirements, or may not provide us with an acceptable level of service. In addition, our reliance on third-party providers could have significant negative consequences, including significant disruptions in our operations and significantly increased costs to undertake our operations, either of which could damage our relationships with our customers. As a result of our outsourcing activities, it may also be more difficult for us to recruit and retain qualified employees for our business needs at any time. Our failure to successfully outsource any material portion of our business functions could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Natural or manmade disasters or other acts of violence may affect the markets in which we operate, our clients and our service delivery.

Our business may be negatively affected by instability, disruption or destruction in the many geographic regions where we operate. Natural or manmade disasters, including storm, flood, fire, earthquake, pandemics and other regional or global health crises, as well as war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest, may cause damage to our facilities or disrupt our services. This includes our shared services centers which exist in international geographies. Specifically, we continue to increase employees and processes performed by our Global Business Service Center located in the Philippines. Our crisis management procedures, business continuity plans and disaster recovery capabilities may not be effective at preventing or mitigating the effects of such disasters, particularly in the case of a catastrophic event. These events may pose significant security risks to our employees, the facilities where they work, our operations, electricity and other utilities, communications, travel and network services and the disruption of any or all of them could materially adversely affect our financial results.

We are, and may become, party to lawsuits or other claims or investigations that could adversely impact our business.

In the normal course of the claims administration services business, we are from time to time named as a defendant in suits by insureds or claimants contesting decisions by us or our clients with respect to the settlement of claims. Additionally, our clients have in the past brought, and may, in the future bring, claims for indemnification on the basis of alleged actions on our part or on the part of our agents or our employees in rendering services to clients. There can be no assurance that additional lawsuits will not be filed against us. There also can be no assurance that any such lawsuits will not have a disruptive impact upon the operation of our business, that the defense of the lawsuits will not consume the time and attention of our senior management and financial resources or that the resolution of any such litigation will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are also subject to numerous federal, state, and foreign labor, employment, worker health and safety, antitrust and competition, environmental and consumer protection, import/export, anti-corruption, and other laws. From time to time, we face claims and investigations by employees, former employees, and governmental entities under such laws or employment contracts with such employees or former employees. Such claims, investigations, and any litigation involving the Company could divert management's time and attention from business operations and could potentially result in substantial costs of defense, settlement or other disposition, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The costs of compliance with sustainability or other environmental, social responsibility or governance laws, regulations, or policies, including investor and client-driven policies and standards, could adversely affect our business.

As a non–manufacturing service business, we have to date been less impacted from laws and regulations related to sustainability concerns or other environmental, social responsibility or governance laws, regulations, or policies. However, we could incur ESG-related costs indirectly through our customers or shareholders. Increasingly our customers and shareholders expect that we meet social responsibility, sustainability or other business policies or standards, which may be more restrictive than current laws and regulations, before they commence, or continue, doing business with us. Our compliance with these policies and related requirements could be costly, and our failure to comply could adversely affect our business relationships or reputation.

Our management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting were not effective as of December 31, 2022 due to a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting in our United Kingdom (“Crawford UK”) information technology general controls (“ITGCs”). If we are unable to remediate the material weakness and maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and materially and adversely affect our business and financial results.

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Our management concluded that our operations in Crawford UK did not have effective controls related to ITGCs in the areas of change management and logical access over certain information technology systems that supported our financial reporting processes. Crawford UK’s business process controls (automated and manual) that are dependent on the affected ITGCs were also deemed ineffective because they could have been adversely impacted.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. We are taking steps to remediate the material weakness, but there is no assurance that any remediation efforts will ultimately have the intended effects.

If we identify any new material weaknesses in the future, any such newly identified material weakness could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements. In such case, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and our stock price may decline as a result. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL

Our U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan (the "U.S. Qualified Plan") is underfunded. Future funding requirements, including those imposed by any further regulatory changes, could restrict cash available for our operating, financing, and investing requirements.

At the end of the most recent measurement periods for our U.S. Qualified Plan, the projected benefit obligation was underfunded by $24.3 million. In recent years we have made voluntary contributions to this plan, but we do not expect to make any discretionary contributions to the U.S. Qualified Plan in the next fiscal year. Volatility in the capital markets, mortality changes and future legislation may have a negative impact on our pension plans, which may further increase the underfunded portion and our attendant funding obligations. Any future contributions to our underfunded defined benefit pension plan could reduce our liquidity, restrict available cash for our operating, financing, and investing needs and may materially adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to deploy capital to other opportunities. Any decision to terminate the plan and settle the defined-benefit pension obligation would result in a non-cash charge within the consolidated statements of operations related to unrecognized actuarial losses in accumulated other comprehensive income, which totals $200.8 million as of December 31, 2022.

While we do not anticipate any contribution in 2023, we intend to comply with any future funding requirements through the use of cash from operations. However, there can be no assurance that we will generate enough cash to do so. Our inability to fund these obligations through cash from operations could require us to seek funding from other sources, including through additional borrowings under our Credit Facility (defined below), if available, proceeds from debt or equity financings, or asset sales. There can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain any such external funding in amounts, at times and on terms that we deem commercially reasonable, in order for us to meet these obligations. Furthermore, any of the foregoing could materially increase our outstanding debt or debt service requirements, or dilute the value of the holdings of our current shareholders, as the case may be. Our inability to comply with any funding obligations in a timely manner could materially adversely affect our financial condition.

We have debt covenants in our credit facility that require us to maintain compliance with certain financial ratios and other requirements. If we are not able to maintain compliance with these requirements, all of our outstanding debt could become immediately due and payable.

We are party to a credit facility, effective as of November 5, 2021, with Bank of America, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Truist Bank, and the other lenders a party thereto, (the "Credit Facility"). The Credit Facility consists of a $450 million revolving credit facility, with a letter of credit sub-commitment of $125 million. The available borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility totaled $205.2 million on December 31, 2022. The Credit Facility contains various representations, warranties and covenants, including covenants limiting liens, indebtedness, guarantees, mergers and consolidations, substantial asset sales, investments and loans, sale and leasebacks, restrictions on dividends and distributions, and other fundamental changes in our business. Additionally, the Credit Facility contains covenants requiring us to remain in compliance with a maximum leverage ratio and a minimum interest coverage ratio.

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If we do not maintain compliance with the covenant requirements, we may be in default under the Credit Facility. In such an event, the lenders under the Credit Facility would generally have the right to declare all then-outstanding amounts thereunder immediately due and payable. If we could not obtain a required waiver on satisfactory terms, we could be required to renegotiate the terms of the Credit Facility or immediately repay this indebtedness. Any such renegotiation could result in less favorable terms, including additional fees, higher interest rates and accelerated payments, and would necessitate significant time and attention of management, which could divert their focus from business operations. Any required payment may necessitate the sale of assets or other uses of resources that we do not believe would be in our best interests. While we do not presently expect to be in violation of any of these requirements, no assurances can be given that we will be able to continue to comply with them in the future. Any failure to continue to comply with such requirements could materially adversely affect our borrowing ability and access to liquidity, and thus our overall financial condition, as well as our ability to operate our business. We do not believe there is significant risk to our debt covenants when LIBOR is replaced with an alternative reference rate in the future. We have no current hedged transactions, and our Credit Facility establishes a rate replacement mechanism when LIBOR is no longer quoted.

In recent periods we have incurred impairment charges that reduced the carrying value of our intangible assets and goodwill; in the future we may be required to incur additional impairment charges on a portion of or all of the carrying value of our intangible assets and goodwill, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Each year, and more frequently on an interim basis if appropriate, we are required by ASC Topic 350, "Intangibles--Goodwill and Other," to assess the carrying value of our indefinite lived intangible assets and goodwill to determine whether the carrying value of those assets is impaired. Such assessment and determination involves significant judgments to estimate the fair value of our reporting units, including estimating future cash flows, near term and long term revenue growth, and determining appropriate discount rates, among other assumptions. We intend to continue to monitor the performance of our reporting units and, should actual operating earnings consistently fall below forecasted operating earnings, we will perform an interim goodwill impairment analysis. Any such charges could materially adversely affect our financial results in the periods in which they are recorded.

Control by a principal shareholder could adversely affect the Company and our other shareholders.

As of December 31, 2022, Jesse C. Crawford, a member of our Board of Directors, and the father of Jesse C. Crawford, Jr., who is also a member of the Board of Directors, beneficially owned approximately 65% of our outstanding voting Class B Common Stock. As a result, he has the ability to control substantially all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors. He also has the ability to control our management and affairs. As of December 31, 2022, Mr. Crawford also beneficially owned approximately 37% of our outstanding non-voting Class A Common Stock. This concentration of ownership of our stock may delay or prevent a change in control; impede a merger, consolidation, takeover, or other business combination involving us; discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us; reduce the liquidity, and thus the trading price, of our stock; or result in other actions that may be opposed by, or not be in the best interests of, the Company and our other shareholders.

COMPETITION AND EMPLOYEES

We operate in highly competitive markets and face intense competition from both established entities and new entrants into those markets. Potential consolidation in our industry can also create stronger competition. Our failure to compete effectively may adversely affect us.

Our ability to retain clients and maintain and increase case referrals is also dependent in part on our ability to continue to provide high-quality, competitively priced services and effective sales efforts.

The global claims management services market is highly competitive and comprised of a large number of companies that vary in size and that offer a varied scope of services. The demand from insurance companies and self-insured entities for services provided by independent claims service firms like us is largely dependent on industry-wide claims volumes, which are affected by, among other things, the insurance underwriting cycle, weather-related events, general economic activity, overall employment levels, and workplace injury rates. We are also impacted by decisions insurance companies and self-insured entities make with respect to the level of claims outsourced to independent claim service firms as opposed to those handled by their own in-house claims adjusters.

We also face competition from potential new entrants into the global claims management services market, in addition to traditional competitors. Potential consolidation in our industry can also create stronger competition. Our inability to react to such competition could negatively impact our volume of case referrals and results of operations.

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We may not be able to recruit, train, and retain qualified personnel, including retaining enough qualified and experienced on-call claims adjusters, to respond to catastrophic events that may, singularly or in combination, significantly increase our clients' needs for claims adjusters.

Our catastrophe-related work and revenues can fluctuate dramatically based on the frequency and severity of natural and man-made disasters. When such events happen, our clients usually require a sudden and substantial increase in the need for catastrophic claims services, which can strain our capacity. Our internal resources are sometimes not sufficient to meet these sudden and substantial increases in demand. When these situations occur, we must retain outside adjusters (temporary employees and contractors) to increase our capacity. There can be no assurance that we will be able to retain such outside adjusters with the requisite qualifications, at the times needed or on terms that we believe are economically reasonable. Insurance companies and other loss adjusting firms also aggressively compete for the same pool of outside adjusters, who often command high prices for their services at such times of peak demand. Such competition could reduce availability, increase our costs and reduce our revenues. Our failure to timely, efficiently, and competently provide these services to our clients could result in reduced revenues, loss of customer goodwill and a negative impact on our results of operations.

We compete for nurses and other case management professionals in the healthcare industry, which may increase our labor costs and reduce profitability.

Our Broadspire business competes with the general healthcare industry in recruiting qualified nurses, other case management professionals and other talent. In some markets, the scarcity of nurses and other medical support personnel has become a significant operating issue to healthcare providers. Recently, there have been nurses strikes at hospital systems. Such competition and labor disputes could reduce availability, increase our costs and reduce our revenues. This shortage may require us to increase wages and benefits to recruit and retain qualified nurses and other healthcare professionals. Our failure to recruit and retain qualified management, nurses, and other healthcare professionals, or to control labor costs could result in reduced revenues, loss of customer goodwill and a material negative impact on our results of operations.

We face challenges caused by our aging workforce and we may not be able to recruit, train, and retain adequate replacements for our qualified and skilled employees.

Many of the nurses and adjusters in our industry, including those that we employ directly, are approaching retirement age. As these experienced employees retire, we may have difficulty recruiting new employees with comparable qualifications and experience, and we may be unable to transfer our employees’ institutional knowledge successfully to new qualified employees. Any such failures would be exacerbated at times of peak demand and could cause us to rely more heavily on outside nurses and adjusters. Our failure to recruit and train new employees and to ensure they obtain the adequate qualifications and experience could result in reduced revenues, loss of customer goodwill and a material negative impact on our results of operations.

We are subject to inflation risks which could increase our wages, benefits, and other costs which may result in decreased profitability.

We are impacted by inflationary increases in wages, benefits and other costs. In all countries in which we operate, wage and benefit inflation, whether driven by competition for talent, or ordinary course pay increases and other inflationary pressure, may increase our cost of providing services and reduce our profitability. Furthermore, as a result of our global operations, wage increases in emerging markets may increase at a faster rate than wages in the U.S. and other developed markets, which increases our exposure to inflation risks. If we are not able to pass increased wage and other costs resulting from inflation onto our clients or charge premium prices when justified by market demand, our profitability may decline.

The risks described above are not the only ones we face, but are the ones currently deemed the most material by us based on available information. New risks may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all such risks, nor can we assess the impact of known risks on our business or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

As of December 31, 2022, the Company leased approximately 220 office locations under various leases with varying terms. For additional information on the Company's significant operating leases and subleases, see Note 6 "Lease Commitments" of our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Other office locations are occupied under various short-term rental arrangements. The Company generally believes that its office locations are sufficient for its operations and that, if it were necessary to obtain different or additional office locations, such locations would be available at times, and on commercially reasonable terms, as would be necessary for the conduct of its business. No assurances can be given, however, that the Company would be able to obtain such office locations as and when needed, or on terms it considered to be reasonable, if at all. The Company continues to evaluate its current and projected space requirements and may determine from time to time that certain of its leased properties are no longer necessary for its operations. There is no assurance that the Company will be able to terminate or sublease such excess locations or that it will not incur costs with such dispositions. Such costs are not material to the Company's results of operations in a given period.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the normal course of the claims administration services business, the Company is from time to time named as a defendant in suits by insureds or claimants contesting decisions by the Company or its clients with respect to the settlement of claims. Additionally, clients of the Company have, in the past, brought and may, in the future, bring claims for indemnification on the basis of alleged actions on the part of the Company, its agents or its employees in rendering service to clients. The majority of these claims are of the type covered by insurance maintained by the Company; however, the Company is responsible for the deductibles and self-insured retentions under its various insurance coverages. In the opinion of the Company, adequate provisions have been provided for such known risks. No assurances can be provided, however, that the result of any such action, claim or proceeding, now known or occurring in the future, will not result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The Company is also subject to numerous federal, state, and foreign labor, employment, worker health and safety, antitrust and competition, environmental and consumer protection, import/export, anti-corruption, and other laws. From time to time, the Company faces claims and investigations by employees, former employees, and governmental entities under such laws or employment contracts with such employees or former employees.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Shares of the Company's two classes of common stock are traded on the NYSE under the symbols CRD-A and CRD-B, respectively. The Company's two classes of stock are substantially identical, except with respect to voting rights and the Company's ability to pay greater cash dividends on the non-voting Class A Common Stock than on the voting Class B Common Stock, subject to certain limitations. In addition, with respect to mergers or similar transactions, holders of Class A Common Stock must receive the same type and amount of consideration as holders of Class B Common Stock, unless different consideration is approved by the holders of 75% of the Class A Common Stock, voting as a class.

The number of record holders of each class of the Company's common stock as of December 31, 2022 was as follows: CRD-A — 2,688 and CRD-B — 347.

Effective November 4, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 2,000,000 shares of CRD-A or CRD-B (or a combination of the two) through December 31, 2023 (the “2021 Repurchase Authorization”). On February 10, 2022, the Company’s Board of Directors added 5,000,000 shares to this authorization. At December 31, 2022, the Company had remaining authorization to repurchase 1,793,371 shares under the 2021 Repurchase Authorization.

The following graph and table show the value as of December 31, 2022 of a $100 investment in the Company's Class A and Class B common stock as of December 31, 2017 as compared to a similar investment in each of (i) the S&P 500 Index, and (ii) the S&P 500 Property-Casualty Insurance Index, in each case on a total return basis assuming the reinvestment of all dividends. We caution you not to draw any conclusions from the data in this performance graph, as past results do not necessarily indicate future performance.

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The foregoing graph and table are not, and shall not be deemed to be, filed as part of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K. Such graph and table do not constitute soliciting material and should not be deemed filed or incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent specifically incorporated by reference therein by the Company.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to help the reader understand Crawford & Company, our operations, and our business environment. This MD&A is provided as a supplement to — and should be read in conjunction with — our audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto contained in Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As described in Note 1, "Significant Accounting and Reporting Policies," of those accompanying audited consolidated financial statements, financial results from our operations outside of the U.S., Canada, the Caribbean, and certain subsidiaries in the Philippines, are reported and consolidated on a two-month delayed basis in accordance with the provisions of ASC 810, "Consolidation," in order to provide sufficient time for accumulation of their results. Accordingly, the Company's December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 consolidated financial statements include the financial position of such operations as of October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and the results of their operations and cash flows for the fiscal periods ended October 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Business Overview

Based in Atlanta, Georgia, Crawford & Company (www.crawco.com) is the world's largest publicly listed independent provider of claims management and outsourcing solutions to carriers, brokers and corporations with an expansive global network serving clients in more than 70 countries.

In January 2022, the Company realigned its operating segments by moving to a geographic reporting structure consisting of North America Loss Adjusting, International Operations, Broadspire, and Platform Solutions. The Company's reportable segments are comprised of the following:

As discussed in more detail in subsequent sections of this MD&A, our four reportable segments represent components of our Company for which separate financial information is available, and which is evaluated regularly by our chief operating decision maker ("CODM") in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing operating performance.

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Insurance companies rely on us for certain services such as field investigation and the evaluation of property and casualty insurance claims. Self-insured entities typically rely on us for a broader range of services. In addition to field investigation and claims evaluation, we may also provide initial loss reporting services for their claimants, loss mitigation services such as medical bill review, medical case management and vocational rehabilitation, risk management information services, and loss fund administration to pay their claims. Our Contractor Connection service line provides a managed contractor network to insurance carriers and consumer markets.

The global claims management services market is highly competitive and comprised of a large number of companies that vary in size and that offer a varied scope of services. The demand from insurance companies and self-insured entities for services provided by independent claims service firms like us is largely dependent on industry-wide claims volumes, which are affected by, among other things, the insurance underwriting cycle, weather-related events, general economic activity, overall employment levels and workplace injury rates. Demand is also impacted by decisions insurance companies and self-insured entities make with respect to the level of claims outsourced to independent claim service firms as opposed to those handled by their own in-house claims adjusters. In addition, our ability to retain clients and maintain or increase case referrals is also dependent in part on our ability to continue to provide high-quality, competitively priced services and effective sales efforts.

We typically earn our revenues on an individual fee-per-claim basis for claims management services that we provide to insurance companies and self-insured entities. Accordingly, the volume of claim referrals to us is a key driver of our revenues. We cannot predict the future trend of case volumes for a number of reasons, including the frequency and severity of weather-related cases and the occurrence of natural and man-made disasters, which are a significant source of cases for us and are not subject to accurate forecasting.

Results of Operations

Executive Summary

Consolidated revenues before reimbursements were $1.189 billion in 2022 an increase of 7.9% compared with $1.102 billion in 2021. Net loss attributable to Crawford & Company was $(18.3) million in 2022, compared with net income of $30.7 million in 2021.

The Company recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment of $36.8 million, or $33.3 million after tax, during 2022. We also recorded income tax reserves of $11.8 million on certain international tax assets during 2022.

Consolidated revenues before reimbursements increased $87.5 million, or 7.9%, in 2022, compared with 2021. This increase was primarily due to an increase in new client growth in our North America Loss Adjusting, Broadspire and Platforms Solutions operating segments, and recent acquisitions. Changes in foreign exchange rates decreased our consolidated revenues before reimbursements by $34.6 million, or 3.2%, for 2022 as compared with the prior year.

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Excluding foreign currency impacts, consolidated revenues before reimbursements increased $122.1 million, or 11.1%, for 2022. Revenues from the North America Loss Adjusting segment increased in 2022 due to an increase in the U.S. and Canada, and the recent edjuster, Inc. acquisition. Revenues from the International Operations segment decreased slightly due to the change in foreign exchange rates. Excluding foreign exchange impacts, revenues from the International Operations segment increased due to an increase in weather-related activity in Australia and Asia, partially offset by reductions in the U.K. and our Legal Services service line. Revenues from the Broadspire segment increased due to an increase in case activity from both new and existing clients. Revenues from the Platform Solutions segment increased primarily due to an increase in Networks and the recent Praxis Consulting acquisition. There was a net $31.0 million, or 2.8% increase in total company revenues in 2022 as a result of recent acquisitions. See Note 3, “Business Acquisitions and Dispositions” of our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion about this activity.

Overall, there was an increase in cases received of 12.0% in 2022 compared with 2021, due to an increase in all operating segments. Recent acquisitions contributed 42,300, or 2.6% of the increase in cases received in the 2022 period.

Cases received are presented below by segment:

Segment operating earnings (a measure of segment operating performance used by our management that is defined and discussed in more detail below) increased in our North America Loss Adjusting, Broadspire, and Platform Solutions operating segments, partially offset by a decrease in our International Operations operating segment.

Although operating earnings is the primary financial performance measure used by our senior management and CODM to evaluate the financial performance of our operating segments and make resource allocation and certain compensation decisions, we believe that a non-GAAP discussion and analysis of segment gross profit is also helpful in understanding the results of our segment operations excluding indirect centralized administrative support costs. Our discussion and analysis of segment gross profit includes the revenues and direct expenses of each segment.

In the North America Loss Adjusting segment, operating earnings increased from $15.0 million, or 6.2% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $19.4 million, or 7.1% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022, primarily due to a $31.0 million increase in revenues. There was a $2.6 million expense benefit in 2021 as a result of the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy ("CEWS") and no benefit in 2022. Excluding indirect support costs, gross profit increased from $46.7 million, or 19.2% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $51.0 million, or 18.6% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022.

In the International Operations segment, operating earnings decreased from $4.9 million, or 1.4% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to a $(13.3) million loss, or (3.7)% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022, primarily due to losses in certain international operations and an increase in compensation expense. Excluding indirect support costs, gross profit decreased from $50.3 million or 14.1% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $41.9 million, or 11.7% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022.

In the Broadspire segment, operating earnings increased from $24.8 million, or 8.2% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $27.0 million, or 8.6% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022, primarily due to a $12.5 million increase in revenues. Excluding indirect support costs, gross profit increased from $64.7 million, or 21.5% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $69.9 million, or 22.3% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022.

In the Platform Solutions segment, operating earnings increased from $32.0 million, or 16.1% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $35.7 million, or 14.7% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022, primarily due to a $44.4 million increase in revenues, including $17.0 million from the Praxis Consulting acquisition. Excluding indirect support costs, gross profit increased from $48.0 million, or 24.1% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $56.3 million, or 23.1% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022.

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Cost of services provided, before reimbursements, increased $72.9 million, or 9.0% for 2022 compared with 2021. This increase was primarily due to an increase in compensation expense, including incentive compensation and other costs in each of our operating segments resulting from the $87.5 million increase in revenues, and the impact of recent acquisitions, partially offset by the change in foreign exchange rates.

Selling, general, and administrative ("SG&A") expenses increased $10.9 million, or 4.5%, in 2022, as compared with 2021. This increase was due to an increase in compensation expense, the impact of recent acquisitions, and contingent earnout adjustments, partially offset by a gain on the sale of our Canadian head office building and the change in foreign exchange rates.

We sold our Canadian head office building in Kitchener, Ontario Canada in the first quarter of 2022 for $3.1 million and recognized a pretax gain on disposal of $1.8 million. This gain is recorded as a credit within Unallocated Corporate and Shared Costs and is included in “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

We recognized a pretax non-cash goodwill impairment in the 2022 third quarter totaling $36.8 million related to the North America Loss Adjusting ($3.4 million), International Operations ($22.7 million), and Platform Solutions ($10.7 million) reportable segments.

We also recorded income tax reserves of $11.8 million on certain international tax assets during 2022, primarily related to previously benefited tax losses in certain international jurisdictions. These tax assets currently do not expire and are available for future use depending on the profitability of those jurisdictions.

The Canadian government enacted the CEWS in 2020 to provide a wage subsidy to employers that suffered reductions in revenue resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. We met the eligibility criteria to receive the wage subsidy in 2020 and 2021. We received a benefit totaling $13.8 million in 2020 and $5.9 million in 2021, due to the negative economic impact of COVID-19 in that country. This subsidy is recorded as a credit within Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits and Non-Employee Labor and is included in "Costs of services provided, before reimbursements” or “Selling, general, and administrative expenses” on the Company's unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, depending on classification of the employees. There was no benefit in 2022 and there are no future benefits available under this subsidy.

On April 1, 2022, we purchased assets associated with R.P. van Dijk B.V. ("Van Dijk"), a bodily injury loss adjusting company based in the Netherlands. The purchase price includes an initial cash consideration of $4.3 million, and an earn-out potential up to $2.2 million payable over the next two years based on the achievement of revenue performance goals and other nonfinancial milestones over two one-year periods, beginning April 2022. This acquisition expands the Company's network in the Netherlands and strengthens its bodily injury loss adjusting service offering by adding a highly qualified team of adjusters experienced in managing complex loss events resulting in injury or death, as well as handling medical liability claims.

On October 4, 2021, we acquired BosBoon Expertise Group B.V. ("BosBoon"), a Netherlands-based specialist loss adjusting company. BosBoon offers a specialist range of loss adjusting services which was added to the existing Crawford Global Technical Services proposition in the Netherlands. The purchase price includes an initial cash consideration of $2.1 million, net of a working capital adjustment, and a maximum $1.9 million payable over the next two years based on achieving certain financial and nonfinancial goals, as defined in the purchase agreement.

On October 1, 2021, we acquired the assets of Praxis Consulting ("Praxis"), an established subrogation claims service provider in the U.S. This acquisition allows us to expand our footprint in the U.S. subrogation claims market. The purchase price includes an initial cash consideration of $21.5 million, a working capital adjustment payable of $0.7 million, a deferred payment of $20.0 million in February 2022, and a maximum $10.0 million payable over the next two years based on achieving certain revenue performance goals, as defined in the purchase agreement.

On August 23, 2021, we acquired 100% of edjuster Inc. in Canada and its U.S. subsidiary (collectively "edjuster"). edjuster is a technology-enabled, end-to-end contents services provider and platform. This acquisition enables us to expand our capability in the North American claims contents services market. The purchase price included an initial cash payment of $20.9 million, working capital adjustment payable of $0.4 million, and an earn-out potential up to $13.3 million based on the achievement of certain EBITDA performance goals over two one-year periods, beginning January 2022.

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On November 1, 2020, we acquired 100% of HBA Group in Australia. The HBA Group is a legal services provider that will complement the Company’s Crawford TPA Solutions segment in Australia. The purchase price included an initial cash payment of $4.0 million, net of working capital adjustment, and a maximum $3.2 million payable over the next four years based on achieving certain revenue and EBITDA performance goals as set forth in the purchase agreement. The financial results of certain of the Company’s international subsidiaries, including HBA Group, are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements on a two-month delayed basis. Accordingly, the acquisition of HBA was reported as of January 1, 2021.

These acquisitions were funded primarily through additional borrowings under the Company's credit facility. See Note 3, “Business Acquisitions and Dispositions” of our accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion about these transactions.

We recognized a non-cash pretax goodwill impairment in the 2020 first quarter totaling $17.7 million related to our former Crawford Claims Solutions reporting unit. This expense was partially offset by a $1.8 million reduction in income tax expense and $1.7 million credit in noncontrolling interest expense. There was no goodwill impairment in 2021.

We recognized pretax restructuring costs totaling $8.1 million in 2020, related primarily to severance and other termination costs in an effort to consolidate and streamline various functions of our workforce. The restructuring and other costs are comprised of $9.4 million severance expense and related payroll taxes, $2.5 million in asset impairment and lease termination costs, partially offset by a $1.1 million gain from fair value remeasurement of a cost method investment, $1.2 million in liquidation dividends from a cost method investment, and a $1.4 million gain from sale of IP addresses. This pretax expense is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a separate charge "Restructuring and Other Costs, Net."

During 2020, we recognized a pretax gain on disposal totaling $13.8 million related to the sale of the Lloyd Warwick International (“LWI”) business in our former Crawford Loss Adjusting segment, net of a loss on the disposal of Crawford Compliance. The gain on disposal is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as a separate item "Gain on disposition of businesses, net." There was no gain on disposal in 2022 or 2021.

On March 27, 2020, the U.S. government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). We took advantage of certain aspects of the CARES Act such as the deferral of payroll tax deposits, which deferred the payment of 2020 payroll tax withholdings in the U.S., totaling $13.0 million, which was paid in equal installments at the end of 2021 and 2022. No deferred payroll tax liability remains as of December 31, 2022.

Segment Operating Earnings

We believe that a discussion and analysis of the segment operating earnings of our four operating segments is helpful in understanding the results of our operations. Operating earnings is our segment measure of profitability presented in conformity with the Financial Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 280 "Segment Reporting." Operating earnings is the primary financial performance measure used by our senior management and CODM to evaluate the financial performance of our operating segments and make resource allocation and certain compensation decisions.

We believe operating earnings is a measure that is useful to others in that it allows them to evaluate segment operating performance using the same criteria used by our senior management and CODM. Segment operating earnings represent segment earnings, including the direct and indirect costs of certain administrative functions required to operate our business, but excludes unallocated corporate and shared costs and credits, net corporate interest expense, stock option expense, amortization of customer-relationship intangible assets, goodwill impairment, restructuring and other costs, gain on disposition of businesses, contingent earnout adjustments, income taxes, reserves on certain income tax assets, and net income or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests.

Administrative functions such as finance, human resources, information technology, quality and compliance, exist in both a centralized shared-service arrangement and within certain operations. Each of these functions are managed by centralized management and we allocate the costs of those services to the segments as indirect costs based on usage.

In addition, we believe that a non-GAAP discussion and analysis of segment gross profit is helpful in understanding the results of our segment operations, excluding indirect centralized administrative support costs. Our discussion and analysis of segment gross profit includes the revenues and direct expenses of each segment. Segment gross profit is defined as revenues, less direct costs, which exclude indirect centralized administrative support costs allocated to the business.

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Income taxes, net corporate interest expense, stock option expense, and amortization of customer-relationship intangible assets are recurring components of our net income, but they are not considered part of our segment operating earnings because they are managed on a corporate-wide basis. Income taxes are calculated for the Company on a consolidated basis based on statutory rates in effect in the various jurisdictions in which we provide services, and vary significantly by jurisdiction. Net corporate interest expense results from capital structure decisions made by senior management and the Board of Directors, affecting the Company as a whole. Stock option expense represents the non-cash costs generally related to stock options and employee stock purchase plan expenses which are not allocated to our operating segments. Contingent earnout adjustments represent fair value adjustments of earnout liabilities arising from recent acquisitions. Amortization expense is a non-cash expense for finite-lived customer-relationship and trade name intangible assets acquired in business combinations. None of these costs relate directly to the performance of our services or operating activities and, therefore, are excluded from segment operating earnings in order to better assess the results of each segment's operating activities on a consistent basis.

Unallocated corporate and shared costs and credits include expenses and credits related to our chief executive officer and Board of Directors, certain provisions for bad debt allowances or subsequent recoveries such as those related to bankrupt clients, defined benefit pension costs or credits for our frozen U.S. pension plan, certain unallocated professional fees, CEWS benefits, and certain self-insurance costs and recoveries that are not allocated to our individual operating segments.

Restructuring and other costs, goodwill impairments, reserves on certain income tax assets, and gain on disposition of businesses, arise from time to time due to various factors and events (such as internal restructurings, losses on subleases, establishment of new operations, and tax asset impairments) that are not allocated to any particular segment since they historically have not regularly impacted our performance and are not expected to impact our future performance on a regular basis.

Additional discussion and analysis of our income taxes, net corporate interest expense, stock option expense, amortization of customer-relationship intangible assets, contingent earnout adjustments, goodwill impairments, restructuring and other costs, gain on disposition of businesses, reserves on certain income tax assets, and unallocated corporate and shared costs follows the discussion and analysis of the results of operations of our four operating segments.

Segment Revenues

In the normal course of business, our operating segments incur certain out-of-pocket expenses that are thereafter reimbursed by our clients. Under GAAP, these out-of-pocket expenses and associated reimbursements are required to be included when reporting expenses and revenues, respectively, in our consolidated results of operations as the Company is considered the principal in these transactions. In the discussion and analysis of results of operations which follows, we do not include a gross up of expenses and revenues for these pass-through reimbursed expenses. The amounts of reimbursed expenses and related revenues offset each other in our results of operations with no impact to our net income or operating earnings. A reconciliation of revenues before reimbursements to consolidated revenues determined in accordance with GAAP is self-evident from the face of the accompanying statements of operations. Unless noted in the following discussion and analysis, revenue amounts exclude reimbursements for out-of-pocket expenses.

Our segment results are impacted by changes in foreign exchange rates. We believe that a non-GAAP discussion and analysis of segment revenues before reimbursements by major region, based on actual exchange rates and using a constant exchange rate, is helpful in understanding the results of our segment operations.

Segment Expenses

Our discussion and analysis of segment operating expenses is comprised of two components: "Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor" and "Expenses Other Than Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor."

"Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor" includes direct compensation, payroll taxes, and benefits provided to the employees of each segment, as well as payments to outsourced service providers that augment our staff in each segment. As a service company, these costs represent our most significant and variable operating expenses.

Costs of administrative functions, including direct compensation, payroll taxes, and benefits, are managed centrally and considered indirect costs. The allocated centralized indirect administrative support costs of our shared-services infrastructure are allocated to each segment based on usage and reflected within "Expenses Other Than Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor" of each segment.

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In addition to allocated corporate and shared costs, "Expenses Other Than Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor" includes travel and entertainment, office rent and occupancy costs, automobile expenses, office operating expenses, data processing costs, cost of risk, professional fees, and amortization and depreciation expense other than amortization of customer-relationship intangible assets.

Unless noted in the following discussion and analysis, revenue amounts exclude reimbursements for out-of-pocket expenses and expense amounts exclude reimbursed out-of-pocket expenses.

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Operating results for our segments reconciled to income before income taxes and net income attributable to shareholders of Crawford & Company are as shown in the following table.

nm = not meaningful

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YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022 COMPARED WITH YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021

NORTH AMERICA LOSS ADJUSTING SEGMENT

Operating Earnings

Operating earnings in our North America Loss Adjusting segment totaled $19.4 million or 7.1% of revenues before reimbursements, in 2022, compared with 2021 operating earnings of $15.0 million, or 6.2% of revenues before reimbursements. The increase in operating earnings in 2022 was primarily due to a $31.0 million increase in revenues. There was a $2.6 million expense benefit in 2021 as a result of CEWS, compared to no benefit in 2022.

Excluding centralized indirect support costs, gross profit increased from $46.7 million, or 19.2% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $51.0 million, or 18.6% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022, due primarily to an increase in revenues, partially offset by the absence of the CEWS benefit.

Operating results for our North America Loss Adjusting segment, including gross profit, are as shown in the following table:

Revenues before Reimbursements

North America Loss Adjusting revenues are primarily derived from the property and casualty insurance company markets in the U.S. and Canada. Revenues before reimbursements by major region, based on actual exchange rates and using a constant exchange rate were as follows:

Revenues before reimbursements from our North America Loss Adjusting segment totaled $274.8 million in 2022, compared with $243.8 million in the 2021 period. This increase was due to an increase in the U.S. and Canada from both new and existing clients and the recent acquisition. The change in exchange rates decreased our North America Loss Adjusting segment revenues by 1.5%, or $3.6 million, for 2022 as compared with the 2021 period. Absent foreign exchange rate fluctuations, North America Loss Adjusting segment revenues would have been $278.4 million for 2022. There was a $9.2 million increase, or 3.8% increase in North America Loss Adjusting revenues in period as a result of the edjuster, Inc. acquisition. There was an increase in segment unit volume, measured principally by cases received, of 6.0% (1.8% excluding edjuster cases) for 2022, compared with the 2021 period. Changes in product mix and in the rates charged for those services accounted for an 8.6% revenue increase for the year ended 2022 compared with the same period in 2021.

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The increase in revenues in the U.S. for 2022 was due to an increase in Global Technical Services revenues and a change in the mix of services provided, due to a lower proportion of high-frequency, low-severity cases in the current year. Based on constant foreign exchange rates, there was an increase in revenues in Canada in 2022, compared with 2021, primarily due to the recent edjuster, Inc. acquisition and the recovery from the negative economic impacts of COVID-19 that were present in 2021.

Reimbursed Expenses Included in Total Revenues

Reimbursements for out-of-pocket expenses incurred in our North America Loss Adjusting segment, which are included in total Company revenues, were $8.4 million in 2022 compared with $8.3 million in 2021. The increase in reimbursed expenses was less than the overall increase in revenues due to a decreased use of third parties in Canada in 2022.

Case Volume Analysis

North America Loss Adjusting segment unit volumes by geographic region, measured by cases received, for 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Overall, there was an increase in cases of 6.0% in 2022, compared with the 2021 period. The decrease in U.S. case volumes in 2022 was due to a change in the mix of services provided, resulting from a lower proportion of high-frequency, low-severity cases. There was an increase in cases in Canada in 2022 due to an increase in weather-related activity and due to the recovery from the impact of the pandemic which was present in the 2021 period. edjuster, which was acquired in the third quarter of 2021, resulted in an increase of 11,640 cases, or 4.2% of the increase in cases received for 2022, compared with the 2021 period.

Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor

The most significant expense in our North America Loss Adjusting segment is the compensation of employees, including related payroll taxes and fringe benefits, and payments to outsourced service providers that augment our staff. North America Loss Adjusting direct compensation, fringe benefits, and non-employee labor expense, as a percent of segment revenues before reimbursements, was 72.4% for both 2022 and 2021. The dollar amount of these expenses increased from $176.5 million in 2021 to $199.0 million in 2022. The increase in amounts was due to the increased revenues and an additional 205 employees from the recent acquisition. The percentage of revenues before reimbursements was consistent between periods, due to increased staff utilization, partially offset by the $2.6 million expense benefit in 2021 as a result of CEWS, compared with no benefit in the 2022 period.

There was an average of 2,042 FTEs in 2022 compared with an average of 1,795 FTEs in 2021.

Expenses Other than Reimbursements, Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor

North America Loss Adjusting segment expenses other than reimbursements, direct compensation, fringe benefits, and non-employee labor increased from $52.2 million in 2021 to $56.3 million in 2022, but decreased as a percent of segment revenues before reimbursements from 21.4% in 2021 to 20.5% in 2022. The increase in costs was due to the increased revenues, technology investments and an increase in the allowance for estimated credit losses in 2022. The decrease in the percent of revenues was due to the increased revenues and non-continuing integration costs from the recent acquisition in 2021.

INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS SEGMENT

Operating (Loss) Earnings

Our International Operations segment reported an operating loss of $(13.3) million, or (3.7)% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022, as compared to operating earnings of $4.9 million, or 1.4% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021. This decrease in operating earnings was due to lower profitability in certain international operations, primarily in the U.K. and our Legal Services service line, an increase in compensation expense, and an increase in administrative support costs.

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Excluding centralized indirect support costs, gross profit decreased from $50.3 million, or 14.1% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $41.9 million, or 11.7% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022. This decrease was primarily due to losses in certain international operations and an increase in compensation expense. The increase in compensation expense includes $4.1 million of severance expense for cost reduction actions in certain international operations.

Operating results for our International Operations segment, including gross profit, are as shown in the following table:

Revenues before Reimbursements

International Operations segment revenues are primarily derived from the global property and casualty insurance company markets in the U.K, Europe, Australia, Asia and Latin America. Revenues before reimbursements by major region, based on actual exchange rates and using a constant exchange rate were as follows:

Revenues before reimbursements from our International Operations segment totaled $357.5 million in 2022, compared with $357.9 million in 2021. This slight decrease was primarily due to the change in foreign exchange rates. Excluding foreign exchange impacts, International Operations revenues increased due to an increase in weather-related activity in Australia and Asia, and increases in Europe and Latin America, partially offset by reductions in the U.K. and our Legal Services service line. The change in exchange rates decreased our International Operations segment revenues by approximately 8.6%, or $31.0 million, for 2022 as compared with the 2021 period. Absent foreign exchange rate fluctuations, International Operations segment revenues would have been $388.4 million for 2022. There was a $4.8 million increase, or 1.3% increase in International Operations revenues in the year as a result of the recent BosBoon and Van Dijk acquisitions in Europe. There was an increase in segment unit volume, measured principally by cases received, of 18.2% (17.8% excluding acquired cases) for 2022, compared with the 2021 period. 8.1% of this increase was due to an increase of 36,800 high-frequency, low-severity cases received in Latin America for which only minimal revenues are recognized. Changes in product mix and in the rates charged for those services accounted for a 2.5% revenue decrease for 2022 compared with the same period in 2021, due to an increase in high-frequency, low severity cases in Latin America, Europe and Asia.

Based on constant foreign exchange rates, the decrease in revenues in the U.K. for 2022 was due to a change in the mix of services provided and a reduction in our Legal Services service line. There was an increase in revenues in Europe in the 2022 period, compared with 2021, due to an increase in high-frequency, low-severity case volume increases in Scandinavia, and the recent BosBoon and Van Dijk acquisitions. There was an increase in revenues in Australia in 2022 due to an increase in weather-related case activity. There was an increase in revenues in Asia in 2022, compared with 2021, due to an increase in high-frequency, low-severity weather-related case activity in the Philippines and Malaysia. There was an increase in revenues in Latin America in 2022 due to an increase in high-frequency, low-severity cases and a change in the mix of services provided.

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Reimbursed Expenses Included in Total Revenues

Reimbursements for out-of-pocket expenses incurred in our International Operations segment which are included in total Company revenue increased to $29.0 million in 2022 from $22.9 million in 2021. The increase in reimbursed expenses were due to an increased use of third parties in the current year period, primarily related to handling cases received from the catastrophe in Australia.

Case Volume Analysis

International Operations unit volumes, as measured by cases received, by region for 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Overall, there was an increase in cases received of 18.2% for 2022, compared with the 2021 period. 8.1% of the increase was due to an increase of 36,800 high-frequency, low-severity cases received in Latin America for which only minimal revenues are recognized. There was an increase of 17,400 cases in Australia, or 3.8% of the increase in International Operations cases received, due to flooding catastrophe in that country. The increase in cases received in Asia was due to an increase in high-frequency, low-severity weather-related activity in the Philippines and Malaysia. There was an increase in Europe in 2022, compared with 2021, due to an increase in high-frequency, low-severity case volume increases in Scandinavia, and the recent BosBoon and Van Dijk acquisitions, which accounted for 2,000 cases, or 0.4%. The increase in cases received in the U.K. in 2022 was due to an increase in high-frequency, low-severity third party administration cases.

Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor

The most significant expense in our International Operations segment is the compensation of employees, including related payroll taxes and fringe benefits, and payments to outsourced service providers that augment the functions performed by our employees. Direct compensation expenses, fringe benefits, and non-employee labor, as a percent of International Operations segment revenues before reimbursements, increased from 69.6% in 2021 to 71.1% in 2022. The total dollar amount of these expenses increased from $249.1 million in 2021 to $254.0 million in 2022. The increase in compensation expense includes $4.1 million of severance expense for cost reduction actions in certain international operations, as well as an increase in employees, including 30 from the recent acquisitions. The increase in the percentage of revenues before reimbursements is because compensation expense increased higher than the revenues in certain international operations, including the severance expense referenced above, and higher compensation expense in our legal services business.

There was an average of 3,669 FTEs in this segment in 2022, an increase from an average of 3,524 FTEs in the 2021 period.

Expenses Other than Reimbursements, Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor

Expenses other than reimbursements, direct compensation, fringe benefits, and non-employee labor increased in the International Operations segment from $103.9 million in 2021 to $116.7 million in 2022, and increased as a percent of revenues before reimbursements from 29.0% in 2021 to 32.6% in the 2022 period. The increase in both the expenses and the expenses as a percent of revenues before reimbursements were due to technology investments and an increase in administrative support costs.

BROADSPIRE SEGMENT

Operating Earnings

Our Broadspire segment reported operating earnings of $27.0 million, or 8.6% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022, as compared to $24.8 million, or 8.2% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021. This increase was due to a $12.5 million increase in revenues.

Excluding centralized indirect support costs, gross profit increased from $64.7 million, or 21.5% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $69.9 million, or 22.3% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022, due to the increased revenues.

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Operating results for our Broadspire segment, including gross profit, are as shown in the following table:

Revenues before Reimbursements

Broadspire revenues are derived from the casualty and disability insurance and self-insured markets in the U.S. Revenues before reimbursements by service line were as follows:

Revenues before reimbursements from our Broadspire totaled $313.6 million in 2022, compared with $301.0 million in 2021. This increase was primarily due to an increase in new client growth across both service lines, and general recovery from pandemic-impacted activity in 2021. Revenues were positively impacted by an increase in unit volumes, measured principally by cases received, of 10.2% for 2022 compared with 2021. Changes in product mix and in the rates charged for those services accounted for a 6.0% revenue decrease for 2022 as compared with 2021, due to an increase in Disability and A&H claims which have a lower average fee per claim.

Reimbursed Expenses Included in Total Revenues

Reimbursements for out-of-pocket expenses incurred in our Broadspire segment which are included in total Company revenue increased to $3.1 million in 2022 from $2.7 million in 2021. The increase in reimbursed expenses in the 2022 period was due to the increased revenues and employee travel related to servicing cases from clients.

Case Volume Analysis

Broadspire unit volumes by service line, as measured by cases received, for 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Overall case volumes were 10.2% higher in 2022 compared with 2021 due to an increase in Disability and A&H cases volumes in our Claims Management service line of 31,350 cases, representing an increase in Broadspire cases received of 6.4%, and an increase in new clients. The decline for Medical Management cases received was due to fewer utilization review and physician consultant cases that were not fully offset with an increase in case management cases that typically result in higher average revenue per case. In addition, the 2021 period was negatively impacted by the pandemic. Broadspire unit volumes are sensitive to overall employment levels and workplace reported injuries.

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Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor

The most significant expense in our Broadspire segment is the compensation of employees, including related payroll taxes and fringe benefits, and payments to outsourced service providers that augment the functions performed by our employees. Direct compensation expenses, fringe benefits, and non-employee labor, as a percent of Broadspire segment revenues before reimbursements, increased from 62.3% in 2021 to 63.3% in 2022. The total dollar amount of these expenses increased from $187.5 million in 2021 to $198.5 million in 2022. The increase in the amounts was due to the increased revenues and an increase in average full-time equivalent employees. The increase in expense as a percent of revenues before reimbursements was due to an increase in compensation, advance hiring for new business, and additional staffing in support of client requirements.

There was an average of 2,503 FTEs in this segment in 2022, an increase from an average of 2,266 FTEs in the 2021 period.

Expenses Other than Reimbursements, Direct Compensation, Fringe Benefits & Non-Employee Labor

Expenses other than reimbursements, direct compensation, fringe benefits, and non-employee labor decreased in the Broadspire segment from $88.8 million in 2021 to $88.1 million in 2022, and decreased as a percent of revenues before reimbursements from 29.5% in 2021 to 28.1% in the 2022 period. The decrease in the overall expense and as a percent of revenues is due to lower software amortization costs and other administrative expenses, partially offset by an increase in travel costs which were lower in 2021 due to the pandemic.

PLATFORM SOLUTIONS SEGMENT

Operating Earnings

Our Platform Solutions segment recorded operating earnings of $35.7 million in 2022, or 14.7% of revenues before reimbursements, compared with operating earnings of $32.0 million in 2021, or 16.1% of revenues before reimbursements. The increase in operating margin in 2022 was due to a $44.4 million increase in revenues, including $17.0 million from the recent Praxis Consulting acquisition.

Excluding indirect support costs, gross profit increased from $48.0 million, or 24.1% of revenues before reimbursements in 2021, to $56.3 million, or 23.1% of revenues before reimbursements in 2022, as a result of the revenue increase in our Networks service line and the Praxis Consulting acquisition.

Operating results for our Platform Solutions segment, including gross profit, are as shown in the following table: