CYANOTECH CORP - Annual Report: 2014 (Form 10-K)

  UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D. C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2014

Commission File Number 0-14602 

CYANOTECH CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (808) 326-1353

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, $0.02 par value
(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐  Yes ☒  No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐  Yes ☒  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒  Yes ☐  No

Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§229.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☒  Yes ☐  No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicated by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐  Yes ☒  No

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant on September 30, 2013 was approximately $32,034,666 based on the closing sale price of the Common Stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market on that date.

Number of shares outstanding of Registrant’s Common Stock at June 19, 2014 was 5,488,038.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or prior to July 18, 2014 and to be used in connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders expected to be held on August 28, 2014, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Report and other presentations made by Cyanotech Corporation (“CYAN”) and its subsidiary contain “forward-looking statements,” which include statements that are predictive in nature, depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, and usually include words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plan,” “believes,” “predicts”, “estimates” or similar expressions. In addition, any statement concerning future financial performance, ongoing business strategies or prospects and possible future actions are also forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and projections about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties and the accuracy of assumptions concerning CYAN and its subsidiary (collectively, the “Company”), the performance of the industry in which CYAN does business, and economic and market factors, among other things. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of the Report, presentation or filing in which they are made. Except to the extent required by the Federal Securities Laws, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Our forward-looking statements in this Report include, but are not limited to:

These forward-looking statements are subject to risk, uncertainties and assumptions about us and our operations that are subject to change based on various important factors, some of which are beyond our control. The following factors, among others, could cause our financial performance to differ significantly from the goals, plans, objectives, intentions and expectations expressed in our forward-looking statements:

PART I

Item 1. Business

Unless otherwise indicated, all references in this report to the “Company”, “we”, “us”, “our”, and “Cyanotech” refer to Cyanotech Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, Nutrex Hawaii, Inc. (“Nutrex Hawaii” or “Nutrex”), a Hawaii corporation.

General

We are a world leader in the production of high value natural products derived from microalgae. Incorporated in 1983, we are guided by the principle of providing beneficial, quality microalgal products for health and human nutrition in a sustainable, reliable and environmentally sensitive operation. We are GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) certified by the Natural Products Association™, reinforcing our commitment to quality in our products, quality in our relationships (with our customers, suppliers, employees and the communities we live in), and quality of the environment in which we work. Our products include:

Microalgae are a diverse group of microscopic plants that have a wide range of physiological and biochemical characteristics and contain, among other things, high levels of natural protein, amino acids, vitamins, pigments and enzymes. Microalgae have the following properties that make commercial production attractive: (1) microalgae grow much faster than land grown plants, often up to 100 times faster; (2) microalgae have uniform cell structures with no bark, stems, branches or leaves, permitting easier extraction of products and higher utilization of the microalgae cells; and (3) the cellular uniformity of microalgae makes it practical to control the growing environment in order to optimize a particular cell characteristic. Efficient and effective cultivation of microalgae requires consistent light, warm temperatures, low rainfall and proper chemical balance in a very nutrient-rich environment, free of environmental contaminants and unwanted organisms. This is a challenge that has motivated us to design, develop and implement proprietary production and harvesting technologies, systems and processes in order to commercially produce human nutritional products derived from microalgae.

Our production of these products at the 90-acre facility on the Kona Coast of the island of Hawaii provides several benefits. We selected the Keahole Point location in order to take advantage of relatively consistent warm temperatures, sunshine and low levels of rainfall needed for optimal cultivation of microalgae. This location also offers us access to cold deep ocean water, drawn from an offshore depth of 2,000 feet, which we use in our Ocean-Chill Drying system to eliminate the oxidative damage caused by standard drying techniques and as a source of trace nutrients for microalgal cultures. The area is also designated a Biosecure Zone, free of pesticides and herbicides. We believe that our technology, systems, processes and favorable growing location generally permit year-round harvest of our microalgal products in a cost-effective manner.

Our Business

We operate entirely in one operating segment, the cultivation and production of microalgae into high-value, high-quality natural health and nutrition products. We cultivate, on a large-scale basis, two microalgal species from which our two major product lines, spirulina products and natural astaxanthin products, are derived. We record revenue and cost of sales information by product category, but do not record operating expenses by such product category.

The following table sets forth, for the three years ended March 31, 2014, the net sales contributed by each of our product lines (in thousands):

Spirulina Products

We have been producing a strain of spirulina microalgae marketed as Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica® since 1984. Spirulina Pacifica® represents approximately one-third of our net sales. Spirulina Pacifica® provides a vegetable-based, highly absorbable source of protein, natural beta-carotene, mixed carotenoids, B vitamins, gamma linolenic acid, essential amino acids and other phytonutrients.

Spirulina Pacifica® is produced in two forms: powder and tablets. Powder is used as an ingredient in nutritional supplements and health beverages; tablets are consumed as a daily dietary supplement. Both forms are sold as raw material ingredients in bulk quantities, as packaged consumer products under the Nutrex Hawaii label and as private label consumer packaged products. We recently launched two new spirulina products. Spearmint spirulina tablets provide a fresh, new flavor option for both current consumers and those trying spirulina for the first time, and Greens Complete Superfood Powder formula is our entry into the green superfood category, each serving is packed with three grams of spirulina plus organic greens, organic antioxidants and probiotics.

Spirulina Pacifica® is GRAS (generally recognized as safe) for addition to a variety of foods as determined by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Our all natural Spirulina Pacifica® is cultivated without the use of herbicides or pesticides, is not genetically modified (non GMO) and is certified Kosher by Organized Kashrus Laboratories of Brooklyn, New York and certified Halal by the Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America.

Our Spirulina Pacifica® is cultivated in a combination of fresh water and a metered amount of nutrient-rich deep ocean water (containing essential trace elements), drawn from a depth of 2,000 feet below sea level. This water mixture is supplemented with other major required nutrients. With the exception of deep ocean water, the raw materials and nutrients required in our spirulina production are available from multiple sources. In the case of deep ocean water, although abundantly available at this location, the facility to pump and deliver the water to our location is owned by the State of Hawaii. The facility is constructed of two separately located pump stations providing redundancy should one station fail. The State of Hawaii sets the price for deep ocean water annually based on its cost to deliver the water.

The spirulina crop in each pond is circulated by paddlewheels to keep an even blend of nutrients in suspension and a uniform exposure of the algae to sunlight. Our ponds are engineered to maintain the right media depth for sunlight to permeate each crop completely, facilitating rapid growth. The design of our cultivation ponds promotes efficient growing conditions, allowing the Spirulina Pacifica® algae to reproduce rapidly. Each pond can be harvested, on average, in six days. As sunlight is a major component of cultivation, production can be impacted by inclement weather and seasonal changes during the winter months, with shortened daylight hours.

Once ready for harvest, a majority of the spirulina algae are pumped from a pond to our processing building where the crop is separated from the culture media. The culture remaining in the ponds serves as an inoculum for the next growth cycle. Harvested spirulina is washed with fresh water and filtered before moving to the drying stage. Culture media separated from spirulina algae during processing are conserved and recycled. Our Integrated Culture Biology Management (“ICBM”) technology for microalgae cultivation has proven to be a reliable and stable operating environment, allowing us to grow and harvest spirulina without significant contamination by unwanted microorganisms and without associated loss of productivity.

Spirulina Pacifica® powder is dried via our low-oxygen Ocean-Chill Drying process, thereby preserving high levels of antioxidant carotenoids and other nutrients sensitive to heat and oxygen. The rapid drying process results in a dark green powder. Spirulina powder is difficult to form into tablets. Most tablet manufacturers either add high amounts (from 10% to 30%) of inert substances to “glue” the tablet together or use a heat granulation process that destroys nutrients. In contrast, our Spirulina Pacifica® tablets contain a maximum of 2% of such substances and are produced in cold press compression tablet-making machines.

Each production lot of Spirulina Pacifica® is sampled and subjected to thorough quality control analyses including testing for moisture, carotenoids, minerals, color and taste, among others. Further, each lot of our Spirulina Pacifica® undergoes a prescribed set of microbiological food product tests, including total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria and E. coli. The Spirulina Pacifica® powder and tablets are packaged to extend shelf life and ensure product freshness. Our packaged consumer products are bottled and labeled by third party contractors in California. These contractors are subject to regular government inspections and hold Drug Manufacturing Licenses & Processed Food Registrations with the State of California Department of Health. Such packaging services are readily available from multiple sources.

The majority of our bulk spirulina sales are to health food manufacturers and formulators, many of whom identify and promote our Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica® in their products. Such customers purchase bulk powder or bulk tablets and package these products under their brand label for sale to the health and natural food markets. Some of the brands produced by these customers are marketed and sold domestically in direct competition with the packaged consumer products sold through our Nutrex Hawaii subsidiary. Nutrex Hawaii packaged consumer products are sold direct to consumers and through an established health food distribution network in the domestic market. In selected foreign markets, we have exclusive sales distributors for both our bulk and packaged consumer products.

Our Spirulina Pacifica® products compete with a variety of vitamins, dietary supplements, other algal products and similar nutritional products available to consumers. The nutritional products category is highly competitive and includes international, national, regional and local producers and distributors, many of whom have greater resources than Cyanotech and many of whom offer a greater variety of products. Our direct competition in the spirulina market is currently from Dainippon Ink and Chemical Company’s Earthrise facility in California, Parry Nutraceuticals, a division of Murugappa Group of India and several farms in China. In addition, there are numerous other smaller farms in China, India, Thailand, Taiwan, Cuba, South Africa and South America. We have experienced increased price competition due to the large number of spirulina suppliers as well as customers who generally treat these products as commodities with price being the major determining factor driving their purchasing decision. As one of the largest producers of spirulina, our challenge is to increase our market share among customers who seek the high-quality products we produce while concurrently adjusting our product mix to meet our revenue and profitability targets.

Natural Astaxanthin Products

We commenced commercial production of natural astaxanthin in 1997 and in 1999 introduced BioAstin®, our natural astaxanthin product for the human health and nutrition market. BioAstin® represents approximately two-thirds of our net sales. Astaxanthin’s antioxidant properties are believed to surpass many of the antioxidant properties of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene and other carotenoids. Independent scientific studies indicate that in certain models, natural astaxanthin has up to 550 times the antioxidant activity of vitamin E and 10 times the antioxidant activity of beta-carotene. In addition, a growing body of scientific literature suggests that natural astaxanthin has beneficial properties as an anti-inflammatory, with additional benefits for joint, skin and eye health.

BioAstin® is produced in three forms: a liquid lipid extract, gelcaps and microencapsulated “beadlets” with all three forms sold in bulk quantities. BioAstin® gelcaps are also sold in packaged consumer form under the Nutrex Hawaii label as well as private label consumer packaged product. Over time, we have shifted our focus and resources on producing and marketing natural astaxanthin for the higher value packaged consumer market.

BioAstin® is GRAS (generally recognized as safe) as determined by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Our all natural BioAstin® is cultivated without the use of herbicides or pesticides and is not genetically modified (non GMO). In fiscal 2012 we applied for a new dietary ingredient (NDI), with the United States Food and Drug Administration, providing for a daily dosage of 12mg of astaxanthin which was reviewed without comment.

We produce natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae grown in fresh water supplemented with nutrients. As these algae are extremely susceptible to contamination by unwanted algae, protozoa and amoebae, we developed a proprietary system known as the PhytoDome Closed Culture System or PhytoDome CCS to overcome this problem. Using these large-scale photobioreactors, we have generally been able to grow consistently large volumes of contaminant-free Haematococcus culture, although quarterly production levels are subject to seasonality. Fresh water is critical to the production of our natural astaxanthin and while we have not experienced any constraint on fresh water availability to date, availability could be impacted by a significant population growth in the region as well as throughput constraints on the water delivery infrastructure. We have met with officials of the County of Hawaii to assess the fresh water situation and evaluate the probability of future risks. We recycle fresh water in our production process where possible and continue to explore further recycling opportunities.

For the final stage of cultivation, the Haematococcus algae is transferred to open ponds where an environmental stress is applied causing the algae to form spores which accumulate high levels of astaxanthin. Once ready for harvest, the media containing these spores is transported through underground pipes to our astaxanthin processing building where the culture media and algal spores are separated. Fresh water recovered from this stage of processing may be recycled for further use in cultivation. Unlike spirulina, astaxanthin is produced in a batch-mode and each cultivation pond must be completely drained and thoroughly cleaned between cycles. As sunlight is a major component of cultivation, production can be impacted by inclement weather and seasonal changes during the winter months, with shorter daylight hours and increased cloud cover.

The harvested algal spores are dried to flakes or a fine powder. During processing, the spores are cracked in a proprietary system to assure high bioavailability of astaxanthin. Each production lot of astaxanthin is sampled and tested for astaxanthin concentration. Finally, the bulk powder is vacuum-packed. Natural astaxanthin for human consumption is processed further utilizing a high-pressure extraction process. The resulting product is a lipid extract insoluble in water used in the production of gelcaps. This product can also be micro-encapsulated into “beadlets” which our customers use in other formulations.

All natural astaxanthin products undergo a prescribed set of microbiological food product tests to ensure safety and quality. We use third party contract manufacturers for the extraction services, the production of gelcaps and the production of beadlets. All third party contract manufacturers are audit inspected by our Quality Control Department and are required to comply with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations. The majority of these contract manufacturers hold independent third party GMP certifications.

BioAstin® is sold in liquid lipid form as a raw ingredient to dietary supplement manufacturers, health food formulators and cosmetic manufacturers, and BioAstin® gelcaps and beadlets are sold in bulk quantities to distributors. BioAstin® gelcaps are also sold as a packaged consumer product through Nutrex Hawaii directly to natural product distributors, retailers and consumers. In 2007, we also introduced a line of BioAstin® based nutritional supplements, MDFormulas. MDFormulas combined the health benefits of BioAstin® with other proven nutrients with benefits for targeted applications such as skin, heart and joint health.

BioAstin® competes directly with similar products marketed by other manufacturers including Fuji Chemical of Japan, Algatechnologies of Israel, and Valensa (dba U.S. Nutraceuticals, LLC) in the United States. In the general category of nutritional supplements, BioAstin® and MDFormulas also compete with a variety of vitamins, dietary supplements and other antioxidant products available to consumers. The nutritional products market is highly competitive and includes international, national, regional and local producers and distributors, many of whom have greater resources than we have, and many of whom offer a greater variety of products.

The potential benefits of astaxanthin to human health are continuing to emerge. As one of the most potent and bioactive biological antioxidants found in nature, the number of potential roles of natural astaxanthin for human health is growing. Much research has been published in recent years on the beneficial roles of antioxidants in our health, in the aging process and on specific health conditions. The full efficacy of BioAstin® as a human nutraceutical supplement requires further significant clinical study. We have spent limited amounts on clinical trials over the past few fiscal years. Independent antioxidant research and prior clinical trials show promising human applications. We hold three United States patents relating to the usage of BioAstin® in the treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, the treatment of canker/cold sores and for its use as a topical and oral sunscreen.

Major Customers

We have no customers with sales at or above 10% of our total net sales for the years presented.

Research and Development

Our expertise for many years has been in the development of efficient, stable and cost-effective production systems for microalgal products. We have learned production levels from our systems may not be sustainable across periods of days, weeks, or even months. Accordingly, we typically investigate each specific microalgae identified in the scientific literature for potentially marketable products and for solutions to production stability and efficiency challenges, and then strive to develop the technology to grow such microalgae on a commercial scale or to incorporate procedures or technology to improve production stability and efficiency. Successful microalgal product developments and technical solutions are highly uncertain and dependent on numerous factors, many beyond our control. Products and solutions or improvements that appear promising in early phases of development may be found to be ineffective, may be uneconomical because of manufacturing costs or other factors, may be precluded from commercialization due to the proprietary rights of other companies, or may fail to receive necessary regulatory approvals. We had research and development expenditures of $469,000, $258,000 and $320,000 in fiscal years 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. We invested $69,000 in scientific clinical trials during fiscal 2014 and made no investment in scientific clinical trials during fiscal 2013 and 2012.

Patents, Trademarks and Licenses

We have been granted four United States patents: one on aspects of our production methods and three relating to usage of our BioAstin® products.

Our production method patent is directed to microalgae production technology, and will expire in April 2016. Our patents relating to usage of our BioAstin® products are three utility patents on the use of astaxanthin, which will expire in December 2019, February 2020 and April 2020.

Although we view our proprietary rights as important, we currently believe that a loss of patent rights is not likely to have a material adverse effect on our present business as a whole. Instead, our commercial results mainly depend upon our trade secrets, know-how, other non-patent proprietary rights, customer relationships, our climate and our location. As a result, we feel that our competitors in the U.S. would not be able to implement competing technology covered by our patents now, after their expirations or otherwise, without our same combination of non-patented attributes.

We have registered trademarks in the U.S. and in some foreign markets, such as the European Union. Our operations are not dependent upon any single trademark, although some trademarks are identified with a number of our products and are important in the sale and marketing of such products.

Regulations

Several governmental agencies regulate various aspects of our business and our products in the United States, including the Food and Drug Administration, the Federal Trade Commission, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the State of Hawaii Department of Health, the Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States Postal Service, state attorney general offices and various agencies of the states and localities in which our products are sold. We believe we are in compliance the all material government regulations which apply to our products and operations. However, we are not able to predict the nature of any future laws, regulations, interpretations or applications, nor can we predict what effect future changes would have on our business.

Our international customers are subject to similar governmental agency regulations in their various geographic regions. Compliance by our customers with such local regulations is beyond our control and we cannot predict their ability to maintain such compliance. However, we strive to assist our customers in meeting local regulations pertaining to the use and sale of our products whenever possible.

Environmental Matters

In 2002, we were issued under the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”) an Incidental Take Permit (“ITP”) by the United States Department of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”). The ESA defines “incidental take” as “incidental to, and not for the purpose of, the carrying out of an otherwise lawful activity.” This permit authorizes incidental take of the endangered Hawaiian stilt (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) that is anticipated to occur as a result of ongoing operations and maintenance at our Kona facility. As a mandatory component for the issuance of such permit, we submitted and maintain a Habitat Conservation Plan (“HCP”) to ensure that the effects of the permitted action on listed species are adequately minimized and mitigated.

The HCP called for the creation of a nesting and breeding ground for the Hawaiian stilt to offset any take activity. We have complied with these requirements since 2002. The breeding program was so successful that the increase in the Hawaiian stilt population in the area became a potential hazard for the adjacent State airport facility. We disassembled the stilt habitat and are mitigating “take” by using standard non-lethal hazing devices to discourage nesting and breeding.

A requirement of the ITP is to provide insurance coverage for funding the project for the term of the ITP. Our insurance broker was unable to locate an underwriter who would provide such a bond. As permitted by law, the FWS waived this requirement recognizing that this HCP did not involve a significant capital expenditure. However, under Hawaii state law, no waiver provision is available. A new ITP was issued by the FWS on September 29, 2006 and by the State of Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) on October 13, 2006, both which expire on March 17, 2016. In October 2005, we submitted a new ten-year HCP to the FWS and the DOFAW.

Employees

As of March 31, 2014, we employed 94 people on a full-time basis. Of the total, 43 are involved in harvesting, production and quality, with the remainder in maintenance, shipping, sales, administration and support. Management believes that its relations with employees are good. Attracting permanent entry level and skilled employees can be difficult due to the limited local population. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements.

Company Website and SEC Filings

Our corporate website is www.cyanotech.com. There we make available copies of Cyanotech documents, news releases and our filings with the Securities Exchange Commission, or the “SEC”, including financial statements. Also included are copies of the Board of Directors Code of Conduct, the Company’s Code of Conduct and Ethics, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter, the Compensation Committee Charter and the Charter and Powers of the Audit Committee. We also maintain the website www.nutrex-hawaii.com dedicated to our wholly owned subsidiary, Nutrex Hawaii, Inc. On that website, Spirulina Pacifica® and BioAstin® are sold directly online. The information found on our websites, unless otherwise indicated, is not part of this or any other report we file or furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below which we believe are significant but not the only ones we face. Any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. You should also refer to the other information contained in this report, including our financial statements and the related notes.

Our production of algae involves an agricultural process, subject to such risks as weather, disease and contamination.

The production of our algae products involves complex agricultural systems with inherent risks including weather, disease, and contamination. These risks are unpredictable and also include such elements as the control and balance of necessary nutrients and other factors. The efficient and effective cultivation of microalgae requires consistent light, warm temperatures, low rainfall and proper chemical balance in a very nutrient-rich environment. If the chemical composition of a pond changes from its required balance, unusually high levels of contamination due to the growth of unwanted organisms or other biological problems may occur and would result in a loss of harvestable output. These often arise without warning and sometimes there are few or no clear indicators as to appropriate remediation or corrective measures. We believe that our technology, systems, processes and favorable growing location generally permit year-round harvest of our microalgal products in a cost-effective manner. However, environmental factors cannot be controlled in an open air environment, therefore, we cannot, and do not attempt to, provide any form of assurance with regard to our systems, processes, location, or cost-effectiveness. To the extent that our production is negatively impacted by environmental factors, we may be unable to fill large orders for one or more months until such time that production improves.

There is risk in operating entirely in one business segment such as the cultivation and production of microalgae at a single production facility.

Single location agricultural and production facilities do not provide the protections and assurances afforded by operations in two or more widely separated locations. Our single location in Hawaii is susceptible to catastrophic natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes and volcanic eruptions. In the event of a natural disaster or localized extended outages of critical utilities or transportation systems, we could experience a significant business interruption. In addition, Hawaii from time to time has experienced shortages of water, electric power and fuels. Future shortages could disrupt our operations and could result in additional expense. Also, a single agricultural facility provides limited biologic diversity protection against invasive, mutant, or harmful organisms.

Our facilities in Hawaii are located adjacent to a major airport, and an aircraft disaster could disrupt our operations.

Our production facility and corporate headquarters in Hawaii are located adjacent to the Keahole International airport. In the event of an aircraft disaster, we could experience a significant business interruption, including loss of water, electrical and communication services as well as inability to access our facilities.

Unfavorable publicity or consumer perception of our products and any similar products distributed by other companies could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The nutritional supplements market is highly dependent upon consumer perception regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of nutritional supplements. Consumer perception of our products can be significantly influenced by scientific research and findings, as well as by national media attention and other publicity regarding the consumption of nutritional supplements. There can be no assurance that future research or publicity will be favorable to the nutritional supplements market or any product in particular, or consistent with earlier publicity. Our dependence on consumer perception means that any adverse reports, findings or publicity, whether or not accurate or with merit, could have a material adverse effect on the demand for our products and on our results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.

Litigation could adversely impact our business by distracting our management from the operation of our business and by increasing our expenses.

We are a party to various litigation, claims and legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. Even when such matters in our judgment have little or no merit, the Company’s defense of these may be costly and may divert our management’s attention. The costs of litigation can vary from quarter to quarter based on the status of the proceedings and could have a material impact on our results in any given quarter.

The nutritional products industry is extremely competitive. Many of our significant competitors have greater financial and other resources than we do, and one or more of these competitors could use their greater resources to gain market share at our expense.

The nutritional products market includes international, national, regional and local producers and distributors, many of whom have substantially greater production, financial, research and development, personnel and marketing resources than we do, and many of whom offer a greater variety of products. As a result, each of these companies could compete more aggressively and sustain that competition over a longer period of time than we could. Our lack of resources relative to our significant competitors may cause us to fail to anticipate or respond adequately to development of new products and changing consumer demands and preferences, or may cause us to experience significant delays in obtaining or introducing new or enhanced products. These failures or delays could reduce our competitiveness and cause a decline in our market share and sales. Increased competition in our industry could result in price reductions, reduced gross profit margin or loss of market share, any of which could have a material effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We depend heavily on the unique abilities and knowledge of our officers and key personnel. Our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Scientific Officer have knowledge and experience critical to our ongoing operations of the Company. We also depend on the unique knowledge of our Chief Financial Officer and Vice President of Finance and Administration, Vice President of Operations, Vice President of Sales and Marketing, and Vice President of Quality & Regulatory Affairs. We are a small company and the loss of any such personnel or the delay in the replacement of one could significantly delay the achievement of our business objectives and could adversely affect our ability to do business or could hinder our ability to provide needed management.

Our success depends, to a significant extent, upon the services of such personnel. For example, the Chief Executive Officer has industry knowledge, experience and operating discipline vital to the management of the Company and consistent delivery of our products. The Chief Scientific Officer and founder of our company is our primary scientific resource, continuing to improve production and cultivation technology and to investigate new microalgal products. Our Chief Financial Officer has a unique understanding of our financial systems and needs. Our Vice President Operations has years of experience with the mechanical operation of the production facility and continues to improve our production process. Our Vice President Sales and Marketing has developed valuable personal relationships with domestic and foreign customers. Our Vice President of Quality and Regulatory Affairs has experience and knowledge of federal and state regulations governing our production processes and product representation essential to continuing compliance. Attracting permanent skilled employees in Hawaii can be difficult due to limited local qualified applicants.

Our operations are vulnerable because we have limited personnel and redundancy and backup systems in our data management function.

Our internal order, inventory and product data management system is an electronic system through which orders are placed for our products and through which we manage product pricing, shipment, returns and other matters. This system’s continued and uninterrupted performance is critical to our day-to-day business operations. Despite our precautions, unanticipated interruptions in our computer and telecommunications systems have, in the past, caused problems or stoppages in this electronic system. These interruptions, and resulting problems, could occur again in the future. We also have limited personnel available to process purchase orders and to manage product pricing and other matters in any manner other than through this electronic system. Any significant interruption or delay in the operation of this electronic management system could cause a decline in our sales and profitability.

A significant or prolonged economic downturn could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our results of operations are affected by the business activity of our customers who in turn are affected by the level of economic activity in the industries and markets that they serve. A decline in the level of business activity of our clients or the economy as a whole could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and profit margin.

The global cost of oil derived energy impacts us in several ways, and it may hinder our efforts to achieve profitability. Oil prices primarily impact us through the costs of electricity, transportation, materials and supplies which are tied to the cost of oil either directly or indirectly. The return of a high cost of oil on a global basis may signal a prolonged economic downturn resulting in a material adverse effect on our business.

Our quarterly operating results may vary from quarter to quarter, which may result in increased volatility of our share price.

We have experienced, and may in the future continue to experience, fluctuations in our quarterly operating results. These fluctuations could reduce the market price of our common stock. Factors that may cause our quarterly operating results to vary include, but are not limited to:

A significant portion of our expense levels are relatively fixed. If net sales are below expectations in any given period, the adverse impact on results of operations may be magnified by our inability to reduce expenses quickly enough to compensate for the sales shortfall.

Our global operations expose us to complex management, foreign currency, legal, tax and economic risks, which we may not be able to address quickly and adequately.

Our products are marketed in a number of countries around the world. For the year ended March 31, 2014, approximately 37% of our net sales were from sales to foreign customers. As a result, we are subject to a number of risks which include, but are not limited to:

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights or if we infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others our business may be harmed.

We currently have four United States patents in force: one on aspects of our production methods and three for use of our BioAstin® products. We regard our proprietary technology, trade secrets, trademarks and similar intellectual property as important and we rely on a combination of trade secret, contract, patent, copyright and trademark law to establish and protect our rights in our products and technology. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to protect our technology adequately or that competitors will not be able to develop similar technology independently. In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Litigation in the United States or abroad may be necessary to enforce our patent or other intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others or to defend against claims of infringement. Such litigation, even if successful, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, if any such claims are asserted against us, we may seek to obtain a license under the third party’s intellectual property rights. There can be no assurance, however, that a license would be available on terms acceptable or favorable to us, if at all.

Our insurance liability coverage is limited and may not be adequate to cover potential losses.

In the ordinary course of business, we purchase insurance coverage (e.g., property and liability coverage) to protect us against loss of or damage to our properties and claims made by third parties and employees for property damage or personal injuries. However, the protection provided by such insurance is limited in significant respects and, in some instances, we have no coverage and certain of our insurance policies have substantial “deductibles” or limits on the maximum amounts that may be recovered. For example, if a tsunami, earthquake or other catastrophic natural disaster should occur, we may not be able to recover all facility restoration costs and revenues lost from business interruption. In addition, we maintain product liability insurance in limited amounts for all of our products involving human consumption; however, broader product liability coverage is prohibitively expensive. Insurers have also introduced new exclusions or limitations of coverage for claims related to certain perils including, but not limited to, mold and terrorism. If a series of losses occurred, such as from a series of lawsuits in the ordinary course of business each of which were subject to the deductible amount, or if the maximum limit of the available insurance were substantially exceeded, we could incur losses in amounts that would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our ability to develop and market new products or modify existing products and production methods may be adversely affected if we lose the services of or cannot replace certain employees knowledgeable in advanced scientific and other fields.

Our products are derived from and depend on proprietary and non-proprietary processes and methods founded on advanced scientific knowledge, skills, and expertise. If the services of employees knowledgeable in these fields are lost and cannot be replaced in a reasonable time frame at reasonable costs, our ability to develop and market new products or modify existing products and production methods would be adversely impacted. At the same time, regulatory compliance surrounding our products and financial matters generally requires a basic knowledge and level of expertise related to production, quality assurance, and financial control. If we lose the services or cannot reasonably replace employees who have the necessary knowledge and expertise our ability to remain in regulatory compliance could be adversely affected.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future which may not be available.

We believe our cash and cash equivalents to be provided from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital and operating requirements for at least the next 12 months, but we may need to raise additional funds and we may not be able to secure funding on acceptable terms, if at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership of our then current stockholders may be reduced. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of convertible debt securities, or through additional debt or similar instruments, such securities, debt, or similar instruments could have rights senior to those of our common stockholders and such instruments could contain provisions restricting our operations. If adequate funds are not available to satisfy either short-term or long-term capital requirements, we may be required to limit operations with adverse results.

We have incurred significant losses in the past. If we incur significant losses in the future, we will experience negative cash flow which may hamper current operations and prevent us from sustaining or expanding our business.

As of March 31, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $9,154,000, primarily as a result of significant losses incurred during fiscal years ended March 31, 2008 and 2007 of $1,139,000 and $7,425,000, respectively. The 2007 loss included a non-cash impairment loss on equipment and leasehold improvements of $4,487,000. These account for approximately 94% of our accumulated deficit since our inception. Historically, we have relied upon cash from operations and financing activities to fund all of the cash requirements of our business. However, extended periods of net income do not assure positive cash flows. Future periods of net losses from operations could result in negative cash flow, and may hamper ongoing operations and prevent us from sustaining or expanding our business. We cannot assure you that we will sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. If we do not achieve, sustain or increase profitability, our business will be adversely affected and our stock price may decline.

Our stock price is volatile, which could result in substantial losses for investors purchasing shares of our common stock.

Stock markets have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the average daily trading volume of the securities of small companies can be very low. Limited trading volume of our stock may contribute to its future volatility. Price declines in our common stock could result from general market and economic conditions and a variety of other factors, including any of the following:

The price at which you purchase shares of our common stock may not be indicative of the price that will prevail later in the trading market. You may be unable to sell your shares of common stock at or above your purchase price, which may result in substantial losses to you. As of March 31, 2014, there were approximately 5.5 million shares of our common stock outstanding. We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales of shares of our common stock into the public market will have on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock, including shares issued upon the exercise of stock options, or in anticipation of such sales, may materially and adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock.

Recent European Union regulations include stringent requirements for health claims on food and supplement labels.

The European Union has harmonized standards among Member States for health claims on food and supplement labels. The scientific assessment of health claims is performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), an advisory panel to the European Commission. The European Commission will consider the opinions of EFSA in determining whether to include a health claim on a Positive List of permissible claims. Once the list is published, only health claims for ingredients and products included on the list may be used in promotional materials for products marketed and sold in the European Union. This could severely decrease or limit the marketability for our products in this market area. We have implemented strategies that we believe will allow for continued and increasing sales of our products in the European Union. However there can be no guarantee that such strategies will be successful.

Item 2. Properties

Our principal facility and corporate headquarters is located at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (“NELHA”) at Keahole Point in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. It encompasses approximately 90 fully developed acres containing microalgal cultivation ponds, processing facilities, research and quality control laboratories, and sales and administrative offices. The property is leased from the State of Hawaii under a 40-year commercial lease expiring in 2035. Our lessee interest in the NELHA lease in encumbered by a mortgage securing approximately $5.4 million of debt (see footnote 5 of the financial statements). If we were to require additional land for expansion, we believe that there is sufficient available land at NELHA, provided a revised NELHA lease can be negotiated with acceptable terms. Under the terms of the existing NELHA lease, we could be required to remove improvements at the end of the lease term. Based upon our analysis, we do not believe the projected cost for such removal to be reasonably estimable, or likely, given historical practices. However, conditions could change in the future. It is not possible to predict such changes or estimate any impact thereof. We also rent warehouse space near NELHA and in Ontario, California, and office space in Los Angeles, California. 

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

The Company and its subsidiary, Nutrex Hawaii, Inc., (the “Company”) are subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Although we cannot predict with certainty the outcome of legal proceedings and claims asserted against us, we do not believe that the ultimate outcome of any currently pending legal proceeding to which we are a party is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

We have previously disclosed the negative effect of the legal costs of one pending patent lawsuit against the Company and a related administrative proceeding initiated by the Company to challenge the validity of the patent which is the subject of the lawsuit.¹ Due to extensive discovery, including multiple depositions on the patent matters described below, our legal costs grew significantly in the fourth quarter of this fiscal year (see Risk Factors, page 9, and discussion of increase in Operating Expenses, page 18).

¹               Form 8-K, Item 8.01 – Other Events, dated June 30, 2013 (filed August 26, 2013); and Forms 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013 (see Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis, Operating Expenses, page 16); and Form 10-Q/A (filed February 14, 2014) for the quarter ended December 31, 2013 (see Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis, Operating Expenses, page 14).

Patent claims by their nature are typically complex. When they involve issues of science requiring expert witness testimony intertwined with patent laws, regulations and the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure, as well as development of the underlying facts, litigants, like the Company, can incur significant legal costs and be forced to divert management time and focus to such litigation.

Patent litigation and Inter Partes Review matters:

On June 29, 2012, U.S.Nutraceuticals LLC, d/b/a Valensa International [“Valensa”] and The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois [the “Patent Owner”] filed a lawsuit against Cyanotech Corporation and Nutrex Hawaii, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida, Ocala Division (the “Litigation”) primarily alleging infringement of U.S. patent no. 5,527,533 ² (the “’533 Patent” or “Patent”).

In an effort by the Company to accelerate a determination of the invalidity of the ‘533 Patent, the Company petitioned the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) of the U. S. Patent and Trademark Office on June 28 and 29, 2013 to conduct an administrative review of the validity of the ‘533 Patent, as challenged in our Petition; PTAB instituted an Inter Partes Review of 18 of the 27 Claims within the ‘533 Patent on December 19, 2013 (“IPR”). The Patent Owner is the respondent in the IPR.

(a) Factual Basis: (i) The product involved in the Litigation and the Inter Partes Review is a natural health supplement called astaxanthin (“Astaxanthin”) which the Company grows and harvests, and in different forms markets, and sells to wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Valensa is Patent Owner’s licensee of certain rights under the ‘533 Patent and was one of the Company’s domestic wholesale customers for several years until the expiration of its supply contract with us and after it was given a 12-month notice in December 2011 that our Company would no longer sell bulk product to Valensa and to other domestic bulk customers. Valensa manufactures, markets and sells products containing Astaxanthin to wholesalers and retailers.

(ii) All Claims within the ‘533 Patent are “method of treating” claims. The ‘533 Patent is generally described in the “Field of Invention” section as a method for retarding and ameliorating certain specified diseases, injuries or damage (“condition”) by administering a therapeutically-effective amount of Astaxanthin to an individual suffering from the condition. The ‘533 Patent includes 27 Claims pertaining to: retinal damage; retinal injury; neuronal damage to a retina; age-related macular degeneration; ischemic or intraocular pressure-related disease of a retina; inflammatory disease of a retina; a free radical-induced injury to the central nervous system or comprised of a traumatic or an ischemic injury; a degenerative disease; or a degenerative central nervous system disease of a brain or spinal cord. Patent Owner and Valensa assert that all 27 Claims under the ‘533 Patent are valid. The Company asserts that all 27 Claims are invalid and therefore the entire ‘533 Patent is invalid.

(iii) Patent Owner and Valensa allege in the Litigation, but the Company denies, that the scope of the ‘533 Patent method claims extends to, and its 27 Claims apply to, our manufacturing, marketing and sales of Astaxanthin as a nutritional supplement. Patent Owner and Valensa allege, but the Company denies, that the Claims of the ‘533 Patent broadly cover “eye health,” although those particular words do not appear in the ‘533 Patent. The Company alleges that whether one or all Claims within the ‘533 Patent are determined to be valid, no Claim was infringed by any of our manufacturing, marketing or sales of Astaxanthin products and we have not induced anyone to infringe the Patent.

(b) Relief Sought by Patent Owner and Valensa: (i) a declaration of patent infringement; (ii) a declaration that the patent infringement was intentional; (iii) a preliminary and a permanent injunction barring us and our employees and affiliates from infringing the ‘533 Patent     ³; (iv) damages for infringement, plus interest and plus treble damages for willful infringement; (v) an award of attorneys’ fees and costs of suit, plus interest; and (vi) any further relief awarded by the Court.

(c) Relief Sought by Company: (i) a declaration of invalidity and unenforceability based on original patentability or on patent misuse; (ii) a declaration of non-infringement; (iii) a declaration of unfair competition under Hawaii law and under the Federal Lanham Act; (iv) a determination that this case is exceptional , thereby entitling the Company to recover its attorneys’ fees; (v) an award of compensatory damages to Company; (vi) an award of statutory damages under Hawaii law; (vii) an order that Patent Owner and Valensa pay over all of their unlawful profits to Company; (viii) an order to Patent Owner and Valensa to destroy all materials (e.g., advertising materials) in the possession or control of either Patent Owner and Valensa which have been determined to be false; (ix) an injunction against Patent Owner and Valensa from continuing any methods of competition declared to be in violation of Hawaii law or the Lanham Act; and (x) any further relief awarded by the Court.

The Court records of the Litigation⁴ and the filings in the Inter Partes Review⁵ can be found as indicated in the respective footnotes. An oral hearing is scheduled before PTAB on July 16, 2014; PTAB’s decision is expected prior to December 19, 2014. The trial in the Litigation is currently scheduled for March 2, 2015.

PART II

Item 5.     Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is listed and traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CYAN”. The closing price of our common stock was $4.80 as of June 19, 2014. The approximate number of holders of record of our common stock was 1,500. The high and low selling prices as reported by NASDAQ were as follows:

We are prohibited from declaring any common stock dividends without the prior written consent of a lender per the conditions of an existing term loan agreement with such lender. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on common stock.

The following table sets forth the Company’s common shares authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans:

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative of our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results from the perspective of management.

Our MD&A should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. A more comprehensive description of our products and markets for such products is provided in Part I. Item 1. Business.

Overview

We are a world leader in the production of natural products derived from microalgae, with a core competency in cultivating and processing microalgae into high-value, high-quality natural products for the human nutrition market. We produce our algae in Hawaii and manufacture the finished products in Hawaii and California. Our products are marketed worldwide and are sold in bulk quantities to manufacturers, formulators and distributors in the health foods and nutritional supplements markets and as packaged consumer products to distributors, retailers and direct consumers. We generated 37%, 37% and 33% of our revenues outside of the United States during the years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Competing in a global marketplace, we are influenced by the general economic conditions of the countries in which our customers operate, including adherence to our customers’ local governmental regulations and requirements. Since all sales are made in U.S. currency, we have no material foreign exchange exposure.

⁴              See: U.S. District Court for the Middle District of  Florida, Case No. 5:12-cv-366, the public files for which are available at www.pacer.gov by referencing the Middle District of Florida and the specific Case No. 5:12 CV 366, although access is subject to government charges for such access.

⁵              See: the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, the public files for which are available at https://ptabtrials.uspto.gov/ by entering “5527533” in the block for “Patent Number” and then clicking “Search.”

Our production levels have a significant impact on our gross profit margin, as well as our ability to meet customer demand. Because our processes are agricultural, it is important to maintain production volumes in order to support the minimal resource levels required to sustain a large-scale open culture agricultural facility. Our production costs include customary variables such as availability and costs of personnel, raw materials, energy, water and freight. These variables fluctuate based on changes in the local, national and world economies. More complex variables include cultivation methods, feeding formulations and harvesting processes, all of which include efforts to anticipate the extent of weather and environmental events and make timely and sufficient adjustments. Although the variability of such costs cannot be fully anticipated, we have focused increased effort in this area in order to produce both spirulina and astaxanthin at levels sufficient to fully absorb production costs into inventory.

Fresh water is critical for our natural astaxanthin production and, while we have not experienced any constraint on fresh water availability, future availability could be negatively impacted by significant growth in the local population as well as by throughput constraints on the water delivery infrastructure owned by the County of Hawaii. Given the criticality of fresh water to our operations and the community, we recycle fresh water where possible and have developed additional water recycling systems in our efforts to utilize fresh water efficiently. Both fresh and sea water require electricity for pumping; and electricity, our single largest expenditure, depends on the cost of fuel which is, in turn, tied to the global price of crude oil.

In our discussion of operating results, we refer to abnormal costs. Complex biological processes in the cultivation and processing of our microalgae are influenced by factors beyond our control—the weather, for example. As a result, we cannot assure that adequate production levels will be consistent period over period. To the extent that our production levels are not sufficient to absorb these costs on a period basis, we recognize abnormal production costs, including fixed cost variances from normal production capacity, as an expense in the period incurred. Abnormal amounts of freight, handling costs and wasted material (spoilage) are recognized as current-period charges and fixed production overhead costs are allocated to inventory based on the normal capacity of production facilities. Normal capacity is defined as “the production expected to be achieved over a number of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance.”

To offset increased production costs, we seek ways to increase production efficiencies in volume yield, potency, and quality consistent with our commitment to produce high-value, high-quality products. However, these efforts cannot be guaranteed to achieve the desired results.

We utilize several third-party contractors for the process of extraction for our natural astaxanthin product for the human nutrition market, and several third-party contractors are utilized for both encapsulation (for gelcaps) and micro-encapsulation (for beadlets). Although these services are available from a limited number of sources, we believe that we have the ability to use other parties if any of the current contractors become unavailable. If pricing for any of these services significantly increases, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. There have not been any significant changes in the cost of extraction or encapsulation services, although we continue to investigate cost effective alternatives to outsourcing. On September 12, 2012, we entered into an agreement with ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions (USA), Inc. (“TKIS), formerly Uhde Corporation of America, for the purchase of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction equipment to be used in the processing of our natural astaxanthin. The equipment is expected to be delivered by the end of calendar year 2014.

Fiscal 2014 summary:

Results of Operations for the 2014, 2013 and 2012 Fiscal Years

The following tables present selected consolidated financial data for each of the past three fiscal years ($ in thousands):

Fiscal 2014 results compared with Fiscal 2013

Net Sales The net sales growth of 4.8% in fiscal 2014 was driven largely by increased demand for BioAstin®, fueled by continued marketing efforts to expand consumer awareness on the health benefits of astaxanthin. Our astaxanthin sales increased 4.7% over the prior year, driven by a 70.7% increase in packaged sales, offset by a 35.7% decrease in bulk sales. This reduction in bulk sales was the result of lower astaxanthin production in the third and fourth quarter and higher demand for packaged products. Our spirulina products also received the benefit of positive marketing efforts on its health benefits and experienced 4.9% growth, driven by a 10% increase in packaged sales and a 2.4% reduction in bulk sales. Both products are sold in bulk form for use worldwide and in consumer packaged goods distributed primarily in the U.S. We will continue to focus on growing the market for our high quality, higher margin consumer products by emphasizing the higher nutritional content of our Hawaiian spirulina and the benefits of our natural astaxanthin over synthetics; however, increased competition may result in the decline of margins in the future.

Competition for sales of spirulina remains intense due to the large number of suppliers. We expect competitive pricing pressure to continue in future periods and will continue to focus on the higher quality of Hawaiian spirulina in support of customers who demand higher quality raw materials for their formulations. Conversely, because of the limited number of suppliers and increasing demand for astaxanthin, the competitive forces are currently not quite as high. Because of this, we expect current producers to increase capacity to meet this increasing demand, placing further competitive pressures on us in the future.

Gross Profit Our gross profit percent of net sales was 0.3% higher than the prior year. In fiscal 2014, decreased astaxanthin production volume impacted gross profit unfavorably by $1.7 million, including abnormal costs of $0.4 million. Comparatively, fiscal 2013 year gross profit was unfavorably impacted by abnormal costs of $1.2 million due to lower spirulina production. A 44.9% increase in sales of our higher margin consumer products was offset by a 27.8% decrease in bulk sales in the current fiscal year.

In fiscal 2014, astaxanthin production levels decreased by 16.5% from the prior year and spirulina production levels increased by 40.0% over the prior year. The decrease in astaxanthin production levels was the result of environmental factors that affected the quantity, but not the quality, of our astaxanthin produced during the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2014. We have implemented three major initiatives to improve Astaxanthin production. The first is a strain productivity improvement program. In limited full-scale production, productivity has increased +63% and +11% in the two versions tested. The second is focused on increasing the density of algae, which in initial full-scale production is generating 6% more output. The third is a process change which has the potential to reduce the space necessary to produce astaxanthin, protect algae from the elements for a greater portion of the farming process and increase the frequency and volume of output in the early stages of production. We believe these initiatives will increase the level and consistency of production in the near future. The increase in spirulina production levels was driven by recently implemented process changes and additional process equipment for culture media which should help ensure more sustainable production over the long term.

Operating Expenses Operating expenses increased by $2,740,000, or 32%, in 2014 and increased as a percentage of net sales by 8%.   General and Administrative expenses increased $1,735,000, or 37%, due to an increase in legal fees of $1,100,000 (see Item 3 – Legal Proceedings), increases in costs associated with stock option grants to key employees of $64,000 and an increase in compensation costs related to salaries and benefits for new hires and transfers of $340,000. Approximately 66% of the increase in legal fees impacted the fourth quarter. Sales and Marketing expenses increased $794,000, or 22%, as a result of the expansion of our distribution of consumer products. Major components of these costs are a $556,000 increase in advertising and promotion a $166,000 increase in compensation costs related to salary adjustments, benefits and new hires. Research and development expenses increased $211,000, or 82%, due to an $83,000 increase in outside services utilized to increase the production of astaxanthin, a $63,000 increase in compensation costs related to salaries and benefits for new hires and a $69,000 increase in clinical trial expense.

Other Expense Other expense is comprised primarily of interest expense on term loans, amortization of debt issue costs and interest on other financing agreements, offset by a nominal amount of interest earned and miscellaneous sales. The increase of $7,000 in 2014 is primarily due to the new debt acquired in August of 2012.

Income Taxes For fiscal 2014 we recorded an income tax expense of $242,000 compared with an income tax benefit of $2,021,000 for 2013. The 2013 tax benefit was the result of a reduction in the deferred tax valuation allowance and recording of a net deferred tax asset. Our effective tax rate for the year ended March 31, 2014 was 512.7% due to the low pretax income and permanent book to tax difference related to stock option compensation. Our effective tax rate was (92.4%) for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013. As of March 31, 2014 and 2013, there is no valuation allowance on our net deferred tax asset, which now totals $3,340,000, compared to a $3,539,000 at the end of last year. At March 31, 2014 we had a Federal net operating loss carry forward of $10,908,000 and a state net operating loss of $6,020,000 for Hawaii.

Fiscal 2013 results compared with Fiscal 2012

Net Sales The net sales growth of 12% in fiscal 2013 was driven largely by increased demand for BioAstin®, fueled by continued media attention on the health benefits of astaxanthin. Our astaxanthin sales increased 17.6% over the prior year. Our spirulina products also received the benefit of positive media on its health benefits and experienced 1.9% growth. Both products are sold in bulk form for use worldwide and in consumer packaged goods distributed primarily in the U.S. We cannot predict the impact of this publicity on future period sales. We will continue to focus on growing the market for our high quality, higher margin consumer products by emphasizing the higher nutritional content of our Hawaiian spirulina and the benefits of our natural astaxanthin over synthetics; however, increased competition may result in the decline of margins in the future

Competition for sales of spirulina remains intense due to the large number of suppliers. We expect competitive pricing pressure to continue in future periods and will continue to focus on the higher quality of Hawaiian spirulina in support of customers who demand higher quality raw materials for their formulations. Conversely, because of the limited number of suppliers and increasing demand for astaxanthin, the competitive forces are currently not quite as high. Because of this, we expect current producers to increase capacity to meet this increasing demand, placing further competitive pressures on us in the future.

Gross Profit Our gross profit percent of net sales remained the same as in fiscal 2012. A 45.4% increase in sales of our higher margin consumer products was offset by a 5.7% decrease in bulk sales. This favorable mix impact was offset by abnormal production costs of $1.2 million that resulted from fixed cost variances from normal production capacity due primarily to lower levels of spirulina production.

In fiscal 2013, astaxanthin production levels increased by 6.7% over the prior year and spirulina production levels decreased by 13.1%. The increase in astaxanthin production levels was the result of capacity expansion and improvements to our production processes as well as generally favorable growing conditions through the third quarter of fiscal 2013. The decrease in spirulina production levels was driven by a morphological change in the size of the algae that inhibited successful harvests. We recently implemented process changes and ordered additional process equipment for culture media which should gradually increase production levels and help ensure more sustainable production over the long term.

Operating Expenses Operating expenses increased by $1,788,000, or 25%, in 2013 and increased as a percentage of net sales by 3.5%.   General and Administrative expenses increased $666,000, or 17%, due to an increase in legal fees of $520,000, increases in costs associated with stock option grants to key employees of $233,000 and an increase in compensation costs related to salaries and benefits for new hires and transfers of $195,000, offset by a reduction in bonus expense of $376,000.  Sales and Marketing expenses increased $1,195,000, or 48%, as a result of the expansion of our distribution of consumer products. Major components of these costs are an $811,000 increase in advertising and promotion a $195,000 increase in compensation costs related to salary adjustments, benefits and new hires. Research and development expenses decreased $62,000, or 19%, due to a $32,000 reduction in bonus expense as well as reductions in general operating costs.

Other Expense Other expense is comprised primarily of interest expense on term loans, amortization of debt issue costs and interest on other financing agreements, offset by a nominal amount of interest earned and miscellaneous sales. The increase of $61,000 in 2013 is primarily due to the write off of unamortized debt issue costs related to early payoff of the previous Term Loan.

Income Taxes For fiscal 2013 we recorded an income tax benefit of $2,021,000 compared with an income tax benefit of $779,000 for 2012. The 2013 and 2012 tax benefits are the result of a reduction in the deferred tax valuation allowance and recording of a net deferred tax asset. As a result, our effective tax rate was (92.4)% and (27.3)% for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. As of March 31, 2013, there is no valuation allowance on our deferred tax asset, which now totals $3,539,000, compared to a $2,994,000 valuation allowance on gross deferred tax assets of $4,437,000 at the end of last year. At March 31, 2013 we had a Federal net operating loss carry forward of $9,976,000 and a state net operating loss of $6,070,000 for Hawaii.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity As of March 31, 2014, we had $8,898,000 in working capital, compared to $9,306,000 at March 31, 2013. Additionally, at March 31, 2014 and 2013, we had $1,368,000 and $3,360,000, respectively, in restricted cash that will be used to acquire new processing equipment and leasehold improvements. Funds generated by operating activities and available cash and cash equivalents continue to be our most significant sources of liquidity for working capital requirements and for funding of investments in equipment, leasehold improvements and system upgrades. Based upon our current operating plan, analysis of our consolidated financial position and projected future results of operations, we believe that our operating cash flows and existing cash balances will be sufficient to finance current operating requirements and meet debt service and planned capital expenditures, for the next 12 months. We use estimates of future financial results including projected revenue, fund expenses, borrowings, and capital expenditures in reaching our conclusions. Such estimates are subject to change based on future results and such change could cause future results to vary significantly from expected results presented in this Form 10-K. Any significant investments in capital equipment related to capacity expansion may not be able to be funded from operating activities and available cash, and may require additional debt or equity funding.

Our results of operations and financial condition can be affected by numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control and could cause future results of operations to fluctuate materially as it has in the past. Future operating results may fluctuate as a result of changes in sales volumes to our largest customers, weather patterns, increased competition, increased materials, nutrient and energy costs, government regulations and other factors beyond our control.

A significant portion of our expense levels are relatively fixed, so the timing of increases in expenses is based in large part on forecasts of future sales. If net sales are below expectations in any given period, the adverse impact on results of operations may be magnified by our inability to adjust spending quickly enough to compensate for the sales shortfall. We may also choose to reduce prices or increase spending in response to market conditions, which may have a material adverse effect on financial condition and results of operations.

Contractual Obligations

The following table presents our contractual obligations at March 31, 2014 (in thousands):

Note: For additional information refer to Note 5, Long-Term Debt and Note 6, Leases in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Cash Flows The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for each of the past three fiscal years ($ in thousands):

The increase in cash provided by operating activities of $252,000 from the prior year was driven by a $1,332,000 increase in payables due to inventory building and invoices for legal costs received after the end of the year, as well as a $419,000 decrease in accounts receivable due to collections. Offsetting these is an increase in inventory of $1,185,000 and prepaid expenses of $249,000. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2013 compared to fiscal 2012 was driven largely by the increase in accounts receivable of $1,382,000 due to sales growth, compared to a reduction of $304,000 in fiscal 2012, and the payment of $613,000 in bonuses that were accrued as of the end of fiscal 2012.

Cash used in investing activities decreased in fiscal 2014 compared to fiscal 2013 due to the release of restricted cash used to fund the investment in equipment and leasehold improvements to increase astaxanthin production capacity. Cash used in investing activities increased in fiscal 2013 compared to fiscal 2012 due to the investment in equipment and leasehold improvements to increase astaxanthin production capacity as well as the construction of a new office facility at the Kona headquarters.

Cash used in financing activities during fiscal 2014 consist mainly of the servicing of debt acquired during fiscal 2013. Cash provided by financing activities increased in fiscal 2013 from 2012 due to the receipt of proceeds from new term loans.

Effect of Recently Issued Accounting Standards and Estimates

We do not believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, will have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with those accounting principles requires management to make judgments and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Management regularly re-evaluates its judgments and estimates which are based upon historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Management believes that of its significant accounting policies, policies that may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity are inventory valuations, valuation of equipment and leasehold improvements and long-lived assets, and income taxes.

Revenue - We recognize revenues as goods are shipped to customers and title is transferred. The criteria for recognition of revenue are when persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists and both title and risk of loss have passed to the customer, the price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. Sales returns and allowances are estimated and recorded as a reduction to sales in the period in which sales are recorded. We record net shipping charges and sales tax in cost of goods sold.

Inventory - We record inventories at the lower of cost or market. Cost is defined as the sum of the applicable expenditures and charges directly or indirectly incurred in bringing inventories to their existing condition and location. Cost for inventory purposes may be determined under any one of several assumptions as to the flow of cost factors, such as first-in, first-out; average cost; and last-in, first-out. Our inventories are stated using the first-in, first-out method. Inventory values are subject to many critical estimates, including production levels and capacity, changes in the prices paid for raw materials, supplies, and labor, changes in yield, potency, and quality of biomass, changes in processing or production methods, and changes in the carrying value of our inventories resulting from the prices our customers are willing to pay for our products. Such estimates are revised quarterly. Changes in management’s estimates could result in increases or decreases in the recorded amounts of inventory and cost of sales.

To the extent that our production levels are not sufficient to absorb all production costs on a period basis, we recognize abnormal production costs, including fixed cost variances from normal production capacity, as an expense in the period incurred. Abnormal amounts of freight, handling costs and wasted material (spoilage) are recognized as current-period charges and fixed production overhead costs are allocated to inventory based on the normal capacity of production facilities. Normal capacity is defined as “the production expected to be achieved over a number of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance.” Changes in management’s estimates could result in increases or decreases in the recorded amounts of inventory and cost of sales.

Management reviews inventory levels, inventory turnover, product age and product marketability quarterly to evaluate recoverability and determine if a reserve for inventory is deemed necessary. At March 31, 2014 an inventory reserve in the amount of $6,000 has been recognized, compared to $9,000 as of March 31, 2013.

Equipment and leasehold improvements - Equipment and leasehold improvements are reported at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Self-constructed leasehold improvements include design, construction and supervision costs. These costs are recorded in construction in progress and are transferred to equipment and leasehold improvements when construction is completed and the facilities are placed in service. Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment and purchased intangibles subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the asset’s fair value. We have not recognized any impairment of long lived assets as of March 31, 2014 or 2013.

Stock-Based Compensation - We provide compensation benefits in the form of stock options to employees and non-employee directors. Our stock options are service based, and the cost of stock-based compensation is recorded at fair value at the date of grant and expensed in the consolidated statement of operations over the service period. The fair value of service-based stock option awards is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and is recognized in expense over the vesting period of the options using the straight-line method. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires various assumptions, including the expected volatility of our stock, the expected term of the option, the risk-free interest rate and the expected dividend yield. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of our common stock. The risk-free rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. We recognize compensation expense for only that portion of stock based awards that are expected to vest. We utilize historical employee termination behavior to determine our estimated forfeiture rates. If the actual forfeitures differ from those estimated by management, adjustments to compensation expense will be made in future periods. See Note 8 in the Notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this 10-K.

Income taxes - Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be recovered or settled. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We do not enter into any transactions using derivative financial instruments or derivative commodity instruments and believe that our exposure to market risk associated with other financial instruments is not material.

We have two term loans with interest rates that adjust quarterly based on the prime rate. As such, we are exposed to the interest rate risk whereby a 1% increase in the prime rate would lead to an increase of approximately $54,000 in interest expense for the year ending March 31, 2015 (based on March 31, 2014 amounts outstanding).

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Cyanotech Corporation

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cyanotech Corporation (a Nevada corporation) and subsidiary (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2014. Our audits of the basic consolidated financial statements included the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2). These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. We were not engaged to perform an audit of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Cyanotech Corporation and subsidiary as of March 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2014 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

/s/ Grant Thornton LLP

Irvine, California

June 27, 2014 

CYANOTECH CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

March 31,

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

CYANOTECH CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Year ended March 31,

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

CYANOTECH CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

CYANOTECH CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Years ended March 31,

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

CYANOTECH CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1 Description of Business and Summary of Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Cyanotech Corporation (the “Company”) cultivates and produces high-value, high-quality natural products derived from microalgae for the nutritional supplements market. The Company currently cultivates, on a large-scale basis, two microalgal species from which its two major product lines are derived. The Company manufactures all of its products in the United States and sells its products worldwide. As the Company’s operations are solely related to microalgae-based products, management of the Company considers its operations to be in one industry segment. Correspondingly, the Company records revenue and cost of sales information by product category.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Cyanotech Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary, Nutrex Hawaii, Inc. (“Nutrex Hawaii” or “Nutrex”). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of any contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period reported. Management reviews these estimates and assumptions periodically and reflects the effect of revisions in the period that they are determined to be necessary. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates and assumptions. Significant estimates include inventory valuation and determination of production capacity and abnormal product costs, reserve for inventory, allowance for bad debts and valuation of deferred tax asset.

Financial Instruments

Cash primarily consists of cash on hand and cash in bank deposits.

The Company applies a framework for measuring fair value. That framework provides a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

Level 1—Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access.

Level 2—Inputs to the valuation methodology include:

If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, the Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3—Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value.

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable - Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, management believes that the carrying amounts approximate fair value.

Long-Term Debt - The carrying amount of long-term debt approximates fair value as interest rates applied to the underlying debt are adjusted quarterly to market interest rates, which approximate current interest rates for similar debt instruments of comparable maturities.

Concentration of credit risk

The Company maintains its cash accounts with several banks located in Hawaii. The total cash balances are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000 per bank. The Company had cash balances at March 31, 2014 that exceeded the balance insured by the FDIC by $5,225,000. No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of accounts receivable or revenue at March 31, 2014 and 2013.

Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not accrue interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts reflects management’s best estimate of probable credit losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. Management determines the allowance based on historical experience, specifically identified nonpaying accounts and other currently available evidence. Management reviews its allowance for doubtful accounts monthly with focus on significant individual past due balances over 90 days. All other balances are reviewed on a pooled basis. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. The Company does not have any off-balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers.

Inventories, net

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Market is defined as sales price less cost to dispose and a normal profit margin. Inventory costs include materials, labor, overhead and third party costs.

Management provides a reserve against inventory for known or expected inventory obsolescence. The reserve is determined by specific review of inventory items for product age and quality which may affect salability. At March 31, 2014 and 2013 the inventory reserve was $6,000 and $9,000, respectively.

The Company recognizes abnormal production costs, including fixed cost variances from normal production capacity, as an expense in the period incurred. Abnormal amounts of freight, handling costs and wasted material (spoilage) are recognized as current period charges and fixed production overhead costs are allocated to inventory based on the normal capacity of production facilities. Normal capacity is defined as “the production expected to be achieved over a number of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance.” The Company expensed abnormal production costs of $306,000, $1,157,000 and $1,174,000 to cost of sales for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Non-inventoriable fixed costs were $91,000, $94,000 and $53,000 for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and have been classified in cost of sales.

Equipment and Leasehold Improvements, net

Equipment and leasehold improvements are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization are provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives for equipment and furniture and fixtures, and the shorter of the land lease term (see Notes 3 and 7) or estimated useful lives for leasehold improvements as follows:

Capital project costs are accumulated in construction in-progress until completed, at which time the costs are transferred to the relevant asset and commence depreciation. Repair and maintenance cost are expensed in the period incurred. Repairs and maintenance that significantly increase the useful life or value of the asset are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining life of the asset. The Company capitalizes interest cost incurred on funds used to construct property, plant, and equipment. The capitalized interest is recorded as part of the asset to which it relates and is amortized over the asset’s estimated useful life. Interest cost capitalized was $199,000 and $54,000 for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2014 and, 2013. No interest was capitalized in fiscal year 2012.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Management reviews long-lived assets, such as equipment, leasehold improvements and purchased intangibles subject to amortization for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the asset’s fair value. Assets to be disposed of and related liabilities would be separately presented in the consolidated balance sheet. Assets to be disposed of would be reported at the lower of the carrying value or fair value less costs to sell and would not be depreciated.

Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations

Management evaluates quarterly the potential liability for asset retirement obligations under the Company’s lease for its principal facility and corporate headquarters. No liability has been recognized as of March 31, 2014 and 2013 (see Note 7).

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenues as goods are shipped to customers and title is transferred. The criteria for recognition of revenue are when persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists and both title and risk of loss have passed to the customer, the price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. Sales returns and allowances are estimated and recorded as a reduction to sales in the period in which sales are recorded. The Company records net shipping charges and sales tax in cost of goods sold.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and consistent primarily of labor, benefits and outside research.

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Total advertising expense for the years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 was $1,126,000, $575,000 and $320,000, respectively.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using income tax rates applicable to the period in which the tax difference is expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded when management determines that some or all of the deferred tax assets are not likely to be realized.

In evaluating a tax position for recognition, management evaluates whether it is more-likely-than-not that a position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. If the tax position meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the tax position is measured and recognized in the Company’s financial statements as the largest amount of tax benefit that, in management’s judgment, is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. As of March 31, 2014 and 2013, there was no significant liability for income tax associated with unrecognized tax benefits.

The Company recognizes accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as well as any related penalties in interest expense in its condensed consolidated statements of operations. As of the date of adoption and during the years ended March 31, 2014, and 2013, there was no accrual for the payment of interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for share-based payment arrangements using fair value. If an award vests or becomes exercisable based on the achievement of a condition other than service, such as for meeting certain performance or market condition, the award is classified as a liability. Liability-classified awards are remeasured to fair value at each balance sheet date until the award is settled. The Company currently has no liability-classified awards. Equity- classified awards, including grants of employee stock options, are measured at the grant-date fair value of the award and are not subsequently remeasured unless an award is modified. The cost of equity-classified awards is recognized in the income statement over the period during which an employee is required to provide the service in exchange for the award, or the vesting period. All of the Company’s stock options are service-based awards, and considered equity-classified awards; as such, they are reflected only in Equity and Compensation Expense accounts.

The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of each option award. Expected volatilities are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock over a period consistent with that of the expected term of the options. The expected term of the options are estimated based on factors such as vesting periods, contractual expiration dates and historical exercise behavior. The risk-free rates for periods within the contractual life of the options are based on the yields of U.S. Treasury instruments with terms comparable to the estimated option terms.

Per Share Amounts

Basic earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income for the year by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per common share is calculated by dividing net income for the year by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year plus the number of potentially dilutive common shares (“dilutive securities”) that were outstanding during the year. Dilutive securities include options granted pursuant to the Company’s stock option plans, potential shares related to the Employee Stock Purchase Plan and Restricted Stock grants to employees and non-employees. Dilutive securities related to the Company’s stock option plans are included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share using the treasury stock method. Potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of earnings per share in periods in which a net loss is reported, as their effect would be antidilutive. A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted earnings per common share calculations for the years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 is presented in Note 10.

Note 2 Inventories, net

Inventories consist of the following as of March 31, 2014 and 2013:

Note 3 Equipment and Leasehold Improvements, net

Equipment and leasehold improvements consists of the following as of March 31, 2014 and 2013:

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. No such event occurred during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012. The Company recognized a loss on disposal of equipment and leasehold improvements in the amount of $46,000, $46,000 and $57,000 in fiscal 2014, 2013 and 2012 respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense was $1,086,000, $847,000 and $695,000 for the years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Note 4 Accrued Expenses

Components of accrued expenses as of March 31, 2014 and 2013 are as follows:

Note 5 Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following as of March 31, 2014 and 2013 as follows:

Term Loans

The Company executed a loan agreement with a lender providing for $5,500,000 in aggregate credit facilities (the “Loan”) secured by substantially all the Company’s assets, including a mortgage on the Company's interest in its lease at the National Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority, pursuant to a Term Loan Agreement dated August 14, 2012 (the “Loan Agreement”). The Loan Agreement is evidenced by promissory notes in the amounts of $2,250,000 and $3,250,000, the repayment of which is partially guaranteed under the provisions of a United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) Rural Development Guarantee program (the “Guarantees”). The proceeds of the Loan will be used to acquire new processing equipment and leasehold improvements at its Kona, Hawaii facility.

The provisions of the Loan require the payment of interest only for the first 12 months of the term; thereafter, and until its maturity on August 14, 2032, the obligation fully amortizes over nineteen (19) years. Interest on the Loan accrues on the outstanding principal balance at an annual variable rate equal to the published Wall Street Journal prime rate (3.25% at March 31, 2014) plus 1.0% and is adjustable on the first day of each calendar quarter and fixed for that quarter. At no time shall the annual interest rate be less than 5.50%. The Loan has a prepayment penalty of 5% for any prepayment made prior to the first anniversary of the date of the Loan Agreement, which penalty is reduced by 1% each year thereafter until the fifth anniversary of such date, after which there is no prepayment penalty. The balance under this Loan was $5,414,000 and $5,500,000 at March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Proceeds from the Loan are classified as restricted cash until drawn upon to acquire new processing equipment and leasehold improvements.

The Loan includes a one-time origination and guaranty fees totaling $214,500 and an annual renewal fee payable in the amount of 0.25% of the USDA guaranteed portion of the outstanding principal balance as of December 31 of each year, beginning December 31, 2012. The USDA has guaranteed 80% of all amounts owing under the Loan. The Company is subject to financial covenants and customary affirmative and negative covenants. The Company was in compliance with these financial covenants at March 31, 2014.

The Company has three equipment loans with John Deere credit providing for $103,000 in equipment financing; these loans are payable in 48 equal monthly principal payments. At March 31, 2014 and 2013, the total outstanding combined balance was approximately $42,000 and $66,000, respectively. The equipment loans mature at various dates between May 2015 and June 2016. The loans are at a 0% rate of interest and are net of unamortized discount of $1,000 and $2,000 at March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

In September 2011, the Company executed a Term Loan Agreement with Nissan Motor Acceptance Corporation providing for $23,000 in equipment financing, secured by the equipment. The Term Loan has a maturity date of September 13, 2016 and is payable in 60 equal monthly principal payments. The interest rate under this Term Loan is 0%. Imputed interest at a rate of 2% (cash discount offered by seller) has been recorded and is being amortized as interest over the term of the loan. The balance outstanding under the Term Loan was $12,000 and $15,000 at March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, less the unamortized discount of $300 and $600 at March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Capital Lease

In March 2010, the Company executed a capital lease agreement with Thermo Fisher Financial providing for $97,000 in equipment, secured by the equipment financed. The capital lease matured in March 2013 and was payable in 36 equal monthly payments. The interest rate under this capital lease is 6.6%. The balance under this lease was $0 and $34,000 at March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Future principal payments under the loan agreements as of March 31, 2014 are as follows:

Note 6 Leases

The Company’s principal facility and its corporate headquarters are located at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (“NELHA”) at Keahole Point in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. The property is leased from the State of Hawaii under a 40-year commercial lease expiring in 2035. Under the terms of the existing NELHA lease, the Company could be required to remove improvements at the end of the lease term. Under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, an entity should recognize the fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation in the period in which the retirement obligation is incurred, if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be made. If such an estimate cannot be made in the period the asset retirement obligation is incurred, the liability should be recognized when the fair value can be reasonably estimated. Based on communications with NELHA, we do not believe the projected cost for such removal to be material to the consolidated financial statements, or likely, given historical practices. However, conditions could change in the future. It is not possible to predict such changes or estimate any impact thereof.

The Company leases facilities, equipment and land under operating leases expiring through 2035. The land lease provides for contingent rentals in excess of minimum rental commitments based on a percentage of the Company’s sales. Contingent rental payments for the years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 were $65,000, $75,000 and $188,000, respectively.

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases at March 31, 2014 are as follows:

Rent expense, including contingent rent, under operating leases amounted to $578,000, $602,000 and $509,000 for the years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Note 7 Commitments and Contingencies

On September 12, 2012, the Company entered into an agreement with ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions (USA), Inc. (“TKIS”), formerly Uhde Corporation of America, for the purchase of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction equipment to be used in the processing of its natural astaxanthin (“Equipment”). Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, TKIS will build, ship and provide assistance in installing the Equipment. The Equipment, which was originally scheduled for delivery approximately 14 months from the date of the agreement, is now scheduled for a delivery in the second quarter of the next fiscal year. The Company will pay TKIS an aggregate of $3,222,000 for the equipment and services, of which $645,000 remains unpaid as of March 31, 2014. Progress payments through March 31, 2014 of $2,577,000 have been classified in construction in progress in the consolidated balance sheet.

We have previously disclosed the negative effect of the legal costs of one pending patent lawsuit against the Company and a related administrative proceeding initiated by the Company to challenge the validity of the patent which is the subject of the lawsuit.⁶ Due to extensive discovery, including multiple depositions on the patent matters described below, our legal costs grew significantly in the fourth quarter of this fiscal year (see Risk Factors, page 9, and discussion of increase in Operating Expenses, pages 16-17).

Patent claims by their nature are typically complex. When they involve issues of science requiring expert witness testimony intertwined with patent laws, regulations and the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure, as well as development of the underlying facts, litigants, like the Company, can incur significant legal costs and be forced to divert management time and focus to such litigation.

⁶            Form 8-K, Item 8.01 – Other Events, dated June 30, 2013 (filed August 26, 2013); and Forms 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013 (see Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis, Operating Expenses, page 16); and Form 10-Q/A (filed February 14, 2014) for the quarter ended December 31, 2013 (see Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis, Operating Expenses, page 16).

Patent litigation and Inter Partes Review matters:

On June 29, 2012, U.S.Nutraceuticals LLC, d/b/a Valensa International [“Valensa”] and The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois [the “Patent Owner”] filed a lawsuit against Cyanotech Corporation and Nutrex Hawaii, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida, Ocala Division (the “Litigation”) primarily alleging infringement of U.S. patent no. 5,527,533 ² (the “’533 Patent” or “Patent”).

In an effort by the Company to accelerate a determination of the invalidity of the ‘533 Patent, the Company petitioned the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“PTAB”) of the U. S. Patent and Trademark Office on June 28 and 29, 2013 to conduct an administrative review of the validity of the ‘533 Patent, as challenged in our Petition; PTAB instituted an Inter Partes Review of 18 of the 27 Claims within the ‘533 Patent on December 19, 2013 (“IPR”). The Patent Owner is the respondent in the IPR.

(a) Factual Basis: (i) The product involved in the Litigation and the Inter Partes Review is a natural health supplement called astaxanthin (“Astaxanthin”) which the Company grows and harvests, and in different forms markets, and sells to wholesalers, retailers and consumers. Valensa is Patent Owner’s licensee of certain rights under the ‘533 Patent and was one of the Company’s domestic wholesale customers for several years until the expiration of its supply contract with us and after it was given a 12-month notice in December 2011 that our Company would no longer sell bulk product to Valensa and to other domestic bulk customers. Valensa manufactures, markets and sells products containing Astaxanthin to wholesalers and retailers.

(ii) All Claims within the ‘533 Patent are “method of treating” claims. The ‘533 Patent is generally described in the “Field of Invention” section as a method for retarding and ameliorating certain specified diseases, injuries or damage (“condition”) by administering a therapeutically-effective amount of Astaxanthin to an individual suffering from the condition. The ‘533 Patent includes 27 Claims pertaining to: retinal damage; retinal injury; neuronal damage to a retina; age-related macular degeneration; ischemic or intraocular pressure-related disease of a retina; inflammatory disease of a retina; a free radical-induced injury to the central nervous system or comprised of a traumatic or an ischemic injury; a degenerative disease; or a degenerative central nervous system disease of a brain or spinal cord. Patent Owner and Valensa assert that all 27 Claims under the ‘533 Patent are valid. The Company asserts that all 27 Claims are invalid and therefore the entire ‘533 Patent is invalid.

(iii) Patent Owner and Valensa allege in the Litigation, but the Company denies, that the scope of the ‘533 Patent method claims extends to, and its 27 Claims apply to, our manufacturing, marketing and sales of Astaxanthin as a nutritional supplement. Patent Owner and Valensa allege, but the Company denies, that the Claims of the ‘533 Patent broadly cover “eye health,” although those particular words do not appear in the ‘533 Patent. The Company alleges that whether one or all Claims within the ‘533 Patent are determined to be valid, no Claim was infringed by any of our manufacturing, marketing or sales of Astaxanthin products and we have not induced anyone to infringe the Patent.

(b) Relief Sought by Patent Owner and Valensa: (i) a declaration of patent infringement; (ii) a declaration that the patent infringement was intentional; (iii) a preliminary and a permanent injunction barring us and our employees and affiliates from infringing the ‘533 Patent ⁸; (iv) damages for infringement, plus interest and plus treble damages for willful infringement; (v) an award of attorneys’ fees and costs of suit, plus interest; and (vi) any further relief awarded by the Court.

(c) Relief Sought by Company: (i) a declaration of invalidity and unenforceability based on original patentability or on patent misuse; (ii) a declaration of non-infringement; (iii) a declaration of unfair competition under Hawaii law and under the Federal Lanham Act; (iv) a determination that this case is exceptional , thereby entitling the Company to recover its attorneys’ fees; (v) an award of compensatory damages to Company; (vi) an award of statutory damages under Hawaii law; (vii) an order that Patent Owner and Valensa pay over all of their unlawful profits to Company; (viii) an order to Patent Owner and Valensa to destroy all materials (e.g., advertising materials) in the possession or control of either Patent Owner and Valensa which have been determined to be false; (ix) an injunction against Patent Owner and Valensa from continuing any methods of competition declared to be in violation of Hawaii law or the Lanham Act; and (x) any further relief awarded by the Court.

The Court records of the Litigation⁹ and the filings in the Inter Partes Review¹⁰ can be found as indicated in the respective footnotes. An oral hearing is scheduled before PTAB on July 16, 2014; PTAB’s decision is expected prior to December 19, 2014. The trial in the Litigation is currently scheduled for March 2, 2015.

Note 8 Share-Based Compensation

Stock Options

As of March 31, 2014, the Company had the following two shareholder approved stock plans under which shares were available for equity based awards: The 2005 Stock Option Plan (the “2005 Plan”) wherein 2,075,000 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance until the Plan terminates on August 21, 2015, and The Independent Director Stock Option and Stock Grant Plan (the “2004 Directors Plan”) wherein 200,000 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance until the plan terminates in 2014.

Under the 2005 Plan, eligible employees and certain independent consultants may be granted options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The shares issuable under the 2005 Plan will either be shares of the Company’s authorized but previously unissued common stock or shares reacquired by the Company, including shares purchased on the open market. As of March 31, 2014, there were 422,928 shares available for grant under the 2005 Plan.

⁷            The “533 Patent was granted on June 16, 1996; it expires on October 27, 2014.

⁸            The Patent expires in October 2014 and, accordingly, the claims for prospective injunctive relief will be rendered moot at that time.

⁹            See: U.S. District Court for the Middle District of  Florida, Case No. 5:12-cv-366, the public files for which are available at www.pacer.gov by referencing the Middle District of Florida and the specific Case No. 5:12 CV 366, although access is subject to government charges for such access.

¹⁰          See: the Patent Trial and Appeal Board of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, the public files for which are available at https://ptabtrials.uspto.gov/ by entering “5527533” in the block for “Patent Number” and then clicking “Search.”

Under the 2004 Directors Plan, upon election to the Board of Directors at an annual stockholders meeting, a newly elected non-employee director will be granted a ten-year option to purchase 6,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. Options vest and become exercisable six months from the date of grant. In addition, on the date of each annual stockholders meeting, each non-employee director continuing in office is automatically issued 4,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, and an additional 1,000 shares to the director serving as Chairman of the Board, non-transferable for six months following the date of grant. As of March 31, 2014, there were 121,123 shares available for grant under the 2004 Directors Plan.

The following table presents shares authorized, available for future grant and outstanding under each of the Company’s plans:

All stock option grants made under the 2005 Plan and the 2004 Directors Plan were issued at exercise prices no less than the Company’s closing stock price on the date of grant. Options under the 2005 Plan and 2004 Directors Plan were determined by the Board of Directors or the Stock Option and Compensation Committee of the Board in accordance with the provisions of the respective plans. The terms of each option grant include vesting, exercise, and other conditions are set forth in a Stock Option Agreement evidencing each grant. No option can have a life in excess of ten (10) years. The Company records compensation expense for employee stock options based on the estimated fair value of the options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The model requires various assumptions, including a risk-free interest rate, the expected term of the options, the expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the options, and the expected dividend yield. Compensation expense for employee stock options is recognized ratably over the vesting term. Compensation expense recognized for options issued under the 2005 Plan was $715,000, $653,000 and $407,000 for the years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Independent Director compensation expense of $55,000, $77,000 and $46,000 was recognized under the 2004 Directors Plan for the years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. All stock-based compensation has been classified as general and administrative expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

A summary of option activity under the Company’s stock plans for the years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 is presented below:

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above is before applicable income taxes and represents the excess amount over the exercise price optionees would have received if all options had been exercised on the last business day of the period indicated, based on the Company’s closing stock price of $5.24 for such day. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during fiscal years 2014, 2013 and 2012 were $51,000, $37,000 and $147,000, respectively.

A summary of the Company’s non-vested options for the year ended March 31, 2014 is presented below:

The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during fiscal years 2014, 2013 and 2012 was $5,000, $1,124,000 and $2,258,000, respectively. The total grant-date fair values of stock options that vested during fiscal years 2014, 2013 and 2012 were $763,000, $434,000 and $234,000, respectively.

The following table summarizes the weighted average characteristics of outstanding stock options as of March 31, 2014: