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CULLEN/FROST BANKERS, INC. - Quarter Report: 2016 September (Form 10-Q)

Table of Contents

United States
Securities and Exchange Commission
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q
ý Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period ended: September 30, 2016
Or
¨ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from                    to
Commission file number: 001-13221
Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Texas
74-1751768
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
100 W. Houston Street, San Antonio, Texas
78205
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip code)
(210) 220-4011
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer
ý
Accelerated filer
¨
Non-accelerated filer
¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company
¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ¨    No  ý
As of October 20, 2016 there were 62,959,854 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $.01 par value, outstanding.


Table of Contents

Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
September 30, 2016
Table of Contents
 
Page
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Item 3.
Item 4.
 
 
 
 
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.
 
 
 

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Table of Contents

Part I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
 
September 30,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
Assets:
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks
$
563,835

 
$
532,824

Interest-bearing deposits
3,396,686

 
2,991,782

Federal funds sold and resell agreements
34,867

 
66,917

Total cash and cash equivalents
3,995,388

 
3,591,523

Securities held to maturity, at amortized cost
2,264,460

 
2,663,009

Securities available for sale, at estimated fair value
10,162,826

 
9,206,358

Trading account securities
25,699

 
16,579

Loans, net of unearned discounts
11,581,410

 
11,486,531

Less: Allowance for loan losses
(149,773
)
 
(135,859
)
Net loans
11,431,637

 
11,350,672

Premises and equipment, net
564,372

 
559,124

Goodwill
654,668

 
654,668

Other intangible assets, net
6,931

 
8,800

Cash surrender value of life insurance policies
176,963

 
175,191

Accrued interest receivable and other assets
319,968

 
340,018

Total assets
$
29,602,912

 
$
28,565,942

 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
Deposits:
 
 
 
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits
$
10,280,060

 
$
10,270,233

Interest-bearing deposits
14,827,488

 
14,073,362

Total deposits
25,107,548

 
24,343,595

Federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements
804,302

 
893,522

Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures, net of unamortized issuance costs
136,112

 
136,069

Other long-term borrowings, net of unamortized issuance costs
99,960

 
99,870

Accrued interest payable and other liabilities
293,194

 
202,543

Total liabilities
26,441,116

 
25,675,599

 
 
 
 
Shareholders’ Equity:
 
 
 
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; 10,000,000 shares authorized; 6,000,000 Series A shares ($25 liquidation preference) issued at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015
144,486

 
144,486

Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 210,000,000 shares authorized; 63,632,464 shares issued at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015
637

 
637

Additional paid-in capital
905,348

 
897,350

Retained earnings
1,942,561

 
1,845,188

Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax
215,513

 
113,863

Treasury stock, at cost; 741,210 shares at September 30, 2016 and 1,650,131 shares at December 31, 2015
(46,749
)
 
(111,181
)
Total shareholders’ equity
3,161,796

 
2,890,343

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
$
29,602,912

 
$
28,565,942

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


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Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Income
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Interest income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans, including fees
$
114,368

 
$
111,087

 
$
340,303

 
$
324,858

Securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Taxable
25,897

 
27,518

 
77,402

 
85,607

Tax-exempt
53,065

 
49,518

 
154,308

 
144,117

Interest-bearing deposits
4,111

 
1,937

 
11,366

 
5,743

Federal funds sold and resell agreements
48

 
28

 
165

 
69

Total interest income
197,489

 
190,088

 
583,544

 
560,394

Interest expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits
1,749

 
2,138

 
5,309

 
7,076

Federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements
44

 
39

 
152

 
113

Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures
839

 
689

 
2,392

 
2,016

Other long-term borrowings
350

 
241

 
958

 
696

Total interest expense
2,982

 
3,107

 
8,811

 
9,901

Net interest income
194,507

 
186,981

 
574,733

 
550,493

Provision for loan losses
5,045

 
6,810

 
42,734

 
17,845

Net interest income after provision for loan losses
189,462

 
180,171

 
531,999

 
532,648

Non-interest income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trust and investment management fees
26,451

 
25,590

 
77,806

 
79,223

Service charges on deposit accounts
20,540

 
20,854

 
60,769

 
60,664

Insurance commissions and fees
11,029

 
11,763

 
35,812

 
36,528

Interchange and debit card transaction fees
5,435

 
5,031

 
15,838

 
14,591

Other charges, commissions and fees
10,703

 
10,016

 
29,825

 
28,570

Net gain (loss) on securities transactions
(37
)
 
(52
)
 
14,866

 
176

Other
7,993

 
10,176

 
21,358

 
25,823

Total non-interest income
82,114

 
83,378

 
256,274

 
245,575

Non-interest expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Salaries and wages
79,411

 
79,552

 
236,814

 
232,257

Employee benefits
17,844

 
16,210

 
55,861

 
53,776

Net occupancy
18,202

 
17,380

 
53,631

 
48,890

Furniture and equipment
17,979

 
16,286

 
53,474

 
47,469

Deposit insurance
4,558

 
3,676

 
12,412

 
10,852

Intangible amortization
586

 
816

 
1,869

 
2,559

Other
41,925

 
41,649

 
125,048

 
124,516

Total non-interest expense
180,505

 
175,569

 
539,109

 
520,319

Income before income taxes
91,071

 
87,980

 
249,164

 
257,904

Income taxes
10,852

 
12,130

 
28,622

 
36,814

Net income
80,219

 
75,850

 
220,542

 
221,090

Preferred stock dividends
2,016

 
2,016

 
6,047

 
6,047

Net income available to common shareholders
$
78,203

 
$
73,834

 
$
214,495

 
$
215,043

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Earnings per common share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
1.24

 
$
1.18

 
$
3.44

 
$
3.41

Diluted
1.24

 
1.17

 
3.42

 
3.39

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Net income
$
80,219

 
$
75,850

 
$
220,542

 
$
221,090

Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities available for sale and transferred securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in net unrealized gain/loss during the period
(95,641
)
 
86,445

 
191,865

 
7,704

Change in net unrealized gain on securities transferred to held to maturity
(7,278
)
 
(8,831
)
 
(24,629
)
 
(24,925
)
Reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses included in net income
37

 
52

 
(14,866
)
 
(176
)
Total securities available for sale and transferred securities
(102,882
)
 
77,666

 
152,370

 
(17,397
)
Defined-benefit post-retirement benefit plans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in the net actuarial gain/loss
1,585

 
1,748

 
4,691

 
5,246

Remeasurement of projected benefit obligation related to SERP

 

 
(862
)
 

Reclassification adjustment for SERP settlement costs included in net income

 

 
187

 

Total defined-benefit post-retirement benefit plans
1,585

 
1,748

 
4,016

 
5,246

Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax
(101,297
)
 
79,414

 
156,386

 
(12,151
)
Deferred tax expense (benefit) related to other comprehensive income
(35,453
)
 
27,795

 
54,736

 
(4,253
)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
(65,844
)
 
51,619

 
101,650

 
(7,898
)
Comprehensive income (loss)
$
14,375

 
$
127,469

 
$
322,192

 
$
213,192

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
Total shareholders’ equity at beginning of period
$
2,890,343

 
$
2,851,403

Net income
220,542

 
221,090

Other comprehensive income (loss)
101,650

 
(7,898
)
Stock option exercises (908,921 shares in 2016 and 227,851 shares in 2015)
47,873

 
11,830

Stock compensation expense recognized in earnings
7,998

 
7,679

Tax benefits related to stock compensation

 
880

Purchase of treasury stock (1,095,308 shares in 2015)

 
(74,947
)
Cash dividends – preferred stock (approximately $1.01 per share in both 2016 and in 2015)
(6,047
)
 
(6,047
)
Cash dividends – common stock ($1.61 per share in 2016 and $1.57 per share in 2015)
(100,563
)
 
(99,017
)
Total shareholders’ equity at end of period
$
3,161,796

 
$
2,904,973

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


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Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Dollars in thousands)
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
Operating Activities:
 
 
 
Net income
$
220,542

 
$
221,090

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
 
 
 
Provision for loan losses
42,734

 
17,845

Deferred tax expense (benefit)
(11,629
)
 
(12,234
)
Accretion of loan discounts
(11,893
)
 
(10,545
)
Securities premium amortization (discount accretion), net
59,071

 
54,346

Net (gain) loss on securities transactions
(14,866
)
 
(176
)
Depreciation and amortization
35,712

 
30,931

Net (gain) loss on sale/write-down of assets/foreclosed assets
(373
)
 
(786
)
Stock-based compensation
7,998

 
7,679

Net excess tax benefit from stock-based compensation
1,610

 
880

Earnings on life insurance policies
(2,678
)
 
(2,689
)
Net change in:
 
 
 
Trading account securities
418

 
(818
)
Accrued interest receivable and other assets
11,134

 
42,297

Accrued interest payable and other liabilities
(2,806
)
 
10,939

Net cash from operating activities
334,974

 
358,759

 
 
 
 
Investing Activities:
 
 
 
Securities held to maturity:
 
 
 
Purchases

 

Sales
135,610

 

Maturities, calls and principal repayments
227,760

 
207,548

Securities available for sale:
 
 
 
Purchases
(10,079,302
)
 
(5,843,502
)
Sales
9,040,245

 
4,721,189

Maturities, calls and principal repayments
270,737

 
580,765

Proceeds from sale of loans
30,470

 

Net change in loans
(142,698
)
 
(368,690
)
Benefits received on life insurance policies
906

 
225

Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment
1,517

 
74

Purchases of premises and equipment
(32,647
)
 
(119,049
)
Proceeds from sales of repossessed properties
297

 
4,117

Net cash from investing activities
(547,105
)
 
(817,323
)
 
 
 
 
Financing Activities:
 
 
 
Net change in deposits
763,953

 
188,467

Net change in short-term borrowings
(89,220
)
 
(170,940
)
Proceeds from stock option exercises
47,873

 
11,830

Purchase of treasury stock

 
(74,947
)
Cash dividends paid on preferred stock
(6,047
)
 
(6,047
)
Cash dividends paid on common stock
(100,563
)
 
(99,017
)
Net cash from financing activities
615,996

 
(150,654
)
 
 
 
 
Net change in cash and cash equivalents
403,865

 
(609,218
)
Cash and equivalents at beginning of period
3,591,523

 
4,364,123

Cash and equivalents at end of period
$
3,995,388

 
$
3,754,905


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Table amounts in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)
Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations. Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc. (“Cullen/Frost”) is a financial holding company and a bank holding company headquartered in San Antonio, Texas that provides, through its subsidiaries, a broad array of products and services throughout numerous Texas markets. The terms “Cullen/Frost,” “the Corporation,” “we,” “us” and “our” mean Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc. and its subsidiaries, when appropriate. In addition to general commercial and consumer banking, other products and services offered include trust and investment management, insurance, brokerage, mutual funds, leasing, treasury management, capital markets advisory and item processing.
Basis of Presentation. The consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include the accounts of Cullen/Frost and all other entities in which Cullen/Frost has a controlling financial interest. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The accounting and financial reporting policies we follow conform, in all material respects, to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and to general practices within the financial services industry.
The consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm, but in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and results of operations. All such adjustments were of a normal and recurring nature. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, the financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, and notes thereto, for the year ended December 31, 2015, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 4, 2016 (the “2015 Form 10-K”). Operating results for the interim periods disclosed herein are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for a full year or any future period.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The allowance for loan losses and the fair values of financial instruments and the status of contingencies are particularly subject to change.
Cash Flow Reporting. Additional cash flow information was as follows:
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
Cash paid for interest
$
8,731

 
$
9,906

Cash paid for income taxes
39,160

 
35,300

Significant non-cash transactions:
 
 
 
Securities purchased not yet settled
54,342

 
3,428

Loans foreclosed and transferred to other real estate owned and foreclosed assets
422

 
826

Loans to facilitate the sale of other real estate owned

 
20

Accounting Changes, Reclassifications and Restatements. Certain items in prior financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. In that regard, in connection with the adoption of ASU 2015-03, “Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30) - Simplifying the presentation of Debt Issuance Costs,” which requires unamortized debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 reflects a $1.2 million decrease in accrued interest receivable and other assets, a $1.0 million decrease in junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures and a $130 thousand decrease in other long-term borrowings.
Additionally, during the third quarter of 2016, we elected to adopt the provisions of ASU 2016-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,” in advance of the required application date of January 1, 2017. Our financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are presented as if we adopted ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2016. ASU 2016-09 requires that all income tax effects related to settlements of share-based payment awards be reported in earnings as an increase (or decrease) to income tax expense. Previously, income tax benefits at settlement of an award were reported as an increase (or decrease) to additional paid-in capital to the extent that those benefits were

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greater than (or less than) the income tax benefits recognized in earnings during the award's vesting period. The requirement to report those income tax effects in earnings has been applied to settlements occurring on or after January 1, 2016 and the impact of applying that guidance reduced reported income tax expense by $1.5 million, or approximately $0.02 per diluted common share, and $1.6 million, or approximately $0.03 per diluted common share, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
ASU 2016-09 also requires that all income tax-related cash flows resulting from share-based payments be reported as operating activities in the statement of cash flows. Previously, income tax benefits at settlement of an award were reported as a reduction to operating cash flows and an increase to financing cash flows to the extent that those benefits exceeded the income tax benefits reported in earnings during the award's vesting period. We have elected to apply that change in cash flow classification on a retrospective basis, which has resulted in an $880 thousand increase to net cash from operating activities and a corresponding decrease to net cash from financing activities in the accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, as compared to the amounts previously reported.
In connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-09, we have also elected to change our accounting policy to recognize forfeitures as they occur. The impact of this change and that of the remaining provisions of ASU 2016-09 did not have significant impact on our financial statements.
Note 2 - Securities
Securities. A summary of the amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities, excluding trading securities, is presented below.
 
September 30, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Held to Maturity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury
$
249,774

 
$
3,683

 
$

 
$
253,457

 
$
249,441

 
$
7,776

 
$

 
$
257,217

Residential mortgage-backed securities
4,633

 
68

 

 
4,701

 
6,456

 
63

 
4

 
6,515

States and political subdivisions
2,008,703

 
62,028

 
3,809

 
2,066,922

 
2,405,762

 
46,003

 
6,149

 
2,445,616

Other
1,350

 

 

 
1,350

 
1,350

 

 
13

 
1,337

Total
$
2,264,460

 
$
65,779

 
$
3,809

 
$
2,326,430

 
$
2,663,009

 
$
53,842

 
$
6,166

 
$
2,710,685

Available for Sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury
$
3,984,791

 
$
114,958

 
$

 
$
4,099,749

 
$
3,980,986

 
$
22,041

 
$
8,507

 
$
3,994,520

Residential mortgage-backed securities
805,227

 
44,388

 
72

 
849,543

 
1,000,024

 
42,142

 
734

 
1,041,432

States and political subdivisions
4,966,187

 
210,657

 
5,794

 
5,171,050

 
3,996,113

 
133,305

 
1,459

 
4,127,959

Other
42,484

 

 

 
42,484

 
42,447

 

 

 
42,447

Total
$
9,798,689

 
$
370,003

 
$
5,866

 
$
10,162,826

 
$
9,019,570

 
$
197,488

 
$
10,700

 
$
9,206,358

All mortgage-backed securities included in the above table were issued by U.S. government agencies and corporations. At September 30, 2016, approximately 98.0% of the securities in our municipal bond portfolio were issued by political subdivisions or agencies within the State of Texas, of which approximately 68.2% are either guaranteed by the Texas Permanent School Fund, which has a “triple A” insurer financial strength rating, or secured by U.S. Treasury securities via defeasance of the debt by the issuers. Securities with limited marketability, such as stock in the Federal Reserve Bank and the Federal Home Loan Bank, are carried at cost and are reported as other available for sale securities in the table above. The carrying value of securities pledged to secure public funds, trust deposits, repurchase agreements and for other purposes, as required or permitted by law was $3.3 billion at September 30, 2016 and $3.9 billion and December 31, 2015.
During the fourth quarter of 2012, we reclassified certain securities from available for sale to held to maturity. The securities had an aggregate fair value of $2.3 billion with an aggregate net unrealized gain of $165.7 million ($107.7 million, net of tax) on the date of the transfer. Some of these securities were sold during the first quarter of 2016, as more fully discussed below. The net unamortized, unrealized gain on the remaining transferred securities included in accumulated other comprehensive income in the accompanying balance sheet as of September 30, 2016 totaled $35.3 million ($23.0 million, net of tax). This amount will be amortized out of accumulated other comprehensive income over the remaining life of the underlying securities as an adjustment of the yield on those securities.

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Unrealized Losses. As of September 30, 2016, securities with unrealized losses, segregated by length of impairment, were as follows:
 
Less than 12 Months
 
More than 12 Months
 
Total
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Unrealized
Losses
Held to Maturity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
States and political subdivisions
$
3,084

 
$
1

 
$
186,220

 
$
3,808

 
$
189,304

 
$
3,809

Total
$
3,084

 
$
1

 
$
186,220

 
$
3,808

 
$
189,304

 
$
3,809

Available for Sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
$
8,539

 
$
28

 
$
7,050

 
$
44

 
$
15,589

 
$
72

States and political subdivisions
565,166

 
5,794

 

 

 
565,166

 
5,794

Total
$
573,705

 
$
5,822

 
$
7,050

 
$
44

 
$
580,755

 
$
5,866

Declines in the fair value of held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities below their cost that are deemed to be other than temporary are reflected in earnings as realized losses to the extent the impairment is related to credit losses. The amount of the impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers, among other things, (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (ii) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (iii) the intent and our ability to retain our investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in cost.
Management has the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as held to maturity in the table above until they mature, at which time we will receive full value for the securities. Furthermore, as of September 30, 2016, management does not have the intent to sell any of the securities classified as available for sale in the table above and believes that it is more likely than not that we will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. Any unrealized losses are largely due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the bonds approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. Management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. Accordingly, as of September 30, 2016, management believes the impairments detailed in the table above are temporary and no impairment loss has been realized in our consolidated income statement.
Contractual Maturities. The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities, excluding trading securities, at September 30, 2016 are presented below by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Residential mortgage-backed securities and equity securities are shown separately since they are not due at a single maturity date.
 
Held to Maturity
 
Available for Sale
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Due in one year or less
$
687,531

 
$
700,574

 
$
82,116

 
$
83,878

Due after one year through five years
279,353

 
296,816

 
4,109,251

 
4,204,075

Due after five years through ten years
323,435

 
333,322

 
848,652

 
899,310

Due after ten years
969,508

 
991,017

 
3,910,959

 
4,083,536

Residential mortgage-backed securities
4,633

 
4,701

 
805,227

 
849,543

Equity securities

 

 
42,484

 
42,484

Total
$
2,264,460

 
$
2,326,430

 
$
9,798,689

 
$
10,162,826

Sales of Securities. During the first quarter of 2016, a portion of the securities we sold included certain securities that were issued by municipalities and special-purpose districts under municipal control (together referred to as “municipalities”) within the State of Texas that have been significantly impacted by the significant decline in market oil prices due to the fact that their tax bases are heavily reliant on the energy industry relative to other sectors of the economy. Specifically, the revenues of these municipalities have been adversely impacted by the sustained low-level of oil prices. Additionally, some of these municipalities had been put on credit watch and subsequently received downgrades by credit rating agencies. In consideration of this, along with our own internal credit analysis, we determined that the creditworthiness of these municipalities had significantly deteriorated and that it was reasonably possible that all amounts due would not be collected. Because this increased risk exposure exceeded acceptable levels, we sold certain securities issued by those municipalities. We did not sell any securities issued by these municipalities that are either guaranteed by the Texas Permanent School Fund or secured by U.S. Treasury securities via defeasance of the debt by the issuers because, as a result of these credit enhancements, the collectibility of these securities is not in doubt. Some of the

10

Table of Contents

securities we sold were classified as held to maturity prior to their sale. Despite their classification as held to maturity, we believe the sale of these securities was merited and permissible under the applicable accounting guidelines because of the significant deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuers.
Sales of securities held to maturity were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Proceeds from sales
$

 
$

 
$
135,610

 
$

Amortized cost

 

 
131,840

 

Gross realized gains

 

 
3,770

 

Gross realized losses

 

 

 

Tax (expense) benefit of securities gains/losses

 

 
(1,319
)
 

Sales of securities available for sale were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Proceeds from sales
$
7,980,049

 
$
4,497,202

 
$
9,040,245

 
$
4,721,189

Gross realized gains
1

 

 
11,134

 
228

Gross realized losses
(38
)
 
(52
)
 
(38
)
 
(52
)
Tax (expense) benefit of securities gains/losses
13

 
18

 
(3,884
)
 
(62
)
Premiums and Discounts. Premium amortization and discount accretion included in interest income on securities was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Premium amortization
$
(22,762
)
 
$
(21,354
)
 
$
(67,321
)
 
$
(62,192
)
Discount accretion
2,497

 
2,519

 
8,250

 
7,846

Net (premium amortization) discount accretion
$
(20,265
)
 
$
(18,835
)
 
$
(59,071
)
 
$
(54,346
)
Trading Account Securities. Trading account securities, at estimated fair value, were as follows:
 
September 30,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
U.S. Treasury
$
16,161

 
$
16,443

States and political subdivisions
9,538

 
136

Total
$
25,699

 
$
16,579

Net gains and losses on trading account securities were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Net gain on sales transactions
$
379

 
$
277

 
$
1,032

 
$
835

Net mark-to-market gains (losses)

 
6

 
(1
)
 
(40
)
Net gain (loss) on trading account securities
$
379

 
$
283

 
$
1,031

 
$
795


11

Table of Contents

Note 3 - Loans
Loans were as follows:
 
September 30,
2016
 
Percentage
of Total
 
December 31,
2015
 
Percentage
of Total
Commercial and industrial
$
4,164,914

 
36.0
%
 
$
4,120,522

 
35.9
%
Energy:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Production
962,943

 
8.3

 
1,249,678

 
10.9

Service
215,014

 
1.9

 
272,934

 
2.4

Other
206,950

 
1.8

 
235,583

 
2.0

Total energy
1,384,907

 
12.0

 
1,758,195

 
15.3

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial mortgages
3,426,886

 
29.5

 
3,285,041

 
28.6

Construction
911,783

 
7.9

 
720,695

 
6.3

Land
300,233

 
2.6

 
286,991

 
2.5

Total commercial real estate
4,638,902

 
40.0

 
4,292,727

 
37.4

Consumer real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity loans
346,420

 
3.0

 
340,528

 
3.0

Home equity lines of credit
261,794

 
2.2

 
233,525

 
2.0

Other
321,043

 
2.8

 
306,696

 
2.6

Total consumer real estate
929,257

 
8.0

 
880,749

 
7.6

Total real estate
5,568,159

 
48.0

 
5,173,476

 
45.0

Consumer and other
463,430

 
4.0

 
434,338

 
3.8

Total loans
$
11,581,410

 
100.0
%
 
$
11,486,531

 
100.0
%
Concentrations of Credit. Most of our lending activity occurs within the State of Texas, including the four largest metropolitan areas of Austin, Dallas/Ft. Worth, Houston and San Antonio, as well as other markets. The majority of our loan portfolio consists of commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loans. As of September 30, 2016, there were no concentrations of loans related to any single industry in excess of 10% of total loans other than energy loans, which totaled 12.0% of total loans. Unfunded commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit issued to customers in the energy industry totaled $1.1 billion and $58.7 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2016.
Foreign Loans. We have U.S. dollar denominated loans and commitments to borrowers in Mexico. The outstanding balance of these loans and the unfunded amounts available under these commitments were not significant at September 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015.
Non-Accrual and Past Due Loans. Non-accrual loans, segregated by class of loans, were as follows:
 
September 30,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
Commercial and industrial
$
32,010

 
$
25,111

Energy
51,397

 
21,180

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
Buildings, land and other
10,058

 
34,519

Construction
547

 
569

Consumer real estate
2,488

 
1,862

Consumer and other
333

 
226

Total
$
96,833

 
$
83,467

As of September 30, 2016, non-accrual loans reported in the table above included $32.2 million related to loans that were restructured as “troubled debt restructurings” during 2016. See the section captioned “Troubled Debt Restructurings” elsewhere in this note. Had non-accrual loans performed in accordance with their original contract terms, we would have recognized additional interest income, net of tax, of approximately $647 thousand and $2.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to $352 thousand and $1.1 million for three and nine months ended September 30, 2015.

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Table of Contents

An age analysis of past due loans (including both accruing and non-accruing loans), segregated by class of loans, as of September 30, 2016 was as follows:
 
Loans
30-89 Days
Past Due
 
Loans
90 or More
Days
Past Due
 
Total
Past Due
Loans
 
Current
Loans
 
Total
Loans
 
Accruing
Loans 90 or
More Days
Past Due
Commercial and industrial
$
8,751

 
$
24,481

 
$
33,232

 
$
4,131,682

 
$
4,164,914

 
$
7,590

Energy
19,489

 
8,068

 
27,557

 
1,357,350

 
1,384,907

 
5,294

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Buildings, land and other
22,273

 
9,447

 
31,720

 
3,695,399

 
3,727,119

 
5,863

Construction
2,593

 
326

 
2,919

 
908,864

 
911,783

 

Consumer real estate
5,924

 
1,667

 
7,591

 
921,666

 
929,257

 
993

Consumer and other
4,309

 
1,263

 
5,572

 
457,858

 
463,430

 
1,122

Total
$
63,339

 
$
45,252

 
$
108,591

 
$
11,472,819

 
$
11,581,410

 
$
20,862

Impaired Loans. Impaired loans are set forth in the following table. No interest income was recognized on impaired loans subsequent to their classification as impaired.
 
Unpaid Contractual
Principal
Balance
 
Recorded Investment
With No
Allowance
 
Recorded Investment
With
Allowance
 
Total
Recorded
Investment
 
Related
Allowance
September 30, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
38,174

 
$
23,709

 
$
5,159

 
$
28,868

 
$
4,410

Energy
54,251

 
43,080

 
8,298

 
51,378

 
2,500

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
Buildings, land and other
13,007

 
6,686

 
1,601

 
8,287

 
875

Construction
326

 
326

 

 
326

 

Consumer real estate
971

 
662

 

 
662

 

Consumer and other
42

 
41

 

 
41

 

Total
$
106,771

 
$
74,504

 
$
15,058

 
$
89,562

 
$
7,785

December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
26,067

 
$
18,776

 
$
4,084

 
$
22,860

 
$
2,378

Energy
25,240

 
8,689

 
12,450

 
21,139

 
2,000

Commercial real estate:

 

 

 

 

Buildings, land and other
37,126

 
32,425

 

 
32,425

 

Construction
793

 
569

 

 
569

 

Consumer real estate
755

 
485

 

 
485

 

Consumer and other

 

 

 

 

Total
$
89,981

 
$
60,944

 
$
16,534

 
$
77,478

 
$
4,378

The average recorded investment in impaired loans was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016

2015
Commercial and industrial
$
26,921

 
$
25,487

 
$
25,365

 
$
28,457

Energy
47,003

 
6,883

 
57,309

 
3,760

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Buildings, land and other
8,904

 
13,003

 
20,444

 
14,658

Construction
326

 
249

 
548

 
1,507

Consumer real estate
545

 
836

 
508

 
709

Consumer and other
48

 

 
24

 

Total
$
83,747

 
$
46,458

 
$
104,198

 
$
49,091


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Table of Contents

Troubled Debt Restructurings. Troubled debt restructurings during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015 are set forth in the following table.
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30, 2016
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30, 2015
 
Balance at
Restructure
 
Balance at
Period-End
 
Balance at
Restructure
 
Balance at
Period-End
Commercial and industrial
$
510

 
$
505

 
$
709

 
$
554

Energy
73,977

 
31,918

 

 

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Buildings, land and other
1,455

 
1,455

 

 

Construction
243

 
221

 

 

 
$
76,185

 
$
34,099

 
$
709

 
$
554

The modifications during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 primarily related to extending amortization periods, converting loans to interest only for a period of time, deferral of interest payments and the waiver of certain covenants, while the modifications during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 primarily related to extending amortization periods and a temporary reduction in payments. The modifications during the reported periods did not significantly impact our determination of the allowance for loan losses. During the second quarter of 2016, we recognized a charge-off of $9.5 million related to a loan restructured during the first quarter of 2016. The loan was subsequently sold with proceeds from the sale totaling $30.5 million. We also recognized a charge-off of $4.0 million in connection with the restructuring of a loan during the second quarter of 2016.
Credit Quality Indicators. As part of the on-going monitoring of the credit quality of our loan portfolio, management tracks certain credit quality indicators including trends related to (i) the weighted-average risk grade of commercial loans, (ii) the level of classified commercial loans, (iii) the delinquency status of consumer loans (see details above), (iv) net charge-offs, (v) non-performing loans (see details above) and (vi) the general economic conditions in the State of Texas.
We utilize a risk grading matrix to assign a risk grade to each of our commercial loans. Loans are graded on a scale of 1 to 14. A description of the general characteristics of the 14 risk grades is set forth in our 2015 Form 10-K. In monitoring credit quality trends in the context of assessing the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses, we monitor portfolio credit quality by the weighted-average risk grade of each class of commercial loan. Individual relationship managers review updated financial information for all pass grade loans to reassess the risk grade on at least an annual basis. When a loan has a risk grade of 9, it is still considered a pass grade loan; however, it is considered to be on management’s “watch list,” where a significant risk-modifying action is anticipated in the near term. When a loan has a risk grade of 10 or higher, a special assets officer monitors the loan on an on-going basis. The following tables present weighted average risk grades for all commercial loans by class.
 
September 30, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
Weighted
Average
Risk Grade
 
Loans
 
Weighted
Average
Risk Grade
 
Loans
Commercial and industrial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk grades 1-8
5.95

 
$
3,822,692

 
5.88

 
$
3,869,203

Risk grade 9
9.00

 
105,510

 
9.00

 
100,670

Risk grade 10
10.00

 
128,029

 
10.00

 
76,030

Risk grade 11
11.00

 
77,022

 
11.00

 
49,508

Risk grade 12
12.00

 
27,241

 
12.00

 
22,644

Risk grade 13
13.00

 
4,420

 
13.00

 
2,467

Total
6.30

 
$
4,164,914

 
6.13

 
$
4,120,522

Energy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk grades 1-8
6.18

 
$
748,765

 
6.12

 
$
1,385,749

Risk grade 9
9.00

 
80,628

 
9.00

 
212,250

Risk grade 10
10.00

 
255,960

 
10.00

 
62,163

Risk grade 11
11.00

 
248,157

 
11.00

 
76,853

Risk grade 12
12.00

 
48,897

 
12.00

 
19,180

Risk grade 13
13.00

 
2,500

 
13.00

 
2,000

Total
8.13

 
$
1,384,907

 
6.89

 
$
1,758,195



14

Table of Contents

(continued)
September 30, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
Weighted
Average
Risk Grade
 
Loans
 
Weighted
Average
Risk Grade
 
Loans
Commercial real estate:
 
 

 
 
 
 
Buildings, land and other
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk grades 1-8
6.64

 
$
3,402,173

 
6.58

 
$
3,280,435

Risk grade 9
9.00

 
124,088

 
9.00

 
140,900

Risk grade 10
10.00

 
110,896

 
10.00

 
72,577

Risk grade 11
11.00

 
79,904

 
11.00

 
43,601

Risk grade 12
12.00

 
9,183

 
12.00

 
34,519

Risk grade 13
13.00

 
875

 
13.00

 

Total
6.93

 
$
3,727,119

 
6.85

 
$
3,572,032

Construction
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk grades 1-8
7.05

 
$
899,971

 
6.91

 
$
696,229

Risk grade 9
9.00

 
10,167

 
9.00

 
13,074

Risk grade 10
10.00

 
1,098

 
10.00

 
2,757

Risk grade 11
11.00

 

 
11.00

 
8,066

Risk grade 12
12.00

 
547

 
12.00

 
569

Risk grade 13
13.00

 

 
13.00

 

Total
7.08

 
$
911,783

 
7.01

 
$
720,695

Net (charge-offs)/recoveries, segregated by class of loans, were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Commercial and industrial
$
(3,079
)
 
$
(2,115
)
 
$
(8,177
)
 
$
(4,650
)
Energy
(865
)
 

 
(18,623
)
 
3

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Buildings, land and other
259

 
187

 
801

 
174

Construction
9

 
15

 
18

 
16

Consumer real estate
(195
)
 
(222
)
 
(22
)
 
(169
)
Consumer and other
(1,115
)
 
(909
)
 
(2,817
)
 
(2,388
)
Total
$
(4,986
)
 
$
(3,044
)
 
$
(28,820
)
 
$
(7,014
)
In assessing the general economic conditions in the State of Texas, management monitors and tracks the Texas Leading Index (“TLI”), which is produced by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. The TLI, the components of which are more fully described in our 2015 Form 10-K, totaled 122.7 at August 31, 2016 (most recent date available) and 123.0 at December 31, 2015. A higher TLI value implies more favorable economic conditions.
Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, which represents management’s best estimate of inherent losses that have been incurred within the existing portfolio of loans. The allowance, in the judgment of management, is necessary to reserve for estimated loan losses and risks inherent in the loan portfolio. Our allowance for loan loss methodology, which is more fully described in our 2015 Form 10-K and below for changes made during the first quarter of 2016, follows the accounting guidance set forth in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and the Interagency Policy Statement on the Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses, which was jointly issued by U.S. bank regulatory agencies. The level of the allowance reflects management’s continuing evaluation of industry concentrations, specific credit risks, loan loss and recovery experience, current loan portfolio quality, present economic, political and regulatory conditions and unidentified losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. Portions of the allowance may be allocated for specific credits; however, the entire allowance is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off.
During the first quarter of 2016, we changed the way we estimate valuation allowances for consumer and other loans, particularly overdrafts. Prior to 2016, we used a single, combined historical loss allocation factor for all consumer and other loans, which included overdrafts. In 2016, we began using two separate historical loss allocation factors for consumer and other loans, one historical loss allocation factor for consumer and other loans, excluding overdrafts, and a separate historical loss allocation factor for overdrafts. While the effect of this change resulted in a decrease in the estimated valuation allowances needed for consumer and other loans, the impact of the change was not significant to our overall allocation of the allowance for loan losses.

15

Table of Contents

The following table presents details of the allowance for loan losses allocated to each portfolio segment as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 and detailed on the basis of the impairment evaluation methodology we used:
 
Commercial
and
Industrial
 
Energy
 
Commercial
Real Estate
 
Consumer
Real Estate
 
Consumer
and Other
 
Total
September 30, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Historical valuation allowances
$
31,026

 
$
39,689

 
$
16,403

 
$
2,237

 
$
4,541

 
$
93,896

Specific valuation allowances
4,410

 
2,500

 
875

 

 

 
7,785

General valuation allowances
5,957

 
3,164

 
4,488

 
1,450

 
(55
)
 
15,004

Macroeconomic valuation allowances
7,738

 
16,890

 
7,451

 
480

 
529

 
33,088

Total
$
49,131

 
$
62,243

 
$
29,217

 
$
4,167

 
$
5,015

 
$
149,773

Allocated to loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated
$
4,410

 
$
2,500

 
$
875

 
$

 
$

 
$
7,785

Collectively evaluated
44,721

 
59,743

 
28,342

 
4,167

 
5,015

 
141,988

Total
$
49,131

 
$
62,243

 
$
29,217

 
$
4,167

 
$
5,015

 
$
149,773

December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Historical valuation allowances
$
25,428

 
$
21,195

 
$
15,544

 
$
2,109

 
$
12,813

 
$
77,089

Specific valuation allowances
2,378

 
2,000

 

 

 

 
4,378

General valuation allowances
7,339

 
5,525

 
4,619

 
2,052

 
(6,932
)
 
12,603

Macroeconomic valuation allowances
7,848

 
25,976

 
4,150

 
498

 
3,317

 
41,789

Total
$
42,993

 
$
54,696

 
$
24,313

 
$
4,659

 
$
9,198

 
$
135,859

Allocated to loans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated
$
2,378

 
$
2,000

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
4,378

Collectively evaluated
40,615

 
52,696

 
24,313

 
4,659

 
9,198

 
131,481

Total
$
42,993

 
$
54,696

 
$
24,313

 
$
4,659

 
$
9,198

 
$
135,859

Our recorded investment in loans as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 related to each balance in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment and detailed on the basis of the impairment methodology we used was as follows:
 
Commercial
and
Industrial
 
Energy
 
Commercial
Real Estate
 
Consumer
Real Estate
 
Consumer
and Other
 
Total
September 30, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated
$
28,868

 
$
51,378

 
$
8,613

 
$
662

 
$
41

 
$
89,562

Collectively evaluated
4,136,046

 
1,333,529

 
4,630,289

 
928,595

 
463,389

 
11,491,848

Total
$
4,164,914

 
$
1,384,907

 
$
4,638,902

 
$
929,257

 
$
463,430

 
$
11,581,410

December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated
$
22,860

 
$
21,139

 
$
32,994

 
$
485

 
$

 
$
77,478

Collectively evaluated
4,097,662

 
1,737,056

 
4,259,733

 
880,264

 
434,338

 
11,409,053

Total
$
4,120,522

 
$
1,758,195

 
$
4,292,727

 
$
880,749

 
$
434,338

 
$
11,486,531


16

Table of Contents

The following table details activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.
 
Commercial
and
Industrial
 
Energy
 
Commercial
Real Estate
 
Consumer
Real Estate
 
Consumer
and Other
 
Total
Three months ended:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
September 30, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
47,578

 
$
66,339

 
$
27,063

 
$
3,935

 
$
4,799

 
$
149,714

Provision for loan losses
4,632

 
(3,231
)
 
1,886

 
427

 
1,331

 
5,045

Charge-offs
(4,036
)
 
(884
)
 
(9
)
 
(287
)
 
(3,300
)
 
(8,516
)
Recoveries
957

 
19

 
277

 
92

 
2,185

 
3,530

Net charge-offs
(3,079
)
 
(865
)
 
268

 
(195
)
 
(1,115
)
 
(4,986
)
Ending balance
$
49,131

 
$
62,243

 
$
29,217

 
$
4,167

 
$
5,015

 
$
149,773

September 30, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
42,425

 
$
26,300

 
$
24,935

 
$
4,702

 
$
8,245

 
$
106,607

Provision for loan losses
2,909

 
1,284

 
746

 
324

 
1,547

 
6,810

Charge-offs
(4,074
)
 

 
(107
)
 
(423
)
 
(3,000
)
 
(7,604
)
Recoveries
1,959

 

 
309

 
201

 
2,091

 
4,560

Net charge-offs
(2,115
)
 

 
202

 
(222
)
 
(909
)
 
(3,044
)
Ending balance
$
43,219

 
$
27,584

 
$
25,883

 
$
4,804

 
$
8,883

 
$
110,373

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nine months ended:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
September 30, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
42,993

 
$
54,696

 
$
24,313

 
$
4,659

 
$
9,198

 
$
135,859

Provision for loan losses
14,315

 
26,170

 
4,085

 
(470
)
 
(1,366
)
 
42,734

Charge-offs
(10,754
)
 
(18,644
)
 
(56
)
 
(464
)
 
(9,276
)
 
(39,194
)
Recoveries
2,577

 
21

 
875

 
442

 
6,459

 
10,374

Net charge-offs
(8,177
)
 
(18,623
)
 
819

 
(22
)
 
(2,817
)
 
(28,820
)
Ending balance
$
49,131

 
$
62,243

 
$
29,217

 
$
4,167

 
$
5,015

 
$
149,773

September 30, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
$
44,273

 
$
14,919

 
$
27,163

 
$
5,178

 
$
8,009

 
$
99,542

Provision for loan losses
3,596

 
12,662

 
(1,470
)
 
(205
)
 
3,262

 
17,845

Charge-offs
(8,580
)
 

 
(585
)
 
(524
)
 
(8,497
)
 
(18,186
)
Recoveries
3,930

 
3

 
775

 
355

 
6,109

 
11,172

Net charge-offs
(4,650
)
 
3

 
190

 
(169
)
 
(2,388
)
 
(7,014
)
Ending balance
$
43,219

 
$
27,584

 
$
25,883

 
$
4,804

 
$
8,883

 
$
110,373

Note 4 - Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill and other intangible assets are presented in the table below.
 
September 30,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
Goodwill
$
654,668

 
$
654,668

Other intangible assets:
 
 
 
Core deposits
$
5,698

 
$
7,086

Customer relationships
1,200

 
1,557

Non-compete agreements
33

 
157

 
$
6,931

 
$
8,800


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Table of Contents

The estimated aggregate future amortization expense for intangible assets remaining as of September 30, 2016 is as follows:
Remainder of 2016
$
544

2017
1,619

2018
1,346

2019
1,102

2020
877

Thereafter
1,443

 
$
6,931

Note 5 - Deposits
Deposits were as follows:
 
September 30,
2016
 
Percentage
of Total
 
December 31,
2015
 
Percentage
of Total
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits:
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and individual
$
9,422,496

 
37.5
%
 
$
9,251,463

 
38.0
%
Correspondent banks
316,037

 
1.3

 
378,930

 
1.6

Public funds
541,527

 
2.1

 
639,840

 
2.6

Total non-interest-bearing demand deposits
10,280,060

 
40.9

 
10,270,233

 
42.2

Interest-bearing deposits:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Private accounts:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Savings and interest checking
6,094,960

 
24.3

 
5,149,905

 
21.1

Money market accounts
7,510,102

 
29.9

 
7,536,998

 
31.0

Time accounts of $100,000 or more
457,229

 
1.8

 
463,740

 
1.9

Time accounts under $100,000
343,593

 
1.4

 
362,683

 
1.5

Total private accounts
14,405,884

 
57.4

 
13,513,326

 
55.5

Public funds:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Savings and interest checking
314,998

 
1.3

 
420,324

 
1.7

Money market accounts
88,553

 
0.3

 
93,969

 
0.4

Time accounts of $100,000 or more
17,379

 
0.1

 
44,941

 
0.2

Time accounts under $100,000
674

 

 
802

 

Total public funds
421,604

 
1.7

 
560,036

 
2.3

Total interest-bearing deposits
14,827,488

 
59.1

 
14,073,362

 
57.8

Total deposits
$
25,107,548

 
100.0
%
 
$
24,343,595

 
100.0
%
The following table presents additional information about our deposits:
 
September 30,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
Deposits from the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (CDARS)
$

 
$
2,615

Deposits from the Promontory Interfinancial Network Insured Cash Sweep Service (acquired in the acquisition of WNB Bancshares, Inc.)

 
7,440

Deposits from foreign sources (primarily Mexico)
753,312

 
747,008

Deposits not covered by deposit insurance
12,352,499

 
11,953,367


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Table of Contents

Note 6 - Commitments and Contingencies
Financial Instruments with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk. In the normal course of business, we enter into various transactions, which, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles are not included in our consolidated balance sheets. We enter into these transactions to meet the financing needs of our customers. As more fully discussed in our 2015 Form 10-K, these transactions include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. We minimize our exposure to loss under these commitments by subjecting them to credit approval and monitoring procedures.
Financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk were as follows:
 
September 30,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
Commitments to extend credit
$
7,094,000

 
$
6,798,598

Standby letters of credit
252,752

 
277,158

Deferred standby letter of credit fees
2,042

 
2,115

Lease Commitments. We lease certain office facilities and office equipment under operating leases. Rent expense for all operating leases totaled $7.8 million and $22.9 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and $7.4 million and $22.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015. There has been no significant change in our expected future minimum lease payments since December 31, 2015. See the 2015 Form 10-K for information regarding these commitments.
Comprehensive Development Agreement. In July 2015, we entered into a comprehensive development agreement with the City of San Antonio and an independent third party whereby, under separate agreements, we will sell our current headquarters building to the City of San Antonio and various adjacent properties to the third party. The third party has agreed to build a new office building where we will be the primary tenant. The agreement to sell our headquarters building was finalized in July 2015 and is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2016, subject to certain contingencies. Under the terms of the agreement, we will lease-back our headquarters building until such time that construction of the new building is completed, which is currently expected to be in 2019. While significant gains or losses may be realized on the various individual property sales completed in connection with the comprehensive development agreement, we do not expect any such gains or losses in the aggregate to have a significant impact on our operations.
Litigation. We are subject to various claims and legal actions that have arisen in the course of conducting business. Management does not expect the ultimate disposition of these matters to have a material adverse impact on our financial statements.
Note 7 - Capital and Regulatory Matters
Banks and bank holding companies are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by state and federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weighting and other factors.
Cullen/Frost’s and Frost Bank’s Common Equity Tier 1 capital includes common stock and related paid-in capital, net of treasury stock, and retained earnings. In connection with the adoption of the Basel III Capital Rules, we elected to opt-out of the requirement to include most components of accumulated other comprehensive income in Common Equity Tier 1. Common Equity Tier 1 for both Cullen/Frost and Frost Bank is reduced by, goodwill and other intangible assets, net of associated deferred tax liabilities, and subject to transition provisions. Frost Bank's Common Equity Tier 1 is also reduced by its equity investment in its financial subsidiary, Frost Insurance Agency (“FIA”).
Tier 1 capital includes Common Equity Tier 1 capital and additional Tier 1 capital. For Cullen/Frost, additional Tier 1 capital at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 includes $144.5 million of 5.375% non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock. Frost Bank did not have any additional Tier 1 capital beyond Common Equity Tier 1 at September 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015. At December 31, 2015, $33.3 million of trust preferred securities were included in Cullen/Frost's additional Tier 1 capital. Beginning January 1, 2016, trust preferred securities may not be included in Tier 1 capital. Trust preferred securities excluded from additional Tier 1 capital may be included in Tier 2 capital, without limitation.
Total capital includes Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital for both Cullen/Frost and Frost Bank includes a permissible portion of the allowance for loan losses. Tier 2 capital for Cullen/Frost also includes trust preferred securities that were excluded from Tier 1 capital and qualified subordinated debt. Cullen/Frost's Tier 2 capital included $133.0 million and $99.8 million of trust preferred securities at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. At December 31, 2015, Tier 2 capital for Cullen/Frost included $20.0 million related to the permissible portion of our aggregate $100.0 million of floating rate subordinated notes.

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Table of Contents

The permissible portion of the notes decreases 20% per year during the final five years of the term of the notes. The notes mature on February 15, 2017 and no longer qualify as Tier 2 capital.
The following table presents actual and required capital ratios for Cullen/Frost and Frost Bank under the Basel III Capital Rules. The minimum required capital amounts presented include the minimum required capital levels as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 based on the phase-in provisions of the Basel III Capital Rules and the minimum required capital levels as of January 1, 2019 when the Basel III Capital Rules have been fully phased-in. Capital levels required to be considered well capitalized are based upon prompt corrective action regulations, as amended to reflect the changes under the Basel III Capital Rules. See the 2015 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of the Basel III Capital Rules.
 
Actual
 
Minimum Capital Required - Basel III Phase-In Schedule
 
Minimum Capital Required - Basel III Fully Phased-In
 
Required to be
Considered Well
Capitalized
 
Capital
Amount
 
Ratio
 
Capital
Amount
 
Ratio
 
Capital
Amount
 
Ratio
 
Capital
Amount
 
Ratio
September 30, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common Equity Tier 1 to Risk-Weighted Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cullen/Frost
$
2,157,738

 
12.40
%
 
$
891,484

 
5.125
%
 
$
1,217,444

 
7.00
%
 
$
1,130,663

 
6.50
%
Frost Bank
2,252,728

 
12.99

 
888,795

 
5.125

 
1,213,770

 
7.00

 
1,127,252

 
6.50

Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cullen/Frost
2,302,224

 
13.24

 
1,152,407

 
6.625

 
1,478,325

 
8.50

 
1,391,585

 
8.00

Frost Bank
2,252,728

 
12.99

 
1,148,930

 
6.625

 
1,473,864

 
8.50

 
1,387,387

 
8.00

Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cullen/Frost
2,584,997

 
14.86

 
1,500,303

 
8.625

 
1,826,166

 
10.50

 
1,739,482

 
10.00

Frost Bank
2,402,501

 
13.85

 
1,495,776

 
8.625

 
1,820,655

 
10.50

 
1,734,234

 
10.00

Leverage Ratio
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cullen/Frost
2,302,224

 
8.18

 
1,126,389

 
4.00

 
1,126,278

 
4.00

 
1,407,986

 
5.00

Frost Bank
2,252,728

 
8.01

 
1,125,270

 
4.00

 
1,125,159

 
4.00

 
1,406,587

 
5.00

December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common Equity Tier 1 to Risk-Weighted Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cullen/Frost
$
1,986,200

 
11.37
%
 
$
786,344

 
4.50
%
 
$
1,222,837

 
7.00
%
 
$
1,135,830

 
6.50
%
Frost Bank
2,131,360

 
12.24

 
783,727

 
4.50

 
1,218,766

 
7.00

 
1,132,049

 
6.50

Tier 1 Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cullen/Frost
2,163,936

 
12.38

 
1,048,458

 
6.00

 
1,484,874

 
8.50

 
1,397,944

 
8.00

Frost Bank
2,131,360

 
12.24

 
1,044,969

 
6.00

 
1,479,930

 
8.50

 
1,393,292

 
8.00

Total Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cullen/Frost
2,419,545

 
13.85

 
1,397,944

 
8.00

 
1,834,256

 
10.50

 
1,747,430

 
10.00

Frost Bank
2,267,219

 
13.02

 
1,393,292

 
8.00

 
1,828,149

 
10.50

 
1,741,615

 
10.00

Leverage Ratio
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cullen/Frost
2,163,936

 
7.79

 
1,111,325

 
4.00

 
1,111,117

 
4.00

 
1,389,156

 
5.00

Frost Bank
2,131,360

 
7.68

 
1,110,143

 
4.00

 
1,109,935

 
4.00

 
1,387,679

 
5.00

As of September 30, 2016, capital levels at Cullen/Frost and Frost Bank exceed all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III Capital Rules on a fully phased-in basis. Based on the ratios presented above, capital levels as of September 30, 2016 at Cullen/Frost and Frost Bank exceed the minimum levels necessary to be considered “well capitalized.”
Cullen/Frost and Frost Bank are subject to the regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve Board and, for Frost Bank, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). Regulatory authorities can initiate certain mandatory actions if Cullen/Frost or Frost Bank fail to meet the minimum capital requirements, which could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Management believes, as of September 30, 2016, that Cullen/Frost and Frost Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.

20

Table of Contents

Stock Repurchase Plans. From time to time, our board of directors has authorized stock repurchase plans. In general, stock repurchase plans allow us to proactively manage our capital position and return excess capital to shareholders. Shares purchased under such plans also provide us with shares of common stock necessary to satisfy obligations related to stock compensation awards. We did not have any active stock repurchase plans as of September 30, 2016.
Dividend Restrictions. In the ordinary course of business, Cullen/Frost is dependent upon dividends from Frost Bank to provide funds for the payment of dividends to shareholders and to provide for other cash requirements. Banking regulations may limit the amount of dividends that may be paid. Approval by regulatory authorities is required if the effect of dividends declared would cause the regulatory capital of Frost Bank to fall below specified minimum levels. Approval is also required if dividends declared exceed the net profits for that year combined with the retained net profits for the preceding two years. Under the foregoing dividend restrictions and while maintaining its “well capitalized” status, at September 30, 2016, Frost Bank could pay aggregate dividends of up to $445.2 million to Cullen/Frost without prior regulatory approval.
Under the terms of the junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures that Cullen/Frost has issued to Cullen/Frost Capital Trust II and WNB Capital Trust I, Cullen/Frost has the right at any time during the term of the debentures to defer the payment of interest at any time or from time to time for an extension period not exceeding 20 consecutive quarterly periods with respect to each extension period. In the event that we have elected to defer interest on the debentures, we may not, with certain exceptions, declare or pay any dividends or distributions on our capital stock or purchase or acquire any of our capital stock.
Under the terms of our Series A Preferred Stock, in the event that we do not declare and pay dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock for the most recent dividend period, we may not, with certain exceptions, declare or pay dividends on, or purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire, shares of our common stock or any of our securities that rank junior to our Series A Preferred Stock.
Merger or Acquisition Transactions. Our ability to engage in certain merger or acquisition transactions, whether or not any regulatory approval is required, will be dependent upon our bank regulators' views at the time as to capital levels, quality of management and our overall condition and their assessment of a variety of other factors. Certain merger or acquisition transactions, including those involving the acquisition of a depository institution or the assumption of the deposits of any depository institution, require formal approval from various bank regulatory authorities, which will be subject to a variety of factors and considerations. As part of the approval process in connection with the acquisition of WNB Bancshares, Inc. in 2014, we agreed with the Federal Reserve Board that before bringing it any further expansionary proposals, except for proposed branches serving majority minority areas within our existing markets, we would enhance certain compliance programs, including those related to fair lending (the “WNB Commitment”). As of May 27, 2016, the Federal Reserve Board has released us from the expansionary restrictions set forth in the WNB Commitment.

21

Table of Contents

Note 8 - Derivative Financial Instruments
The fair value of derivative positions outstanding is included in accrued interest receivable and other assets and accrued interest payable and other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and in the net change in each of these financial statement line items in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows.
Interest Rate Derivatives. We utilize interest rate swaps, caps and floors to mitigate exposure to interest rate risk and to facilitate the needs of our customers. Our objectives for utilizing these derivative instruments are described in our 2015 Form 10-K.
The notional amounts and estimated fair values of interest rate derivative contracts are presented in the following table. We obtain dealer quotations to value our interest rate derivative contracts designated as hedges of cash flows, while the fair values of other interest rate derivative contracts are estimated utilizing internal calculation methods with observable market data inputs.
 
September 30, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
Notional
Amount
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Notional
Amount
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedges of fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial institution counterparties:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan/lease interest rate swaps – assets
$

 
$

 
$
49,927

 
$
358

Loan/lease interest rate swaps – liabilities
71,587

 
(2,016
)
 
31,038

 
(2,301
)
Non-hedging interest rate derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial institution counterparties:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan/lease interest rate swaps – assets

 

 
62,887

 
278

Loan/lease interest rate swaps – liabilities
874,193

 
(54,203
)
 
768,182

 
(37,522
)
Loan/lease interest rate caps – assets
86,086

 
242

 
74,281

 
682

Customer counterparties:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan/lease interest rate swaps – assets
874,193

 
54,204

 
780,082

 
37,630

Loan/lease interest rate swaps – liabilities

 

 
50,987

 
(188
)
Loan/lease interest rate caps – liabilities
86,086

 
(242
)
 
74,281

 
(682
)
The weighted-average rates paid and received for interest rate swaps outstanding at September 30, 2016 were as follows:
 
Weighted-Average
 
Interest
Rate
Paid
 
Interest
Rate
Received
Interest rate swaps:
 
 
 
Fair value hedge loan/lease interest rate swaps
2.27
%
 
0.52
%
Non-hedging interest rate swaps – financial institution counterparties
4.00
%
 
2.27
%
Non-hedging interest rate swaps – customer counterparties
2.27
%
 
4.00
%
The weighted-average strike rate for outstanding interest rate caps was 2.87% at September 30, 2016.

22

Table of Contents

Commodity Derivatives. We enter into commodity swaps and option contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments primarily to accommodate the business needs of our customers. Upon the origination of a commodity swap or option contract with a customer, we simultaneously enter into an offsetting contract with a third party financial institution to mitigate the exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices.
The notional amounts and estimated fair values of non-hedging commodity swap and option derivative positions outstanding are presented in the following table. We obtain dealer quotations and use internal valuation models with observable market data inputs to value our commodity derivative positions.
 
 
 
September 30, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
Notional
Units
 
Notional
Amount
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Notional
Amount
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial institution counterparties:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Oil – assets
Barrels
 
819

 
$
1,734

 
1,184

 
$
12,650

Oil – liabilities
Barrels
 
549

 
(2,265
)
 
45

 
(352
)
Natural gas – assets
MMBTUs
 

 

 
760

 
560

Natural gas – liabilities
MMBTUs
 
2,313

 
(1,241
)
 

 

Customer counterparties:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Oil – assets
Barrels
 
549

 
2,369

 
45

 
354

Oil – liabilities
Barrels
 
819

 
(1,599
)
 
1,184

 
(12,454
)
Natural gas – assets
MMBTUs
 
2,313

 
1,301

 

 

Natural gas – liabilities
MMBTUs
 

 

 
760

 
(549
)
Foreign Currency Derivatives. We enter into foreign currency forward contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments primarily to accommodate the business needs of our customers. Upon the origination of a foreign currency denominated transaction with a customer, we simultaneously enter into an offsetting contract with a third party financial institution to negate the exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We also utilize foreign currency forward contracts that are not designated as hedging instruments to mitigate the economic effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on foreign currency holdings and certain short-term, non-U.S. dollar denominated loans. The notional amounts and fair values of open foreign currency forward contracts were as follows:
 
 
 
September 30, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
Notional
Currency
 
Notional
Amount
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Notional
Amount
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial institution counterparties:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Forward contracts – assets
EUR
 

 
$

 
1,247

 
$
13

Forward contracts – assets
CAD
 
2,291

 
4

 

 

Forward contracts – assets
GBP
 
466

 
1

 
568

 
2

Forward contracts – liabilities
EUR
 
955

 
(3
)
 
572

 
(18
)
Forward contracts – liabilities
CAD
 

 

 
1,440

 
(5
)
Customer counterparties:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Forward contracts – assets
EUR
 

 

 
575

 
22

Forward contracts – assets
CAD
 
2,283

 
4

 
1,437

 
9

Forward contracts – liabilities
EUR
 

 

 
343

 
(5
)
Gains, Losses and Derivative Cash Flows. For fair value hedges, the changes in the fair value of both the derivative hedging instrument and the hedged item are included in other non-interest income or other non-interest expense. The extent that such changes in fair value do not offset represents hedge ineffectiveness. Net cash flows from interest rate swaps on commercial loans/leases designated as hedging instruments in effective hedges of fair value are included in interest income on loans. For non-hedging derivative instruments, gains and losses due to changes in fair value and all cash flows are included in other non-interest income and other non-interest expense.

23

Table of Contents

Amounts included in the consolidated statements of income related to interest rate derivatives designated as hedges of fair value were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Commercial loan/lease interest rate swaps:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amount of gain (loss) included in interest income on loans
$
(331
)
 
$
(462
)
 
$
(1,057
)
 
$
(1,350
)
Amount of (gain) loss included in other non-interest expense
4

 

 
(3
)
 
6

As stated above, we enter into non-hedge related derivative positions primarily to accommodate the business needs of our customers. Upon the origination of a derivative contract with a customer, we simultaneously enter into an offsetting derivative contract with a third party financial institution. We recognize immediate income based upon the difference in the bid/ask spread of the underlying transactions with our customers and the third party. Because we act only as an intermediary for our customer, subsequent changes in the fair value of the underlying derivative contracts for the most part offset each other and do not significantly impact our results of operations.
Amounts included in the consolidated statements of income related to non-hedging interest rate, commodity and foreign currency derivative instruments are presented in the table below.
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Non-hedging interest rate derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other non-interest income
$
374

 
$
293

 
$
1,788

 
$
1,855

Other non-interest expense

 
(40
)
 

 
(43
)
Non-hedging commodity derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other non-interest income
110

 
1

 
255

 
67

Non-hedging foreign currency derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other non-interest income
8

 
(37
)
 
22

 
74

Counterparty Credit Risk. Our credit exposure relating to interest rate swaps, commodity swaps/options and foreign currency forward contracts with bank customers was approximately $57.6 million at September 30, 2016. This credit exposure is partly mitigated as transactions with customers are generally secured by the collateral, if any, securing the underlying transaction being hedged. Our credit exposure, net of collateral pledged, relating to interest rate swaps, commodity swaps/options and foreign currency forward contracts with upstream financial institution counterparties was approximately $9.8 million at September 30, 2016. This amount was primarily related to excess collateral we posted to counterparties. Collateral levels for upstream financial institution counterparties are monitored and adjusted as necessary. See Note 9 – Balance Sheet Offsetting and Repurchase Agreements for additional information regarding our credit exposure with upstream financial institution counterparties.
The aggregate fair value of securities we posted as collateral related to derivative contracts totaled $32.2 million at September 30, 2016. At such date, we also had $33.1 million in cash collateral on deposit with other financial institution counterparties.

24

Table of Contents

Note 9 - Balance Sheet Offsetting and Repurchase Agreements
Balance Sheet Offsetting. Certain financial instruments, including resell and repurchase agreements and derivatives, may be eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet and/or subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements. Our derivative transactions with upstream financial institution counterparties are generally executed under International Swaps and Derivative Association (“ISDA”) master agreements which include “right of set-off” provisions. In such cases there is generally a legally enforceable right to offset recognized amounts and there may be an intention to settle such amounts on a net basis. Nonetheless, we do not generally offset such financial instruments for financial reporting purposes.
Information about financial instruments that are eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2016 is presented in the following tables.
 
Gross Amount
Recognized
 
Gross Amount
Offset
 
Net Amount
Recognized
September 30, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
Financial assets:
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Loan/lease interest rate swaps and caps
$
242

 
$

 
$
242

Commodity swaps and options
1,734

 

 
1,734

Foreign currency forward contracts
5

 

 
5

Total derivatives
1,981

 

 
1,981

Resell agreements
9,642

 

 
9,642

Total
$
11,623

 
$

 
$
11,623

Financial liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Loan/lease interest rate swaps
$
56,219

 
$

 
$
56,219

Commodity swaps and options
3,506

 

 
3,506

Foreign currency forward contracts
3

 

 
3

Total derivatives
59,728

 

 
59,728

Repurchase agreements
793,702

 

 
793,702

Total
$
853,430

 
$

 
$
853,430

 
 
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset
 
 
 
Net Amount
Recognized
 
Financial
Instruments
 
Collateral
 
Net
Amount
September 30, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Counterparty A
$
169

 
$
(169
)
 
$

 
$

Counterparty B
496

 
(496
)
 

 

Counterparty C
1,242

 
(1,242
)
 

 

Other counterparties
74

 
(74
)
 

 

Total derivatives
1,981

 
(1,981
)
 

 

Resell agreements
9,642

 

 
(9,642
)
 

Total
$
11,623

 
$
(1,981
)
 
$
(9,642
)
 
$

Financial liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Counterparty A
$
18,517

 
$
(169
)
 
$
(18,348
)
 
$

Counterparty B
8,810

 
(496
)
 
(7,331
)
 
983

Counterparty C
3,571

 
(1,242
)
 
(1,746
)
 
583

Counterparty D
24,038

 

 
(24,038
)
 

Other counterparties
4,792

 
(74
)
 
(4,043
)
 
675

Total derivatives
59,728

 
(1,981
)
 
(55,506
)
 
2,241

Repurchase agreements
793,702

 

 
(793,702
)
 

Total
$
853,430

 
$
(1,981
)
 
$
(849,208
)
 
$
2,241


25

Table of Contents

Information about financial instruments that are eligible for offset in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 is presented in the following tables.
 
Gross Amount
Recognized
 
Gross Amount
Offset
 
Net Amount
Recognized
December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
Financial assets:
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Loan/lease interest rate swaps and caps
$
1,318

 
$

 
$
1,318

Commodity swaps and options
13,210

 

 
13,210

Foreign currency forward contracts
15

 

 
15

Total derivatives
14,543

 

 
14,543

Resell agreements
13,442

 

 
13,442

Total
$
27,985

 
$

 
$
27,985

Financial liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Loan/lease interest rate swaps
$
39,823

 
$

 
$
39,823

Commodity swaps and options
352

 

 
352

Foreign currency forward contracts
23

 

 
23

Total derivatives
40,198

 

 
40,198

Repurchase agreements
883,947

 

 
883,947

Total
$
924,145

 
$

 
$
924,145

 
 
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset
 
 
 
Net Amount
Recognized
 
Financial
Instruments
 
Collateral
 
Net
Amount
December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Financial assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Counterparty A
$
743

 
$
(743
)
 
$

 
$

Counterparty B
6,901

 
(5,795
)
 
(413
)
 
693

Counterparty C
6,059

 
(3,447
)
 
(2,312
)
 
300

Other counterparties
840

 
(840
)
 

 

Total derivatives
14,543

 
(10,825
)
 
(2,725
)
 
993

Resell agreements
13,442

 

 
(13,442
)
 

Total
$
27,985

 
$
(10,825
)
 
$
(16,167
)
 
$
993

Financial liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Counterparty A
$
16,092

 
$
(743
)
 
$
(15,347
)
 
$
2

Counterparty B
5,795

 
(5,795
)
 

 

Counterparty C
3,447

 
(3,447
)
 

 

Counterparty D
11,505

 
(20
)
 
(11,485
)
 

Other counterparties
3,359

 
(820
)
 
(1,971
)
 
568

Total derivatives
40,198

 
(10,825
)
 
(28,803
)
 
570

Repurchase agreements
883,947

 

 
(883,947
)
 

Total
$
924,145

 
$
(10,825
)
 
$
(912,750
)
 
$
570


26

Table of Contents

Repurchase Agreements. We utilize securities sold under agreements to repurchase to facilitate the needs of our customers and to facilitate secured short-term funding needs. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are stated at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction. We monitor collateral levels on a continuous basis. We may be required to provide additional collateral based on the fair value of the underlying securities. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with our safekeeping agents.
The remaining contractual maturity of repurchase agreements in the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 is presented in the following tables.
 
Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
 
Overnight and Continuous
 
Up to 30 Days
 
30-90 Days
 
Greater than 90 Days
 
Total
September 30, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury
$
668,320

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
668,320

Residential mortgage-backed securities
125,382

 

 

 

 
125,382

Total borrowings
$
793,702

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
793,702

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements
 
$
793,702

Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosures above
 
$

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury
$
664,419

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
664,419

Residential mortgage-backed securities
211,501

 

 
8,027

 

 
219,528

Total borrowings
$
875,920

 
$

 
$
8,027

 
$

 
$
883,947

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements
 
$
883,947

Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosures above
 
$

Note 10 - Stock-Based Compensation
A combined summary of activity in our active stock-based compensation plans is presented in the following table.
 
 
 
Director Deferred
Stock Units
Outstanding
 
Non-Vested Stock
Awards/Stock Units
Outstanding
 
Stock Options
Outstanding
 
Shares
Available
for Grant
 
Number
of Shares
 
Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
 
Number
of Shares
 
Weighted-
Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
 
Number
of Shares
 
Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price
Balance, January 1, 2016
1,589,727

 
45,443

 
$
61.16

 
173,180

 
$
66.05

 
5,612,240

 
$
60.30

Authorized

 

 

 

 

 

 

Granted
(8,216
)
 
8,216

 
63.25

 

 

 

 

Stock options exercised

 

 

 

 

 
(908,921
)
 
52.67

Stock awards/units vested

 

 

 

 

 

 

Forfeited/expired
41,157

 

 

 

 

 
(41,157
)
 
70.98

Balance, September 30, 2016
1,622,668

 
53,659

 
$
61.48

 
173,180

 
$
66.05

 
4,662,162

 
$
61.70


27

Table of Contents

Shares issued in connection with stock compensation awards are issued from available treasury shares. If no treasury shares are available, new shares are issued from available authorized shares. Shares issued in connection with stock compensation awards along with other related information were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
New shares issued from available authorized shares

 

 

 

Issued from available treasury stock
841,846

 
56,377

 
908,921

 
227,851

Total
841,846

 
56,377

 
908,921

 
227,851

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from stock option exercises
$
44,287

 
$
2,880

 
$
47,873

 
$
11,830

Stock-based compensation expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period for all awards. The service period generally matches the vesting period for most awards; however, the service period for certain executive officers does not extend past the date they reach 65 years of age. Stock-based compensation expense was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Stock options
$
2,163

 
$
2,075

 
$
6,405

 
$
6,269

Non-vested stock awards/stock units
358

 
267

 
1,073

 
930

Deferred stock units

 

 
520

 
480

Total
$
2,521

 
$
2,342

 
$
7,998

 
$
7,679

Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense at September 30, 2016 was as follows:
Stock options
$
14,354

Non-vested stock awards/stock units
2,282

Total
$
16,636

Note 11 - Earnings Per Common Share
Earnings per common share is computed using the two-class method as more fully described in our 2015 Form 10-K. The following table presents a reconciliation of net income available to common shareholders, net earnings allocated to common stock and the number of shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share.
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Net income
$
80,219

 
$
75,850

 
$
220,542

 
$
221,090

Less: Preferred stock dividends
2,016

 
2,016

 
6,047

 
6,047

Net income available to common shareholders
78,203

 
73,834

 
214,495

 
215,043

Less: Earnings allocated to participating securities
282

 
260

 
769

 
744

Net earnings allocated to common stock
$
77,921

 
$
73,574

 
$
213,726

 
$
214,299

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Distributed earnings allocated to common stock
$
33,918

 
$
33,030

 
$
100,203

 
$
98,674

Undistributed earnings allocated to common stock
44,003

 
40,544

 
113,523

 
115,625

Net earnings allocated to common stock
$
77,921

 
$
73,574

 
$
213,726

 
$
214,299

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted-average shares outstanding for basic earnings per common share
62,449,660

 
62,628,725

 
62,114,075

 
62,945,595

Dilutive effect of stock compensation
691,543

 
690,041

 
448,290

 
736,197

Weighted-average shares outstanding for diluted earnings per common share
63,141,203

 
63,318,766

 
62,562,365

 
63,681,792


28

Table of Contents

Note 12 - Defined Benefit Plans
The components of the combined net periodic expense (benefit) for our defined benefit pension plans were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Expected return on plan assets, net of expenses
$
(2,890
)
 
$
(2,983
)
 
$
(8,669
)
 
$
(8,949
)
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation
1,732

 
2,052

 
5,230

 
6,157

Net amortization and deferral
1,585

 
1,748

 
4,691

 
5,246

SERP settlement costs

 

 
187

 

Net periodic expense (benefit)
$
427

 
$
817

 
$
1,439

 
$
2,454

As of December 31, 2015, we changed the method we use to estimate the interest cost component of net periodic benefit cost for our defined benefit pension and other post-retirement benefit plans. Prior to the change, we estimated the interest cost component utilizing a single weighted-average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure our projected benefit obligation. Under the new method, we utilized a full yield curve approach in the estimation of the interest cost component by applying the specific annual spot rates along the yield curve used in the measurement of our projected benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. We view the full yield curve method as more representationally faithful of effective settlement rates as the interest cost component of the net periodic cost is measured more precisely, reflecting the difference in the timing of future benefit payment cash flows. This new method constituted a change in an accounting estimate that was inseparable from a change in accounting principle and was accounted for prospectively, with the resulting change impacting the recognition of net periodic benefit cost beginning January 1, 2016. While the change resulted in a decrease in the interest cost component of the net periodic benefit cost recognized in 2016, the overall impact was not significant to our financial statements.
Our non-qualified defined benefit pension plan is not funded. Supplemental executive retirement plan (“SERP”) settlement costs were related to the retirement of a former executive officer. No contributions to the qualified defined benefit pension plan were made during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. We do not expect to make any contributions to the qualified defined benefit plan during the remainder of 2016.
Note 13 - Income Taxes
Income tax expense was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Current income tax expense
$
12,848

 
$
16,960

 
$
40,251

 
$
49,048

Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
(1,996
)
 
(4,830
)
 
(11,629
)
 
(12,234
)
Income tax expense, as reported
$
10,852

 
$
12,130

 
$
28,622

 
$
36,814

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Effective tax rate
11.9
%
 
13.8
%
 
11.5
%
 
14.3
%
Net deferred tax liabilities totaled $65.6 million at September 30, 2016 and $22.5 million at December 31, 2015. No valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was recorded at September 30, 2016 as management believes it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets will be realized because they were supported by recoverable taxes paid in prior years. The effective income tax rates differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 35% during the comparable periods primarily due to the effect of tax-exempt income from loans, securities and life insurance policies. There were no unrecognized tax benefits during any of the reported periods. Interest and/or penalties related to income taxes are reported as a component of income tax expense. Such amounts were not significant during the reported periods.
We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction. We are no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2013.
During the third quarter of 2016, we adopted a new accounting standard that impacted how the income tax effects associated with stock-based compensation are recognized. See Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies for additional information.

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Table of Contents

Note 14 - Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The before and after tax amounts allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are presented in the following table. Reclassification adjustments related to securities available for sale are included in net gain (loss) on securities transactions in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. The change in the net actuarial gain/loss on defined-benefit post-retirement benefit plans is included in the computation of net periodic pension expense (see Note 12 – Defined Benefit Plans).
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30, 2016
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30, 2015
 
Before Tax
Amount
 
Tax  Expense,
(Benefit)
 
Net of  Tax
Amount
 
Before Tax
Amount
 
Tax  Expense,
(Benefit)
 
Net of  Tax
Amount
Securities available for sale and transferred securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in net unrealized gain/loss during the period
$
(95,641
)
 
$
(33,473
)
 
$
(62,168
)
 
$
86,445

 
$
30,256

 
$
56,189

Change in net unrealized gain on securities transferred to held to maturity
(7,278
)
 
(2,547
)
 
(4,731
)
 
(8,831
)
 
(3,091
)
 
(5,740
)
Reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses included in net income
37

 
12

 
25

 
52

 
18

 
34

Total securities available for sale and transferred securities
(102,882
)
 
(36,008
)
 
(66,874
)
 
77,666

 
27,183

 
50,483

Defined-benefit post-retirement benefit plans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in the net actuarial gain/loss
1,585

 
555

 
1,030

 
1,748

 
612

 
1,136

Remeasurement of projected benefit obligation related to SERP

 

 

 

 

 

Reclassification adjustment for SERP settlement costs included in net income

 

 

 

 

 

Total defined-benefit post-retirement benefit plans
1,585

 
555

 
1,030

 
1,748

 
612

 
1,136

Total other comprehensive income (loss)
$
(101,297
)
 
$
(35,453
)
 
$
(65,844
)
 
$
79,414

 
$
27,795

 
$
51,619

 
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30, 2016
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30, 2015
 
Before Tax
Amount
 
Tax  Expense,
(Benefit)
 
Net of  Tax
Amount
 
Before Tax
Amount
 
Tax  Expense,
(Benefit)
 
Net of  Tax
Amount
Securities available for sale and transferred securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in net unrealized gain/loss during the period
$
191,865

 
$
67,154

 
$
124,711

 
$
7,704

 
$
2,697

 
$
5,007

Change in net unrealized gain on securities transferred to held to maturity
(24,629
)
 
(8,620
)
 
(16,009
)
 
(24,925
)
 
(8,724
)
 
(16,201
)
Reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses included in net income
(14,866
)
 
(5,204
)
 
(9,662
)
 
(176
)
 
(62
)
 
(114
)
Total securities available for sale and transferred securities
152,370

 
53,330

 
99,040

 
(17,397
)
 
(6,089
)
 
(11,308
)
Defined-benefit post-retirement benefit plans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in the net actuarial gain/loss
4,691

 
1,642

 
3,049

 
5,246

 
1,836

 
3,410

Remeasurement of projected benefit obligation related to SERP
(862
)
 
(302
)
 
(560
)
 

 

 

Reclassification adjustment for SERP settlement costs included in net income
187

 
66

 
121

 

 

 

Total defined-benefit post-retirement benefit plans
4,016

 
1,406

 
2,610

 
5,246

 
1,836

 
3,410

Total other comprehensive income (loss)
$
156,386

 
$
54,736

 
$
101,650

 
$
(12,151
)
 
$
(4,253
)
 
$
(7,898
)

30

Table of Contents

Activity in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, was as follows:
 
Securities
Available
For Sale
 
Defined
Benefit
Plans
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
Balance January 1, 2016
$
160,611

 
$
(46,748
)
 
$
113,863

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
108,702

 
2,489

 
111,191

Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
(9,662
)
 
121

 
(9,541
)
Net other comprehensive income (loss) during period
99,040

 
2,610

 
101,650

Balance at September 30, 2016
$
259,651

 
$
(44,138
)
 
$
215,513

 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance January 1, 2015
$
190,589

 
$
(48,775
)
 
$
141,814

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
(11,194
)
 
3,410

 
(7,784
)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
(114
)
 

 
(114
)
Net other comprehensive income (loss) during period
(11,308
)
 
3,410

 
(7,898
)
Balance at September 30, 2015
$
179,281

 
$
(45,365
)
 
$
133,916


Note 15 – Operating Segments
We are managed under a matrix organizational structure whereby our two primary operating segments, Banking and Frost Wealth Advisors, overlap a regional reporting structure. See our 2015 Form 10-K for additional information regarding our operating segments. Summarized operating results by segment were as follows:
 
Banking
 
Frost  Wealth
Advisors
 
Non-Banks
 
Consolidated
Revenues from (expenses to) external customers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three months ended:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
September 30, 2016
$
244,343

 
$
33,536

 
$
(1,258
)
 
$
276,621

September 30, 2015
239,145

 
31,727

 
(513
)
 
270,359

Nine months ended:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
September 30, 2016
$
737,060

 
$
97,484

 
$
(3,537
)
 
$
831,007

September 30, 2015
701,080

 
96,867

 
(1,879
)
 
796,068

Net income (loss):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three months ended:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
September 30, 2016
$
76,347

 
$
4,797

 
$
(925
)
 
$
80,219

September 30, 2015
71,402

 
4,782

 
(334
)
 
75,850

Nine months ended:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
September 30, 2016
$
210,454

 
$
13,809

 
$
(3,721
)
 
$
220,542

September 30, 2015
208,141

 
15,418

 
(2,469
)
 
221,090


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Note 16 – Fair Value Measurements
The fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability in an orderly transaction occurring in the principal market (or most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market) for such asset or liability. In estimating fair value, we utilize valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach and/or the cost approach. Such valuation techniques are consistently applied. Inputs to valuation techniques include the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. ASC Topic 820 establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. See our 2015 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the fair value hierarchy and a description of our valuation techniques.
Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The table below summarizes financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy of ASC Topic 820 utilized to measure fair value.
 
Level 1
Inputs
 
Level 2
Inputs
 
Level 3
Inputs
 
Total Fair
Value
September 30, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities available for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury
$
4,099,749

 
$

 
$

 
$
4,099,749

Residential mortgage-backed securities

 
849,543

 

 
849,543

States and political subdivisions

 
5,171,050

 

 
5,171,050

Other

 
42,484

 

 
42,484

Trading account securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury
16,161

 

 

 
16,161

States and political subdivisions

 
9,538

 

 
9,538

Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps, caps and floors

 
54,446

 

 
54,446

Commodity swaps and options

 
5,404

 

 
5,404

Foreign currency forward contracts
9

 

 

 
9

Derivative liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps, caps and floors

 
56,461

 

 
56,461

Commodity swaps and options

 
5,105

 

 
5,105

Foreign currency forward contracts
3

 

 

 
3

December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities available for sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury
$
3,994,520

 
$

 
$

 
$
3,994,520

Residential mortgage-backed securities

 
1,041,432

 

 
1,041,432

States and political subdivisions

 
4,127,959

 

 
4,127,959

Other

 
42,447

 

 
42,447

Trading account securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury
16,443

 

 

 
16,443

States and political subdivisions

 
136

 

 
136

Derivative assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps, caps and floors

 
38,948

 

 
38,948

Commodity swaps and options

 
13,564

 

 
13,564

Foreign currency forward contracts
46

 

 

 
46

Derivative liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps, caps and floors

 
40,693

 

 
40,693

Commodity swaps and options

 
13,355

 

 
13,355

Foreign currency forward contracts
28

 

 

 
28


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Certain financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). Financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the reported periods include certain impaired loans reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. The following table presents impaired loans that were remeasured and reported at fair value through a specific valuation allowance allocation of the allowance for loan losses based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral during the reported periods.
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30, 2016
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30, 2015
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
Carrying value of impaired loans before allocations
$

 
$
11,023

 
$
130

 
$
959

Specific valuation allowance (allocations) reversals of prior allocations

 
(3,750
)
 
(71
)
 
150

Fair value
$

 
$
7,273

 
$
59

 
$
1,109

Non-Financial Assets and Non-Financial Liabilities. We do not have any non-financial assets or non-financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the reported periods include certain foreclosed assets which, upon initial recognition, were remeasured and reported at fair value through a charge-off to the allowance for loan losses and certain foreclosed assets which, subsequent to their initial recognition, were remeasured at fair value through a write-down included in other non-interest expense. The following table presents foreclosed assets that were remeasured and reported at fair value during the reported periods:
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30, 2016
 
2016
 
2015
Foreclosed assets remeasured at initial recognition:
 
 
 
Carrying value of foreclosed assets prior to remeasurement
$
425

 
$
975

Charge-offs recognized in the allowance for loan losses
(3
)
 
(149
)
Fair value
$
422

 
$
826

Foreclosed assets remeasured subsequent to initial recognition:
 
 
 
Carrying value of foreclosed assets prior to remeasurement
$
492

 
$
205

Write-downs included in other non-interest expense
(217
)
 
(36
)
Fair value
$
275

 
$
169

Financial Instruments Reported at Amortized Cost. The estimated fair values of financial instruments that are reported at amortized cost in our consolidated balance sheets, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy utilized to measure fair value, were as follows:
 
September 30, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
Carrying
Amount
 
Estimated
Fair Value
 
Carrying
Amount
 
Estimated
Fair Value
Financial assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Level 2 inputs:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
3,995,388

 
$
3,995,388

 
$
3,591,523

 
$
3,591,523

Securities held to maturity
2,264,460

 
2,326,430

 
2,663,009

 
2,710,685

Cash surrender value of life insurance policies
176,963

 
176,963

 
175,191

 
175,191

Accrued interest receivable
105,007

 
105,007

 
139,986

 
139,986

Level 3 inputs:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans, net
11,431,637

 
11,482,949

 
11,350,672

 
11,396,158

Financial liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Level 2 inputs:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits
25,107,548

 
25,107,868

 
24,343,595

 
24,344,007

Federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements
804,302

 
804,302

 
893,522

 
893,522

Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures
136,112

 
137,115

 
136,069

 
137,115

Subordinated notes payable and other borrowings
99,960

 
100,000

 
99,870

 
99,000

Accrued interest payable
1,094

 
1,094

 
1,014

 
1,014


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Note 17 - Accounting Standards Updates
ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” ASU 2014-09 implements a common revenue standard that clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. ASU 2014-09 was originally going to be effective for us on January 1, 2017; however, ASU 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) – Deferral of the Effective Date" deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year to January 1, 2018. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of ASU 2014-09 on our financial statements.
ASU 2015-01, “Income Statement - Extraordinary and Unusual Items (Subtopic 225-20) – Simplifying Income Statement Presentation by Eliminating the Concept of Extraordinary Items.” ASU 2015-01 eliminates from U.S. GAAP the concept of extraordinary items, which, among other things, required an entity to segregate extraordinary items considered to be unusual and infrequent from the results of ordinary operations and show the item separately in the income statement, net of tax, after income from continuing operations. ASU 2015-01 became effective for us on January 1, 2016 and did not have a significant impact on our financial statements.
ASU 2015-02, “Consolidation (Topic 810) – Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis.” ASU 2015-02 implements changes to both the variable interest consolidation model and the voting interest consolidation model. ASU 2015-02 (i) eliminates certain criteria that must be met when determining when fees paid to a decision maker or service provider do not represent a variable interest, (ii) amends the criteria for determining whether a limited partnership is a variable interest entity and (iii)  eliminates the presumption that a general partner controls a limited partnership in the voting model. ASU 2015-02 became effective for us on January 1, 2016 and did not have a significant impact on our financial statements.
ASU 2015-03, “Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30) – Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. ASU 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected by the amendments in ASU 2015-03. ASU 2015-03 became effective for us on January 1, 2016 and unamortized debt issuance costs are now presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability in our accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
ASU 2015-05, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) – Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement.” ASU 2015-05 addresses accounting for fees paid by a customer in cloud computing arrangements such as (i) software as a service, (ii) platform as a service (iii) infrastructure as a service and (iv) other similar hosting arrangements. ASU 2015-05 provides guidance to customers about whether a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license. If a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, then the customer should account for the software license element of the arrangement consistent with the acquisition of other software licenses. If a cloud computing arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. ASU 2015-05 became effective for us on January 1, 2016 and did not have a significant impact on our financial statements.
ASU 2015-15, “Interest – Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30) – Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements. Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to Staff Announcement at June 18, 2015 EITF Meeting." ASU 2015-15 adds SEC paragraphs pursuant to an SEC Staff Announcement that given the absence of authoritative guidance within ASU 2015-03 for debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements, the SEC staff would not object to an entity deferring and presenting debt issuance costs as an asset and subsequently amortizing the deferred debt issuance costs ratably over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement.
ASU 2015-16, “Business Combinations (Topic 805) – Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments.” ASU 2015-16 requires that adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period of a business combination be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. Furthermore, the income statement effects of such adjustments, if any, must be calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. Any amounts that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date should be recorded in current-period earnings. Under previous guidance, adjustments to provisional amounts identified during the measurement period were to be recognized retrospectively. ASU 2015-16 became effective for us on January 1, 2016 and did not have a significant impact on our financial statements.

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ASU 2016-01, “Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” ASU 2016-01, among other things, (i) requires equity investments, with certain exceptions, to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, (ii) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment, (iii) eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet, (iv) requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, (v) requires an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments, (vi) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements and (viii) clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale. ASU 2016-01 will be effective for us on January 1, 2018 and is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial statements.
ASU 2016-02,“Leases (Topic 842).” ASU 2016-02 will, among other things, require lessees to recognize a lease liability, which is a lessee‘s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. ASU 2016-02 does not significantly change lease accounting requirements applicable to lessors; however, certain changes were made to align, where necessary, lessor accounting with the lessee accounting model and ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” ASU 2016-02 will be effective for us on January 1, 2019 and will require transition using a modified retrospective approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of ASU 2016-02 on our financial statements.
ASU 2016-05“Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) Effect of Derivative Contract Novations on Existing Hedge Accounting Relationships.” ASU 2016-05 clarifies that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as the hedging instrument under ASC Topic 815 does not, in and of itself, require dedesignation of that hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria continue to be met. ASU 2016-05 will be effective for us on January 1, 2017 and is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial statements.
ASU 2016-07, “Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting.” The amendments affect all entities that have an investment that becomes qualified for the equity method of accounting as a result of an increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence. ASU 2016-07 simplifies the transition to the equity method of accounting by eliminating retroactive adjustment of the investment when an investment qualifies for use of the equity method, among other things. ASU 2016-07 will be effective for us on January 1, 2017 and is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial statements.
ASU 2016-08, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net).” ASU 2016-08 was issued to clarify certain principal versus agent considerations within the implementation guidance of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” The effective date and transition of ASU 2016-08 is the same as the effective date and transition of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), as discussed above. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of ASU 2016-08 on our financial statements.
ASU 2016-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” Under ASU 2016-09 all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies related to share-based payment awards should be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement during the period in which they occur. Previously, such amounts were recorded in the pool of excess tax benefits included in additional paid-in capital, if such pool was available. Because excess tax benefits are no longer recognized in additional paid-in capital, the assumed proceeds from applying the treasury stock method when computing earnings per share should exclude the amount of excess tax benefits that would have previously been recognized in additional paid-in capital. Additionally, excess tax benefits should be classified along with other income tax cash flows as an operating activity rather than a financing activity, as was previously the case. ASU 2016-09 also provides that an entity can make an entity-wide accounting policy election to either estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest (current GAAP) or account for forfeitures when they occur. ASU 2016-09 changes the threshold to qualify for equity classification (rather than as a liability) to permit withholding up to the maximum statutory tax rates (rather than the minimum as was previously the case) in the applicable jurisdictions. We elected to adopt the provisions of ASU 2016-09 during the third quarter of 2016 in advance of the required application date of January 1, 2017. See Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies.

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ASU 2016-10, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing.” ASU 2016-10 was issued to clarify ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” related to (i) identifying performance obligations; and (ii) the licensing implementation guidance. The effective date and transition of ASU 2016-10 is the same as the effective date and transition of ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” as discussed above. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of ASU 2016-10 on our financial statements.
ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” ASU 2016-13 requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts and requires enhanced disclosures related to the significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. In addition, ASU 2016-13 amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. ASU 2016-13 will be effective on January 1, 2020. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of ASU 2016-13 on our financial statements.
ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” ASU 2016-15 provides guidance related to certain cash flow issues in order to reduce the current and potential future diversity in practice. ASU 2016-15 will be effective for us on January 1, 2018 and is not expected to have a significant impact on our financial statements.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Financial Review
Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements, and notes thereto, for the year ended December 31, 2015, and the other information included in the 2015 Form 10-K. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the year ending December 31, 2016 or any future period.
Dollar amounts in tables are stated in thousands, except for per share amounts.
Forward-Looking Statements and Factors that Could Affect Future Results
Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not statements of historical fact constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”), notwithstanding that such statements are not specifically identified as such. In addition, certain statements may be contained in our future filings with the SEC, in press releases, and in oral and written statements made by us or with our approval that are not statements of historical fact and constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Act. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (i) projections of revenues, expenses, income or loss, earnings or loss per share, the payment or nonpayment of dividends, capital structure and other financial items; (ii) statements of plans, objectives and expectations of Cullen/Frost or its management or Board of Directors, including those relating to products or services; (iii) statements of future economic performance; and (iv) statements of assumptions underlying such statements. Words such as “believes”, “anticipates”, “expects”, “intends”, “targeted”, “continue”, “remain”, “will”, “should”, “may” and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements.
Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:
Local, regional, national and international economic conditions and the impact they may have on us and our customers and our assessment of that impact.
Volatility and disruption in national and international financial and commodity markets.
Government intervention in the U.S. financial system.
Changes in the mix of loan geographies, sectors and types or the level of non-performing assets and charge-offs.
Changes in estimates of future reserve requirements based upon the periodic review thereof under relevant regulatory and accounting requirements.
The effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board.
Inflation, interest rate, securities market and monetary fluctuations.
The effect of changes in laws and regulations (including laws and regulations concerning taxes, banking, securities and insurance) with which we and our subsidiaries must comply.
The soundness of other financial institutions.
Political instability.
Impairment of our goodwill or other intangible assets.
Acts of God or of war or terrorism.
The timely development and acceptance of new products and services and perceived overall value of these products and services by users.
Changes in consumer spending, borrowings and savings habits.
Changes in the financial performance and/or condition of our borrowers.
Technological changes.
Acquisitions and integration of acquired businesses.
The ability to increase market share and control expenses.
Our ability to attract and retain qualified employees.
Changes in the competitive environment in our markets and among banking organizations and other financial service providers.
The effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and other accounting standard setters.
Changes in the reliability of our vendors, internal control systems or information systems.
Changes in our liquidity position.

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Changes in our organization, compensation and benefit plans.
The costs and effects of legal and regulatory developments, the resolution of legal proceedings or regulatory or other governmental inquiries, the results of regulatory examinations or reviews and the ability to obtain required regulatory approvals.
Greater than expected costs or difficulties related to the integration of new products and lines of business.
Our success at managing the risks involved in the foregoing items.
Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made. We do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Accounting Estimates
We follow accounting and reporting policies that conform, in all material respects, to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and to general practices within the financial services industry. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. While we base estimates on historical experience, current information and other factors deemed to be relevant, actual results could differ from those estimates.
We consider accounting estimates to be critical to reported financial results if (i) the accounting estimate requires management to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain and (ii) different estimates that management reasonably could have used for the accounting estimate in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, could have a material impact on our financial statements. Accounting policies related to the allowance for loan losses are considered to be critical as these policies involve considerable subjective judgment and estimation by management.
For additional information regarding critical accounting policies, refer to Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 3 - Loans in the notes to consolidated financial statements and the sections captioned “Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Accounting Estimates” and “Allowance for Loan Losses” in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in the 2015 Form 10-K. There have been no significant changes in our application of critical accounting policies related to the allowance for loan losses since December 31, 2015.
Overview
A discussion of our results of operations is presented below. Certain reclassifications have been made to make prior periods comparable. Taxable-equivalent adjustments are the result of increasing income from tax-free loans and investments by an amount equal to the taxes that would be paid if the income were fully taxable based on a 35% federal tax rate, thus making tax-exempt yields comparable to taxable asset yields.

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Results of Operations
Net income available to common shareholders totaled $78.2 million, or $1.24 per diluted common share, and $214.5 million, or $3.42 per diluted common share, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $73.8 million, or $1.17 per diluted common share, and $215.0 million, or $3.39 per diluted common share, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015.
Selected data for the comparable periods was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Taxable-equivalent net interest income
$
235,665

 
$
225,553

 
$
694,997

 
$
662,386

Taxable-equivalent adjustment
41,158

 
38,572

 
120,264

 
111,893

Net interest income
194,507

 
186,981

 
574,733

 
550,493

Provision for loan losses
5,045

 
6,810

 
42,734

 
17,845

Net interest income after provision for loan losses
189,462

 
180,171

 
531,999

 
532,648

Non-interest income
82,114

 
83,378

 
256,274

 
245,575

Non-interest expense
180,505

 
175,569

 
539,109

 
520,319

Income before income taxes
91,071

 
87,980

 
249,164

 
257,904

Income taxes
10,852

 
12,130

 
28,622

 
36,814

Net income
80,219

 
75,850

 
220,542

 
221,090

Preferred stock dividends
2,016

 
2,016

 
6,047

 
6,047

Net income available to common shareholders
$
78,203

 
$
73,834

 
$
214,495

 
$
215,043

Earnings per common share – basic
$
1.24

 
$
1.18

 
$
3.44

 
$
3.41

Earnings per common share – diluted
1.24

 
1.17

 
3.42

 
3.39

Dividends per common share
0.54

 
0.53

 
1.61

 
1.57

Return on average assets
1.07
%
 
1.04
%
 
1.01
%
 
1.03
%
Return on average common equity
10.31

 
10.73

 
9.87

 
10.47

Average shareholders’ equity to average assets
10.85

 
10.24

 
10.70

 
10.36

Net income available to common shareholders increased $4.4 million, or 5.9%, for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and decreased $548 thousand, or 0.3%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same periods in 2015. The increase during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily the result of a $7.5 million increase in net interest income, a $1.8 million decrease in the provision for loan losses and a $1.3 million decrease in income tax expense partly offset by a $4.9 million increase in non-interest expense and a $1.3 million decrease in non-interest income. The decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily the result of a $24.9 million increase in the provision for loan losses and an $18.8 million increase in non-interest expense mostly offset by a $24.2 million increase in net interest income, a $10.7 million increase in non-interest income and an $8.2 million decrease in income tax expense.
Details of the changes in the various components of net income are further discussed below.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income is the difference between interest income on earning assets, such as loans and securities, and interest expense on liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings, which are used to fund those assets. Net interest income is our largest source of revenue, representing 69.2% of total revenue during the first nine months of 2016. Net interest margin is the ratio of taxable-equivalent net interest income to average earning assets for the period. The level of interest rates and the volume and mix of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities impact net interest income and net interest margin.
The Federal Reserve influences the general market rates of interest, including the deposit and loan rates offered by many financial institutions. Our loan portfolio is significantly affected by changes in the prime interest rate. The prime interest rate, which is the rate offered on loans to borrowers with strong credit, remained at 3.25% during most of 2015. In December 2015, the prime rate increased 25 basis points to 3.50% and remained at that level through the third quarter of 2016. Our loan portfolio is also impacted, to a lesser extent, by changes in the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). At September 30, 2016, the one-month and three-month U.S. dollar LIBOR rates were 0.53% and 0.85%, respectively, while at September 30, 2015, the one-month and three-month U.S. dollar LIBOR rates were 0.19% and 0.33%, respectively. The intended federal funds rate, which is the cost of immediately available overnight funds, remained at zero to 0.25% during most of 2015. In December 2015, the intended federal funds rate increased from 0.25% to 0.50% and remained at that level through the first nine months of 2016.

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Our balance sheet has historically been asset sensitive, meaning that earning assets generally reprice more quickly than interest-bearing liabilities. Therefore, our net interest margin is likely to increase in sustained periods of rising interest rates and decrease in sustained periods of declining interest rates. We are primarily funded by core deposits, with non-interest-bearing demand deposits historically being a significant source of funds. This lower-cost funding base is expected to have a positive impact on our net interest income and net interest margin in a rising interest rate environment. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) repealed the federal prohibitions on the payment of interest on demand deposits, thereby permitting depository institutions to pay interest on business transaction and other accounts beginning July 21, 2011. To date, we have not experienced any significant additional interest costs as a result of the repeal; however, we may begin to incur interest costs associated with certain demand deposits in the future as market conditions warrant. See Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk elsewhere in this report for information about the expected impact of this legislation on our sensitivity to interest rates. Further analysis of the components of our net interest margin is presented below.
The following tables present the changes in taxable-equivalent net interest income and identifies the changes due to differences in the average volume of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and the changes due to changes in the average interest rate on those assets and liabilities. The changes in net interest income due to changes in both average volume and average interest rate have been allocated to the average volume change or the average interest rate change in proportion to the absolute amounts of the change in each. The comparison between the periods includes an additional change factor that shows the effect of the difference in the number of days in each period for assets and liabilities that accrue interest based upon the actual number of days in the period, as further discussed below.
 
Three Months Ended
 
September 30, 2016 vs. September 30, 2015
 
Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in
 
 
 
Rate
 
Volume
 
Number of Days
 
Total
Interest-bearing deposits
$
2,060

 
$
114

 
$

 
$
2,174

Federal funds sold and resell agreements
19

 
1

 

 
20

Securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Taxable
(1,658
)
 
37

 

 
(1,621
)
Tax-exempt
(783
)
 
7,102

 

 
6,319

Loans, net of unearned discounts
2,263

 
832

 

 
3,095

Total earning assets
1,901

 
8,086

 

 
9,987

Savings and interest checking

 
14

 

 
14

Money market deposit accounts
(323
)
 
(41
)
 

 
(364
)
Time accounts
(28
)
 
(18
)
 

 
(46
)
Public funds

 
7

 

 
7

Federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements

 
5

 

 
5

Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures
150

 

 

 
150

Subordinated notes payable and other notes
109

 

 

 
109

Total interest-bearing liabilities
(92
)
 
(33
)
 

 
(125
)
Net change
$
1,993

 
$
8,119

 
$

 
$
10,112


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Nine Months Ended
 
September 30, 2016 vs. September 30, 2015
 
Increase (Decrease) Due to Change in
 
 
 
Rate
 
Volume
 
Number of Days
 
Total
Interest-bearing deposits
$
5,658

 
$
(76
)
 
$
41

 
$
5,623

Federal funds sold and resell agreements
46

 
49

 
1

 
96

Securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Taxable
(4,481
)
 
(3,928
)
 
204

 
(8,205
)
Tax-exempt
(443
)
 
19,424

 

 
18,981

Loans, net of unearned discounts
6,389

 
7,380

 
1,257

 
15,026

Total earning assets
7,169

 
22,849

 
1,503

 
31,521

Savings and interest checking

 
32

 
3

 
35

Money market deposit accounts
(1,405
)
 
(160
)
 
13

 
(1,552
)
Time accounts
(191
)
 
(92
)
 
3

 
(280
)
Public funds
24

 
6

 

 
30

Federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements
28

 
10

 
1

 
39

Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures
375

 
1

 

 
376

Subordinated notes payable and other notes
261

 
1

 

 
262

Total interest-bearing liabilities
(908
)
 
(202
)
 
20

 
(1,090
)
Net change
$
8,077

 
$
23,051

 
$
1,483

 
$
32,611

Taxable-equivalent net interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased $10.1 million, or 4.5%, while taxable-equivalent net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $32.6 million, or 4.9%, compared to the same periods in 2015. Taxable-equivalent net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 included 274 days compared to 273 days for the same period in 2015 as a result of the leap year. The additional day added approximately $1.5 million to taxable-equivalent net interest income during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Excluding the impact of the additional day results in an effective increase in taxable-equivalent net interest income of approximately $31.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in taxable-equivalent net interest income during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to the impact of increases in the average volume of tax-exempt securities and loans as well as increases in the average yields on loans and interest-bearing deposits partly offset by the impact of decreases in the average yield on taxable and tax-exempt securities. The increase in taxable-equivalent net interest income during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, excluding the effect of the aforementioned additional day, was primarily related to the impact of increases in the average volume of tax-exempt securities and loans as well as increases in the average yield on loans and interest-bearing deposits partly offset by the impact of decreases in the average yield and volume of taxable securities. Taxable-equivalent net interest income during the nine months ended was also positively impacted by a decrease in the average rate paid on money market deposit accounts. The average volume of interest-earning assets for the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased $1.1 billion, while the average volume of interest earning assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $593.4 million compared to the same periods in 2015. The increase in average earning assets during the three months ended September 30, 2016, included a $720.2 million increase in average tax-exempt securities, a $173.6 million increase in average interest-bearing deposits, a $95.5 million increase in average loans and an $82.3 million increase in average taxable securities. The increase in average earning assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, included a $573.1 million increase in average tax-exempt securities and a $264.8 million increase in average loans partly offset by a $217.9 million decrease in average taxable securities and a $38.9 million decrease in average interest-bearing deposits.
The net interest margin increased 5 basis points from 3.48% during the three months ended September 30, 2015 to 3.53% during the three months ended September 30, 2016 and increased 11 basis points from 3.45% during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 to 3.56% during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increases in the net interest margin during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, were primarily due to increases in the average yield on interest earning assets.
The average yield on interest-earning assets increased 4 basis points from 3.53% during the three months ended September 30, 2015 to 3.57% during the three months ended September 30, 2016 and increased 10 basis points from 3.50% during the nine months ended September 30, 2015 to 3.60% during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increases in the average yield on interest earning assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were mostly due to increases in the average

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yields on interest-bearing deposits and loans. The increase in the average yield on interest earning assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was also partly related to an increase in the average yield on total securities. The average yield on interest-earning assets is primarily impacted by changes in market interest rates as well as changes in the volume and relative mix of interest-earning assets. As stated above, market interest rates have remained at historically low levels during the reported periods.
The average yield on loans increased 8 basis points from 3.92% during the first nine months of 2015 to 4.00% during the first nine months of 2016. The average yield on loans was positively impacted by increases in market interest rates compared to the same period in 2015, as discussed above. The average volume of loans during the first nine months of 2016 increased $264.8 million, or 2.4%, compared to the same period in 2015. Loans made up approximately 43.6% of average interest-earning assets during the first nine months of 2016 compared to 43.5% during the first nine months of 2015.
The average yield on securities was 4.01% during the first nine months of 2016, increasing 5 basis points from 3.96% during the first nine months of 2015. Despite the fact that the average yield on taxable securities decreased 11 basis points from 2.13% during the first nine months of 2015 to 2.02% during the first nine months of 2016 and the average yield on tax-exempt securities decreased 1 basis point from 5.59% during the first nine months of 2015 to 5.58% during the first nine months of 2016, the overall average yield on securities increased due to a higher proportion of average securities invested in higher yielding tax-exempt securities during 2016. Tax exempt securities made up approximately 55.9% of total average securities during the first nine months of 2016, compared to 52.7% during the first nine months of 2015. The average volume of securities during the first nine months of 2016 increased $355.2 million, or 3.1%, compared to the same period in 2015. Securities made up approximately 45.1% of average interest-earning assets during the first nine months of 2016 compared to 44.8% during the first nine months of 2015.
Average federal funds sold, resell agreements and interest-bearing deposits during the first nine months of 2016 decreased $26.6 million compared to the same period in 2015.The decrease in average federal funds sold, resell agreements and interest-bearing deposits was primarily related to the reinvestment of such funds into higher-yielding securities and loans. Federal funds sold, resell agreements and interest-bearing deposits made up approximately 11.3% of average interest-earning assets during the first nine months of 2016 compared to 11.7% during the first nine months of 2015. The combined average yield on federal funds sold, resell agreements and interest-bearing deposits was 0.51% and 0.26% during the first nine months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. As discussed above, in December 2015, the intended federal funds rate increased from 0.25% to 0.50% and remained at that level through the first nine months of 2016.
The average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities totaled 0.08% during both the three months ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015. The average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities decreased 1 basis point to 0.08% during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 from 0.09% during the nine months ended September 30, 2015. The decrease in the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily due to a decrease in the average rate paid on interest-bearing deposits partly offset by an increase in the average cost of variable-rate borrowed funds.
Average deposits increased $310.4 million during the first nine months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. Average non-interest-bearing deposits for the first nine months of 2016 decreased $165.2 million compared to the same period in 2015, while average interest-bearing deposits for the first nine months of 2016 increased $475.7 million compared to the same period in 2015. The ratio of average interest-bearing deposits to total average deposits was 59.1% during the first nine months of 2016 compared to 57.9% during the first nine months of 2015. The average cost of deposits is primarily impacted by changes in market interest rates as well as changes in the volume and relative mix of interest-bearing deposits. The average cost of interest-bearing deposits and total deposits was 0.05% and 0.03%, respectively, during the first nine months of 2016 compared to 0.07% and 0.04%, respectively, during the first nine months of 2015.
Our net interest spread, which represents the difference between the average rate earned on earning assets and the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities, was 3.52% during the first nine months of 2016 compared to 3.41% during the first nine months of 2015. The net interest spread, as well as the net interest margin, will be impacted by future changes in short-term and long-term interest rate levels, as well as the impact from the competitive environment. A discussion of the effects of changing interest rates on net interest income is set forth in Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk included elsewhere in this report.
Our hedging policies permit the use of various derivative financial instruments, including interest rate swaps, swaptions, caps and floors, to manage exposure to changes in interest rates. Details of our derivatives and hedging activities are set forth in Note 8 - Derivative Financial Instruments in the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. Information regarding the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on our derivative financial instruments is set forth in Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk included elsewhere in this report.

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Provision for Loan Losses
The provision for loan losses is determined by management as the amount to be added to the allowance for loan losses after net charge-offs have been deducted to bring the allowance to a level which, in management’s best estimate, is necessary to absorb probable losses within the existing loan portfolio. The provision for loan losses totaled $5.0 million and $42.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $6.8 million and $17.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015. See the section captioned “Allowance for Loan Losses” elsewhere in this discussion for further analysis of the provision for loan losses.
Non-Interest Income
The components of non-interest income were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Trust and investment management fees
$
26,451

 
$
25,590

 
$
77,806

 
$
79,223

Service charges on deposit accounts
20,540

 
20,854

 
60,769

 
60,664

Insurance commissions and fees
11,029

 
11,763

 
35,812

 
36,528

Interchange and debit card transaction fees
5,435

 
5,031

 
15,838

 
14,591

Other charges, commissions and fees
10,703

 
10,016

 
29,825

 
28,570

Net gain (loss) on securities transactions
(37
)
 
(52
)
 
14,866

 
176

Other
7,993

 
10,176

 
21,358

 
25,823

Total
$
82,114

 
$
83,378

 
$
256,274

 
$
245,575

Total non-interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $1.3 million, or 1.5%, while total non-interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $10.7 million, or 4.4%, compared to the same periods in 2015, respectively. Changes in the various components of non-interest income are discussed in more detail below.
Trust and Investment Management Fees. Trust and investment management fees for the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased $861 thousand, or 3.4%, while trust and investment management fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $1.4 million, or 1.8%, compared to the same periods in 2015, respectively. Investment fees are the most significant component of trust and investment management fees, making up approximately 81.6% and 78.8% of total trust and investment management fees for the first nine months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. Investment and other custodial account fees are generally based on the market value of assets within a trust account. Volatility in the equity and bond markets impacts the market value of trust assets and the related investment fees.
The increase in trust and investment management fees during the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 was primarily the result of increases in trust investment fees (up $993 thousand) and oil and gas fees (up $109 thousand) partly offset by a decrease in real estate fees (down $267 thousand). The decrease in trust and investment management fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 was primarily the result of decreases in oil and gas fees (down $787 thousand), securities lending income (down $741 thousand), estate fees (down $600 thousand) and custody fees (down $227 thousand). These decreases were partly offset by an increase in trust investment fees (up $1.1 million). The increases in trust investment fees during 2016 were due to higher average equity valuations and an increase in the number of accounts. Though oil and gas fees were slightly higher in the third quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, the overall decrease in oil and gas fees during 2016 was partly due to lower prices and decreased production. The decrease in estate fees during 2016 was related to a decrease in the aggregate value of estates settled compared to 2015. The decrease in securities lending fees during 2016 was due to the termination of our securities lending operations during the first quarter of 2015 in part due to the negative impact securities lending transactions would have had on our regulatory capital ratios under Basel III capital rules.
At September 30, 2016, trust assets, including both managed assets and custody assets, were primarily composed of equity securities (46.0% of assets), fixed income securities (41.6% of assets) and cash equivalents (7.8% of assets). The estimated fair value of these assets was $29.7 billion (including managed assets of $13.3 billion and custody assets of $16.4 billion) at September 30, 2016, compared to $30.7 billion (including managed assets of $13.2 billion and custody assets of $17.5 billion) at December 31, 2015 and $29.3 billion (including managed assets of $12.5 billion and custody assets of $16.8 billion) at September 30, 2015.
Service Charges on Deposit Accounts. Service charges on deposit accounts for the three months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $314 thousand, or 1.5%, compared to the same period in 2015. The decrease was primarily related to a decrease in consumer service charges (down $257 thousand) and overdraft/insufficient funds charges on consumer account (down

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$139 thousand). Service charges on deposit accounts for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $105 thousand, or 0.2%, compared to the same period in 2015. The increase was primarily due to increases in commercial service charges (up $326 thousand), overdraft/insufficient funds charges on commercial accounts (up $189 thousand) and overdraft/insufficient funds charges on consumer accounts (up $166 thousand) partly offset by a decrease in consumer service charges (down $541 thousand). Overdraft/insufficient funds charges totaled $8.4 million ($6.5 million consumer and $1.9 million commercial) during the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $8.5 million ($6.6 million consumer and $1.9 million commercial) during the same period in 2015. Overdraft/insufficient funds charges totaled $23.9 million ($18.4 million consumer and $5.5 million commercial) during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $23.5 million ($18.2 million consumer and $5.4 million commercial) during the same period in 2015.
Insurance Commissions and Fees. Insurance commissions and fees for the three months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $734 thousand, or 6.2%, compared to the same period in 2015. The decrease was related to decreases in commission income (down $836 thousand) partly offset by an increase in contingent commissions (up $102 thousand). Insurance commissions and fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $716 thousand, or 2.0%, compared to the same period in 2015. The decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was related to a decrease in commission income (down $1.8 million) partly offset by an increase in contingent commission (up $1.1 million). Insurance commissions and fees include contingent commissions totaling $570 thousand and $6.1 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, and $468 thousand and $5.0 million during the same periods in 2015. Contingent commissions primarily consist of amounts received from various property and casualty insurance carriers related to the loss performance of insurance policies previously placed. Such commissions are seasonal in nature and are mostly received during the first quarter of each year. These commissions totaled $4.6 million and $3.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Contingent commissions also include amounts received from various benefit plan insurance companies related to the volume of business generated and/or the subsequent retention of such business. These benefit plan related contingent commissions totaled $417 thousand and $1.5 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and $423 thousand and $1.4 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015. The decreases in commission income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily related to declines in benefit plan commissions and consulting fees due to lower business volumes and decreases in commercial lines property and casualty commissions.
Interchange and Debit Card Transaction Fees. Interchange fees, or “swipe” fees, are charges that merchants pay to us and other card-issuing banks for processing electronic payment transactions. Interchange and debit card transaction fees consist of income from check card usage, point of sale income from PIN-based debit card transactions and ATM service fees. Interchange and debit card transaction fees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $404 thousand, or 8.0%, and $1.2 million, or 8.5%, compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015. The increases were primarily due to increases in income from ATM service fees (up $238 thousand and $583 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively) and income from debit card transactions (up $167 thousand and $665 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively). The increases in income from ATM service fees were partly related to a change in the fee schedule during the first quarter of 2016 while the increases in debit card transactions were related to volume increases.
Federal Reserve rules applicable to financial institutions that have assets of $10 billion or more provide that the maximum permissible interchange fee for an electronic debit transaction is the sum of 21 cents per transaction and 5 basis points multiplied by the value of the transaction. An upward adjustment of no more than 1 cent to an issuer's debit card interchange fee is allowed if the card issuer develops and implements policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve certain fraud-prevention standards. The Federal Reserve also has rules governing routing and exclusivity that require issuers to offer two unaffiliated networks for routing transactions on each debit or prepaid product.
Other Charges, Commissions and Fees. Other charges, commissions and fees for the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased $687 thousand, or 6.9%, compared to the same period in 2015. The increase included increases in loan processing fees (up $344 thousand), income related to the sale of money market accounts (up $219 thousand), income related to the sale of mutual funds (up $164 thousand) and origination fees collected on loans that did not fund (up $163 thousand). These increases were partly offset by decreases in income related to the sale of annuities (down $298 thousand) and letters of credit fees (down $149 thousand), among other things. Other charges, commissions and fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $1.3 million, or 4.4%, compared to the same period in 2015. The increase included increases in income related to the sale of money market accounts (up $520 thousand), loan processing fees (up $441 thousand), origination fees collected on loans that did not fund (up $368 thousand), agent income from the sale of federal funds (up $277 thousand) and wire transfer fees (up $219 thousand), among other things. These increases were partly offset by decreases in income related to the sale of annuities (down $457 thousand), unused balance fees on loan commitments (down $396 thousand) and income related to the sale of mutual funds (down $284 thousand). Fluctuations in the aforementioned items were due to fluctuations in business volumes.

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Net Gain/Loss on Securities Transactions. During the third quarter of 2016, we sold available-for sale U.S. Treasury securities with an amortized cost totaling $8.0 billion and realized a net loss of $37 thousand on those sales. The sales were primarily related to securities purchased during 2016 and subsequently sold in connection with our tax planning strategies related to the Texas franchise tax. The gross proceeds from the sales of these securities outside of Texas are included in total revenues/receipts from all sources reported for Texas franchise tax purposes, which results in a reduction in the overall percentage of revenues/receipts apportioned to Texas and subjected to taxation under the Texas franchise tax. During the first quarter of 2016, we sold available-for-sale U.S. Treasury securities with an amortized cost totaling $749.5 million and realized a gain of $2.8 million on those sales. The securities sold were due to mature during 2016. Most of the proceeds from the sale of these securities were reinvested into U.S. Treasury securities having comparable yields, but longer-terms. As more fully discussed in Note 2 - Securities in the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, during the first quarter of 2016, we also sold certain municipal securities that were classified as both available for sale and held to maturity due to a significant deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuers. These securities had a total amortized cost of $431.4 million and we realized a gain of $12.1 million on those sales.
During the first nine months of 2015, we sold available-for-sale securities with an amortized cost totaling $4.7 billion and realized a net gain of $176 thousand on those sales. During the first quarter of 2015, we sold an available-for-sale U.S. Treasury security with an amortized cost totaling $223.8 million and realized a gain of $228 thousand on the sale. The security sold had a short term and low yield. The proceeds from the sale of this security were reinvested into longer-term, higher-yielding securities. The remaining sales were primarily related to securities purchased during 2015 and subsequently sold in connection with our aforementioned tax planning strategies related to the Texas franchise tax.
Other Non-Interest Income. Other non-interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $2.2 million, or 21.5%, compared to the same period in 2015. The decrease was primarily related to decreases in gains on the sale of foreclosed and other assets (down $2.1 million), sundry and other miscellaneous income (down $959 thousand) and mineral interest income (down $504 thousand) partly offset by increases in public finance underwriting fees (up $575 thousand) and income from customer derivative and trading activities (up $330 thousand). During 2015, gains on the sale of foreclosed and other assets included, among other things, $2.0 million related to a gain from the redemption of stock in another financial institution that was acquired in prior bank acquisitions. Sundry and other miscellaneous income during 2015 included $1.0 million related to a distribution received on a small business investment company (“SBIC”) investment. Mineral interest income is related to bonus, rental and shut-in payments and oil and gas royalties received from severed mineral interests on property owned by our wholly-owned non-banking subsidiary Main Plaza Corporation. The decrease in mineral interest income was partly related to lower energy prices and a decrease in production. The increases in public finance underwriting fees and income from customer derivative transactions were primarily related to increases in business volume.
Other non-interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $4.5 million, or 17.3%, compared to the same period in 2015. The decrease was primarily related to decreases in gains on the sale of foreclosed and other assets (down $2.6 million), sundry and other miscellaneous income (down $1.1 million), mineral interest income (down $1.1 million) and public finance underwriting fees (down $596 thousand) partly offset by increases in income from customer foreign currency transactions (up $463 thousand) and income from customer derivative and trading activities (up $305 thousand). The decrease in gains on the sale of foreclosed and other assets was primarily related to the aforementioned $2.0 million gain from the redemption of stock in another financial institution recognized during the third quarter of 2015. Sundry and other miscellaneous income during 2016 included $1.1 million related to the recovery of prior write-offs, among other things, while sundry and other miscellaneous income during 2015 included $1.2 million related to distributions received on an SBIC investment, $1.0 million related to recoveries of prior write-offs and $324 thousand related to an insurance settlement, among other things. The decrease in mineral interest income was partly related to lower energy prices and a decrease in production. The fluctuations in public finance underwriting fees, income from customer foreign currency transactions and income from customer derivative and trading activities were primarily related to changes in business volumes.

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Non-Interest Expense
The components of non-interest expense were as follows:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Salaries and wages
$
79,411

 
$
79,552

 
$
236,814

 
$
232,257

Employee benefits
17,844

 
16,210

 
55,861

 
53,776

Net occupancy
18,202

 
17,380

 
53,631

 
48,890

Furniture and equipment
17,979

 
16,286

 
53,474

 
47,469

Deposit insurance
4,558

 
3,676

 
12,412

 
10,852

Intangible amortization
586

 
816

 
1,869

 
2,559

Other
41,925

 
41,649

 
125,048

 
124,516

Total
$
180,505

 
$
175,569

 
$
539,109

 
$
520,319

Total non-interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $4.9 million, or 2.8%, and $18.8 million, or 3.6%, compared to the same periods in 2015. Changes in the various components of non-interest expense are discussed below.
Salaries and Wages. Salaries and wages for the three months ended September 30, 2016 did not significantly fluctuate compared to the same period in 2015 as increases in salaries, stock-based compensation and overtime expense were mostly offset by a decrease in incentive compensation and an increase in expense deferrals related to loan production. Salaries and wages for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $4.6 million, or 2.0%, compared to the same period in 2015. The increase was primarily related to an increase in salaries due to an increase in the number of employees and normal annual merit and market increases partly offset by a decrease in incentive compensation.
Employee Benefits. Employee benefits expense for the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased $1.6 million, or 10.1%, compared to the same period in 2015 due, in part, to increases in medical insurance expense (up $1.1 million) and payroll taxes (up $415 thousand), among other things, partly offset by a decrease in expenses related to our defined benefit retirement plans (down $390 thousand). Employee benefits expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $2.1 million, or 3.9%, compared to the same period in 2015 due, in part, to increases in medical insurance expense (up $1.5 million) and payroll taxes (up $491 thousand), among other things, partly offset by a decrease in expenses related to our defined benefit retirement plans (down $1.0 million).
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we recognized a combined net periodic pension expense of $427 thousand and $1.4 million, respectively, related to our defined benefit retirement plans compared to a combined net periodic pension expense of $817 thousand and $2.5 million during the same periods in 2015. The decreases in net periodic pension expense were partly related to a change in the method we use to estimate the interest cost component of net periodic benefit cost for our defined benefit pension and other post-retirement benefit plans, as more fully discussed in Note 12 - Defined Benefit Plans. Net periodic pension expense during the second quarter of 2016 included $187 thousand in supplemental executive retirement plan (“SERP”) settlement costs related to the retirement of a former executive officer. Our defined benefit retirement and restoration plans were frozen effective as of December 31, 2001 and were replaced by a profit sharing plan. Management believes these actions helped to reduce the volatility in retirement plan expense. However, we still have funding obligations related to the defined benefit and restoration plans and could recognize retirement expense related to these plans in future years, which would be dependent on the return earned on plan assets, the level of interest rates and employee turnover.
Net Occupancy. Net occupancy expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $822 thousand, or 4.7%, and $4.7 million, or 9.7%, compared to the same periods in 2015. The increase during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to increases in building depreciation (up $487 thousand), repairs and maintenance/service contracts expense (up $395 thousand), depreciation on leasehold improvements (up $207 thousand) and lease expense (up $189 thousand) partly offset by decreases in property taxes (down $144 thousand) and utilities expense (down $134 thousand). The increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to increases in building depreciation (up $2.4 million), repairs and maintenance/service contracts expense (up $1.8 million), property taxes (up $718 thousand) and depreciation on leasehold improvements (up $453 thousand) partly offset by a decreases in lease expense (down $182 thousand) and utilities expense (down $174 thousand) and an increase in rental income from tenants (up $159 thousand). The net increases in occupancy expense during the reported periods were partly related to a new operations and support center, which was placed into service during 2015, and new financial center locations.

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Furniture and Equipment. Furniture and equipment expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $1.7 million, or 10.4%, and $6.0 million, or 12.7%, compared to the same periods in 2015. The increases were primarily related to increases in software maintenance (up $1.2 million and $2.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively), depreciation on furniture and equipment (up $789 thousand and $3.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively), equipment rental expense (up $138 thousand and $217 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively) and repair expense (up $100 thousand and $348 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively). The increase during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was partly offset by a decrease in service contracts (down $523 thousand), while the increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was partly offset by a decrease in software amortization (down $453 thousand). The net increases in furniture and equipment expense were partly related to a new operations and support center, which was placed into service during 2015, and new financial center locations.
Deposit Insurance. Deposit insurance expense totaled $4.6 million and $12.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $3.7 million and $10.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015. The increase in deposit insurance expense for the three and nine months ended 2016 compared to the same periods in 2015 was primarily related to an increase in the assessment rate and an increase in assets. The increase in the assessment rate was partly related to a new surcharge that became applicable during the third quarter of 2016. In August 2016, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) announced that the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) reserve ratio had surpassed 1.15% as of June 30, 2016. As a result, beginning in the third quarter of 2016, the range of initial assessment rates for all institutions was adjusted downward and institutions with $10 billion or more in assets were assessed a quarterly surcharge. The quarterly surcharge will continue to be assessed until such time as the reserve ratio reaches the statutory minimum of 1.35% required by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.
Intangible Amortization. Intangible amortization is primarily related to core deposit intangibles and, to a lesser extent, intangibles related to customer relationships and non-compete agreements. Intangible amortization for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $230 thousand, or 28.2%, and $690 thousand, or 27.0%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2015. The decrease in amortization was primarily the result of the completion of amortization of certain previously recognized intangible assets as well as a reduction in the annual amortization rate of certain previously recognized intangible assets as we use an accelerated amortization approach which results in higher amortization rates during the earlier years of the useful lives of intangible assets.
Other Non-Interest Expense. Other non-interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased $276 thousand, or 0.7%, compared to the same period in 2015 as increases in check card expense (up $991 thousand), sundry and other miscellaneous expense (up $542 thousand) and guard service expense (up $370 thousand), among other things, were mostly offset by decreases in advertising/promotions expense (down $1.1 million) and travel/meals and entertainment expense (down $363 thousand), among other things. Other non-interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $532 thousand, or 0.4%, compared to the same period in 2015 as increases in check card expense (up $1.7 million), guard service expense (up $1.1 million), professional services expense (up $920 thousand), and business development expense (up $518 thousand), among other things, were mostly offset by decreases in advertising/promotions expense (down $1.9 million), travel/meals and entertainment expense (down $849 thousand), and sundry and other miscellaneous expense (down $503 thousand), among other things. The increases in check card expense during 2016 were primarily related the issuance of new ATM cards with embedded processing chips.
Results of Segment Operations
Our operations are managed along two operating segments: Banking and Frost Wealth Advisors. A description of each business and the methodologies used to measure financial performance is described in Note 15 - Operating Segments in the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. Net income (loss) by operating segment is presented below:
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Banking
$
76,347

 
$
71,402

 
$
210,454

 
$
208,141

Frost Wealth Advisors
4,797

 
4,782

 
13,809

 
15,418

Non-Banks
(925
)
 
(334
)
 
(3,721
)
 
(2,469
)
Consolidated net income
$
80,219

 
$
75,850

 
$
220,542

 
$
221,090


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Banking
Net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $4.9 million, or 6.9%, and $2.3 million, or 1.1%, compared to the same periods in 2015. The increase during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily the result of a $6.8 million increase in net interest income, a $1.8 million decrease in the provision for loan losses and a $774 thousand decrease in income tax expense partly offset by a $2.8 million increase in non-interest expense and a $1.6 million decrease in non-interest income. The increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily the result of a $22.7 million increase in net interest income, a $13.2 million increase in non-interest income and a $6.1 million decrease in income tax expense partly offset by a $24.9 million increase in the provision for loan losses and a $14.9 million increase in non-interest expense.
Net interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $6.8 million, or 3.7%, and $22.7 million, or 4.2%, compared to the same periods in 2015. The increase during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to the impact of increases in the average volume of tax-exempt securities and loans as well as increases in the average yields on loans and interest-bearing deposits partly offset by the impact of decreases in the average yield on taxable and tax-exempt securities. Taxable-equivalent net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 included an additional day of interest accrual compared to the same period in 2015 as a result of the leap year. Notwithstanding the effect of this additional day, the increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to the impact of increases in the average volume of tax-exempt securities and loans as well as increases in the average yield on loans and interest-bearing deposits partly offset by the impact of decreases in the average yield and volume of taxable securities. Taxable-equivalent net interest income during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was also positively impacted by a decrease in the average rate paid on money market deposit accounts. See the analysis of net interest income included in the section captioned “Net Interest Income” included elsewhere in this discussion.
The provision for loan losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 totaled $5.0 million and $42.7 million compared to $6.8 million and $17.8 million for the same periods in 2015. See the analysis of the provision for loan losses included in the section captioned “Allowance for Loan Losses” included elsewhere in this discussion.
Non-interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $1.6 million, or 3.1%, compared to the same period in 2015. The decrease in non-interest income during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to decreases in other non-interest income, insurance commissions and fees and service charges on deposit accounts partly offset by increases in other charges, commissions and fees and interchange and debit card transaction fees. The decrease in other non-interest income was primarily related to decreases in gains on the sale of foreclosed and other assets and sundry and other miscellaneous income partly offset by increases in public finance underwriting fees and income from customer derivative and trading activities. The decrease in insurance commissions and fees was due to decreases in commission income related to declines in benefit plan commissions and consulting fees due to lower business volumes and decreases in commercial lines property and casualty commissions partly offset by increases in contingent commissions. The decrease in service charges on deposit accounts was primarily related to a decrease in service charges and overdraft/insufficient funds charges on consumer accounts. The increase in other charges, commissions and fees was primarily related to increases in loan processing fees and origination fees collected on loans that did not fund partly offset by a decrease in letters of credit fees, among other things. The increase in interchange and debit card transaction fees was primarily due to increases in income from ATM service fees, in part due to a change in the fee schedule during the first quarter of 2016, and income from debit card transactions related to increased volume. Non-interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $13.2 million, or 8.6%, compared to the same period in 2015. The increase was primarily related to an increase in the net gain on securities transactions and, to a lesser extent, increases in other charges, commissions and fees and interchange and debit card transaction fees partly offset by decreases in other non-interest income and insurance commissions and fees. The increase in the net gain on securities transactions was primarily related to the sale of certain municipal securities as a result of a significant deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuers and the sale of certain U.S. Treasury securities. The increase in other charges, commissions and fees was primarily related to increases in loan processing fees, origination fees collected on loans that did not fund, agent income from the sale of federal funds and wire transfer fees, among other things partly offset by a decrease in unused balance fees on loan commitments. The increase in interchange and debit card transaction fees was primarily due to increases in income from ATM service fees, in part due to a change in the fee schedule during the first quarter of 2016, and income from debit card transactions related to increased volume. The decrease in other non-interest income was primarily related to decreases in gains on the sale of foreclosed and other assets, sundry and other miscellaneous income and public finance underwriting fees partly offset by increases in income from customer foreign currency transactions and income from customer derivative and trading activities. The decrease in insurance commissions and fees was due to decreases in commission income related to declines in benefit plan commissions and consulting fees due to lower business volumes and decreases in commercial lines property and casualty commissions partly offset by an increases in contingent commissions. See the analysis of these categories of non-interest income included in the section captioned “Non-Interest Income” included elsewhere in this discussion.

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Non-interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $2.8 million, or 1.9%, and $14.9 million, or 3.4% compared to the same periods in 2015. The increases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily related to increases in furniture and equipment expense, net occupancy, deposit insurance expense, employee benefits and for the nine months ended an increase in salaries and wages. These items were partly offset by decreases in other non-interest expense and intangible amortization during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same periods in 2015. The increases in furniture and fixtures expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same periods in 2015 were primarily related to increases in software maintenance, depreciation on furniture and equipment, equipment rental expense and repair expense. The increase during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was partly offset by a decrease in service contracts, while the increase during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was partly offset by a decrease in software amortization. The increase in net occupancy expense during the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 was primarily related to increases in building depreciation, repairs and maintenance/service contracts expense, depreciation on leasehold improvements and lease expense partly offset by decreases in property taxes and utilities expense. The increase in net occupancy expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to increases in building depreciation, repairs and maintenance/service contracts expense, property taxes and depreciation on leasehold improvements partly offset by decreases in lease expense and utilities expense and an increase in rental income from tenants. The net increases in furniture and equipment and occupancy expense during the reported periods were partly related to a new operations and support center, which was placed into service during 2015, and new financial center locations. The increases in employee benefit expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were due, in part, to increases in medical insurance expense and payroll taxes, among other things, partly offset by decreases in expenses related to our defined benefit retirement plans. The increases in deposit insurance expense for the three and nine months ended 2016 compared to the same periods in 2015 were primarily related to an increase in the assessment rate and an increase in assets. The increase in salaries and wages during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 was primarily related to an increase in salaries due to an increase in the number of employees as well as normal annual merit and market increases partly offset by a decrease in incentive compensation. See the analysis of these items included in the section captioned “Non-Interest Expense” included elsewhere in this discussion.
Frost Insurance Agency, which is included in the Banking operating segment, had gross commission revenues of $11.0 million and $35.9 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and $11.8 million and $36.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015. The decreases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily related to decreases in commission income partly offset by increases in contingent commissions. See the analysis of insurance commissions and fees included in the section captioned “Non-Interest Income” included elsewhere in this discussion.
Frost Wealth Advisors
Net income for the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased $15 thousand, or 0.3% compared to the same period in 2015, while net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $1.6 million, or 10.4% compared to the same period in 2015. The increase during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily due to a $941 thousand increase in net interest income and an $868 thousand increase in non-interest income mostly offset by a $1.8 million increase in non-interest expense. The decrease during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily due to a $3.1 million increase in non-interest expense and a $1.5 million decrease in non-interest income partly offset by a $2.1 million increase in net interest income and an $867 thousand decrease in income tax expense.
Net interest income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $941 thousand, or 47.5%, and $2.1 million, or 38.2%, compared to the same periods in 2015. The increases were primarily due to an increase in the funds transfer price received for funds provided related to Frost Wealth Advisors' repurchase agreements.
Non-interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased $868 thousand, or 2.9%, compared to the same period in 2015, while non-interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 decreased $1.5 million, or 1.7% compared to the same period in 2015. The increase in non-interest income during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to increases in trust and investment management fees and other charges, commissions and fees. The decrease in non-interest income during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to decreases in trust and investment management fees and other charges, commissions and fees. Trust and investment management fee income is the most significant income component for Frost Wealth Advisors. Investment fees are the most significant component of trust and investment management fees, making up approximately 81.6% of total trust and investment management fees for the first nine months of 2016. Investment and other custodial account fees are generally based on the market value of assets within a trust account. Volatility in the equity and bond markets impacts the market value of trust assets and the related investment fees. The increase in trust and investment management fees during the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 was primarily the result of increases in trust investment fees and oil and gas fees partly offset by a decrease in real estate fees. The decrease in trust and investment management fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 was primarily the result of decreases in oil and gas fees, securities lending income, estate fees and custody fees partly offset by an increase in

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trust investment fees. The increases in trust investment fees during 2016 were due to higher average equity valuations and an increase in the number of accounts. Though oil and gas fees were slightly higher in the third quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015, the overall decrease in oil and gas fees during 2016 was partly due to lower prices and decreased production. The decrease in estate fees during 2016 was related to a decrease in the aggregate value of estates settled compared to 2015. The decrease in securities lending fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was due to the termination of our securities lending operations during the first quarter of 2015. The increase in other charges, commissions and fees during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily due to increases in income from the sale of money market accounts and mutual funds, among other things, partly offset by a decrease in income related to the sale of annuities. The decrease in other charges, commissions and fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily due to decreases in income related to the sale of annuities and mutual funds partly offset by an increase in income related to the sale of money market accounts. See the analysis of trust and investment management fees included in the section captioned “Non-Interest Income” included elsewhere in this discussion.
Non-interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $1.8 million, or 7.3%, and $3.1 million, or 4.2% compared to the same periods in 2015. The increases were primarily related to increases in other non-interest expense (up $1.6 million and $1.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively), employee benefits (up $193 thousand and $668 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively), and for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 an increase in salaries and wages (up $641 thousand). The increases in other non-interest expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily due to increases in sundry and other miscellaneous expense, expenses related to professional services and outside computer services, among other things, partly offset by decreases in mutual fund sub-advisor expenses, among other things. The increases in employee benefits expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were due, in part, to increases in expenses related to our profit sharing plan, medical insurance expense and payroll taxes, among other things, partly offset by decreases in expense related to our defined benefit retirement plans. The increases in salaries and wages during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily related to an increase in the number of employees and normal annual merit and market increases and an increase in incentive compensation.
Non-Banks
The Non-Banks operating segment had net losses of $925 thousand and $3.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, compared to net losses of $334 thousand and $2.5 million for the same periods in 2015. The increase in net loss during the three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily due to a $486 thousand decrease in non-interest income, a $358 thousand increase in non-interest expense and a $259 thousand increase in net interest expense partly offset by a $512 thousand increase in income tax benefit. The increase in net loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily due to a $1.0 million decrease in non-interest income, a $770 thousand increase in non-interest expense and a $638 thousand increase in net interest expense partly offset by a $1.2 million increase in income tax benefit. The decreases in non-interest income during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily related to decreases in mineral interest income. Mineral interest income is related to bonus, rental and shut-in payments and oil and gas royalties received from severed mineral interests on property owned by our wholly-owned non-banking subsidiary Main Plaza Corporation. The decrease in mineral interest income was partly related to lower energy prices and a decrease in production. The increases in non-interest expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily related to increases in other non-interest expense and employee benefits expense. The increases in net interest expense during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were primarily related to an increase in the interest rates paid on our junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures and our subordinated notes due to increases in market rates.
Income Taxes
We recognized income tax expense of $10.9 million and $28.6 million, for an effective tax rate of 11.9% and 11.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $12.1 million and $36.8 million, for an effective tax rate of 13.8% and 14.3% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015. The effective income tax rates differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 35% during the comparable periods primarily due to the effect of tax-exempt income from loans, securities and life insurance policies. The decrease in the effective tax rate during 2016 was related to the adoption of a new accounting standard which impacted how the income tax effects associated with stock-based compensation are recognized (see Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying consolidated financial statements) and an increase in the relative proportion of tax-exempt income to total pre-tax income as we purchased additional tax-exempt municipal securities.
Average Balance Sheet
Average assets totaled $28.5 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 representing an increase of $595.9 million, or 2.1%, compared to average assets for the same period in 2015. The growth in average assets was primarily funded by deposit growth, earnings retention and an increase in average federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements. The increase was primarily reflected in earning assets, which increased $593.4 million, or 2.3%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. The increase in earning assets was primarily due to a $573.1 million increase in average

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tax-exempt securities and a $264.8 million increase in average loans partly offset by a $217.9 million decrease in average taxable securities and a $38.9 million decrease in average interest-bearing deposits. Average deposit growth was primarily related to interest-bearing deposit accounts which increased $475.7 million partly offset by a $165.2 million decrease in non-interest bearing deposits. Average non-interest bearing deposits made up 40.9% and 42.1% of average total deposits during the first nine months of 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Loans
Loans were as follows as of the dates indicated:
 
September 30,
2016
 
Percentage
of Total
 
December 31,
2015
 
Percentage
of Total
Commercial and industrial
$
4,164,914

 
36.0
%
 
$
4,120,522

 
35.9
%
Energy:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Production
962,943

 
8.3

 
1,249,678

 
10.9

Service
215,014

 
1.9

 
272,934

 
2.4

Other
206,950

 
1.8

 
235,583

 
2.0

Total energy
1,384,907

 
12.0

 
1,758,195

 
15.3

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial mortgages
3,426,886

 
29.5

 
3,285,041

 
28.6

Construction
911,783

 
7.9

 
720,695

 
6.3

Land
300,233

 
2.6

 
286,991

 
2.5

Total commercial real estate
4,638,902

 
40.0

 
4,292,727

 
37.4

Consumer real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity loans
346,420

 
3.0

 
340,528

 
3.0

Home equity lines of credit
261,794

 
2.2

 
233,525

 
2.0

Other
321,043

 
2.8

 
306,696

 
2.6

Total consumer real estate
929,257

 
8.0

 
880,749

 
7.6

Total real estate
5,568,159

 
48.0

 
5,173,476

 
45.0

Consumer and other
463,430

 
4.0

 
434,338

 
3.8

Total loans
$
11,581,410

 
100.0
%
 
$
11,486,531

 
100.0
%
Loans increased $94.9 million, or 0.8%, compared to December 31, 2015. The majority of our loan portfolio is comprised of commercial and industrial loans, energy loans and real estate loans. Commercial and industrial loans made up 36.0% and 35.9% of total loans at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, while energy loans made up 12.0% and 15.3% of total loans, respectively, and real estate loans made up 48.0% and 45.0% of total loans, respectively, at those dates. Real estate loans include both commercial and consumer balances. Selected details related to our loan portfolio segments are presented below. Refer to our 2015 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of our loan origination and risk management processes.
Commercial and industrial. Commercial and industrial loans increased $44.4 million, or 1.1%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Our commercial and industrial loans are a diverse group of loans to small, medium and large businesses. The purpose of these loans varies from supporting seasonal working capital needs to term financing of equipment. While some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis, most are secured by the assets being financed with collateral margins that are consistent with our loan policy guidelines. The commercial and industrial loan portfolio also includes commercial leases and purchased shared national credits ("SNC"s) which are discussed in more detail below.
Energy. Energy loans include loans to entities and individuals that are engaged in various energy-related activities including (i) the development and production of oil or natural gas, (ii) providing oil and gas field servicing, (iii) providing energy-related transportation services (iv) providing equipment to support oil and gas drilling (v) refining petrochemicals, or (vi) trading oil, gas and related commodities. Energy loans decreased $373.3 million, or 21.2%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015. The decrease was primarily related to production loans. The average loan size, the significance of the portfolio and the specialized nature of the energy industry requires a highly prescriptive underwriting policy. Exceptions to this policy are rarely granted. The energy loan portfolio includes participations and purchased shared national credits, which are further discussed below.
Purchased Shared National Credits. Purchased shared national credits are participations purchased from upstream financial organizations and tend to be larger in size than our originated portfolio. Our purchased SNC portfolio totaled $796.2 million at September 30, 2016, decreasing $35.2 million, or 4.2%, from $831.4 million at December 31, 2015. At September 30, 2016, 54.4% of outstanding purchased SNCs were related to the energy industry and 12.2% of outstanding purchased SNCs were related to the

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construction industry. The remaining purchased SNCs were diversified throughout various other industries, with no other single industry exceeding 10% of the total purchased SNC portfolio. Additionally, almost all of the outstanding balance of purchased SNCs was included in the energy and commercial and industrial portfolio, with the remainder included in the real estate categories. SNC participations are originated in the normal course of business to meet the needs of our customers. As a matter of policy, we generally only participate in SNCs for companies headquartered in or which have significant operations within our market areas. In addition, we must have direct access to the company’s management, an existing banking relationship or the expectation of broadening the relationship with other banking products and services within the following 12 to 24 months. SNCs are reviewed at least quarterly for credit quality and business development successes.
Commercial Real Estate. Commercial real estate loans totaled $4.6 billion at September 30, 2016, increasing $346.2 million compared to $4.3 billion at December 31, 2015. At such dates, commercial real estate loans represented 83.3% and 83.0% of total real estate loans, respectively. The majority of this portfolio consists of commercial real estate mortgages, which includes both permanent and intermediate term loans. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Consequently, these loans must undergo the analysis and underwriting process of a commercial and industrial loan, as well as that of a real estate loan. Our primary focus for the commercial real estate portfolio has been growth in loans secured by owner-occupied properties. At September 30, 2016, approximately 47% of the outstanding principal balance of our commercial real estate loans were secured by owner-occupied properties.
Consumer Real Estate and Other Consumer Loans. The consumer loan portfolio, including all consumer real estate and consumer installment loans, totaled $1.4 billion at September 30, 2016 and $1.3 billion at December 31, 2015. Consumer real estate loans, increased $48.5 million, or 5.5%, from December 31, 2015. Combined, home equity loans and lines of credit made up 65.5% and 65.2% of the consumer real estate loan total at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. We offer home equity loans up to 80% of the estimated value of the personal residence of the borrower, less the value of existing mortgages and home improvement loans. In general, we do not originate 1-4 family mortgage loans; however, from time to time, we may invest in such loans to meet the needs of our customers. Consumer and other loans, increased $29.1 million, or 6.7%, from December 31, 2015. The consumer and other loan portfolio primarily consists of automobile loans, overdrafts, unsecured revolving credit products, personal loans secured by cash and cash equivalents and other similar types of credit facilities.

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Non-Performing Assets
Non-performing assets and accruing past due loans are presented in the table below. Troubled debt restructurings on non-accrual status are reported as non-accrual loans. Troubled debt restructurings on accrual status are reported separately.
 
September 30,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
Non-accrual loans:
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
32,010

 
$
25,111

Energy
51,397

 
21,180

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
Buildings, land and other
10,058

 
34,519

Construction
547

 
569

Consumer real estate
2,488

 
1,862

Consumer and other
333

 
226

Total non-accrual loans
96,833

 
83,467

Restructured loans
1,946

 

Foreclosed assets:
 
 
 
Real estate
2,158

 
2,255

Other

 

Total foreclosed assets
2,158

 
2,255

Total non-performing assets
$
100,937

 
$
85,722

 
 
 
 
Ratio of non-performing assets to:
 
 
 
Total loans and foreclosed assets
0.87
%
 
0.75
%
Total assets
0.34

 
0.30

Accruing past due loans:
 
 
 
30 to 89 days past due
$
59,993

 
$
59,480

90 or more days past due
20,862

 
8,108

Total accruing past due loans
$
80,855

 
$
67,588

Ratio of accruing past due loans to total loans:
 
 
 
30 to 89 days past due
0.52
%
 
0.52
%
90 or more days past due
0.18

 
0.07

Total accruing past due loans
0.70
%
 
0.59
%
Non-performing assets include non-accrual loans, troubled debt restructurings and foreclosed assets. Non-performing assets at September 30, 2016 increased $15.2 million from December 31, 2015 primarily due to an increase in non-accrual energy and commercial and industrial loans partly offset by a decrease in non-accrual commercial real estate loans. Non-accrual energy loans included three credit relationships in excess of $5 million totaling $42.3 million at September 30, 2016 and one such credit relationship totaling $12.5 million at December 31, 2015. The increase in non-accrual energy loans during 2016 is related to the sustained decline in oil prices which has significantly impacted our customers in the energy industry, as more fully discussed in the section captioned “Allowance for Loan Losses” below. Non-accrual commercial and industrial loans included one credit relationship in excess of $5 million at both September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. This credit relationship totaled $9.9 million at September 30, 2016 and $15.0 million at December 31, 2015. Non-accrual real estate loans primarily consist of land development, 1-4 family residential construction credit relationships and loans secured by office buildings and religious facilities. Non-accrual commercial real estate loans included one credit relationship in excess of $5 million totaling $22.6 million at December 31, 2015. This credit relationship paid-off during the second quarter of 2016.
Generally, loans are placed on non-accrual status if principal or interest payments become 90 days past due and/or management deems the collectibility of the principal and/or interest to be in question, as well as when required by regulatory requirements. Once interest accruals are discontinued, accrued but uncollected interest is charged to current year operations. Subsequent receipts on non-accrual loans are recorded as a reduction of principal, and interest income is recorded only after principal recovery is reasonably assured. Classification of a loan as non-accrual does not preclude the ultimate collection of loan principal or interest.
Foreclosed assets represent property acquired as the result of borrower defaults on loans. Foreclosed assets are recorded at estimated fair value, less estimated selling costs, at the time of foreclosure. Write-downs occurring at foreclosure are charged against the allowance for loan losses. Regulatory guidelines require us to reevaluate the fair value of foreclosed assets on at least an annual basis. Our policy is to comply with the regulatory guidelines. Write-downs are provided for subsequent declines in value

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and are included in other non-interest expense along with other expenses related to maintaining the properties. There were no significant write-downs of foreclosed assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 or 2015.
Potential problem loans consist of loans that are performing in accordance with contractual terms but for which management has concerns about the ability of an obligor to continue to comply with repayment terms because of the obligor’s potential operating or financial difficulties. Management monitors these loans closely and reviews their performance on a regular basis. At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had $68.0 million and $110.3 million in loans of this type which are not included in any one of the non-accrual, restructured or 90 days past due loan categories. At September 30, 2016, potential problem loans consisted of seven credit relationships. Of the total outstanding balance at September 30, 2016, 62.0% related to three customers in the energy industry, 16.0% related to one customer in distribution and 13.8% related to two customers that operate as contractors. Weakness in these organizations’ operating performance and financial condition, among other factors, have caused us to heighten the attention given to these credits.
Allowance for Loan Losses
The allowance for loan losses is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, which represents management’s best estimate of inherent losses that have been incurred within the existing portfolio of loans. The allowance, in the judgment of management, is necessary to reserve for estimated loan losses and risks inherent in the loan portfolio. Our allowance for loan loss methodology, which is more fully described in our 2015 Form 10-K, follows the accounting guidance set forth in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and the Interagency Policy Statement on the Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses, which was jointly issued by U.S. bank regulatory agencies. The level of the allowance reflects management’s continuing evaluation of industry concentrations, specific credit risks, loan loss and recovery experience, current loan portfolio quality, present economic, political and regulatory conditions and unidentified losses inherent in the current loan portfolio. Portions of the allowance may be allocated for specific credits; however, the entire allowance is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off.
The table below provides, as of the dates indicated, an allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan type; however, allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories:
 
September 30,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
Commercial and industrial
$
49,131

 
$
42,993

Energy
62,243

 
54,696

Commercial real estate
29,217

 
24,313

Consumer real estate
4,167

 
4,659

Consumer and other
5,015

 
9,198

Total
$
149,773

 
$
135,859

The reserve allocated to commercial and industrial loans at September 30, 2016 increased $6.1 million compared to December 31, 2015. The increase was due to an increase in historical and specific valuation allowances partly offset by decreases in general valuation allowances and macroeconomic valuation allowances. Historical valuation allowances increased $5.6 million from $25.4 million at December 31, 2015 to $31.0 million at September 30, 2016. The increase was primarily related to increases in the volume of classified loans (loans having a risk grade of 11, 12 or 13) and non-classified loans graded as “watch” (risk grade 9) and “special mention” (risk grade 10) and an increase in the historical loss allocation factor applied to non-classified commercial and industrial loans graded as “watch.” Classified commercial and industrial loans totaled $108.7 million at September 30, 2016 compared to $74.6 million at December 31, 2015. The weighted-average risk grade of commercial and industrial loans was 6.30 at September 30, 2016 compared to 6.13 at December 31, 2015. Commercial loan net charge-offs totaled $8.2 million during the first nine months of 2016 compared to $4.7 million during the first nine months of 2015. Specific valuation allowances increased $2.0 million from $2.4 million at December 31, 2015 to $4.4 million at September 30, 2016. General valuation allowances for commercial and industrial loans decreased $1.4 million from $7.3 million at December 31, 2015 to $6.0 million at September 30, 2016. The decrease was primarily related to decreases in allocations for loans not reviewed by concurrence, large credit relationships, policy exceptions, highly leveraged credit relationships and excessive industry concentrations partly offset by a decrease in the adjustment for recoveries. Macroeconomic valuation allowances for commercial and industrial loans decreased $110 thousand from $7.8 million at December 31, 2015 to $7.7 million at September 30, 2016. The decrease was primarily related to a decrease in the distressed industries allocation mostly offset by an increase in the environmental risk adjustment.
The reserve allocated to energy loans at September 30, 2016 increased $7.5 million compared to December 31, 2015. As a result, reserves allocated to energy loans as a percentage of total energy loans totaled 4.49% at September 30, 2016 compared to 3.11% at December 31, 2015. This increase was primarily related to increases in historical valuation allowances and specific valuation allowances partly offset by decreases in macroeconomic valuation allowances and general valuation allowances.

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Historical valuation allowances increased $18.5 million from $21.2 million at December 31, 2015 to $39.7 million at September 30, 2016. The increase in historical valuation allowances was partly due to increases in the volume of classified energy loans, particularly those graded as “substandard - accrual” (risk grade 11), and non-classified energy loans graded as “special mention” (risk grade 10). These increases were partly offset by the impact of decreases in the volume of non-classified energy loans graded as “pass” and “watch” and decreases in the historical loss allocation factor applied to non-classified energy loans graded as “pass” and “special mention” and classified energy loans graded as “substandard” (risk grades 11 and 12). Classified energy loans totaled $299.6 million at September 30, 2016 compared to $98.0 million at December 31, 2015. Non-classified energy loans graded as “watch” and “special mention” totaled $336.6 million at September 30, 2016 compared to $274.4 million at December 31, 2015, increasing $62.2 million while "pass" grade energy loans decreased $637.0 million from $1.4 billion at December 31, 2015 to $748.8 million at September 30, 2016. The overall decrease in non-classified energy loans reflects the migration of energy loans into higher risk grade categories as well as an overall decrease in the size of our energy loan portfolio, particularly within the production and service sectors of the energy industry. The weighted-average risk grade of energy loans was 8.13 at September 30, 2016 compared to 6.89 at December 31, 2015. This upward migration in the weighted-average risk grade for energy loans was influenced by regulatory guidance related to energy loan classifications. Specific valuation allowances for energy loans increased $500 thousand from $2.0 million at December 31, 2015 to $2.5 million at September 30, 2016. At such dates, specific valuation allowance were related to the same credit relationship which had an outstanding balance of $12.5 million at December 31, 2015 and $8.3 million at September 30, 2016, the decrease resulting from a partial charge-off. Energy loan net charge-offs totaled $18.6 million during the first nine months of 2016 compared to a net recovery of $3 thousand during the first nine months of 2015. The charge-offs in 2016 were primarily related to three large credit relationships for which, at the time we recognized the charged-offs, had associated specific valuation allowances totaling $27.5 million. Macroeconomic valuation allowances related to energy loans totaled $16.9 million at September 30, 2016 compared to $26.0 million at December 31, 2015. As discussed in our 2015 Form 10-K, we performed a sensitivity stress test as of December 31, 2015 and, as a result of our analysis, we recognized an additional $22.0 million provision for loan losses during the fourth quarter of 2015 to allocate additional reserves for the added inherent risk resulting from continued oil price volatility and the ongoing downturn in the energy industry. Since then, oil prices decreased sharply and subsequently rebounded from the low-point in January 2016. The price per barrel of crude oil was approximately $37 at December 31, 2015 and subsequently declined below $30 in January 2016. At September 30, 2016, the price per barrel of crude oil was approximately $48. The decrease in the reserve allocated for general macroeconomic risk resulted as the risks associated with the continued oil price volatility and the ongoing downturn in the energy industry are now reflected in other components of the overall reserves allocated for energy loans, primarily the aforementioned increases in historical valuation allowances resulting from the upward migration of energy loan risk grades. General valuation allowances decreased $2.4 million primarily due to a decrease in allocations for excessive industry concentrations and, to a lesser extent, decreases in allocations for highly leveraged credit relationships and large credit relationships.
The reserve allocated to commercial real estate loans at September 30, 2016 increased $4.9 million compared to December 31, 2015. The increase was primarily related to an increase in macroeconomic valuation allowances and, to a lesser extent increases in specific and historical valuation allowances partly offset by a decrease in general valuation allowances. Macroeconomic valuation allowances increased $3.3 million from $4.2 million at December 31, 2015 to $7.5 million at September 30, 2016. The increase was primarily related to current economic trends impacting our Houston market area as on-going weakness in the energy sector has impacted the market's commercial real estate sector resulting in decreased construction, more rent concessions and higher vacancy rates. Specific valuation allowances on commercial real estate loans totaled $875 thousand at September 30, 2016 while there were no specific valuation allowances at December 31, 2015. Historical valuation allowances increased $859 thousand primarily due to increases in the volume of non-classified commercial real estate loans and classified commercial real estate loans graded as “substandard - accrual” (risk grade 11), partly offset by decreases in the historical loss allocation factors for all grades of commercial real estate loans. Non-classified commercial real estate loans increased $342.4 million from December 31, 2015 to September 30, 2016 primarily due to an increase in commercial real estate loans graded as “pass.” Classified commercial real estate loans increased $3.8 million from $86.8 million at December 31, 2015 to $90.5 million at September 30, 2016 as an increase in commercial real estate loans classified as “substandard - accrual” (risk grade 11) was mostly offset by a decrease in commercial real estate loans classified as “substandard - non-accrual” (risk grade 12). The weighted-average risk grade of commercial real estate loans was 6.96 at September 30, 2016 compared to 6.88 at December 31, 2015. The decrease in general valuation allowances was primarily related to decreases in allocations for loans not reviewed by concurrence, which decreased $599 thousand, and allowances related to large credit relationships, which decreased $249 thousand, among other things, partly offset by an increase in the allocation for highly leveraged credit relationships.
The reserve allocated to consumer real estate loans at September 30, 2016 decreased $492 thousand compared to December 31, 2015. This decrease was mostly due to a decrease in general valuation allowances allocated for loans not reviewed by concurrence, which decreased $515 thousand and an increase in the reduction for recoveries, which increased $87 thousand.
The reserve allocated to consumer and other loans at September 30, 2016 decreased $4.2 million compared to December 31, 2015. The decrease was primarily related to decreases in historical valuation allowances and macroeconomic valuation allowances

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partly offset by an increase in general valuation allowances. The decrease in historical valuation allowances was primarily due to a decrease in the historical loss allocation factor applied to consumer and other loans, which was related to a change in the way we estimate valuation allowances for consumer and other loans and, now separately, for overdrafts (See Note 3 - Loans). The decrease in macroeconomic valuation allowances was related to a decrease in the environmental risk adjustment due to a decrease in the environmental risk adjustment factor and decreases in the historical valuation allowances to which the environmental adjustment factor is applied. The increase in general valuation allowances was primarily related to a decrease in the adjustment for recoveries, which was primarily related to the aforementioned change in the way we estimate valuation allowances for consumer and other loans and, now separately, for overdrafts.
Activity in the allowance for loan losses is presented in the following table.
 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
Balance at beginning of period
$
149,714

 
$
106,607

 
$
135,859

 
$
99,542

Provision for loan losses
5,045

 
6,810

 
42,734

 
17,845

Charge-offs:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
(4,036
)
 
(4,074
)
 
(10,754
)
 
(8,580
)
Energy
(884
)
 

 
(18,644
)
 

Commercial real estate
(9
)
 
(107
)
 
(56
)
 
(585
)
Consumer real estate
(287
)
 
(423
)
 
(464
)
 
(524
)
Consumer and other
(3,300
)
 
(3,000
)
 
(9,276
)
 
(8,497
)
Total charge-offs
(8,516
)
 
(7,604
)
 
(39,194
)
 
(18,186
)
Recoveries:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
957

 
1,959

 
2,577

 
3,930

Energy
19

 

 
21

 
3

Commercial real estate
277

 
309

 
875

 
775

Consumer real estate
92

 
201

 
442

 
355

Consumer and other
2,185

 
2,091

 
6,459

 
6,109

Total recoveries
3,530

 
4,560

 
10,374

 
11,172

Net charge-offs
(4,986
)
 
(3,044
)
 
(28,820
)
 
(7,014
)
Balance at end of period
$
149,773

 
$
110,373

 
$
149,773

 
$
110,373

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total loans
1.29
%
 
0.97
%
 
1.29
%
 
0.97
%
Non-accrual loans
154.67

 
199.04

 
154.67

 
199.04

Ratio of annualized net charge-offs to average total loans
0.17

 
0.11

 
0.33

 
0.08

The provision for loan losses increased $24.9 million, or 139.5%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. The increase in the provision for loan losses during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was mostly related to an increase in the volume of classified energy, commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loans; a significant increase in net charge-offs, particularly related to energy loans; higher levels of specific valuation allowances; and increases in the weighted-average risk grades of our energy, commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loan portfolios. Classified energy, commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loans totaled $498.7 million at September 30, 2016 compared to $259.4 million at December 31, 2015. Net charge-offs during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 totaled $28.8 million compared to $7.0 million during the same period in 2015, with the majority of this increase related to energy loans. Specific valuation allowances related to energy, commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loans totaled $7.8 million at September 30, 2016 compared to $4.4 million at December 31, 2015. The overall weighted-average risk grades of our energy, commercial and industrial and commercial real estate loan portfolios was 6.85 at September 30, 2016 compared to 6.58 at December 31, 2015. The ratio of the allowance for loan losses to total loans was 1.29% at September 30, 2016 compared to 1.18% at December 31, 2015. Management believes the recorded amount of the allowance for loan losses is appropriate based upon management’s best estimate of probable losses that have been incurred within the existing portfolio of loans. Should any of the factors considered by management in evaluating the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses change, our estimate of probable loan losses could also change, which could affect the level of future provisions for loan losses.

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Capital and Liquidity
Capital. Shareholders’ equity totaled $3.2 billion at September 30, 2016 and $2.9 billion December 31, 2015. In addition to net income of $220.5 million, other sources of capital during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 included other comprehensive income, net of tax, of $101.7 million, $47.9 million in proceeds from stock option exercises and $8.0 million related to stock-based compensation. Uses of capital during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 included $106.6 million of dividends paid on preferred and common stock.
The accumulated other comprehensive income/loss component of shareholders’ equity totaled a net, after-tax, unrealized gain of $215.5 million at September 30, 2016 compared to a net, after-tax, unrealized gain of $113.9 million at December 31, 2015. The increase was primarily due to a $115.3 million net after-tax increase in the net unrealized gain on securities available for sale.
In connection with the adoption of the Basel III Capital Rules on January 1, 2015, we elected to opt-out of the requirement to include most components of accumulated other comprehensive income in regulatory capital. Accordingly, amounts reported as accumulated other comprehensive income/loss do not increase or reduce regulatory capital and are not included in the calculation of risk-based capital and leverage ratios. Regulatory agencies for banks and bank holding companies utilize capital guidelines designed to measure capital and take into consideration the risk inherent in both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet items. See Note 7 - Capital and Regulatory Matters in the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
We paid a quarterly dividend of $0.53, $0.54 and $0.54 per common share during the first, second and third quarters of 2016, respectively, and a quarterly dividend of $0.51, $0.53 and $0.53 per common share during the first, second and third quarters of 2015, respectively. This equates to a common stock dividend payout ratio of 46.9% and 46.0% during the first nine months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our ability to declare or pay dividends on, or purchase, redeem or otherwise acquire, shares of our capital stock may be impacted by certain restrictions under the terms of our junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures and our Series A Preferred Stock as described in Note 7 - Capital and Regulatory Matters in the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Stock Repurchase Plans. From time to time, our board of directors has authorized stock repurchase plans. Stock repurchase plans allow us to proactively manage our capital position and return excess capital to shareholders. Shares purchased under such plans also provide us with shares of common stock necessary to satisfy obligations related to stock compensation awards. We did not have any active stock repurchase plans during the first nine months of 2016. See Part II, Item 2 - Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds, included elsewhere in this report.
Liquidity. As more fully discussed in our 2015 Form 10-K, our liquidity position is continuously monitored and adjustments are made to the balance between sources and uses of funds as deemed appropriate. Liquidity risk management is an important element in our asset/liability management process. We regularly model liquidity stress scenarios to assess potential liquidity outflows or funding problems resulting from economic disruptions, volatility in the financial markets, unexpected credit events or other significant occurrences deemed problematic by management. These scenarios are incorporated into our contingency funding plan, which provides the basis for the identification of our liquidity needs. As of September 30, 2016, management is not aware of any events that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, capital resources or operations. In addition, management is not aware of any regulatory recommendations regarding liquidity, that would have a material adverse effect on us.
Since Cullen/Frost is a holding company and does not conduct operations, our primary sources of liquidity are dividends upstreamed from Frost Bank and borrowings from outside sources. Banking regulations may limit the amount of dividends that may be paid by Frost Bank. See Note 7 - Capital and Regulatory Matters in the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report regarding such dividends. At September 30, 2016, Cullen/Frost had liquid assets, including cash and resell agreements, totaling $253.4 million.
Accounting Standards Updates
See Note 17 - Accounting Standards Updates in the accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for details of recently issued accounting pronouncements and their expected impact on our financial statements.


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Consolidated Average Balance Sheets and Interest Income Analysis - Quarter To Date
(Dollars in thousands - taxable-equivalent basis)

September 30, 2016

September 30, 2015

Average
Balance

Interest
Income/
Expense

Yield/
Cost

Average
Balance

Interest
Income/
Expense

Yield/
Cost
Assets:











Interest-bearing deposits
$
3,190,306

 
$
4,111

 
0.51
%
 
$
3,016,670

 
$
1,937

 
0.25
%
Federal funds sold and resell agreements
28,152

 
48

 
0.68

 
27,006

 
28

 
0.41

Securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Taxable
5,391,848

 
25,897

 
1.97

 
5,309,561

 
27,518

 
2.11

Tax-exempt
6,983,626

 
92,917

 
5.53

 
6,263,386

 
86,598

 
5.58

Total securities
12,375,474

 
118,814

 
3.97

 
11,572,947

 
114,116

 
3.99

Loans, net of unearned discounts
11,457,464

 
115,674

 
4.02

 
11,361,932

 
112,579

 
3.93

Total Earning Assets and Average Rate Earned
27,051,396

 
238,647

 
3.57

 
25,978,555

 
228,660

 
3.53

Cash and due from banks
487,456

 

 
 
 
507,632

 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
(152,549
)
 

 
 
 
(109,721
)
 
 
 
 
Premises and equipment, net
564,764

 

 
 
 
532,372

 
 
 
 
Accrued interest and other assets
1,180,987

 

 
 
 
1,155,886

 
 
 
 
Total Assets
$
29,132,054

 

 
 
 
$
28,064,724

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and individual
$
9,225,059

 
 
 
 
 
$
9,424,520

 
 
 
 
Correspondent banks
292,971

 
 
 
 
 
340,120

 
 
 
 
Public funds
484,543

 
 
 
 
 
496,929

 
 
 
 
Total non-interest-bearing demand deposits
10,002,573

 

 
 
 
10,261,569

 
 
 
 
Interest-bearing deposits:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Private accounts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Savings and interest checking
5,948,616

 
264

 
0.02

 
4,836,763

 
250

 
0.02

Money market deposit accounts
7,473,650

 
1,170

 
0.06

 
7,719,727

 
1,534

 
0.08

Time accounts
807,055

 
278

 
0.14

 
844,462

 
324

 
0.15

Public funds
420,281

 
37

 
0.03

 
435,601

 
30

 
0.03

Total interest-bearing deposits
14,649,602

 
1,749

 
0.05

 
13,836,553

 
2,138

 
0.06

Total deposits
24,652,175

 
 
 
 
 
24,098,122

 
 
 
 
Federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements
797,417

 
44

 
0.02

 
645,818

 
39

 
0.02

Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures
136,107

 
839

 
2.47

 
136,049

 
689

 
2.03

Subordinated notes payable and other notes
99,948

 
350

 
1.40

 
99,828

 
241

 
0.97

Total Interest-Bearing Funds and Average Rate Paid
15,683,074

 
2,982

 
0.08

 
14,718,248

 
3,107

 
0.08

Accrued interest and other liabilities
285,585

 
 
 
 
 
209,850

 
 
 
 
Total Liabilities
25,971,232

 
 
 
 
 
25,189,667

 
 
 
 
Shareholders’ Equity
3,160,822

 
 
 
 
 
2,875,057

 
 
 
 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
$
29,132,054

 
 
 
 
 
$
28,064,724

 
 
 
 
Net interest income
 
 
$
235,665

 
 
 
 
 
$
225,553

 
 
Net interest spread
 
 
 
 
3.49
%
 
 
 
 
 
3.45
%
Net interest income to total average earning assets
 
 
 
 
3.53
%
 
 
 
 
 
3.48
%
For these computations: (i) average balances are presented on a daily average basis, (ii) information is shown on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming a 35% tax rate, (iii) average loans include loans on non-accrual status, and (iv) average securities include unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale while yields are based on average amortized cost.

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Consolidated Average Balance Sheets and Interest Income Analysis - Year To Date
(Dollars in thousands - taxable-equivalent basis)
 
September 30, 2016
 
September 30, 2015
 
Average
Balance
 
Interest
Income/
Expense
 
Yield/
Cost
 
Average
Balance
 
Interest
Income/
Expense
 
Yield/
Cost
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest-bearing deposits
$
2,956,822

 
$
11,366

 
0.51
%
 
$
2,995,730

 
$
5,743

 
0.26
%
Federal funds sold and resell agreements
34,179

 
165

 
0.64

 
21,827

 
69

 
0.42

Securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Taxable
5,245,649

 
77,402

 
2.02

 
5,463,556

 
85,607

 
2.13

Tax-exempt
6,660,843

 
270,586

 
5.58

 
6,087,770

 
251,605

 
5.59

Total securities
11,906,492

 
347,988

 
4.01

 
11,551,326

 
337,212

 
3.96

Loans, net of unearned discounts
11,497,340

 
344,289

 
4.00

 
11,232,527

 
329,263

 
3.92

Total Earning Assets and Average Rate Earned
26,394,833

 
703,808

 
3.60

 
25,801,410

 
672,287

 
3.50

Cash and due from banks
504,074

 
 
 
 
 
528,177

 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
(151,643
)
 
 
 
 
 
(106,164
)
 
 
 
 
Premises and equipment, net
561,215

 
 
 
 
 
500,606

 
 
 
 
Accrued interest and other assets
1,180,513

 
 
 
 
 
1,169,025

 
 
 
 
Total Assets
$
28,488,992

 
 
 
 
 
$
27,893,054

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and individual
$
9,055,750

 
 
 
 
 
$
9,240,771

 
 
 
 
Correspondent banks
322,495

 
 
 
 
 
351,932

 
 
 
 
Public funds
515,195

 
 
 
 
 
465,983

 
 
 
 
Total non-interest-bearing demand deposits
9,893,440

 
 
 
 
 
10,058,686

 
 
 
 
Interest-bearing deposits:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Private accounts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Savings and interest checking
5,610,695

 
778

 
0.02

 
4,800,135

 
743

 
0.02

Money market deposit accounts
7,441,626

 
3,545

 
0.06

 
7,735,355

 
5,097

 
0.09

Time accounts
813,297

 
853

 
0.14

 
888,299

 
1,133

 
0.17

Public funds
452,655

 
133

 
0.04

 
418,817

 
103

 
0.03

Total interest-bearing deposits
14,318,273

 
5,309

 
0.05

 
13,842,606

 
7,076

 
0.07

Total deposits
24,211,713

 
 
 
 
 
23,901,292

 
 
 
 
Federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements
734,022

 
152

 
0.03

 
624,175

 
113

 
0.02

Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures
136,092

 
2,392

 
2.34

 
136,035

 
2,016

 
1.98

Subordinated notes payable and other notes
99,918

 
958

 
1.28

 
99,798

 
696

 
0.93

Total Interest-Bearing Funds and Average Rate Paid
15,288,305

 
8,811

 
0.08

 
14,702,614

 
9,901

 
0.09

Accrued interest and other liabilities
259,131

 
 
 
 
 
240,658

 
 
 
 
Total Liabilities
25,440,876

 
 
 
 
 
25,001,958

 
 
 
 
Shareholders’ Equity
3,048,116

 
 
 
 
 
2,891,096

 
 
 
 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
$
28,488,992

 
 
 
 
 
$
27,893,054

 
 
 
 
Net interest income
 
 
$
694,997

 
 
 
 
 
$
662,386

 
 
Net interest spread
 
 
 
 
3.52
%
 
 
 
 
 
3.41
%
Net interest income to total average earning assets
 
 
 
 
3.56
%
 
 
 
 
 
3.45
%
For these computations: (i) average balances are presented on a daily average basis, (ii) information is shown on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming a 35% tax rate, (iii) average loans include loans on non-accrual status, and (iv) average securities include unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale while yields are based on average amortized cost.



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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The disclosures set forth in this item are qualified by the section captioned “Forward-Looking Statements and Factors that Could Affect Future Results” included in Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this report and other cautionary statements set forth elsewhere in this report.
Refer to the discussion of market risks included in Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk in the 2015 Form 10-K. There has been no significant change in the types of market risks we face since December 31, 2015.
We utilize an earnings simulation model as the primary quantitative tool in measuring the amount of interest rate risk associated with changing market rates. The model quantifies the effects of various interest rate scenarios on projected net interest income and net income over the next 12 months. The model measures the impact on net interest income relative to a flat-rate case scenario of hypothetical fluctuations in interest rates over the next 12 months. These simulations incorporate assumptions regarding balance sheet growth and mix, pricing and the repricing and maturity characteristics of the existing and projected balance sheet. The impact of interest rate derivatives, such as interest rate swaps, caps and floors, is also included in the model. Other interest rate-related risks such as prepayment, basis and option risk are also considered.
For modeling purposes, as of September 30, 2016, the model simulations projected that a 100 basis point ratable increase in interest rates would result in a positive variance in net interest income of 0.4% and a 200 basis point ratable increase in interest rates would result in a positive variance in net interest income of 1.5%, relative to the flat-rate case over the next 12 months, while a decrease in interest rates of 50 basis points would result in a negative variance in net interest income of 6.5% relative to the flat-rate case over the next 12 months. The September 30, 2016 model simulations were impacted by the assumption, for modeling purposes, that we will begin to pay interest on commercial demand deposits (those not already receiving an earnings credit rate) in the fourth quarter of 2016, as further discussed below. As of September 30, 2015, the model simulations projected that a 100 basis point ratable increase in interest rates would result in no material variance in net interest income and a 200 basis point ratable increase in interest rates would result in positive variance in net interest income of 0.6%, relative to the flat-rate case over the next 12 months, while a decrease in interest rates of 25 basis points would result in a negative variance in net interest income of 3.5% relative to the flat-rate case over the next 12 months. The September 30, 2015 model simulations were impacted by the assumption, for modeling purposes, that we would begin to pay interest on commercial demand deposits (those not already receiving an earnings credit rate) in the fourth quarter of 2015.
The model simulations as of September 30, 2016 indicate that our balance sheet is more asset sensitive in comparison to our balance sheet as of September 30, 2015. The shift to a more asset sensitive position was primarily due to a decrease in the relative proportion of projected average interest bearing deposits to projected total average deposits and an increase in the relative proportion of federal funds sold to projected average interest-earning assets. The model also projects decreases in the relative proportions of securities and loans to projected average interest-earning assets coupled with an an increase in the relative proportion of variable-rate loans to total loans. Federal funds sold and variable-rate loans are more immediately impacted by changes in interest rates in comparison to fixed-rate loans and securities.
As mentioned above, financial regulatory reform legislation entitled the “Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act” (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) repealed the federal prohibition on the payment of interest on demand deposits, thereby permitting depository institutions to pay interest on business transaction and other accounts beginning July 21, 2011. To date, we have not experienced any significant additional interest costs as a result of the repeal; however, we may begin to incur interest costs associated with certain demand deposits in the future as market conditions warrant. If this were to occur, our balance sheet would likely become more liability sensitive. Because the interest rate that will ultimately be paid on these demand deposits depends upon a variety of factors, some of which are beyond our control, we assumed an aggressive pricing structure for the purposes of the model simulations discussed above with interest payments beginning in the fourth quarter of 2016. Should the actual interest rate paid on demand deposits be less than the rate assumed in the model simulations, or should the interest rate paid for demand deposits become an administered rate with less direct correlation to movements in general market interest rates, our balance sheet could be more asset sensitive than the model simulations might otherwise indicate.
As of September 30, 2016, the effects of a 200 basis point increase and a 50 basis point decrease in interest rates on our derivative holdings would not result in a significant variance in our net interest income.
The effects of hypothetical fluctuations in interest rates on our securities classified as “trading” under ASC Topic 320, “Investments—Debt and Equity Securities,” are not significant, and, as such, separate quantitative disclosure is not presented.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, an evaluation was carried out by management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) occurred during the last fiscal quarter that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Part II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are subject to various claims and legal actions that have arisen in the course of conducting business. Management does not expect the ultimate disposition of these matters to have a material adverse impact on our financial statements.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There has been no material change in the risk factors disclosed under Item 1A. of our 2015 Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
The following table provides information with respect to purchases we made or were made on our behalf or any “affiliated purchaser” (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), of our common stock during the three months ended September 30, 2016. Dollar amounts in thousands.
Period
Total Number of
Shares Purchased
 
Average Price
Paid Per Share
 
Total Number of
Shares Purchased
as Part of Publicly
Announced Plan
 
Maximum
Number of Shares
(or Approximate
Dollar Value)
That May Yet Be
Purchased Under
the Plan at the
End of the Period
July 1, 2016 to July 31, 2016

 
$

 

 
$

August 1, 2016 to August 31, 2016

 

 

 

September 1, 2016 to September 30, 2016

 

 

 

Total

 
$

 

 


Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
Item 6. Exhibits
(a) Exhibits
Exhibit
Number
Description
31.1
Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Corporation's Chief Executive Officer
31.2
Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of the Corporation's Chief Financial Officer
32.1+
Section 1350 Certification of the Corporation's Chief Executive Officer
32.2+
Section 1350 Certification of the Corporation's Chief Financial Officer
101
Interactive Data File
+
This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc.
 
 
 
 
(Registrant)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date:
October 26, 2016
 
By:  
/s/ Jerry Salinas
 
 
 
 
 
Jerry Salinas
 
 
 
 
 
Group Executive Vice President
 
 
 
 
 
and Chief Financial Officer
 
 
 
 
 
(Duly Authorized Officer, Principal Financial
 
 
 
 
 
Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
 

63