CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL INC - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

OR

Commission File Number 0-27512

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (303) 200-2000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market on June 30, 2022, was $1,332,181,496.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 14, 2023 was 31,263,574.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

2022 FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Form 10-K, including Item 7, "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations", contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We may also make forward-looking statements in other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in materials delivered to stockholders, and in press releases. In addition, our representatives may from time to time make oral forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements relate to future events and typically address our expected future business and financial performance. Statements in this report that are not historical facts are forward looking statements. Words such as "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "aspire," "believe," "seek," "see," "will," "would," "may," "target," and similar expressions and variations or negatives of these words, typically identify such forward-looking statements. These include, among others, statements relating to:

We assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements except as required by federal securities laws.

Forward-looking statements are based on management’s beliefs, assumptions and expectations of future events and trends that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made, and actual future results and trends may differ materially from historical results or those reflected in any such forward-looking statements depending on a variety of factors. We have included important factors in this Form 10-K, particularly under "Item 1A. Risk Factors" that we believe could cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statement. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. For additional information concerning factors that may cause actual results to vary materially from those stated in the forward-looking statements, see our reports on Form 10-K, 10-Q, and 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").

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PART I

Item 1. Business

Who We Are

CSG Systems International, Inc. (the “Company”, “CSG”, or forms of the pronoun “we”) is a purpose-driven, SaaS platform company that enables global companies in a wide variety of industry verticals to tackle the ever-growing complexity of business in the digital age. Our cloud-first architecture and customer-centric approach empower companies to deliver unforgettable experiences for their B2B (business-to-business), B2C (business-to-consumer), and B2B2X (business-to-business-to-consumer) customers, making it easier for people and businesses to connect to, use and pay for the services they value most. CSG manages billions of critical customer interactions annually, and we do it with a singular focus – an obsession on our customers’ success.

As a global technology leader, we aspire to envision, invent, and shape a better, more future-ready world. Specifically, our mission is focused on helping some of the world's most recognizable brands compete and win in the digital age by making it easier for their customers to do business.

Every company needs to make it easier for their consumer and enterprise customers to do business with them in the customers’ preferred channel of choice. They need to make it easier for customers to identify which product or service is right for them; easier to buy, procure, and provision their goods and services; easier to communicate with or get updates from them; easier to modify the goods/services they buy; and easier to pay for the products and services they purchase. This is exactly where CSG’s SaaS platforms come in. Industry leaders in telecom, broadband cable, media, retail, healthcare, financial services, insurance, government, and other industries leverage the power of our technology to compete and win in the digital age.

Our 5,700-plus employees around the globe have made CSG a trusted technology leader and SaaS platform company to some of the biggest and most innovative brands around the world.

Our corporate headquarters is located at 169 Inverness Dr W, Suite 300, Englewood, Colorado 80112, and the telephone number at that address is (303) 200-2000.

Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “CSGS”. We are a member of the S&P Small Cap 600 and Russell 2000 indices.

What We Do

Simply put, CSG helps companies solve their toughest business challenges. We help our customers deliver personalized, secure, and integrated customer experience solutions in order to grow their revenues and wow their customers with future-ready solutions that drive exceptional customer experiences.

Our Industry-Leading Solutions

Revenue Management and Digital Monetization: We provide robust, integrated real-time revenue management platforms leveraging public cloud, private cloud, or on-premise deployments to optimize and monetize transactions at every stage of the customer lifecycle. Our flexible, configurable business support systems help companies monetize and digitally enable their customer engagement. These solutions span the commerce lifecycle, streamlining the entire revenue monetization process from concept to cash, helping companies address digital transformation in the ever-changing and dynamic business world in which they operate.

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The power and capacity of 5G will fuel the growth of digital services across many industries including healthcare, education, transportation, agriculture, and manufacturing. This will change the way we work, live, and interact bringing a new digital reality to everything we do. For Communication Service Providers ("CSPs"), it provides new revenue sources beyond connectivity, information, and communications services. For consumers, it enables personalized new digital capabilities in a simpler to consume and engage model. But, behind these ‘simple’ user experiences are complex B2B, B2C, and B2B2X platforms, rich collaboration ecosystems, and a web of partnerships which are underpinned by open application programming interfaces, or APIs, distributed architecture, and microservices technology. Our solutions are architected to bring speed, agility, and interoperability while maintaining the operational stability, security, reliability, and scalability needed to power these complex ecosystems. We enable companies to bring new services to market with hyper speed and scale with our revenue management platforms which are key to growing revenue and profits in a digital world.

Transformational Customer Experiences: Delivering exceptional customer experience is a critical strategic lever that companies need to excel at in order to grow faster, improve retention, and strengthen customer loyalty. We believe customer experience is the number one differentiator for businesses today.

We provide some of the biggest brands in the world with strategic insights, experience design, customer journey management, business intelligence analytics, and customer communication solutions aimed at driving extraordinary customer experiences and better business outcomes. We help companies deliver unique customer experiences across both traditional and digital channels creating moments that are personalized, predictive, and proactive.

Today, companies use many different communication channels to interact with customers including website, call center, physical location, SMS text, print, and more. Each of these channels generates a massive amount of information that can be harnessed by these companies to craft extraordinary customer journeys. Each customer touchpoint illuminates key moments of truth that are pivotal in growing customer acquisition and retention. Continuous active customer profiling and decisioning for care and commerce – based on real-time and stored data from a variety of sources – provides value to our customers by powering them with insights needed to optimize every interaction with their customers.

These solutions are designed to help the end consumers easily interact with our customers’ brands through their preferred channel of choice. We take a holistic approach to orchestrating end-to-end customer experiences that helps brands see, think, act and react in real-time to drive conversion, retention, and loyalty. Our approach yields better business results with quicker time to value and lower risk.

Payments: We continue to see an increase in the velocity and the expectations from our merchants and partners that make digital payments table stakes for every facet of their customer's life – whether that be paying rent, property taxes, gym memberships, educational fees, or other goods and services.

At CSG, we have been recognized as a leader in payments, providing a full end-to-end SaaS payments platform, allowing organizations to accept electronic check/ACH, debit and credit card payments, and offer the ability to receive funds quicker via same-day ACH. With one of the most robust and complete payments platforms in the market, we enable integrated software vendors (ISV) to differentiate their solution stack by offering a fully customizable payments platform that seamlessly integrates into existing architectures to help their customers scale payments smarter and faster. Our all-in-one payments platform simplifies and enables businesses and governments to onboard merchants quickly, deliver ongoing innovation, and address the changing market demands in digital payments. Our platform handles tens of billions of dollars in payment volumes annually for more than 98,000 active merchants. And we do this all in a secure, PCI-compliant environment.

Taken in whole or in modules, our SaaS payments platform combined with our deep domain expertise, help leading brands across different industries optimize their business processes and integrate critical back- and front-office technology platforms to create a differentiated customer experience, resulting in accelerated growth and profits.

Technology Innovation & Operations

Our customers are looking for the best, most modern, and cost-efficient technologies to solve their toughest business challenges. We continue to make meaningful investments in research and development (“R&D”) to ensure that we stay ahead of our customers’ needs, advancing our customers’ businesses as well as our own.

Our products are recognized by industry analysts as best-in-class in the areas of 5G/IOT monetization, financial services, technology, telecom, field service management, OSS/BSS, journey orchestration, journey analytics, customer experience, and integrated payments. Product award wins include the Big Innovation Awards for CSG Xponent (2022) and CSG Encompass (2023) and the Card Not Present Best E-Commerce Platform and Best Processor awards for CSG Forte (2022). Additionally, during 2022 analysts ranked CSG as a Leader in the Forrester Wave: Customer Journey Orchestration, SPARK Matrix: Customer Communication Management, SPARK Matrix: Customer Data Platform, SPARK Matrix: Journey Analytics, and SPARK Matrix: Real Time Interaction Management.

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In addition, we provide operational services encompassing infrastructure management (including hardware, application, and environmental management), application configuration management (including configuration development, release, and deployment) and business operations management (including event processing, revenue management, and settlement). Our pre-integrated approach, combined with our deep domain experts managing the applications, allow our customers to scale their operations and do what matters most – focus on satisfying their end customers and growing their businesses.

Over the past several years, two of the largest drugstore chains in the United States (“U.S.”) and one of the largest retailers used our technology to help improve their digital customer experience related to COVID-19 vaccinations, appointment scheduling, prescription refill notifications, and other transactional engagements. During 2022, we won and signed a large new contract expansion with one of these leading drugstore chains. Over the past couple of years, we also helped one of the largest financial services providers in the U.S. streamline and personalize their mortgage and auto lending processes in a digital world with our journey orchestration and analytics offerings. And, we helped some of the largest CSPs in the world scale and grow their enterprise and consumer businesses by consolidating, standardizing, and automating their disparate systems to a modern platform that can manage complex ecosystems, new digital B2B marketplaces, 5G deployments, and multi-sided business models. On this front, during 2022, we largely completed the migration of approximately 14 million Charter Communications customer accounts from a competitor’s platform. This six-year contract with Charter was the largest contract in our history.

Why We Win

At CSG, many of our significant customer relationships span decades. To earn the right to do business with companies for that length of time, you need to be trusted, dependable, and innovative. You need to be bold, future-forward, relentlessly focused, passionate, customer obsessed, people-centric, innovative – and most importantly – you need to deliver.

We do all of this by constantly obsessing over the needs and success of our customers as we help them design and deliver exceptional, digitally-enabled, customer and employee experiences. We believe in innovating jointly with our current and potential future customers to anticipate future-market trends and then redesign and technologically-enable personalized engagements with their consumer and enterprise customers. And, since our modular solutions are mission-critical systems at the heart of our customers’ business, operational excellence, security, and reliability will always be our top priority.

In addition, working side-by-side with some of the biggest and most innovative companies in the world helps us to develop breakthrough technologies that address the market’s most pressing needs today and into the future.

How We Grow

We believe the successful execution of our goals will allow us to accelerate our revenue and earnings growth, and therefore, create long-term sustained value for our customers, employees, and stockholders.

Our strategic focus is underpinned by our key business priorities:

Harnessing the best culture, the best talent, and the most energized and globally diverse team: Our global employees and leaders continue to be CSG’s greatest competitive differentiator. As a purpose-driven, SaaS platform company, we foster a culture where we prioritize employee experience, learning, and development to provide a workplace environment where our employees can do their best work and thrive. We foster a culture of diversity, equity, and belonging for all employees. By being customer-obsessed every day, CSG will continue to win big in the market.

Accelerating our revenue growth: We continue to target accelerated long-term organic revenue growth and unlock significant value with disciplined strategic, financially-attractive acquisitions. Accelerating our growth will enable CSG to add scale and operating leverage in order to create greater customer and shareholder value. We look to acquire capabilities, proven product platforms, market share in high-growth industry verticals, and human capital talent. In today’s challenging macro-economic environment, we will remain highly disciplined and strive to ensure that every acquisition meets our four criteria: strategic fit, culture/integration fit, financial fit, and risk/return profile.

Creating and leading with category-defining technology: Our broad portfolio of industry-leading solutions provide our customers with a competitive advantage. These solutions enable customers to efficiently manage their traditional businesses while being able to quickly deliver new digital services and a more personalized and relevant experience to their consumers. We will continually add relevant capabilities to what we do as a company, both in terms of our people and our solutions.

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Delivering an exceptional customer experience: We believe we deliver more business value by doing what we say and being easy to do business with. We do this by putting the customer at the heart of our decision-making and by continuing to raise the bar on our agility, delivery capabilities, efficiency, and reliability to power our customers’ success.

Becoming the SaaS technology provider of choice for CSPs: We have a strong presence in the world’s largest CSPs technology ecosystem with our award-winning revenue management platforms. However, as these companies wrestle with new competitors, changes in customer demands, and disruptive technologies like 5G, they need a partner that can provide them with a suite of solutions that can help them turn these challenges into opportunities, higher revenues, and greater operating profits. With our vast portfolio of solutions, we can help service providers launch and scale new digital services quickly, provide a great customer experience across any channel, and simplify and monetize B2B2X ecosystems and marketplaces, across industry verticals.

Expanding into big, higher growth industry verticals: Brands in many large, high-growth industry verticals rely on and need the technology products and platforms that CSG provides. We are focused on increasing the amount of revenue we generate from customers outside of the CSP industry. While we’ve made significant progress over the years, we have significant opportunities to expand our footprint in these verticals. CSG is helping some of the biggest brands in retail, healthcare, financial services, and government digitize and modernize their revenue management, customer experience and payments capabilities.

Customers

We work with some of the world’s leading brands in a wide variety of industry verticals. These range from working with leading CSPs like Charter, Comcast, MTN, Airtel Africa, DISH, Mobily, Verizon, AT&T, American Movil, and Telstra. Outside of the CSP space, we work with hundreds of other customers and over 98,000 active merchants including some of the largest financial services companies, three of the largest pharmacy retailers in the U.S., property management companies, and state and local governments.

Customers that represented 10% or more of our revenue for 2022 and 2021 were as follows (in millions, except percentages):

See the Significant Customer Relationships section of our Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) for additional information regarding our business relationships with these key customers.

Professional Services

We employ professional services experts globally who bring both deep domain expertise and a wide range of skills – including solution architecture, project management, systems implementation, system integration, and business consultancy – to every services project. We apply a structured methodology to each of our engagements, leveraging consistent world-class processes, best-practice program management, and systemized templates in the deployment of our solutions.

Sales and Marketing

We organize our sales efforts to customers primarily within our geographically dispersed, dedicated account teams, with senior level account managers who are responsible for winning new customers, expanding our business with existing customers, and renewing existing contracts. In addition, we have partnerships and alliances with leading industry participants. The account teams are supported by sales support personnel who are experienced in the various industry-leading solutions that we provide. And because our customers trust and depend on CSG, we have built a self-sustaining customer ecosystem that provides us with the opportunity to gain more share of our customers’ IT spend by cross-selling more solutions to them.

In marketing, we have taken a digital-first approach aimed at identifying and accelerating opportunities through the pipeline by establishing CSG as an innovative, results-driven thought leader and proven partner in helping our customers solve their toughest business problems.

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Competition

The market for our offerings is competitive and evolving. We compete with both independent providers and in-house developers of revenue management, digital monetization, customer experience, and payments systems. Our current competitors include companies who deliver on-premise bespoke custom offerings (i.e., Amdocs Limited, NEC Netcracker), software solutions (i.e., Salesforce, Adobe, Pegasystems, Twilio), internally developed enterprise applications, network operators (i.e., Ericsson, Huawei), large outsourced transactional communications companies (i.e., Intrado, Fiserv), systems integrators (i.e., Accenture, Tech Mahindra) and large payments processors (i.e., FIS and Fiserv) and payments specialists (i.e., Stripe and Nuvei/Paya).

Proprietary Rights and Licenses

We rely on a combination of trade secret, copyright, trademark, and patent laws in the U.S. and similar laws in other countries, and non-disclosure, confidentiality, and other types of contractual arrangements to establish, maintain, and enforce our intellectual property rights in our solutions. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or misappropriated. Although we hold a select number of patents and patent applications on some of our newer solutions, we do not rely upon patents as a primary means of protecting our rights in our intellectual property. In any event, there can be no assurance that our patent applications will be approved, that any issued patents will adequately protect our intellectual property, or that such patents will not be challenged by third parties. Also, much of our business and many of our solutions rely on key technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties at all or on reasonable terms. Our failure to adequately establish, maintain, and protect our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, and results of operations.

For a description of the risks associated with our intellectual property rights, see “Item 1A - Risk Factors – Failure to Protect Our Intellectual Property Rights or Claims by Others That We Infringe Their Intellectual Property Rights Could Substantially Harm Our Business, Financial Position and Results of Operations,” and “Item 1A – Risk Factors – We Rely on A Limited Number of Third-Party Vendor Relationships to Execute Our Business Which Exposes Us to Supply Chain Disruptions, Costs Increases, and Cyberattacks”.

Human Capital

We believe that our culture serves as a competitive differentiator in the marketplace and gives CSG a competitive edge. As a result, our success is dependent upon our ability to attract, develop, and retain this smart, talented, and diverse team. We have introduced a framework that outlines our ethos for how we serve not only our customers and each other, but the greater communities in which we operate.

Our Purpose:

To envision, invent and shape a better, more future-ready world.

Our Mission:

By channeling the power of all, we make ordinary customer and employee experiences extraordinary.

Our Guiding Principles:

Integrity: Be Authentic, Be Inclusive, Be Trusted Team Players

Inspiration: Be Bold, Be Inventive, Be Agile

Impact: Be Customer Obsessed, Be Game Changers, Be Drivers of Growth

At CSG, we believe in the power of all so much that it is a cornerstone of our mission statement. The power of all means that we draw on the experiences and innovations of the best, most diverse global talent to serve our customers. The power of all means we are mindful of living our guiding principles and creating a diverse and inclusive environment where team members around the world can reach their full potential by being valued for their authentic selves. And the power of all means that together, we strive to make a bigger difference in the communities in which we operate by envisioning, inventing, and shaping a better, more future-ready world.

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Delivering on our greater purpose and mission at speed and scale while delighting our customers and being mindful of our team members’ growth, wellbeing, and happiness requires a people and culture philosophy that accelerates sustainable growth and innovation through three pillars:

We believe that our culture and our team members are a key reason our customers continue to rely on us to help them achieve their business goals and objectives and do business with us for years.

As of December 31, 2022, we employed over 5,700 people, of which approximately 41% were in North America, 42% were in our locations in Asia-Pacific and Australia, 10% were in our locations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, and 7% in our locations in South and Central America.

As of December 31, 2022, our workforce was approximately 64% male, 36% female, and less than 1% nonbinary or undeclared. The race/ethnicity of our U.S. workforce was 67% White, 12% Asian, 8% Hispanic or Latino, 7% Black or African American, <1% American Indian/Alaskan Native, <1% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 1% two or more races, and 5% unknown or undeclared.

We believe our employee relations are good and we work hard to constantly improve in this area.

Social Impact & Responsibility

We aspire to envision, invent, and create a better, more inclusive and future ready world by channeling the power of all. To accomplish that, we are focusing on these key areas:

Expanding Our Community Impact: We support Community Based Organizations (“CBOs”) that provide underrepresented communities the opportunity to participate, thrive, and make a lasting impact on the technology industry across the globe. We continue to expand our partnerships with CBOs like WeMakeChange and Earthday.org. In addition, we've continued our commitment to CSG's Global Days of Action, where we give every team member an opportunity (two free days) to volunteer their time in the community impact area of their choosing.

Enhancing Our Environmental Stewardship: With employees in over 20 countries and serving customers globally, this is a vital and important focus area. We seek to work with partners that are committed to reducing and recycling waste, investing in green energy, and responsible sourcing to create a more sustainable future. Reducing global emissions is critical, and we are working towards disclosing our carbon footprint. With the goal of reducing our environmental impact, we’ve established a baseline to drive improvement in our environmental performance as part of our ongoing business strategy and operating methods.

Enabling Digital Inclusion: We strive to develop technological solutions that promote social progress and make navigating the digital world easier for anyone, anywhere in the world. We also believe that diverse experiences and perspectives help bring out the best ideas, drive innovation, and achieve transformative results to benefit the clients we serve. We are committed to digital inclusivity, doing the right thing for the users of our products, and taking action to improve the accessibility of our digital products and services.

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Regulatory Matters

We are subject to numerous international, federal, state, and local laws and regulations. These laws and regulations govern matters that include environmental, employment, and occupational health and safety matters. Additionally, these laws and regulations also require us to obtain and comply with permits, registrations, and other authorizations issued by governmental authorities. These authorities can modify or revoke our permits, registrations, or other authorizations and can enforce compliance through fines and injunctions. We expect to incur ongoing costs to comply with existing and future requirements.

We are also subject to regulation by various U.S. federal regulatory agencies and by the applicable regulatory authorities in countries in which we operate. Additionally, as a U.S. entity operating through subsidiaries in non-U.S. jurisdictions, we are subject to foreign exchange control, transfer pricing, and custom laws that regulate the flow of funds between CSG and its subsidiaries. We are also required to be in compliance with transfer pricing, securities laws, and other statutes and regulations, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), and other countries’ anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws.

In addition, we are subject to laws relating to information security, privacy, anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist financing, consumer credit, protection, and fraud. An increasing number of government and industry groups worldwide have established data privacy laws and standards for the protection of personal information, including financial information, social security numbers, and health information. We are also subject to labor and employment laws, including regulations established by the U.S. Department of Labor, the countries in which we do business, and other local regulatory agencies, which sets laws governing working conditions, paid leave, workplace safety, wage and hour standards, and hiring and employment practices.

We believe that our operations are in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations in all material respects, and that we hold all necessary permits to operate our business in each jurisdiction in which we operate. Laws and government regulations are subject to change and interpretation. In some cases, compliance with applicable laws and regulations may cause us to make additional capital and operational expenditures. While there are no current regulatory developments that we expect to be material to our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows, there can be no assurances that existing or future environmental laws or other regulations applicable to our operations would not lead to a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy materials, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act are available free of charge on our website at www.csgi.com. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report and should not be considered part of this document. Additionally, these reports are available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

Code of Conduct and Business Ethics

A copy of our Code of Conduct and Business Ethics (the “Code of Conduct”) is maintained on our website. Any future amendments to the Code of Conduct, or any future waiver of a provision of our Code of Conduct, will be timely posted to our website upon their occurrence. Information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this report and should not be considered part of this document. Historically, we have had no waivers of a provision of our Code of Conduct.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

We or our representatives from time-to-time may make or may have made certain forward-looking statements, whether orally or in writing, including without limitation, any such statements made or to be made in MD&A contained in our various Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings or orally in conferences or teleconferences. We wish to ensure that such statements are accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements, so as to ensure, to the fullest extent possible, the protections of the safe harbor established in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

We operate in rapidly changing and evolving markets throughout the world addressing the complex needs of industry leaders in the telecom, broadband, cable media, retail, healthcare, financial services, insurance, government and other industries. As a result, new risk factors will likely emerge and currently identified risk factors will likely evolve in their scope. Further, as we enter new market sectors as well as new geographic markets, we could be subject to new regulatory requirements that increase the risk of non-compliance and the potential for economic harm to us and our customers. Accordingly, the risk factors and any forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by reference to and are accompanied by the following meaningful cautionary statements:

Risks Related to Our Business

We Derive a Significant Portion of Our Revenue from a Limited Number of Customers, and the Loss of the Business of a Significant Customer Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Financial Position and Results of Operations.

Over the past decade, the global communications industry has experienced significant consolidation, resulting in a large percentage of the market being served by a limited number of CSPs, with greater size and scale, and there are possibilities of further consolidation. Consistent with this market concentration, we generate over 40% of our revenue from our two largest customers, which are Charter and Comcast, which each individually accounted for over 10% or more of our total revenue. See the Significant Customer Relationships section of MD&A for a brief summary of our business relationship with these customers.

There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of total revenue is concentrated with a limited number of customers. Such risks include, but are not limited to, a significant customer: (i) undergoing a formalized process to evaluate alternative providers for solutions and services we provide; (ii) terminating or failing to renew their contracts with us, in whole or in part, for any reason; (iii) significantly reducing the number of customer accounts processed on our solutions, the price paid for our solutions and services, or the scope of solutions and services that we provide; or (iv) experiencing significant financial or operating difficulties.

Our industry is highly competitive, and as a result, it is possible that a competitor could increase its footprint and share of customers serviced at our expense or a customer could develop their own internal solutions. While our customers may incur costs in switching to our competitors or developing their own solutions, they may do so for a variety of reasons, including: (i) price; (ii) dissatisfaction with our solutions or service levels, including our ability to adequately protect their data; or (iii) dissatisfaction with our relationship.

A Reduction in Demand for Our Revenue Management Platforms Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Financial Position and Results of Operations.

Historically, a substantial percentage of our total revenue has been generated from our SaaS platforms and related solutions. Our platforms and solutions are expected to continue to provide a large percentage of our total revenue in the foreseeable future. Any significant reduction in demand for these products could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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The Delivery of Our Solutions is Dependent on a Variety of Computing and Processing Environments and Communications Networks Which May Not Be Available or May Be Subject to Security Attacks.

Our solutions are generally delivered through a variety of sources including public and hybrid cloud, third-party data center and other service providers, and internally operated computing and processing environments (collectively referred to hereafter in this section as “Systems”). We and/or end users are connected to the Systems through a variety of public and private communications networks, which we will collectively refer to herein as “Networks”. Our solutions are generally considered to be mission critical customer management systems by our customers. As a result, our customers are highly dependent on the consistent availability and uncompromised security of the Networks and Systems to conduct their business operations.

Networks and Systems are subject to the risk of an extended interruption, outage, or security breach due to many factors such as: (i) changes to the Systems and Networks for such things as scheduled maintenance and technology upgrades, or conversions to other technologies, service providers, or physical location of hardware; (ii) failures or lack of continuity of services from public cloud or third-party data center and other service providers; (iii) defects and/or critical security vulnerabilities in software program(s); (iv) human and machine error; (v) acts of war and/or nature; (vi) intentional, unauthorized attacks from computer “hackers”, or cyber-attacks; and (vii) using the Systems to perpetrate identity theft through unauthorized authentication to our customers’ customers’ accounts.

Most recently, the global marketplace is experiencing an ever-increasing exposure to both the number and severity of cyber-attacks. In particular, ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly prevalent and can lead to significant reputational harm, loss of data, operational disruption, and significant monetary loss. Organized criminals, nation state threat actors, and motivated hacktivists have the possibility of impacting our Systems, Networks, data, and business operations. We may not be able or willing to respond to any such attacks due to policy, laws, or other regulations. In addition, we continue to expand our use of third-party Systems and Networks with our solution offerings thereby permitting, for example, our customers’ customers to use the Internet to review account balances, order services or execute similar account management functions. Access to Networks and Systems via the Internet has the potential to increase their vulnerability to unauthorized access and corruption, as well as increasing the dependency of the Systems’ reliability on the availability and performance of the Internet and end users’ infrastructure they obtain through other third-party providers.

The method, manner, cause and timing of an extended interruption, outage, or security breach in third-party and/or the Networks or Systems are impossible to predict. As a result, there can be no assurances that these Networks and Systems will not fail or suffer a security breach or that the third-party and/or our business continuity or remediation plans will adequately mitigate the negative effects of a disruption or security breach to the Networks or Systems. Further, our property, technology errors and omissions, contractual relationship with third-party providers, and business interruption insurance may not adequately compensate us for losses that we incur as a result of such interruptions or security breaches. Should the Networks or Systems: (i) experience an extended interruption or outage; (ii) have their security breached; (iii) have their data lost, corrupted or otherwise compromised; and/or (iv) fail to meet contractual requirements related to our cybersecurity program, it would impede our ability to meet our delivery obligations, and likely have an immediate impact to the business operations of our customers. In addition, this would most likely result in damaging our reputation as well as our long-term ability to attract and retain new customers. The loss of confidential information could result in losing the customers’ confidence, as well as claims for contractual breach, and imposition of penalties, fines, and/or damages. These risks will increase as our business continues to expand to include new solutions, technologies, verticals, and markets. These risks, individually or collectively, could result in an adverse material impact to our business.

We May Not Be Able to Efficiently and Effectively Implement New Solutions or Migrate Customers and Merchants onto Our Solutions.

Our continued growth plans include the implementation of new solutions, as well as migrating both new and existing customers and merchants to our solutions. Such implementations or migrations (collectively referred to hereafter in this section as “implementations”), regardless of whether they involve new solutions or new customers, have become increasingly more difficult because of the sophistication, complexity, interdependencies of the various software and network environments, and the impact to our customers’ and merchants’ underlying business processes. In addition, the complexity of the implementations increases when the arrangement includes other vendors participating in the project, including but not limited to, prime and subcontractor relationships with our company. For these reasons, implementations subject our customers and merchants to potential business disruption, which could cause them to delay or even cancel future implementations.

As a result, there is a risk that we may experience cancellations, delays, or unexpected costs associated with implementations. In addition, our inability to complete implementations in an efficient and effective manner could damage our reputation in the global marketplace, adversely impacting our financial results and/or reducing our opportunity to grow our organic business with both new and existing customers and merchants.

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We May Not Be Successful in the Integration or Achievement of Financial Targets of Our Acquisitions.

As part of our growth strategy, we seek to acquire assets, technology, access to new markets, human capital talent and businesses which will provide the technology and personnel to expedite our solutions and services development efforts, provide complementary solutions, or provide access to new markets and customers.

Acquisitions involve a number of risks and potential disruptions, including: (i) expansion into new markets and business ventures; (ii) the requirement to understand local business practices; (iii) the diversion of management’s attention to the integration of acquired operations and personnel; (iv) being bound by acquired customer or vendor contracts with unfavorable terms; and (v) potential adverse effects on a company’s operating results for various reasons, including, but not limited to, the following items: (a) the inability to achieve financial targets; (b) the inability to achieve certain integration expectations, operating goals, and synergies; (c) costs incurred to exit current or acquired contracts or restructuring activities; (d) costs incurred to service acquisition debt, if any; and (e) the amortization or impairment of acquired intangible assets.

Due to the multiple risks and potential disruptions associated with any acquisition, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in achieving our expected strategic, operating, and financial goals for any such acquisition(s).

We May Not Be Able to Respond to Rapid Technological Changes.

The market for our solutions is characterized by rapid changes in technology and is highly competitive with respect to the need for timely innovations and new product and technology introductions. As a result, we believe that our future success in sustaining and growing our revenue depends upon: (i) our ability to continuously expand, adapt, modify, maintain, and operate our solutions to address the increasingly complex and evolving needs of our customers without sacrificing the reliability or quality of the solutions; (ii) the integration of acquired technologies and their widely distributed, complex worldwide operations; and (iii) creating and maintaining an integrated suite of products and technologies which are portable to new verticals. In addition, the market is demanding that our solutions have greater architectural flexibility and interoperability, and that we are able to meet the demands for technological advancements to our solutions at a greater pace. Our attempts to meet these demands subject our R&D efforts to greater risks. As a result, substantial and effective R&D and solution investment will be required to maintain the competitiveness of our solutions in the market. Technical problems may arise in developing, maintaining, integrating, and operating our solutions as the complexities continue to increase. Development projects can be lengthy and costly, and may be subject to changing requirements, programming difficulties, a shortage of qualified personnel, and/or unforeseen factors which can result in delays. In addition, we may be responsible for the implementation of new solutions and/or the conversion of customers to new solutions, and depending upon the specific solution, we may also be responsible for operations of the solution.

There is an inherent risk in the successful development, implementation, migration, integration, and operation of our solutions as the technological complexities, and the pace at which we must deliver these solutions to market, continue to increase. The risk of making an error that causes significant operational disruption to a customer, or results in incorrect processing of customer or vendor data that we perform on behalf of our customers, increases proportionately with the frequency and complexity of changes to our solutions and new delivery models. There can be no assurance: (i) of continued market acceptance of our solutions; (ii) that we will be successful in the development of enhancements or new solutions that respond to technological advances or changing customer needs at the pace the market demands; or (iii) that we will be successful in supporting the implementation, conversion, integration, and/or operations of enhancements or new solutions.

We May Incur Material Restructuring or Reorganization Charges in the Future.

In the past, we have recorded restructuring and reorganization charges related to involuntary employee terminations, various facility abandonments, and various other restructuring and reorganization activities. We continually evaluate ways to reduce our operating expenses through restructuring plans, including more effective utilization of our assets, workforce, and operating facilities. As a result, there is a risk, which is increased during economic downturns and with expanded global operations, that we may incur material restructuring or reorganization charges in the future.

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We Rely on A Limited Number of Third-Party Vendor Relationships to Execute Our Business Which Exposes Us to Supply Chain Disruptions, Cost Increases, and Cyberattacks.

We rely on third-party providers for software, distributed computing infrastructure environments (or commonly referred to as “cloud” computing services), processing, and other suppliers to deliver our solutions to our customers. Our ability to deliver according to our contractual commitments and market demands depends significantly on being able to obtain the necessary licenses, components, computing capacity, and other vital services and supplies as needed and on competitive terms. Our growth and ability to meet customer demands depend in part on our ability to obtain timely deliveries from our suppliers and partners. In addition, if a third party were to experience a material breach of their information technology systems which results in the unauthorized access, theft, use, destruction, or unauthorized disclosures of customers' or employees' data or confidential information of the Company stored in such systems, including through cyberattacks or other external or internal methods, it could result in a material loss of revenue from the potential adverse impact to our reputation, our ability to retain or attract new customers, potential disruption or loss of services from the vendor and disruption to our business. Such a breach could also result in contractual claims, and it could lead to our being named as a party in litigation brought by or on behalf of impacted individuals. Although we strive to avoid single-source supplier solutions, this is not always possible. Failure by any of our third-party vendors could interrupt our operations and the delivery of our solutions, and/or substantially increase our costs. Additionally, if these third-party vendors would decide to significantly increase our costs, due to inflationary pressures or otherwise, it could have an adverse financial impact to our business as we may have limited third-party options and the ability to shift to a competing solution, or redesign our solutions would take considerable time, effort, and money.

Our Global Operations Subject Us to Additional Risks.

We currently conduct a portion of our business outside the U.S. We are subject to certain risks associated with operating globally including the following items:

One or any combination of these or other risks could have an adverse impact on our operations and business.

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Failure to Deal Effectively with Fraud, Fictitious Transactions, Bad Transactions, and Negative Experiences Could Increase Our Loss Rate and Harm Our Payments Business, and Could Severely Diminish Merchant and Consumer Confidence in and Use of Our Services.

In the event that merchants do not fulfill their obligations to consumers, or a consumer disputes a transaction for various reasons, we may incur losses as a result of chargebacks and/or claims from consumers. We would seek to recover such losses from the merchant; however, we may not be able to recover the amounts in full if the merchant is unwilling or unable to pay or the deposit does not cover the damages. While we have established financial reserves based on assumptions and estimates that we believe are reasonable to cover such eventualities, these reserves for individual merchants may be insufficient. We may also incur losses from claims that the consumer did not authorize the purchase, from consumer fraud, from erroneous transactions, and as a result of consumers who have closed bank accounts or have insufficient funds in their bank accounts to satisfy payments. In addition, if losses incurred by us related to payment card transactions become excessive, we could lose the ability to process credit card transactions, which would significantly impact our payments business. We have taken measures to detect and reduce the risk of fraud, including underwriting and risk management procedures and processes. These measures need to be continually updated to address emerging means of perpetrating fraud or to accommodate new solution offerings, but the increase in costs could adversely impact our business.

Our Use of Open Source Software May Subject Us to Certain Intellectual Property-Related Claims or Require Us to Re-Engineer Our Software, Which Could Harm Our Business.

We use open source software in connection with our solutions, processes, and technology. Companies that use or incorporate open source software into their solutions have, from time to time, faced claims challenging their use, ownership and/or licensing rights associated with that open source software. As a result, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming certain rights to what we believe to be open source software. Some open source software licenses require users who distribute open source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code in their software and make any derivative works of the open source code available on unfavorable terms or at no cost. In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties, support, or controls with respect to origin of the software. Use of open source software also complicates compliance with export-related laws. While we take measures to protect our use of open source software in our solutions, and comply with applicable laws, open source license terms may be ambiguous, and many of the risks associated with usage of open source software cannot be eliminated. If we were found to have inappropriately used open source software, we may be required to release our proprietary source code, re-engineer our software, discontinue the sale of certain solutions in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis, or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts.

Failure to Protect Our Intellectual Property Rights or Claims by Others That We Infringe Their Intellectual Property Rights Could Substantially Harm Our Business, Financial Position and Results of Operations.

We rely on a combination of trade secret, copyright, trademark, and patent laws in the U.S. and similar laws in other countries, and non-disclosure, confidentiality, and other types of contractual arrangements to establish, maintain, and enforce our intellectual property rights in our solutions. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or misappropriated. Further, our contractual arrangements may not effectively prevent disclosure of our confidential information or provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of our confidential information. Others may independently discover trade secrets and proprietary information, which may complicate our assertion of trade secret rights against such parties. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position. In addition, the laws of certain countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. Therefore, in certain jurisdictions, we may be unable to protect our proprietary technology adequately against unauthorized third party copying or use, which could adversely affect our competitive position.

Although we hold a limited number of patents and patent applications on some of our solutions, we do not rely upon patents as a primary means of protecting our rights in our intellectual property. In any event, there can be no assurance that our patent applications will be approved, any issued patents will adequately protect our intellectual property, or such patents will not be challenged by third parties. Also, much of our business and many of our solutions rely on key technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties at all or on reasonable terms.

Finally, third parties may claim that we, our customers, licensees or other parties indemnified by us are infringing upon their intellectual property rights. Even if we believe that such claims are without merit, they can be time consuming and costly to defend and distract management and technical staff attention and resources. Claims of intellectual property infringement also might require us to redesign affected solutions, enter into costly settlement or license agreements or pay material damage awards, or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing or selling certain of our solutions. Even if we have an agreement to indemnify us against such costs, the indemnifying party may be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. If we cannot or do not license the infringed technology on reasonable pricing terms or at all, or substitute similar technology from another source, our business could be adversely impacted. Our failure to adequately establish, maintain, and protect our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Our Alliances with Strategic Partners Could Put Our Business at Risk if the Partner Does Not Perform as Expected.

We rely on long-term strategic partnerships and alliances with leading industry participants to develop new technologies, deliver large customer implementations and products, and execute strategic growth. If our strategic partners encounter financial or other business difficulties, if their strategic objectives change, or if they no longer perceive us to be an attractive alliance partner, they may no longer desire or be able to participate in our partnerships and alliances. Our business could be hurt if we are unable to continue one or more of our alliances. We participate in large projects where various other companies provide services and products that are integrated into systems to meet customer requirements. If any of the services or products that any other company provides have any defects or problems causing the integrated systems to malfunction or otherwise fail to meet customer requirements, our reputation and business could be harmed.

Risks Related to Our Industry

Our Business is Highly Dependent on the Global Communications Industry.

Since a large percentage of our revenue is generated from customers that operate within the global communications industry, we are highly dependent on the health and the business trends occurring within this industry (in particular for our North American cable and satellite customers). Key factors within this industry that could potentially impact our customers’ businesses, and thus, our business, are as follows:

In addition, changes in demand for traditional services for CSPs are causing them to seek new revenue sources, while also managing their cost structure and quality of service delivery during their business transformation. The result is that many CSPs are delaying investment decisions on legacy systems, directing investment towards internal development and engineering efforts and making investments in new solutions to drive their business forward into new areas. However, cost pressures and/or our ability to develop solutions to meet their future needs may begin to cause a decline in new revenue opportunities and adversely impact our business.

Also, as consolidated entities execute on their revenue and operational synergies, there is generally a slowdown in decision-making on discretionary spending and/or on new business initiatives which could adversely impact our quarterly and annual financial results.

The above industry factors are impacting our customers’ businesses, and thus could cause delays, cancellations/loss of business, and/or downward pricing pressure on our sales and services. This could cause us to either fall short of revenue expectations or have a cost model that is misaligned with revenue.

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We Face Significant Competition in Our Industry.

The market for our solutions is highly competitive. We directly compete with both independent providers and in-house solutions developed by existing and potential customers. In addition, some independent providers are entering into strategic alliances with other independent providers, resulting in either new competitors, or competitors with greater resources. Many of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, marketing, technical, and other competitive resources than our Company, many with significant and well-established domestic and international operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully with our existing competitors or with new competitors.

Risks Related to Laws and Regulations

The Occurrence or Perception of a Security Breach or Disclosure of Confidential Personally Identifiable Information Could Harm Our Business.

In providing solutions to our customers, we transmit, use, store and otherwise process, confidential and personally identifiable information (“PII”) including health, financial, and other personal information. Our treatment of such information is subject to contractual restrictions and federal, state, and foreign data privacy laws and regulations, which continue to evolve resulting in greater scrutiny and regulation over the protection of PII.

In response to these evolving restrictions and regulations (which include, without limitation, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”), the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”), the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”), and other U.S. federal and state financial privacy laws and regulations, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), the South Africa Protection of Personal Information Act (“POPIA”) and the Brazilian General Data Protection Low (“LGPD”)), we have implemented and maintain administrative, technical, and physical security measures and it is our standard practice to contractually require our service providers to whom we disclose data (including PII) to implement and maintain reasonable privacy, data protection, and information security measures, in each case to protect against loss, theft, misuse, or unauthorized access to or disclosure of such information, and otherwise comply with these laws and regulations. These measures include standard industry practices (e.g., payment card industry (“PCI”) requirements), periodic security reviews of our systems by independent parties, secure development practices, network firewalls, policy directives, procedural controls, training of our personnel, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus applications. However, due to the inherent risks and complexities of defending against cybercrime and other information security incidents, these measures may fail to adequately protect this information. Any failure on our part to protect the security and privacy of PII and other confidential information, or otherwise comply with data privacy laws and regulations may subject us to contractual liability and damages, loss of business, damages from individual claimants (including class action litigation), substantial fines/penalties, criminal prosecution, and unfavorable publicity.

Even the mere perception of a security breach or inadvertent disclosure of PII could damage our reputation and inhibit market acceptance of our solutions. In addition, third-party vendors that we engage to perform services for us may unintentionally release PII or otherwise fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations. Under our terms of service and our contracts with customers, if there is a breach of PII that we process, we could be liable to the customer for their losses and related expenses. As new laws and regulations emerge and evolve and as our business continues to expand to include new products and technologies, these risks will likely continue to increase, and our compliance costs are likely to increase substantially as well. Bad actors, individual and State sponsored, will increasingly attempt to compromise our security controls or gain unauthorized access to our, and our customers’, sensitive information and PII. Further, because a significant number of our employees work remotely, these security risks may increase. We have implemented heightened monitoring of our Networks and Systems, but cannot guarantee that our efforts, or those of third parties on whom we rely or with whom we partner, will be successful in preventing any such information security incidents or attacks.

We May Be Subject to Enforcement Actions or Financial Penalties with Payments Regulation in the U.S.

Many states in which we operate have laws that govern payments activities and have implemented various definitions and licensing requirements for entities deemed to be money transmitters, including licensure. We have applied for and been issued money transmitter licenses in a majority of states, and for those states where we have applied and not yet received licensure, we could be subject to enforcement actions and financial penalties and other costs. An enforcement action could result in restrictions on, or a prohibition on engaging in, the business of money transmission in one or more states and it could delay or prevent us from obtaining a money transmitter license in one or more states. Enforcement actions could also result in reputational harm to our business and force us to cease or limit certain aspects of our business or prevent us from growing our business. Further, laws governing payments activities may evolve and changes in such law could affect our ability to provide our solutions or services in the same form and on the same terms as we have historically, or at all.

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There are substantial costs and potential solution changes involved in maintaining such licenses, and we could be subject to fines or other enforcement action if we are found to have violated applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations, including those related to licensing and supervision, anti-money laundering, the Bank Secrecy Act, financial privacy, and cybersecurity and data security. These factors could impose substantial additional costs and involve considerable delay to the development or provision of our solutions or services, or could require significant and costly operational changes or prevent us from providing our solutions or services in a given market. These limitations may adversely affect our ability to grow our business.

We may also be subject to card association and network rules and requirements, and violations of such rules and requirements could result in fines or the inability to use third-party networks to conduct our business.

We Are Subject to Various Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing Laws and Regulations.

We are subject to various anti-money laundering (“AML”) and counter-terrorist financing laws and regulations that prohibit, among other things, our involvement in processing the proceeds of criminal activities. We maintain AML Compliance Policies and Procedures applicable to our payments processing business which policies are intended to comply with any applicable U.S. federal and foreign requirements. The laws or their application, our interpretation of the laws, and/or our services may change so that we could be subject to additional regulation and incur additional costs of compliance. We may not be able to meet additional regulatory requirements or the cost of adhering to such requirements could be substantial or could severely impact our ability to continue to maintain and/or grow our payments processing business or retain merchants or partners. The regulations of other countries and/or any increased compliance costs associated with such regulations, could prevent us from entering new markets for our services.

Our Global Operations Require Us to Comply With Applicable U.S. and International Laws and Regulations.

Doing business on a global basis requires our Company and our subsidiaries to comply with the laws and the regulations of the U.S. government and various international jurisdictions. In addition, the number of countries enacting anti-corruption laws and related enforcement activities is increasing. These regulations place restrictions on our operations, trade practices and trade partners, as such we may face increasing compliance and legal costs in operating our trade compliance program. In particular, our global operations are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption laws and regulations such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), the U.K. Anti-Bribery Act and economic sanction programs administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”).

The FCPA prohibits us from providing anything of value to foreign officials for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business. In addition, the FCPA imposes accounting standards and requirements on publicly traded U.S. corporations and their foreign affiliates, which are intended to prevent the diversion of corporate funds to the payment of bribes and other improper payments, and to prevent the establishment of “off books” slush funds from which such improper payment can be made. As part of our business, we regularly deal with state-owned business enterprises, the employees of which are considered foreign officials for purposes of the FCPA. In addition, some of the international locations in which we operate lack a developed legal system and have higher than normal levels of corruption. We inform our personnel and third-party sales representatives of the requirements of the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws, including, but not limited to their reporting requirements. We have also developed and will continue to develop and implement systems for formalizing contracting processes, performing due diligence on agents and partners while improving our recordkeeping and auditing practices regarding these regulations. However, there is no guarantee that our employees, third-party sales representatives or other agents have not or will not engage in conduct undetected by our processes and for which we might be held responsible under the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws.

Economic sanctions programs restrict our business dealings with certain countries and individuals. As a global provider, we are exposed to a heightened risk of violating OFAC regulations. Violations of these laws and regulations are punishable by civil penalties, including fines, injunctions, asset seizures, debarment from government contracts and revocations or restrictions of licenses, as well as criminal fines and imprisonment. While we actively screen and monitor the global companies and individuals that we do business with, utilizing a risk-based approach, there is no guarantee that we have not or will not, through the lack of accurate information, changing customer business structures, process failure, oversight, or error, have violations occur.

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General Risks

Our Business May be Disrupted and Our Results of Operations and Cash Flows May be Adversely Affected by a Global Pandemic.

The significance of the impact of a global pandemic on our operations depends on numerous evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict or effectively respond to, including, among others:

While we have significant sources of cash and liquidity and access to a committed credit line, a prolonged period of generating lower cash from operations could adversely affect our financial condition and the achievement of our strategic objectives.

Failure to Attract and Retain Our Key Management and Other Highly Skilled Personnel Could Have a Material Adverse Effect on Our Business.

Our future success depends in large part on the continued service of our key management, sales, product development, professional services, and operational personnel. We believe that our future success also depends on our ability to attract and retain a diverse, highly skilled technical, managerial, operational, and sales and marketing personnel, including, in particular, personnel in the areas of R&D, professional services, and technical support. Competition for qualified personnel at times can be intense, particularly in the areas of R&D, conversions, software implementations, and technical support which could lead to increased costs to attract and/or retain personnel. This risk is heightened with a widely dispersed customer base and employee populations, and potential inflationary pressures on wages. For these reasons, we may not be successful in attracting and retaining the personnel we require, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet our commitments and new solution delivery objectives.

Variability of Our Quarterly Revenue and Our Failure to Meet Revenue and Earnings Expectations Would Negatively Affect the Market Price of Our Common Stock.

From time to time, we may experience variability in quarterly revenue and operating results. Common causes of failure to meet revenue and operating profit expectations include, among others:

Should we fail to meet our revenue and earnings expectations of the investment community, by even a relatively small amount, it could have a disproportionately negative impact upon the market price of our common stock.

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Substantial Impairment of Long-lived Assets in the Future May Be Possible.

As a result of various acquisitions and the growth of our Company over the last several years, as of December 31, 2022, we have approximately $244 million of long-lived assets other than goodwill (principally, property and equipment, operating lease right-of-use assets, software, acquired customer contracts, and customer contract costs) and approximately $304 million of goodwill. Long-lived assets are required to be evaluated for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. We utilize our market capitalization, third party valuation and/or cash flow models as the primary basis to estimate the fair value amounts used in our long-lived asset impairment valuations. If an impairment was to be recorded in the future, it could materially impact our results of operations in the period such impairment is recognized, but such an impairment charge would be a non-cash expense, and therefore would have no impact on our current or future cash flows.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

As of December 31, 2022, we were operating in over 25 leased sites around the world, representing approximately 175,000 square feet. In connection with our workplace of the future philosophy, during 2022 we consolidated or closed space at thirteen of our leased real estate locations in Australia, India, Sweden, and the U.S.

Our corporate headquarters is located in Denver, Colorado. In addition, we lease office space in the U.S. in Allen, Texas; Atlanta, Georgia; and Omaha, Nebraska. The leases for these office facilities expire in the years 2023 through 2033. We also operate in leased facilities internationally in Brazil, Canada, Colombia, France, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Malaysia, Mexico, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, South Africa, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, and the U.K. The leases for these international office facilities expire in the years 2023 through 2026. We utilize these office facilities primarily for the following: (i) customer services, training, and support; (ii) product and operations support; (iii) systems and programming activities; (iv) professional services staff; (v) R&D activities; (vi) sales and marketing activities; and (vii) general and administrative functions.

Additionally, we lease three design and delivery centers totaling approximately 330,000 square feet. These facilities are located in: (i) Omaha, Nebraska; (ii) Crawfordville, Florida; and (iii) Fort Worth, Texas. The leases for these facilities expire in the years 2026 through 2029.

We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current needs and that additional suitable space will be available as required. We also believe that we will be able to either: (i) extend our current leases as they terminate; or (ii) find alternative space without experiencing a significant increase in cost. See Note 6 to our Financial Statements for information regarding our obligations under our facility leases.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time-to-time, we are involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business. In the opinion of our management, we are not presently a party to any material pending or threatened legal proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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Executive Officers of the Registrant

As of the date of this filing, our executive officers are Brian A. Shepherd (President and Chief Executive Officer), Hai Tran (Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer), Kenneth M. Kennedy (Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer and President - Revenue Management and Digital Monetization), Elizabeth A. Bauer (Executive Vice President, Chief Experience Officer), Rasmani Bhattacharya (Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer), Chad C. Dunavant (Executive Vice President, Chief Product and Strategy Officer), and David N. Schaaf (Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer).

Brian A. Shepherd

President and Chief Executive Officer

Mr. Shepherd, 55, joined CSG in 2016 and is the President and Chief Executive Officer of CSG. Mr. Shepherd was appointed President and CEO of CSG and a member of our Board in January 2021. He joined the Company in 2016 and before becoming CEO, was Executive Vice President and Group President of CSG, where he led the profit and loss organization for the entire global organization. He also served as Executive Vice President and President of Global Broadband, Cable and Satellite Business from 2016 to 2017, where he focused on accelerating the growth and strategic direction of CSG’s global broadband, cable and direct broadcast satellite business. Mr. Shepherd received his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School and graduated magna cum laude from Wabash College with a B.A. in Economics.

Hai Tran

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Mr. Tran, 53, is Chief Financial Officer of CSG, where he oversees the finance, accounting, treasury, and investor relations functions for the organization. Mr. Tran joined CSG in November 2021 and brings over 30 years of finance and operational experience, having most recently served as President and Chief Operating Officer (2020-2021) and COO and CFO (2015-2020) at SOC Telemed, the largest U.S. provider of acute care telemedicine solutions. Prior to that, he served as Chief Financial Officer at a number of companies including BioScrip, Inc., Harris Healthcare Solutions, and Catalyst Health Solutions. Mr. Tran holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Virginia and an M.B.A from the University of Richmond.

Kenneth M. Kennedy

Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer and President - Revenue Management and Digital Monetization

Mr. Kennedy, 53, is Chief Operating Officer of CSG and President of Revenue Management and Digital Monetization, responsible for driving revenue and creating scalable monetization solutions that help CSG deepen customer relationships. Prior to becoming COO, Mr. Kennedy served as President of Technology and Product, where he oversaw all product management, engineering, platform architecture, and operations across CSG’s solutions portfolio. Mr. Kennedy also served as CSG’s Executive Vice President of Product Development from 2016 to 2017, and as Chief Technology Officer and Senior Vice President of Product Management, Development and Operations from 2006 to 2016. Prior to CSG, Mr. Kennedy was one of the original founders of Telution, where he served as Vice President of Software Development and Professional Services from 1998 to 2006. Before Telution, he worked at Accenture (f.k.a. Andersen Consulting), where he was responsible for developing highly scalable distributed software solutions for the financial services and communications industries. Mr. Kennedy is a member of the TM Forum Beyond Connectivity Council and holds a B.B.A. in Management Information Systems from the University of Notre Dame.

Elizabeth A. Bauer

Executive Vice President and Chief Experience Officer

Ms. Bauer, 60, is Chief Experience Officer of CSG, and is dedicated to delivering a differentiated customer and experiences that focuses on deepening relationships, enhancing engagement, and promoting new growth. Leading all human capital management, marketing and corporate communications, customer centricity, sales enablement, and voice of the customer programs, she continues to evolve and amplify the CSG brand and experience through multiple channels and stakeholders with a commitment to accelerating growth. Ms. Bauer has been instrumental in developing and driving CSG’s business success over the last two decades. Previously Chief Marketing and Customer Officer (2021-2022) and Senior Vice President, Chief Investor Relations, and Communications Officer (2016-2021), her influence has spanned the Company’s growth strategy and the development of CSG’s customer-first, values-based culture. Ms. Bauer has served as a strategic advisor to the Company’s leadership team during key points in CSG’s evolution, including repositioning following an ownership change, executive leadership transitions, and multiple integrations post acquisitions and various new product launches. She brings over 30 years of combined business management, investor relations, and integrated marketing and communications experience, including managing a Midwest-based advertising agency. In addition to her work at CSG, she is a current member of the World 50 CXO 50 community and a founding member of the TM Forum Diversity & Inclusion Council. She served on the board of the National Investor Relations Institute, the founding board of West Denver Preparatory Charter School, and previously chaired the Rocky Mountain WICT Gala. Ms. Bauer holds a B.S.B.A. in Business and Journalism from Creighton University.

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Rasmani Bhattacharya
Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer

Ms. Bhattacharya, 54, is Chief Legal Officer for CSG (since 2022), where she leads the Company’s legal and compliance teams. A results-driven leader with a broad and deep global background, Ms. Bhattacharya has extensive experience in structuring and negotiating complex, multi-jurisdictional transactions supporting business transformations, including joint ventures, corporate restructurings, and strategic partnerships. Previously, from 2015-2017, she served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary at Gates Corporation, where she led a global team responsible for legal, mergers and acquisitions, intellectual property, regulatory, compliance, insurance, and environmental matters worldwide with subsidiaries in over 30 countries. She played a central role in the dual track sale and IPO process of Gates to a private equity investor, as well as the divestiture of all non-core businesses around the world. Ms. Bhattacharya started her career as a corporate lawyer in the Houston office of the law firm of Vinson & Elkins, LLP, where she served a wide variety of clients on their international business transactions. Ms. Bhattacharya holds her B.A in Economics and Foreign Affairs from the University of Virginia and her J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law.

Chad C. Dunavant

Executive Vice President and Chief Product and Strategy Officer

Mr. Dunavant, 46, serves as CSG’s Chief Strategy and Product Officer, responsible for developing, communicating, executing, and sustaining corporate strategic initiatives. Mr. Dunavant has been with CSG for over 20 years, previously as Senior Vice President and Global Head of Product Management, from 2017-2020, where he developed the strategy and direction for CSG’s products and services, ensuring that the Company’s solutions met the current and future needs of a dynamic, global client base. He possesses a wealth of knowledge and experience in developing products for the communications services industry and is a frequent author and speaker on best practices for driving profits in the digital era. Mr. Dunavant holds a B.B.S. in Finance and Management Information Systems from Gonzaga University and received an M.B.A. in International Business from the University of Denver. 

David N. Schaaf

Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer

Mr. Schaaf, 53, is Chief Accounting Officer and Treasurer at CSG. Prior to becoming CAO in 2019, he served as Senior Vice President of Finance and Treasurer and has held numerous other positions within the finance, accounting, treasury, and corporate development areas since he joined the Company in 2002. Mr. Schaaf brings an immense knowledge in accounting, finance, tax, treasury, and mergers and acquisitions to CSG, with a focus in software and technology services. Prior to CSG, he was a corporate and international tax manager with Arthur Andersen LLP and served 13 years in the Army National Guard. Mr. Schaaf is a certified public accountant (inactive) and holds a B.S. in Accounting and Finance and a Masters in Public Accountancy, both from the University of Lincoln-Nebraska.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is listed on NASDAQ under the symbol ‘‘CSGS’’. On January 31, 2023, the number of holders of record of common stock was 123.

Stock Price Performance

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock, the Russell 2000 Index, and our Standard Industrial Classification (“SIC”) Code Index: Computer Processing and Data Preparation and Processing Services during the indicated five-year period. The graph assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2017, in our common stock and in each of the two indexes, and all dividends, if any, were reinvested.

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Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

The following table presents information with respect to purchases of our common stock made during the fourth quarter of 2022 by CSG Systems International, Inc. or any “affiliated purchaser” of CSG Systems International, Inc., as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains a number of forward-looking statements relative to our future plans and our expectations concerning our business and the industries we serve. These forward-looking statements are based on assumptions about a number of important factors and involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from estimates contained in the forward-looking statements. Some of the risks that are foreseen by management are outlined above within Item 1A., “Risk Factors”. Item 1A. constitutes an integral part of this report, and readers are strongly encouraged to review this section closely in conjunction with MD&A.

Acquisition Activity

As discussed in Note 7 to our Financial Statements, during 2021, we completed the following acquisitions: (i) Tango Telecom Limited (“Tango”) in May; (ii) Kitewheel, LLC (“Kitewheel”) in July; (iii) Keydok, LLC in September; and (iv) DGIT Systems Pty Ltd (“DGIT”) in October. Additionally, in July 2021, we obtained a controlling interest in MobileCard Holdings, LLC (“MobileCard”). The results of these businesses are included in our 2021 results of operations from the acquisition date forward. As a result, our year-over-year results of operations may not be comparable between years due to the timing of the transactions. The comparable differences have been described below where relevant or significant.

The 2021 acquired businesses have been operating at a lower operating margin than our organic business operations as time is required to realize the expected synergies, thus, having a dilutive impact on our operating results. In June 2022, our management team, with the support of our Board, decided to dissolve the MobileCard business as it was not meeting its projected targets. See Note 8 to our Financial Statements for further details of the dissolution of MobileCard.

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Management Overview

Results of Operations. A summary of our results of operations for 2022 and 2021, and other key performance metrics are as follows (in thousands, except percentages and per share amounts):

Revenue. Revenue for 2022 was $1,089.8 million, a 4.1% increase when compared to $1,046.5 million for 2021, with the increase primarily attributed to the continued growth of our revenue management solutions, as over three-fourths of the increase was attributed to organic growth.

Operating Results. Operating income for 2022 was $78.7 million, or a 7.2% operating income margin percentage, compared to $124.2 million, or an 11.9% operating income margin percentage for 2021. The decrease in operating income in 2022 can be mainly attributed to the $41.4 million increase in restructuring and reorganization charges related mainly to an operating margin improvement initiative that began in the second quarter of 2022.

Diluted Earnings Per Share (“EPS”). Diluted EPS for 2022 was $1.41 compared to $2.26 for 2021, with the decrease mainly attributed to the increase in restructuring and reorganization charges, discussed further below.

Balance Sheet and Cash Flows. As of December 31, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $150.4 million, compared to $233.7 million as of December 31, 2021. Cash flows from operating activities for 2022 were $63.6 million, compared to $140.2 million for 2021. See the Liquidity section below for further discussion of our cash flows.

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Significant Customer Relationships

A large percentage of our historical revenue has been generated from our two largest customers, which are Charter Communications Inc. (“Charter”) and Comcast Corporation (“Comcast”).

Charter. For 2022 and 2021, revenue from Charter was $221 million, for both periods, representing approximately 20% and 21%, respectively, of our total revenue. Our agreement with Charter runs through December 31, 2027, and will automatically be extended for an additional one-year term, subject to Charter achieving certain conditional processing minimums on July 1, 2027, unless Charter provides us with written notice of non-renewal.

During 2021 and 2022, Charter migrated approximately five million customer accounts and nine million customer accounts, respectively, onto our platforms from a competitor's product, substantially completing the consolidation of Charter's residential and small and medium business internet, video, and landline voice customer accounts.

A copy of the Charter agreement and related amendments, with confidential information redacted, is included in the exhibits to this Form 10-K.

Comcast. For 2022 and 2021, revenue from Comcast was $214 million and $216 million, respectively, representing approximately 20% and 21% of our total revenue. Our agreement with Comcast runs through December 31, 2024 for processing and other related solutions, and through December 31, 2025 for print and mail services for residential customer accounts, with the option to extend the processing agreement for an additional one-year term.

A copy of the Comcast agreement and related amendments, with confidential information redacted, is included in the exhibits to this Form 10-K.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is included in the following captions in our Income Statements as follows (in thousands):

The increase in stock-based compensation expense between years is mainly due to: (i) our 2022 awards having a higher grant date fair value and the time-based awards having a three-year vest term (as compared to previous grants having a four-year vest term); (ii) the full year impact of performance-based awards issued in the fourth quarter of 2021; and (iii) our 2021 performance-based awards tracking above their performance objectives.

See Notes 2 and 13 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of our stock-based compensation expense.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of our Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires us to select appropriate accounting policies, and to make judgments and estimates affecting the application of those accounting policies. In applying our accounting policies, different business conditions or the use of different assumptions may result in materially different amounts reported in our Financial Statements.

We have identified the most critical accounting policies that affect our financial position and the results of our operations. These critical accounting policies were determined by considering our accounting policies that involve the most complex or subjective decisions or assessments. Our most critical accounting policies identified relate to: (i) revenue recognition; (ii) impairment assessments of long-lived assets; (iii) income taxes; and (iv) loss contingencies. These critical accounting policies, as well as our other significant accounting policies, are disclosed in the notes to our Financial Statements.

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Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized upon conclusion that a contract with a customer exists. Such conclusion is made by us when the contract is legally enforceable and certain criteria, including collectability, are met. In making our determination of collectability, we consider a number of factors depending upon the specific aspects of an arrangement, which may include, but is not limited to, the following items: (i) an assessment of the customer’s specific credit worthiness, evidenced by its current financial position and/or recent operating results, credit ratings, and/or a bankruptcy filing status (as applicable); (ii) the customer’s current accounts receivable status and/or its historical payment patterns with us (as applicable); (iii) the economic condition of the industry in which the customer conducts the majority of its business; and/or (iv) the economic conditions and/or political stability of the country or region in which the customer is domiciled and/or conducts the majority of its business. The evaluation of these factors, and the ultimate determination of collectability, requires significant judgments to be made by us. Our judgments could have a significant effect to the amount and timing of revenue recognized in any period.

Our contracts with customers include SaaS based revenue management platform arrangements, managed services arrangements, SaaS payments platform arrangements, software license and service arrangements, professional services arrangements, and bundled service arrangements. The revenue recognition policies that involve the most complex and subjective decisions or assessments that may have a material impact on our operations relate to the accounting for revenue management platform arrangements, software license and service arrangements, and bundled service arrangements.

Our SaaS based revenue management platform arrangements are complex agreements that typically include multiple performance obligations. Key factors considered in accounting for these arrangements include the following criteria: (i) identification of performance obligations within the contract; (ii) determination of the transaction price given the variable nature of the consideration, if any, and significance of the consideration; (iii) determination of stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation and the allocation of value between the performance obligations; and (iv) calculation of revenue recognized in each period. The evaluation of these factors and ultimate revenue recognition decision requires significant judgements to be made by us. Depending on the significance of variable consideration, if any, number of solutions/services, complex pricing structures and long-term nature of these types of contracts, our judgements and estimates made in this area could have a significant effect on the amount and timing of revenue recognized in any period. In addition, certain solutions and arrangements require us to assess whether we are a principal to the transaction (gross revenue) or an agent to the transaction (net revenue). Such assessments can have a significant effect on the amount of total revenue recognized.

Our software license, maintenance and other professional services arrangements may include multiple performance obligations which may be complex and require considerable judgement. Key factors considered in accounting for these arrangements include the following criteria: (i) identification of performance obligations within the contract; (ii) assessment of whether services included in the arrangement represent significant production, modification or customization of the software (as applicable), such that the delivery of the software license and other professional services required to implement the software represent one combined performance obligation; (iii) determination of the transaction price for the contract as these types of arrangements may include both fixed and variable consideration; (iv) determination of stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation including the allocation of value between performance obligations; and (v) estimates to measure progress for delivery.

The evaluation of these factors and ultimate revenue recognition decision requires significant judgements to be made by us. We generally determine stand-alone selling prices using pricing calculations (which include regional market factors) for our software license fees and maintenance, and cost-plus margins for services. The pricing calculations can be complex and require estimates based on volumes. Additionally, our use of an hours-based method of accounting for software license and other professional services performance obligations that are satisfied over time requires estimates of total project revenue and costs, along with the expected hours necessary to complete a project. Changes in estimates as a result of additional information as work progresses on a project are inherent characteristics of this method of revenue recognition as we are exposed to business risks in completing these types of performance obligations. The estimation process to support our hours-based recognition method is more difficult for projects of greater length and/or complexity. Our judgments and estimates could: (i) have a significant effect on revenue recognized in any period by changing the amount and/or the timing of the revenue recognized; and/or (ii) impact the expected profitability of a project, including whether an overall loss on an arrangement has occurred.

Our contracts are subject to modification via amendment, change requests, and/or statement of works. Such modifications may occur frequently. The accounting for contract modifications is complex and requires significant judgements to be made by us as to whether the contract modification is treated as either a separate contract or part of the existing contract. Our judgements could have a significant effect on the revenue recognized in any period by changing the amount and/or timing of the revenue recognized.

Our contracts typically include service level agreements or other incentives which may result in refunds or credits to our customers. Failure to meet service level standards under the terms of the contract represent adjustments to the overall consideration (reductions in revenue) and may need to be estimated at the outset of the arrangement as part of the overall variable consideration. Such estimates require significant judgement by us and may impact the amount and/or timing of the revenue recognized.

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Impairment Assessments of Long-Lived Assets. Long-lived assets relate primarily to property and equipment, operating lease right-of-use assets, software, acquired customer contracts, and customer contract costs. These assets are required to be evaluated for possible impairment as events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. A long-lived asset (or group of long-lived assets) is impaired if estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with that asset, without consideration of interest, are insufficient to recover the carrying amount of the long-lived asset. Once deemed impaired, even if by $1, the long-lived asset is written down to its fair value which could be considerably less than the carrying amount or future undiscounted cash flows. The determination of estimated future cash flows and, if required, the determination of the fair value of a long-lived asset, are by their nature, highly subjective judgments. Changes to one or more of the assumptions utilized in such an analysis could materially affect our impairment conclusions for long-lived assets.

Income Taxes. We are required to estimate our income tax liability in each jurisdiction in which we operate, including U.S. federal, state, and foreign income taxes.

Various judgments are required in evaluating our income tax positions and determining our provisions for income taxes. We regularly assess the likelihood of the future realization of our deferred income tax assets. To the extent we believe that it is not more likely than not that a deferred income tax asset will be realized, a valuation allowance is established. During the ordinary course of our business, there are certain transactions and calculations for which the ultimate income tax determination may be uncertain. In addition, we may be subject to examination of our income tax returns by various tax authorities which could result in adverse outcomes. For these reasons, we establish a liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits based on estimates of whether additional taxes and interest may be due. We adjust this liability based upon changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, the closing of a tax year upon the expiration of a statute of limitations, or the refinement of an estimate. Should any of the factors considered in determining the adequacy of this liability change significantly, an adjustment to the liability may be necessary. Due to the potential significance of these issues, such an adjustment could be material.

One of the more complex items within our income tax expense is the determination of our annual research and experimentation income tax credit (“R&D tax credit”). We have incurred approximately $120 - $140 million annually in R&D expense over the last three years. The calculation of the R&D tax credit involves the identification of qualifying projects, as well as an estimation of the qualifying costs for such projects. Due to the size, nature, and the number of projects worked on in any given year, the calculation can become complex and certain judgments are necessary in determining the amount of the R&D tax credits claimed.

Loss Contingencies. In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to potential claims related to various items including but not limited to the following: (i) legal and regulatory matters; (ii) vendor contracts; (iii) solution and service delivery matters; and (iv) labor matters. Accounting and disclosure requirements for loss contingencies requires us to assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments in or range of potential outcomes for these matters. A determination of the amount of reserves for such contingencies, if any, is based on an analysis of the issues, often with the assistance of legal counsel. The evaluation of such issues, and our ultimate accounting and disclosure decisions, are by their nature, subject to various estimates and highly subjective judgments. Should any of the factors considered in determining the adequacy of any required reserves change significantly, an adjustment to the reserves may be necessary. Due to the potential significance of these issues, such an adjustment could be material.

Detailed Discussion of Results of Operations

The following discussion includes a comparison of our results of operations and liquidity for 2022 compared to 2021. For a discussion of the 2021 compared to 2020, please refer to Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on February 18, 2022.

Total Revenue. Total revenue for 2022 was $1,089.8 million, a 4.1% increase when compared to $1,046.5 million for 2021. The increase in total revenue can be primarily attributed to the continued growth of our revenue management solutions, as over three-fourths of the increase was attributed to organic growth. This resulted mainly from increased payments volumes, conversions of customer accounts onto our solutions, other ancillary services, and increased revenue related to implementation projects. During 2022, we successfully converted onto our solutions approximately six million Charter customer accounts in June and an additional three million Charter customer accounts in November.

We use the location of the customer as the basis of attributing revenue to individual countries and corresponding geographic region. Revenue by geographic region for 2022 and 2021 was as follows (in thousands):

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Total Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses for 2022 increased 9.6% to $1,011.0 million, from $922.3 million for 2021. The increase in operating expenses can mainly be attributed to increased restructuring and reorganization costs, discussed below, the full-year impact of the additional expenses from the 2021 acquired businesses, inflationary and supply-chain pressures, increased staffing related to recently closed large deals and future projects, and increased travel expenses.

Cost of Revenue (Exclusive of Depreciation). Our cost of revenue consist principally of the following: (i) computing capacity and network communications costs; (ii) statement production costs (e.g., labor, paper, envelopes, equipment, equipment maintenance, etc.); (iii) transaction fees, which are primarily comprised of fees paid to third-party payment processors and financial institutions and interchange fees; (iv) customer support organizations (e.g., our customer support call center, account management, etc.); (v) professional services organization; (vi) various product delivery and support organizations (e.g., managed services delivery, product management, product maintenance, etc.); (vii) third-party software costs and/or royalties related to certain software products; (viii) facilities and infrastructure costs related to the statement production and support organizations; and (ix) amortization of acquired intangibles. The costs related to new solution development (including significant enhancements to existing products and services) are included in R&D expense.

The cost of revenue for 2022 increased 4.0% to $565.2 million, from $543.2 million for 2021, reflective of the increase in revenue year-over-year, and can be mainly attributed to higher employee-related costs, including the full-year impact of the increased staffing from the 2021 acquired businesses. Total cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue for 2022 and 2021 was 51.9%, for both periods.

R&D Expense (Exclusive of Depreciation). R&D expense for 2022 was $137.9 million, a 2.4% increase when compared to $134.7 million for 2021, with the increase mainly attributed to the R&D activities of the 2021 acquired businesses.

Our R&D efforts are focused on the continued evolution of our solutions that enable our customers worldwide to provide a more personalized customer experience while introducing new digital solutions. This includes the continued investment in our products and integration of the recently acquired assets into our solutions.

As a percentage of total revenue, R&D expense for 2022 and 2021 was 12.7% and 12.9%, respectively. We anticipate the level of R&D investment in the near-term to be relatively consistent with 2022.

SG&A Expense (Exclusive of Depreciation). SG&A expense for 2022 increased 10.9% to $238.0 million, from $214.7 million for 2021. The increase in SG&A expense between 2022 and 2021 is primarily due to increases in employee-related costs, to include wage inflation, stock-based compensation, and travel expense; and increased investments in items such as cyber-security, ESG and DE&I initiatives. As a percentage of total revenue, SG&A expense for 2022 and 2021 was 21.8% and 20.5%, respectively.

Depreciation Expense. Depreciation expense for all property and equipment is reflected separately from cost of revenue and the other components of operating expenses. Depreciation expense for 2022 was $23.6 million, a 4.8% decrease from $24.8 million for 2021. As a result of our office space consolidation undertaken as part of our flexible work approach during 2022, we incurred $4.4 million of accelerated depreciation related to leasehold improvements and machinery and equipment, which was recorded to restructuring and reorganization charges, discussed below.

Restructuring and Reorganization Charges. In 2022 and 2021, we implemented cost reduction and efficiency initiatives that resulted in restructuring and reorganization charges of $46.3 million and $4.9 million, respectively. The restructuring and reorganization charges for 2022 relate mainly to the following:

See Note 8 to our Financial Statements for additional information regarding these initiatives.

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Operating Income. Operating income and operating income margin for 2022 was $78.7 million, or 7.2% of total revenue, compared to $124.2 million, or 11.9% of total revenue for 2021. The decrease in operating income in 2022 can be mainly attributed to the increase in restructuring and reorganization charges related mainly to an operating margin improvement initiative that began in the second quarter of 2022, and to a lesser degree, an increase in SG&A expense, discussed above.

Interest Expense and Amortization of Original Issue Discount (“OID”). Our interest expense relates primarily to our 2016 Convertible Notes and our 2021 Credit Agreement. Interest expense for 2022 was $16.4 million, a 12.8% increase from $14.6 million for 2021, with the increase due to us having a higher average debt balance outstanding during 2022 and increasing interest rates in 2022 as compared to 2021.

See Note 5 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of our long-term debt, to include the non-cash interest expense related to the amortization of the OID related to our 2016 Convertible Notes.

Loss on Derivative Liability Upon Debt Conversion. In March 2022, we settled our 2016 Convertible Notes for approximately $242 million in cash. As a result of the conversion of the 2016 Convertible Notes, we recognized a $7.5 million loss on a derivative liability related to the change in our stock price over the observation period prior to settlement.

See Note 5 to our Financial Statements for further discussion.

Other, net. Other, net for 2022 was $5.0 million of other income, an $11.0 million change when compared to $6.0 million of other expense for 2021. The other income in 2022 is primarily the result of foreign currency transaction gains due to the continued strengthening of the U.S. dollar. The other expense in 2021 is primarily related to obtaining control of MobileCard at which time, the fair value of our pre-existing equity investment was remeasured, resulting in a $6.2 million non-cash loss as of the acquisition date (see Note 7 to our Financial Statements).

Income Tax Provision. Our effective income tax rates for 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Liquidity

Cash and Liquidity. As of December 31, 2022, our principal sources of liquidity included cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $150.4 million, compared to $233.7 million as of December 31, 2021. We generally invest our excess cash balances in low-risk, short-term investments to limit our exposure to market and credit risks.

As part of our 2021 Credit Agreement, we have a $450.0 million senior secured revolving loan facility with a syndicate of financial institutions that expires in September 2026, the 2021 Revolver. As of December 31, 2022, we had $275.0 million outstanding on the 2021 Revolver. In January 2023 we borrowed an additional $15.0 million under the 2021 Revolver and currently have $160.0 million available to us. The 2021 Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative, negative, and financial covenants. As of December 31, 2022, and the date of this filing, we believe we are in compliance with the provisions of the 2021 Credit Agreement.

Our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investment balances as of the end of the indicated periods were located in the following geographical regions (in thousands):

We generally have ready access to substantially all of our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investment balances, but may face limitations on moving cash out of certain foreign jurisdictions due to currency controls and potential negative economic consequences.

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As of December 31, 2022, we had $1.0 million of cash restricted as to use primarily to collateralize guarantees and outstanding letters of credit included in our total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments balance. In addition, we had $238.7 million of settlement and merchant reserve assets which are deemed restricted due to contractual restrictions with the merchants and restrictions arising from our policy and intention. It has historically been our policy to segregate settlement and merchant reserve assets from our operating cash balances and we intend to continue to do so.

Cash Flows From Operating Activities. We calculate our cash flows from operating activities beginning with net income, adding back the impact of non-cash items or non-operating activity (e.g., depreciation, amortization, amortization of OID, impairments, gain/loss from debt extinguishments/conversions, unrealized foreign currency transactions gain/loss, deferred income taxes, stock-based compensation, etc.), and then factoring in the impact of changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Our primary source of cash is from our operating activities. Our current business model consists of a significant amount of recurring revenue sources related to our long-term revenue management solutions and managed services arrangements (primarily billed monthly), payments transaction services (primarily billed monthly), and software maintenance agreements (which may be billed monthly, quarterly, or annually). This recurring revenue base provides us with a reliable and predictable source of cash. In addition, software license fees and professional services revenue are sources of cash, but the payment streams for these items are less predictable.

The primary use of our cash is to fund our operating activities. Over half of our total operating costs relate to labor costs (both employees and contracted labor) for the following: (i) compensation; (ii) related fringe benefits; (iii) incentive compensation; and (iv) reimbursements for travel and entertainment expenses. Other operating expenses consist of: (i) computing capacity and related services and communication lines for our outsourced cloud-based business; (ii) paper, envelopes, and related supplies for our statement processing solutions; (iii) transaction fees paid in conjunction with the delivery of services under our payment services contracts; (iv) hardware and software maintenance; and (v) rent and related facility costs. These items are purchased under a variety of both short-term and long-term contractual commitments. A discussion of our material contractual obligations is provided below.

Our 2022 and 2021 net cash flows from operating activities, broken out between operations and changes in operating assets and liabilities, for the indicated quarterly periods are as follows (in thousands):

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Variations in our net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities are generally related to the changes in our operating assets and liabilities (related mostly to fluctuations in timing at quarter-end of customer payments and changes in accrued expenses), and generally over longer periods of time, do not significantly impact our cash flows from operations.

Significant fluctuations in key operating assets and liabilities between 2022 and 2021 that impacted our cash flows from operating activities are as follows:

Billed Trade Accounts Receivable

Management of our trade billed accounts receivable is one of the primary factors in maintaining strong cash flows from operating activities. These balances include significant billings for several non-revenue items (primarily postage, sales tax, and deferred revenue items). As a result, we evaluate our performance in collecting our billed trade accounts receivable through our calculation of Days Billings Outstanding (“DBO”) rather than a typical Days Sales Outstanding (“DSO”) calculation.

Our gross and net billed trade accounts receivable and related allowance for doubtful accounts receivable (“Allowance”) as of the end of the indicated quarterly periods, and the related DBOs for the quarters then ended, are as follows (in thousands, except DBOs):

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately 94% and 96%, respectively, of our billed trade accounts receivable balances were less than 60 days past due.

We may experience adverse impacts to our DBOs if and when customer payment delays occur. However, these recurring monthly payments that cross a reporting period-end do not raise collectability concerns, as payment is generally received subsequent to quarter-end. All other changes in our gross and net billed accounts receivable reflect the normal fluctuations in the timing of customer payments at quarter-end, as evidenced by our relatively consistent DBO metric.

As a global provider of solutions and services, a portion of our billed trade accounts receivable balance relates to international customers. This diversity in the geographic composition of our customer base may adversely impact our DBOs as longer billing cycles (i.e., billing terms and cash collection cycles) are an inherent characteristic of international software and professional services transactions. For example, our ability to invoice and collect arrangement fees may be dependent upon, among other things: (i) the completion of various customer administrative matters, local country billing protocols and processes (including local cultural differences), and non-customer administrative matters; (ii) meeting certain contractual invoicing milestones; (iii) the overall project status in certain situations in which we act as a subcontractor to another vendor on a project; or (iv) due to currency controls in certain foreign jurisdictions.

Unbilled Trade Accounts Receivable

Unbilled trade accounts receivable increased $17.0 million to $52.8 million as of December 31, 2022, from $35.8 million as of December 31, 2021, due primarily to large implementation projects where various milestone and contractual billing dates have not yet been reached or delayed. Unbilled trade accounts receivable are an inherent characteristic of certain software and services transactions and may fluctuate between quarters, as these types of transactions typically have scheduled invoicing terms over several quarters, as well as certain milestone billing events.

Income Taxes Payable/Receivable

Net income taxes payable/receivable (current and non-current) as of December 31, 2022 was a net income taxes payable balance of $7.6 million, compared to a net income taxes receivable balance of $2.0 million as of December 31, 2021. This net $9.6 million change is primarily due to the timing of our estimated Federal and state income tax payments.

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Accrued Employee Compensation

Accrued employee compensation decreased $22.8 million to $68.3 million as of December 31, 2022, from $91.1 million as of December 31, 2021, due primarily to the payment of the 2021 year-end accrued incentive compensation in 2022, lower incentive-compensation accruals in 2022, and the final payment of the deferred 2020 social security payments in 2022.

Cash Flows From Investing Activities. Our typical investing activities consist of purchases and sales of short-term investments and purchases of software, property and equipment, which are discussed below. Additionally, during 2021, we made cash payments of $63.6 million related to acquisitions of and investments in businesses (see Note 7 to our Financial Statements). All of these activities are included in our cash flows from investing activities.

Purchases/Sales of Short-Term Investments

During 2022 and 2021 we purchased zero and $67.0 million, respectively, and sold or had mature $28.0 million and $90.5 million, respectively, of short-term investments. We continually evaluate the possible uses of our excess cash balances and will likely purchase and sell additional short-term investments in the future.

Purchases of Software, Property and Equipment

Our annual capital expenditures for software, property and equipment for 2022 and 2021 were $37.0 million and $26.6 million, respectively. Our capital expenditures for these periods consisted principally of investments in: (i) computer hardware; (ii) software and related equipment; and (iii) statement production equipment and infrastructure.

Cash Flows From Financing Activities. Our financing activities typically consist of various debt-related transactions and activities with our common stock, which are discussed below.

Issuance of Common Stock

Proceeds from the issuance of common stock for 2022 and 2021 were $3.0 million and $2.6 million, respectively, and relate primarily to our employee stock purchase plan.

Cash Dividends Paid on Common Stock

During 2022 and 2021, the Board approved dividend payments totaling $33.7 million and $32.7 million, respectively. During 2022 and 2021, we paid dividends of $33.5 million and $32.6 million, respectively, with the differences between the amount approved and paid attributed to dividends accrued on unvested incentive shares that are paid upon vesting.

Repurchase of Common Stock

During 2022 and 2021 we repurchased approximately 1,498,000 shares and 733,000 shares of our common stock under the guidelines of our Stock Repurchase Program for $87.9 million and $36.0 million, respectively.

Additionally, outside of our Stock Repurchase Program, during 2022 and 2021, we repurchased from our employees and then canceled approximately 138,000 shares and 130,000 shares, of our common stock for $8.7 million and $6.3 million, respectively, in connection with minimum tax withholding requirements resulting from the vesting of restricted stock under our stock incentive plans.

Through December 31, 2022 and 2021, we have paid $96.7 million and $42.3 million, respectively, for our total repurchases of common stock, with any differences when compared to the amounts purchased attributed to the timing of the settlement.

Deferred Acquisition Payments

During 2022 we made deferred acquisition payments related to our Kitewheel and DGIT acquisitions of $2.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

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Long-Term Debt

During 2022, we borrowed $245.0 million from our 2021 Revolver to settle our 2016 Convertible Notes for $242.3 million, and $45.0 million for general corporate purposes.

In 2021, we refinanced our 2018 Credit Agreement and as a result, we repaid the outstanding principal balance of $120.0 million and borrowed $150.0 million under the 2021 Credit Agreement, resulting in a net increase of available cash of $30.0 million. As part of the refinancing, we paid $3.0 million of deferred financing costs.

Additionally, during 2022 and 2021 we made principal repayments of $7.5 million and $8.4 million, respectively, and during 2022 we paid $15.0 million on our 2021 Revolver balance.

See Note 5 to our Financial Statements for additional discussion of our long-term debt.

Settlement and Merchant Reserve Activity

During 2022 and 2021, we had net settlement and merchant reserve activity of $52.7 million and $20.3 million, respectively, related to the cash collected, held on behalf, and paid to our merchants related to our payments services and the net change in deposits held on behalf of our merchants.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments and Contingencies

We have various contractual obligations that are recorded as liabilities in our Balance Sheets. Other items, such as certain purchase commitments and other executory contracts, are not recognized as liabilities in our Balance Sheets but are required to be disclosed.

Our 2021 Credit Agreement includes the mandatory quarterly amortization payments on the term loan, interest payments throughout the life of the term loan, interest payments on the used balance of the revolver, and a commitment fee on the unused balance of the revolver. As of December 31, 2022, the outstanding balance on our 2021 Term Loan was $140.6 million and on our 2021 Revolver was $275.0 million. In January 2023, we borrowed an additional $15.0 million on our 2021 Revolver bringing our outstanding balance to $290.0 million. Our estimated interest for our 2021 Credit Agreement over the remaining life of the loan includes: (i) approximately $31 million for our 2021 Term Debt; (ii) approximately $61 million for our 2021 Revolver; and (iii) approximately $1 million for the commitment fee. These amounts are based on the current leverage ratio and LIBOR rates and assumes that for the 2021 Revolver, no further amounts are borrowed, $45.0 million is repaid in the next twelve months, and $245.0 million remains outstanding for the duration of the loan.

Our long-term debt obligations are discussed in more detail in Note 5 to our Financial Statements.

Our operating leases are discussed in Note 6 to our Financial Statements. As of December 31, 2022, the value of our obligations under our real estate and equipment leases was approximately $67 million.

Our purchase obligations consist primarily of our expected minimum base fees under our outsourced computing service agreement with Ensono, Inc., which includes embedded lease components (discussed in Notes 6 and 11 to our Financial Statements). As of December 31, 2022, the total value of our purchase obligations related to Ensono, Inc. was approximately $149 million.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Our off-balance sheet arrangements are mainly limited to money transmitter bonds and performance bonds. These arrangements do not have a material impact and are not reasonably likely to have a material future impact to our financial condition, results of operation, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources. See Note 11 to our Financial Statements for additional information on these guarantees.

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Capital Resources

The following are the key items to consider in assessing our sources and uses of capital resources:

Current Sources of Capital Resources. Below are the key items to consider in assessing our current sources of capital resources:

Uses/Potential Uses of Capital Resources. Below are the key items to consider in assessing our uses/potential uses of capital resources:

Under our Stock Repurchase Program, we may repurchase shares in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, including through an accelerated stock repurchase plan or under a SEC Rule 10b5-1 plan. The actual timing and amount of share repurchases are dependent on the current market conditions and other business-related factors. Our common stock repurchases are discussed in more detail in Note 12 to our Financial Statements.

During 2022, we repurchased 1,498,000 shares of our common stock for $87.9 million (weighted-average price of $58.71 per share) under our Stock Repurchase Program.

Outside of our Stock Repurchase Program, during 2022, we repurchased from our employees and then cancelled 138,000 shares of our common stock for $8.7 million in connection with minimum tax withholding requirements resulting from the vesting of restricted stock under our stock incentive plans.

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Our acquisitions are discussed in more detail in Note 7 to our Financial Statements. As part of our growth strategy, we are continually evaluating potential business and/or asset acquisitions and investments in market share expansion with our existing and potential new customers and expansion into verticals outside the global communications market.

The stock warrants are discussed in more detail in Note 12 to our Financial Statements.

Our 2021 Credit Agreement mandatory repayments for the next twelve months are $7.5 million and the cash interest expense (based upon current interest rates) for the 2021 Term Loan and 2021 Revolver (to include an additional $15.0 million that was borrowed in January 2023, assuming no further amounts are borrowed, and the amount is not repaid) are $8.9 million and $18.6 million, respectively. We have the ability to make prepayments without penalties on our 2021 Credit Agreement.

Our long-term debt obligations are discussed in more detail in Note 5 to our Financial Statements.

In summary, we expect to continue to have material needs for capital resources going forward, as noted above. We believe that our current cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments balances and our 2021 Revolver, together with cash expected to be generated in the future from our current operating activities, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated capital resource requirements for at least the next twelve months. We believe we could obtain additional capital through other debt sources which may be available to us if deemed appropriate.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices. As of December 31, 2022, we are exposed to various market risks, including changes in interest rates, fluctuations and changes in the market value of our cash equivalents and short-term investments, and changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We have not historically entered into derivatives or other financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

Long-Term Debt. The interest rates on our 2021 Credit Agreement are based upon an adjusted LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin, or an alternate base rate ("ABR") plus an applicable margin. The 2021 Credit Agreement includes LIBOR transition language in which we can elect an ABR, a Eurodollar rate, an alternate currency term rate, or an alternate currency daily rate. See Note 5 to our Financial Statements for further details related to our long-term debt.

A hypothetical adverse change of 10% in the December 31, 2022 adjusted LIBOR rate would not have a material impact upon our results of operations.

Market Risk

Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments. Our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $150.4 million and $205.6 million, respectively. Certain of our cash balances are swept into overnight money market accounts on a daily basis, and at times, any excess funds are invested in low-risk, somewhat longer term, cash equivalent instruments and short-term investments. Our cash equivalents are invested primarily in institutional money market funds, commercial paper, and time deposits held at major banks. We have minimal market risk for our cash and cash equivalents due to the relatively short maturities of the instruments.

Our short-term investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $0.1 million and $28.0 million, respectively. Currently, we utilize short-term investments as a means to invest our excess cash only in the U.S. The day-to-day management of our short-term investments is performed by a large financial institution in the U.S., using strict and formal investment guidelines approved by our Board. Under these guidelines, short-term investments are limited to certain acceptable investments with: (i) a maximum maturity; (ii) a maximum concentration and diversification; and (iii) a minimum acceptable credit quality. At this time, we believe we have minimal liquidity risk associated with the short-term investments included in our portfolio.

Settlement and Merchant Reserve Assets. We are exposed to market risk associated with cash held on behalf of our merchants related to our payment processing services. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had $238.7 million and $186.3 million, respectively, of cash collected on behalf of our merchants. The cash is held in accounts with various major financial institutions in the U.S. and Canada in an amount equal to at least 100% of the aggregate amount owed to our merchants. These balances can significantly fluctuate between periods due to activity at the end of the period and the day in which the period ends.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Due to foreign operations around the world, our balance sheet and income statement are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk due to the fluctuations in the value of currencies in which we conduct business. While we attempt to maximize natural hedges by incurring expenses in the same currency in which we contract revenue, the related expenses for that revenue could be in one or more differing currencies than the revenue stream.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we generated approximately 88% of our revenue in U.S. dollars. We expect that, in the foreseeable future, we will continue to generate a very large percentage of our revenue in U.S. dollars.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the carrying amounts of our monetary assets and monetary liabilities on the books of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in currencies denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of those non-U.S. subsidiaries are as follows (in thousands, in U.S. dollar equivalents):

A hypothetical adverse change of 10% in the December 31, 2022 exchange rates would not have had a material impact upon our results of operations.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

INDEX

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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management of CSG Systems International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).

Based on our assessment, management believes that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022.

The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. That report appears immediately following.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
CSG Systems International, Inc.:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited CSG Systems International, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 17, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Omaha, Nebraska
February 17, 2023

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
CSG Systems International, Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CSG Systems International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 17, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Agreements with significant customers

As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company generated 40% of its revenue from its two largest customers (significant customers). The agreements with these significant customers are complex and subject to modification in the form of amendments, change requests, or statements of work, which can occur frequently. The accounting for these agreements requires significant judgments to be made by the Company, specifically whether a new or revised agreement is treated as either a separate contract or modification of an existing contract. The judgments could significantly affect revenue recognized in any period.

We identified the evaluation of agreements with significant customers as a critical audit matter. Due to the subjectivity and complexity in the application of the portion of the accounting standard related to contract modifications, the assessment of the Company’s judgments regarding whether each new or revised agreement is treated as a separate contract or modification of an existing contract required a higher degree of auditor judgment.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s revenue recognition process. This included controls over monitoring and evaluating agreements with significant customers. For certain new or revised agreements with significant customers, we obtained and read the agreement, performed an independent analysis of the accounting treatment as a separate contract or modification of an existing contract, and compared our conclusions to those made by the Company.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

Omaha, Nebraska
February 17, 2023

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CSG SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except per share amounts)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.