DANA INC - Quarter Report: 2018 June (Form 10-Q)

Granted
(In millions)

Grant Date
Fair Value*

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

Form 10-Q

Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended: June 30, 2018

Commission File Number: 1-1063

Dana Incorporated

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		26-1531856
(State of incorporation)		(IRS Employer Identification Number)

3939 Technology Drive, Maumee, OH		43537
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (419) 887-3000

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes þ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large accelerated filer þ	Non-accelerated filer o	Smaller reporting company o
Accelerated filer o	(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes o No þ

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:

There were 144,544,761 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding at July 13, 2018.

DANA INCORPORATED – FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED JUNE 30, 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS



		10-Q Pages
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1	Financial Statements
	Consolidated Statement of Operations (Unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Balance Sheet (Unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Unaudited)	6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	7

Item 2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	37

Item 3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	58

Item 4	Controls and Procedures	58

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1	Legal Proceedings	59

Item 1A	Risk Factors	59

Item 2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	59

Item 6	Exhibits	59

Signatures		60

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Dana Incorporated

Consolidated Statement of Operations (Unaudited)

(In millions, except per share amounts)



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net sales	$	2,054		$	1,840		$	4,192		$	3,541
Costs and expenses
Cost of sales	1,746			1,563			3,577			3,000
Selling, general and administrative expenses	134			133			264			253
Amortization of intangibles	2			3			4			5
Restructuring charges, net	7			10			8			12
Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible asset	(20		)				(20		)
Adjustment in fair value of disposal group held for sale	3						3
Other expense, net	(10		)	(1		)	(10		)	(12		)
Earnings before interest and income taxes	138			130			312			259
Loss on extinguishment of debt				(6		)				(6		)
Interest income	2			2			5			5
Interest expense	23			27			47			54
Earnings before income taxes	117			99			270			204
Income tax expense (benefit)	(4		)	31			44			61
Equity in earnings of affiliates	6			5			12			10
Net income	127			73			238			153
Less: Noncontrolling interests net income	3			5			5			10
Less: Redeemable noncontrolling interests net income (loss)				(3		)	1			(3		)
Net income attributable to the parent company	$	124		$	71		$	232		$	146

Net income per share available to common stockholders
Basic	$	0.85		$	0.48		$	1.60		$	1.00
Diluted	$	0.85		$	0.47		$	1.58		$	0.99

Weighted-average common shares outstanding
Basic	145.1			144.8			145.3			144.7
Diluted	146.5			146.2			147.0			146.1

Cash dividends declared per share	$	0.10		$	0.06		$	0.20		$	0.12

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

Dana Incorporated

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

(In millions)



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income	$	127		$	73		$	238		$	153
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Currency translation adjustments	(56		)	(31		)	(46		)	(1		)
Hedging gains and losses	(6		)	5			(14		)	1
Defined benefit plans	6			5			13			10
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(56		)	(21		)	(47		)	10
Total comprehensive income	71			52			191			163
Less: Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	2			(6		)				(13		)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	2									1
Comprehensive income attributable to the parent company	$	75		$	46		$	191		$	151

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

Dana Incorporated

Consolidated Balance Sheet (Unaudited)

(In millions, except share and per share amounts)



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	339		$	603
Marketable securities	37			40
Accounts receivable
Trade, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $9 in 2018 and $8 in 2017	1,231			994
Other	180			172
Inventories	1,046			969
Other current assets	104			97
Current assets of disposal group held for sale	10			7
Total current assets	2,947			2,882
Goodwill	211			127
Intangibles	177			174
Deferred tax assets	453			420
Other noncurrent assets	70			71
Investments in affiliates	260			163
Property, plant and equipment, net	1,806			1,807
Total assets	$	5,924		$	5,644

Liabilities and equity
Current liabilities
Short-term debt	$	24		$	17
Current portion of long-term debt	20			23
Accounts payable	1,244			1,165
Accrued payroll and employee benefits	187			219
Taxes on income	85			53
Other accrued liabilities	246			220
Current liabilities of disposal group held for sale	6			5
Total current liabilities	1,812			1,702
Long-term debt, less debt issuance costs of $20 in 2018 and $22 in 2017	1,765			1,759
Pension and postretirement obligations	578			607
Other noncurrent liabilities	367			413
Noncurrent liabilities of disposal group held for sale	2			2
Total liabilities	4,524			4,483
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	149			47
Parent company stockholders' equity
Preferred stock, 50,000,000 shares authorized, $0.01 par value, no shares outstanding	—			—
Common stock, 450,000,000 shares authorized, $0.01 par value, 144,544,641 and 144,984,050 shares outstanding	2			2
Additional paid-in capital	2,356			2,354
Retained earnings	290			86
Treasury stock, at cost (8,255,763 and 7,001,017 shares)	(118		)	(87		)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(1,385		)	(1,342		)
Total parent company stockholders' equity	1,145			1,013
Noncontrolling interests	106			101
Total equity	1,251			1,114
Total liabilities and equity	$	5,924		$	5,644

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

Dana Incorporated

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(In millions)



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017
Operating activities
Net income	$	238		$	153
Depreciation	124			104
Amortization of intangibles	5			6
Amortization of deferred financing charges	2			3
Call premium on debt				5
Write-off of deferred financing costs				1
Earnings of affiliates, net of dividends received	5			(2		)
Stock compensation expense	9			10
Deferred income taxes	(45		)	5
Pension contributions, net	1			(3		)
Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible asset	20
Gain on sale of subsidiary				(3		)
Adjustment in fair value of disposal group held for sale	(2		)
Change in working capital	(232		)	(104		)
Other, net	(12		)	5
Net cash provided by operating activities	113			180

Investing activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(145		)	(169		)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired	(151		)	(182		)
Proceeds from previous acquisition	9
Purchases of marketable securities	(29		)	(17		)
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities	6			1
Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities	23			13
Proceeds from sale of subsidiary				3
Other, net				(1		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(287		)	(352		)

Financing activities
Net change in short-term debt	(5		)	(79		)
Proceeds from long-term debt				400
Repayment of long-term debt	(2		)	(288		)
Call premium on debt				(5		)
Deferred financing payments				(6		)
Dividends paid to common stockholders	(29		)	(17		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(4		)	(3		)
Repurchases of common stock	(25		)
Other, net	(5		)	1
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(70		)	3

Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(244		)	(169		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash – beginning of period	610			716
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash balances	(13		)	30
Less: Cash contributed to disposal group	(10		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash – end of period (Note 6)	$	343		$	577

Non-cash investing activity
Purchases of property, plant and equipment held in accounts payable	$	75		$	113

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

Dana Incorporated

Index to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements



1.	Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2.	Acquisitions

3.	Disposal Groups and Divestitures

4.	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

5.	Restructuring of Operations

6.	Supplemental Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Information

7.	Stockholders' Equity

8.	Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

9.	Earnings per Share

10.	Stock Compensation

11.	Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans

12.	Marketable Securities

13.	Financing Agreements

14.	Fair Value Measurements and Derivatives

15.	Commitments and Contingencies

16.	Warranty Obligations

17.	Income Taxes

18.	Other Expense, Net

19.	Revenue from Contracts with Customers

20.	Segments

21.	Equity Affiliates

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

(In millions, except share and per share amounts)

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

General

Dana Incorporated (Dana) is headquartered in Maumee, Ohio and was incorporated in Delaware in 2007. As a global provider of high technology driveline (axles, driveshafts and transmissions); sealing and thermal-management products; and motors, power inverters, and control systems for electric vehicles our customer base includes virtually every major vehicle manufacturer in the global light vehicle, medium/heavy vehicle and off-highway markets.

The terms "Dana," "we," "our" and "us," when used in this report, are references to Dana. These references include the subsidiaries of Dana unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise.

Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation — Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) for interim financial information. These statements are unaudited, but in the opinion of management include all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods. The results reported in these consolidated financial statements should not necessarily be taken as indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year. The financial information included herein should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of our 2017 Form 10-K.

Foreign currency translation — We believe that Argentina's economy met the GAAP definition of a highly inflationary economy during the second quarter of 2018. As such, effective July 1, 2018 we will remeasure the financial statements of our Argentine subsidiaries as if their functional currency was the U.S. dollar. In assessing Argentina's economy as highly inflationary we considered its three-year cumulative inflation rate along with other factors. We believe the National Wholesale Price Index (WPI) provides the most reliable calculation of cumulative inflation for Argentina as the WPI has consistently provided national coverage and historically has been viewed as the most relevant and reliable measure by practitioners. Argentina's three-year cumulative inflation rate through May 2018 based on the WPI was 109%. In addition, management considered the Central Bank of Argentina increasing annual interest rates to 30% in April 2018 and further increasing them to 40% in May 2018, the Argentine government requesting financial assistance from the International Monetary Fund and the significant depreciation of the Argentine peso against the U.S. dollar during the second quarter of 2018.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging – Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, guidance that addresses effectiveness testing requirements, income statement presentation and disclosure and hedge accounting qualification criteria. Adoption of this standard results in a prospective change to the presentation of certain hedging-related gains and losses in our consolidated statement of operations. Effective with our permitted early adoption of this standard on January 1, 2018, realized gains and losses on forecasted transactions are recorded in the financial statement line item to which the underlying forecasted transaction relates (e.g., sales or cost of sales). Adoption also simplifies our ongoing effectiveness testing and reduces the complexity of hedge accounting requirements for new hedging contracts. The adoption of this standard, including the change in presentation within the consolidated statement of operations, did not have a material impact.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-07, Retirement Benefits – Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, guidance that changed the reporting of pension and other postretirement benefits (OPEB) costs in the income statement. The service cost components of net periodic pension and OPEB costs continue to be included in cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses as part of compensation cost and remain eligible for capitalization in inventory and other assets. The non-service components are now reported in other expense, net and are not eligible for capitalization. The impact of the new guidance on inventory at June 30, 2018 was not material. For the first half of 2017, we reclassified pension and OPEB costs of $2 from cost of sales and $1 from selling, general and administrative to other expense, net to conform to the 2018 presentation. We used the practical expedient in the guidance to quantify these impacts, which disregards the potential change in capitalized costs during the period. See Note 20 for information regarding the related impact on our segment reporting.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows – Restricted Cash, guidance that requires the statement of cash flows to explain the change during the period in the total cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash. Amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and ending total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. Retrospective presentation is required. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, this change resulted in a $9 increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning and a $9 increase at the end of the period as presented on our consolidated statement of cash flow. In addition, removing the change in restricted cash from the consolidated statement of cash flows did not result in a change in our net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2017. See Note 6 for additional information.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, an amendment that addresses the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of certain financial instruments. Investments in equity securities that were classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income (OCI), are now carried at fair value determined on an exit price notion and changes in fair value are now reported in net income. The new guidance also affects the assessment of deferred tax assets related to available-for-sale securities, the accounting for liabilities for which the fair value option is elected and the disclosures of financial assets and financial liabilities in the notes to the financial statements. The adoption resulted in a release of the deferred gain in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) directly to retained earnings of $2.

Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue – Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires companies to recognize revenue in a manner that depicts the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration a company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. We have elected to use the modified retrospective approach to transition to the new standard. Comparative prior periods have not been restated. We assessed our products in combination with the provisions of our current customer contracts to determine the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09. Based on our assessment, the adoption date financial statement impact was limited to balance sheet reclassifications required to establish the refund asset, refund liability and contract liability concepts provided for in ASU 2014-09. There was no cumulative effect adjustment required to be recorded to retained earnings. The cumulative effects of the changes made to our January 1, 2018 consolidated balance sheet for the adoption of ASU 2014-09 were as follows:



	Balance at December 31, 2017		Adjustments Due to ASU 2014-09		Balance at January 1, 2018
Assets
Current assets
Accounts receivable - Trade	$	994	$	15	$	1,009
Other current assets	97		1		98

Liabilities
Current liabilities
Other accrued liabilities	$	220	$	16	$	236

The follow table shows the impact adopting ASC 606 had on our consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2018:



	June 30, 2018
	Balances Without Adoption of ASU 2014-09		Adjustments Due to ASU 2014-09		As Reported
Assets
Current assets
Accounts receivable - Trade	$	1,219	$	12	$	1,231
Other current assets	101		3		104

Liabilities
Current liabilities
Other accrued liabilities	$	231	$	15	$	246

See Note 19 for additional information.

We also adopted the following standards during the first half of 2018, none of which had a material impact on our financial statements or financial statement disclosures:



Standard		Effective Date
2017-09	Stock Compensation – Scope of Modification Accounting	January 1, 2018
2017-01	Business Combinations – Clarifying the Definition of a Business	January 1, 2018
2016-15	Statement of Cash Flows – Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments	January 1, 2018

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. This guidance allows entities to reclass stranded income tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) from AOCI to retained earnings in their consolidated financial statements. As a result of the Act, deferred taxes were adjusted to reflect the reduction of the historical corporate income tax rate to the newly enacted corporate income tax rate by means of a credit or charge to income from continuing operations, leaving the tax effects of items within AOCI stranded at historical tax rates. This guidance becomes effective January 1, 2019 and may be early adopted in any interim period. The guidance is to be applied either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period that was affected by the change in the corporate tax rate under the Act. Adoption of this guidance will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, Earnings Per Share, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, Derivatives and Hedging – (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception. This guidance is intended to reduce the complexity associated with accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity. Specifically, a down round feature would no longer cause a freestanding equity-linked financial instrument (or an embedded conversion option) to be considered "not indexed to an entity's own stock" and therefore accounted for as a derivative liability at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in current earnings. Down round features are most often found in warrants and conversion options embedded in debt or preferred equity instruments. In addition, the guidance re-characterized the indefinite deferral of certain provisions on distinguishing liabilities from equity to a scope exception with no accounting effect. This guidance becomes effective January 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. We do not presently issue any equity-linked financial instruments and therefore this guidance has no impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Goodwill – Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, guidance that simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. The new guidance quantifies goodwill impairment as the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, with the impairment loss limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. This guidance becomes effective January 1, 2020 and will be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted

for impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to impact our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Credit Losses – Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, new guidance for the accounting for credit losses on certain financial instruments. This guidance introduces a new approach to estimating credit losses on certain types of financial instruments and modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities. This guidance, which becomes effective January 1, 2020, is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, its new lease accounting standard. The primary focus of the standard is on the accounting by lessees. This standard requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for virtually all leases (other than leases that meet the definition of a short-term lease) on the balance sheet. The recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee have not significantly changed from current GAAP. Operating leases will result in straight-line expense while finance leases will result in a front-loaded expense pattern in the income statement. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures are required to provide insight into the extent of revenue and expense recognized and expected to be recognized from leasing arrangements. Approximately three-fourths of our global lease portfolio represents leases of real estate, including manufacturing, assembly and office facilities, while the remainder represents leases of personal property, including manufacturing, material handling and IT equipment.

Many factors will impact the ultimate measurement of the lease obligation to be recognized upon adoption. We continue to evaluate the impact this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements. With respect to the available practical expedients, we expect to elect the primary package of expedients whereby we will reassess neither the existence, nor the classification nor the amount and treatment of initial direct costs of existing leases. We do not expect to apply hindsight to the evaluation of lease options (e.g., renewal) and, accordingly, do not expect to utilize the practical expedient that would allow such an approach. Finally, we plan to separate the lease components from the non-lease components of each lease arrangement and, therefore, do not expect to elect the expedient that would enable us not to separate them. This guidance becomes effective January 1, 2019 with early adoption permitted.

Note 2. Acquisitions

TM4 — On June 22, 2018, we acquired a 55% ownership interest in TM4 Inc. (TM4) from Hydro-Québec. TM4 designs and manufactures motors, power inverters, and control systems for electric vehicles, offering a complementary portfolio to Dana's electric gearboxes and thermal-management technologies for batteries, motors, and inverters. The transaction establishes Dana as the only supplier with full e-Drive design, engineering, and manufacturing capabilities - offering electro-mechanical propulsion solutions to each of its end markets. The transaction further strengthens Dana's position in China, the world's fastest-growing market for electric vehicles. TM4 owns a 50% interest in Prestolite E-Propulsion Systems Limited (PEPS), a joint venture in China with Prestolite Electric Beijing Limited, which offers electric mobility solutions throughout China and Asia.

We paid $125 at closing, using cash on hand. Dana will consolidate TM4 as the governing documents provide Dana with a controlling financial interest. The terms of the agreement provide Hydro-Québec with the right to put all, and not less than all, of its shares in TM4 to Dana at fair value any time after June 22, 2021.

The TM4 transaction closed just prior to the end of the current reporting period. As such, the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are provisional and could be revised as a result of additional information obtained regarding liabilities assumed and revisions of provisional estimates of fair values, including but not limited to, the completion of independent appraisals and valuations related to intangibles, the equity method investment in PEPS, property, plant, and equipment, and the redeemable noncontrolling interest. The provisional amounts were determined with the assistance of an independent appraiser and are based on transaction specific information obtained to date and benchmark data from comparable transactions in relevant industries. The purchase consideration and the related provisional allocation to the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are presented in the following table:



Total purchase consideration	$	125

Cash and cash equivalents	$	3
Accounts receivable - Trade	5
Accounts receivable - Other	1
Inventories	4
Goodwill	87
Intangibles	30
Investments in affiliates	102
Property, plant and equipment	3
Accounts payable	(2		)
Accrued payroll and employee benefits	(1		)
Other accrued liabilities	(5		)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest	(102		)
Total purchase consideration allocation	$	125

Goodwill recognized in this transaction is primarily attributable to synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and the assembled workforce and is not deductible for tax purposes. The provisional fair values assigned to intangibles include $11 allocated to customer relationships, $16 allocated to developed technology and $3 allocated to trademarks and trade names.

The results of operations of the business are reported in our Commercial Vehicle operating segment from the date of acquisition. Transaction related expenses associated with completion of the acquisition totaling $3 were charged to other expense, net. The pro forma effects of this acquisition would not materially impact our reported results for any period presented, and as a result no pro forma financial statements are presented.

USM – Warren — On March 1, 2017, we acquired certain assets and liabilities relating to the Warren, Michigan production unit of U.S. Manufacturing Corporation (USM). The production unit acquired is in the business of manufacturing axle housings, extruded tubular products and machined components for the automotive industry. The acquisition increases Dana's revenue from light and commercial vehicle manufacturers and vertically integrates a significant element of Dana's supply chain. It also provides Dana with new lightweight product and process technologies.

USM contributed certain assets and liabilities relating to its Warren, Michigan production unit to Warren Manufacturing LLC (USM – Warren), a newly created legal entity, and Dana acquired all of the company units of USM – Warren. The company units were acquired by Dana free and clear of any liens. We paid $104 at closing, including $25 to effectively settle trade payable obligations originating from product purchases Dana made from USM prior to the acquisition, and received $1 in the third quarter of 2017 for purchase price adjustments determined under the terms of the agreement. The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination. The purchase consideration and the related allocation to the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are presented in the following table:



Total purchase consideration	$	78

Accounts receivable - Trade	$	17
Accounts receivable - Other	3
Inventories	9
Goodwill	3
Intangibles	33
Property, plant and equipment	50
Accounts payable	(34		)
Accrued payroll and employee benefits	(2		)
Other accrued liabilities	(1		)
Total purchase consideration allocation	$	78

Goodwill recognized in this transaction is primarily attributable to synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and the assembled workforce and is deductible for tax purposes. Intangibles includes $30 allocated to customer relationships and $3 allocated to developed technology. We used the relief from royalty method, an income approach, to value developed

technology. We used the multi-period excess earnings method, an income approach, to value customer relationships. We used a replacement cost method to value fixed assets. The developed technology and customer relationship intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over eighteen and eleven years, respectively, and property, plant and equipment is being depreciated on a straight-line basis over useful lives ranging from one to seventeen years.

The results of operations of the business are reported in our Light Vehicle operating segment from the date of acquisition. We incurred transaction related expenses to complete the acquisition in 2017 totaling $5, which were charged to other expense, net. The pro forma effects of this acquisition would not materially impact our reported results for any period presented, and as a result no pro forma financial statements are presented.

BFP and BPT — On February 1, 2017, we acquired 80% ownership interests in Brevini Fluid Power S.p.A. (BFP) and Brevini Power Transmission S.p.A. (BPT) from Brevini Group S.p.A. (Brevini). The acquisition expands our Off-Highway operating segment product portfolio to include technologies for tracked vehicles, doubling our addressable market for off-highway driveline systems and establishing Dana as the only off-highway solutions provider that can manage the power to both move the equipment and perform its critical work functions. This acquisition also brings a platform of technologies that can be leveraged in our light and commercial-vehicle end markets, helping to accelerate our hybridization and electrification initiatives.

We paid $181 at closing, using cash on hand, and refinanced a significant portion of the debt assumed in the transaction during the first half of 2017. In December 2017, a purchase price reduction of $9 was agreed under the sale and purchase agreement provisions for determination of the net indebtedness and net working capital levels of BFP and BPT as of the closing date. The terms of the agreement provide Dana the right to call half of Brevini’s noncontrolling interests in BFP and BPT, and Brevini the right to put half of its noncontrolling interests in BFP and BPT to Dana, assuming Dana does not exercise its call right, after the 2017 BFP and BPT financial statements have been approved by the board of directors. Further, Dana has the right to call Brevini’s remaining noncontrolling interests in BFP and BPT, and Brevini the right to put its remaining noncontrolling interests in BFP and BPT to Dana, assuming Dana does not exercise its call right, after the 2019 BFP and BPT financial statements have been approved by the board of directors. The call and put prices are based on the amount Dana paid to acquire its initial 80% interest in BFP and BPT subject to adjustment based on the actual EBITDA and free cash flows, as defined in the agreement, of BFP and BPT. In connection with the acquisition of BFP and BPT, Dana agreed to purchase certain real estate currently being leased by BPT from a Brevini affiliate for €25 by November 1, 2017. The real estate purchase did not occur by November 1, 2017 due to document transfer requirements not having been fully satisfied. Completion of the real estate purchase and receipt of the purchase price adjustment occurred in the second quarter of 2018 with a net cash payment of $20. The purchase consideration and the related allocation to the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are presented in the following table:



Total purchase consideration	$	201

Cash and cash equivalents	$	75
Accounts receivable - Trade	78
Accounts receivable - Other	18
Inventories	134
Other current assets	9
Goodwill	20
Intangibles	41
Deferred tax assets	3
Other noncurrent assets	4
Property, plant and equipment	174
Notes payable, including current portion of long-term debt	(130		)
Accounts payable	(51		)
Accrued payroll and employee benefits	(14		)
Taxes on income	(1		)
Other accrued liabilities	(19		)
Long-term debt	(51		)
Pension and postretirement obligations	(11		)
Other noncurrent liabilities	(22		)
Redeemable noncontrolling interest	(44		)
Noncontrolling interests	(12		)
Total purchase consideration allocation	$	201

Goodwill recognized in this transaction is primarily attributable to synergies expected to arise after the acquisition and the assembled workforce and is not deductible for tax purposes. Intangibles includes $29 allocated to customer relationships and $12 allocated to trademarks and trade names. We used the multi-period excess earnings method, an income approach, to value the customer relationships. We used the relief from royalty method, an income approach, to value trademarks and trade names. We used a replacement cost method to value fixed assets. We used a discounted cash flow approach to value the redeemable noncontrolling interests, inclusive of the put and call provisions. We used both discounted cash flow and cost approaches to value the noncontrolling interests. The customer relationships and trademarks and trade names intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over seventeen years, and property, plant and equipment is being depreciated on a straight-line basis over useful lives ranging from three to thirty years.

The results of operations of the businesses are reported in our Off-Highway operating segment from the date of acquisition. Transaction related expenses in 2017 associated with completion of the acquisition totaling $7 were charged to other expense, net. The pro forma effects of this acquisition would not materially impact our reported results for any period presented, and as a result no pro forma financial statements are presented.

Note 3. Disposal Groups and Divestitures

Disposal group held for sale — In December 2017, we entered into an agreement to divest our Brazil suspension components business (the disposal group) for no consideration to an unaffiliated company. The results of operations of the Brazil suspension components business are reported within our Commercial Vehicle operating segment. To effectuate the sale, Dana was obligated to contribute $10 of additional cash to the business prior to closing. We classified the disposal group as held for sale at December 31, 2017, recognizing a $27 loss to adjust the carrying value of the net assets to fair value and to recognize the liability for the additional cash required to be contributed to the business prior to closing. During the first quarter of 2018, we made the required cash contribution to the disposal group. After being unable to complete the transaction with the counterparty to the December 2017 agreement, we entered into an agreement with another third party in June 2018. The transaction with the new counterparty closed in July 2018 and we received cash proceeds of $2. We reversed $3 of the previously recognized $27 pre-tax loss, inclusive of the proceeds received in July 2018, during the second quarter of 2018. The carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities of our Brazil suspension components business are as follows:



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2	$	—
Accounts receivable - Trade	3		3
Inventories	5		4
Current assets classified as held for sale	$	10	$	7

Accounts payable	$	4	$	3
Accrued payroll and employee benefits	1		1
Other accrued liabilities	1		1
Current liabilities classified as held for sale	$	6	$	5

Other noncurrent liabilities	$	2	$	2
Noncurrent liabilities classified as held for sale	$	2	$	2

Divestiture of Dana Companies — On December 30, 2016, we completed the divestiture of Dana Companies, LLC (DCLLC), a consolidated wholly-owned limited liability company that was established as part of our reorganization in 2008 to hold and manage personal injury asbestos claims retained by the reorganized Dana Corporation which was merged into DCLLC. The purchaser retained $3 of the proceeds with payment subject to the satisfaction of certain future conditions. The conditions associated with the retained purchase price were satisfied in the second quarter of 2017, at which time Dana received the remaining proceeds and recognized $3 of income in other expense, net. Following completion of the sale, Dana has no obligation with respect to current or future asbestos claims.

Note 4. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill — The change in the carrying amount of goodwill in 2018 is due to currency fluctuation and the acquisition of a 55% interest in TM4.

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment —



	Light Vehicle		Commercial Vehicle			Off-Highway			Power Technologies		Total
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	3	$	8		$	110		$	6	$	127
Acquisitions			87								87
Currency impact			(1		)	(2		)			(3		)
Balance, June 30, 2018	$	3	$	94		$	108		$	6	$	211

Components of other intangible assets —



		June 30, 2018							December 31, 2017
	Weighted Average Useful Life (years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Impairment and Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Impairment and Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Amortizable intangible assets
Core technology	7	$	110	$	(88	)	$	22	$	95	$	(88	)	$	7
Trademarks and trade names	15	19		(3		)	16		17		(2		)	15
Customer relationships	8	475		(401		)	74		470		(403		)	67
Non-amortizable intangible assets
Trademarks and trade names		65					65		65					65
Used in research and development activities		20		(20		)	—		20					20
		$	689	$	(512	)	$	177	$	667	$	(493	)	$	174

During the third quarter of 2012, we entered a strategic alliance with Fallbrook Technologies Inc. (Fallbrook). The transaction with Fallbrook was accounted for as a business combination and the original purchase price allocation included $20 of intangible assets used in research and development activities, which had been classified as indefinite-lived. Since the third

quarter of 2012, we have been working with several customers to commercialize the continuously variable planetary (CVP) technology primarily in combustion engine applications. During the second quarter of 2018 key customers notified us of their intention to redirect their development efforts to electrification and cease further development efforts of the CVP technology in combustion engine applications. While we have not abandoned the CVP technology, we determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the related intangible assets was less than their carrying amount. We used the multi-period excess earnings method, an income approach, to fair value the assets used in research and development activities. Given the lack of adequate identifiable future revenue streams, it was determined that the $20 of intangible assets used in research and development activities was fully impaired during the second quarter of 2018.

The net carrying amounts of intangible assets, other than goodwill, attributable to each of our operating segments at June 30, 2018 were as follows: Light Vehicle — $30, Commercial Vehicle — $63, Off-Highway — $75 and Power Technologies — $9.

Amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets —



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Charged to cost of sales	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	1
Charged to amortization of intangibles	2		3		4		5
Total amortization	$	2	$	3	$	5	$	6

The following table provides the estimated aggregate pre-tax amortization expense related to intangible assets for each of the next five years based on June 30, 2018 exchange rates. Actual amounts may differ from these estimates due to such factors as currency translation, customer turnover, impairments, additional intangible asset acquisitions and other events.



	Remainder of 2018		2019		2020		2021		2022
Amortization expense	$	6	$	12	$	11	$	11	$	11

Note 5. Restructuring of Operations

Our restructuring activities have historically included rationalizing our operating footprint by consolidating facilities, positioning operations in lower cost locations and reducing overhead costs. In recent years, however, in response to lower demand and other market conditions in certain businesses, our focus has primarily been headcount reduction initiatives to reduce operating costs. Restructuring expense includes costs associated with current and previously announced actions and is comprised of contractual and noncontractual separation costs and exit costs, including costs associated with lease continuation obligations and certain operating costs of facilities that we are in the process of closing.

During the second quarter of 2018, we approved plans to implement certain headcount reductions in our Commercial Vehicle operations and Corporate service functions in Brazil which resulted in restructuring expense of $5, primarily for severance and benefit costs. In last year's second quarter, we approved plans to implement certain headcount initiatives in our Off-Highway business as part of the BPT and BFP acquisition integration which resulted in restructuring expense of $8, primarily for severance and benefit costs. Remaining amounts in the quarter and six-month periods of both years relate to previously announced actions.

Accrued restructuring costs and activity, including noncurrent portion —



	Employee Termination Benefits			Exit Costs			Total
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	17		$	5		$	22
Charges to restructuring	6			1			7
Cash payments	(3		)	(2		)	(5		)
Currency impact	(1		)				(1		)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	19		$	4		$	23

Balance at December 31, 2017	$	21		$	5		$	26
Charges to restructuring	6			2			8
Cash payments	(7		)	(3		)	(10		)
Currency impact	(1		)				(1		)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	19		$	4		$	23

At June 30, 2018, the accrued employee termination benefits include costs to reduce approximately 200 employees to be completed over the next year. The exit costs relate primarily to lease continuation obligations.

Cost to complete — The following table provides project-to-date and estimated future restructuring expenses for completion of our approved restructuring initiatives for our business segments at June 30, 2018.



	Expense Recognized						Future Cost to Complete
	Prior to 2018		2018		Total to Date		Future Cost to Complete
Commercial Vehicle	35		6		41		10
Off-Highway	21				21
Corporate			2		2
Total	$	56	$	8	$	64	$	10

The future cost to complete includes estimated separation costs, primarily those associated with one-time benefit programs, and exit costs through 2021, including lease continuation costs, equipment transfers and other costs which are required to be recognized as closures are finalized or as incurred during the closure.

Note 6. Supplemental Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Information

Inventory components at —



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Raw materials	$	469		$	442
Work in process and finished goods	638			580
Inventory reserves	(61		)	(53		)
Total	$	1,046		$	969

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at —



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
Cash and cash equivalents	$	339	$	603	$	568	$	707
Restricted cash included in other current assets			3		5		5
Restricted cash included in other noncurrent assets	4		4		4		4
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	343	$	610	$	577	$	716

Note 7. Stockholders’ Equity

Common stock — Our Board of Directors declared quarterly cash dividends of ten cents per share of common stock in the first and second quarters of 2018. Dividends accrue on restricted stock units (RSUs) granted under our stock compensation program and will be paid in cash or additional units when the underlying units vest.

Share repurchase program — On March 24, 2018 our Board of Directors approved an expansion of our existing common stock share repurchase program to $200. The program expires on December 31, 2019. Under the program, we spent $25 to repurchase 1,055,000 shares of our common stock during the second quarter of 2018 through open market transactions. Approximately $175 remained available for future share repurchases as of June 30, 2018.

Changes in equity —



	2018									2017
Three Months Ended June 30,	Attributable to Parent			Attributable to Non- controlling Interests			Total Equity			Attributable to Parent			Attributable to Non- controlling Interests			Total Equity
Balance, March 31	$	1,104		$	111		$	1,215		$	1,078		$	105		$	1,183
Net income	124			3			127			71			5			76
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(49		)	(5		)	(54		)	(25		)	1			(24		)
Common stock dividends	(15		)				(15		)	(8		)				(8		)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests adjustment to redemption value							—			(2		)				(2		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests				(3		)	(3		)				(4		)	(4		)
Common stock share repurchases	(25		)				(25		)							—
Stock compensation	6						6			5						5
Balance, June 30	$	1,145		$	106		$	1,251		$	1,119		$	107		$	1,226

Six Months Ended June 30,
Balance, December 31	$	1,013		$	101		$	1,114		$	1,157		$	85		$	1,242
Adoption of ASU 2016-16 tax adjustment, January 1, 2017							—			(179		)				(179		)
Net income	232			5			237			146			10			156
Other comprehensive income	(41		)	(5		)	(46		)	5			3			8
Common stock dividends	(30		)				(30		)	(17		)				(17		)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests adjustment to redemption value							—			(2		)				(2		)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests				(4		)	(4		)				(5		)	(5		)
Common stock share repurchases	(25		)				(25		)							—
Increase from business combination							—						14			14
Purchase of noncontrolling interests	(9		)	9			—									—
Stock compensation	11						11			12						12
Stock withheld for employee taxes	(6		)				(6		)	(3		)				(3		)
Balance, June 30	$	1,145		$	106		$	1,251		$	1,119		$	107		$	1,226

See Note 1 for additional information about adoption of new accounting guidance on January 1, 2018 and 2017. During the first quarter of 2018, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dana purchased the ownership interest in Dana Spicer (Thailand) Limited (a non wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary of Dana) held by ROC Spicer, Ltd. (a non wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary of Dana). Dana maintained its controlling financial interest in Dana Spicer (Thailand) Limited and accordingly accounted for the purchase as an equity transaction. The excess of the fair value of the consideration paid over the carrying value of the investment attributable to the noncontrolling interest in ROC Spicer, Ltd. was recognized as additional noncontrolling interest with a corresponding reduction of the additional paid-in capital of Dana.

Changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) of the parent —




	Parent Company Stockholders
	Foreign Currency Translation			Hedging			Investments		Defined Benefit Plans			Total
Balance, March 31, 2018	$	(661	)	$	(72	)	$	—	$	(603	)	$	(1,336	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation adjustments	(54		)									(54		)
Holding gain on net investment hedge	5											5
Holding gains and losses				58								58
Reclassification of amount to net income (a)				(64		)						(64		)
Reclassification adjustment for net actuarial losses included in net periodic benefit cost (b)									8			8
Tax expense									(2		)	(2		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(49		)	(6		)	—		6			(49		)
Balance, June 30, 2018	$	(710	)	$	(78	)	$	—	$	(597	)	$	(1,385	)

Balance, March 31, 2017	$	(617	)	$	(38	)	$	—	$	(599	)	$	(1,254	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation adjustments	(32		)									(32		)
Holding loss on net investment hedge	(3		)									(3		)
Holding gains and losses				(63		)						(63		)
Reclassification of amount to net income (a)				68								68
Reclassification adjustment for net actuarial losses included in net periodic benefit cost (b)									7			7
Tax expense									(2		)	(2		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(35		)	5			—		5			(25		)
Balance, June 30, 2017	$	(652	)	$	(33	)	$	—	$	(594	)	$	(1,279	)



	Parent Company Stockholders
	Foreign Currency Translation			Hedging			Investments			Defined Benefit Plans			Total
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	(670	)	$	(64	)	$	2		$	(610	)	$	(1,342	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation adjustments	(40		)										(40		)
Holding gains and losses				20									20
Reclassification of amount to net income (a)				(35		)							(35		)
Reclassification adjustment for net actuarial losses included in net periodic benefit cost (b)										17			17
Tax (expense) benefit				1						(4		)	(3		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(40		)	(14		)	—			13			(41		)
Adoption of ASU 2016-01 financial instruments adjustment, January 1, 2018							(2		)				(2		)
Balance, June 30, 2018	$	(710	)	$	(78	)	$	—		$	(597	)	$	(1,385	)

Balance, December 31, 2016	$	(646	)	$	(34	)	$	—		$	(604	)	$	(1,284	)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation adjustments	2												2
Holding loss on net investment hedge	(8		)										(8		)
Holding gains and losses				(75		)							(75		)
Reclassification of amount to net income (a)				74									74
Reclassification adjustment for net actuarial losses included in net periodic benefit cost (b)										15			15
Tax (expense) benefit				2						(5		)	(3		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(6		)	1			—			10			5
Balance, June 30, 2017	$	(652	)	$	(33	)	$	—		$	(594	)	$	(1,279	)

(a) For 2018, realized gains and losses from currency-related forward contracts associated with forecasted transactions or from other derivative instruments treated as cash flow hedges are reclassified from AOCI into the same line item in the consolidated statement of operations in which the underlying forecasted transaction or other hedged item is recorded. See Note 14 for additional details. For 2017, reclassifications from AOCI were included in other expense, net.

(b) See Note 11 for additional details.

Note 8. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

In connection with the acquisition of a controlling interest in TM4 from Hydro-Québec on June 22, 2018, we recognized $102 for Hydro-Québec's 45% redeemable noncontrolling interest. The terms of the agreement provide Hydro-Québec with the right to put all, and not less than all, of its shares to Dana at fair value any time after June 22, 2021. See Note 2 for additional information.

In connection with the acquisition of a controlling interest in BFP and BPT from Brevini on February 1, 2017, we recognized $45 for Brevini's 20% redeemable noncontrolling interests. The terms of the agreement provide Dana the right to call Brevini's noncontrolling interests in BFP and BPT, and Brevini the right to put its noncontrolling interests in BFP and BPT to Dana, assuming Dana does not exercise its call rights, at dates and prices defined in the agreement. The call and put prices are based on the amount Dana paid to acquire its initial ownership interest in BFP and BPT subject to adjustment based on the actual EBITDA and free cash flows, as defined in the agreement, of BFP and BPT. See Note 2 for additional information.

Redeemable noncontrolling interests reflected as of the balance sheet date are the greater of the redeemable noncontrolling interest balances adjusted for comprehensive income items and distributions or the redemption values (i.e., the "floor"). Redeemable noncontrolling interest adjustments of redemption value to the floor are recorded in retained earnings and included as an adjustment to net income available to parent company stockholders in the calculation of earnings per share. See Note 9 for additional information.

Reconciliation of changes in redeemable noncontrolling interests —



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Balance, beginning of period	$	49		$	44		$	47		$	—
Initial fair value of redeemable noncontrolling interests of acquired businesses	102						102			45
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests				(3		)	1			(3		)
Other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests	(2		)	3			(1		)	2
Retained earnings adjustments:
Adjustment to redemption value				2						2
Balance, end of period	$	149		$	46		$	149		$	46

Note 9. Earnings per Share

Reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the earnings per share calculations —



	Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017			2018		2017
Net income attributable to the parent company	$	124	$	71		$	232	$	146
Less: Redeemable noncontrolling interests adjustment to redemption value	—		(2		)	—		(2		)
Net income available to common stockholders - Numerator basic and diluted	$	124	$	69		$	232	$	144

Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Basic	145.1		144.8			145.3		144.7
Employee compensation-related shares, including stock options	1.4		1.4			1.7		1.4
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Diluted	146.5		146.2			147.0		146.1

The share count for diluted earnings per share is computed on the basis of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus the effects of dilutive common stock equivalents (CSEs) outstanding during the period. We excluded 0.1 million and 0.3 million CSEs from the calculations of diluted earnings per share for the second quarters of 2018 and 2017 and excluded 0.1 million and 0.2 million CSEs for the respective year-to-date periods as the effect of including them would have been anti-dilutive.

Note 10. Stock Compensation

The Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors approved the grant of RSUs and performance share units (PSUs) shown in the table below during 2018.

* Weighted-average per share

We calculated the fair value of the RSUs at grant date based on the closing market price of our common stock at the date of grant. The number of PSUs that ultimately vest is contingent on achieving specified return on invested capital targets and specified margin targets, with an even distribution between the two targets. We estimated the fair value of the PSUs at grant date based on the closing market price of our common stock at the date of grant adjusted for the value of assumed dividends over the period because the awards are not dividend protected.

We received $2 of cash from the exercise of stock options related to 0.1 million shares. We paid $2 of cash to settle SARs and RSUs. We issued 0.5 million and 0.2 million shares of common stock based on the vesting of RSUs and PSUs during 2018. We recognized stock compensation expense of $5 and $6 during the second quarters of 2018 and 2017 and $9 and $10 during the respective year-to-date periods. At June 30, 2018, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to the nonvested awards granted and expected to vest was $33. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.

Note 11. Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans

We have a number of defined contribution and defined benefit, qualified and nonqualified, pension plans covering eligible employees. Other postretirement benefits (OPEB), including medical and life insurance, are provided for certain employees upon retirement.

Components of net periodic benefit cost (credit) —



	Pension
	2018						2017						OPEB - Non-U.S.
Three Months Ended June 30,	U.S.			Non-U.S.			U.S.			Non-U.S.			2018		2017
Interest cost	$	10		$	2		$	13		$	2		$	1	$	1
Expected return on plan assets	(17		)				(21		)	(1		)
Service cost				2						2
Amortization of net actuarial loss	7			1			6			1
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	$	—		$	5		$	(2	)	$	4		$	1	$	1

Six Months Ended June 30,
Interest cost	$	21		$	3		$	26		$	4		$	2	$	2
Expected return on plan assets	(35		)	(1		)	(42		)	(2		)
Service cost				4						3
Amortization of net actuarial loss	14			3			12			3
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)	$	—		$	9		$	(4	)	$	8		$	2	$	2

Pension expense for 2018 increased versus the same period in 2017 as a result of a lower assumed return on plan assets and an increase in amortization of the net actuarial loss in the U.S., partially offset by lower interest expense. The components of net periodic benefit cost other than the service cost component are included in other expense, net in the consolidated statement of operations.

Plan termination — In October 2017, upon authorization by the Dana Board of Directors, we commenced the process of terminating one of our U.S. defined benefit pension plans. Ultimate plan termination is subject to regulatory approval and to prevailing market conditions and other considerations, including interest rates and annuity pricing. In the event that approvals are received and we proceed with effecting termination, settlement of the plan obligations is expected to occur in the first half of 2019. At December 31, 2017, this plan had benefit obligations of $1,064 and assets of $900. The benefit obligations have been valued at the amount expected to be required to settle the obligations, using assumptions regarding the portion of obligations expected to be settled through participant acceptance of lump sum payments or annuities and the cost to purchase those annuities. The unrecognized actuarial losses of the plan in AOCI totaled $369 at the end of 2017. If the settlement is effected as expected in 2019, the plan's deferred actuarial losses remaining in AOCI at that time will be recognized as expense.

Note 12. Marketable Securities



	June 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Cost		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Fair Value		Cost		Unrealized Gain (Loss)		Fair Value
U.S. government securities	$	3	$	—	$	3	$	3	$	—	$	3
Corporate securities	5				5		5				5
Certificates of deposit	24				24		27				27
Other	5				5		4		1		5
Total marketable securities	$	37	$	—	$	37	$	39	$	1	$	40

U.S. government securities include bonds issued by government-sponsored agencies and Treasury notes. Corporate securities are primarily debt securities. Other consists of investments in mutual and index funds. U.S. government securities, corporate debt and certificates of deposit maturing in one year or less, after one year through five years and after five years through ten years total $25, $4 and $3 at June 30, 2018.

Note 13. Financing Agreements

Long-term debt at —



	Interest Rate		June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Senior Notes due September 15, 2023	6.000%		$	300		$	300
Senior Notes due December 15, 2024	5.500%		425			425
Senior Notes due April 15, 2025	5.750%	*	400			400
Senior Notes due June 1, 2026	6.500%	*	375			375
Term Facility			275			275
Other indebtedness			30			29
Debt issuance costs			(20		)	(22		)
			1,785			1,782
Less: Current portion of long-term debt			20			23
Long-term debt, less debt issuance costs			$	1,765		$	1,759

In conjunction with the issuance of the April 2025 Notes we entered into 8-year fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps which have the effect of economically converting the April 2025 Notes to euro-denominated debt at a fixed rate of 3.850%. In conjunction with the issuance of the June 2026 Notes we entered into 10-year fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps which have the effect of economically converting the June 2026 Notes to euro-denominated debt at a fixed rate of 5.140%. See Note 14 for additional information.

Interest on the senior notes is payable semi-annually and interest on the Term Facility is payable quarterly. Other indebtedness includes borrowings from various financial institutions, capital lease obligations, the unamortized fair value adjustment related to a terminated interest rate swap and the financial liability related to build-to-suit leases. See Note 14 for additional information on the terminated interest rate swap.

Senior notes activity — On September 18, 2017, we redeemed the remaining $350 of our September 2021 Notes at a price equal to 102.688% plus accrued and unpaid interest. The $13 loss on extinguishment of debt includes the $10 redemption premium and the $3 write-off of previously deferred financing costs associated with the September 2021 Notes.

On April 4, 2017, Dana Financing Luxembourg S.à r.l., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dana, issued $400 in senior notes (April 2025 Notes) at 5.750%, which are guaranteed by Dana. The April 2025 Notes were issued through a private placement and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act). The April 2025 Notes were offered only to qualified institutional buyers in reliance on Rule 144A under the Securities Act and, outside the United States, only to non-U.S. investors in reliance on Regulation S under the Securities Act. The April 2025 Notes rank equally with Dana's other unsecured senior notes. Interest on the notes is payable on April 15 and October 15 of each year. The April 2025 Notes will mature on April 15, 2025. Net proceeds of the offering totaled $394. Financing costs of $6 were recorded as deferred costs and are being amortized to interest expense over the life of the April 2025 Notes. The proceeds from the offering were used to repay indebtedness of our BPT and BFP subsidiaries, repay indebtedness of a wholly-owned subsidiary in Brazil, redeem $100 of our September 2021 Notes and for general corporate purposes. The September 2021 Notes were redeemed on April 4, 2017 at a price equal to 104.031% plus accrued and unpaid interest. The $6 loss on extinguishment of debt includes the $4 redemption premium and the $1 write-off of previously deferred financing costs associated with the September 2021 Notes and the $1 redemption premium associated with the repayment of indebtedness of a wholly-owned subsidiary in Brazil. In conjunction with the issuance of the April 2025 Notes, we entered into 8-year fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps which have the effect of economically converting the April 2025 Notes to euro-denominated debt at a fixed rate of 3.850%. See Note 14 for additional information.

Credit agreement — On August 17, 2017, we entered into an amended credit and guaranty agreement comprised of a $275 term facility (the Term Facility) and a $600 revolving credit facility (the Revolving Facility) both of which mature on August 17, 2022. On September 14, 2017, we drew the entire amount available under the Term Facility. Net proceeds from the Term Facility draw totaled $274. Financing costs of $1 were recorded as deferred cost and are being amortized to interest expense over the life of the Term Facility. We are required to make equal quarterly installments on the last day of each fiscal quarter of 1.5625% of the initial aggregate principal amount of the Term Facility commencing on September 30, 2018. We may prepay

some or all of Term Facility without penalty. Any prepayments made on the Term Facility would be applied against the required quarterly installments. The proceeds from the Term Facility were used to repay our September 2021 Notes and for general corporate purposes. The Revolving Facility amended our previous revolving credit facility. In connection with the Revolving Facility, we paid $2 in deferred financing costs to be amortized to interest expense over the life of the facility. Deferred financing costs on our Revolving Facility are included in other noncurrent assets.

The Term Facility and the Revolving Facility are guaranteed by all of our wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries subject to certain exceptions (the guarantors) and grants a first-priority lien on substantially all of the assets of Dana and the guarantors, subject to certain exceptions.

Advances under the Term Facility and the Revolving Facility bear interest at a floating rate based on, at our option, the base rate or Eurodollar rate (each as described in the revolving credit agreement) plus a margin as set forth below:



	Margin
Total Net Leverage Ratio	Base Rate		Eurodollar Rate
Less than or equal to 1.00:1.00	0.50	%	1.50	%
Greater than 1.00:1.00 but less than or equal to 2.00:1.00	0.75	%	1.75	%
Greater than 2.00:1.00	1.00	%	2.00	%

We have elected to pay interest on our advance under the Term Facility at the Eurodollar Rate. The interest rate on the Term Facility, inclusive of the applicable margin, was 4.084% as of June 30, 2018.

Commitment fees are applied based on the average daily unused portion of the available amounts under the Revolving Facility as set forth below:



Total Net Leverage Ratio	Commitment Fee
Less than or equal to 1.00:1.00	0.250	%
Greater than 1.00:1.00 but less than or equal to 2.00:1.00	0.375	%
Greater than 2.00:1.00	0.500	%

Up to $275 of the Revolving Facility may be applied to letters of credit, which reduces availability. We pay a fee for issued and undrawn letters of credit in an amount per annum equal to the applicable margin for Eurodollar rate advances based on a quarterly average availability under issued and undrawn letters of credit under the Revolving Facility and a per annum fronting fee of 0.125%, payable quarterly.

As of June 30, 2018, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility but we had utilized $21 for letters of credit. We had availability at June 30, 2018 under the Revolving Facility of $579 after deducting the outstanding letters of credit.

Debt covenants — At June 30, 2018, we were in compliance with the covenants of our financing agreements. Under the Term Facility, Revolving Facility and the senior notes, we are required to comply with certain incurrence-based covenants customary for facilities of these types and, in the case of the Term Facility and Revolving Facility, a maintenance covenant requiring us to maintain a first lien net leverage ratio not to exceed 2.00 to 1.00.

Note 14. Fair Value Measurements and Derivatives

In measuring the fair value of our assets and liabilities, we use market data or assumptions that we believe market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability including assumptions about risk when appropriate. Our valuation techniques include a combination of observable and unobservable inputs.

Fair value measurements on a recurring basis — Assets and liabilities that are carried in our balance sheet at fair value are as follows:



			Fair Value
Category	Balance Sheet Location	Fair Value Level	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Available-for-sale securities	Marketable securities	1	$	5	$	5
Available-for-sale securities	Marketable securities	2	32		35
Currency forward contracts
Cash flow hedges	Accounts receivable - Other	2	2		1
Cash flow hedges	Other accrued liabilities	2	5		5
Undesignated	Accounts receivable - Other	2	1		1
Undesignated	Other accrued liabilities	2	4		3
Currency swaps
Cash flow hedges	Other noncurrent liabilities	2	161		177

Fair Value Level 1 assets and liabilities reflect quoted prices in active markets. Fair Value Level 2 assets and liabilities reflect the use of significant other observable inputs.

Fair value of financial instruments — The financial instruments that are not carried in our balance sheet at fair value are as follows:



	June 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Senior notes	$	1,500	$	1,507	$	1,500	$	1,592
Term Facility	275		275		275		275
Other indebtedness*	30		24		29		22
Total	$	1,805	$	1,806	$	1,804	$	1,889


*	The carrying value includes the unamortized portion of a fair value adjustment related to a terminated interest rate swap at both dates. The carrying value and fair value also include a financial liability associated with certain build-to-suit lease arrangements at December 31, 2017.

The fair values of our senior notes and Term Facility are estimated based upon a market approach (Level 2) while the fair value of our other indebtedness is based upon an income approach (Level 2). The fair value of the Term Facility approximates its carrying value as it is a floating-rate facility. See Note 13 for additional information about our financing agreements.

Fair value measurements on a nonrecurring basis — Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These are long-lived assets that are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstances. These assets include intangible assets and property, plant and equipment which may be written down to fair value when they are held for sale or as a result of impairment.

Interest rate derivatives — Our portfolio of derivative financial instruments periodically includes interest rate swaps designed to mitigate our interest rate risk. As of June 30, 2018, no fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps remain outstanding. However, a $6 fair value adjustment to the carrying amount of our December 2024 Notes, associated with a fixed-to-floating interest rate swap that had been executed but was subsequently terminated during 2015, remains deferred at June 30, 2018. This amount is being amortized as a reduction of interest expense through the period ending December 2024, the scheduled maturity date of the December 2024 Notes. The amount amortized as a reduction of interest expense was not material during the three or six months ended June 30, 2018.

Foreign currency derivatives — Our foreign currency derivatives include forward contracts associated with forecasted transactions, primarily involving the purchases and sales of inventory through the next eighteen months, as well as currency swaps associated with certain recorded external notes payable and intercompany loans receivable and payable. Periodically, our foreign currency derivatives also include net investment hedges of certain of our investments in foreign operations.

In 2017, in conjunction with the issuance of €281 of euro-denominated intercompany notes payable, issued by certain of our Luxembourg subsidiaries (the "Luxembourg Intercompany Notes") and payable to USD-functional Dana, Inc., we executed fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps with the same critical terms as the Luxembourg Intercompany Notes. The risk management objective of these swaps is to eliminate the variability in the functional-currency-equivalent cash flows due to changes in the euro / U.S. dollar exchange rates associated with the forecasted principal and interest payments.

In 2017, in conjunction with the issuance of the $400 of U.S. dollar-denominated April 2025 Notes by euro-functional Dana Financing Luxembourg S.à r.l., we executed fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps with the same critical terms as the April 2025 Notes to eliminate the variability in the functional-currency-equivalent cash flows due to changes in the U.S. dollar / euro exchange rates associated with the forecasted principal and interest payments.

In 2016, in conjunction with the issuance of the $375 of U.S. dollar-denominated June 2026 Notes by euro-functional Dana Financing Luxembourg S.à r.l., we executed fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps with the same critical terms as the June 2026 Notes to eliminate the variability in the functional-currency-equivalent cash flows due to changes in the U.S. dollar / euro exchange rates associated with the forecasted principal and interest payments.

All of the underlying designated financial instruments, and any subsequent replacement debt, have been designated as the hedged items in each respective cash flow hedge relationship, as shown in the table below. Designated as cash flow hedges of the forecasted principal and interest payments of the underlying designated financial instruments, or subsequent replacement debt, all of the swaps economically convert the underlying designated financial instruments into the functional currency of each respective holder. The impact of the interest rate differential between the inflow and outflow rates on all fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps is recognized during each period as a component of interest expense.

The following fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps were outstanding at June 30, 2018:



Underlying Financial Instrument						Derivative Financial Instrument
Description	Type	Face Amount		Rate		Designated Notional Amount		Traded Amount		Inflow Rate		Outflow Rate
June 2026 Notes	Payable	$	375	6.50	%	$	375	€	338	6.50	%	5.14	%
April 2025 Notes	Payable	$	400	5.75	%	$	400	€	371	5.75	%	3.85	%
Luxembourg Intercompany Notes	Receivable	€	281	3.91	%	€	281	$	300	6.00	%	3.91	%

All of the swaps are expected to be highly effective in offsetting the corresponding currency-based changes in cash outflows related to the underlying designated financial instruments. Based on our qualitative assessment that the critical terms of all of the underlying designated financial instruments and all of the associated swaps match and that all other required criteria have been met, we do not expect to incur any ineffectiveness. As effective cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of the swaps will be recorded in OCI during each period. Additionally, to the extent the swaps remain effective, the appropriate portion of AOCI will be reclassified to earnings each period as an offset to the foreign exchange gain or loss resulting from the remeasurement of the underlying designated financial instruments. See Note 13 for additional information about the June 2026 Notes and the April 2025 Notes.

In the event our ongoing assessment demonstrates that the critical terms of either the swaps or the underlying designated financial instruments have changed, or that there have been adverse developments regarding counterparty risk, we will use the long haul method to assess ineffectiveness of the hedging relationship. To the extent the swaps are no longer effective, changes in their fair values will be recorded in earnings.

The total notional amount of outstanding foreign currency forward contracts, involving the exchange of various currencies, was $316 at June 30, 2018 and $306 at December 31, 2017. The total notional amount of outstanding foreign currency swaps, including the fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps, was $1,103 at June 30, 2018 and $1,112 at December 31, 2017.

The following currency derivatives were outstanding at June 30, 2018:



		Notional Amount (U.S. Dollar Equivalent)
Functional Currency	Traded Currency	Designated as Cash Flow Hedges		Undesignated		Total		Maturity
U.S. dollar	Mexican peso, euro	$	119			$	119	Sep-19
Euro	U.S. dollar, Canadian dollar, Hungarian forint, British pound, Swiss franc, Indian rupee, Russian ruble, Chinese renminbi	44		6		50		Sep-19
British pound	U.S. dollar, Euro	2				2		May-19
Swedish krona	U.S. dollar, Euro	13				13		Jun-19
South African rand	U.S. dollar, Euro, Thai baht	11		2		13		May-19
Thai baht	U.S. dollar			12		12		Dec-18
Canadian dollar	U.S. dollar	16		6		22		Sep-19
Brazilian real	Euro, U.S. dollar	4		34		38		Jun-19
Indian rupee	U.S. dollar, British pound, Euro			47		47		Dec-19
Total forward contracts		209		107		316

U.S. dollar	Euro	775				775		Sep-23
Euro	U.S. dollar	328				328		Jun-26
Total currency swaps		1,103		—		1,103
Total currency derivatives		$	1,312	$	107	$	1,419

Cash flow hedges — With respect to contracts designated as cash flow hedges, changes in fair value during the period in which the contracts remain outstanding are reported in OCI to the extent such contracts remain effective. Effectiveness is measured by using regression analysis to determine the degree of correlation between the change in the fair value of the derivative instrument and the change in the associated foreign currency exchange rates. Changes in fair value of contracts not designated as cash flow hedges or as net investment hedges are recognized in other expense, net in the period in which the changes occur. Realized gains and losses from currency-related forward contracts associated with forecasted transactions or from other derivative instruments, including those that have been designated as cash flow hedges and those that have not been designated, are recognized in the same line item in the consolidated statement of operations in which the underlying forecasted transaction or other hedged item is recorded. Accordingly, amounts are potentially recorded in sales, cost of sales or, in certain circumstances, other expense, net.

The following table provides a summary of the impact of derivative instruments that have been designated as cash flow hedges on AOCI during the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2018.



	Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
	Forward Contracts			Cross-Currency Swaps			Total Cash Flow Hedges
Balance in AOCI at March 31, 2018, before tax	$	6		$	(83	)	$	(77	)
Gain (loss) recorded in OCI	(9		)	67			58
(Gain) loss reclassified from AOCI to the consolidated statement of operations				(64		)	(64		)
Balance in AOCI at June 30, 2018, before tax	$	(3	)	$	(80	)	$	(83	)

Balance in AOCI at December 31, 2017, before tax	$	(4	)	$	(64	)	$	(68	)
Gain (loss) recorded in OCI	3			17			20
(Gain) loss reclassified from AOCI to the consolidated statement of operations	(2		)	(33		)	(35		)
Balance in AOCI at June 30, 2018, before tax	$	(3	)	$	(80	)	$	(83	)

The following table provides a summary of the location and amount of gains or losses recognized in the consolidated statement of operations associated with cash flow hedging relationships.



	Location and Amount of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income on Cash Flow Hedging Relationships
	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow Hedges	Net sales		Cost of sales		Other expense, net
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the consolidated statement of operations in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded	$	2,054	$	1,746	$	10
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships
Cross-currency swaps
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	—		—		64

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	Net sales		Cost of sales		Other expense, net
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the consolidated statement of operations in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded	$	4,192	$	3,577	$	10
Gain or (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships
Foreign currency forwards
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	1		1		—
Cross-currency swaps
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	—		—		33

The amounts reclassified from AOCI into income for the cross-currency swaps represent an offset to a foreign exchange loss on our foreign currency-denominated intercompany and external debt instruments.

Certain of our hedges of forecasted transactions have not formally been designated as cash flow hedges. As undesignated forward contracts, the changes in the fair value of such contracts are included in earnings for the duration of the outstanding forward contract. Any realized gain or loss on the settlement of such contracts is recognized in the same period and in the same line item in the consolidated statement of operations as the underlying transaction. The following table provides a summary of the location and amount of gains or losses recognized in the consolidated statement of operations associated with undesignated hedging relationships.



	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018		Six Months Ended June 30, 2018		Location of Gain or (Loss) Recognized in Income
Foreign Exchange Forward Contracts	(2	)	(3	)	Cost of sales

Net investment hedges — We periodically designate derivative contracts or underlying non-derivative financial instruments as net investment hedges. With respect to contracts designated as net investment hedges, we apply the forward method, but for non-derivative financial instruments designated as net investment hedges, we apply the spot method. Under both methods, we report changes in fair value in the cumulative translation adjustment (CTA) component of OCI during the period in which the contracts remain outstanding to the extent such contracts and non-derivative financial instruments remain effective.

In 2017, we designated the principal amount of an existing non-derivative Mexican peso-denominated intercompany note payable (the "MXN-denominated intercompany note") by Dana European Holdings Luxembourg S.à r.l. to Dana de Mexico Corporacion S. de R.L. de C.V., one of our Mexican subsidiaries, as a net investment hedge of the equivalent portion of the investment in the associated Mexican operations. At June 30, 2018, the principal amount of the MXN-denominated intercompany note is 1,465 Mexican pesos, or approximately $73. During the first six months of 2018, we recorded a deferred gain of $1 in the CTA component of OCI associated with the MXN-denominated intercompany note. On a cumulative basis, as of June 30, 2018, a deferred loss of $1 has been recorded in the CTA component of OCI for this non-derivative instrument. Amounts recorded in CTA remain deferred in AOCI until such time as the investments in the associated subsidiaries are substantially liquidated. See also Note 7.

Amounts to be reclassified to earnings — Deferred gains or losses associated with effective cash flow hedges of forecasted transactions are reported in AOCI and are reclassified to earnings in the same periods in which the underlying transactions affect earnings. Amounts expected to be reclassified to earnings assume no change in the current hedge relationships or to June 30, 2018 exchange rates. Deferred losses of $3 at June 30, 2018 are expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months, compared to deferred losses of $4 at December 31, 2017. Amounts reclassified from AOCI to earnings arising from the discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting treatment were not material during the first six months of 2018.

Note 15. Commitments and Contingencies

Product liabilities — We had accrued $10 and $7 for product liability costs at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. We had also recognized $15 and $9 as expected amounts recoverable from third parties at the respective dates. The increases in the liability and recoverable amounts at June 30, 2018 reflect the adjustment of the estimated cost, net of payments made, and the expected recovery of an insured matter. Payments made to claimants have preceded the recovery of amounts from third parties, resulting in a recoverable amount in excess of the total liability at both dates. We estimate these liabilities based on current information and assumptions about the value and likelihood of the claims against us.

Environmental liabilities — Accrued environmental liabilities were $9 at June 30, 2018 and $8 at December 31, 2017. We consider the most probable method of remediation, current laws and regulations and existing technology in estimating our environmental liabilities. Other accounts receivable included a related recoverable from insurers or other parties of $2 at June 30, 2018.

Guarantee of lease obligations — In connection with the divestiture of our Structural Products business in 2010, leases covering three U.S. facilities were assigned to a U.S. affiliate of the acquirer, Metalsa. Under the terms of the sale agreement, we will guarantee the affiliate’s performance under the leases, which run through June 2025, including approximately $6 of annual payments. In the event of a required payment by Dana as guarantor, we are entitled to pursue full recovery from Metalsa of the amounts paid under the guarantee and to take possession of the leased property.

Other legal matters — We are subject to various pending or threatened legal proceedings arising out of the normal course of business or operations. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such matters, we cannot state what the eventual outcome of these matters will be. However, based on current knowledge and after consultation with legal counsel, we believe that any liabilities that may result from these proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.

Note 16. Warranty Obligations

We record a liability for estimated warranty obligations at the dates our products are sold. We record the liability based on our estimate of costs to settle future claims. Adjustments to our estimated costs at time of sale are made as claim experience and other new information becomes available. Obligations for service campaigns and other occurrences are recognized as adjustments to prior estimates when the obligation is probable and can be reasonably estimated.

Changes in warranty liabilities —



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Balance, beginning of period	$	76		$	73		$	76		$	66
Acquisitions	1						1			8
Amounts accrued for current period sales	8			8			18			15
Adjustments of prior estimates				2						5
Settlements of warranty claims	(8		)	(11		)	(19		)	(23		)
Currency impact	(2		)	2			(1		)	3
Balance, end of period	$	75		$	74		$	75		$	74

The 2017 Acquisitions line includes approximately $4 related to the acquisition of BFP and BPT that is subject to recovery from the seller.

Note 17. Income Taxes

We estimate the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year and use that rate to provide for income taxes in interim reporting periods. We also recognize the tax impact of certain unusual or infrequently occurring items, including changes in judgment about valuation allowances and effects of changes in tax laws or rates, in the interim period in which they occur.

We have generally not recognized tax benefits on losses generated in several entities where the recent history of operating losses does not allow us to satisfy the “more likely than not” criterion for the recognition of deferred tax assets. Consequently, there is no income tax expense or benefit recognized on the pre-tax income or losses in these jurisdictions as valuation allowances are adjusted to offset the associated tax expense or benefit. We believe that it is reasonably possible that a valuation allowance of up to $8 related to a subsidiary in Argentina will be released in the next twelve months.

We record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. Net interest expense for the periods presented herein is not significant.

In December 2017, the U.S. government introduced broad ranging tax reform with the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Act"). Among the tax reforms was a reduction of the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. Other provisions in the Act include changes in the taxation of dividends of foreign source earnings, including the taxation of potential deemed dividends as described below.

We reported an income tax benefit of $4 and income tax expense of $31 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and income tax expense of $44 and $61 for the respective six-month periods. Our effective tax rates were 16% and 30% for the first six months of 2018 and 2017. The lower 2018 tax expense was attributable to several discrete items in this year's second quarter. During the second quarter of 2018, we recognized a benefit of $46 related to U.S. state law changes and the development and implementation of a tax planning strategy which adjusted federal tax credits, federal and state net operating losses and the associated valuation allowances. Partially offsetting this benefit was $7 of expense to settle outstanding tax matters in a foreign jurisdiction and foreign taxes related to cash repatriation actions. Excluding these items, the effective tax rate would be 31% for the 2018 six-month period. Our effective income tax rates vary from the U.S. federal statutory rates of 21% and 35% due to establishment, release and adjustment of valuation allowances in several countries, nondeductible expenses and deemed income, local tax incentives in several countries outside the U.S., different statutory tax rates outside the U.S. and withholding taxes related to repatriations of international earnings. The effective income tax rate may vary significantly due to fluctuations in the amounts and sources, both foreign and domestic, of pretax income and changes in the amounts of non-deductible expenses. Although the tax reform in the U.S. reduced the statutory tax rate to 21% for 2018, the effects of the lower rate were offset in part by the effects of increased nondeductible expenses and the global intangible low taxes income provisions which result in a certain amount of foreign earnings being subjected to U.S. tax.

Prior to implementing the tax reform provisions of the Act, we provided for U.S. federal income and non-U.S. withholding taxes on the earnings of our non-U.S. operations that are not considered to be permanently reinvested. Due to passage of the Act, dividends of earnings from non-U.S. operations are generally no longer subjected to U.S. income tax. We continue to analyze and adjust the estimated tax impact of the income and non-U.S. withholding tax liabilities based on the amounts and sources of these earnings.

Beginning in 2018, the Act may also trigger a taxable deemed dividend to the extent that the annual earnings of our foreign subsidiaries exceed a specified threshold, based on the value of tangible foreign operating assets. The deemed dividend, if any, from this global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) may be offset by the use of other tax attributes. Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (SAB 118), issued by the staff of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in December 2017, provides up to one year for a company to make and disclose a policy election as to whether it is recognizing deferred taxes for basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI or recognizing the effect of GILTI as a period cost when incurred. We intend to finalize our GILTI accounting policy during the prescribed measurement period, but the policy was pending as of June 30, 2018. Accordingly, as permitted by SAB 118, we accounted for the tax effect of GILTI as a period cost and included an estimate for GILTI in our effective tax rate for the first six months of 2018.

Note 18. Other Expense, Net



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Non-service cost components of pension and OPEB costs	$	(4	)	$	(1	)	$	(7	)	$	(3	)
Government grants and incentives	3			2			5			4
Foreign exchange loss	(2		)	(1		)	(4		)	(3		)
Strategic transaction expenses, net of transaction breakup fee income	(8		)	(6		)	(7		)	(17		)
Amounts attributable to previously divested/closed operations				3						3
Other, net	1			2			3			4
Other expense, net	$	(10	)	$	(1	)	$	(10	)	$	(12	)

Foreign exchange gains and losses on cross-currency intercompany loan balances that are not of a long-term investment nature are included above. Foreign exchange gains and losses on intercompany loans that are permanently invested are reported in OCI.

Strategic transaction expenses relate primarily to costs incurred in connection with acquisition and divestiture related activities, including integration costs. Strategic transaction expenses in 2018 were primarily attributable to our bid to acquire the driveline business of GKN plc. and our acquisition of TM4 and were partially offset by a $40 transaction breakup fee associated with the GKN plc. transaction. Strategic transaction expenses in 2017 were primarily attributable to our acquisitions of BFP and BPT from Brevini and USM – Warren from USM. See Note 2 for additional information.

Note 19. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

We generate revenue from selling production parts to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and service parts to OEMs and aftermarket customers. While we provide production and service parts to certain OEMs under awarded multi-year programs, these multi-year programs do not contain any commitment to volume by the customer. As such, individual customer releases or purchase orders represent the contract with the customer. Our customer contracts do not provide us with an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date throughout the contract term. As such, we recognize part sales revenue at the point in time when the parts are shipped, and risk of loss has transferred to the customer. We have elected to continue to include shipping and handling fees billed to customers in revenue, while including costs of shipping and handling in costs of sales. Taxes collected from customers are excluded from revenues and credited directly to obligations to the appropriate government agencies. Payment terms with our customers are established based on industry and regional practices and generally do not exceed 180 days.

Certain of our customer contracts include rebate incentives. We estimate expected rebates and accrue the corresponding refund liability, as a reduction of revenue, at the time covered product is sold to the customer based on anticipated customer purchases during the rebate period and contractual rebate percentages. Under prior accounting guidance rebate reserves were reflected as a reduction of accounts receivable - trade as rebates are generally net settled through the issuance of a credit to the customer's account. Refund liabilities are included in other accrued liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. We provide standard fitness for use warranties on the products we sell, accruing for estimated costs related to product warranty obligations at time of sale. See Note 16 for additional information.

Contract liabilities are primarily comprised of cash deposits made by customers with cash in advance payment terms. Generally, our contract liabilities turn over frequently given our relatively short production cycles. Contract liabilities were $10 and $9 at June 30, 2018 and January 1, 2018. Contract liabilities are included in other accrued liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet.

Disaggregation of revenue —

The following table disaggregates revenue for each of our operating segments by geographical market:



Three Months Ended June 30, 2018	Light Vehicle		Commercial Vehicle		Off-Highway		Power Technologies		Total
North America	$	598	$	230	$	37	$	148	$	1,013
Europe	86		72		375		113		646
South America	50		79		7		4		140
Asia Pacific	139		30		66		20		255
Total	$	873	$	411	$	485	$	285	$	2,054

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
North America	$	1,264	$	445	$	74	$	301	$	2,084
Europe	181		144		761		232		1,318
South America	93		161		14		10		278
Asia Pacific	285		61		128		38		512
Total	$	1,823	$	811	$	977	$	581	$	4,192

Note 20. Segments

We are a global provider of high-technology products to virtually every major vehicle and engine manufacturer in the world. We also serve the stationary industrial market. Our technologies include drive and motion products (axles, driveshafts, planetary hub drives, power-transmission products, tire-management products, transmissions, and motors, power inverters and controls systems for electric vehicles); sealing solutions (gaskets, seals, heat shields, and fuel-cell plates); thermal-management technologies (transmission and engine oil cooling, battery and electronics cooling, and exhaust-gas heat recovery); and fluid-power products (pumps, valves, motors, and controls). We serve our global light vehicle, medium/heavy vehicle and off-highway markets through four operating segments – Light Vehicle Driveline Technologies (Light Vehicle), Commercial Vehicle Driveline Technologies (Commercial Vehicle), Off-Highway Drive and Motion Technologies (Off-Highway) and Power Technologies, which is the center of excellence for sealing and thermal-management technologies that span all customers in our on-highway and off-highway markets. These operating segments have global responsibility and accountability for business commercial activities and financial performance.

Dana evaluates the performance of its operating segments based on external sales and segment EBITDA. Segment EBITDA is a primary driver of cash flows from operations and a measure of our ability to maintain and continue to invest in our operations and provide shareholder returns. Our segments are charged for corporate and other shared administrative costs. Segment EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

Segment information —



	2018							2017
Three Months Ended June 30,	External Sales		Inter-Segment Sales			Segment EBITDA		External Sales		Inter-Segment Sales			Segment EBITDA
Light Vehicle	$	873	$	36		$	92	$	803	$	34		$	93
Commercial Vehicle	411		28			41		357		24			30
Off-Highway	485		3			79		395		1			57
Power Technologies	285		6			39		285		3			41
Eliminations and other			(73		)					(62		)
Total	$	2,054	$	—		$	251	$	1,840	$	—		$	221

Six Months Ended June 30,
Light Vehicle	$	1,823	$	69		$	195	$	1,564	$	63		$	182
Commercial Vehicle	811		54			75		686		47			58
Off-Highway	977		5			151		723		1			102
Power Technologies	581		11			84		568		7			91
Eliminations and other			(139		)					(118		)
Total	$	4,192	$	—		$	505	$	3,541	$	—		$	433

Upon our adoption of ASU 2017-07 on January 1, 2018, we changed our measurement of segment profit to exclude the non-service cost components of pension and OPEB costs. See Note 1 for additional information on ASU 2017-07. Prior period segment EBITDA amounts have not been recast due to the insignificance of the adjustments. Had the prior period amounts been recast to conform with the current presentation, segment EBITDA for the second quarter and the first half of 2017 would have been $93 and $182 for Light Vehicle, $30 and $59 for Commercial Vehicle, $57 and $102 for Off-Highway and $43 and $94 for Power Technologies.

Prior to the third quarter of 2017, our Crossville, Tennessee distribution center rolled up within our Commercial Vehicle operating segment for purposes of inter-segment sales reporting. Beginning in the third quarter of 2017, the distribution center has been split between our Commercial Vehicle and Off-Highway operating segments. This change in management reporting has resulted in a decrease in the inter-segment sales reported by our Off-Highway operating segment. Prior period amounts have been recast to conform with the current presentation. This change in management reporting had no impact on segment reporting of external sales or segment EBITDA.

Reconciliation of segment EBITDA to consolidated net income —



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Segment EBITDA	$	251		$	221		$	505		$	433
Corporate expense and other items, net	(5		)	(4		)	(11		)	(11		)
Depreciation	(60		)	(55		)	(124		)	(104		)
Amortization of intangibles	(2		)	(3		)	(5		)	(6		)
Non-service cost components of pension and OPEB costs	(4		)				(7		)
Restructuring	(7		)	(10		)	(8		)	(12		)
Stock compensation expense	(5		)	(6		)	(9		)	(10		)
Strategic transaction expenses, net of transaction breakup fee income	(8		)	(6		)	(7		)	(17		)
Acquisition related inventory adjustments				(8		)				(14		)
Other items	(5		)	(2		)	(5		)	(3		)
Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible asset	(20		)				(20		)
Adjustment in fair value of disposal group held for sale	3						3
Amounts attributable to previously divested/closed operations				3						3
Earnings before interest and income taxes	138			130			312			259
Loss on extinguishment of debt				(6		)				(6		)
Interest expense	(23		)	(27		)	(47		)	(54		)
Interest income	2			2			5			5
Earnings before income taxes	117			99			270			204
Income tax expense (benefit)	(4		)	31			44			61
Equity in earnings of affiliates	6			5			12			10
Net income	$	127		$	73		$	238		$	153

Note 21. Equity Affiliates

We have a number of investments in entities that engage in the manufacture of vehicular parts – primarily axles, driveshafts, wheel-end braking systems and motors, power inverters and controls systems for electric vehicles – supplied to OEMs.

Equity method investments exceeding $5 at June 30, 2018 —



	Ownership Percentage	Investment
Dongfeng Dana Axle Co., Ltd. (DDAC)	50%	$	91
Prestolite E-Propulsion Systems Limited (PEPS)	50%	102
Bendix Spicer Foundation Brake, LLC	20%	46
Axles India Limited	48%	9
Taiway Ltd.	28%	5
All others as a group		5
Investments in equity affiliates		258
Investments in affiliates carried at cost		2
Investments in affiliates		$	260

Summarized financial information for DDAC —



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Sales	$	240	$	210	$	487	$	400
Gross profit	$	26	$	27	$	52	$	51
Earnings before income taxes	$	9	$	2	$	15	$	10
Net income	$	9	$	1	$	14	$	8
Dana's equity in earnings of affiliate	$	4	$	—	$	6	$	3

Our equity in earnings of DDAC was reduced by $3 during the second quarter of 2017 due to charges associated with the anticipated transfer and conversion of certain assets to the local government.

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Dollars in millions)

Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and accompanying notes in this report.

Forward-Looking Information

Statements in this report (or otherwise made by us or on our behalf) that are not entirely historical constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements can often be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “believes,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “projects,” “outlook,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “potential,” “continue,” “ongoing” and similar expressions, variations or negatives of these words. These statements represent the present expectations of Dana Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries (Dana) based on our current information and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties. Our plans, actions and actual results could differ materially from our present expectations due to a number of factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this report and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances that may arise after the date of this report.

Management Overview

Dana is headquartered in Maumee, Ohio, and was incorporated in Delaware in 2007. We are a global provider of high-technology products to virtually every major vehicle and engine manufacturer in the world. We also serve the stationary industrial market. Our technologies include drive and motion products (axles, driveshafts, planetary hub drives, power-transmission products, tire-management products, and transmissions); sealing solutions (gaskets, seals, heat shields, and fuel-cell plates); thermal-management technologies (transmission and engine oil cooling, battery and electronics cooling, and exhaust-gas heat recovery); and fluid-power products (pumps, valves, motors, and controls). We serve our global light vehicle, medium/heavy vehicle and off-highway markets through four business units – Light Vehicle Driveline Technologies (Light Vehicle), Commercial Vehicle Driveline Technologies (Commercial Vehicle), Off-Highway Drive and Motion Technologies (Off-Highway) and Power Technologies, which is the center of excellence for sealing and thermal-management technologies that span all customers in our on-highway and off-highway markets. We have a diverse customer base and geographic footprint, which minimizes our exposure to individual market and segment declines. At June 30, 2018, we employed approximately 31,800 people, operated in 33 countries and had 140 major facilities housing manufacturing and distribution operations, service and assembly operations, technical and engineering centers and administrative offices.

External sales by operating segment for the periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:



	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018				2017				2018				2017
			% of				% of				% of				% of
	Dollars		Total		Dollars		Total		Dollars		Total		Dollars		Total
Light Vehicle	$	873	42.5	%	$	803	43.6	%	$	1,823	43.5	%	$	1,564	44.2	%
Commercial Vehicle	411		20.0	%	357		19.4	%	811		19.3	%	686		19.4	%
Off-Highway	485		23.6	%	395		21.5	%	977		23.3	%	723		20.4	%
Power Technologies	285		13.9	%	285		15.5	%	581		13.9	%	568		16.0	%
Total	$	2,054			$	1,840			$	4,192			$	3,541

See Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I for further financial information about our operating segments.

Our internet address is www.dana.com. The inclusion of our website address in this report is an inactive textual reference only and is not intended to include or incorporate by reference the information on our website into this report.

Operational and Strategic Initiatives

Our enterprise strategy builds on our strong technology foundation and leverages our resources across the organization while maintaining a customer centric focus, expanding our global markets, and accelerating the commercialization of new technology as we evolve into the era of vehicle electrification.

Central to our strategy is leveraging our core operations by sharing our capabilities, technology, assets, and knowledge across the enterprise, leading to improved execution and increased customer satisfaction. Through streamlining and rationalizing our manufacturing activities we have significantly improved our profitability and margins, and we believe additional opportunities remain to further optimize our manufacturing footprint and improve our cost performance. Leveraging investments across multiple end markets and making disciplined, value enhancing acquisitions will allow us to bring product to market faster, grow our top-line sales and enhance financial returns.

Strengthening customer centricity and expanding global markets are key elements of our strategy that focus on market penetration. Foundational to growing the business is directing the entire organization to putting the customer at the center of our value system and shifting from transactional to relationship-based interactions. These relationships are built on a foundation of providing unparalleled technology with exceptional quality, delivery, and value. With even stronger relationships we will be better positioned to support our customers’ most important global and flagship programs and capitalize on future growth opportunities.

We continue to enhance and expand our global footprint, optimizing it to capture growth across all our end markets. Specifically, our manufacturing and technology center footprint positions us to support customers globally – an important factor as many of our customers are increasingly focused on common solutions for global platforms. Our acquisition of the Brevini operations in 2017 (see Acquisitions section below) provided us with operational presence in eight additional countries, while also providing us with additional opportunities to leverage our global footprint to support the needs across all our businesses. Shortly following the acquisition, we were able to consolidate certain Brevini activities in China, allowing us to utilize an acquired facility to support our Power Technologies business in China.

While growth opportunities are present in each region of the world, we have a primary focus on building our presence and local capability in the Asia Pacific region. Over the last few years, we have opened two new engineering facilities in the region, gear manufacturing facilities in India and Thailand, and are currently developing a new light vehicle assembly facility in China that is scheduled to commence operations in 2018.

In addition to Asia, we see further growth opportunity in Eastern Europe. A new gear manufacturing facility in Hungary commenced operations in 2018. This is our third facility in the country and will give us the capability to cost effectively manufacture gears, one of our core technologies, and efficiently service our customers within the region.

The final two elements of our enterprise strategy, commercializing new technology and accelerating hybridization and electrification, focus on opportunities for product expansion. Bringing new innovations to market as industry leading products will drive growth as our new products and technology provide our customers with cutting-edge solutions, address end user needs and capitalize on key market trends. An example is our industry leading electronically disconnecting all-wheel drive technology, which we believe is the most fuel efficient rapidly disconnecting system in the market, that will be utilized on a Ford Motor Company global vehicle platform – opening new commercial channels for us in the passenger car, crossover and sport utility vehicle markets. The above-referenced new assembly facility in China will support this new program. We are continuing to re-purpose our internal resources to focus additional efforts on advancing technologies that will support our electrification initiatives, while also advancing additive manufacturing and other disruptive technologies.

Initiatives to capitalize on evolving hybridization and electrification vehicle trends are a core ingredient of our current strategy. In addition to our current technologies in battery cooling and fuel cells, this element of our strategy is leveraging our electronics controls expertise across all our business units and applications such as advanced vehicle hybridization and electrification initiatives. We are working with customers to develop new solutions for those markets where electrification will be adopted first such as hybrids, buses, and urban delivery vehicles. These new solutions, which include advanced electric propulsion systems with fully integrated motors and controls, are included in our recently launched Spicer® Electrified™ portfolio of products. Working with our joint venture partner, our latest integrated e-axle was launched during the first quarter of 2018 in a bus application in China. Our investment in TM4 in June 2018 (see Acquisitions section below) adds electric motors and inverters to our product portfolio enhancing our range of hybrid and electric vehicle solutions for customers across all three of our end markets.

The development and implementation of our enterprise strategy is positioning Dana to grow profitably due to increased customer focus as we leverage our core capabilities, expand into new markets, develop and commercialize new technologies including for hybrid and electric vehicles.

Capital Structure Initiatives

In addition to investing in our business, we plan to continue prioritizing the allocation of capital to reduce debt and maintain a strong financial position. In January 2018, we announced our intention to drive toward investment grade metrics as part of a balanced approach to our capital allocation priorities and our goal of further strengthening our balance sheet.

Shareholder return actions — When evaluating capital structure initiatives, we balance our growth opportunities and shareholder value initiatives with maintaining a strong balance sheet and access to capital. Our strong financial position has enabled us to simplify our capital structure while providing returns to our shareholders in the form of cash dividends and a reduction in the number of shares outstanding. From program inception in 2012 through December 31, 2017, we returned $1,481 of cash to shareholders by redeeming all of our preferred stock and repurchasing common shares. We repurchased approximately 74 million shares, inclusive of the common share equivalent reduction resulting from redemption of preferred shares. With the availability under the previous authorization having expired, our Board of Directors authorized a new $200 share repurchase program effective in 2018 which expires at the end of 2019. During the second quarter of 2018, we used cash of $25 to repurchase common shares under the current program. We declared and paid quarterly common stock dividends over the past five and a half years, raising the dividend from five cents to six cents per share in the second quarter of 2015. In recognition of our strong financial performance and confidence in our financial outlook, our Board approved an additional four cents per share increase in the quarterly dividend to ten cents per share in 2018.

Financing actions — We have taken advantage of the lower interest rate environment to complete refinancing transactions in each of the past four years that resulted in lower effective interest rates while extending maturities. In 2017, we completed a $400 2025 note offering and entered into a $275 floating rate term loan. The proceeds of these issuances were used to repay higher cost international debt and to repay $450 of 2021 notes. In connection with amending our credit agreement to effectuate the term loan, we also increased our revolving credit facility by $100, providing us with $600 of back-up liquidity through 2022. Additionally, in 2017 we commenced the process of terminating one of our U.S. pension plans. This action allows us to effectively eliminate pension obligations and the associated future funding risk associated with interest rate and other market developments. We expect the termination action to be completed in 2019.

Other Initiatives

Aftermarket opportunities — We have a global group dedicated to identifying and developing aftermarket growth opportunities that leverage the capabilities within our existing businesses – targeting increased future aftermarket sales. In January 2016, we completed the acquisition of Magnum® Gaskets' (Magnum) aftermarket distribution business, providing us access to new customers for sealing products and an additional aftermarket channel for other products. Powered by recognized brands such as Dana®, Spicer®, Victor Reinz®, Glaser®, GWB®, Thompson®, Tru-Cool®, SVL®, and Transejes™, Dana delivers a broad range of aftermarket solutions – including genuine, all makes, and value lines – servicing passenger, commercial and off-highway vehicles across the globe.

Selective acquisitions — Although transformational opportunities like the GKN plc driveline business transaction that we pursued earlier this year will be considered when strategically and economically attractive, our acquisition focus is principally directed at “bolt-on” or adjacent acquisition opportunities that have a strategic fit with our existing core businesses, particularly opportunities that support our enterprise strategy and enhance the value proposition of our product offerings. Any potential acquisition will be evaluated in the same manner we currently consider customer program opportunities and other uses of capital – with a disciplined financial approach designed to ensure profitable growth and increased shareholder value.

Re-focusing advance technology resources — When we obtained Variglide® planetary variator technology through an acquisition in 2012, the intended market focus was continuously variable transmissions for combustion engine vehicle applications. Although we will continue efforts to commercialize applications in this and other markets, based on our development efforts we believe the technology has application in an electrical powertrain and we intend to concentrate more of our efforts on electrified product applications. With potential key customers for this technology shifting their focus to electrification and other areas, we determined that it was appropriate to fully impair the related $20 in-process research and development intangible asset that was recorded as part of the 2012 acquisition.

Acquisitions

TM4 — On June 22, 2018, we acquired a 55% ownership in TM4 Inc. (TM4) from Hydro-Québec. TM4 designs and manufactures motors, power inverters and control systems for electric vehicles, offering a complementary portfolio to Dana's electric gearboxes and thermal-management technologies for batteries, motors and inverters. The transaction establishes Dana as the only supplier with full e-Drive design, engineering and manufacturing capabilities - offering electro mechanical propulsion solutions to each of our end markets. TM4's technology and advanced manufacturing facility in Boucherville, Quebec will add to our global technical centers, and their 50% interest in a China joint venture provides an opportunity to enhance our position in the fastest growing market for electric vehicles. Inclusive of the joint venture, TM4 has approximately 270 employees. The results of operations of the TM4 business are reported in our Commercial Vehicle operating segment from the date of acquisition. TM4 had an insignificant impact on our consolidated results of operations during the second quarter of 2018.

Cash on hand of $125 was used to acquire the interest in TM4. Dana will consolidate TM4 as the governing documents provide Dana with a controlling financial interest. Reference is made to Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I for the allocation of purchase consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

USM – Warren — On March 1, 2017, we completed the purchase of Warren Manufacturing LLC (USM – Warren), which holds certain assets and liabilities of the former Warren, Michigan production unit of U.S. Manufacturing Corporation (USM). With this transaction, we acquired proprietary tube-manufacturing processes and light-weighting intellectual property for axle tubes and shafts. Significant content was previously purchased from USM. Vertically integrating this content strengthens the supply chain for several of our most strategic customers. The new product and process technologies for light-weighting will assist our customers in achieving their sustainability and fuel efficiency goals. The USM – Warren acquisition added $96 of sales and $12 of adjusted EBITDA in 2017. The results of operations of the USM – Warren business are reported within our Light Vehicle operating segment.

We paid $104 for this business at closing, including $25 to effectively settle trade payable obligations originating from product purchases Dana made from USM prior to the acquisition. No debt was assumed with this transaction which was funded using cash on hand. Post-closing purchase price adjustments for working capital and other items, which totaled less than $1, were received in last year's third quarter. Reference is made to Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I for the allocation of purchase consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed.

BFP and BPT — On February 1, 2017, we acquired 80% ownership interests in Brevini Fluid Power S.p.A. (BFP) and Brevini Power Transmission S.p.A. (BPT) from Brevini Group S.p.A. (Brevini). The acquisition expands our Off-Highway operating segment product portfolio to include technologies for tracked vehicles, doubling our addressable market for off-highway driveline systems and establishing Dana as the only off-highway solutions provider that can manage the power to both move the equipment and perform its critical work functions. This acquisition also brings a platform of technologies that can be leveraged in our light and commercial vehicle end markets, helping to accelerate our hybridization and electrification initiatives. The BFP and BPT acquisitions added $401 of sales and $40 of adjusted EBITDA in 2017. The results of operations of these businesses are reported within our Off-Highway operating segment.

We paid $181 at closing using cash on hand and assumed debt of $181 as part of the transaction. In December 2017, a purchase price reduction of $9 was agreed under the sale and purchase agreement provisions for determination of the net indebtedness and net working capital levels of BFP and BPT as of the closing date. In connection with the acquisition of BFP and BPT, Dana agreed to purchase certain real estate currently being leased by BPT from a Brevini affiliate for €25 by November 1, 2017. Purchase at this date did not occur due to document transfer requirements not having been fully satisfied. Completion of the real estate purchase and receipt of the purchase price adjustment occurred in this year's second quarter with a net cash payment of $20. Reference is made to Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I for the allocation of purchase consideration to assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The terms of the agreement provide Dana the right to call Brevini's noncontrolling interests in BFP and BPT, and Brevini the right to put its noncontrolling interests in BFP and BPT to Dana, assuming Dana does not exercise its call rights, at dates and prices defined in the agreement.

SIFCO — On December 23, 2016, we acquired strategic assets of the commercial vehicle steer axle systems and related forged components businesses of SIFCO. The acquisition enables us to enhance our vertically integrated supply chain, which will further improve our cost structure and customer satisfaction by leveraging SIFCO's extensive experience and knowledge of sophisticated forged components. In addition to strengthening our position as a central source for products that use forged and machined parts throughout the region, this acquisition enables us to better accommodate the local content requirements of our customers, which reduces their import and other region-specific costs.

As part of the acquisition, we added two manufacturing facilities and approximately 1,400 employees. The strategic assets were acquired by Dana free and clear of any liens, claims or encumbrances and without assumption of any legacy liabilities of SIFCO. We had sales of $86 in 2016 resulting from business conducted under the previous supply agreement with SIFCO. The additional business relationships obtained as a result of the acquisition generated incremental sales of $44 in 2017. The results of operations of the SIFCO related business are reported within our Commercial Vehicle operating segment.

The SIFCO purchase price was $70, with the payment of $10 of the purchase price deferred until December 2017 pending any claims under indemnification provisions of the purchase agreement. In December 2017, the parties to the SIFCO transaction entered into a settlement agreement whereby $3 was paid to the seller with the remaining deferred purchase price of $7 being retained by Dana to settle indemnification claims. After the settlement of all indemnification claims, any remaining deferred purchase price will be paid to the seller.

Divestitures

Brazil Suspension Components Operations — In December 2017, we entered into an agreement to divest our Brazil suspension components business (the disposal group). This business is non-core to our enterprise strategy and under-performing financially. We agreed to divest the business for no consideration and contribute $10 of additional cash to the business prior to closing. The disposal group was classified as held for sale at December 31, 2017. We recognized a pre-tax loss of $27 in the fourth quarter of 2017 to adjust the carrying value of the net assets to fair value and to recognize the liability for the additional cash required to be contributed to the business prior to closing. During the first quarter of 2018, the required cash contribution of $10 was made to the disposal group. After being unable to complete the transaction with the counterparty to the December 2017 agreement, we entered into an agreement with another third party in June 2018. The transaction with the new counterparty closed in July 2018. We received cash proceeds of $2, which inclusive of other items, resulted in a reversal of $3 of the previously recognized $27 pre-tax loss during the second quarter of 2018. Reference is made to Note 3 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I for additional information, including the carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities of the disposal group held for sale at June 30, 2018. Sales of the business being divested approximated $23 in 2017.

Dana Companies — On December 30, 2016, we completed the divestiture of Dana Companies, LLC (DCLLC), a consolidated wholly-owned limited liability company that was established as part of our reorganization in 2008 to hold and manage personal injury asbestos claims retained by the reorganized Dana Corporation, which was merged into DCLLC. The assets of DCLLC at time of sale included cash and marketable securities along with the rights to insurance coverage in place to satisfy a significant portion of its liabilities. We received net cash proceeds of $29 at closing on December 30, 2016, with $3 retained by the purchaser subject to the satisfaction of certain future conditions. We recognized a pre-tax loss of $77 in 2016 upon completion of the transaction. We received payment of the retained $3 in the second quarter of 2017 and recognized such amount as income. Following completion of the sale, Dana has no obligation with respect to current or future asbestos claims. The sale of this business also enhanced our available liquidity since the net proceeds from the sale were available for use in our core businesses.

Trends in Our Markets

Global Vehicle Production (Full Year)



				Actual
(Units in thousands)	Dana 2018 Outlook			2017	2016
North America
Light Truck (Full Frame)	4,300	to	4,500	4,331	4,220
Light Vehicle Engines	14,750	to	14,950	14,828	15,913
Medium Truck (Classes 5-7)	245	to	255	246	233
Heavy Truck (Class 8)	300	to	320	255	228
Agricultural Equipment	50	to	60	54	53
Construction/Mining Equipment	170	to	180	157	150
Europe (including Eastern Europe)
Light Truck	10,800	to	11,100	10,276	9,306
Light Vehicle Engines	24,400	to	24,700	24,096	23,287
Medium/Heavy Truck	495	to	510	486	463
Agricultural Equipment	200	to	215	202	193
Construction/Mining Equipment	340	to	355	309	290
South America
Light Truck	1,300	to	1,500	1,235	980
Light Vehicle Engines	2,900	to	3,000	2,412	2,112
Medium/Heavy Truck	100	to	110	89	70
Agricultural Equipment	30	to	35	33	29
Construction/Mining Equipment	8	to	12	9	10
Asia-Pacific
Light Truck	30,000	to	31,000	29,495	27,465
Light Vehicle Engines	53,000	to	54,000	52,543	50,533
Medium/Heavy Truck	1,850	to	2,050	2,039	1,661
Agricultural Equipment	640	to	670	653	648
Construction/Mining Equipment	485	to	505	441	396

North America

Light vehicle markets — Improving economic conditions during the past few years have contributed to strong light vehicle sales and production levels in North America. Overall economic conditions in North America have been relatively favorable with improving employment levels, strong consumer confidence levels and comparatively low/stable fuel prices. Strong sales levels the past few years have significantly reduced the built-up demand to replace older vehicles. As such, the overall North America light vehicle market began to show signs of weakening demand levels in 2017, with total light vehicle sales declining about 2% from 2016. To date, these effects have been most notable in passenger car sales which declined about 5% in 2016 and another 9% in 2017. Light vehicle sales for the first six months of 2018 were comparable with 2017, with higher light truck sales being offset by lower passenger car sales. Helped by continued low fuel prices, light truck market demand has been relatively strong. In the full frame light truck segment where many of our programs are focused, sales increased about 6% in 2016 and another 3% in 2017. Full frame light truck sales for the first half of 2018 were about 3% higher than 2017. Production levels have generally been reflective of light vehicle sales. Production of approximately 17.8 million light vehicles in 2016 declined about 4% to 17.1 million units in 2017. Light vehicle engine production was impacted more by the developments in the passenger car segment, with production in 2017 declining about 7% versus 2016 after increasing 3% year-over-year in 2016. Light vehicle engine production in this year's first six months was down about 4% compared with the first half of 2017. In the key full frame light truck segment, production levels in 2017 increased about 3% compared to 2016 following an increase of 7% in 2016 from the preceding year. First half 2018 full frame light truck production was flat compared to the same period of 2017. Days’ supply of total light vehicles in the U.S. at the end of June 2018 was around 68 days, up from 61 days at the end of December 2017 and lower than the 74 days level at the end of June 2017. In the full frame light truck segment, inventory levels were 73 days at the end of June 2018, up from 64 days at the end of December 2017 but lower than the 84 days of sales at the end of June 2017.

We expect the generally strong North America economic climate to continue for the remainder of 2018, albeit there is some current uncertainty surrounding the potential effects of trade policies and practices being implemented or considered by the existing government leadership in the United States and the potential countermeasures threatened by other countries. Increasing interest rates, high levels of consumer debt and declining used car prices are also developments that could constrict future demand for new vehicles. On balance, we expect North America light vehicle production in 2018 to be stable and at levels comparable to or modestly higher than 2017. Our outlook for light vehicle engine production is down slightly from our April 2018 outlook, with production being relatively comparable to 2017. The full frame light truck segment continues to show relative strength. As such, we have increased our full year 2018 production outlook to now be flat to up 4% from last year.

Medium/heavy vehicle markets — The commercial vehicle market is similarly impacted by many of the same macroeconomic developments impacting the light vehicle market. Production levels in the heavy truck segment were scaled back in 2016 in response to there being more trucks in service than required for freight demand. Class 8 production in 2016 declined 29% from 2015 while medium duty Classes 5-7 production was relatively stable. With the improving economy in 2017 and scaled down build in 2016, there was increased freight-hauling demand and a strengthening order book for new trucks. Class 8 unit production was up about 12% from 2016 while medium-duty production was about 6% higher. As expected, strong demand has continued into 2018, with first half 2018 Class 8 production being up 31% and medium-duty truck production being up 3% compared to the same period of 2017.

Our full year 2018 production outlook for Class 8 trucks of 300,000 to 320,000 units is unchanged from our April outlook. At the current outlook, Class 8 production in 2018 is expected to be 18 to 25% higher than 2017. In the medium duty segment, our outlook of 245,000 to 255,000 vehicles is unchanged, flat to up 4% from 2017.

Markets Outside of North America

Light vehicle markets — Signs of an improved overall European economy have been evident, albeit mixed at times, during the past few years. Reflective of a modestly improved economy, light vehicle production levels have increased with light vehicle engine production being up about 3% in both 2016 and 2017, and light truck production being higher by 9 to 10% in each of the past two years. Overall market stability continued in the first six months of 2018 as light vehicle engine production increased about 2% from the first half of last year and light truck production was up about 10%. The United Kingdom's decision to withdraw from the European Union along with political developments in other European countries has cast an element of uncertainty around continued economic improvement in the region. At present, we expect overall stable to improving economic conditions across the entire region in 2018. Our full year 2018 outlook for light vehicle engines is down slightly from April, with engine production levels expected to be up 1 to 3% over 2017. Our light truck production outlook for the year was increased from April, with production now expected to be about 5 to 8% higher than last year. After several years of economic weakness in the South America markets, indicators of an improving economy were evident in 2017 with light vehicle engine production up about 14% compared to 2016 and light truck production higher by about 26%. Continued overall market improvement is expected in 2018. This year's first half light vehicle engine and light truck production levels were up about 18% and 9% from the same period of 2017. Our full year outlook for light vehicle engine build and light truck production is unchanged from April 2018. Full-year light vehicle engine build is expected to be 20 to 24% higher than 2017, with light truck production being up 5 to 21%. The Asia Pacific markets have been relatively strong the past few years. Light truck production increased 14% in 2016 and was up another 7% in 2017, while light vehicle engine production increased 7% in 2016 and another 4% in 2017. Overall markets in the region are expected to be relatively stable in 2018. First half 2018 light vehicle engine build was up 3% while light truck production was higher by about 5% when compared with last year's first six months. Our full year 2018 outlook for the Asia Pacific light vehicle markets is up slightly, with light vehicle engine production and light truck production expected to be about 1 to 5% higher than 2017.

Medium/heavy vehicle markets — Some of the same factors referenced above that affected light vehicle markets outside of North America similarly affected the medium/heavy markets, albeit with improvements in the medium/heavy truck market being a little slower to manifest. Signs of a strengthening European market emerged in 2016 and 2017 with medium/heavy truck production increasing 7% in 2016 and 5% in 2017. A stable, slightly improving market continued in the first half of this year with production increasing about 2% compared with the same period last year. Our full year outlook was increased from April 2018, reflecting strong 2018 medium/heavy truck production levels that are now expected to be 2 to 5% higher than last year. A weakening South America economic climate contributed to medium/heavy truck production declining 20% in 2016. As with the light vehicle markets, improving economic conditions in the region helped drive a rebound in full-year 2017 medium/heavy truck production to an increase of 28% compared to 2016. Continued market recovery has occurred in 2018, with first half medium/heavy truck production about 33% higher than the first six months of 2017. Production over the remainder of the year is expected to remain comparable to levels in the second half of 2017 and first half of this year. Our full year 2018 medium/heavy truck production outlook for the region was increased from April 2018, with full year production now expected to be up 12 to 24% from 2017. A stronger than expected China market and an improving India market contributed to an

increase in medium/heavy truck production in the Asia Pacific region of about 20% in 2016 and 23% in 2017. Production levels in 2017 were driven partly by China regulatory changes limiting axle load and weight. With some pre-buy in 2017 having likely occurred during the second half of 2017 as a result of the China regulatory actions, 2018 medium/heavy truck production is expected to be comparable to down slightly from 2017. Production in this year's first six months was up about 9% from the first half of 2017, however that level of build is not expected to continue over the remainder of the year. Our current full year 2018 medium/heavy truck production outlook for the Asia Pacific region is unchanged, with production expected to be comparable to down 9% compared with 2017.

Off-Highway Markets — Our off-highway business has a large presence outside of North America, with more than 75% of its sales coming from Europe and more than 10% from South America and Asia Pacific combined. We serve several segments of the diverse off-highway market, including construction, agriculture, mining and material handling. Our largest markets are the construction/mining and agricultural equipment segments which had been relatively weak for several years until beginning to rebound in 2017. Global demand in the agriculture market was down about 11% in 2014, 7% in 2015 and 5% in 2016. The construction/mining segment weakened about 4% in 2014, 11% in 2015 and 3% in 2016. With the uplift in market demand last year, global production in 2017 was up about 2% in the agriculture segment and up 8% in the construction/mining segment when compared to the previous year. With generally stable to improving economic conditions in all regions, further strengthening of demand is expected in 2018, particularly in the construction/mining market segment. Our full year 2018 outlook is unchanged from April 2018. In the agriculture segment, forecasted global demand is expected to be down 2% to up 4% from 2017. In the construction/mining market segment forecasted demand is expected to be up about 9 to 15% compared to 2017.

Foreign Currency

With more than 55% of our sales coming from outside the U.S., international currency movements can have a significant effect on our sales and results of operations. The euro zone countries accounted for approximately 46% of our non-U.S. sales, with Brazil, Thailand, China, India and Mexico each accounting for 6 to 9% of our six-month non-U.S. sales in 2018. Although sales in Argentina and South Africa have been less than 5% of our non-U.S. sales, exchange rate movements of those countries have been volatile and significantly impacted sales from time to time. Translation of our international activities at average exchange rates in 2016 as compared to average rates in 2015 reduced sales by $173. A weaker Argentine peso, British pound, Mexican peso, South African rand and Brazilian real reduced sales by $70, $23, $19, $18 and $11, while the euro was relatively stable in 2016. International currencies strengthened against the U.S. dollar in 2017, increasing 2017 sales by $54. A stronger euro, Brazilian real, Thai baht and South African rand more than offset a weaker Argentine peso. Further overall strengthening of international currencies is currently expected to increase sales in 2018. Stronger international currencies for this year's first six months as compared to exchange rates in the first half of 2017 increased sales by $110, with the euro providing $104 of the increase. Based on our current sales and exchange rate outlook for 2018, we expect overall stronger international currencies to increase full year 2018 sales by about $50 when compared with 2017. At sales levels in our current outlook for 2018, a 5% movement on the euro would impact our annual sales by approximately $100. A 5% change on the Brazilian real, British pound, Thai baht, Mexican peso, Indian rupee and Chinese yuan rates would impact our annual sales in each of those countries by approximately $10 to $20.

During the second quarter of 2018, we determined that Argentina's economy met the GAAP definition of a highly inflationary economy. In assessing Argentina's economy as highly inflationary we considered its three-year cumulative inflation rate along with other factors. As a result, effective July 1, 2018, the functional currency for our Argentine operations will be the U.S. dollar, rather than the Argentine peso. Beginning July 1, 2018, peso-denominated monetary assets and liabilities will be remeasured into U.S. dollars using current Argentine peso exchange rates with resulting translation gains or losses included in results of operations. Nonmonetary assets and liabilities will be remeasured into U.S. dollar using historic Argentine peso exchange rates. Reference is made to Note 1 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I for additional information.

International Markets

Trade actions initiated by the U.S. imposing tariffs on imports have been met with retaliatory tariffs by other countries, adding a level of tension and uncertainty to the global economic environment. These and other actions are likely to impact trade policies with other countries and the overall global economy. The United Kingdom's decision to exit the European Union ("Brexit") continues to provide some uncertainty and potential volatility around European currencies, along with uncertain effects of future trade and other cross-border activities of the United Kingdom with the European Union and other countries.

The Brazil market is an important market for our Commercial Vehicle segment, representing about 20% of this segment's first-half 2018 sales. Our medium/heavy truck sales in Brazil accounted for 80% of our first-half 2018 sales in the country.

Reduced market demand resulting from the weak economic environment in Brazil in 2015 led to production levels in the light vehicle and medium/heavy duty truck markets that were lower by about 22% and 44% from 2014. Continued weakness in 2016 resulted in further reductions in medium/heavy truck production of about 20% and a light vehicle production decline of around 10%. As a consequence, sales by our operations in Brazil for 2016 approximated $200, down from about $500 in 2014. In response to the challenging economic conditions in this country, we implemented restructuring and other cost reduction actions and reduced costs to the extent practicable. As discussed in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of our 2017 Form 10-K, we completed a transaction in December 2016 that provided us with the underlying assets and personnel supporting our pre-existing business with a supplier along with some incremental business. With this transaction, we enhanced our competitive position in the market and are positioned to benefit as the Brazilian markets continue to recover. The Brazilian economy rebounded in 2017, leading to increased medium/heavy truck and light truck production of more than 25% from 2016 in each of those segments. Further economic improvement and increased production is expected in 2018. Sales in this year's first six months are up 28% from the same period of last year as medium/heavy truck production was 38% higher than the same period of 2017 and light truck production was up about 12% from last year.

As indicated above, Argentina has experienced significant inflationary pressures the past few years, contributing to significant devaluation of its currency among other economic challenges. Our Argentine operation supports our Light Vehicle operating segment. Our sales in Argentina for the first six months of 2018 of approximately $60 are less than 2% of our consolidated sales and our net asset exposure related to Argentina was approximately $24, including $6 of net fixed assets, at June 30, 2018.

Commodity Costs

The cost of our products may be significantly impacted by changes in raw material commodity prices, the most important to us being those of various grades of steel, aluminum, copper and brass. The effects of changes in commodity prices are reflected directly in our purchases of commodities and indirectly through our purchases of products such as castings, forgings, bearings and component parts that include commodities. Most of our major customer agreements provide for the sharing of significant commodity price changes with those customers. Where such formal agreements are not present, we have historically been successful implementing price adjustments that largely compensate for the inflationary impact of material costs. Material cost changes will customarily have some impact on our financial results as customer pricing adjustments typically lag commodity price changes.

Prices for commodities such as steel and aluminum have risen over the past year, in part due to strong global demand and more recently due to imposition of tariffs on these products. Higher commodity prices reduced year-over-year second quarter and six-month earnings in 2018 by approximately $24 and $42, as compared to year-over-year earnings reductions of $14 and $19 from higher commodity prices in the same periods last year. Material recovery and other pricing actions increased second-quarter and first-half 2018 earnings by $18 and $22 compared to the same periods last year, whereas pricing and recovery actions increased year-over-year second-quarter and first-half 2017 earnings by $2 and $4.

Commodity costs have not been significantly impacted by recently imposed tariff actions between the U.S. and China. Our commodity purchases from China and export sales to China are not material. Tariff actions implemented with other countries have similarly not had a material impact on us. NAFTA related actions if implemented could have significant effects.

Sales, Earnings and Cash Flow Outlook



	2018 Outlook	2017		2016
Sales	~$8,050	$	7,209	$	5,826
Adjusted EBITDA	~$980	$	835	$	660
Net cash provided by operating activities	~7.5% of Sales	$	554	$	384
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	~4.0% of Sales	$	393	$	322
Free Cash Flow	~3.5% of Sales	$	161	$	62

Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow are non-GAAP financial measures. See the Non-GAAP Financial Measures discussion below for definitions of our non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliations to the most directly comparable U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) measures. We have not provided a reconciliation of our adjusted EBITDA outlook to the most comparable GAAP measure of net income. Providing net income guidance is potentially misleading and not practical given the difficulty of projecting event driven transactional and other non-core operating items that are included in net income, including restructuring actions, asset impairments and certain income tax adjustments. The accompanying

reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures with the most comparable GAAP measures for the historical periods presented are indicative of the reconciliations that will be prepared upon completion of the periods covered by the non-GAAP guidance.

Weaker international currencies relative to the U.S. dollar reduced sales in 2016 by $173. Adjusted for currency, 2016 sales were relatively comparable with the preceding year, with new customer programs largely offsetting the impacts of overall weaker end user demand across our global businesses. We experienced uneven end user markets, with some being relatively strong and others somewhat weak, and the conditions across the regions of the world differing quite dramatically. In 2017, acquisitions net of divestitures increased sales by $500. Currencies in several international regions where we do business strengthened against the U.S dollar in 2017, providing a sales tailwind of $54. Adjusted for net acquisition and currency effects, sales last year increased $829, an organic increase of 14%, primarily from strengthening market demand in our global off-highway business, improving vehicle markets outside the U.S. and continued strong demand on key North America light truck programs. Our net new business backlog contributed about $225. Further increases in sales in each of our operating segments are expected in 2018, with net new business about $300 and strengthening overall market demand. A full year impact from our 2017 acquisitions and stronger international currencies are also expected to increase this year's sales. Based primarily on stronger market demand, we currently expect 2018 full year sales outlook to be about $8,050 – the high end our April outlook of $7,750 to $8,050.

Adjusted EBITDA margin as a percent of sales remained relatively constant at around 11% in 2016 as we aligned our cost with weaker demand levels in certain markets. We continue to focus on margin improvement through right sizing and rationalizing our manufacturing operations, implementing other cost reduction initiatives and ensuring that customer programs are competitively priced. We achieved Adjusted EBITDA margin growth in 2017 to 11.6% as we benefited from the operating leverage attributable to increased sales volumes, while at the same time digesting and integrating several acquisitions. Increased Adjusted EBITDA, with margin exceeding 12% in 2018, is anticipated as we expect to benefit from higher margins on net new business, improve cost performance and realize synergies from the integration of our recent acquisitions, more than offsetting the increased investment we expect to make in 2018 to support our electrification strategy initiatives and some increased costs attributable to higher than expected demand levels. Our current outlook expects improved margin performance during the second half of the year. Based on our first-half performance and current expectations for the remainder of the year, we maintained our full year outlook for Adjusted EBITDA at $980 – in the range of our April outlook of $950 to $1,010.

We have generated positive free cash flow in recent years while increasing capital spending to support organic business growth through launching new business with customers. Lower free cash flow in 2016 was primarily attributable to our continued success in being awarded significant new customer programs. Although not scheduled to begin production until 2018 or later, many of these programs required capital investment beginning in 2016. As such, cash used for capital investments in 2016 was $322 or 5.5% of sales and $62 higher than in 2015. The elevated level of capital spending for new customer programs continued into 2017 with our capital expenditures of $393 also being 5.5% of sales. Despite the increase in capital spending of $71 in 2017, a stronger earnings performance contributed to an increase in operating cash flows of $170 which resulted in free cash flow of $161 – 2.2% of sales and $99 higher than in 2016. With the required capital to support new programs beginning to dissipate and return to more typical levels, we expect capital expenditures in 2018 to approximate $325, about 4% of sales. A continued growth in earnings is expected to benefit 2018 operating cash flows along with a reduced amount of one-time transaction-related cash expenditures that were incurred in 2017 to facilitate acquisitions. Partially offsetting the benefit from higher earnings and lower transaction expenditures is an expected higher level of cash taxes and working capital investment. Our current outlook for full year 2018 has free cash flow being around 3.5% of sales, consistent with our April 2018 outlook. We currently expect to generate free cash flow of about $280, up slightly from our April 2018 outlook of $275.

Among our Operational and Strategic Initiatives are increased focus on and investment in product technology – delivering products and technology that are key to bringing solutions to issues of paramount importance to our customers. Our success on this front is measured, in part, by our sales backlog – net new business received that will be launching in the future and adding to our base annual sales. This backlog excludes replacement business and represents incremental sales associated with new programs for which we have received formal customer awards. At December 31, 2017, our sales backlog of net new business for the 2018 through 2020 period was $800, a 7% increase from the $750 three-year sales backlog at the end of 2016. The increased three-year sales backlog at December 31, 2017 reflects continued new business wins, as the expected impacts of revised market volumes and currency effects were minimal.

Summary Consolidated Results of Operations (Second Quarter, 2018 versus 2017)



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018					2017
	Dollars			% of Net Sales		Dollars			% of Net Sales		Increase/ (Decrease)
Net sales	$	2,054				$	1,840				$	214
Cost of sales	1,746			85.0	%	1,563			84.9	%	183
Gross margin	308			15.0	%	277			15.1	%	31
Selling, general and administrative expenses	134			6.5	%	133			7.2	%	1
Amortization of intangibles	2					3					(1		)
Restructuring charges, net	7					10					(3		)
Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible asset	(20		)								(20		)
Adjustment in fair value of disposal group held for sale	3										3
Other expense, net	(10		)			(1		)			(9		)
Earnings before interest and income taxes	138					130					8
Loss on extinguishment of debt						(6		)			6
Interest income	2					2					—
Interest expense	23					27					(4		)
Earnings before income taxes	117					99					18
Income tax expense (benefit)	(4		)			31					(35		)
Equity in earnings of affiliates	6					5					1
Net income	127					73					54
Less: Noncontrolling interests net income	3					5					(2		)
Less: Redeemable noncontrolling interests net loss						(3		)			3
Net income attributable to the parent company	$	124				$	71				$	53

Sales — The following table shows changes in our sales by geographic region.



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Amount of Change Due To
	2018		2017		Increase/(Decrease)		Currency Effects			Organic Change
North America	$	1,013	$	953	$	60	$	—		$	60
Europe	646		558		88		40			48
South America	140		128		12		(25		)	37
Asia Pacific	255		201		54		7			47
Total	$	2,054	$	1,840	$	214	$	22		$	192

Sales in the second quarter of 2018 were $214 higher than in 2017. Stronger international currencies increased sales by $22, principally due to a stronger euro being partially offset by a weaker Argentine peso and Brazilian real. The organic sales increase of $192, or 10%, resulted from stronger light truck, medium/heavy truck and global off-highway markets, and contributions from new business. Pricing actions, including material commodity price and inflationary cost recovery added sales of $18.

The North America organic sales increase was 6%. Although full frame light truck production levels in this year's second quarter were relatively comparable with the same period of 2017, certain of our key light truck programs were stronger than a year ago. Stronger medium/heavy truck production also contributed to the organic sales increase, with Class 8 production up about 21% compared to last year's second quarter and Classes 5-7 production up 4%.

Excluding currency effects attributable primarily to a stronger euro, sales in Europe were 9% higher than in 2017. With our significant Off-Highway presence in the region, increased demand in that market contributed to higher organic sales of about 16% in that operating segment. Sales also benefited from stronger medium/heavy truck production in the region of 2%.

A weaker Argentine peso and Brazilian real reduced South America sales in this year's second quarter. However, more than offsetting this reduction was an organic increase in sales of 29%. Continued economic recovery in the Brazilian market was a

major factor. The region overall experienced stronger production levels, with light truck production up about 4% and medium/heavy truck production higher by 22%.

Asia Pacific sales in the second quarter of 2018 were 27% higher than the same period of 2017. Currency translation increased sales by $7 from a stronger Thai baht and Chinese yuan. Excluding the currency effects, sales increased 23% due primarily to stronger light and medium/heavy production levels, off-highway market demand and contributions from new customer programs.

Cost of sales and gross margin — Cost of sales for the second quarter of 2018 increased $183, or 12%, when compared to 2017. Similar to the factors affecting sales, the increase was primarily due to higher overall sales volumes. Cost of sales as a percent of 2018 sales was comparable to the previous year. The year-over-year increase in cost of sales was due to higher commodity prices which increased material costs by about $24, an increase in engineering and development cost of $11, higher depreciation expense of $5 and premium supply chain costs and manufacturing inefficiencies associated with higher demand levels. Partially offsetting these higher costs were material cost savings of approximately $15, cost synergies from acquisition integration and overall better cost absorption on higher production volume.

Gross margin of $308 for 2018 increased $31 from 2017. Gross margin as a percent of sales was 15.0% in 2018, 10 basis points lower than in 2017. The decline in margin as a percent of sales was driven principally by the cost of sales factors referenced above.

Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) — SG&A expenses in 2018 were $134 (6.5% of sales) as compared to $133 (7.2% of sales) in 2017. Salary and benefits expenses were $6 lower, due in part to higher incentive compensation cost in 2017. Offsetting this reduction were higher discretionary costs of $7, in part due to increased software technology investments and customer support related costs. Contributing to the lower SG&A as a percent of sales were acquisition synergies along with disciplined cost performance despite higher sales volumes.

Restructuring charges — Restructuring charges in the second quarter of 2018 include separation costs of $5 associated with headcount reduction actions in our Brazil operations and corporate functions, in part a result of manufacturing efficiencies implemented in the operations acquired from SIFCO at the end of 2016. In 2017, restructuring charges included $8 for separation cost attributable to headcount reductions in our Off-Highway segment as part of integrating the acquired Brevini operations. Other charges in both periods primarily relate to continuing exit costs associated with previously announced actions.

Impairment charges — During this year's second quarter, we wrote off the in-process research and development intangible assets obtained as part of a 2012 acquisition. Reference is made to the Management Overview & Initiatives section in Item 2 of Part I and Note 4 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I for additional information.

Other expense, net — The following table shows the major components of other expense, net.



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017
Non-service cost components of pension and OPEB costs	(4		)	(1		)
Government grants and incentives	3			2
Foreign exchange loss	(2		)	(1		)
Strategic transaction expenses	(8		)	(6		)
Amounts attributable to previously divested/closed operations				3
Other, net	1			2
Other expense, net	$	(10	)	$	(1	)

Strategic transaction expenses in 2018 relate primarily to the TM4 acquisition completed in this year's second quarter and continued integration costs associated with our 2017 acquisitions. These costs last year were primarily attributable to our 2017 acquisitions of the Brevini and USM operations.

As described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I, in connection with the adoption of new accounting and reporting requirements for defined employee benefit plans, non-service cost components are now classified as other income or expense. Such amounts were previously classified as cost of sales or SG&A expense. The comparative 2017 statement of operations has been revised to reflect the new classification of these costs.

Loss on extinguishment of debt — As discussed in Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I, in 2017 we redeemed $100 of our September 2021 Notes and repaid certain bank debt in Brazil. We incurred redemption premiums of $5 in connection with these repayments and wrote off $1 of previously deferred financing costs associated with the debt that was extinguished.

Interest income and interest expense — Interest income was $2 in both 2018 and 2017. Interest expense decreased from $27 in 2017 to $23 in 2018 due to lower average borrowings and a lower average interest rate on borrowings. During 2017, through debt refinancing and cross-currency swaps, we achieved lower overall interest rates. Average effective interest rates, inclusive of amortization of debt issuance costs, approximated 5.2% and 5.4% in 2018 and 2017.

Income tax expense (benefit) — Income tax expense for the second quarter was $(4) in 2018 and $31 in 2017. The lower 2018 tax expense was attributable to several discrete items. During the second quarter of 2018, we recognized a benefit of $46 related to U.S. state law changes and the development and implementation of a tax planning strategy which adjusted federal tax credits, federal and state net operating losses and the associated valuation allowances. Partially offsetting this benefit was $7 of expense to settle outstanding tax matters in a foreign jurisdiction and foreign taxes related to cash repatriation actions. Excluding these discrete items, the effective tax rate in this year's second quarter was 30%, which compares to an effective rate of 31% in the second quarter of 2017. The effective income tax rates vary from the U.S. federal statutory rates of 21% in 2018 and 35% in 2017 primarily due to valuation allowances in several countries, nondeductible expenses, different statutory rates outside the U.S. and withholding taxes. Although the tax reform in the U.S. reduced the statutory tax rate to 21% for 2018, the effects of the lower rate were offset in part by the effects of increased nondeductible expenses and the global intangible low taxes income provisions which result in a certain amount of foreign earnings being subjected to U.S. tax.

In countries where our history of operating losses does not allow us to satisfy the “more likely than not” criterion for recognition of deferred tax assets, we have generally recognized no income tax on the pre-tax income or losses as valuation allowance adjustments offset the associated tax effects. Consequently, there is no income tax expense or benefit recognized on the pre-tax income or losses in these jurisdictions as valuation allowances are adjusted to offset the associated tax expense or benefit. We believe that it is reasonably possible that a valuation allowance of up to $8 related to a subsidiary in Argentina will be released in the next twelve months.

Equity in earnings of affiliates — Net earnings from equity investments was $6 in 2018 compared with $5 in 2017. Equity in earnings from Bendix Spicer Foundation Brake, LLC (BSFB) was $2 in 2018 and $4 in 2017. Equity in earnings from DDAC was $4 in 2018 and de minimis in 2017, inclusive of a $3 charge for asset transfer and conversion of certain assets.

Summary Consolidated Results of Operations (Year-to-Date, 2018 versus 2017)



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018					2017
	Dollars			% of Net Sales		Dollars			% of Net Sales		Increase/ (Decrease)
Net sales	$	4,192				$	3,541				$	651
Cost of sales	3,577			85.3	%	3,000			84.7	%	577
Gross margin	615			14.7	%	541			15.3	%	74
Selling, general and administrative expenses	264			6.3	%	253			7.1	%	11
Amortization of intangibles	4					5					(1		)
Restructuring charges, net	8					12					(4		)
Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible asset	(20		)								(20		)
Adjustment in fair value of disposal group held for sale	3										3
Other expense, net	(10		)			(12		)			2
Earnings before interest and income taxes	312					259					53
Loss on extinguishment of debt						(6		)			6
Interest income	5					5					—
Interest expense	47					54					(7		)
Earnings before income taxes	270					204					66
Income tax expense	44					61					(17		)
Equity in earnings of affiliates	12					10					2
Net income	238					153					85
Less: Noncontrolling interests net income	5					10					(5		)
Less: Redeemable noncontrolling interests net income (loss)	1					(3		)			4
Net income attributable to the parent company	$	232				$	146				$	86

Sales — The following table shows changes in our sales by geographic region.



	Six Months Ended June 30,						Amount of Change Due To
	2018		2017		Increase/ (Decrease)		Currency Effects			Acquisitions (Divestitures)		Organic Change
North America	$	2,084	$	1,855	$	229	$	4		$	21	$	204
Europe	1,318		1,047		271		116			27		128
South America	278		234		44		(35		)	1		78
Asia Pacific	512		405		107		25			7		75
Total	$	4,192	$	3,541	$	651	$	110		$	56	$	485

Sales in the first half of 2018 were $651 higher than in 2017. Stronger international currencies increased sales by $110, principally due to a stronger euro. The acquisitions of the Brevini and USM operations which occurred in last year's first quarter generated a year-over-year increase in sales of $56. The organic sales increase of $485, or 14%, resulted from stronger light truck markets, strengthening global off-highway demand, stronger medium/heavy truck markets and contributions from new business. Pricing actions, including material commodity price and inflationary cost recovery added sales of $22.

The North America organic sales increase of 11% was driven principally by stronger production levels on certain of our key light truck programs. Although overall full-frame light truck production in this year's first six months was comparable with last year, certain of our key programs had higher production levels, with one of these programs producing outgoing model vehicles along with new model vehicles during this year's first quarter. Stronger medium/heavy truck production in the first half of this year of about 16%, with Class 8 trucks up more than 30% and Classes 5-7 up about 3%, also contributed to higher organic sales.

A stronger euro was the primary driver of the increased sales in Europe due to currency effects. Excluding currency and acquisition effects, sales in Europe were 12% higher than in 2017. With our significant Off-Highway presence in the region,

increased market demand in this segment was a major contributor. Organic sales in this operating segment were up about 22% compared with last year's first six months.

A weaker Argentine peso and Brazilian real reduced South America sales in this year's first half. However, more than offsetting this reduction was an organic increase in sales of 33%. Continued economic recovery in the Brazilian market was a major factor. The region overall experienced stronger production levels, with light truck production up about 9% and medium/heavy truck production higher by about 33%.

Asia Pacific sales in the first half of 2018 were 26% higher than the same period of 2017. Currency translation increased sales by $25, driven by a stronger Thai baht and Chinese yuan. Excluding currency and acquisition effects, sales increased about 19% due primarily to stronger light and medium/heavy production levels, off-highway market demand and contributions from new customer programs.

Cost of sales and gross margin — Cost of sales for the first half of 2018 increased $577, or 19%, when compared to 2017. Similar to the factors affecting sales, the increase was primarily due to higher overall sales volumes and inclusion of a full six months of the acquired businesses. Cost of sales as a percent of 2018 sales was 60 basis points higher than in the previous year. The increased cost of sales as a percent of sales was largely attributable to higher commodity prices which increased material costs by about $42, higher start-up and launch costs of $12 in this year's first quarter, an increase in engineering and development cost of $24, higher depreciation expense of $29 and premium supply chain costs and other manufacturing inefficiencies associated with higher demand levels. Partially offsetting these higher costs were continued material cost savings of approximately $32, incremental costs of $14 in 2017 resulting from recognizing acquired inventory at fair value as part of business combination accounting, cost attributable to acquisition cost synergies from acquisition integration, and overall better cost absorption on higher production volume.

Gross margin of $615 for 2018 increased $74 from 2017. Gross margin as a percent of sales was 14.7% in 2018, 60 basis points lower than in 2017. The decline in margin as a percent of sales was driven principally by the cost of sales factors referenced above.

Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) — SG&A expenses in 2018 were $264 (6.3% of sales) as compared to $253 (7.1% of sales) in 2017. Inclusion of a full six months of the businesses acquired in last year's first quarter contributed $8 of expense. Salaries and benefits expenses increased by $2, with higher incentive compensation expense in last year's first six months providing a comparative reduction. Higher discretionary spending was $9, in part due to increased software technology investments and customer support related costs. Contributing to the lower SG&A as a percent of sales were acquisition synergies along with disciplined cost performance despite higher sales volumes.

Restructuring charges — Restructuring charges of $8 in 2018 include separation costs of $5 in this year's second quarter associated with headcount reduction actions in our Brazil operations and corporate functions, in part a result of manufacturing efficiencies implemented in the operations acquired from SIFCO at the end of 2016. In 2017, restructuring charges included $8 for separation cost attributable to headcount reductions in our Off-Highway segment as part of integrating the acquired Brevini operations. Other charges in both periods primarily relate to continuing exit costs associated with previously announced actions.

Impairment charges — During this year's second quarter, we wrote off the in-process research and development intangible asset recognized as part of a 2012 acquisition. Reference is made to the Management Overview & Initiatives section in Item 2 of Part I and Note 4 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I for additional information.

Other expense, net — The following table shows the major components of other expense, net.



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017
Non-service cost components of pension and OPEB costs	$	(7	)	$	(3	)
Government grants and incentives	5			4
Foreign exchange loss	(4		)	(3		)
Strategic transaction expenses, net of transaction breakup fee income	(7		)	(17		)
Amounts attributable to previously divested/closed operations				3
Other, net	3			4
Other expense, net	$	(10	)	$	(12	)

Significant transaction expenses were incurred in this year's first half in connection with our efforts to acquire the driveline business of GKN plc along with transaction costs associated with other strategic opportunities and continued costs associated with integration of the Brevini and USM operations acquired in last year's first quarter. With our GKN bid not succeeding, we were entitled to a $40 contractual transaction breakup fee that was recognized in this year's first quarter and received in April. Strategic transaction expenses in 2017 are primarily attributable to our acquisitions of the Brevini and USM operations in last year's first quarter.

Interest income and interest expense — Interest income was $5 in both 2018 and 2017. Interest expense decreased from $54 in 2017 to $47 in 2018 primarily due to a lower average interest rate on borrowings. During 2017, through debt refinancing and cross-currency swaps, we achieved lower overall interest rates. Average effective interest rates, inclusive of amortization of debt issuance costs, approximated 5.2% and 5.7% in 2018 and 2017.

Income tax expense — Income tax expense for the first six months was $44 in 2018 and $61 in 2017. The lower 2018 tax expense was attributable to several discrete items in this year's second quarter. During the second quarter of 2018, we recognized a benefit of $46 related to U.S. state law changes and the development and implementation of a tax planning strategy which adjusted federal tax credits, federal and state net operating losses and the associated valuation allowances. Partially offsetting this benefit was $7 of expense to settle outstanding tax matters in a foreign jurisdiction and foreign taxes related to cash repatriation actions. Excluding these discrete items, the effective tax rate for the first six months of 2018 was 31%, equal to the effective rate for the first six months of 2017. The effective income tax rates vary from the U.S. federal statutory rates of 21% in 2018 and 35% in 2017 primarily due to valuation allowances in several countries, nondeductible expenses, different statutory rates outside the U.S. and withholding taxes. Although tax reform in the U.S. reduced the statutory tax rate to 21% for 2018, the effects of the lower rate were offset in part by the effects of increased nondeductible expenses and the global intangible low taxes income provisions which result in a certain amount of foreign earnings being subjected to U.S. tax.

Equity in earnings of affiliates — Net earnings from equity investments was $12 in 2018 compared with $10 in 2017. Equity in earnings from BSFB was $4 in 2018 and $7 in 2017. Equity in earnings from DDAC was $6 in 2018 and $3 in 2017, inclusive of a $3 charge for asset transfer and conversion of certain assets.

Segment Results of Operations (2018 versus 2017)

Light Vehicle



	Three Months								Six Months
	Sales			Segment EBITDA			Segment EBITDA Margin		Sales		Segment EBITDA			Segment EBITDA Margin
2017	$	803		$	93		11.6	%	$	1,564	$	182		11.6	%
Volume and mix	67			18					243		47
Performance	10			(15		)			8		(33		)
Currency effects	(7		)	(4		)			8		(1		)
2018	$	873		$	92		10.5	%	$	1,823	$	195		10.7	%

Light Vehicle sales in the second quarter and first six months of 2018, exclusive of currency effects and increased sales of $18 from the acquisition of USM – Warren on March 1 of last year, were 10% and 15% higher than the same period of 2017. Although overall North America full frame light truck production in this year's first six months was comparable with the first half of 2017, we experienced a significant volume-related sales increase from one of our largest customer programs for which production continued on the outgoing model during this year's first three months concurrent with production of the new model vehicle. Stronger light truck production levels in Europe, South America and Asia Pacific also contributed to higher sales volumes. Customer pricing and cost recovery impacts provided a year-over-year increase in sales of $10 in the second quarter and $8 in the first six months.

Light Vehicle segment EBITDA in this year's second quarter decreased by $1 when compared to the same period of 2017, with segment EBITDA for the first six months higher by $13. Higher sales volumes provided a year-over-year quarterly benefit of $18 and six-month benefit of $47. The year-over-year performance-related earnings reduction in the second quarter resulted from higher engineering and development costs of $7, increased commodity costs of $7, and cost performance and other items which reduced earnings by $15. Net pricing and material cost savings of $10 and $4 provided a partial offset. The six-month performance related reduction was driven by $12 of incremental new program start-up and launch-related costs, primarily attributable to one of our major North American customer programs, higher engineering and development costs of $12, an increase in commodity costs of $9, with premium freight, cost performance and other items reducing segment earnings by $19. Net pricing and material cost savings of $8 and $11 provided a partial offset.

Commercial Vehicle



	Three Months							Six Months
	Sales			Segment EBITDA		Segment EBITDA Margin		Sales		Segment EBITDA			Segment EBITDA Margin
2017	$	357		$	30	8.4	%	$	686	$	58		8.5	%
Volume and mix	54			8				112		21
Performance	6			1				11		(8		)
Currency effects	(6		)	2				2		4
2018	$	411		$	41	10.0	%	$	811	$	75		9.2	%

Excluding currency effects, second-quarter and first-half 2018 sales in our Commercial Vehicle segment increased 17% and 18% compared to last year. The volume-related increase was primarily attributable to higher production levels in North America where Class 8 production in this year's second quarter and first six months was up about 21% and 31% from 2017, and Classes 5-7 production was up 4% and 3%. With the improving economy in Brazil, our sales volume in 2018 benefited from year-over-year higher production levels in that country of around 24% for the second quarter and 38% for the first six months. Also contributing to the higher sales volume was higher first-quarter and first-half production in Europe and Asia Pacific. Customer pricing and cost recovery actions increased year-over-year second-quarter and first-half sales by $6 and $11.

Commercial Vehicle second-quarter segment EBITDA increased by $11 from last year, with first-half earnings higher by $17. Higher sales volumes increased 2018 second-quarter and first-half earnings by $8 and $21. Higher commodity costs decreased performance-related earnings in the second quarter by $7 and in the first half by $14, with net pricing and material recovery actions providing a partial offset of $6 and $11. Year-over year higher material savings improved segment earnings by $3 in the second quarter and $6 for the six-month year-to-date period. Premium freight, cost performance and other items, net,

reduced segment earnings by $1 in this year's second quarter and $11 in the current year's first six months as compared to 2017.

Off-Highway



	Three Months						Six Months
	Sales		Segment EBITDA		Segment EBITDA Margin		Sales		Segment EBITDA		Segment EBITDA Margin
2017	$	395	$	57	14.4	%	$	723	$	102	14.1	%
Volume and mix	65		17				180		43
Performance			4				2		3
Currency effects	25		1				72		3
2018	$	485	$	79	16.3	%	$	977	$	151	15.5	%

A stronger euro contributed to the second quarter and first six months' sales increase from currency translation, with a full first six months of sales from the acquisition of the Brevini BPT and BFP operations on February 1, 2017 providing additional comparative first-half sales of $38. After adjusting for these two items, year-over-year sales in this year's second quarter and first six months were higher by 16% and 20%, primarily from higher global end-market demand.

Off-Highway segment EBITDA increased by $22 in this year's second quarter and $49 in this year's first half when compared with the same periods of 2017. Increased market demand was the primary driver of the volume and mix earnings improvement. The performance-related improvement in second quarter year-over-year earnings was due primarily to material and other cost savings of $11, which more than offset higher commodity costs of $7. For this year's first six months, year-over-year segment earnings benefited from material and other cost savings of $14 and pricing/cost recovery actions of $2, which more than offset higher commodity costs of $13.

Power Technologies



	Three Months								Six Months
	Sales			Segment EBITDA			Segment EBITDA Margin		Sales			Segment EBITDA			Segment EBITDA Margin
2017	$	285		$	41		14.4	%	$	568		$	91		16.0	%
Volume and mix	(12		)	(3		)			(16		)	(5		)
Performance	2			1					1			(4		)
Currency effects	10								28			2
2018	$	285		$	39		13.7	%	$	581		$	84		14.5	%

Power Technologies primarily serves the light vehicle market but also sells product to the medium/heavy truck and off-highway markets. Net of currency effects, second-quarter and first-half 2018 sales were 4% and 3% lower than the same period of last year, primarily due to programs that were scheduled to roll off in this year, along with weaker passenger car demand.

Segment EBITDA in this year's second quarter was lower by $2 when compared to the same period of 2017, while comparative six-month earnings were lower by $7. The performance-related earnings improvement of $1 in the second quarter of this year resulted from material cost savings of $2 and net cost savings and other items of $4, partially offset by higher commodity costs of $3 and increased engineering and development cost of $2. A reduction of $4 in six-month performance-related earnings was driven by higher commodity costs of $6 and increased engineering and development cost of $5, with material cost savings of $4 and other items which improved earnings by $3 providing a partial offset.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA

We have defined adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, equity grant expense, restructuring expense, non-service cost components of pension and other postretirement benefits (OPEB) costs and other adjustments not related to our core operations (gain/loss on debt extinguishment, pension settlements, divestitures, impairment, etc.). Adjusted EBITDA is a measure of our ability to maintain and continue to invest in our operations and provide shareholder returns. We use adjusted EBITDA in assessing the effectiveness of our business strategies, evaluating and pricing potential acquisitions and as a factor in making incentive compensation decisions. In addition to its use by management, we also believe adjusted EBITDA is a measure widely used by securities analysts, investors and others to evaluate financial performance of our company relative to other Tier 1 automotive suppliers. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered a substitute for earnings before income taxes, net income or other results reported in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

The following table provides a reconciliation of net income to adjusted EBITDA.



	Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017		2018		2017
Net income	$	127		$	73	$	238	$	153
Equity in earnings of affiliates	6			5		12		10
Income tax expense (benefit)	(4		)	31		44		61
Earnings before income taxes	117			99		270		204
Depreciation and amortization	62			58		129		110
Restructuring	7			10		8		12
Interest expense, net	21			25		42		49
Acquisition related inventory adjustments				8				14
Impairment of indefinite-lived intangible asset	20					20
Other*	19			17		25		33
Adjusted EBITDA	$	246		$	217	$	494	$	422

Other includes stock compensation expense, non-service cost components of pension and OPEB costs, strategic transaction expenses, net of transaction breakup fees, loss on extinguishment of debt and other items. See Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I for additional details. Non-service cost components of pension and OPEB costs were excluded from adjusted EBITDA in 2018 concurrent with adoption of ASU 2017-07 which required such cost to be classified outside of operating income. While prior period amounts have been reclassified on our consolidated statement of operations for U.S. GAAP reporting purposes, we did not adjust prior period adjusted EBITDA on the basis of materiality. Had we conformed adjusted EBITDA for the second quarter and first half of 2017, adjusted EBITDA would have been $218 and $425, respectively.

Free Cash Flow

We have defined free cash flow as cash provided by (used in) operating activities less purchases of property, plant and equipment. We believe this measure is useful to investors in evaluating the operational cash flow of the company inclusive of the spending required to maintain the operations. Free cash flow is neither intended to represent nor be an alternative to the measure of net cash provided by operating activities reported under GAAP. Free cash flow may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

The following table reconciles net cash flows provided by operating activities to free cash flow.



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	141		$	169		$	113		$	180
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(80		)	(73		)	(145		)	(169		)
Free cash flow	$	61		$	96		$	(32	)	$	11

Liquidity

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents to liquidity, a non-GAAP measure, at June 30, 2018:



Cash and cash equivalents	$	339
Less: Deposits supporting obligations	(5		)
Available cash	334
Additional cash availability from Revolving Facility	579
Marketable securities	37
Total liquidity	$	950

Cash deposits are maintained to provide credit enhancement for certain agreements and are reported as part of cash and cash equivalents. For most of these deposits, the cash may be withdrawn if a comparable security is provided in the form of letters of credit. Accordingly, these deposits are not considered to be restricted.

Marketable securities are included as a component of liquidity as these investments can be readily liquidated at our discretion.

The components of our June 30, 2018 consolidated cash balance were as follows:



	U.S.		Non-U.S.		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	19	$	169	$	188
Cash and cash equivalents held as deposits			5		5
Cash and cash equivalents held at less than wholly-owned subsidiaries	4		142		146
Consolidated cash balance	$	23	$	316	$	339

A portion of the non-U.S. cash and cash equivalents is utilized for working capital and other operating purposes. Several countries have local regulatory requirements that significantly restrict the ability of our operations to repatriate this cash. Beyond these restrictions, there are practical limitations on repatriation of cash from certain subsidiaries because of the resulting tax withholdings and subsidiary by-law restrictions which could limit our ability to access cash and other assets.

The principal sources of liquidity available for our future cash requirements are expected to be (i) cash flows from operations, (ii) cash and cash equivalents on hand and (iii) borrowings from our Revolving Facility. We believe that our overall liquidity and operating cash flow will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for capital expenditures, working capital, debt obligations, common stock repurchases and other commitments during the next twelve months. While uncertainty surrounding the current economic environment could adversely impact our business, based on our current financial position, we believe it is unlikely that any such effects would preclude us from maintaining sufficient liquidity.

At June 30, 2018, we had no outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Facility but we had utilized $21 for letters of credit. We had availability at June 30, 2018 under the Revolving Facility of $579 after deducting the outstanding letters of credit.

At June 30, 2018, we were in compliance with the covenants of our financing agreements. Under the Revolving Facility and our senior notes, we are required to comply with certain incurrence-based covenants customary for facilities of these types. The incurrence-based covenants in the Revolving Facility permit us to, among other things, (i) issue foreign subsidiary indebtedness, (ii) incur general secured indebtedness subject to a pro forma first lien net leverage ratio not to exceed 1.50:1.00 in the case of first lien debt and a pro forma secured net leverage ratio of 2.50:1.00 in the case of other secured debt and (iii) incur additional unsecured debt subject to a pro forma total net leverage ratio not to exceed 3.50:1.00. We may also make dividend payments in respect of our common stock as well as certain investments and acquisitions subject to a pro forma total net leverage ratio of 2.75:1.00. In addition, the Revolving Facility is subject to a financial covenant requiring us to maintain a first lien net leverage ratio not to exceed 2.00:1.00. The indentures governing the senior notes include other incurrence-based covenants that may subject us to additional specified limitations.

Our Board of Directors approved an expansion of our existing common stock share repurchase program from $100 to $200 on March 24, 2018. The share repurchase program expires on December 31, 2019. During the second quarter of 2018, we paid $25 to acquire 1,055,000 shares of common stock in the open market.

From time to time, depending upon market, pricing and other conditions, as well as our cash balances and liquidity, we may seek to acquire our senior notes or other indebtedness or our common stock through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, tender offers, exchange offers or otherwise, upon such terms and at such prices as we may determine (or as may be provided for in the indentures governing the notes), for cash, securities or other consideration. There can be no assurance that we will pursue any such transactions in the future, as the pursuit of any alternative will depend upon numerous factors such as market conditions, our financial performance and the limitations applicable to such transactions under our financing and governance documents.

Cash Flow



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017
Cash used for changes in working capital	$	(232	)	$	(104	)
Other cash provided by operations	345			284
Net cash provided by operating activities	113			180
Net cash used in investing activities	(287		)	(352		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(70		)	3
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(244	)	$	(169	)

The table above summarizes our consolidated statement of cash flows.

Operating activities — Exclusive of working capital, other cash provided by operations was $345 and $284 in 2018 and 2017. The year-over-year increase in other cash provided by operations is primarily attributable to higher operating earnings and higher cash dividends received from equity affiliates in 2018.

Working capital used cash of $232 and $104 in 2018 and 2017. Cash of $256 and $242 was used to finance increased receivables in 2018 and 2017. The higher level of cash required for receivables in 2018 was due primarily to higher year-over-year sales. Cash of $111 and $41 was used to fund higher inventory levels in 2018 and 2017. Partially offsetting cash used for higher receivables and inventory in both 2018 and 2017 was cash provided by increases in accounts payable and other net liabilities of $135 and $179. Cash provided by accounts payable and other liabilities in the first half of 2018 was reduced by payment of higher incentive compensation accrued in 2017. In the first half of 2017, cash generated from increased accounts payable was reduced by a $25 payment in connection with the USM – Warren acquisition to settle trade payable obligations at the date of closing.

Investing activities — Expenditures for property, plant and equipment were $145 and $169 in 2018 and 2017. Although still at elevated levels, capital expenditures have decreased in 2018 with lower requirements to support new business launches with customers. In June 2018, we paid $125 to acquire a 55% ownership in TM4 and, pursuant to our purchase and sale agreement for the BFP and BPT acquisitions in 2017, we made a net payment of $20 to complete a required purchase of real estate and settle purchase price adjustment amounts owed by the seller. During 2017, we paid $104, net of cash and restricted cash acquired, to purchase 80% ownership interests in BFP and BPT and $78 to acquire USM – Warren. During 2018 and 2017, purchases of marketable securities were funded by proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities.

Financing activities — The first six months of 2018 included a cash use of $29 for payment of dividends to common stockholders and a use of $25 to repurchase 1,055,000 common shares. During 2017, DFL completed the issuance of $400 of senior notes and paid financing costs of $6 related to the senior notes. We redeemed $100 of our September 2021 Notes at a $4 premium, repaid indebtedness of a wholly-owned subsidiary in Brazil at a premium of $1 and repaid indebtedness of our BFP and BPT subsidiaries.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

There have been no material changes at June 30, 2018 in our off-balance sheet arrangements from those reported or estimated in the disclosures in Item 7 of our 2017 Form 10-K.

Contractual Obligations

There have been no material changes at June 30, 2018 in our contractual obligations from those reported or estimated in the disclosures in Item 7 of our 2017 Form 10-K.

Contingencies

For a summary of litigation and other contingencies, see Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I. Based on information available to us at the present time, we do not believe that any liabilities beyond the amounts already accrued that may result from these contingencies will have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to use estimates and make judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and the related disclosures. See Item 7 in our 2017 Form 10-K for a description of our critical accounting estimates and Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of our 2017 Form 10-K for our significant accounting policies. There were no changes to our critical accounting estimates in the six months ended June 30, 2018. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q for a discussion of new accounting guidance adopted in the first half of 2018.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes to market risk exposures related to changes in currency exchange rates, interest rates or commodity costs from those discussed in Item 7A of our 2017 Form 10-K.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures — We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that the information disclosed in the reports we file with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, with the participation of our CEO and CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Report on Form 10-Q. Our CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Report on Form 10-Q, our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting — There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. During the quarter ended June 30, 2018, we acquired a 55% ownership interest in TM4 Inc. (TM4) and are currently integrating TM4 into our operations, compliance programs and internal control processes. As permitted by SEC guidance, management intends to exclude TM4 from its assessment of internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.

CEO and CFO certifications — The certifications of our CEO and CFO that are attached to this report as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 include information about our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. These certifications should be read in conjunction with the information contained in this Item 4 and in Item 9A of Part II of our 2017 Form 10-K for a more complete understanding of the matters covered by the certifications.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are a party to various pending judicial and administrative proceedings that arose in the ordinary course of business. After reviewing the currently pending lawsuits and proceedings (including the probable outcomes, reasonably anticipated costs and expenses and our established reserves for uninsured liabilities), we do not believe that any liabilities that may result from these proceedings are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition or results of operations. Legal proceedings are also discussed in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes in our risk factors disclosed in Item 1A of our 2017 Form 10-K.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer's purchases of equity securities — Our Board of Directors approved an expansion of our existing common stock share repurchase program from $100 to $200 on March 24, 2018. The share repurchase program expires on December 31, 2019. We repurchase shares utilizing available excess cash either in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. The stock repurchases are subject to prevailing market conditions, available growth opportunities and other considerations. Under the program, we used cash of $25 to repurchase 1,055,000 shares of our common stock during the second quarter of 2018.



Calendar Month	Class or Series of Securities	Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April	Common					$	200
May	Common	1,055,000	$	23.82	1,055,000	$	175
June	Common					$	175

Item 6. Exhibits



Exhibit No.	Description

3.1	Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Reports on Form 8-K filed May 2, 2018 and incorporated by reference herein.

3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws. Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 2, 2018 and incorporated by reference herein.

31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer. Filed with this Report.

31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer. Filed with this Report.

32	Section 1350 Certifications (pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002). Filed with this Report.

101	The following materials from Dana Incorporated’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Statement of Operations, (ii) the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income, (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheet, (iv) the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows and (v) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Filed with this Report.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, hereunto duly authorized.



		DANA INCORPORATED
Date:	July 25, 2018	By:	/s/ Jonathan M. Collins
			Jonathan M. Collins
			Executive Vice President and
			Chief Financial Officer