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DigitalBridge Group, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2019 March (Form 10-Q)

Table of Contents

 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
ý
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2019
OR
¨

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission file number: 001-37980
COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
 
Maryland
 
46-4591526
 
 
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
515 South Flower Street, 44th Floor
Los Angeles, California 90071
(Address of Principal Executive Offices, Including Zip Code)
  
(310) 282-8820
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý  No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer
ý
 
Accelerated Filer
¨
Non-Accelerated Filer
¨
 
Smaller Reporting Company
¨
 
 
 
Emerging Growth Company
¨
If emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Yes ¨    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý

Table of Contents

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Class
 
Trading Symbol(s)
 
Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value
 
CLNY
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, 8.25% Series B Cumulative Redeemable, $0.01 par value
 
CLNY.PRB
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, 8.75% Series E Cumulative Redeemable, $0.01 par value
 
CLNY.PRE
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, 7.50% Series G Cumulative Redeemable, $0.01 par value
 
CLNY.PRG
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, 7.125% Series H Cumulative Redeemable, $0.01 par value
 
CLNY.PRH
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, 7.15% Series I Cumulative Redeemable, $0.01 par value
 
CLNY.PRI
 
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, 7.125% Series J Cumulative Redeemable, $0.01 par value
 
CLNY.PRJ
 
New York Stock Exchange

As of May 7, 2019, 485,052,708 shares of the Registrant's class A common stock and 733,931 shares of class B common stock were outstanding.
 

Table of Contents

COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Page
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
 
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.

3
Table of Contents

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except per share data)
 
 
March 31, 2019
(Unaudited)
 
December 31, 2018
Assets
 
 
 
 
     Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
321,199

 
$
461,912

     Restricted cash
 
326,635

 
366,758

     Real estate, net
 
14,536,041

 
13,619,014

     Loans receivable, net
 
1,596,673

 
1,659,217

     Equity and debt investments ($425,929 and $238,963 at fair value, respectively)
 
2,769,616

 
2,543,169

     Goodwill
 
1,534,561

 
1,534,561

     Deferred leasing costs and intangible assets, net
 
546,903

 
540,264

Assets held for sale ($223,052 and $269,145 at fair value, respectively)
 
786,467

 
941,258

Other assets ($29,742 and $33,558 at fair value, respectively)
 
757,752

 
503,317

     Due from affiliates
 
45,186

 
45,779

Total assets
 
$
23,221,033

 
$
22,215,249

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
Debt, net
 
$
10,712,788

 
$
10,039,957

Accrued and other liabilities ($314,026 and $141,711 at fair value, respectively)
 
1,037,166

 
707,921

Intangible liabilities, net
 
141,744

 
159,386

Liabilities related to assets held for sale
 
22,435

 
68,217

Dividends and distributions payable
 
83,996

 
84,013

Total liabilities
 
11,998,129

 
11,059,494

Commitments and contingencies (Note 19)
 

 

Redeemable noncontrolling interests
 
7,463

 
9,385

Equity
 
 
 
 
Stockholders’ equity:
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; $1,436,605 liquidation preference; 250,000 shares authorized; 57,464 shares issued and outstanding
 
1,407,495

 
1,407,495

Common stock, $0.01 par value per share
 
 
 
 
Class A, 949,000 shares authorized; 484,775 and 483,347 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
 
4,848

 
4,834

Class B, 1,000 shares authorized; 734 shares issued and outstanding
 
7

 
7

Additional paid-in capital
 
7,610,947

 
7,598,019

Distributions in excess of earnings
 
(2,176,730
)
 
(2,018,302
)
Accumulated other comprehensive income
 
22,138

 
13,999

Total stockholders’ equity
 
6,868,705

 
7,006,052

     Noncontrolling interests in investment entities
 
3,996,206

 
3,779,728

     Noncontrolling interests in Operating Company
 
350,530

 
360,590

Total equity
 
11,215,441

 
11,146,370

Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity
 
$
23,221,033

 
$
22,215,249


The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

4
Table of Contents

COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2019
 
2018
Revenues
 
 
 
 
Property operating income
 
$
540,130

 
$
554,730

Interest income
 
46,250

 
63,854

Fee income ($33,322 and $36,772 from affiliates, respectively)
 
33,500

 
36,842

Other income ($9,845 and $6,793 from affiliates, respectively)
 
13,023

 
11,238

Total revenues
 
632,903

 
666,664

Expenses
 
 
 
 
Property operating expense
 
293,079

 
305,770

Interest expense
 
149,516

 
148,889

Investment and servicing expense
 
18,979

 
18,653

Transaction costs
 
2,504

 
716

Placement fees
 
309

 
123

Depreciation and amortization
 
150,797

 
144,705

Provision for loan loss
 
3,611

 
5,375

Impairment loss
 
25,622

 
153,398

Compensation expense
 
 
 
 
Cash and equity-based compensation
 
34,176

 
49,484

Carried interest and incentive compensation
 
1,051

 
859

Administrative expenses
 
24,014

 
24,740

Total expenses
 
703,658

 
852,712

Other income (loss)
 
 
 
 
     Gain on sale of real estate
 
52,301

 
18,444

     Other gain (loss), net
 
(49,077
)
 
75,256

     Equity method earnings
 
34,065

 
30,117

Equity method earnings—carried interest
 
4,422

 
2,148

Loss before income taxes
 
(29,044
)
 
(60,083
)
     Income tax benefit (expense)
 
(1,111
)
 
32,808

Loss from continuing operations
 
(30,155
)
 
(27,275
)
Income from discontinued operations
 
—

 
117

Net loss
 
(30,155
)
 
(27,158
)
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
 
     Redeemable noncontrolling interests
 
1,444

 
(696
)
     Investment entities
 
49,988

 
19,243

     Operating Company
 
(6,611
)
 
(4,378
)
Net loss attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
 
(74,976
)
 
(41,327
)
Preferred stock dividends
 
27,137

 
31,387

Net loss attributable to common stockholders
 
$
(102,113
)
 
$
(72,714
)
Basic loss per share
 
 
 
 
Loss from continuing operations per basic common share
 
$
(0.21
)
 
$
(0.14
)
Net loss per basic common share
 
$
(0.21
)
 
$
(0.14
)
Diluted loss per share
 
 
 
 
Loss from continuing operations per diluted common share
 
$
(0.21
)
 
$
(0.14
)
Net loss per diluted common share
 
$
(0.21
)
 
$
(0.14
)
Weighted average number of shares
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
478,874

 
530,680

Diluted
 
478,874

 
530,680

Dividends declared per common share
 
$
0.11

 
$
0.11

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

5
Table of Contents

COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2019
 
2018
Net loss
 
$
(30,155
)
 
$
(27,158
)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income from investments in unconsolidated ventures, net
 
4,910

 
1,099

Net change in fair value of available-for-sale debt securities
 
2,064

 
(20,718
)
Net change in fair value of cash flow hedges
 
(663
)
 
—

Foreign currency translation adjustments:
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation gain (loss)
 
(28,246
)
 
76,401

Change in fair value of net investment hedges
 
12,864

 
(24,378
)
Net foreign currency translation adjustments
 
(15,382
)
 
52,023

Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
(9,071
)
 
32,404

Comprehensive income (loss)
 
(39,226
)
 
5,246

Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
 
1,444

 
(696
)
Investment entities
 
32,359

 
49,350

Operating Company
 
(6,098
)
 
(4,258
)
Comprehensive loss attributable to stockholders
 
$
(66,931
)
 
$
(39,150
)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

6
Table of Contents

COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (Continued)
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
 
 
Preferred Stock
 
Common Stock
 
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
Distributions in Excess of Earnings
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
Total Stockholders’ Equity
 
Noncontrolling Interests in Investment Entities
 
Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Company
 
Total Equity
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2017
 
1,606,966

 
5,433

 
7,913,622

 
(1,165,412
)
 
47,316

 
8,407,925

 
3,539,072

 
402,395

 
12,349,392

Cumulative effect of adoption of new accounting pronouncements
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,018
)
 
(202
)
 
(1,220
)
 
—

 
—

 
(1,220
)
Net income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(41,327
)
 
—

 
(41,327
)
 
19,243

 
(4,378
)
 
(26,462
)
Other comprehensive income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,177

 
2,177

 
30,107

 
120

 
32,404

Common stock repurchases
 
—

 
(423
)
 
(246,018
)
 
—

 
—

 
(246,441
)
 
—

 
—

 
(246,441
)
Equity-based compensation
 
—

 
33

 
10,722

 
—

 
—

 
10,755

 
—

 
1,414

 
12,169

Redemption of OP Units for cash and class A common stock
 
—

 
—

 
24

 
—

 
—

 
24

 
—

 
(2,120
)
 
(2,096
)
Shares canceled for tax withholdings on vested stock awards
 
—

 
(29
)
 
(31,723
)
 
—

 
—

 
(31,752
)
 
—

 
—

 
(31,752
)
Deconsolidation of investment entities
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(330,980
)
 
—

 
(330,980
)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
97,867

 
—

 
97,867

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(82,512
)
 
(3,551
)
 
(86,063
)
Preferred stock dividends
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(31,387
)
 
—

 
(31,387
)
 
—

 
—

 
(31,387
)
Common stock dividends declared ($0.11 per share; Note 13)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(55,852
)
 
—

 
(55,852
)
 
—

 
—

 
(55,852
)
Reallocation of equity (Note 2 and 14)
 
—

 
—

 
(11,675
)
 
—

 
(254
)
 
(11,929
)
 
(5,822
)
 
17,751

 
—

Balance at March 31, 2018
 
$
1,606,966

 
$
5,014

 
$
7,634,952

 
$
(1,294,996
)
 
$
49,037

 
$
8,000,973

 
$
3,266,975

 
$
411,631

 
$
11,679,579


The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

7
Table of Contents

COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (Continued)
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
 
 
Preferred Stock
 
Common Stock
 
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
Distributions in Excess of Earnings
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 
Total Stockholders’ Equity
 
Noncontrolling Interests in Investment Entities
 
Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Company
 
Total Equity
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2018
 
$
1,407,495

 
$
4,841

 
$
7,598,019

 
$
(2,018,302
)
 
$
13,999

 
$
7,006,052

 
$
3,779,728

 
$
360,590

 
$
11,146,370

Cumulative effect of adoption of new accounting pronouncement (Note 2)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,905
)
 
—

 
(2,905
)
 
(1,378
)
 
(185
)
 
(4,468
)
Net income (loss)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(74,976
)
 
—

 
(74,976
)
 
49,988

 
(6,611
)
 
(31,599
)
Other comprehensive loss
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
8,045

 
8,045

 
(17,629
)
 
513

 
(9,071
)
Common stock repurchases
 
—

 
(7
)
 
(3,160
)
 
—

 
—

 
(3,167
)
 
—

 
—

 
(3,167
)
Redemption of OP Units for cash and class A common stock
 
—

 
—

 
33

 
—

 
—

 
33

 
—

 
(33
)
 
—

Equity-based compensation
 
—

 
27

 
6,323

 
—

 
—

 
6,350

 
191

 
—

 
6,541

Shares canceled for tax withholdings on vested stock awards
 
—

 
(6
)
 
(3,001
)
 
—

 
—

 
(3,007
)
 
—

 
—

 
(3,007
)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
305,216

 
—

 
305,216

Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(107,377
)
 
(3,450
)
 
(110,827
)
Preferred stock dividends
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(27,137
)
 
—

 
(27,137
)
 
—

 
—

 
(27,137
)
Common stock dividends declared ($0.11 per share; Note 13)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(53,410
)
 
—

 
(53,410
)
 
—

 
—

 
(53,410
)
Reallocation of equity (Notes 2 and 14)
 
—

 
—

 
12,733

 
—

 
94

 
12,827

 
(12,533
)
 
(294
)
 
—

Balance at March 31, 2019
 
$
1,407,495

 
$
4,855

 
$
7,610,947

 
$
(2,176,730
)
 
$
22,138

 
$
6,868,705

 
$
3,996,206

 
$
350,530

 
$
11,215,441

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

8
Table of Contents

COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2019
 
2018
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
 
 
 
 
Net loss
 
$
(30,155
)
 
(27,158
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
 
Amortization of discount and net origination fees on loans receivable and debt securities
 
(5,426
)
 
(7,995
)
Paid-in-kind interest added to loan principal, net of interest received
 
(9,780
)
 
(6,486
)
Straight-line rents
 
(5,529
)
 
(7,753
)
Amortization of above- and below-market lease values, net
 
(3,643
)
 
(1,925
)
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount and premium
 
19,594

 
22,802

Equity method earnings
 
(38,487
)
 
(32,265
)
Distributions of income from equity method investments
 
26,923

 
23,307

Provision for loan losses
 
3,611

 
5,375

Allowance for doubtful accounts
 
4,389

 
1,305

Impairment of real estate and intangibles
 
25,622

 
153,398

Depreciation and amortization
 
150,797

 
144,705

Equity-based compensation
 
6,663

 
12,169

Change in fair value of contingent consideration—Internalization
 
—

 
(10,480
)
Gain on sales of real estate, net
 
(52,301
)
 
(18,444
)
Receipts (payments) of cash collateral on derivative
 
(31,054
)
 
1,897

Deferred income tax benefit
 
(840
)
 
(41,465
)
Other (gain) loss, net
 
49,077

 
(63,976
)
Increase in other assets and due from affiliates
 
(3,584
)
 
(18,742
)
Decrease in accrued and other liabilities and due to affiliates
 
(37,205
)
 
(29,197
)
Other adjustments, net
 
(2,036
)
 
880

Net cash provided by operating activities
 
66,636

 
99,952

Cash Flows from Investing Activities
 
 
 
 
Contributions to and acquisition of equity investments
 
(101,335
)
 
(96,406
)
Return of capital from equity method investments
 
18,310

 
159,929

Acquisition of loans receivable and debt securities
 
(451
)
 
(68,007
)
Net disbursements on originated loans
 
(21,892
)
 
(11,573
)
Repayments of loans receivable
 
89,199

 
40,085

Proceeds from sales of loans receivable and debt securities
 
13,373

 
90,877

Cash receipts in excess of accretion on purchased credit-impaired loans
 
8,607

 
21,463

Acquisition of and additions to real estate, related intangibles and leasing commissions
 
(1,267,762
)
 
(236,392
)
Proceeds from sales of real estate
 
294,667

 
112,562

Proceeds from paydown and maturity of debt securities
 
3,338

 
16,709

Cash and restricted cash contributed to Colony Credit
 
—

 
(141,153
)
Payment of cash collateral on derivatives
 
—

 
(10,900
)
Proceeds from sale of equity investments
 
19,505

 
4,340

Investment deposits
 
(14,294
)
 
(2,383
)
Net receipts (payments) on settlement of derivative instruments
 
19,608

 
(18,811
)
Other investing activities, net
 
14,176

 
(582
)
Net cash used in investing activities
 
(924,951
)
 
(140,242
)

9
Table of Contents

COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2019
 
2018
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
 
 
 
 
Dividends paid to preferred stockholders
 
(27,137
)
 
(32,821
)
Dividends paid to common stockholders
 
(53,426
)
 
(146,700
)
Repurchase of common stock
 
(10,734
)
 
(210,274
)
Borrowings from corporate credit facility
 
—

 
233,000

Repayment of borrowings from corporate credit facility
 
—

 
(183,000
)
Borrowings from secured debt
 
1,169,777

 
90,550

Repayments of secured debt
 
(498,259
)
 
(139,471
)
Payment of deferred financing costs
 
(16,700
)
 
(5,112
)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 
247,033

 
108,270

Distributions to and redemptions of noncontrolling interests
 
(129,734
)
 
(101,426
)
Shares canceled for tax withholdings on vested stock awards
 
(3,007
)
 
(31,752
)
Other financing activities, net
 
(1,138
)
 
—

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
 
676,675

 
(418,736
)
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 
(1,196
)
 
4,832

Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 
(182,836
)
 
(454,194
)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
 
832,730

 
1,393,920

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period
 
$
649,894

 
$
939,726


Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to consolidated balance sheets
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
2019
 
2018
Beginning of the period
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
461,912

 
$
921,822

Restricted cash
 
366,758

 
471,078

Restricted cash included in assets held for sale
 
4,060

 
1,020

Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
 
$
832,730

 
$
1,393,920

 
 
 
 
 
End of the period
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
321,199

 
$
484,827

Restricted cash
 
326,635

 
453,366

Restricted cash included in assets held for sale
 
2,060

 
1,533

Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period
 
$
649,894

 
$
939,726

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

10
Table of Contents

COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
March 31, 2019
(Unaudited)
1. Business and Organization
Colony Capital, Inc. (together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the "Company" and formerly, Colony NorthStar, Inc. prior to June 25, 2018) is a leading global investment management firm with $43 billion of assets under management. The Company manages capital on behalf of its stockholders, as well as institutional and retail investors in private funds, and traded and non-traded real estate investment trusts ("REITs"). The Company has significant holdings in: (a) the healthcare, industrial and hospitality property sectors; (b) Colony Credit Real Estate, Inc. (NYSE: CLNC) and NorthStar Realty Europe, Corp. (NYSE: NRE), which are both externally managed by subsidiaries of the Company; and (c) various other equity and debt investments.
The Company was organized in May 2016 as a Maryland corporation and was formed through a tri-party merger (the "Merger") among Colony Capital, Inc. ("Colony"), NorthStar Asset Management Group Inc. ("NSAM") and NorthStar Realty Finance Corp. ("NRF") in an all-stock exchange on January 10, 2017. The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code, for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 2017.
The Company conducts all of its activities and holds substantially all of its assets and liabilities through its operating subsidiary, Colony Capital Operating Company, LLC (the "Operating Company" or the "OP"). At March 31, 2019, the Company owned 93.9% of the OP, as its sole managing member. The remaining 6.1% is owned primarily by certain employees of the Company as noncontrolling interests.
Colony Credit
The Company owns an approximate 36.4% interest, on a fully diluted basis, in Colony Credit Real Estate, Inc. ("Colony Credit," formerly Colony NorthStar Credit Real Estate, Inc. prior to June 25, 2018). Colony Credit was formed on January 31, 2018 through a contribution of the CLNY Contributed Portfolio (as described below), represented by the Company's ownership interests ranging from 38% to 100% in certain investment entities ("CLNY Investment Entities"), and a concurrent all-stock merger with NorthStar Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. ("NorthStar I") and NorthStar Real Estate Income II, Inc. ("NorthStar II"), both publicly registered non-traded REITs sponsored and managed by a subsidiary of the Company (the "Combination"). The CLNY Contributed Portfolio comprised the Company's interests in certain commercial real estate loans, net lease properties and limited partnership interests in third party sponsored funds, which represented a select portfolio of U.S. investments within the Company’s other equity and debt segment that were transferable assets consistent with Colony Credit's strategy. Upon closing of the Combination, the Company's management contracts with NorthStar I and NorthStar II were terminated; concurrently, the Company entered into a new management agreement with Colony Credit.
Corporate Restructuring
Following a strategic review process, in November 2018, the Company announced a corporate restructuring and
reorganization plan aimed at reducing its annual compensation and administrative expenses over the next 12 months. The restructuring plan was designed to match resources that further align the Company's increasing focus on its investment management business. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company incurred $19.3 million of restructuring costs, predominantly severance costs and accelerated equity-based compensation. In the first quarter of 2019, an additional $0.6 million of restructuring costs were incurred.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The significant accounting policies of the Company are described below. The accounting policies of the Company's unconsolidated ventures are substantially similar to those of the Company.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The portions of equity, net income and other comprehensive income of consolidated subsidiaries that are not attributable to the parent are presented separately as amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements. A substantial portion of noncontrolling interests represents interests held by private investment funds or other investment vehicles
managed by the Company and which invest alongside the Company and membership interests in OP primarily held by certain employees of the Company.
To the extent the Company consolidates a subsidiary that is subject to industry-specific guidance, the Company retains the industry-specific guidance applied by that subsidiary in its consolidated financial statements.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.
Merger
The Merger was accounted for under the acquisition method for a business combination as a reverse acquisition, with NSAM as the legal acquirer for certain legal and regulatory matters, and Colony as the accounting acquirer for financial reporting purposes.
The financial statements of the Company represent a continuation of the financial information of Colony as the accounting acquirer, except that the equity structure of the Company was adjusted to reflect the equity structure of the legal acquirer, including for any comparative periods presented.
Principles of Consolidation
The Company consolidates entities in which it has a controlling financial interest by first considering if an entity meets the definition of a variable interest entity ("VIE") for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, or if the Company has the power to control an entity through a majority of voting interest or through other arrangements.
Variable Interest Entities—A VIE is an entity that either (i) lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; (ii) whose equity holders lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; or (iii) is established with non-substantive voting rights. A VIE is consolidated by its primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party who has a controlling financial interest in the VIE through (a) power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance, and (b) obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. The Company also considers interests held by its related parties, including de facto agents. The Company assesses whether it is a member of a related party group that collectively meets the power and benefits criteria and, if so, whether the Company is most closely associated with the VIE. In performing the related party analysis, the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: the amount and characteristics of its investment relative to the related party; the Company’s and the related party's ability to control or significantly influence key decisions of the VIE including consideration of involvement by de facto agents; the obligation or likelihood for the Company or the related party to fund operating losses of the VIE; and the similarity and significance of the VIE’s business activities to those of the Company and the related party. The determination of whether an entity is a VIE, and whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, may involve significant judgment, including the determination of which activities most significantly affect the entities’ performance, and estimates about the current and future fair values and performance of assets held by the VIE.
Voting Interest Entities—Unlike VIEs, voting interest entities have sufficient equity to finance their activities and equity investors exhibit the characteristics of a controlling financial interest through their voting rights. The Company consolidates such entities when it has the power to control these entities through ownership of a majority of the entities' voting interests or through other arrangements.
At each reporting period, the Company reassesses whether changes in facts and circumstances cause a change in the status of an entity as a VIE or voting interest entity, and/or a change in the Company's consolidation assessment. Changes in consolidation status are applied prospectively. An entity may be consolidated as a result of this reassessment, in which case, the assets, liabilities and noncontrolling interest in the entity are recorded at fair value upon initial consolidation. Any existing equity interest held by the Company in the entity prior to the Company obtaining control will be remeasured at fair value, which may result in a gain or loss recognized upon initial consolidation. However, if the consolidation represents an asset acquisition of a voting interest entity, the Company's existing interest in the acquired assets, if any, is not remeasured to fair value but continues to be carried at historical cost. The Company may also deconsolidate a subsidiary as a result of this reassessment, which may result in a gain or loss recognized upon deconsolidation depending on the carrying values of deconsolidated assets and liabilities compared to the fair value of any interests retained.

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Noncontrolling Interests
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests—This represents noncontrolling interests in a consolidated open-end fund sponsored by the Company. The limited partners in the consolidated open-end fund, who represent noncontrolling interests, generally have the ability to withdraw all or a portion of their interests in cash with 30 days' notice.
Redeemable noncontrolling interests is presented outside of permanent equity. Allocation of net income or loss to redeemable noncontrolling interests is based upon their ownership percentage during the period. The carrying amount of redeemable noncontrolling interests is adjusted to its redemption value at the end of each reporting period to an amount not less than its initial carrying value, with such adjustments recognized in additional paid-in capital.
Noncontrolling Interests in Investment Entities—This represents predominantly interests in consolidated investment entities held by private investment funds or retail companies managed by the Company or held by third party joint venture partners. Allocation of net income or loss is generally based upon relative ownership interests held by equity owners in each investment entity, or based upon contractual arrangements that may provide for disproportionate allocation of economic returns among equity interests, including using a hypothetical liquidation at book value basis, where applicable and substantive.
Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Company—This represents membership interests in OP held primarily by certain employees of the Company. Noncontrolling interests in OP are allocated a share of net income or loss in OP based on their weighted average ownership interest in OP during the period. Noncontrolling interests in OP have the right to require OP to redeem part or all of such member’s membership units in OP ("OP Units") for cash based on the market value of an equivalent number of shares of class A common stock at the time of redemption, or at the Company's election as managing member of OP, through issuance of shares of class A common stock (registered or unregistered) on a one-for-one basis. At the end of each reporting period, noncontrolling interests in OP is adjusted to reflect their ownership percentage in OP at the end of the period, through a reallocation between controlling and noncontrolling interests in OP, as applicable.
Reclassifications
Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2018, the portion of carried interests earned by the Company that is allocated to employees is presented as carried interest and incentive compensation on the statement of operations. Such amounts had previously been presented as net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, approximately $0.9 million was reclassified from net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities to compensation expense in the statement of operations to conform to the current period presentation. The reclassification increased net loss but did not have an impact on net loss attributable to Colony Capital, Inc. and net loss attributable to common stockholders. 
Accounting Standards Adopted in 2019
Leases
In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2016-02, Leases, which amended lease accounting standards. ASU 2016-02, along with several clarifying amendments were codified in Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 842. The new standard primarily requires lessees to recognize their rights and obligations under most leases on balance sheet, to be capitalized as a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and a corresponding liability for future lease obligations. Targeted changes were made to lessor accounting, primarily to align to the lessee model and the new revenue recognition standard.
The Company adopted the new lease standard and related amendments on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method to leases existing or commencing on or after January 1, 2019, with a cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings. Comparative periods have not been restated and continue to be reported under the standards in effect for those prior periods. 
ASC 842 limits the definition of initial direct costs to only the incremental costs of obtaining a lease, such as leasing commissions, for both lessee and lessor accounting. Indirect costs such as allocated overhead, certain legal fees and negotiation costs are no longer capitalized under the new standard. The application of ASC 842 on accounting for initial direct costs did not have a material impact on the statement of operations.
The Company applied the package of practical expedients, which exempts the Company from having to reassess whether any expired or expiring contracts contain leases, revisit lease classification for any expired or expiring leases and reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. The Company also elected the practical expedient related to land

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easements, allowing the Company to carry forward the accounting treatment for land easements on existing agreements. The Company did not, however, elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine the lease terms for existing leases.
Lessee Accounting—The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease and determines the classification of leasing arrangements at inception. A leasing arrangement is classified by the lessee either as a finance lease, which represents a financed purchase of the leased asset, or as an operating lease. The Company's operating leases relate primarily to ground leases acquired with real estate and leases for its corporate offices. For these ground and office leases, the Company has elected the accounting policy to combine lease and related nonlease components as a single lease component.
ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based upon the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The ROU assets also include capitalized initial direct costs offset by lease incentives. Variable lease payments are excluded from the ROU assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. The Company makes variable lease payments for: (i) leases with rental payments that are adjusted periodically for inflation or increases in property fair value, (ii) hotel ground leases with rental payments calculated based on a percentage of revenue over contractual levels, or (iii) nonlease services, such as common area maintenance in net leases. Variable lease payments are not included in lease liability and are instead recognized as lease expense when incurred. The Company made the accounting policy election to recognize lease payments from short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term and will not record these leases on the balance sheet.
Lease renewal or termination options are factored into the lease asset and lease liability only if it is reasonably certain that the option to extend or the option to terminate would be exercised.
As the implicit rate is not readily determinable in most leases, the present value of the remaining lease payments was calculated for each lease using an estimated incremental borrowing rate, which is the interest rate that the Company would have to pay to borrow over the lease term on a collateralized basis.
Lease expense is recognized over the lease term based on an effective interest method for finance leases and on a straight-line basis for operating leases.
The Company recognized operating lease ROU assets totaling $143.7 million in other assets and corresponding operating lease liabilities totaling $126.8 million in accrued and other liabilities for ground leases in its real estate portfolio and corporate office leases. There was no impact to beginning equity as a result of adoption related to lessee accounting as the difference between the asset and liability balance is attributable to the derecognition of pre-existing balances, including straight-line rent, lease incentives, prepaid or deferred rent and ground lease obligation intangibles.
Lessor Accounting—The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease and determines the classification of leasing arrangements at inception. The Company has operating leases with property tenants that expire at various dates through 2038 with renewal options typically exercised at the lessee's election. Therefore, such options are only recognized once they are deemed reasonably certain, typically at the time the option is exercised. Lease revenue is composed of rental income, which includes the effect of minimum rent increases and rent abatements, resident fee income from healthcare properties, and tenant reimbursements, such as common area maintenance costs and other costs associated with the leases.
As lessor, the Company made the accounting policy election to treat the lease and nonlease components in a contract as a single component to the extent that the timing and pattern of transfer are similar for the lease and nonlease components and the lease component qualifies as an operating lease. Nonlease components of tenant reimbursements for net leases and resident fee income qualify for the practical expedient to be combined with their respective lease component and accounted for as a single component under the lease standard as the lease component is predominant.
Lease revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term and is included in property operating income on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company receives variable lease revenues from tenant reimbursements and resident fee income from ancillary services provided to nursing home residents.
Under the new standard, lessors are required to evaluate the collectability of all lease payments based upon the creditworthiness of the lessee. Lease revenue is recognized only to the extent collection of all rents over the life of the lease is determined to be probable. If collection is subsequently determined to no longer be probable, any previously accrued lease revenue that has not been collected is subject to reversal. If collection is subsequently determined to be probable, lease revenue and corresponding receivable would be reestablished to an amount that would have been recognized if collection had always been deemed to be probable. Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company determined that collection of certain lease receivables, net of existing allowance for bad debts, is not probable and recorded a cumulative adjustment of $4.5 million to reduce beginning equity.

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Beginning January 1, 2019, the Company also made the accounting policy election to present on a net basis sales and similar taxes assessed by a governmental authority that is imposed on specific lease revenue producing transactions with related collections from lessees. Property taxes and insurance paid directly by lessees to third parties on behalf of the Company are no longer recognized in the statement of operations, while such amounts paid by the Company and reimbursed by lessees continue to be presented as gross property operating income and expenses.
Hedge Accounting
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which simplifies and expands the application of hedge accounting. This standard amends hedge accounting recognition and presentation, including eliminating the requirement to separately measure and present hedge ineffectiveness as well as presenting the entire fair value change of a hedging instrument in the same income statement line as the hedged item. The new guidance also provides alternatives for applying hedge accounting to additional hedging strategies, and easing requirements for effectiveness testing and hedging documentation, although the "highly effective" threshold for a qualifying hedging relationship has not changed. Revised disclosures include tabular disclosures that focus on the effect of hedge accounting by income statement line item. Transition will generally be on a modified retrospective basis applied to existing hedging relationships as of date of adoption, with prospective application for income statement presentation and disclosure, and specific transition elections are available to modify existing hedge documentation.
The Company adopted the standard on its effective date of January 1, 2019. Upon adoption, as it relates to the Company’s cash flow and net investment hedges, the Company records the entire change in fair value of the hedging instrument (other than amounts excluded from assessment of hedge effectiveness for net investment hedges) in other comprehensive income and no hedge ineffectiveness is recorded in earnings. Additionally, subsequent to initial quantitative hedge assessment, the Company has elected to perform effectiveness testing qualitatively so long as the Company can reasonably support an expectation that the hedge is highly effective now and in subsequent periods. As the standard allows more flexibility in hedging interest rate risk in cash flow hedges beyond a specified benchmark rate, the Company may be able to designate in the future other contractually specified variable interest rate as the hedged risk, which if effective, could decrease fluctuations in earnings. There was no impact to the Company's financial condition and results of operations upon adoption of this standard.
Future Application of Accounting Standards
Credit Losses
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which amends the credit impairment model for financial instruments. The existing incurred loss model will be replaced with a lifetime current expected credit loss ("CECL") model for financial instruments carried at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures, such as loans, loan commitments, held-to-maturity ("HTM") debt securities, financial guarantees, net investment in leases, reinsurance and trade receivables, which will generally result in earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities, unrealized credit losses will be recognized as allowances rather than reductions in amortized cost basis and elimination of the other than temporary impairment ("OTTI") concept will result in more frequent estimation of credit losses. The accounting model for purchased credit-impaired loans and debt securities will be simplified, including elimination of some of the asymmetrical treatment between credit losses and credit recoveries, to be consistent with the CECL model for originated and purchased non-credit-impaired assets. The existing model for beneficial interests that are not of high credit quality will be amended to conform to the new impairment models for HTM and AFS debt securities. Expanded disclosures on credit risk include credit quality indicators by vintage for financing receivables and net investment in leases. Transition will generally be on a modified retrospective basis, with prospective application for other than temporarily impaired debt securities and purchased credit-impaired assets. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company expects that recognition of credit losses will generally be accelerated under the CECL model. Evaluation of the impact of this new guidance is ongoing.
Fair Value Disclosures
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements. The ASU requires new disclosures of changes in unrealized gains and losses in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements of instruments held at balance sheet date, as well as the range and weighted average or other quantitative information, if more relevant, of significant unobservable inputs for recurring and nonrecurring Level 3 fair values. Certain previously required disclosures are eliminated, specifically around the valuation process required for Level 3 fair values, policy for timing of transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy, as well as amounts and reason for transfers between Levels 1 and 2.

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Additionally, the new guidance clarifies or modifies certain existing disclosures, including clarifying that information about measurement uncertainty of Level 3 fair values should be as of reporting date and requiring disclosures of the timing of liquidity events for investments measured under the net asset value ("NAV") practical expedient, but only if the investee has communicated this information or has announced it publicly. The provisions on new disclosures and modification to disclosure of Level 3 measurement uncertainty are to be applied prospectively, while all other provisions are to be applied retrospectively. ASU No. 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted in an interim period for which financial statements have not been issued, and may be made only to provisions that eliminate or modify existing disclosures. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material effect on the Company's existing disclosures.
Variable Interest Entities
In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities. The ASU amends the VIE guidance to align the evaluation of a decision maker's or service provider's fee in assessing a variable interest with the guidance in the primary beneficiary test. Specifically, indirect interests held by a related party that is under common control will now be considered on a proportionate basis, rather than in their entirety, when assessing whether the fee qualifies as a variable interest. The proportionate basis approach is consistent with the treatment of indirect interests held by a related party under common control when evaluating the primary beneficiary of a VIE. This effectively means that when a decision maker or service provider has an interest in a related party, regardless of whether they are under common control, it will consider that related party's interest in a VIE on a proportionate basis throughout the VIE model, for both the assessment of a variable interest and the determination of a primary beneficiary. Transition is generally on a modified retrospective basis, with the cumulative effect adjusted to retained earnings at the beginning of the earliest period presented. ASU No. 2018-17 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted in an interim period for which financial statements have not been issued. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this new guidance but does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material effect on its financial condition or results of operations.
3. Real Estate
The Company's real estate held for investment was as follows:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Land
 
$
2,079,432

 
$
1,950,412

Buildings and improvements
 
12,729,805

 
11,895,642

Tenant improvements
 
173,914

 
163,397

Furniture, fixtures and equipment
 
398,918

 
389,969

Construction in progress
 
207,684

 
155,511

 
 
15,589,753

 
14,554,931

Less: Accumulated depreciation
 
(1,053,712
)
 
(935,917
)
Real estate assets, net
 
$
14,536,041

 
$
13,619,014

Real Estate Sales
Results from sales of real estate were as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Proceeds from sales of real estate
 
$
294,667

 
$
112,562

Gain on sale of real estate
 
52,301

 
18,444

Real estate held for sale is presented in Note 7.

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Real Estate Acquisitions
The following table summarizes the Company's real estate acquisitions, excluding real estate acquired as part of business combinations.
($ in thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
Purchase Price Allocation (1)
 
Acquisition Date
 
Property Type and Location
 
Number of Buildings
 
Purchase
Price (1)
 
Land
 
Building and Improvements
 
Lease Intangible Assets
 
Lease Intangible Liabilities
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asset Acquisitions(2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
February
 
Bulk Industrial—Various in U.S.
 
6
 
$
373,182

 
$
49,446

 
$
296,348

 
$
27,553

 
$
(165
)
 
Various
 
Light industrial—Various in U.S.(3)
 
47
 
789,486

 
144,250

 
612,582

 
35,519

 
(2,865
)
 
 
 
 
 

 
$
1,162,668

 
$
193,696

 
$
908,930

 
$
63,072

 
$
(3,030
)
Year Ended Ended December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asset Acquisitions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
September
 
Healthcare—United Kingdom(4)
 
1
 
$
24,444

 
$
10,231

 
$
12,733

 
$
1,480

 
$
—

 
November
 
Office and Industrial—France
 
220
 
478,844

 
109,858

 
330,752

 
38,234

 
—

 
Various
 
Light industrial—Various in U.S.(3)
 
40
 
569,442

 
111,194

 
433,040

 
30,183

 
(4,975
)
 
 
 
 
 

 
$
1,072,730

 
$
231,283

 
$
776,525

 
$
69,897

 
$
(4,975
)
__________
(1) 
Dollar amounts of purchase price and allocation to assets acquired and liabilities assumed are translated using foreign exchange rates as of the respective dates of acquisition, where applicable.
(2) 
Useful life of real estate acquired in 2019 is 37 to 49 years for buildings, 12 to 14 years for site improvements, 4 to 11 years for tenant improvements and 1 to 15 years for lease intangibles (based on remaining lease terms).
(3) 
Includes acquisition of land totaling $5.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and $13.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 for co-development with operating partners.
(4) 
Net leased senior housing acquired pursuant to a purchase option under the Company's development facility to the healthcare operator at a purchase price equivalent to the outstanding loan balance.
Depreciation and Impairment
Depreciation expense on real estate was $121.5 million and $118.4 million and for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Refer to Note 11 for discussion of impairment on real estate.
Property Operating Income
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, property operating income was composed of $270.7 million of total lease revenue and $284.0 million of hotel operating income. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, the components of property operating income were as follows.
(In thousands)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2019
Lease revenue:
 
 
Fixed lease revenue
 
$
231,561

Variable lease revenue
 
36,434

 
 
267,995

Hotel operating income
 
272,135

 
 
$
540,130


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Future Fixed Lease Revenue
At March 31, 2019, future fixed lease revenue under noncancelable operating leases for real estate held for investment were as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
 
(In thousands)
Remaining 2019
 
$
419,198

2020
 
525,601

2021
 
470,848

2022
 
426,274

2023
 
375,828

2024 and thereafter
 
1,303,576

Total
 
$
3,521,325

At December 31, 2018, future contractual minimum lease payments to be received under noncancelable operating leases for real estate held for investment were as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
 
(In thousands)
2019
 
$
495,765

2020
 
464,229

2021
 
413,416

2022
 
372,432

2023
 
327,836

2024 and thereafter
 
1,123,879

Total
 
$
3,197,557

Commitments and Contractual Obligations
Purchase Commitments—At March 31, 2019, the Company had funded aggregate deposits of $14.4 million with remaining unfunded purchase commitments totaling $363.5 million for the acquisition of 39 light industrial buildings in the industrial segment, of which eight are under construction.
Guarantee Agreements—In July 2017, the Company and certain investment vehicles managed by the Company took control of a portfolio of limited service hotels, primarily located across the Southwest and Midwest U.S. (the "THL Hotel Portfolio") through a consensual foreclosure following maturity default by the borrower on the junior mezzanine loan owned by the Company. In connection with the foreclosure, the Company entered into guarantee agreements with various hotel franchisors, pursuant to which the Company guaranteed the payment of its obligations as a franchisee, including payments of franchise fees and marketing fees for the term of the agreements, which expire between 2027 and 2032. In the event of default or termination of the franchise agreements, the Company is liable for liquidated damages not to exceed $75 million. The Company had similar provisions related to its core hotel portfolio in the hospitality segment, but has met the required minimum payments under the respective franchise agreements and no longer has an obligation to the franchisors.

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4. Loans Receivable
The following table provides a summary of the Company’s loans held for investment, including purchased credit-impaired ("PCI") loans:
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
($ in thousands)
 
Unpaid Principal Balance
 
Carrying
Value
 
Weighted
Average
Coupon
 
Weighted Average Maturity in Years
 
Unpaid Principal Balance
 
Carrying
Value
 
Weighted
Average
Coupon
 
Weighted Average Maturity in Years
Loans at amortized cost
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-PCI Loans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans
 
$
573,062

 
$
599,479

 
10.5
%
 
2.0
 
$
643,973

 
$
667,590

 
10.7
%
 
2.2
Mezzanine loans
 
377,336

 
374,650

 
12.5
%
 
1.2
 
357,590

 
354,326

 
12.5
%
 
1.5
Corporate loans
 
107,792

 
106,658

 
12.3
%
 
5.7
 
108,944

 
107,796

 
12.3
%
 
5.8
 
 
1,058,190

 
1,080,787

 
 
 
 
 
1,110,507

 
1,129,712

 
 
 
 
Variable rate
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans
 
175,313

 
175,650

 
4.4
%
 
0.4
 
178,650

 
179,711

 
4.3
%
 
0.1
Mezzanine loans
 
35,899

 
35,565

 
13.5
%
 
2.3
 
27,772

 
27,417

 
13.4
%
 
2.5
 
 
211,212

 
211,215

 

 
 
 
206,422

 
207,128

 
 
 
 
 
 
1,269,402

 
1,292,002

 
 
 
 
 
1,316,929

 
1,336,840

 
 
 
 
PCI Loans
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage loans
 
1,289,671

 
337,357

 

 
 
 
1,324,287

 
351,646

 
 
 
 
Mezzanine loans
 
7,425

 
3,671

 
 
 
 
 
7,425

 
3,671

 
 
 
 
 
 
1,297,096

 
341,028

 
 
 
 
 
1,331,712

 
355,317

 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
 


 
(36,357
)
 
 
 
 
 


 
(32,940
)
 
 
 
 
Loans receivable, net
 
$
2,566,498

 
$
1,596,673

 
 
 
 
 
$
2,648,641

 
$
1,659,217

 
 
 
 
Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans
Non-PCI loans, excluding loans carried at fair value, that are 90 days or more past due as to principal or interest, or where reasonable doubt exists as to timely collection, are generally considered nonperforming and placed on nonaccrual status.
The following table provides an aging summary of non-PCI loans held for investment at carrying values before allowance for loan losses:
 (In thousands)
 Current or Less Than 30 Days Past Due
 
 30-59 Days Past Due
 
 60-89 Days Past Due
 
 90 Days or More Past Due and Nonaccrual
 
 Total Non-PCI Loans
March 31, 2019
$
1,079,224

 
$
44,325

 
$
—

 
$
168,453

 
$
1,292,002

December 31, 2018
1,052,303

 
—

 
44,392

 
240,145

 
1,336,840

Troubled Debt Restructuring
During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no loans modified as TDRs, in which the Company provided borrowers, who are experiencing financial difficulties, with various concessions in interest rates, payment terms or default waivers. At both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had one existing TDR loan that was in maturity default, with a carrying value before allowance for loan loss of $37.8 million, and for which the Company had previously recorded an allowance for loan loss. The Company has no additional lending commitment on this TDR loan.
Non-PCI Impaired Loans
Non-PCI loans, excluding loans carried at fair value, are identified as impaired when it is no longer probable that interest or principal will be collected according to the contractual terms of the original loan agreement. Non-PCI impaired loans include predominantly loans under nonaccrual, performing and nonperforming TDRs, as well as loans in maturity default.

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The following table summarizes non-PCI impaired loans:
 
 
 
 
Gross Carrying Value
 
 
(In thousands)
 
Unpaid Principal Balance
 
With Allowance for Loan Losses
 
Without Allowance for Loan Losses
 
Total
 
Allowance for Loan Losses
March 31, 2019
 
$
320,211

 
$
74,254

 
$
250,073

 
$
324,327

 
$
18,115

December 31, 2018
 
280,337

 
75,179

 
206,628

 
281,807

 
18,304

The average carrying value and interest income recognized on non-PCI impaired loans were as follows.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Average carrying value before allowance for loan losses
 
$
244,532

 
$
273,410

Total interest income recognized during the period impaired
 
3,003

 
29

Cash basis interest income recognized
 
447

 
—

Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans
PCI loans are acquired loans with evidence of credit quality deterioration for which it is probable at acquisition that the Company will collect less than the contractually required payments. PCI loans are recorded at the initial investment in the loans and accreted to the estimated cash flows expected to be collected as measured at acquisition date. The excess of cash flows expected to be collected, measured as of acquisition date, over the estimated fair value represents the accretable yield and is recognized in interest income over the remaining life of the loan. The difference between contractually required payments as of the acquisition date and the cash flows expected to be collected, which represents the nonaccretable difference, is not recognized as an adjustment of yield, loss accrual or valuation allowance.
Factors that most significantly affect estimates of cash flows expected to be collected, and accordingly the accretable yield, include: (i) estimate of the remaining life of acquired loans which may change the amount of future interest income; (ii) changes to prepayment assumptions; (iii) changes to collateral value assumptions for loans expected to foreclose; and (iv) changes in interest rates on variable rate loans.
There were no PCI loans acquired in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
Changes in accretable yield of PCI loans were as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Beginning accretable yield
 
$
9,620

 
$
42,435

Dispositions
 
—

 
(2,565
)
Changes in accretable yield
 
1,442

 
1,989

Accretion recognized in earnings
 
(3,087
)
 
(12,579
)
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates
 
(40
)
 
354

Ending accretable yield
 
$
7,935

 
$
29,634

The Company applied either the cash basis or cost recovery method for recognition of interest income on PCI loans with carrying value before allowance for loan losses of $171.6 million at March 31, 2019 and $175.6 million at December 31, 2018, as the Company did not have reasonable expectations of the timing and amount of future cash receipts on these loans.
Allowance for Loan Losses
On a periodic basis, the Company analyzes the extent and effect of any credit migration from underwriting and the initial investment review associated with the performance of a loan and/or value of its underlying collateral, financial and operating capability of the borrower or sponsor, as well as amount and status of any senior loan, where applicable. Specifically, operating results of collateral properties and any cash reserves are analyzed and used to assess whether cash from operations are sufficient to cover debt service requirements currently and into the future, ability of the borrower to refinance the loan, liquidation value of collateral properties, financial wherewithal of any loan guarantors as well as the borrower’s competency in managing and operating the collateral properties. Such analysis is performed at least quarterly, or more often as needed when impairment indicators are present.

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Allowance for loan losses represents the estimated probable credit losses inherent in loans held for investment at balance sheet date and is generally measured as the difference between the carrying value of the loan and either the present value of cash flows expected to be collected or an observable market price for the loan.
For PCI loans, provision for loan losses is recorded if it is assessed that decreases in cash flows expected to be collected would result in a decrease in the estimated fair value of the loan below its amortized cost.
The allowance for loan losses and related carrying values of loans held for investment were as follows:
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(In thousands)
 
Allowance for
Loan Losses
 
Carrying Value
 
Allowance for
Loan Losses
 
Carrying Value
Non-PCI loans
 
$
18,115

 
$
74,254

 
$
18,304

 
$
75,179

PCI loans
 
18,242

 
67,650

 
14,636

 
54,440

 
 
$
36,357

 
$
141,904

 
$
32,940

 
$
129,619

Changes in allowance for loan losses is presented below:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Allowance for loan losses at January 1
 
$
32,940

 
$
52,709

Contribution to Colony Credit
 
—

 
(518
)
Provision for loan losses, net
 
3,611

 
5,375

Charge-off
 
(194
)
 
(3,586
)
Allowance for loan losses at March 31
 
$
36,357

 
$
53,980

Provision for loan losses by loan type is as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Non-PCI loans
 
$
—

 
$
2,662

PCI loans
 
3,611

 
2,713

Total provision for loan losses, net
 
$
3,611

 
$
5,375

Lending Commitments
The Company has lending commitments to borrowers pursuant to certain loan agreements in which the borrower may submit a request for funding contingent on achieving certain criteria, which must be approved by the Company as lender, such as leasing, performance of capital expenditures and construction in progress with an approved budget. At March 31, 2019, total unfunded lending commitments was $227.5 million, of which the Company's share was $99.8 million, net of amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests.


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5. Equity and Debt Investments
The Company's equity investments and debt securities are represented by the following:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Equity Investments
 
 
 
 
Equity method investments
 
 
 
 
Investment ventures
 
$
2,282,817

 
$
2,151,847

Private funds
 
142,388

 
138,248

 
 
2,425,205

 
2,290,095

Other equity investments
 
 
 
 
Marketable equity securities
 
131,226

 
36,438

Investment ventures
 
96,612

 
95,196

Private fund and retail company
 
31,024

 
24,607

Total equity investments
 
2,684,067

 
2,446,336

 
 
 
 
 
Debt Securities
 
 
 
 
N-Star CDO bonds, available for sale
 
64,410

 
64,127

CMBS of consolidated fund, at fair value
 
21,139

 
32,706

Total debt securities
 
85,549

 
96,833

Equity and debt investments
 
$
2,769,616

 
$
2,543,169

Equity Investments
The Company's equity investments represent noncontrolling equity interests in various entities, including investments for which fair value option was elected.
Equity Method Investments
The Company owns significant interests in Colony Credit and NRE, both publicly-traded REITs that it manages. The Company accounts for its investments under the equity method as it exercises significant influence over operating and financial policies of these entities through a combination of its ownership interest, its role as the external manager and board representation, but does not control these entities. The Company also owns equity method investments that are structured as joint ventures with one or more private funds or other investment vehicles managed by the Company, or with third party joint venture partners. These investment ventures are generally capitalized through equity contributions from the members and/or leveraged through various financing arrangements. The Company elected the fair value option to account for its interests in certain investment ventures and limited partnership interests in third party private equity funds (see Note 11).
The liabilities of the equity method investment entities may only be settled using the assets of these entities and there is no recourse to the general credit of either the Company or the other investors for the obligations of these investment entities. Neither the Company nor the other investors are required to provide financial or other support in excess of their capital commitments. The Company’s exposure to the investment entities is limited to its equity method investment balance.

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The Company’s investments accounted for under the equity method, including investments for which fair value option was elected, are summarized below:
($ in thousands)
 
 
 
Ownership Interest at
March 31, 2019 (1)
 
Carrying Value at
Investments
 
Description
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Colony Credit Real Estate, Inc.
 
Common equity in publicly traded commercial real estate credit REIT managed by the Company and membership units in its operating subsidiary
(2)
36.4%
 
$
1,027,345

 
$
1,037,754

NorthStar Realty Europe Corp.
 
Common equity in publicly traded equity REIT managed by the Company
(2)
11.3%
 
88,058

 
87,696

RXR Realty
 
Common equity in investment venture with a real estate investor, developer and investment manager
 
27.2%
 
100,386

 
95,418

Preferred equity
 
Preferred equity investments with underlying real estate
(3)
NA
 
221,183

 
219,913

ADC investments
 
Investments in acquisition, development and construction loans in which the Company participates in residual profits from the projects, and the risk and rewards of the arrangements are more similar to those associated with investments in joint ventures
(4)
Various
 
502,023

 
481,477

Private funds
 
General partner and/or limited partner interests in private funds (excluding carried interest allocation)
 
Various
 
111,183

 
110,610

Private funds—carried interest
 
Disproportionate allocation of returns to the Company as general partner or equivalent based on the extent to which cumulative performance of the fund exceeds minimum return hurdles
 
Various
 
25,850

 
21,730

Other investment ventures
 
Interests in 17 investments at March 31, 2019
 
Various
 
171,046

 
154,412

Fair value option
 
Interests in initial stage, real estate development and hotel ventures and limited partnership interests in private equity funds
 
Various
 
178,131

 
81,085

 
 
 
 
 
 
$
2,425,205

 
$
2,290,095

__________
(1)
The Company's ownership interest represents capital contributed to date and may not be reflective of the Company's economic interest in the entity because of provisions in operating agreements governing various matters, such as classes of partner or member interests, allocations of profits and losses, preferential returns and guaranty of debt. Each equity method investment has been determined to be either a VIE for which the Company was not deemed to be the primary beneficiary or a voting interest entity in which the Company does not have the power to control through a majority of voting interest or through other arrangements.
(2)
These entities are governed by their respective boards of directors. The Company's role as manager is under the supervision and direction of such entity's board of directors, which includes representatives from the Company but the majority of whom are independent directors.
In connection with the Company's investment in NRE, the Company has an ownership waiver under NRE’s charter which allows the Company to own up to 45% of NRE’s common stock, and to the extent the Company owns more than 25% of NRE’s common stock, the Company will vote the excess shares in the same proportion that the remaining NRE shares not owned by the Company are voted.
(3) 
Some preferred equity investments may not have a stated ownership interest.
(4) 
The Company owns varying levels of stated equity interests in certain acquisition, development and construction ("ADC") arrangements as well as profit participation interests without a stated ownership interest in other ADC arrangements.
Impairment of Equity Method Investments
The Company evaluates its equity method investments for other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI").
Impairment of $2.6 million was recorded in equity method earnings for the three months ended March 31, 2019 based upon a pending sale of the underlying real estate held by the investee.
No OTTI was recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2018. However, impairment of $61.2 million was subsequently recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018. In making its assessment, the Company considered a variety of factors and assumptions specific to each investment, including: offer prices on the Company's investment; expected payoffs from sales of the underlying business of the investee; estimated fair values or sale proceeds of the underlying real estate held by the investee; estimated enterprise value of the investee; or discounted cash flows from the investment.
Colony Credit—In January 2018, the Company deconsolidated the CLNY Contributed Entities and measured its interest in Colony Credit based upon its proportionate share of Colony Credit's estimated fair value at the closing date of the Combination. The excess of fair value over carrying value of the Company's equity interest in the CLNY Investment Entities upon deconsolidation of $9.9 million was recognized in other gain on the consolidated statement of operations in the three months ended March 31, 2018.
Colony Credit’s class A common stock had traded between $15.32 and $23.23 per share since its inception through March 29, 2019, the last trading day of the first quarter. At March 31, 2019, the Company's investment in Colony Credit had a carrying value of $1.03 billion or $21.43 per share, which was approximately $276.7 million in excess of its fair

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value of $750.7 million based upon the closing stock price of $15.66 per share on March 29, 2019. The Company believes that the carrying value of its investment in Colony Credit is recoverable in the near term and determined that its investment in Colony Credit was not other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2019. If Colony Credit's common stock continues to trade below the Company's carrying value for a prolonged period of time, an other-than-temporary impairment may be recognized in the future.
Other Equity Investments
Other equity investments that do not qualify for equity method accounting consist of the following:
Marketable Equity Securities—These are equity investment in a third party managed mutual fund and publicly traded equity securities held by a consolidated private open-end fund. The equity securities of the consolidated fund comprise listed stock predominantly in the U.S. and to a lesser extent, in the United Kingdom, and primarily in the financial, real estate and consumer sectors.
Investment Ventures—This represents primarily common equity in the Albertsons/Safeway supermarket chain (with 50% ownership by a co-investment partner) which was initially recorded at cost and prior to 2018, adjusted for distributions in excess of cumulative earnings. There were no adjustments for any impairment or observable price changes.
Private Fund and Retail Company—This represents limited partnership interest in a third party private fund sponsored by an equity method investee and interest in the Company's sponsored non-traded REIT, NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. ("NorthStar Healthcare"), for which the Company elected the NAV practical expedient (see Note 11).
Investment Commitments
Investment Ventures—Pursuant to the operating agreements of certain unconsolidated ventures, the venture partners may be required to fund additional amounts for future investments, unfunded lending commitments, ordinary operating costs, guaranties or commitments of the venture entities. The Company also has lending commitments under ADC arrangements which are accounted for as equity method investments. At March 31, 2019, the Company’s share of these commitments was $31.3 million.
Private Funds—At March 31, 2019, the Company has unfunded commitments of $270.8 million to funds sponsored or co-sponsored by the Company that are accounted for as equity method investments.
Debt Securities
The Company's investment in debt securities is composed of N-Star CDO Bonds, classified as available-for-sale ("AFS") and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) held by a consolidated sponsored investment company that is currently in liquidation, accounted for at fair value through earnings.
AFS Debt Securities
The N-Star CDO bonds are investment-grade subordinate bonds retained by NRF from its sponsored collateralized debt obligations ("CDOs"), and CDO bonds originally issued by NRF that were subsequently repurchased by NRF at a discount. These CDOs are collateralized primarily by commercial real estate ("CRE") debt and CRE securities.
The following tables summarize the balance and activities of the N-Star CDO bonds.
 
 
 
 
Gross Cumulative Unrealized
 
 
(in thousands)
 
Amortized Cost
 
Gains
 
Losses
 
Fair Value
March 31, 2019
 
$
65,732

 
$
2,180

 
$
(3,502
)
 
$
64,410

December 31, 2018
 
67,513

 
1,565

 
(4,951
)
 
64,127

Results from disposition of N-Star CDO bonds, with realized gains (losses) recorded in other gain (loss), were as follows for the three months ended March 31, 2018. There were no dispositions in the three months ended March 31, 2019.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2018
Proceeds from sale
 
$
63,185

Gross realized gain (including $8,205 of unrealized gain transferred from AOCI)
 
8,384

Gross realized loss
 
499


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Table of Contents

Impairment of AFS Debt Securities
The following table presents AFS debt securities that have been in a gross unrealized loss position:
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
Less Than 12 Months
 
More Than 12 Months
 
Less Than 12 Months
(In thousands)
Fair Value
 
Gross Unrealized Loss
 
Fair Value
 
Gross Unrealized Loss
 
Fair Value
 
Gross Unrealized Loss
N-Star CDO bonds
$
9,194

 
$
409

 
$
42,865

 
$
3,093

 
$
54,459

 
$
4,951

The Company performs an assessment, at least quarterly, to determine whether a decline in fair value below
amortized cost of AFS debt securities is other than temporary. OTTI exists when either (i) the holder has the intent to sell
the impaired security, (ii) it is more likely than not the holder will be required to sell the security, or (iii) the holder does not
expect to recover the entire amortized cost of the security. In assessing OTTI and estimating future expected cash flows,
factors considered include, but are not limited to, credit rating of the security, financial condition of the issuer, defaults for
similar securities, performance and value of assets underlying an asset-backed security.
OTTI loss of $0.7 million was recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2019. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded $4.4 million of OTTI loss in other gain (loss) due to an adverse change in expected cash flows on N-Star CDOs, and CMBS held by consolidated N-Star CDOs which were subsequently deconsolidated in the second quarter of 2018. The Company believed that it was not likely that it would recover the amortized cost on these securities prior to selling them.
At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company believed that the N-Star CDOs with unrealized loss in accumulated other comprehensive income were not other than temporarily impaired as it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases.
6. Goodwill, Deferred Leasing Costs and Other Intangibles
Goodwill
The following table presents the goodwill balance by reportable segment.
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Balance by reportable segment:
 
 
 
 
Industrial
 
$
20,000

 
$
20,000

Investment management
 
1,514,561

 
1,514,561

 
 
$
1,534,561

 
$
1,534,561

Impairment
Goodwill is assessed for impairment at the Company's operating segments or one level below. The Company performs its annual impairment test in the fourth quarter of each year. Based upon the Company's most recent annual impairment test in 2018, the Company determined that its investment management and industrial goodwill were not impaired. Additionally, no impairment was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

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Table of Contents

Deferred Leasing Costs, Other Intangible Assets and Intangible Liabilities
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(In thousands)
Carrying Amount (Net of Impairment)(1)
 
Accumulated Amortization
 
Net Carrying Amount
 
Carrying Amount (Net of Impairment)(1)
 
Accumulated Amortization
 
Net Carrying Amount
Deferred Leasing Costs and Intangible Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In-place lease values
$
328,208

 
$
(126,373
)
 
$
201,835

 
$
267,221

 
$
(112,673
)
 
$
154,548

Above-market lease values
130,216

 
(47,284
)
 
82,932

 
129,079

 
(43,412
)
 
85,667

Below-market ground lease obligations (2)
—

 
—

 
—

 
16,258

 
(984
)
 
15,274

Deferred leasing costs
117,608

 
(51,296
)
 
66,312

 
111,486

 
(46,666
)
 
64,820

Lease incentives
14,576

 
(1,652
)
 
12,924

 
14,576

 
(1,381
)
 
13,195

Trade name (3)
15,500

 
—

 
15,500

 
15,500

 
—

 
15,500

Investment management contracts
194,698

 
(100,445
)
 
94,253

 
194,698

 
(92,618
)
 
102,080

Customer relationships
49,291

 
(15,863
)
 
33,428

 
49,291

 
(15,027
)
 
34,264

Other (4)
41,664

 
(1,945
)
 
39,719

 
59,157

 
(4,241
)
 
54,916

Total deferred leasing costs and intangible assets
$
891,761

 
$
(344,858
)
 
$
546,903

 
$
857,266

 
$
(317,002
)
 
$
540,264

Intangible Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Below-market lease values
$
206,783

 
$
(65,039
)
 
$
141,744

 
$
204,066

 
$
(59,180
)
 
$
144,886

Above-market ground lease obligations (2)
—

 
—

 
—

 
16,080

 
(1,580
)
 
14,500

Total intangible liabilities
$
206,783

 
$
(65,039
)
 
$
141,744

 
$
220,146

 
$
(60,760
)
 
$
159,386

__________
(1) 
For intangible assets and intangible liabilities recognized in connection with business combinations, purchase price allocations may be subject to adjustments during the measurement period, not to exceed twelve months from date of acquisition, based upon new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed at time of acquisition. Amounts are presented net of impairments and write-offs.
(2) 
Upon adoption of the new lease standard on January 1, 2019, below-market and above-market ground lease obligations were reclassified as a component of operating lease right-of-use asset, included in other assets.
(3) 
The Colony trade name is determined to have an indefinite useful life and is not currently subject to amortization.
(4) 
Represents primarily the value of certificates of need associated with certain healthcare portfolios which are not amortized and franchise agreements associated with certain hotel properties which are subject to amortization over the term of the respective agreements.
Impairment
No impairment was recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2019.
The following impairment losses were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018:
Investment Management Contracts—$147.4 million of impairment was recorded on investment management contract intangibles related to non-traded REITs. This consisted of $139.0 million write-off of the NorthStar I and NorthStar II management contract intangibles as the contracts were terminated upon closing of the Combination, and $1.4 million write off of the management contract intangible of the Company's sponsored non-traded REIT, NorthStar/RXR New York Metro Real Estate, Inc., in consideration of the termination of its offering period effective March 2018 and subsequent liquidation, both of which were recorded in the first quarter of 2018, and $7.0 million impairment in the third quarter of 2018 on the NorthStar Healthcare management contract intangible which was valued based upon future net cash flows, discounted at 10%.
Customer Relationships—In the fourth quarter of 2018, the remaining value of the retail customer relationship intangible of $10.1 million was written off based on a reassessment of future capital raising for retail vehicles.
Trade Name—In June 2018, the Company changed its name from Colony NorthStar, Inc. to Colony Capital, Inc. and wrote off the remaining value of the NorthStar trade name of $59.5 million.

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Table of Contents

Amortization of Intangible Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Above-market lease values
 
$
(3,167
)
 
$
(5,183
)
Below-market lease values
 
6,280

 
7,108

Lease incentives
 
(271
)
 
(262
)
Net increase (decrease) to rental income
 
$
2,842

 
$
1,663

 
 
 
 
 
Above-market ground lease obligations
 
$
—

 
$
(286
)
Below-market ground lease obligations
 
—

 
463

Net increase (decrease) to ground rent expense
 
$
—

 
$
177

 
 
 
 
 
In-place lease values
 
$
13,616

 
$
12,405

Deferred leasing costs
 
5,179

 
4,171

Trade name
 
—

 
804

Investment management contracts
 
7,827

 
5,686

Customer relationships
 
836

 
1,152

Other
 
252

 
515

Amortization expense
 
$
27,710

 
$
24,733

The following table presents the effect of future amortization of deferred leasing costs and finite-lived intangible assets and intangible liabilities, excluding those related to assets and liabilities held for sale:
 
Year Ending December 31,
 
 
(In thousands)
Remaining 2019
 
2020
 
2021
 
2022
 
2023
 
2024 and Thereafter
 
Total
Net increase (decrease) to rental income
$
8,521

 
$
10,202

 
$
10,209

 
$
9,148

 
$
9,307

 
$
(1,499
)
 
$
45,888

Amortization expense
124,969

 
66,555

 
52,384

 
40,050

 
29,247

 
93,420

 
406,625


7. Assets and Related Liabilities Held for Sale
The Company's assets and related liabilities held for sale are summarized below:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Assets
 

 
 
Restricted cash
 
$
2,060

 
$
4,060

Real estate, net
 
734,078

 
852,402

Intangible assets, net
 
15,342

 
41,590

Other assets
 
34,987

 
43,206

Total assets held for sale
 
$
786,467

 
$
941,258

 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
Lease intangibles and other liabilities, net
 
$
22,435

 
$
68,217

Total liabilities related to assets held for sale
 
$
22,435

 
$
68,217

There were no assets and liabilities held for sale that constituted discontinued operations as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
Properties in the THL Hotel Portfolio acquired in 2017 that qualified as held for sale at the time of foreclosure were deemed to be discontinued operations. Such properties have been fully disposed of in the second quarter of 2018. Revenues and expenses from discontinued operations of THL Hotel Portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2018 were $0.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively.


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8. Restricted Cash, Other Assets and Other Liabilities
Restricted Cash
The following table summarizes the Company's restricted cash balance:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Capital expenditures reserves (1)
 
$
170,545

 
$
215,366

Real estate escrow reserves (2)
 
46,395

 
51,352

Borrower escrow deposits
 
15,653

 
10,412

Working capital and other reserves (3)
 
14,522

 
19,586

Tenant lock boxes (4)
 
17,989

 
15,666

Other
 
61,531

 
54,376

Total restricted cash
 
$
326,635

 
$
366,758

__________
(1) 
Represents primarily capital improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment, tenant improvements, lease renewal and replacement reserves related to real estate assets.
(2) 
Represents primarily insurance, real estate tax, repair and maintenance, tenant security deposits and other escrows related to real estate assets.
(3) 
Represents reserves for working capital and property development expenditures, as well as in connection with letter of credit provisions, as required in joint venture arrangements with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
(4) 
Represents tenant rents held in lock boxes controlled by the lender. The Company receives the monies after application of rent receipts to service its debt.
Other Assets
The following table summarizes the Company's other assets:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Interest receivable
 
$
11,961

 
$
14,005

Straight-line rents
 
63,100

 
61,196

Hotel-related reserves (1)
 
15,728

 
21,636

Investment deposits and pending deal costs
 
43,072

 
34,179

Deferred financing costs, net (2)
 
11,024

 
7,870

Derivative assets (Note 10)
 
29,742

 
33,558

Prepaid taxes and deferred tax assets, net
 
58,846

 
71,656

Receivables from resolution of investments (3)
 
32,624

 
30,770

Contributions receivable (4)
 
113,200

 
55,252

Operating lease right-of-use asset
 
117,468

 
—

Accounts receivable (5)
 
94,745

 
67,005

Prepaid expenses
 
40,904

 
26,991

Other assets
 
78,997

 
31,267

Fixed assets, net
 
46,341

 
47,932

Total other assets
 
$
757,752

 
$
503,317

__________
(1) 
Represents reserves held by the Company's third party managers at certain of the Company's hotel properties to fund furniture, fixtures and equipment expenditures. Funding is made periodically based on a percentage of hotel operating income.
(2) 
Deferred financing costs relate to revolving credit arrangements.
(3) 
Represents primarily proceeds from loan repayments held in escrow and sales of marketable equity securities pending settlement.
(4) 
Represents contributions receivable from noncontrolling interests in investment entities as a result of capital calls made at period end.
(5)
Includes receivables for hotel operating income, resident fees, rent and other tenant receivables.

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Accrued and Other Liabilities
The following table summarizes the Company's accrued and other liabilities:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Tenant security deposits and payable
 
$
31,307

 
$
29,070

Borrower escrow deposits
 
18,885

 
13,001

Deferred income (1)
 
32,033

 
40,156

Interest payable
 
42,123

 
40,648

Derivative liabilities (Note 10)
 
304,714

 
132,808

Contingent consideration—THL Hotel Portfolio (Note 11)
 
9,312

 
8,903

Share repurchase payable (2)
 
—

 
7,567

Current and deferred income tax liability
 
105,982

 
93,174

Operating lease liability (Note 19)
 
117,440

 
—

Accrued compensation
 
34,694

 
81,911

Accrued carried interest and contractual incentive fee compensation
 
13,150

 
12,182

Accrued real estate and other taxes
 
71,519

 
64,440

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 
128,286

 
104,596

Other liabilities
 
127,721

 
79,465

Total accrued and other liabilities
 
$
1,037,166

 
$
707,921

__________
(1) 
Represents primarily prepaid rental income and interest income held in reserve accounts. Includes deferred asset management fee income of $2.9 million at March 31, 2019 and $3.2 million at December 31, 2018, which will be recognized as fee income on a straight-line basis through 2024.
(2) 
Represents the Company's common stock repurchases transacted in December 2018 and settled in January 2019.
9. Debt
The Company's debt consists of the following components:
(In thousands)
 
Corporate Credit Facility(1)
 
Convertible and Exchangeable Senior Notes
 
Secured and Unsecured Debt (2)
 
Junior Subordinated Notes
 
Total Debt
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt at amortized cost
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Principal
 
$
—

 
$
616,105

 
$
10,017,683

 
$
280,117

 
$
10,913,905

Premium (discount), net
 
—

 
2,586

 
(33,157
)
 
(80,554
)
 
(111,125
)
Deferred financing costs
 
—

 
(6,073
)
 
(83,919
)
 
—

 
(89,992
)
 
 
$
—

 
$
612,618

 
$
9,900,607

 
$
199,563

 
$
10,712,788

December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt at amortized cost
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Principal
 
$
—

 
$
616,105

 
$
9,352,902

 
$
280,117

 
$
10,249,124

Premium (discount), net
 
—

 
2,697

 
(41,217
)
 
(81,031
)
 
(119,551
)
Deferred financing costs
 
—

 
(6,652
)
 
(82,964
)
 
—

 
(89,616
)
 
 
$
—

 
$
612,150

 
$
9,228,721

 
$
199,086

 
$
10,039,957

__________
(1) 
Deferred financing costs related to the corporate credit facility are included in other assets.
(2) 
Debt principal totaling $356.5 million at March 31, 2019 and $425.9 million at December 31, 2018 was related to financing on assets held for sale. Debt associated with assets held for sale that will be assumed by the buyer, if any, is included in liabilities related to assets held for sale (Note 7).

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Table of Contents

The following table summarizes certain information about the different components of debt carried at amortized cost. Weighted average years remaining to maturity is based on initial maturity dates or extended maturity dates if the criteria to extend has been met on balance sheet date and the extension option is at the Company’s discretion.
 
Fixed Rate
 
Variable Rate
 
Total
($ in thousands)
Outstanding Principal
 
Weighted Average Interest Rate (Per Annum)
 
Weighted Average Years Remaining to Maturity
 
Outstanding Principal
 
Weighted Average Interest Rate (Per Annum)
 
Weighted Average Years Remaining to Maturity
 
Outstanding Principal
 
Weighted Average Interest Rate (Per Annum)
 
Weighted Average Years Remaining to Maturity
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Recourse
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate credit facility
$
—

 
N/A

 
N/A
 
$
—

 
N/A

 
2.8
 
$
—

 
N/A

 
2.8
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes
616,105

 
4.27
%
 
2.8
 
—

 
N/A

 
N/A
 
616,105

 
4.27
%
 
2.8
Junior subordinated debt
—

 
N/A

 
N/A
 
280,117

 
5.46
%
 
17.2
 
280,117

 
5.46
%
 
17.2
Secured debt (1)
36,660

 
5.02
%
 
6.7
 
—

 
N/A

 
N/A
 
36,660

 
5.02
%
 
6.7
 
652,765

 
 
 
 
 
280,117

 
 
 
 
 
932,882

 
 
 
 
Non-recourse
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Secured and unsecured debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Healthcare (2) (3)
2,130,999

 
4.62
%
 
1.7
 
1,112,944

 
6.54
%
 
3.1
 
3,243,943

 
5.28
%
 
2.2
Industrial (4)
1,071,514

 
3.83
%
 
10.4
 
856,773

 
4.04
%
 
4.8
 
1,928,287

 
3.93
%
 
7.9
Hospitality
12,559

 
13.01
%
 
2.4
 
2,646,977

 
5.60
%
 
3.7
 
2,659,536

 
5.64
%
 
3.7
Other Real Estate Equity (2)
181,384

 
4.23
%
 
3.6
 
1,682,195

 
4.38
%
 
3.2
 
1,863,579

 
4.36
%
 
3.2
Real Estate Debt
—

 
N/A

 
N/A
 
285,678

 
4.59
%
 
2.6
 
285,678

 
4.59
%
 
2.6
 
3,396,456

 
 
 
 
 
6,584,567

 
 
 
 
 
9,981,023

 
 
 
 
 
$
4,049,221

 
 
 
 
 
$
6,864,684

 
 
 
 
 
$
10,913,905

 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Recourse
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate credit facility
$
—

 
N/A

 
N/A
 
$
—

 
N/A

 
3.0
 
$
—

 
N/A

 
3.0
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes
616,105

 
4.27
%
 
3.0
 
—

 
N/A

 
N/A
 
616,105

 
4.27
%
 
3.0
Junior subordinated debt
—

 
N/A

 
N/A
 
280,117

 
5.66
%
 
17.4
 
280,117

 
5.66
%
 
17.4
Secured debt (1)
37,199

 
5.02
%
 
6.9
 
—

 
N/A

 
N/A
 
37,199

 
5.02
%
 
6.9
 
653,304

 
 
 
 
 
280,117

 
 
 
 
 
933,421

 
 
 
 
Non-recourse
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Secured debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Healthcare (2) (3)
2,130,999

 
4.62
%
 
1.9
 
1,109,681

 
6.64
%
 
2.7
 
3,240,680

 
5.31
%
 
2.2
Industrial (4)
1,071,721

 
3.83
%
 
10.6
 
5,474

 
5.27
%
 
4.2
 
1,077,195

 
3.84
%
 
10.6
Hospitality
12,019

 
12.99
%
 
2.6
 
2,636,053

 
5.68
%
 
3.8
 
2,648,072

 
5.71
%
 
3.8
Other Real Estate Equity (2)
200,814

 
4.02
%
 
3.8
 
1,789,431

 
4.43
%
 
3.6
 
1,990,245

 
4.39
%
 
3.7
Real Estate Debt
—

 
N/A

 
N/A
 
359,511

 
4.50
%
 
2.4
 
359,511

 
4.50
%
 
2.4
 
3,415,553

 
 
 
 
 
5,900,150

 
 
 
 
 
9,315,703

 
 
 
 
 
$
4,068,857

 
 
 
 
 
$
6,180,267

 
 
 
 
 
$
10,249,124

 
 
 
 
__________
(1) 
The fixed rate recourse debt represents two promissory notes secured by the Company's aircraft.
(2) 
Mortgage debt in the healthcare and other real estate equity segment with an aggregate outstanding principal of $460.2 million at March 31, 2019 and $538.5 million at December 31, 2018 were either in payment default or were not in compliance with certain debt and/or lease covenants. The Company is negotiating with the lenders and the tenants to restructure the debt and leases, as applicable, or otherwise refinance the debt.
(3) 
$1.725 billion outstanding principal of non-recourse fixed rate mortgage debt on certain properties in our U.S. healthcare portfolio is scheduled to mature in December 2019. The Company continues to evaluate its options in connection with the scheduled debt maturity. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company had impaired the real estate collateralizing the debt by $109.1 million based on a reassessment of the expected hold period, taking into consideration the upcoming debt maturity (see Note 11). The Company will continue to re-evaluate certain assumptions, including with respect to the hold period of the real estate collateralizing the debt, which could result in further impairment of the underlying real estate in a future period. At March 31, 2019, carrying value of the real estate collateralizing the debt was approximately $2.5 billion.
(4) 
Includes $613.7 million of outstanding principal of non-recourse unsecured debt that is supported by an unencumbered asset pool within the light industrial portfolio.

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Table of Contents

Corporate Credit Facility
On January 10, 2017, the OP entered into an amended and restated credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with several lenders and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and Bank of America, N.A. as syndication agent. The Credit Agreement provides a secured revolving credit facility in the maximum principal amount of $1.0 billion, with an option to increase up to $1.5 billion, subject to agreement of existing or substitute lenders to provide the additional loan commitment and satisfaction of customary closing conditions. The credit facility is scheduled to mature in January 2021, with two 6-month extension options, each subject to a fee of 0.10% of the commitment amount upon exercise.
The maximum amount available at any time is limited by a borrowing base of certain investment assets, with the valuation of such investment assets generally determined according to a percentage of adjusted net book value or a multiple of base management fee EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement).
Advances under the Credit Agreement accrue interest at a per annum rate equal to the sum of one-month London Inter-bank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus 2.25% or a base rate determined according to a prime rate or federal funds rate plus a margin of 1.25%. The Company pays a commitment fee of 0.25% or 0.35% per annum of the unused amount (0.35% at March 31, 2019), depending upon the amount of facility utilization.
Some of the Company’s subsidiaries guarantee the obligations of the Company under the Credit Agreement. As security for the advances under the Credit Agreement, the Company and some of its affiliates pledged their equity interests in certain subsidiaries through which the Company directly or indirectly owns substantially all of its assets.
The Credit Agreement contains various affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants that require the Company to maintain minimum tangible net worth, liquidity levels and financial ratios, as defined in the Credit Agreement.
The Credit Agreement also includes customary events of default, in certain cases subject to reasonable and customary periods to cure. The occurrence of an event of default may result in the termination of the credit facility, accelerate the Company’s repayment obligations, in certain cases limit the Company’s ability to make distributions, and allow the lenders to exercise all rights and remedies available to them with respect to the collateral. There have been no events of default since the inception of the credit facility.
In April 2019, the Credit Agreement was amended to reduce the aggregate commitments available from $1.0 billion to $750 million, and the option to increase the borrowing commitments, subject to agreement by the lenders and customary closing conditions, from $1.5 billion to $1.125 billion. The amendment also provides that the Company may operate at below the minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, for a reduced valuation of the borrowing base, and establishes a new floor for the minimum fixed charge coverage ratio for fiscal quarters ended March 31, 2019 and thereafter. At March 31, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all of the financial covenants as amended.
Convertible and Exchangeable Senior Notes
Convertible senior notes and exchangeable senior notes (assumed from NRF at fair value in the Merger) are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and are guaranteed by the Company on a senior unsecured basis.
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes issued by the Company and outstanding are as follows:
Description
 
Issuance Date
 
Due Date
 
Interest Rate
 
Conversion or Exchange Price (per share of common stock)
 
Conversion or Exchange Ratio (2)
(In Shares)
 
Conversion or Exchange Shares (in thousands)
 
Earliest Redemption Date
 
Outstanding Principal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5.00% Convertible Notes
 
April 2013
 
April 15, 2023
 
5.00
 
$
15.76

 
63.4700

 
12,694

 
April 22, 2020
 
$
200,000

 
$
200,000

3.875% Convertible Notes
 
January and June 2014
 
January 15, 2021
 
3.875
 
16.57

 
60.3431

 
24,288

 
January 22, 2019
 
402,500

 
402,500

5.375% Exchangeable Notes
 
June 2013 (1)
 
June 15, 2033
 
5.375
 
12.04

 
83.0837

 
1,130

 
June 15, 2023
 
13,605

 
13,605

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
616,105

 
$
616,105

__________
(1) 
Represents initial date of issuance of exchangeable senior notes by NRF prior to the Merger.
(2) 
The conversion or exchange rate for convertible and exchangeable senior notes is subject to periodic adjustments to reflect the carried-forward adjustments relating to common stock splits, reverse stock splits, common stock adjustments in connection with spin-offs and cumulative cash dividends paid on the Company's common stock since the issuance of the convertible and exchangeable senior notes. The conversion or exchange ratios are presented in shares of common stock per $1,000 principal of each convertible or exchangeable note.

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Table of Contents

The convertible and exchangeable senior notes mature on their respective due dates, unless redeemed, repurchased or exchanged prior to such date in accordance with the terms of their respective governing documents. The convertible and exchangeable senior notes are redeemable at a redemption price equal to 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest up to, but excluding, the redemption date.
The Company may redeem the convertible notes for cash at its option at any time on or after their respective redemption dates if the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price of the convertible notes then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption.
The exchangeable notes may be exchanged for cash, common stock or a combination thereof, at the Company's election, upon the occurrence of specified events, and at any time on or after their respective redemption dates, and on the second business day immediately preceding their maturity dates. The holders of the exchangeable notes have the right, at their option, to require the Company to repurchase the exchangeable notes for cash on certain specific dates in accordance with the terms of their respective governing documents.
Secured and Unsecured Debt
These are primarily investment level financing, which are generally subject to customary non-recourse carve-outs, secured by underlying commercial real estate and mortgage loans receivable.
Junior Subordinated Debt
The junior subordinated debt was assumed by the Company through the Merger at fair value. Prior to the Merger, subsidiaries of NRF, which were formed as statutory trusts, NorthStar Realty Finance Trust I through VIII (the “Trusts”), issued trust preferred securities ("TruPS") in private placement offerings. The sole assets of the Trusts consist of a like amount of junior subordinated notes issued by NRF at the time of the offerings (the "Junior Notes"). 
The Company may redeem the Junior Notes at par, in whole or in part, for cash, after five years. To the extent the Company redeems the Junior Notes, the Trusts are required to redeem a corresponding amount of TruPS. The ability of the Trusts to pay dividends depends on the receipt of interest payments on the Junior Notes. The Company has the right, pursuant to certain qualifications and covenants, to defer payments of interest on the Junior Notes for up to six consecutive quarters. If payment of interest on the Junior Notes is deferred, the Trusts will defer the quarterly distributions on the TruPS for a corresponding period. Additional interest accrues on deferred payments at the annual rate payable on the Junior Notes, compounded quarterly.
Interest Incurred
Total interest incurred on the Company's debt, including interest capitalized on real estate under development or construction, was as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
2019
 
2018
Interest expensed
 
$
149,516

 
$
148,889

Interest capitalized
 
1,046

 
429

Total interest incurred
 
$
150,562

 
$
149,318


10. Derivatives
The Company uses derivative instruments to manage the risk of changes in interest rates and foreign exchange rates, arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative instruments to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Company’s known or expected cash receipts and cash payments, the values of which are driven by interest rates, principally relating to the Company’s investments and borrowings. Additionally, the Company’s foreign operations expose the Company to fluctuations in foreign interest rates and exchange rates. The Company enters into derivative instruments to protect the value or fix certain of these foreign denominated amounts in terms of its functional currency, the U.S. dollar. Derivative instruments used in the Company’s risk management activities may be designated as qualifying hedge accounting relationships (“designated hedges”) or otherwise used for economic hedging purposes (“non-designated hedges”).

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Table of Contents

Fair value of derivative assets and derivative liabilities were as follows:
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(In thousands)
 
Designated Hedges
 
Non-Designated Hedges
 
Total
 
Designated Hedges
 
Non-Designated Hedges
 
Total
Derivative Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
$
25,819

 
$
907

 
$
26,726

 
$
31,127

 
$
1,069

 
$
32,196

Interest rate contracts
 
237

 
157

 
394

 
862

 
500

 
1,362

Performance swaps
 
—

 
2,622

 
2,622

 
—

 
—

 
—

Included in other assets
 
$
26,056

 
$
3,686

 
$
29,742

 
$
31,989

 
$
1,569

 
$
33,558

Derivative Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
$
6,965

 
$
891

 
$
7,856

 
$
6,193

 
$
211

 
$
6,404

Interest rate contracts
 
55

 
185,519

 
185,574

 
—

 
126,404

 
126,404

Forward contracts
 
—

 
111,284

 
111,284

 
—

 
—

 
—

Included in accrued and other liabilities
 
$
7,020

 
$
297,694

 
$
304,714

 
$
6,193

 
$
126,615

 
$
132,808

Certain counterparties to the derivative instruments require the Company to deposit cash or other eligible collateral. The Company had $41.4 million and $0.8 million of cash collateral on deposit as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, included in other assets.
Foreign Exchange Contracts
The following table summarizes the aggregate notional amounts of designated and non-designated foreign exchange contracts in place at March 31, 2019, along with certain key terms:
Hedged Currency
 
Instrument Type
 
Notional Amount
(in thousands)
 
FX Rates
($ per unit of foreign currency)
 
Range of Expiration Dates
 
 
Designated
 
Non-Designated
 
 
EUR
 
FX Collar
 
€
84,050

 
€
613

 
Min $1.06 / Max $1.53
 
October 2019 to November 2020
GBP
 
FX Collar
 
£
40,228

 
£
1,962

 
Min $1.45 / Max $1.82
 
June 2019 to December 2019
EUR
 
FX Forward
 
€
476,530

 
€
10,803

 
Min $1.10 / Max $1.38
 
April 2019 to February 2024
GBP
 
FX Forward
 
£
90,445

 
£
26,490

 
Min $1.24 / Max $1.33
 
May 2019 to December 2020
Designated Net Investment Hedges
The Company’s foreign denominated net investments in subsidiaries or joint ventures were €652.4 million and £232.7 million, or a total of $1.0 billion at March 31, 2019, and €614.0 million and £235.7 million, or a total of $1.0 billion at December 31, 2018.
The Company entered into foreign exchange contracts to hedge the foreign currency exposure of certain investments in foreign subsidiaries or equity method joint ventures, designated as net investment hedges, as follows:
•
    forward contracts whereby the Company agrees to sell an amount of foreign currency for an agreed upon amount of U.S. dollars; and
•
    foreign exchange collars (caps and floors) without upfront premium costs, which consist of a combination of currency options with single date expirations, whereby the Company gains protection against foreign currency weakening below a specified level and pays for that protection by giving up gains from foreign currency appreciation above a specified level.
Foreign exchange contracts are used to protect the Company’s foreign denominated investments from adverse foreign currency fluctuations, with notional amounts and termination dates based upon the anticipated return of capital from the investments.
Release of accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") related to net investment hedges occurs upon losing a controlling financial interest in an investment or obtaining control over an equity method investment. Upon sale, complete or substantially complete liquidation of an investment in a foreign subsidiary, or partial sale of an equity method investment, the gain or loss on the related net investment hedge is reclassified from AOCI to other gain (loss) as summarized below.

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Table of Contents

 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Designated net investment hedges:
 
 
 
 
Realized gain (loss) transferred from AOCI to earnings
 
$
240

 
$
2,583

Non-Designated Hedges
At the end of each quarter, the Company reassesses the effectiveness of its net investment hedges and as appropriate, dedesignates the portion of the derivative notional that is in excess of the beginning balance of its net investments. Any unrealized gain or loss on the dedesignated portion of net investment hedges is recorded in other gain (loss).
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Non-designated net investment hedges:
 
 
 
 
Unrealized gain (loss) transferred from AOCI to earnings
 
$
(419
)
 
$
(2,882
)
Interest Rate Contracts
The Company uses various interest rate contracts, some of which may be designated as cash flows hedges, to limit its exposure to changes in interest rates on various floating rate debt obligations.
At March 31, 2019, the Company held the following interest rate contracts:
 
 
Notional Amount
(in thousands)
 
 
 
Strike Rate / Forward Rate
 
 
Instrument Type
 
Designated
 
Non-Designated
 
Index
 
 
Expiration
Interest rate swap (1)
 
$
—

 
$
2,000,000

 
3-Month LIBOR
 
3.39%
 
December 2019
Interest rate swap
 
$
300,000

 
$
—

 
1-Month LIBOR
 
2.15%
 
February 2022 to February 2024
Interest rate caps
 
$
—

 
$
4,427,714

 
1-Month LIBOR
 
3.0% - 4.5%
 
June 2019 to March 2021
Interest rate caps
 
€
247,513

 
€
441,151

 
3-Month EURIBOR
 
1.0% - 1.5%
 
October 2019 to November 2023
Interest rate caps
 
£
—

 
£
363,716

 
3-Month GBP LIBOR
 
1.5% - 2.5%
 
November 2019 to February 2020
Deliverable swap futures
 
$
—

 
$
14,000

 
(2) 
 
(2) 
 
June 2019
__________
(1) 
Represents a forward-starting interest rate swap that has a maturity date in December 2029, with mandatory settlement at fair value in December 2019.
(2)  
A consolidated sponsored investment company sold a 10-year USD deliverable swap futures contract to economically hedge the interest rate exposure on its long dated fixed rate securities.
The following table summarizes amounts recorded in other gain (loss) related to interest rate derivative contracts:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Unrealized gain (loss):
 
 
 
 
Non-designated interest rate contracts
 
$
(59,526
)
 
$
56,657

Forward Contracts and Performance Swaps
During December 2018 and January 2019, the Company entered into a series of forward contracts on a portfolio of shares in a real estate mutual fund with a counterparty in an aggregate notional amount of $100 million with a one year term to be settled, at the election of the Company, in cash or through delivery of the mutual fund shares. Concurrently with the forward contracts, the Company entered into a series of swap transactions with the same counterparty to pay the return of the Dow Jones U.S. Select REIT Total Return Index. The forward and swap transactions required a combined collateral deposit of $12 million, subject to daily net settlements in net fair value changes in excess of a predetermined threshold.
The forwards and swaps are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes and are subject to fair value adjustments through earnings. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, fair value loss in the forwards of $11.3 million and fair value gain on the swaps of $2.6 million are included in other gain (loss) in the Company’s statement of operations. The Company’s investment in the mutual fund is carried at fair value and is included in equity and debt

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investments on the balance sheet. Unrealized gain on the mutual fund shares of $11.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 is included in other gain (loss).
Offsetting Assets and Liabilities
The Company enters into agreements subject to enforceable master netting arrangements with its derivative counterparties that allow the Company to offset the settlement of derivative assets and liabilities in the same currency by derivative instrument type or, in the event of default by the counterparty, to offset all derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty. The Company has elected not to net derivative asset and liability positions, notwithstanding the conditions for right of offset may have been met. The Company presents derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty on a gross basis on the consolidated balance sheets.
The following table sets forth derivative positions where the Company has a right of offset under netting arrangements with the same counterparty.
 
 
Gross Assets (Liabilities) Included on Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset on Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities)
(In thousands)
 
 
(Assets) Liabilities
 
Cash Collateral Pledged
 
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
$
26,726

 
$
(487
)
 
$
—

 
$
26,239

Interest rate contracts
 
394

 
(228
)
 
—

 
166

Performance swaps
 
2,622

 
(2,622
)
 
—

 
—

 
 
$
29,742

 
$
(3,337
)
 
$
—

 
$
26,405

Derivative Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
$
(7,856
)
 
$
487

 
$
—

 
$
(7,369
)
Interest rate contracts
 
(185,574
)
 
228

 
31,394

 
(153,952
)
Forward contract
 
(111,284
)
 
2,622

 
10,000

 
(98,662
)
 
 
$
(304,714
)
 
$
3,337

 
$
41,394

 
$
(259,983
)
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
$
32,196

 
$
(1,743
)
 
$
—

 
$
30,453

Interest rate contracts
 
1,362

 
(823
)
 
—

 
539

 
 
$
33,558

 
$
(2,566
)
 
$
—

 
$
30,992

Derivative Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
$
(6,404
)
 
$
1,743

 
$
—

 
$
(4,661
)
Interest rate contracts
 
(126,404
)
 
823

 
840

 
(124,741
)
 
 
$
(132,808
)
 
$
2,566

 
$
840

 
$
(129,402
)

11. Fair Value
Recurring Fair Values
The table below presents a summary of financial assets and financial liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis, including financial instruments for which the fair value option was elected, but excluding financial assets under the NAV practical expedient, categorized into the following three tier hierarchy:
Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in non-active markets, or valuation techniques utilizing inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable data directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3—At least one assumption or input is unobservable and it is significant to the fair value measurement, requiring significant management judgment or estimate.

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Fair Value Measurements
(In thousands)
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity method investments
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
178,131

 
$
178,131

Marketable equity securities
 
131,226

 
—

 
—

 
131,226

Debt securities available for sale—N-Star CDO bonds
 
—

 
—

 
64,410

 
64,410

CMBS of consolidated fund
 
—

 
21,139

 
—

 
21,139

Other assets—derivative assets
 
—

 
29,742

 
—

 
29,742

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other liabilities—derivative liabilities
 
—

 
304,714

 
—

 
304,714

Other liabilities—contingent consideration for THL Hotel Portfolio
 
—

 
—

 
9,312

 
9,312

December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity method investments
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
81,085

 
$
81,085

Marketable equity securities
 
36,438

 
—

 
—

 
36,438

Debt securities available for sale—N-Star CDO bonds
 
—

 
—

 
64,127

 
64,127

CMBS of consolidated fund
 
—

 
32,706

 
—

 
32,706

Other assets—derivative assets
 
—

 
33,558

 
—

 
33,558

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other liabilities—derivative liabilities
 
—

 
132,808

 
—

 
132,808

Other liabilities—contingent consideration for THL Hotel Portfolio
 
—

 
—

 
8,903

 
8,903

Equity Method Investments
Equity method investments for which fair value option was elected are carried at fair value on a recurring basis.
Fair values are determined using either discounted cash flow models based on expected future cash flows for income and realization events of the underlying assets, applying revenue multiples, based on transaction price for recently acquired investments, or pending or comparable market sales price on an investment, as applicable. In valuing the Company's investment in third party private equity funds, the Company considers cash flows provided by the general partners of the funds and the implied yields of the funds. The Company has not elected the practical expedient to measure the fair value of its investments in these private equity funds using NAV of the underlying funds. Fair value of equity method investments are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, unless investments are valued based on contracted sales prices which are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Changes in fair value of equity method investments under the fair value option are recorded in equity method earnings.
Marketable Equity Securities
Marketable equity securities consist of investment in a third party managed mutual fund and equity securities held by a consolidated fund, which are valued based on listed prices in active markets and classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
Debt Securities
N-Star CDO bonds—Fair value of N-Star CDO bonds are determined internally based on recent trades, if any with such securitizations, the Company's knowledge of the underlying collateral and are determined using an internal price interpolated based on third party prices of the senior N-Star CDO bonds of the respective CDOs. All N-Star CDO bonds are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
CMBS of consolidated fund—Fair value is determined based on broker quotes or third party pricing services, classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Derivatives
Derivative instruments consist of interest rate contracts and foreign exchange contracts that are generally traded over-the-counter, and are valued using a third-party service provider, except for exchange traded futures contracts which are Level 1 fair values. Quotations on over-the-counter derivatives are not adjusted and are generally valued using observable inputs such as contractual cash flows, yield curve, foreign currency rates and credit spreads, and are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Although credit valuation adjustments, such as the risk of default, rely on

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Level 3 inputs, these inputs are not significant to the overall valuation of its derivatives. As a result, derivative valuations in their entirety are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Other Liabilities—Contingent Consideration for THL Hotel Portfolio
In connection with the consensual foreclosure of the THL Hotel Portfolio (Note 3), contingent consideration is payable to the former preferred equity holder of the borrower in an amount up to $13.0 million. Fair value of the contingent consideration is measured using discounted cash flows based on the probability of the former preferred equity holder receiving such payment.
Level 3 Recurring Fair Value Measurements
Quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurements, for which information about unobservable inputs is reasonably available to the Company, are as follows.
 
 
 
 
Valuation Technique
 
Key Unobservable Inputs
 
Input Value
 
Effect on Fair Value from Increase in Input Value (1)
Financial Instrument 
 
Fair Value
(In thousands)
 
 
 
Weighted Average
(Range)
 
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Level 3 Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity method investments—third party private equity funds
 
$
5,354

 
Transaction price and NAV(2)
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
N/A
Equity method investments—other
 
18,569

 
Discounted cash flows
 
Discount rate
 
18.5%
(14.8% - 19.5%)
 
Decrease
Equity method investments—other

 
25,000

 
Multiple
 
Revenue multiple
 
5.5x
 
(3) 
Equity method investments—other

 
129,208

 
Transaction price(4)
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
N/A
N-Star CDO bonds
 
64,410

 
Discounted cash flows
 
Discount rate
 
22.2%
(13.7% - 66.2%)
 
Decrease
Level 3 Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other liabilities—contingent consideration for THL Hotel Portfolio
 
9,312

 
Discounted cash flows
 
Discount rate
 
20.0%
 
Decrease
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Level 3 Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity method investments—third party private equity funds
 
$
5,908

 
Transaction price and NAV(2)
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
N/A
Equity method investments—other
 
21,831

 
Discounted cash flows
 
Discount rate
 
17.5%
(9.1% - 18.4%)
 
Decrease
Equity method investments—other
 
25,000

 
Multiple
 
Revenue multiple
 
5.8x
 
(3) 
Equity method investments—other
 
28,346

 
Transaction price(4)
 
N/A
 
N/A
 
N/A
N-Star CDO bonds
 
64,127

 
Discounted cash flows
 
Discount rate
 
21.6%
(13.6% - 56.5%)
 
Decrease
Level 3 Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other liabilities—contingent consideration for THL Hotel Portfolio
 
8,903

 
Discounted cash flows
 
Discount rate
 
20.0%
 
Decrease
__________
(1) 
Represents the directional change in fair value that would result from an increase to the corresponding unobservable input. A decrease to the unobservable input would have the reverse effect. Significant increases or decreases in these inputs in isolation could result in significantly higher or lower fair value measures.
(2) 
Fair value was estimated based on a combination of inputs, namely indicative prices of investments sold by the Company as well as underlying NAV of the respective funds on a quarter lag.
(3) 
Fair value is affected by change in revenue multiple relative to change in rate of revenue growth.
(4) 
Valued based upon transaction price of investments recently acquired or offer prices on investments or underlying assets of investee pending sales. Transaction price approximates fair value for an investee engaged in multi-family development during the development stage and pending certificate of occupancy.

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The following table presents changes in recurring Level 3 fair value measurements, including realized and unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings and accumulated other comprehensive income.
 
 
Level 3 Assets
 
Level 3 Liabilities
(In thousands)
 
Securitized Loans Receivable
 
Equity Method Investments
 
Securities
 
Debt—Securitized Bonds Payable
 
Due to Affiliates—Contingent Consideration for Internalization
 
Other Liabilities—Contingent Consideration for THL Hotel Portfolio
Fair value at December 31, 2017
 
$
45,423

 
$
363,901

 
$
323,243

 
$
(44,542
)
 
$
(20,650
)
 
$
(7,419
)
Purchases, contributions or accretion
 
—

 
60,044

 
2,969

 
389

 
—

 
—

Paydowns or distributions
 
(389
)
 
(158,943
)
 
(83,588
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Contribution to Colony Credit
 
—

 
(26,134
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Realized gains in earnings
 
—

 
2,842

 
4,030

 
—

 
—

 
—

Unrealized gains (losses):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In earnings
 
(704
)
 
6,273

 
—

 
50

 
10,480

 
(341
)
In other comprehensive loss
 
—

 
—

 
(20,715
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Fair value at March 31, 2018
 
$
44,330

 
$
247,983

 
$
225,939

 
$
(44,103
)
 
$
(10,170
)
 
$
(7,760
)
Unrealized gains (losses) on ending balance:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In earnings
 
$
(704
)
 
$
6,021

 
$
—

 
$
50

 
$
10,480

 
$
(341
)
In other comprehensive income (loss)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
(5,457
)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value at December 31, 2018
 
$
—

 
$
81,085

 
$
64,127

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
(8,903
)
Purchases, contributions or accretion
 
—

 
101,195

 
1,769

 
—

 
—

 
—

Paydowns, distributions or sales
 
—

 
(6,341
)
 
(2,882
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Realized gains in earnings
 
—

 
755

 
(667
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Unrealized gains (losses):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In earnings
 
—

 
1,437

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(409
)
In other comprehensive income (loss)
 
—

 
—

 
2,063

 
—

 
—

 
—

Fair value at March 31, 2019
 
$
—

 
$
178,131

 
$
64,410


$
—

 
$
—


$
(9,312
)
Unrealized gains (losses) on ending balance:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In earnings
 
$
—

 
$
1,437

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
(409
)
In other comprehensive income (loss)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
(1,322
)
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

Securitized Loans and Securitized Bonds Payable
Prior to May 2018, the Company had elected the fair value option for loans receivable and bonds payable issued by a securitization trust that was consolidated by a N-Star CDO. The N-Star CDO was in turn consolidated by the Company. In May 2018, the Company sold its interests in the N-Star CDO and deconsolidated the N-Star CDO along with the securitization trust consolidated by the N-Star CDO.
Prior to deconsolidation, the Company had adopted the measurement alternative to measure the fair value of the loans receivable held by the securitization trust using the fair value of the bonds payable issued by the securitization trust as the latter represented the more observable fair value. As such, the net gain or loss that was reflected in earnings was limited to changes in fair value of the beneficial interest held by the Company in the previously consolidated securitization trust, and not as a result of a remeasurement of the loans receivable and bonds payable held by third parties in the previously consolidated securitization trust. Fair value of the bonds payable issued by the securitization trust was determined based on broker quotes, which were generally derived from unobservable inputs, and therefore classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Correspondingly, the fair value of the loans receivable held by the securitization trust was also classified as Level 3.
Due To Affiliates—Contingent Consideration for Internalization
In connection with the Company's acquisition of the investment management business and operations of its former
manager in April 2015 (the "Internalization"), contingent consideration is payable to certain senior management personnel of the Company. The contingent consideration is payable in a combination of shares of class A common stock, shares of class B common stock and OP Units, measured based on multi-year performance targets for achievement of a

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contractually-defined funds from operations ("Benchmark FFO") per share target, as well as real estate and non-real estate capital-raising thresholds from the funds management business, to the extent these targets are met. If the minimum performance target for either of these metrics is not met or exceeded, a portion of the contingent consideration paid in respect of the other metric would not be paid out in full.
Prior to June 30, 2018, the contingent consideration had been remeasured at fair value using a third party valuation service provider and classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, with the change in fair value recorded in other gain (loss). Fair value of the contingent consideration was measured using a Monte Carlo probability simulation model for the Benchmark FFO component and a discounted payout analysis based on probabilities of achieving prescribed targets for the capital-raising component, adjusted for certain targets that had not been met and that had expired. The Company's class A common stock price and related equity volatilities were applied to convert the contingent consideration payout into shares.
At June 30, 2018, the end of the measurement period, the contingent consideration was settled with certain senior management personnel of the Company in a combination of approximately 15,000 shares of class A common stock, 40,000 shares of class B common stock and 1.95 million OP Units. At June 30, 2018, as the contingency was resolved and the number of shares and units to be issued was no longer variable, the payable of $12.5 million, valued based on the closing price of the Company's class A common stock on June 29, 2018, the last trading day of the second quarter, was reclassified out of liabilities into equity, while the associated dividends payable of approximately $6.4 million remained in liabilities. The contingent consideration and associated dividends were fully settled in August 2018.
Investments Carried at Fair Value Using Net Asset Value
Investments in a Company-sponsored non-traded REIT and limited partnership interest in a third party private fund are valued using NAV of the respective vehicles.
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(In thousands)
 
Fair Value
 
Unfunded Commitments
 
Fair Value
 
Unfunded Commitments
Private fund—real estate
 
$
16,711

 
$
10,153

 
$
12,617

 
$
13,658

Retail Company—real estate
 
14,312

 
—

 
11,990

 
—

The Company's limited partnership interest in the private fund is not subject to redemption, with distributions to be received through liquidation of underlying investments of the fund. The private fund has an expected life of eight years from its inception in 2017, which may be extended in one year increments up to two years at the discretion of its general partner, an equity method investee of the Company.
No secondary market currently exists for shares of the non-traded REIT and the Company does not currently expect to seek liquidity of its shares of the non-traded REIT. Subject to then-existing market conditions, the board of directors of the non-traded REIT, along with the Company, as sponsor, expects to consider alternatives for providing liquidity to the non-traded REIT shares beginning five years from completion of the offering stage in January 2016, but with no definitive date by which it must do so. In addition, the Company has agreed that any right to have its shares redeemed is subordinated to third party stockholders for so long as its advisory agreement is in effect. 
Nonrecurring Fair Values
The Company measures fair value of certain assets on a nonrecurring basis when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Adjustments to fair value generally result from the application of lower of amortized cost or fair value accounting for assets held for sale or write-down of asset values due to impairment.
The following table summarizes assets carried at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, measured at the time of impairment.
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
(In thousands)
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
Real estate held for sale
 
$
—

 
$
223,052

 
$
223,052

 
$
68,864

 
$
200,281

 
$
269,145

Real estate held for investment
 
—

 
85,186

 
85,186

 
—

 
416,272

 
416,272

Intangible assets—investment management contracts
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
36,400

 
36,400

Equity method investments
 
—

 
7,014

 
7,014

 
—

 
32,761

 
32,761


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The following table summarizes the fair value write-downs to assets carried at nonrecurring fair values during the periods presented.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Impairment loss
 
 
 
 
Real estate held for sale
 
$
25,183

 
$
8,763

Real estate held for investment
 
439

 
4,206

Intangible assets—investment management contracts
 
—

 
140,429

Equity method earnings
 
2,622

 
—

Impairment is discussed in Note 4 for loans receivable, Note 5 for equity method investments and Note 6 for investment management intangible assets.
Real Estate Held For Sale
At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, real estate held for sale carried at fair value consisted primarily of properties in the European portfolio, valued using either broker price opinions, or a combination of market information, including third-party appraisals and indicative selling prices, adjusted as deemed appropriate by management to account for the inherent risk associated with the properties, and net of 2% to 5% selling cost, classified as Level 3.
Other significant real estate held for sale carried at fair value comprised of certain hotels in the hospitality segment for which the Company previously held a long term hold strategy but in the third quarter of 2018, adopted a sales strategy. These hotels are currently classified as held for sale. Impairment was mostly recorded in 2018 when the hotels were classified as held for investment, based on broker price opinions and net of 3% selling cost, classified as Level 3. In the first quarter of 2019, additional impairment was recorded on certain hotels based on their respective auction prices, classified as Level 2.
Real estate held for sale carried at fair value also included U.S. multi tenant office buildings, valued based on broker quotes net of 2% selling cost, classified as Level 3.
Additionally, at December 31, 2018, certain properties in the THL Hotel Portfolio were impaired and valued based on auction prices or contracted sales prices, net of 2% selling costs, classified as Level 2.
Real Estate Held For Investment
At March 31, 2019, further impairment was recorded on certain properties in the THL Hotel Portfolio that were impacted by the hurricanes in 2017 based upon revised insurance estimates.
At December 31, 2018, real estate held for investment carried at fair value consisted of $282.4 million of healthcare properties that were impaired in the fourth quarter of 2018, driven by shorter hold periods. In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company had reassessed the hold period on its healthcare properties, taking into consideration the Company's ability to refinance the related debt with upcoming maturities. The Company considered the possibility of shorter hold periods to be an indicator of impairment, among other factors. For properties for which indicators of impairment were identified, the Company compared their carrying values to the undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by these properties over their hold periods, with terminal values estimated based on indicative capitalization rates, adjusted as appropriate for risk characteristics of each property. In performing this analysis, the Company considered the likelihood of possible outcomes under various hold period scenarios depending on its ability to refinance the related debt and applied a probability-weighted approach to different hold periods for each property. For properties where carrying value exceeded undiscounted future net cash flows, the carrying value was determined to not be recoverable. Fair values were estimated for these properties based on the income capitalization approach, using net operating income for each property and applying capitalization rates ranging from 5.5% to 11%. Impairment was measured as the excess of carrying value over fair value, totaling $212.0 million. As the impairment assessment involved subjectivity and judgment, actual results may differ if changes occur in the assumptions used and/or in market conditions and accordingly, negative changes to these variables would result in further impairment charge in the future.
Other significant real estate held for investment carried at fair value at December 31, 2018 pertained to certain healthcare properties and THL Hotel Portfolio that were damaged by hurricanes or fire in 2017, and further impaired in 2018, with impairment based on estimates from insurance appraisers.

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Fair Value Information on Financial Instruments Reported at Cost
Carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments reported at amortized cost are presented below. The carrying values of cash, interest receivable, accounts receivable, due from and to affiliates, interest payable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to their short term nature and credit risk, if any, are negligible.
 
 
Fair Value Measurements
 
Carrying Value
(In thousands)
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
 
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans at amortized cost
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,607,914

 
$
1,607,914

 
$
1,596,673

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt at amortized cost
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes
 
573,423

 
13,095

 
—

 
586,518

 
612,618

Secured debt
 
—

 
—

 
9,956,842

 
9,956,842

 
9,900,607

Junior subordinated debt
 
—

 
—

 
203,039

 
203,039

 
199,563

December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans at amortized cost
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,667,892

 
$
1,667,892

 
$
1,659,217

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Debt at amortized cost
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes
 
547,300

 
13,095

 
—

 
560,395

 
612,150

Secured and unsecured debt
 
—

 
—

 
9,218,692

 
9,218,692

 
9,228,721

Junior subordinated debt
 
—

 
—

 
169,619

 
169,619

 
199,086

Loans Receivable—Loans receivable carried at amortized cost consist of first mortgages, subordinated mortgages and corporate loans, including such loans held by securitization trusts consolidated by the Company. Fair values were determined by comparing the current yield to the estimated yield of newly originated loans with similar credit risk or the market yield at which a third party might expect to purchase such investment; or based on discounted cash flow projections of principal and interest expected to be collected, which includes consideration of the financial standing of the borrower or sponsor as well as operating results of the underlying collateral. Carrying values of loans held for investment carried at amortized cost are presented net of allowance for loan losses, where applicable.
Debt—Fair value of convertible notes was determined using the last trade price in active markets. Fair value of exchangeable notes was determined based on unadjusted quoted prices in a non-active market. Fair values of the corporate credit facility and secured and unsecured debt were estimated by discounting expected future cash outlays at interest rates currently available to the Company for instruments with similar terms and remaining maturities; and such fair values approximated carrying value for floating rate debt with credit spreads that approximate market rates. Fair value of junior subordinated debt was based on unadjusted quotations from a third party valuation firm, with such quotes derived using a combination of internal valuation models, comparable trades in non-active markets and other market data. Fair value of securitization bonds payable was based on quotations from brokers or financial institutions that act as underwriters of the securitized bonds.
Other—The carrying values of cash, due from and to affiliates, other receivables and other payables approximate fair value due to their short term nature, and credit risk, if any, are negligible.
12. Variable Interest Entities
A VIE is an entity that lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties, or whose equity holders lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. The following discusses the Company's involvement with VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIEs or where the Company is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the VIEs.
Operating Subsidiary
The Company's operating subsidiary, OP, is a limited liability company that has governing provisions that are the functional equivalent of a limited partnership. The Company holds the majority of membership interest in OP, acts as the managing member of OP and exercises full responsibility, discretion and control over the day-to-day management of OP. The noncontrolling interests in OP do not have substantive liquidation rights, substantive kick-out rights without cause, or substantive participating rights that could be exercised by a simple majority of noncontrolling interest members (including

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by such a member unilaterally). The absence of such rights, which represent voting rights in a limited partnership equivalent structure, would render OP to be a VIE. The Company, as managing member, has the power to direct the core activities of OP that most significantly affect OP's performance, and through its majority interest in OP, has both the right to receive benefits from and the obligation to absorb losses of OP. Accordingly, the Company is the primary beneficiary of OP and consolidates OP. As the Company conducts its business and holds its assets and liabilities through OP, the total assets and liabilities of OP represent substantially all of the total consolidated assets and liabilities of the Company.
Company-Sponsored Private Funds
The Company sponsors private funds and other investment vehicles as general partner for the purpose of providing investment management services in exchange for management fees and performance-based fees. These private funds are established as limited partnerships or equivalent structures. Limited partners of the private funds do not have either substantive liquidation rights, or substantive kick-out rights without cause, or substantive participating rights that could be exercised by a simple majority of limited partners or by a single limited partner. Accordingly, the absence of such rights, which represent voting rights in a limited partnership, results in the private funds being considered VIEs. The nature of the Company's involvement with its sponsored funds comprise fee arrangements and equity interests. The fee arrangements are commensurate with the level of management services provided by the Company, and contain terms and conditions that are customary to similar at-market fee arrangements.
Consolidated Company-Sponsored Private Fund—The Company currently consolidates a sponsored private fund where it has more than insignificant equity interest in the fund as general partner during the early stages of the fund while additional third party capital is being raised. As a result, the Company is considered to be acting in the capacity of a principal of the sponsored private fund and is therefore the primary beneficiary of the fund. The Company’s exposure is limited to the value of its outstanding investment in the consolidated private fund of $15.3 million at March 31, 2019 and $13.2 million at December 31, 2018. The Company, as general partner, is not obligated to provide any financial support to the consolidated private fund. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the consolidated private fund had total assets of $26.6 million and $42.7 million, respectively, made up primarily of marketable equity securities, and total liabilities of $3.8 million and $20.1 million, respectively.
Unconsolidated Company-Sponsored Private Funds—The Company does not consolidate its sponsored private funds where it has insignificant direct equity interests or capital commitments to these funds as general partner. The Company may invest alongside certain of its sponsored private funds through joint ventures between the Company and these funds, or the Company may have capital commitments to its sponsored private funds that are satisfied directly through the co-investment joint ventures as an affiliate of the general partner. In these instances, the co-investment joint ventures are consolidated by the Company. As the Company's direct equity interests in its sponsored private funds as general partner absorb insignificant variability, the Company is considered to be acting in the capacity of an agent of these funds and is therefore not the primary beneficiary of these funds. The Company accounts for its equity interests in unconsolidated sponsored private funds under the equity method. The Company's maximum exposure to loss is limited to the carrying value of its investment in the unconsolidated sponsored private funds, totaling $121.2 million at March 31, 2019 and $117.3 million at December 31, 2018, included within equity and debt investments.
Securitizations
The Company previously securitized loans receivable and CRE debt securities using VIEs. Upon securitization, the Company had retained beneficial interests in the securitization vehicles, usually in the form of equity tranches or subordinate securities. The Company also acquired securities issued by securitization trusts that are VIEs. The securitization vehicles were structured as pass-through entities that receive principal and interest on the underlying mortgage loans and debt securities and distribute those payments to the holders of the notes, certificates or bonds issued by the securitization vehicles. The loans and debt securities were transferred into securitization vehicles such that these assets are restricted and legally isolated from the creditors of the Company, and therefore are not available to satisfy the Company's obligations but only the obligations of the securitization vehicles. The obligations of the securitization vehicles did not have any recourse to the general credit of the Company and its other subsidiaries.
Consolidated Securitizations—Prior to June 30, 2018, the Company consolidated securitization trusts for which it had a retained interest and for which it acted as special servicer or collateral manager or otherwise, its interest in the trust may have become the controlling class or directing holder. The Company's role as special servicer, collateral manager or as controlling class or directing holder provided the Company with the ability to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the securitization vehicles, and together with the interests previously retained by the Company in the securitization vehicles, the Company was deemed to be the primary beneficiary and consolidated these securitization vehicles.

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As of June 30, 2018, the Company no longer has any consolidated securitization trusts. The Company contributed its interests in three consolidated securitization trusts to Colony Credit upon closing of the Combination and sold its interests in two consolidated securitization trusts to third parties in the second quarter of 2018, resulting in a deconsolidation of these securitization trusts. The Company has retained its role as special servicer or as collateral manager in these securitization trusts. However, the Company may be removed as special servicer by the controlling class interest holders and may be removed as collateral manager through a right of removal provided to the buyer. Additionally, as of June 30, 2018, the underlying assets of the Company's remaining consolidated securitization trust was liquidated.
Unconsolidated Securitizations—The Company does not consolidate the assets and liabilities of CDOs in which the Company has an interest but does not retain the collateral management function. NRF had previously delegated the collateral management rights for certain sponsored N-Star CDOs and third party-sponsored CDOs to a third party collateral manager or collateral manager delegate who is entitled to a percentage of the senior and subordinate collateral management fees. The Company continues to receive fees as named collateral manager or collateral manager delegate and retained administrative responsibilities. The Company determined that the fees paid to the third party collateral manager or collateral manager delegate represent a variable interest in the CDOs and that the third party is acting as a principal. The Company concluded that it does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these CDOs, which include but are not limited to, the ability to sell distressed collateral, and therefore the Company is not the primary beneficiary of such CDOs and does not consolidate these CDOs. The Company’s exposure to loss is limited to its investment in these unconsolidated CDOs, comprising CDO bonds, which aggregate to $65.7 million at March 31, 2019 and $67.5 million at December 31, 2018.
Trusts
The Company, through the Merger, acquired the Trusts, wholly-owned subsidiaries of NRF formed as statutory trusts. The Trusts issued preferred securities in private placement offerings, and used the proceeds to purchase junior subordinated notes to evidence loans made to NRF (Note 9). The Company owns all of the common stock of the Trusts but does not consolidate the Trusts as the holders of the preferred securities issued by the Trusts are the primary beneficiaries of the Trusts. The Company accounts for its interest in the Trusts under the equity method and its maximum exposure to loss is limited to its investment carrying value of $3.7 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, recorded in investments in unconsolidated ventures on the consolidated balance sheet. The junior subordinated notes are recorded as debt on the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
13. Stockholders’ Equity
The table below summarizes the share activities of the Company's preferred and common stock.
 
 
Number of Shares
(In thousands)
 
Preferred Stock
 
Class A Common Stock
 
Class B Common Stock
Shares outstanding at December 31, 2017
 
65,464

 
542,599

 
736

Shares issued upon redemption of OP Units
 
—

 
2

 
—

Repurchase of common stock
 
—

 
(42,306
)
 
—

Equity-based compensation, net of forfeitures
 
—

 
3,257

 
—

Shares canceled for tax withholding on vested stock awards
 
—

 
(2,909
)
 
—

Shares outstanding at March 31, 2018
 
65,464

 
500,643

 
736

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares outstanding at December 31, 2018
 
57,464

 
483,347

 
734

Shares issued upon redemption of OP Units
 
—

 
3

 
—

Repurchase of common stock
 
—

 
(652
)
 
—

Equity-based compensation, net of forfeitures
 
—

 
2,659

 
—

Shares canceled for tax withholding on vested stock awards
 
—

 
(582
)
 
—

Shares outstanding at March 31, 2019
 
57,464

 
484,775

 
734

Preferred Stock
In the event of a liquidation or dissolution of the Company, preferred stockholders have priority over common stockholders for payment of dividends and distribution of net assets.

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The table below summarizes the preferred stock issued and outstanding at March 31, 2019:
Description
 
Dividend Rate Per Annum
 
Initial Issuance Date
 
Shares Outstanding
(in thousands)
 
Par Value
(in thousands)
 
Liquidation Preference
(in thousands)
 
Earliest Redemption Date
Series B
 
8.25
%
 
February 2007
 
6,114

 
$
61

 
$
152,855

 
Currently redeemable
Series E
 
8.75
%
 
May 2014
 
10,000

 
100

 
250,000

 
May 15, 2019
Series G
 
7.5
%
 
June 2014
 
3,450

 
35

 
86,250

 
June 19, 2019
Series H
 
7.125
%
 
April 2015
 
11,500

 
115

 
287,500

 
April 13, 2020
Series I
 
7.15
%
 
June 2017
 
13,800

 
138

 
345,000

 
June 5, 2022
Series J
 
7.125
%
 
September 2017
 
12,600

 
126

 
315,000

 
September 22, 2022
 
 
 
 
 
 
57,464

 
$
575

 
$
1,436,605

 
 
All series of preferred stock are at parity with respect to dividends and distributions, including distributions upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company. Dividends on each series of preferred stock of the Company are payable quarterly in arrears, in the case of the Series B and E preferred stock, in February, May, August and November, and in the case of Series G, H, I and J preferred stock, in January, April, July and October.
Each series of preferred stock is redeemable on or after the earliest redemption date for that series at $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) exclusively at the Company’s option. The redemption period for each series of preferred stock is subject to the Company’s right under limited circumstances to redeem the preferred stock earlier in order to preserve its qualification as a REIT or upon the occurrence of a change of control (as defined in the articles supplementary relating to each series of preferred stock).
Preferred stock generally does not have any voting rights, except if the Company fails to pay the preferred dividends for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive). Under such circumstances, the preferred stock will be entitled to vote, together as a single class with any other series of parity stock upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable, to elect two additional directors to the Company’s board of directors, until all unpaid dividends have been paid or declared and set aside for payment. In addition, certain changes to the terms of any series of preferred stock cannot be made without the affirmative vote of holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of each such series of preferred stock voting separately as a class for each series of preferred stock.
Redemption of Preferred Stock
In May 2018, the Company redeemed all of its outstanding Series D preferred stock, with settlement in July 2018. The preferred stock redemption was at $25.00 per share liquidation preference plus accrued and unpaid dividends prorated to the redemption date. The deficit of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference over the carrying value of the preferred stock redeemed resulted in an increase to net income attributable to common stockholders.
Common Stock
Except with respect to voting rights, class A common stock and class B common stock have the same rights and privileges and rank equally, share ratably in dividends and distributions, and are identical in all respects as to all matters. Class A common stock has one vote per share and class B common stock has thirty-six and one-half votes per share. This gives the holders of class B common stock a right to vote that reflects the aggregate outstanding non-voting economic interest in the Company (in the form of OP Units) attributable to class B common stock holders and therefore, does not provide any disproportionate voting rights. Class B common stock was issued as consideration in the Company's acquisition in April 2015 of the investment management business and operations of its former manager, which was previously controlled by the Company's Executive Chairman. Each share of class B common stock shall convert automatically into one share of class A common stock if the Executive Chairman or his beneficiaries directly or indirectly transfer beneficial ownership of class B common stock or OP Units held by them, other than to certain qualified transferees, which generally includes affiliates and employees. In addition, each holder of class B common stock has the right, at the holder’s option, to convert all or a portion of such holder’s class B common stock into an equal number of shares of class A common stock.
Common Stock Repurchases
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company repurchased 652,311 shares of its class A common stock, at an aggregate cost of approximately $3.2 million (excluding commissions), or a weighted average price of $4.84 per share pursuant to a $300 million share repurchase program authorized by its board of directors in May 2018, and extended in May 2019 for an additional one year term.

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During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased 61,417,755 shares of its class A common stock, at an aggregate cost of approximately $350.1 million (excluding commissions), or a weighted average price of $5.70 per share. These repurchases were made pursuant to the Company's $300 million share repurchase program authorized in February 2018 and the May 2018 stock repurchase program.
Dividend Reinvestment and Direct Stock Purchase Plan
The Company's Dividend Reinvestment and Direct Stock Purchase Plan (the “DRIP Plan”) provides existing common stockholders and other investors the opportunity to purchase shares (or additional shares, as applicable) of the Company's class A common stock by reinvesting some or all of the cash dividends received on their shares of the Company's class A common stock or making optional cash purchases within specified parameters. The DRIP Plan involves the acquisition of the Company's class A common stock either in the open market, directly from the Company as newly issued common stock, or in privately negotiated transactions with third parties. There were no shares of class A common stock acquired under the DRIP Plan in the form of new issuances during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and during the year ended December 31, 2018.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following tables present the changes in each component of AOCI attributable to stockholders and noncontrolling interests in investment entities, net of immaterial tax effect. AOCI attributable to noncontrolling interests in Operating Company is immaterial.
Changes in Components of AOCI—Stockholders
(In thousands)
 
Company's Share in AOCI of Equity Method Investments
 
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Securities
 
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges
 
Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss)
 
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Net Investment Hedges
 
Total
AOCI at December 31, 2017
 
$
5,616

 
$
14,418

 
$
—

 
$
45,931

 
$
(18,649
)
 
$
47,316

Cumulative effect of adoption of new accounting pronouncements
 
(202
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(202
)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
 
1,009

 
(15,736
)
 
—

 
35,759

 
(18,534
)
 
2,498

Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
—

 
(3,800
)
 
—

 
4,163

 
(938
)
 
(575
)
AOCI at March 31, 2018
 
$
6,423

 
$
(5,118
)
 
$
—

 
$
85,853

 
$
(38,121
)
 
$
49,037

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AOCI at December 31, 2018
 
$
3,629

 
$
(3,175
)
 
$
(91
)
 
$
6,618

 
$
7,018

 
$
13,999

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
 
4,683

 
1,312

 
(129
)
 
(11,103
)
 
13,954

 
8,717

Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
—

 
626

 
—

 
(955
)
 
(249
)
 
(578
)
AOCI at March 31, 2019
 
$
8,312

 
$
(1,237
)
 
$
(220
)
 
$
(5,440
)
 
$
20,723

 
$
22,138

Changes in Components of AOCI—Noncontrolling Interests in Investment Entities
(In thousands)
 
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Securities
 
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges
 
Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss)
 
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Net Investment Hedges
 
Total
AOCI at December 31, 2017
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
38,948

 
$
3,127

 
$
42,075

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
 
—

 
—

 
29,242

 
(4,817
)
 
24,425

Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
—

 
—

 
4,415

 
1,267

 
5,682

AOCI at March 31, 2018
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
72,605

 
$
(423
)
 
$
72,182

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AOCI at December 31, 2018
 
$
—

 
(390
)
 
$
(600
)
 
$
9,644

 
$
8,654

Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications
 
—

 
(525
)
 
(15,379
)
 
(2,169
)
 
(18,073
)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
444

 
444

AOCI at March 31, 2019
 
$
—

 
$
(915
)
 
$
(15,979
)
 
$
7,919

 
$
(8,975
)

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Reclassifications out of AOCI—Stockholders
Information about amounts reclassified out of AOCI attributable to stockholders by component is presented below:
(In thousands)
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
Affected Line Item in the
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Component of AOCI reclassified into earnings
 
2019
 
2018
 
Realized gain (loss) on marketable securities
 
$
—

 
$
7,906

 
Other gain (loss), net
Other-than-temporary impairment and write-offs of securities
 
(626
)
 
(4,106
)
 
Other gain (loss), net
Release of cumulative translation adjustments
 
955

 
(4,163
)
 
Other gain (loss), net
Unrealized gain (loss) on dedesignated net investment hedges
 
24

 
(1,498
)
 
Other gain (loss), net
Realized gain (loss) on net investment hedges
 
225

 
2,436

 
Other gain (loss), net
  
14. Noncontrolling Interests
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
The following table presents the activity in redeemable noncontrolling interests in a consolidated open-end fund sponsored by the Company.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Beginning balance
 
$
9,385

 
$
34,144

Contributions
 
—

 
250

Distributions and redemptions
 
(3,366
)
 
(2,050
)
Net income (loss)
 
1,444

 
(696
)
Ending balance
 
$
7,463

 
$
31,648

Noncontrolling Interests in Investment Entities
These are interests in consolidated investment entities held by private investment funds managed by the Company, or by third party joint venture partners.
The Company's investment in the real estate portfolio of its industrial segment is made alongside third party limited partners through a joint venture consolidated by the Company. Over time, additional capital contributions from limited partners reduce the Company's ownership interest in the joint venture. New limited partners are admitted at the net asset value of the joint venture, based upon valuations determined by independent third parties, at the time of their contributions. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, the difference between contributions received and the limited partners' share of the joint venture resulted in an increase to additional paid-in capital of $12.5 million and $5.8 million, respectively.
Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Company
Certain current and past employees of the Company directly or indirectly own interests in OP, presented as noncontrolling interests in the Operating Company. Noncontrolling interests in OP have the right to require OP to redeem part or all of such member’s OP Units for cash based on the market value of an equivalent number of shares of class A common stock at the time of redemption, or at the Company's election as managing member of OP, through issuance of shares of class A common stock (registered or unregistered) on a one-for-one basis. At the end of each period, noncontrolling interests in OP is adjusted to reflect their ownership percentage in OP at the end of the period, through a reallocation between controlling and noncontrolling interests in OP.
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company redeemed 2,793 OP Units with the issuance of an equal number of shares of class A common stock on a one-for-one basis.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company redeemed 2,870,422 OP Units, of which 2,074,457 OP Units were redeemed in exchange for an equal number of shares of class A common stock on a one-for-one basis, and 795,965 OP Units were redeemed in exchange for cash of $4.8 million to satisfy tax obligations of OP unitholders. The redemptions included 1.0 million OP units issued for settlement of the contingent consideration in connection with the Internalization (Note 11).


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15. Earnings per Share
The following table provides the basic and diluted earnings per common share computations:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands, except per share data)
 
2019
 
2018
Net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders
 
 
 
 
Loss from continuing operations
 
$
(30,155
)
 
$
(27,275
)
Income from discontinued operations
 
—

 
117

Net loss
 
(30,155
)
 
(27,158
)
Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
 
(1,444
)
 
696

Investment entities
 
(49,988
)
 
(19,243
)
Operating Company
 
6,611

 
4,378

Net loss attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
 
(74,976
)
 
(41,327
)
Preferred dividends
 
(27,137
)
 
(31,387
)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
 
(102,113
)
 
(72,714
)
Net income allocated to participating securities
 
(720
)
 
(629
)
Net loss allocated to common stockholders—basic
 
(102,833
)
 
(73,343
)
Interest expense attributable to convertible notes (1)
 
—

 
—

Net loss allocated to common stockholders—diluted
 
$
(102,833
)
 
$
(73,343
)
Weighted average common shares outstanding
 
 
 
 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—basic
 
478,874

 
530,680

Weighted average effect of dilutive shares (1)(2)(3)
 
—

 
—

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—diluted
 
478,874

 
530,680

Basic loss per share
 
 
 
 
Loss from continuing operations
 
$
(0.21
)
 
$
(0.14
)
Income from discontinued operations
 
—

 
—

Net loss attributable to common stockholders per basic common share
 
$
(0.21
)
 
$
(0.14
)
Diluted loss per share
 
 
 
 
Loss from continuing operations
 
$
(0.21
)
 
$
(0.14
)
Income from discontinued operations
 
—

 
—

Net loss attributable to common stockholders per diluted common share
 
$
(0.21
)
 
$
(0.14
)
__________
(1) 
For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share is the effect of adding back $7.2 million and $7.1 million of interest expense, respectively, and 38,112,100 and 38,112,100 weighted average dilutive common share equivalents, respectively, for the assumed conversion or exchange of the Company's outstanding convertible and exchangeable notes, as applicable, as their inclusion would be antidilutive.
(2) 
The calculation of diluted earnings per share excludes the effect of weighted average unvested non-participating restricted shares of 137,900 and 662,900 for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, as well as the weighted average shares of class A common stock that are contingently issuable in relation to PSUs (Note 17) of 3,814,300 for the three months ended March 31, 2019, as the effect would be antidilutive. There were no contingently issuable shares of class A common stock in relation to PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2018.
(3) 
OP Units, subject to lock-up agreements, may be redeemed for registered or unregistered class A common shares on a one-for-one basis. At March 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 31,355,700 and 32,280,500 redeemable OP Units, respectively. These OP Units would not be dilutive and were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share for all periods presented.
16. Fee Income
The Company's real estate investment management platform manages capital on behalf of institutional and retail investors in private funds, and traded and non-traded REITs, for which the Company earns fee income. For investment vehicles in which the Company co-sponsors with a third party or for which the Company engages a third party sub-advisor, such fee income is shared with the respective co-sponsor or sub-advisor.

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The Company's fee income is earned from the following sources:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Institutional funds
 
$
13,110

 
$
13,141

Public companies (Colony Credit, NRE)
 
15,106

 
12,172

Non-traded REITs
 
5,106

 
11,459

Other
 
178

 
70

 
 
$
33,500

 
$
36,842

The following table presents the Company's fee income by type:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Base management fees ($32,673 and $34,176 from affiliates, respectively)
 
$
32,836

 
$
34,176

Asset management fees—from affiliates
 
635

 
674

Acquisition and disposition fees—from affiliates
 
—

 
1,922

Other fee income ($14 and $0 from affiliates, respectively)
 
29

 
70

Total fee income
 
$
33,500

 
$
36,842

Base Management Fees—The Company earns base management fees for the day-to-day operations and administration of its managed private funds and traded and non-traded REITs, calculated as follows:
•
Private Funds—generally 1% per annum of the limited partners' net funded capital;
•
Colony Credit—1.5% per annum of Colony Credit's stockholders' equity (as defined in its management agreement).
•
Non-Traded REITs—1.5% per annum of most recently published net asset value (as may be subsequently adjusted for any special distribution) for NorthStar Healthcare, and prior to closing of the Combination on January 31, 2018, 1% to 1.25% per annum of gross assets for NorthStar I and NorthStar II. $2.5 million per quarter of base management fee for NorthStar Healthcare is paid in shares of NorthStar Healthcare common stock at a price per share equal to its most recently published NAV per share (as may be subsequently adjusted for any special distribution); and
•
NRE—a variable fee of 1.5% per annum of NRE's reported European Public Real Estate Association Net Asset Value ("EPRA NAV" as defined in its management agreement) for EPRA NAV up to and including $2.0 billion, and 1.25% per annum for EPRA NAV amounts exceeding $2.0 billion. The management agreement had provided for the Company's management of NRE through at least January 1, 2023. In November 2018, NRE and the Company reached an agreement to terminate the management agreement upon a sale of NRE or, if no sale is consummated, upon internalization of the management of NRE. Such termination will result in a termination payment to the Company of $70 million, less any incentive fees earned through termination. The strategic review committee of NRE's board of directors is in the process of evaluating strategic alternatives to maximize NRE's shareholder value, which includes the potential sale of NRE.
Asset Management Fees—The Company earns asset management fees from its managed private funds, which represents a one-time fee upon closing of each investment, calculated as a fixed percentage, generally 0.5% of the limited partners' net funded capital on each investment.
Acquisition and Disposition Fees—Prior to closing of the Combination on January 31, 2018, the Company earned from NorthStar I and NorthStar II an acquisition fee of 1% of the amount funded or allocated to originate or acquire an investment, and a disposition fee of 1% to 2% of the contractual sales price for disposition of an investment.
Incentive Fees—The Company may earn incentive fees from NRE and Colony Credit, determined based on the performance of the investment vehicles subject to the achievement of minimum return hurdles in accordance with the terms set out in their respective governing agreements. A portion of the incentive fees earned by the Company (generally 40% to 50%) is allocable to senior management, investment professionals and certain other employees of the Company, included in carried interest and incentive fee compensation expense.
Other Fee Income—Other fees include advisory fees from affiliated and/or unaffiliated third parties, and prior to May 2018, selling commission and dealer manager fees through its broker-dealer platform for selling equity in certain classes of shares in the retail companies. In April 2018, the Company combined its broker-dealer platform with a third

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party to form a joint venture to distribute future investment products. The Company's share of earnings or losses from the joint venture is reflected in equity method earnings.
17. Equity-Based Compensation
The Colony Capital, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (the "Equity Incentive Plan") provides for the grant of restricted stock, performance stock units ("PSUs"), Long Term Incentive Plan ("LTIP") units, RSUs, deferred stock units ("DSUs"), options, warrants or rights to purchase shares of the Company's common stock, cash incentives and other equity-based awards to the Company's officers, directors (including non-employee directors), employees, co-employees, consultants or advisors of the Company or of any parent or subsidiary who provides services to the Company. Shares reserved for the issuance of awards under the Equity Incentive Plan are subject to equitable adjustment upon the occurrence of certain corporate events, provided that this number automatically increases each January 1st by 2% of the outstanding number of shares of the Company’s class A common stock on the immediately preceding December 31st. At March 31, 2019, an aggregate of 54.4 million shares of the Company's class A common stock were reserved for the issuance of awards under the Equity Incentive Plan.
Restricted Stock—Restricted stock awards relating to the Company's class A common stock are granted to senior executives, directors and certain employees, with a service condition only and generally subject to annual time-based vesting in equal tranches over a three-year period. Restricted stock is entitled to dividends declared and paid on the Company's class A common stock and such dividends are not forfeitable prior to vesting of the award. Restricted stock awards are valued based on the Company's class A common stock price on grant date and equity-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite three-year service period.
Performance Stock Units ("PSUs")—PSUs are granted to senior executives and certain employees, and are subject to both a service condition and market condition. Following the end of the measurement period for the PSUs, the recipients of PSUs who remain employed will vest in, and be issued a number of shares of the Company's class A common stock, ranging from 0% to 200% of the number of PSUs granted, to be determined based upon the performance of the Company's class A common stock either relative to that of a specified peer group or against a target stock price over a three-year measurement period (such measurement metric the "total shareholder return"). In addition, recipients of PSUs who terminate after the first anniversary of the PSU grant are eligible to vest in a portion of the PSU award following the end of the measurement period based on achievement of the total shareholder return metric otherwise applicable to the award. PSUs also contain dividend equivalent rights which entitle the recipients to a payment equal to the amount of dividends that would have been paid on the shares that are ultimately issued at the end of the measurement period. In February 2019, the PSUs issued in 2018 were modified to, among other things, reduce the potential maximum number of shares of the Company’s class A common stock to be issued upon final vesting from 200% to 125% of the number of PSUs granted. The incremental value resulting from the modification was immaterial.
Fair value of PSUs, including dividend equivalent rights, was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation under a risk-neutral premise, with the following assumptions:
 
2019 PSU Grant
 
2018 PSU Grant (4)
Expected volatility of the Company's class A common stock (1)
26.2
%
 
29.0
%
Expected annual dividend yield (2)
8.5
%
 
7.3
%
Risk-free rate (per annum) (3)
2.4
%
 
2.1
%
__________
(1) 
Based upon historical volatility of the Company's stock, and where applicable, a combination of historical volatility and implied volatility on actively traded stock options of a specified peer group.
(2) 
Based upon a combination of historical dividend yields and the current annualized dividends.
(3) 
Based upon the continuously compounded zero-coupon US Treasury yield for the term coinciding with the remaining measurement period of the award as of valuation date.
(4) 
Reflects assumptions applied in valuing the award upon modification in February 2019.
Fair value of PSU awards, excluding dividend equivalent rights, is recognized on a straight-line basis over their measurement period as compensation expense, and is not subject to reversal even if the market condition is not achieved. The dividend equivalent right is accounted for as a liability-classified award. The fair value of the dividend equivalent right is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the measurement period, and is subject to adjustment to fair value at each reporting period.
LTIP Units—LTIP units are designated as profits interests for federal income tax purposes. Unvested LTIP units do not accrue distributions. Each vested LTIP unit is convertible, at the election of the holder, into one common OP Unit and upon conversion, subject to the redemption terms of OP Units (Note 14). LTIP units are valued based on the Company's

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class A common stock price on grant date, with equity-based compensation cost recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period and represent an allocation to noncontrolling interest in the Operating Company.
Deferred Stock Units—Certain non-employee directors may elect to defer the receipt of annual base fees and/or restricted stock awards, and in lieu, receive awards of DSUs. DSUs awarded in lieu of annual base fees are fully vested on their grant date, while DSUs awarded in lieu of restricted stock awards vest one year from their grant date. DSUs are entitled to a dividend equivalent, in the form of additional DSUs based on dividends declared and paid on the Company's class A common stock. Any such additional DSUs will also be credited with additional DSUs as cash dividends are paid, subject to the same restrictions and vesting conditions, if any. Upon separation of service from the Company, vested DSUs are to be settled in shares of the Company’s class A common stock or cash, at the option of the Company. Fair value of DSUs are determined based on the price of the Company's class A common stock on grant date and recognized immediately if fully vested upon grant, or on a straight-line basis over the vesting period as equity based compensation expense and equity.
Equity-based compensation expense is as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Compensation expense (including $122 and $22 amortization of fair value of dividend equivalent right)
 
$
6,663

 
$
12,191

Changes in the Company’s unvested equity awards are summarized below:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
 
 
Restricted Stock
 
DSUs
 
PSUs (1)
 
Total
 
PSUs
 
All Other Awards
Unvested shares and units at December 31, 2018
 
5,422,090

 
183,134

 
2,043,949

 
7,649,173

 
$
5.09

 
$
9.39

Granted
 
2,752,005

 
27,391

 
3,451,992

 
6,231,388

 
2.79

 
5.24

Vested
 
(1,627,193
)
 
(23,772
)
 
—

 
(1,650,965
)
 
—

 
11.40

Forfeited
 
(93,018
)
 
—

 
(9,994
)
 
(103,012
)
 
4.56

 
5.51

Unvested shares and units at March 31, 2019
 
6,453,884

 
186,753

 
5,485,947

 
12,126,584

 
$
3.65

 
$
7.21

__________
(1) 
Represents the number of PSUs granted which does not reflect potential increases or decreases that could result from the final outcome of the total shareholder return at the end of the performance period.
Fair value of equity awards that vested, determined based on their respective fair values at vesting date, was $8.5 million and $105.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
At March 31, 2019, aggregate unrecognized compensation cost for all unvested equity awards was $53.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.3 years.
Awards Granted by Managed Companies
Colony Credit and NRE, both managed by the Company, issued restricted stock and performance stock units to the Company and certain of the Company's employees (collectively, "managed company awards"). Colony Credit awards are primarily restricted stock grants that typically vest over a three-year period, subject to service conditions. NRE awards generally have similar terms as the Company's stock awards, except that the NRE performance stock units measure NRE's stock performance against either an absolute total shareholder return threshold or relative to the performance of a specified market index. Employees are entitled to receive shares of NRE common stock if service conditions and/or market conditions are met. Generally, the Company then grants the managed company awards that it receives in its capacity as manager to its employees with substantially the same terms and service requirements. Such grants are made at the discretion of the Company, and the Company may consult with the board of directors or compensation committees of the respective managed companies as to final allocation of awards to its employees.
Managed company awards granted to the Company, pending the grant by the Company to its employees, are recognized based upon their fair value at grant date as an investment in unconsolidated ventures and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The deferred revenue liability is amortized into other income as the awards vest to the Company. Managed company awards granted to employees, directly by NRE or Colony Credit, or through the Company, are recorded as other asset and other liability, and amortized on a straight-line basis as equity-based compensation expense and as other income, respectively, as the awards vest to the employees. The other asset and other liability

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associated with managed company awards granted to employees are subject to adjustment to fair value at each reporting period, with changes reflected in equity-based compensation and other income, respectively.
Equity-based compensation expense recognized in relation to managed company awards was $2.8 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. A corresponding amount is recognized in other income for managed company awards granted to employees (Note 18). At March 31, 2019, aggregate unrecognized compensation cost for unvested managed company awards was $28.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.4 years.
18. Transactions with Affiliates
Affiliates include (i) private funds, traded and non-traded REITs and investment companies that the Company manages or sponsors, and in which the Company may have an equity interest or co-invests with; (ii) the Company's investments in unconsolidated ventures; and (iii) directors, senior executives and employees of the Company (collectively, "employees").
Amounts due from affiliates consist of the following:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Investment vehicles and unconsolidated ventures
 
 
 
 
Fee income
 
$
36,390

 
$
34,429

Cost reimbursements and recoverable expenses
 
8,542

 
10,754

Employees and other affiliates
 
254

 
596

 
 
$
45,186

 
$
45,779

Transactions with affiliates include the following:
Fee Income—Fee income earned from investment vehicles that the Company manages and/or sponsors, and may have an equity interest or co-investment, are presented in Note 16.
Cost Reimbursements—The Company received cost reimbursement income related primarily to the following arrangements:
•
Direct and indirect operating costs, including but not limited to compensation, overhead and other administrative costs, for managing the operations of the non-traded REITs and Colony Credit, with reimbursements for non-traded REITs limited to the greater of 2% of average invested assets or 25% of net income (net of base management fees);
•
Direct costs of personnel dedicated solely to NRE plus 20% of such personnel costs for related overhead charges, not to exceed, in aggregate, specified thresholds as set out in the NRE management agreement;
•
Costs incurred in performing investment due diligence for retail companies and private funds managed by the Company;
•
Equity awards granted by Colony Credit and NRE to employees of the Company, which are presented gross as other income and compensation expense (see Note 17);
•
Services provided to the Company's unconsolidated investment ventures for servicing and managing their loan portfolios, including foreclosed properties, and services to the Company's joint venture with Digital Bridge Holdings, LLC ("Digital Bridge") which manages the Company's digital infrastructure investment vehicle; and
•
Administrative services provided to certain senior executives of the Company.
Cost reimbursements, included in other income, were as follows.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Retail companies
 
$
738

 
$
2,387

Public companies (Colony Credit, NRE)
 
2,632

 
1,750

Private funds and other
 
3,535

 
1,844

Equity awards of Colony Credit and NRE (Note 17)
 
2,940

 
812


 
$
9,845

 
$
6,793

Recoverable Expenses—The Company pays organization and offering costs associated with the formation and capital raising of the retail companies and private funds sponsored by the Company, for which the Company recovers

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from these investment vehicles, up to specified thresholds for certain private funds and up to 1% of proceeds expected to be raised from the offering of retail companies (excluding shares offered pursuant to distribution reinvestment plans).
NorthStar Healthcare Credit Facility—The Company has committed to provide NorthStar Healthcare with an unsecured revolving credit facility at market terms with a maximum principal amount of $35.0 million. The credit facility matures in December 2020, with a six-month extension option. Advances under the credit facility accrue interest at LIBOR plus 3.5%. There is no commitment fee for the unused portion of the facility. The credit facility is intended to provide additional liquidity to NorthStar Healthcare on an as needed basis. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, there were no outstanding advances under the revolving credit facility.
Liquidating Trust—In connection with the closing of the Combination, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company entered into a management services agreement with the liquidating trust that holds the junior participation interest in a loan receivable previously held by NorthStar I that was not transferred to Colony Credit ("NorthStar I Retained Asset"). The Company was engaged as an advisor to service and assist in the potential sale of the NorthStar I Retained Asset, and to provide administrative services to the liquidating trust on such terms and conditions as approved by the trustees for a management fee of 1.25% per annum of the net assets of the liquidating trust. Such fee amount is immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.
Sales to Colony Credit—There were no such sales in the three months ended March 31, 2019. In May 2018, the Company sold a preferred equity investment sponsored by the Company's equity method investee, RXR Realty, to Colony Credit at the unpaid principal amount of the investment of $89.1 million. In July 2018, the Company sold to Colony Credit its interest in a subsidiary holding a net lease property in Norway that was partially financed by a non-callable bond for $121.5 million based on an appraised value of the property, resulting in a gain on sale of $28.6 million.
Healthcare Partnership—The Healthcare Partnership was previously formed by NRF with the intention of expanding the Company’s healthcare business (see Note 17). The Healthcare Partnership is entitled to incentive fees ranging from 20% to 25% of distributions above certain hurdles for new and existing healthcare real estate investments held by the Company and a portion of incentive fees earned from NorthStar Healthcare. To date, no incentive fees have been earned by the Healthcare Partnership.
American Healthcare Investors Joint Venture—The Company has an equity method investment in American
Healthcare Investors, LLC (“AHI"). Prior to the termination of its management agreement in October 2018, AHI had provided certain healthcare-focused real estate investment management and related services to the Company and NorthStar Healthcare. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company incurred property management fees and sub-advisory fees to AHI totaling $1.3 million.
Arrangements with Company-Sponsored Private Fund—The Company co-invests alongside a Company-sponsored private fund through joint ventures between the Company and the sponsored private fund. These co-investment joint ventures are consolidated by the Company. The Company has capital commitments, as general partner, directly into the private fund and as an affiliate of the general partner, capital commitments satisfied through co-investment joint ventures. In connection with the Company's commitments as an affiliate of the general partner, the Company is allocated a proportionate share of the costs of the private fund such as financing and administrative costs. Such costs expensed during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 were immaterial and relate primarily to the Company's share of the fund's operating costs and deferred financing costs on borrowings of the fund.
Equity Awards of NRE and Colony Credit—As discussed in Note 17, NRE and Colony Credit grant equity awards to the Company and certain of the Company's employees, either directly by NRE and Colony Credit, or indirectly through the Company, are recognized as a gross-up of equity-based compensation expense over the vesting period with a corresponding amount in other income.
Investment in Managed Investment Vehicles—Subject to the Company's related party policies and procedures, senior management, investment professionals and certain other employees may participate on a discretionary basis in investment vehicles sponsored by the Company, either directly in the vehicle or indirectly through the general partner entity. These investments are generally not subject to management fees, but otherwise bear their proportionate share of other operating expenses of the investment vehicles. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, such investments amounted to $6.4 million and $5.7 million, respectively, reflected in redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests on the balance sheet. Their share of net income was $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and was immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2018.
Corporate Aircraft—The Company, through its subsidiary, Colony Capital Advisors, LLC, has entered into a time sharing agreement with Thomas J. Barrack, Jr., the Company's Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, under which Mr. Barrack may use the Company’s aircraft for personal travel. Under this arrangement, Mr. Barrack pays the Company for personal usage based on the incremental cost to the Company, including direct and indirect variable costs,

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but in no case more than the maximum reimbursement permitted by the Federal Aviation Regulations under the agreement. Mr. Barrack has reimbursed the Company $0.2 million and $0.1 million for personal flights taken during the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
19. Commitments and Contingencies
Operating Leases
The Company's operating leases, as lessee, are primarily ground leases assumed through its real estate acquisitions and leases for its corporate offices. Equipment leases are generally short term leases of less than 12 months or constitute immaterial lease payments.
At March 31, 2019, the weighted average remaining lease terms were 25.7 years for ground leases and 8.0 years for office leases.
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, lease expense, including variable lease expense, was $2.0 million for ground leases and $2.7 million for office leases. The following table summarizes lease expense for ground leases, included in property operating expense, and office leases, included in administrative expense, for the three months ended March 31, 2019.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
(In thousands)
 
Ground Leases
 
Office Leases
Operating lease expense:
 
 
 
 
Fixed lease expense
 
$
1,959

 
$
2,295

Variable lease expense
 
573

 
409

 
 
$
2,532

 
$
2,704

Operating Lease Commitments
The operating lease liability was determined using a weighted average discount rate of 5.5%. At March 31, 2019, the Company's future operating lease commitments for ground leases on real estate held for investment and for corporate office leases were as follows.
(In thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Year Ending December 31,
 
Ground Leases
 
Office Leases
 
Total
Remaining 2019
 
$
3,926

 
$
7,073

 
$
10,999

2020
 
5,318

 
9,014

 
14,332

2021
 
5,487

 
8,619

 
14,106

2022
 
5,877

 
7,602

 
13,479

2023
 
5,821

 
7,045

 
12,866

2024 and thereafter
 
89,276

 
29,615

 
118,891

Total lease payments
 
115,705

 
68,968

 
184,673

Present value discount
 
 
 
 
 
(67,233
)
Operating lease liability (Note 8)
 
 
 
 
 
$
117,440


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At December 31, 2018, the Company's future minimum operating lease commitments for ground leases on real estate held for investment and for corporate office leases were as follows:
(In thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Year Ending December 31,
 
Ground Leases
 
Office Leases
 
Total
2019
 
$
5,236

 
$
9,380

 
$
14,616

2020
 
5,318

 
9,007

 
14,325

2021
 
5,487

 
8,617

 
14,104

2022
 
5,877

 
7,602

 
13,479

2023
 
5,821

 
7,045

 
12,866

2024 and thereafter
 
89,276

 
29,615

 
118,891

Total lease payments
 
$
117,015

 
$
71,266

 
$
188,281

Contingent Consideration
In connection with a consensual foreclosure of the THL Hotel Portfolio, contingent consideration is payable to a preferred equity holder of the borrower in an amount up to $13.0 million (see Note 11).
Litigation and Claims
The Company may be involved in litigation and claims in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2019, the Company was not involved in any legal proceedings that are expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity.
20. Segment Reporting
The Company conducts its business through the following six reportable segments:
•
Healthcare—The Company's healthcare segment is composed of a diverse portfolio of senior housing, skilled nursing facilities, medical office buildings, and hospitals. The Company earns rental income from senior housing, skilled nursing facilities and hospital assets that are under net leases to single tenants/operators and from medical office buildings which are both single tenant and multi-tenant. In addition, certain of the Company's senior housing properties are managed by operators under a RIDEA (REIT Investment Diversification and Empowerment Act) structure, which effectively allows the Company to gain financial exposure to underlying operations of the facility in a tax efficient manner versus receiving contractual rent under a net lease arrangement.
•
Industrial—The Company's industrial segment is composed of primarily light industrial assets throughout the U.S. Light industrial properties serve as the “last mile” of the logistics chain, which are vital for e-commerce and tenants that require increasingly quick delivery times. In addition, in February 2019, the Company entered into the bulk industrial market as bulk assets remain integral to highly functional distribution networks.
•
Hospitality—The Company's hospitality portfolio is composed of primarily extended stay and select service hotels located mainly in major metropolitan and high-demand suburban markets in the U.S., with the majority affiliated with top hotel brands such as Marriott and Hilton.
•
CLNC—This represents the Company's investment in Colony Credit, a commercial real estate credit REIT with a diverse portfolio consisting primarily of CRE senior mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, preferred equity, debt securities and net lease properties primarily in the U.S.
•
Other Equity and Debt—The Company's other equity and debt segment consists of a diversified group of strategic and non-strategic real estate and real estate-related debt and equity investments. Strategic investments include investments for which the Company acts as a general partner and/or manager (“GP Co-Investments”) and receives various forms of investment management economics on related third-party capital. Non-strategic investments are composed of those investments the Company does not intend to own for the long term including other real estate equity, real estate debt, and net leased assets, among other holdings.
•
Investment Management—The Company's investment management business raises, invests and manages funds on behalf of a diverse set of institutional and individual investors, for which the Company earns management fees, generally based on the amount of assets or capital managed, and contractual incentive fees or carried interest based on the performance of the investment vehicles managed subject to the achievement of minimum return hurdles.

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Amounts not allocated to specific segments include corporate level cash and corresponding interest income, fixed assets for administrative use, corporate level financing and related interest expense, income and expense related to cost reimbursement arrangements with certain affiliates, costs in connection with unconsummated investments, compensation expense not directly attributable to reportable segments, corporate level administrative and overhead costs as well as corporate level transaction and integration costs.
The chief operating decision maker assesses the performance of the business based on net income (loss) of each of the reportable segments. The various reportable segments generate distinct revenue streams, consisting of property operating income, interest income and fee income. Costs which are directly attributable, or otherwise can be subjected to a reasonable and systematic allocation, have been allocated to each of the reportable segments.
Selected Segment Results of Operations
The following table presents selected results of operations of the Company's reportable segments:
(In thousands)
 
Healthcare
 
Industrial
 
Hospitality
 
CLNC
 
Other Equity and Debt
 
Investment Management
 
Amounts Not Allocated to Segments
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total revenues
 
$
145,774

 
$
82,372

 
$
196,615

 
$
—

 
$
162,688

 
$
42,477

 
$
2,977

 
$
632,903

Property operating expenses
 
64,302

 
22,337

 
136,345

 
—

 
70,095

 
—

 
—

 
293,079

Interest expense
 
47,527

 
14,627

 
42,065

 
—

 
31,853

 
—

 
13,444

 
149,516

Depreciation and amortization
 
40,131

 
39,445

 
36,248

 
—

 
24,783

 
8,669

 
1,521

 
150,797

Provision for loan losses
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
3,611

 
—

 
—

 
3,611

Impairment loss
 
—

 
—

 
3,850

 
—

 
21,772

 
—

 
—

 
25,622

Gain on sale of real estate
 
—

 
22,848

 
139

 
—

 
29,314

 
—

 
—

 
52,301

Equity method earnings
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,513

 
24,608

 
3,944

 
—

 
34,065

Equity method earnings—carried interest
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
4,422

 
—

 
4,422

Income tax benefit (expense)
 
1,874

 
169

 
(836
)
 
—

 
(2,074
)
 
12

 
(256
)
 
(1,111
)
Income (loss) from continuing operations
 
(7,206
)
 
24,154

 
(26,077
)
 
5,513

 
59,563

 
22,777

 
(108,879
)
 
(30,155
)
Net income (loss)
 
(7,206
)
 
24,154

 
(26,077
)
 
5,513

 
59,563

 
22,777

 
(108,879
)
 
(30,155
)
Net income (loss) attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
 
(7,462
)
 
6,428

 
(22,981
)
 
5,178

 
23,922

 
20,548

 
(100,609
)
 
(74,976
)
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total revenues
 
$
152,595

 
$
68,753

 
$
195,782

 
$
—

 
$
205,154

 
$
42,521

 
$
1,859

 
$
666,664

Property operating expenses
 
66,966

 
20,811

 
136,095

 
—

 
81,898

 
—

 
—

 
305,770

Interest expense
 
50,941

 
10,190

 
34,361

 
—

 
40,280

 
—

 
13,117

 
148,889

Depreciation and amortization
 
41,127

 
29,945

 
35,457

 
—

 
28,969

 
7,676

 
1,531

 
144,705

Provision for loan losses
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,375

 
—

 
—

 
5,375

Impairment loss
 
3,780

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
9,189

 
140,429

 
—

 
153,398

Gain on sale of real estate
 
—

 
2,293

 
—

 
—

 
16,151

 
—

 
—

 
18,444

Equity method earnings (losses)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,654
)
 
27,217

 
6,554

 
—

 
30,117

Equity method earnings—carried interest
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,148

 
—

 
2,148

Income tax benefit (expense)
 
(998
)
 
(3
)
 
1,481

 
—

 
(4,539
)
 
36,803

 
64

 
32,808

Income (loss) from continuing operations
 
(12,534
)
 
6,321

 
(11,886
)
 
(3,654
)
 
68,431

 
(85,483
)
 
11,530

 
(27,275
)
Income from discontinued operations
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
117

 
—

 
—

 
117

Net income (loss)
 
(12,534
)
 
6,321

 
(11,886
)
 
(3,654
)
 
68,548

 
(85,483
)
 
11,530

 
(27,158
)
Net income (loss) attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
 
(10,360
)
 
1,278

 
(10,050
)
 
(3,446
)
 
49,109

 
(80,520
)
 
12,662

 
(41,327
)

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Total assets and equity method investments of the reportable segments are summarized as follows:
(In thousands)
 
Healthcare
 
Industrial
 
Hospitality
 
CLNC
 
Other Equity and Debt
 
Investment Management
 
Amounts Not Allocated to Segments
 
Total
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total assets
 
$
5,399,403

 
$
4,312,205

 
$
3,989,997

 
$
1,027,345

 
$
6,295,439

 
$
1,995,190

 
$
201,454

 
$
23,221,033

Equity method investments
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,027,345

 
1,177,146

 
216,972

 
3,742

 
2,425,205

December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total assets
 
$
5,395,550

 
$
3,185,906

 
$
3,980,988

 
$
1,037,754

 
$
6,371,999

 
$
1,983,911

 
$
259,141

 
$
22,215,249

Equity method investments
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,037,754

 
1,054,295

 
194,304

 
3,742

 
2,290,095

Geography
Geographic information about the Company's total income and long-lived assets are as follows. Geography is generally presented as the location in which the income producing assets reside or the location in which income generating services are performed.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Total income by geography:
 
 
 
 
United States
 
$
575,287

 
$
613,661

Europe
 
86,258

 
78,173

Other
 
—

 
302

Total (1)
 
$
661,545

 
$
692,136

(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Long-lived assets by geography:
 
 
 
 
United States
 
$
13,600,579

 
$
12,454,871

Europe
 
1,502,993

 
1,600,623

Total (2)
 
$
15,103,572

 
$
14,055,494

__________
(1) 
Total income includes earnings from investments in unconsolidated ventures and excludes cost reimbursement income from affiliates.
(2) 
Long-lived assets comprise real estate, real estate related intangible assets and fixed assets, and exclude financial instruments, assets held for sale and investment management related intangible assets. Balances at March 31, 2019 include operating lease ROU assets of $115.1 million in the United States and $2.4 million in Europe.
21. Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
 
 
 
 
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized
 
$
127,948

 
$
121,934

Cash received for income tax refunds
 
19,113

 
9,430

Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of operating lease liabilities
 
3,438

 
—

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
Dividends and distributions payable
 
$
83,996

 
$
90,791

Contributions receivable from noncontrolling interests
 
113,200

 
12,000

Improvements in operating real estate in accrued and other liabilities
 
23,023

 
25,587

ROU assets and operating lease liabilities arising from adoption of lease standard, net of related deferred receivables, intangibles and lease incentives derecognized (Note 2)
 
126,810

 
—

Securities acquired, subject to forward contract deliverable, net of cash collateral

 
90,000

 
—

Proceeds from loan repayments and asset sales held in escrow
 
32,624

 
—

Distributions payable to noncontrolling interests included in other liabilities
 
3,756

 
—

Assets of CLNY Investment Entities deconsolidated, net of cash and restricted cash contributed
 
—

 
1,753,066

Liabilities of CLNY Investment Entities deconsolidated
 
—

 
421,245

Noncontrolling interests of CLNY Investment Entities deconsolidated
 
—

 
395,274


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Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Redemption of OP Units for cash in accrued and other liabilities
 
—

 
2,096

Share repurchase payable
 
—

 
36,166

22. Subsequent Events
Corporate Credit Facility—As further described in Note 9, the Credit Agreement was amended in April 2019.
Abraaj Group—In April 2019, the Company completed its previously announced acquisition of the private equity platform of The Abraaj Group in Latin America, which was rebranded as Colony Latam Partners. Colony Latam Partners will continue to be headed by its existing senior management team. The core strategy of the platform will focus on investing growth capital in mid-cap companies in the Latin American region.


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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Some of the statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "Quarterly Report") constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and we intend such statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions contained therein. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” or “potential” or the negative of these words and phrases or similar words or phrases which are predictions of or indicate future events or trends and which do not relate solely to historical matters. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions.
The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report reflect our current views about future events and are subject to numerous known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and changes in circumstances that may cause our actual results to differ significantly from those expressed in any forward-looking statement. The following factors, among others, could cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those set forth or contemplated in the forward-looking statements:
•
the market, economic and environmental conditions in the healthcare, hospitality and industrial real estate, other commercial real estate equity and debt, and investment management sectors;
•
any decrease in our net income and funds from operations as a result of the Merger or otherwise, or our other acquisition activity;
•
our ability to integrate and maintain consistent standards and controls following the Merger, including our ability to manage our acquisitions effectively (such as Colony Latam Partners) and to realize the anticipated benefits of such acquisitions;
•
our ability to realize anticipated compensation and administrative cost reductions in connection with the implementation of our corporate restructuring and reorganization plan;
•
our exposure to risks to which we have not historically been exposed, including liabilities with respect to the assets acquired through the Merger and our other acquisitions;
•
our business and investment strategy, including the ability of the businesses in which we have a significant investment (such as Colony Credit Real Estate, Inc. (NYSE:CLNC)) to execute their business strategies;
•
performance of our investments relative to our expectations and the impact on our actual return on invested equity, as well as the cash provided by these investments and available for distribution;
•
our ability to grow our business by raising capital for the companies that we manage;
•
our ability to deploy capital into new investments consistent with our business strategies, including the earnings profile of such new investments;
•
the impact of adverse conditions affecting a specific asset class in which we have investments;
•
the availability of attractive investment opportunities;
•
our ability to achieve any of the anticipated benefits certain joint ventures, including any ability for such ventures to create and/or distribute new investment products;
•
our ability to satisfy and manage our capital requirements;
•
our expected holding period for our assets and the impact of any changes in our expectations on the carrying value of such assets;
•
the general volatility of the securities markets in which we participate;
•
our ability to obtain and maintain financing arrangements, including securitizations, on favorable or comparable terms or at all;
•
our ability to repay or refinance the existing debt on certain properties in our U.S. healthcare portfolio that is scheduled to mature in December 2019 on similar terms or at all;
•
changes in interest rates and the market value of our assets;

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•
interest rate mismatches between our assets and any borrowings used to fund such assets;
•
effects of hedging instruments on our assets;
•
the impact of economic conditions on third parties on which we rely;
•
any litigation and contractual claims against us and our affiliates, including potential settlement and litigation of such claims;
•
adverse domestic or international economic conditions and the impact on the commercial real estate or real-estate related sectors;
•
the impact of legislative, regulatory and competitive changes;
•
actions, initiatives and policies of the U.S. and non-U.S. governments and changes to U.S. or non-U.S. government policies and the execution and impact of these actions, initiatives and policies;
•
our ability to maintain our qualification as a real estate investment trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
•
our ability to maintain our exemption from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”);
•
changes in our management team, including availability of qualified personnel;
•
our ability to make or maintain distributions to our stockholders; and
•
our understanding of our competition.
While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, assumptions and expectations, they are not guarantees of future performance. Furthermore, we disclaim any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, of new information, data or methods, future events or other changes. Moreover, because we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, new risk factors are likely to emerge from time to time. We caution investors not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and urge you to carefully review the disclosures we make concerning risks in sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto, which are included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report, as well as information contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, which is accessible on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.
Overview
We are a leading global investment management firm with $43 billion in assets under management ("AUM"). We manage capital on behalf of our stockholders, as well as institutional and retail investors in private funds, and traded and non-traded real estate investment trusts ("REITs"). We have significant holdings in: (a) the healthcare, industrial and hospitality property sectors; (b) Colony Credit Real Estate, Inc. (NYSE: CLNC) and NorthStar Realty Europe, Corp. (NYSE: NRE), which are both externally managed by subsidiaries of the Company; and (c) various other equity and debt investments. We are headquartered in Los Angeles, with key offices in New York, Paris and London, and have over 400 employees in 19 locations in 12 countries.
We were organized on May 31, 2016 as a Maryland corporation, and was formed through a tri-party merger (the
"Merger") among Colony Capital, Inc. ("Colony"), NorthStar Asset Management Group Inc. ("NSAM") and NorthStar Realty Finance Corp. ("NRF") in an all-stock exchange on January 10, 2017. We elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our initial taxable year ended December 31, 2017.
We conduct our operations as a REIT, and generally are not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income to the extent that we annually distribute all of our taxable income to stockholders and maintain qualification as a REIT, although we are subject to U.S. federal income tax on income earned through our taxable subsidiaries. We also operate our business in a manner that will permit us to maintain our exemption from registration as an investment company under the 1940 Act. We conduct substantially all of our activities and hold substantially all of our assets and liabilities through our Operating Company. At March 31, 2019, we owned 93.9% of the Operating Company, as its sole managing member.
Our Business
Our vision is to establish the Company as a leading global investment management firm, principally focused on real estate strategies. We believe our deep understanding of commercial real estate provides us a significant advantage in identifying relative value throughout real estate cycles. Through our prudent sector or subsector capital allocation and operational capabilities, we aim to generate outsized total returns on our balance sheet and third-party capital. Specifically, our preference is to invest our balance sheet capital alongside third party capital to create alignment and generate returns for our shareholders in two ways. First, through the return on investment through our balance sheet capital. Second, through base management fees paid by third party capital and potential carried interest, which provides us with a greater participation of profits after a minimum return is achieved. Over time, our goal is to manage third party capital alongside the majority of our balance sheet capital at a higher ratio than what is currently in place.
Currently, we conduct our business through the following six segments:
•
Healthcare—Our healthcare segment is composed of a diverse portfolio of senior housing, skilled nursing facilities, medical office buildings and hospitals. We earn rental income from our senior housing, skilled nursing facilities and hospital assets that are under net leases to single tenants/operators and from medical office buildings which are both single tenant and multi-tenant. In addition, certain of our senior housing properties are managed by operators under a RIDEA (REIT Investment Diversification and Empowerment Act) structure, which effectively allows us to gain financial exposure to the underlying operations of the facility in a tax efficient manner versus receiving contractual rent under a net lease arrangement.
•
Industrial—Our industrial segment is composed of primarily light industrial assets throughout the U.S. The light industrial properties serve as the “last mile” of the logistics chain, which are vital for e-commerce and tenants that require increasingly quick delivery times. In addition, in February 2019, the Company entered into the bulk industrial market as bulk assets remain integral to highly functional distribution networks.
•
Hospitality—Our hospitality portfolio is composed of primarily extended stay and select service hotels located mainly in major metropolitan and high-demand suburban markets in the U.S., with the majority affiliated with top hotel brands such as Marriott and Hilton.

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•
CLNC—This represents our investment in Colony Credit (as described below), a commercial real estate credit REIT with a diverse portfolio consisting primarily of commercial real estate ("CRE") senior mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, preferred equity, debt securities and net lease properties primarily in the U.S.
•
Other Equity and Debt—Our other equity and debt segment consists of a diversified group of strategic and non-strategic real estate and real estate-related debt and equity investments. Strategic investments include investments for which the Company acts as a general partner and/or manager (“GP Co-Investments”) and receives various forms of investment management economics on related third-party capital. Non-strategic investments are composed of those investments the Company does not intend to own for the long term including other real estate equity, real estate debt, and net leased assets, among other holdings.
•
Investment Management—Our investment management business raises, invests and manages funds on behalf of a diverse set of institutional and individual investors, for which we earn management fees, generally based on the amount of assets or capital managed, and contractual incentive fees or carried interest based on the performance of the investment vehicles managed subject to the achievement of minimum return hurdles.
Refer to Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements for further information about our reportable segments.
Colony Credit
We own an approximate 36.4% interest, on a fully diluted basis, in Colony Credit Real Estate, Inc. ("Colony Credit," formerly Colony NorthStar Credit Real Estate, Inc. prior to June 25, 2018). Colony Credit was formed on January 31, 2018 through a contribution of the CLNY Contributed Portfolio (as described below), represented by our ownership interests ranging from 38% to 100% in certain investment entities ("CLNY Investment Entities"), and a concurrent all-stock merger with NorthStar Real Estate Income Trust, Inc. (“NorthStar I”) and NorthStar Real Estate Income II, Inc. (“NorthStar II”), both publicly registered non-traded REITs sponsored and managed by our subsidiary (the "Combination"). The CLNY Contributed Portfolio comprised our interests in certain commercial real estate loans, net lease properties and limited partnership interests in third party sponsored funds, which represented a select portfolio of U.S. investments within our other equity and debt segment that were transferable assets consistent with Colony Credit's strategy. Upon closing of the Combination, our management contracts with NorthStar I and NorthStar II were terminated; concurrently, we entered into a new management agreement with Colony Credit.
Corporate Restructuring
Following a strategic review process, in November 2018, we announced a corporate restructuring and reorganization plan aimed at reducing our annual compensation and administrative expenses over the next 12 months. The restructuring plan was designed to match resources that further align our increasing focus on our investment management business by, among other things, reducing our workforce globally by 10% to 20%, primarily in connection with the exit of non-core assets and business lines, together with general cost reductions.
We have now achieved approximately 60% of our expected $50 to $55 million ($45 to $50 million on a cash basis) of the previously announced annual compensation and administrative cost savings on a run rate basis.
Corporate Governance Enhancements
In February 2019, we announced the implementation of a series of changes designed to enhance our corporate governance, and entered into a cooperation agreement with Blackwells Capital LLC, a stockholder of the Company. In connection with the cooperation agreement, our board of directors appointed two new independent directors to the board, and further agreed with Blackwells to mutually agree on one additional independent director to be appointed to the board. In addition, in accordance with the cooperation agreement, our board of directors formed a Strategic Asset Review Committee composed solely of independent directors to review, evaluate and make recommendations to the board on issues relating to our assets and business configuration.
Recent Developments
During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and through May 7, 2019, significant developments affecting our business and results of operations included the following:
Acquisitions and Fundraising
•
In February 2019, closed on the acquisition of 50 buildings in our industrial segment at a purchase price of approximately $1.1 billion, part of which includes the initiation of a new bulk industrial strategy. Acquisition of additional four buildings will close upon completion of construction throughout the remainder of 2019.

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•
Continued fundraising in our open-end light industrial fund with $141.5 million of additional capital raised in the first quarter of 2019, bringing total third party capital raised to date in our light industrial platform to $1.66 billion. Additionally, raised $72.5 million of capital in our new bulk industrial joint venture initiated in February 2019.
•
Completed the previously announced acquisition of the private equity platform of The Abraaj Group in Latin America, which was rebranded as Colony Latam Partners, and to be headed by its existing senior management team.
Financing and Capital Transactions
•
Repurchased 652,311 shares of our class A common stock for $3.2 million under our May 2018 stock repurchase program, which has been extended for an additional one-year term.
•
In April 2019, amended certain terms of our Credit Agreement, including a reduction of aggregate revolving commitments from $1.0 billion to $750 million and modification of a financial covenant and borrowing base formula.
•
Extended scheduled maturities on $210 million of debt principal in our healthcare segment to 2022.
•
Refinanced $115.5 million of debt financing in our hospitality portfolio, extending its scheduled maturity to March 2021.
•
In connection with the industrial portfolio acquisition in February 2019, closed on $500 million floating rate, five-year unsecured term loan and a $235 million first mortgage debt, and replaced our existing $400 million revolver with a $600 million revolver with a four-year initial term.
Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our results of operations by segment:
(in thousands)
 
Total Revenues
 
Net Income (Loss)
 
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Healthcare
 
$
145,774

 
$
152,595

 
$
(7,206
)
 
$
(12,534
)
 
$
(7,462
)
 
$
(10,360
)
Industrial
 
82,372

 
68,753

 
24,154

 
6,321

 
6,428

 
1,278

Hospitality
 
196,615

 
195,782

 
(26,077
)
 
(11,886
)
 
(22,981
)
 
(10,050
)
CLNC
 
—

 
—

 
5,513

 
(3,654
)
 
5,178

 
(3,446
)
Other Equity and Debt
 
162,688

 
205,154

 
59,563

 
68,548

 
23,922

 
49,109

Investment Management
 
42,477

 
42,521

 
22,777

 
(85,483
)
 
20,548

 
(80,520
)
Amounts not allocated to segments
 
2,977

 
1,859

 
(108,879
)
 
11,530

 
(100,609
)
 
12,662

 
 
$
632,903

 
$
666,664

 
$
(30,155
)
 
$
(27,158
)
 
$
(74,976
)
 
$
(41,327
)
Selected Balance Sheet Data
The following table summarizes key balance sheet data by segment:
(In thousands)
 
Healthcare
 
Industrial
 
Hospitality
 
CLNC
 
Other Equity and Debt
 
Investment Management
 
Amounts Not Allocated to Segments
 
Total
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate, net
 
$
4,981,581

 
$
3,901,328

 
$
3,662,423

 
$
—

 
$
1,990,709

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
14,536,041

Loans receivable, net
 
49,973

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,535,027

 
11,673

 
—

 
1,596,673

Equity and debt investments
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,027,345

 
1,521,557

 
216,972

 
3,742

 
2,769,616

Debt, net
 
3,221,885

 
1,909,389

 
2,615,935

 
—

 
2,116,738

 
—

 
848,841

 
10,712,788

December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate, net
 
$
4,995,298

 
$
2,793,004

 
$
3,668,824

 
$
—

 
$
2,161,888

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
13,619,014

Loans receivable, net
 
48,330

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,597,214

 
13,673

 
—

 
1,659,217

Equity and debt investments
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,037,754

 
1,307,369

 
194,304

 
3,742

 
2,543,169

Debt, net
 
3,213,992

 
1,064,585

 
2,603,599

 
—

 
2,309,347

 
—

 
848,434

 
10,039,957


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Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019 to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
Consolidated Statements of Operations
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Revenues
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property operating income
 
$
540,130

 
$
554,730

 
$
(14,600
)
Interest income
 
46,250

 
63,854

 
(17,604
)
Fee income
 
33,500

 
36,842

 
(3,342
)
Other income
 
13,023

 
11,238

 
1,785

Total revenues
 
632,903

 
666,664

 
(33,761
)
Expenses
 
 
 
 
 
 
Property operating expense
 
293,079

 
305,770

 
(12,691
)
Interest expense
 
149,516

 
148,889

 
627

Investment and servicing expense
 
18,979

 
18,653

 
326

Transaction costs
 
2,504

 
716

 
1,788

Placement fees
 
309

 
123

 
186

Depreciation and amortization
 
150,797

 
144,705

 
6,092

Provision for loan loss
 
3,611

 
5,375

 
(1,764
)
Impairment loss
 
25,622

 
153,398

 
(127,776
)
Compensation expense
 
 
 
 
 


Cash and equity-based compensation
 
34,176

 
49,484

 
(15,308
)
Carried interest and incentive fee compensation
 
1,051

 
859

 
192

Administrative expenses
 
24,014

 
24,740

 
(726
)
Total expenses
 
703,658

 
852,712

 
(149,054
)
Other income
 
 
 
 
 
 
     Gain on sale of real estate
 
52,301

 
18,444

 
33,857

     Other gain (loss), net
 
(49,077
)
 
75,256

 
(124,333
)
Equity method earnings
 
34,065

 
30,117

 
3,948

Equity method earnings—carried interest
 
4,422

 
2,148

 
2,274

Loss before income taxes
 
(29,044
)
 
(60,083
)
 
31,039

     Income tax benefit (expense)
 
(1,111
)
 
32,808

 
(33,919
)
Loss from continuing operations
 
(30,155
)
 
(27,275
)
 
(2,880
)
Income from discontinued operations
 
—

 
117

 
(117
)
Net loss
 
(30,155
)
 
(27,158
)
 
(2,997
)
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
 
1,444

 
(696
)
 
2,140

     Investment entities
 
49,988

 
19,243

 
30,745

     Operating Company
 
(6,611
)
 
(4,378
)
 
(2,233
)
Net loss attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
 
(74,976
)
 
(41,327
)
 
(33,649
)
Preferred stock dividends
 
27,137

 
31,387

 
(4,250
)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
 
$
(102,113
)
 
$
(72,714
)
 
(29,399
)


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Property Operating Income and Property Operating Expenses
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Property operating income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Healthcare
 
$
144,690

 
$
151,137

 
$
(6,447
)
Industrial
 
81,232

 
67,637

 
13,595

Hospitality
 
196,555

 
195,259

 
1,296

Other Equity and Debt
 
117,653

 
140,697

 
(23,044
)
 
 
$
540,130

 
$
554,730

 
(14,600
)
Property operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Healthcare
 
$
64,302

 
$
66,966

 
$
(2,664
)
Industrial
 
22,337

 
20,811

 
1,526

Hospitality
 
136,345

 
136,095

 
250

Other Equity and Debt
 
70,095

 
81,898

 
(11,803
)
 
 
$
293,079

 
$
305,770

 
(12,691
)
Healthcare—Property operating income and expenses decreased $6.4 million and $2.7 million, respectively, comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. While resident fee income was higher for the three months ended March 31, 2019, higher rent concessions were provided in 2019 than in 2018. The three months ended March 31, 2018 also benefited from termination fees from an early lease termination in our medical office building portfolio. Property income and property expense were also minimally affected by the adoption of the new lease accounting standard as (i) the threshold for recognizing lease income is subject to higher probability of collection criteria under the new lease standard and bad debt is recorded as a direct reduction of revenue; and (ii) property taxes and insurance paid directly to third parties by tenants or operators are no longer recognized on a gross basis in income and expense in 2019. Additionally, we incurred lower property management fees following the termination of a third party management contract in October 2018, partially offset by higher resident fee expenses and marketing costs.
Industrial—Comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, property operating income and expenses increased $13.6 million and $1.5 million, respectively, as a result of continued growth in our industrial portfolio as acquisitions outpaced dispositions. At March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, our industrial portfolio consisted of 419 and 378 buildings, respectively, with a net addition of 41 buildings and 12.5 million rentable square feet.
Comparing our industrial portfolio on a same store basis for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, property operating income and expenses decreased 1.0% and approximately 5%, respectively. Occupancy decreased marginally to 94.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2019 from 95.9% for the same period in 2018, which reflects natural tenant turnover in a stabilized portfolio averaging approximately 95% occupancy. The decreases in income and expenses can be attributed largely to higher non-rental related income in 2018 and bad debt allowance recorded in 2018 that has since been charged off, respectively. In 2019, bad debt expense is no longer recognized but income is adjusted for amounts not probable of collection under the new lease accounting standard. Such amounts were not material for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Additionally, property taxes and insurance paid directly to third parties by tenants are no longer recognized in income and expense in 2019.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
($ in thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
% change
Industrial:(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Same store property operating income
 
$
61,340

 
$
61,938

 
(1.0
)%
Same store property operating expenses
 
17,812

 
18,691

 
(4.7
)%
__________
(1)  
The same store portfolio is defined once a year at the beginning of the current calendar year and includes buildings that were owned, stabilized and held-for-use throughout the entirety of both the current and prior years. Stabilized properties are properties held for more than one year or that are greater than 90% leased. Properties acquired, disposed or held-for-sale after the same store portfolio is determined are excluded. Our same store portfolio consisted of 314 buildings.
Hospitality—Property operating income and expenses increased $1.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively, comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. Occupancy decreased marginally from 70.5% to 69.7%, however, revenue per available room ("RevPAR") remained fairly consistent at $90. The net increase in income can be attributed to favorable ancillary revenues, while expenses, for the most part, were fairly consistent during the periods under comparison.

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Other Equity and Debt—Property operating income and expenses decreased $23.0 million and $11.8 million, respectively, comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. The decreases were driven by continued sales of our non-core properties, primarily in our THL Hotel Portfolio and European portfolio, and contribution of real estate to Colony Credit on January 31, 2018. These decreases were partially offset by income and expenses contributed by a portfolio of office and industrial buildings in France that was acquired in November 2018.
Interest Income
Interest income decreased $17.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The decrease can be attributed to our contribution of $1.3 billion of loans to Colony Credit on January 31, 2018 which had generated $9.5 million of interest income in 2018 prior to contribution, $6.5 million decrease in interest income from sale and deconsolidation of our securitization trusts in the second quarter of 2018, and decreases due to continuing loan repayments and payoffs. These decreases more than offset new loan originations and additional loan fundings subsequent to the first quarter of 2018.
Fee Income
Fee income is earned from the following sources:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Institutional funds
 
$
13,110

 
$
13,141

 
$
(31
)
Public companies (Colony Credit, NRE)
 
15,106

 
12,172

 
2,934

Non-traded REITs
 
5,106

 
11,459

 
(6,353
)
Other
 
178

 
70

 
108

 
 
$
33,500

 
$
36,842

 
(3,342
)
Fee income decreased $3.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, resulting from:
•
$2.2 million decrease in fee income from Colony Credit, which replaced fees from non-traded REITs, NorthStar I and NorthStar II beginning February 1, 2018. Approximately $2.0 million of the decrease was attributed to acquisition and disposition fees from NorthStar I and NorthStar II in 2018 prior to the closing of the Combination; such fees are excluded from the Colony Credit fee structure;
•
approximately $0.3 million of lower fee income from NRE following the sale of a significant real estate asset in the fourth quarter of 2018 which reduced NRE's net asset value ("NAV") fee basis; and
•
approximately $1.0 million decrease in fee income from NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. ("NorthStar Healthcare") following a decrease in its NAV fee basis effective December 2018.
Other Income
Other income increased $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, attributable primarily to (i) higher amounts grossed up in other income and equity-based compensation expense related to equity awards granted by Colony Credit and NRE to the Company and certain of its employees, (ii) higher dividend income from a consolidated private fund, (iii) higher property management fee income with the growth of our industrial portfolio, and (iv) higher cost reimbursement income in relation to investment due diligence activities and from our joint venture with Digital Bridge that manages our digital infrastructure vehicle, all of which were partially offset by (v) lower recovery income from our loan portfolios which continue to resolve over time, and (vi) a non-recurring class action settlement received in the first quarter of 2018 related to our hospitality segment.

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Interest Expense
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Investment-level financing:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Healthcare
 
$
47,527

 
$
50,941

 
$
(3,414
)
Industrial
 
14,627

 
10,190

 
4,437

Hospitality
 
42,065

 
34,361

 
7,704

Other Equity and Debt
 
31,853

 
40,280

 
(8,427
)
Corporate-level debt
 
13,444

 
13,117

 
327

 
 
$
149,516

 
$
148,889

 
627

The $0.6 million net increase in interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018 can be attributed to the following:
Healthcare—Interest expense was $3.4 million lower as the first quarter of 2018 included a higher amortization of debt discount which decreased interest expense. Additionally, interest expense in the first quarter 2019 was lower resulting from debt refinancing that occurred subsequent to the first quarter of 2018, partially offset by accelerated amortization of deferred financing costs as a result of the debt refinancing and the impact of higher LIBOR on variable rate debt.
Industrial—Increase of $4.4 million in interest expense resulted from additional debt obtained to fund new acquisitions, primarily $735 million of new debt to finance our approximately $1.1 billion portfolio acquisition in late February 2019, along with $142 million drawn from our industrial revolver to fund the same acquisition. Additionally, higher deferred financing costs were recognized in 2019 in relation to the new debt and the increased capacity of our industrial revolver, which also resulted in higher unused fees on the revolver. The increase was partially offset by the capitalization of interest on debt financing development activities in the first quarter of 2019.
Hospitality—Interest expense increased $7.7 million, resulting primarily from the impact of higher LIBOR on variable rate debt, additional debt obtained in connection with debt refinancing subsequent to the first quarter of 2018, and higher deferred financing costs expensed as a result of the refinancing.
Other Equity and Debt—Interest expense decreased $8.4 million, driven by: (i) $4.5 million decrease in interest expense from the sale and deconsolidation of our securitization trusts in the second quarter of 2018, (ii) the effect of debt payoffs from continued sales and resolutions of our non-core investments, and (iii) contribution of certain assets along with their underlying debt to Colony Credit on January 31, 2018. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in interest expense mainly from new debt acquired to finance the acquisition of a portfolio of office and industrial buildings in France in November 2018.
Corporate-level debt—The marginal increase in interest expense reflects the effect of higher LIBOR on our junior subordinated debt and higher unused fees on our corporate credit line, partially offset by the absence of interest expense on our corporate credit line which was undrawn in the first quarter of 2019.
Investment and Servicing Expense
There was a marginal $0.3 million net increase in investment and servicing costs for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2018. While we incurred higher unconsummated deal costs in 2019, the increase was partially offset by lower write-offs of receivables related to certain retail companies, lower servicing and management fees following the termination of a third party healthcare operator in October 2018 and continued resolution of our loan portfolio, and other decreases in investment related costs.
Transaction Costs
Transaction costs were higher for three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2018 primarily due to our acquisition of the Latin American investment management business of The Abraaj Group.
Placement Fees
Immaterial placement fees were incurred in connection with fundraising activities, primarily for our open-end industrial fund in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and our distressed credit fund in the three months ended March 31, 2018.

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Depreciation and Amortization
The net increase of $6.1 million in depreciation and amortization comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 is attributable to new acquisitions, including a portfolio of 50 light and bulk industrial properties in February 2019 and a portfolio of office and industrial buildings in France in November 2018. This increase was partially offset, mainly by non-core properties sold or transferred to held for sale, and to a lesser extent, real estate contributed to Colony Credit in January 2018.
Provision for Loan Losses
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Non-PCI loans
 
$
—

 
$
2,662

 
$
(2,662
)
PCI loans
 
3,611

 
2,713

 
898

Total provision for loan losses
 
$
3,611

 
$
5,375

 
(1,764
)
Provision for loan losses related to the write-down of a loan to its underlying collateral value upon foreclosure in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and to losses attributable primarily to loans pending sale or in maturity default in the three months ended March 31, 2018.
Of the total provision for loan losses, $1.8 million and $3.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, was attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities.
Impairment Loss
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Healthcare
 
$
—

 
$
3,780

 
$
(3,780
)
Hospitality
 
3,850

 
—

 
3,850

Other Equity and Debt
 
21,772

 
9,189

 
12,583

Investment Management
 
—

 
140,429

 
(140,429
)
 
 
$
25,622

 
$
153,398

 
(127,776
)
Healthcare—In the three months ended March 31, 2018, additional impairment was recorded on properties with hurricane-related damage from 2017.
Hospitality—Additional impairment loss was recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2019 on hotels held for sale based on revised expected sale prices.
Other Equity and Debt—Impairment was higher at $21.8 million in the first quarter of 2019 compared to $9.2 million in the first quarter of 2018. The increase resulted from higher impairment of $8.2 million on European properties held for sale based on revised expectation of sales proceeds, and $4.5 million additional impairment in the U.S. resulting from concessions provided to buyers of properties near closing.
Investment Management—Impairment in the three months ended March 31, 2018 was related to the write-off of management contract intangibles of (i) a combined $139.0 million for NorthStar I and NorthStar II upon closing of the Combination as these contracts were terminated, and (ii) $1.4 million for NorthStar/RXR New York Metro Real Estate, Inc. ("NorthStar/RXR NY Metro"), which had terminated its offering period effective March 31, 2018, followed by subsequent liquidation.
Of the $25.6 million and $153.4 million of total impairment in in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, $14.2 million and $7.8 million were attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities, respectively.

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Compensation Expense
The following table provides the components of compensation expense.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Cash compensation and benefits
 
$
24,702

 
$
36,489

 
$
(11,787
)
Carried interest and incentive fee compensation
 
1,051

 
859

 
192

Equity-based compensation
 
9,474

 
12,995

 
(3,521
)
 
 
35,227

 
50,343

 
(15,116
)
Compensation expense decreased $15.1 million comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. The first quarter of 2018 had included $6.0 million of compensation expense in connection with the Merger, including $3.2 million of equity-based compensation in connection with awards granted to certain NSAM executives that vested one year from the closing of the Merger. This was partially offset by a $2.0 million increase in equity-based compensation in the first quarter of 2019 related to awards granted by Colony Credit and NRE to the Company and its employees that is grossed up in both income and expense. The remaining net decrease in compensation largely reflects the impact of the corporate restructuring undertaken in November 2018 which was aimed at reducing the Company's global workforce.
Administrative Expenses
Administrative expenses were $24.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, a $0.7 million decrease from the same period in 2018, largely due to our ongoing cost reduction initiatives.
Gain on Sale of Real Estate
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Industrial
 
$
22,848

 
$
2,293

 
$
20,555

Hospitality
 
139

 
—

 
139

Other Equity and Debt
 
29,314

 
16,151

 
13,163

 
 
$
52,301

 
$
18,444

 
33,857

Industrial—The higher gain on sale in the three months ended March 31, 2019 was generated from the sale of a portfolio of 34 buildings in February 2019.
Hospitality—Gain on sale in the three months ended March 31, 2019 pertained to proceeds received on a parcel of land subject to eminent domain.
Other Equity and Debt—We recognized higher gain on sales totaling $29.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to $16.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 related to our European properties and certain U.S. multi-tenant office properties.
Gain on sale of $30.9 million and $10.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities.
Equity Method Earnings (Losses)
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
CLNC
 
$
5,513

 
(3,654
)
 
$
9,167

Other Equity and Debt
 
24,608

 
27,217

 
(2,609
)
Investment Management (including $4,422 and $2,148 of carried interest, respectively)
 
8,366

 
8,702

 
(336
)
 
 
$
38,487

 
$
32,265

 
6,222

CLNC—Our share of earnings from Colony Credit was $5.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to a net loss of $3.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018. The net loss resulted from significant transaction costs incurred in connection with the closing of the Combination.
Other Equity and Debt—Equity method earnings decreased $2.3 million comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, due to several factors such as sales of investments, paydowns and repayments of preferred

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equity investments, contribution of investments to Colony Credit on January 31, 2018 and impairment on an investee based upon pending sales of its underlying real estate. Decreases were partially offset by earnings from new investments and additional fundings on an ADC investment.
Investment Management—There was a marginal decrease of $0.3 million in overall net earnings comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. While carried interest was higher by $2.3 million in the first quarter of 2019 compared to 2018, the first quarter of 2018 included a one-time gain related to the sale of an equity investment in this segment.
Other Gain (Loss), Net
We recognized a loss of $49.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and a gain of $75.3 million in the same period in 2018 from a variety of items:
•
$59.2 million loss in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to a $56.3 million gain in the same period 2018 on a non-designated out-of-money interest rate swap assumed through the Merger due to the flattening of the 10-year treasury forward curve. The swap was intended to hedge future refinancing risk on certain NRF mortgage debt;
•
$1.0 million lower gain on a loan receivable denominated in a foreign currency; and
•
Various gains recorded in the first quarter of 2018 that were not recurring in 2019 such as:
•
$9.9 million gain in connection with the Combination, which represents the excess of fair value over carrying value of the Company's equity interest in the CLNY Investment Entities, retained through the Company’s interest in Colony Credit;
•
$10.5 million unrealized fair value gain on the contingent consideration liability in connection with Colony's management internalization, which liability was subsequently settled in 2018 (refer to Note 11 of the consolidated financial statements); and
•
$8.4 million gain from sale of CRE securities.
•
Higher unrealized fair value gain on securities held by a consolidated investment company by $1.5 million in the 2019 period compared to 2018;
•
Impairment on CRE securities of approximately $6.0 million in the first quarter of 2018.
Income Tax Benefit (Expense)
We recorded income tax expense of $1.1 million and income tax benefit of $32.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The large income tax benefit in the prior year resulted primarily from the write-off of deferred tax liabilities in connection with the write-off of the management contract intangible assets for NorthStar I and NorthStar II as the contracts were terminated upon closing of the Combination and for NorthStar RXR/NY Metro upon termination of its offering period.
Income from Discontinued Operations
There was immaterial net loss from discontinued operations in 2018 from the hotels in the THL Hotel Portfolio that were classified as held for sale upon acquisition in 2017. These hotels were fully disposed in the second quarter of 2018.
Segments
The following discussion summarizes key information on each of our six segments.
Healthcare
Our healthcare segment is composed of a diverse portfolio of senior housing, skilled nursing facilities, medical office buildings and hospitals. We earn rental income from our senior housing, skilled nursing facilities and hospital assets that are under net leases to single tenants/operators and from medical office buildings which are both single tenant and multi-tenant. In addition, we also earn resident fee income from senior housing properties that are managed by operators under a RIDEA structure, which effectively allows us to gain financial exposure to the underlying operations of the facility in a tax efficient manner versus receiving contractual rent under a net lease arrangement.
At March 31, 2019, our interest in our healthcare segment was 71%.

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Portfolio Overview
Our healthcare portfolio is located across 33 states domestically and 13% of our portfolio (based upon NOI) is in the United Kingdom.
The following table presents key balance sheet data of our healthcare segment:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Real estate
 
 
 
 
Held for investment
 
$
4,981,581

 
$
4,995,298

Debt
 
3,221,885

 
3,213,992

The following table presents selected operating metrics of our healthcare segment:
 
 
Number of Buildings
 
Capacity
 
Average Occupancy(1)
 
Average Remaining Lease Term (Years)
March 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior housing—operating
 
108

 
6,388 units
 
86.7
%
 
N/A

Medical office buildings
 
108

 
3.8 million sq. ft.
 
82.4
%
 
4.5

Net lease—senior housing
 
84

 
4,231 units
 
82.1
%
 
11.4

Net lease—skilled nursing facilities
 
99

 
11,829 beds
 
82.4
%
 
5.7

Net lease—hospitals
 
14

 
872 beds
 
58.5
%
 
9.7

Total
 
413

 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior housing—operating
 
108

 
6,388 units
 
86.8
%
 
 N/A

Medical office buildings
 
108

 
3.8 million sq. ft.
 
82.3
%
 
4.5

Net lease—senior housing
 
84

 
4,231 units
 
82.1
%
 
11.7

Net lease—skilled nursing facilities
 
99

 
11,829 beds
 
82.4
%
 
5.9

Net lease—hospitals
 
14

 
872 beds
 
58.1
%
 
9.7

Total
 
413

 
 
 
 
 
 
__________
(1) 
Occupancy represents property operator's patient occupancy for all types except medical office buildings. Average occupancy is based upon the number of units, beds or square footage by type of facility. Occupancy percentage is as of the last day of the quarter presented for medical office buildings, average of the quarter presented for senior housing—operating, and average of the prior quarter for net lease properties.
Revenue mix of our healthcare portfolio weighted by net operating income ("NOI") for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 (as our operators report on a quarter lag) was as follows:
Payor Sources
 
Revenue Mix % (1)
Private Pay
 
59
%
Medicaid
 
31
%
Medicare
 
10
%
Total
 
100
%
__________
(1) 
Excludes two operating partners who do not track or report payor source data.
Financing
At March 31, 2019, our healthcare portfolio is financed by $3.24 billion of outstanding debt principal, of which $2.13 billion is fixed and $1.11 billion is variable rate debt, bearing a combined weighted average interest rate of 5.28%.
Through April 2019, we refinanced an aggregate of $210 million of debt principal, extending their 2019 maturities to 2022, with two one-year extension options. Previous default due to debt and/or lease coverage ratios on two of the refinanced debt have been cured.
There is currently $1.725 billion of non-recourse fixed rate mortgage debt on certain properties in our U.S. healthcare portfolio that is scheduled to mature in December 2019 for which we continue to evaluate our options in connection with the scheduled maturity. In the fourth quarter of 2018, we had impaired the real estate collateralizing the debt by $109.1 million based on a reassessment of the expected hold period, taking into consideration the upcoming debt maturity (see Note 11). We will continue to re-evaluate certain assumptions, including with respect to the hold period of the real estate

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collateralizing the debt, which could result in further impairment of the underlying real estate in a future period. At March 31, 2019, carrying value of the real estate collateralizing the debt was approximately $2.5 billion.
Performance
Results of operations of our healthcare segment were as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Total revenues
 
$
145,774

 
$
152,595

Net loss attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
 
7,462

 
10,360

NOI generated by our healthcare segment, in total and by portfolio, was as follows. NOI is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP measure in "—Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measures."
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Total revenues
 
$
145,774

 
$
152,595

Straight-line rent and amortization of above- and below-market lease intangibles and ground lease right-of-use asset
 
(5,227
)
 
(4,319
)
Property operating expenses (1)
 
(64,302
)
 
(66,966
)
NOI—Healthcare
 
$
76,245

 
$
81,310

__________
(1) 
Fees paid to third parties for property management are included in property operating expenses.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
($ in thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Senior housing—operating
 
$
17,335

 
$
17,472

 
$
(137
)
Medical office buildings
 
12,424

 
16,551

 
(4,127
)
Net lease—senior housing
 
15,379

 
15,539

 
(160
)
Net lease—skilled nursing facilities
 
25,744

 
26,825

 
(1,081
)
Net lease—hospitals
 
5,363

 
4,923

 
440

NOI—Healthcare
 
$
76,245

 
$
81,310

 
(5,065
)
Comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, NOI was lower by $5.1 million or 6.2%, largely due to $3.2 million of termination fees from an early lease termination in 2018 in our medical office building portfolio, coupled with higher rental concessions in 2019 in both our medical office buildings and skilled nursing facilities.
Industrial
Our industrial segment is composed of primarily light industrial assets throughout the U.S. Our light industrial strategy is to pursue accretive asset acquisitions, capturing the benefits of scale as one of the few institutional investors primarily focused on the fragmented light industrial sector. Light industrial buildings are generally multi-tenant buildings up to 250,000 square feet with an office build-out of less than 20%. They are typically located in supply constrained locations and serve as the “last mile” of the logistics chain, which are vital for e-commerce and tenants that require increasingly quick delivery times by providing smaller industrial distribution spaces located closer to a company's customer base. They are designed to meet the local and regional distribution needs of businesses of every size, from large international to local and regional firms.
In addition, in February 2019, we initiated a new bulk industrial strategy with the acquisition of six bulk industrial buildings. Our immediate bulk industrial strategy is to stabilize the existing portfolio and seek to invest in bulk industrial properties in major U.S. metropolitan markets, generally targeting warehouses greater than 500,000 square feet.
Our investment in the industrial portfolio is made alongside third party limited partners through joint ventures, composed of sponsored and managed partnerships, including an open end industrial fund for our light portfolio. We also have a wholly owned industrial operating platform which provides vertical integration from acquisition and development to asset management and property management of all our industrial assets.
Capitalization
Light Industrial—At March 31, 2019, we owned 33.5% of our light industrial platform based upon net asset value through our capital contributions totaling $749.2 million. Our ownership interest decreased from 35.3% at December 31, 2018 as we continued to expand our light industrial platform through third party capital, with $141.5 million of additional capital closed in 2019, bringing total third party capital to $1.66 billion at March 31, 2019.
Bulk Industrial—We own 51% of our bulk industrial portfolio through a capital contribution of $72.5 million, with the remaining $69.7 million of capital contributed by a third-party institutional investor for a 49% interest in the newly formed joint venture.
Portfolio Overview
Our industrial portfolio is well-diversified with 53.9 million square feet of light industrial and 4.2 million square feet of bulk industrial, aggregating to over 950 tenants across 27 major U.S. markets, with significant concentrations (based upon NOI) in Atlanta (14%) and Dallas (13%).
The following table presents key balance sheet data of our industrial segment:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Real estate
 
 
 
 
Held for investment
 
$
3,901,328

 
$
2,793,004

Held for sale
 
8,395

 
131,400

Debt
 
1,909,389

 
1,064,585

We present and discuss below certain key metrics related to our industrial portfolio:
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
Number of Buildings
 
Rentable Square Feet
(in thousands)
 
Leased %
 
Average Remaining Lease Term (Years)
 
Number of Buildings
 
Rentable Square Feet
(in thousands)
 
Leased %
 
Average Remaining Lease Term (Years)
Light industrial
 
413

 
53,881

 
91.8
%
 
3.8

 
400

 
48,526

 
94.5
%
 
3.8

Bulk industrial
 
6

 
4,183

 
67.4
%
 
12.0

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total
 
419

 
58,064

 
90.0
%
 
4.3

 
400

 
48,526

 
94.5
%
 
3.8

•
At March 31, 2019, as it relates to our total portfolio, 79% of our tenants (based upon leased square feet) were international and national companies, with the top ten tenants making up 10.5% of our portfolio based upon annualized base rent.
•
Total portfolio leased percentage for our light industrial portfolio declined from 94.5% at December 31, 2018 to 91.8% at March 31, 2019, driven largely by vacancy in new acquisitions. The market for light industrial space continues to experience capacity constraints and is driving rental rate growth and strong tenant demand, with initial rental rates on new and renewed leases commencing in 2019 (excluding leases less than 12 months) experiencing a 6.7% growth compared to prior ending rents (on a cash basis).
•
At March 31, 2019, no more than 17% of existing leases by square footage in our light industrial portfolio was scheduled to expire in any single year over the next ten years.
•Acquisitions and dispositions in 2019 are summarized below.
 
 
Number of Buildings
 
Rentable Square Feet
(in thousands)
 
Weighted Average Leased % At Acquisition
 
Purchase Price (1)
(in thousands)
 
Gross Sales Price
(in thousands)
 
Realized Gain
(in thousands)
Acquisitions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Light industrial
 
47

 
7,611

 
79
%
 
$
789,486

 
NA

 
NA

Bulk industrial
 
6

 
4,183

 
67
%
 
373,182

 
NA

 
NA

 
 
53

 
11,794

 
 
 
$
1,162,668

 
 
 
 
Dispositions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Light industrial
 
34

 
2,256

 
NA

 
NA

 
$
135,667

 
$
22,848

_________
(1)
Purchase price includes capitalized transaction costs for asset acquisitions.

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A significant value-add portfolio of 50 buildings was acquired in February 2019 at a purchase price of approximately $1.1 billion. The portfolio is located across 10 markets, totaling approximately 11.1 million square feet and averaged 73.4% leased at the time of purchase. Forty-four buildings are light industrial, while the remaining six buildings are bulk industrial. In addition, we will be acquiring another four light industrial buildings within the same portfolio that is expected to close upon completion of construction throughout the remainder of 2019.
In terms of dispositions, we continually seek to sell less strategic assets and redeploy capital into high quality real estate in line with our strategy.
•
As of March 31, 2019, we funded $14.4 million with remaining unfunded purchase commitment of $363.5 million for the acquisition of 39 buildings aggregating to 3.4 million square feet, of which eight buildings totaling 1.9 million square feet are under construction.
•
Separately, subsequent to the quarter end through May 7, 2019, we acquired two land parcels in Northern New Jersey for co-development with an operating partner.
•
At March 31, 2019, three buildings with total carrying value of $8.4 million were held for sale. There was no debt financing on these held for sale properties.
Financing
At March 31, 2019, we have outstanding debt at total carrying value of $1.9 billion, bearing a weighted average interest rate of 3.93%, with a weighted average remaining maturity of 7.9 years.
In connection with our light industrial portfolio acquisition in February 2019, we obtained a $500 million floating rate, five-year term loan, of which $300 million is fixed through the use of interest rate swaps. We also replaced our existing $400 million revolver with $600 million revolver, having a four-year initial term, that was $142 million drawn at closing. The combined financing is unsecured, supported by an unencumbered asset pool within the light industrial portfolio and is non-recourse to the Company. Separately, we closed on $235 million first mortgage debt secured by the bulk industrial portfolio.
Performance
Results of operations of our industrial segment were as follows:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Total revenues
 
$
82,372

 
$
68,753

Net income attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
 
6,428

 
1,278

NOI generated by our industrial segment was determined as follows. NOI is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP figure in "—Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measures."
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2018
(In thousands)
 
Light Industrial
 
Bulk Industrial
 
Total
 
Light Industrial
Total revenues
 
$
80,712

 
$
1,660

 
$
82,372

 
$
68,753

Straight-line rent and amortization of above- and below-market lease intangibles and ground lease right-of-use asset
 
(3,045
)
 
(187
)
 
(3,232
)
 
(2,297
)
Interest income
 
(180
)
 
—

 
(180
)
 
(532
)
Property operating expenses
 
(22,124
)
 
(213
)
 
(22,337
)
 
(20,811
)
Compensation and administrative expense (1)
 
(784
)
 
—

 
(784
)
 
(480
)
NOI—Industrial
 
$
54,579

 
$
1,260

 
$
55,839

 
$
44,633

__________
(1) 
Compensation and administrative costs of employees engaged in property management and operations are included in compensation and administrative expenses.
The $11.2 million increase in total NOI comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 reflects the continued growth of our portfolio, including the initiation of a new bulk strategy, with net increase in total rentable square feet of 12.5 million, taking into account both acquisitions and dispositions during the period. The six buildings under the bulk portfolio were 67.4% occupied and contributed $1.3 million in NOI for the one month period post-acquisition. Average occupancy in the light portfolio decreased to 90.8% in the first quarter of 2019 from 94.0% in the first quarter of 2018,

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driven mainly by vacancy in newly acquired value-add properties. Notwithstanding, overall increase in revenues from new acquisitions more than offset corresponding increase in property operating expenses. Additionally, the first quarter of 2018 also included bad debt allowance that has since been charged off, while in the first quarter of 2019, adjustment for amounts not probable of collection was not material.
Hospitality
Our hotel portfolio consists primarily of extended stay hotels and premium branded select service hotels located in both major metropolitan markets and high-demand suburban markets throughout the U.S. The majority of our hotels are affiliated with top hotel brands such as Marriott and Hilton. We seek to achieve value optimization through capital improvements, asset management and as appropriate, opportunistic asset sales.
At March 31, 2019, we owned 94% of our hospitality segment.
Financing
At March 31, 2019, our hotel portfolio was financed by $2.7 billion of outstanding debt, predominantly variable rate debt, bearing a weighted average interest rate of 5.64%.
In February 2019, we refinanced $115.5 million of debt principal, extending its maturity to March 2021, with three one-year extension options.
Portfolio Overview
Our hotel portfolio is located across 26 states in the U.S., with concentrations (based upon NOI before FF&E Reserve) in Florida (21.5%), California (18.1%) and Texas (12.3%).
The following table presents key balance sheet data of our hospitality segment:
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Real estate
 
 
 
 
Held for investment
 
$
3,662,423

 
$
3,668,824

Held for sale
 
66,247

 
69,699

Debt
 
2,615,935

 
2,603,599

A majority of our portfolio is affiliated with top hotel brands. Composition of our hotel portfolio by brand at March 31, 2019 is as follows:
Brands
 
% by Rooms
Marriott
 
79
%
Hilton
 
16
%
Hyatt
 
3
%
Intercontinental
 
2
%
Total
 
100
%

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The following table presents selected operating metrics of our hotel portfolio:
 
 
March 31,
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
Type
 
Number of Hotel Properties
 
Number of Rooms
 
Average Occupancy
 
ADR (1)
 
RevPAR (2)
2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Select service
 
97

 
13,194

 
67.1
%
 
$
126

 
$
84

Extended stay
 
66

 
7,936

 
74.1
%
 
130

 
96

Full service
 
4

 
966

 
70.0
%
 
171

 
120

Total
 
167

 
22,096

 
69.7
%
 
129

 
90

2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Select service
 
97

 
13,193

 
68.4
%
 
$
123

 
$
84

Extended stay
 
66

 
7,936

 
74.3
%
 
130

 
96

Full service
 
4

 
962

 
67.7
%
 
181

 
123

Total
 
167

 
22,091

 
70.5
%
 
128

 
90

_________
(1) 
Average daily rate ("ADR") is calculated by dividing room revenue by total rooms sold.
(2) 
RevPAR is calculated by dividing room revenue by room nights available for the period.
Performance
Results of operations of our hospitality segment were as follows.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Total revenues
 
$
196,615

 
$
195,782

Net loss attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
 
22,981

 
10,050

NOI before FF&E Reserve for our hospitality segment, in total and by type, was as follows. NOI before FF&E Reserve is reconciled to the most directly comparable GAAP figure in "—Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measures."
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Total revenues
 
$
196,615

 
$
195,782

Straight-line rent and amortization of above- and below-market lease intangibles and ground lease right-of-use asset
 
310

 
(7
)
Other income
 
—

 
(488
)
Property operating expenses (1)
 
(136,345
)
 
(136,095
)
NOI before FF&E Reserve—Hospitality
 
$
60,580

 
$
59,192

__________
(1) 
Fees paid to third parties for hotel management are included in property operating expenses.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
 
($ in thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
Change
Select service
 
$
34,181

 
$
32,365

 
$
1,816

Extended stay
 
22,847

 
22,918

 
(71
)
Full service
 
3,552

 
3,909

 
(357
)
NOI before FF&E Reserve—Hospitality
 
$
60,580

 
$
59,192

 
1,388

NOI before FF&E Reserve increased $1.4 million or 2.3% comparing the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018. RevPAR remained consistent at $90 although occupancy decreased marginally from 70.5% in the first quarter of 2019 to 69.7% in the same period in 2018. The increase in NOI can be attributed to favorable ancillary income, while expenses were fairly consistent in the periods under comparison.
Colony Credit
At March 31, 2019, we have a 36.4% interest (on a fully diluted basis) in Colony Credit. In the first quarter of 2019, our share of net income in Colony Credit was $5.5 million compared to a $3.7 million net loss in the three months ended

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March 31, 2018. The net loss was driven by significant transaction costs incurred in connection with the closing of the Combination.
Our interest in Colony Credit was measured based upon our proportionate share of Colony Credit's fair value at the closing date of the Combination. Colony Credit’s class A common stock had traded between $15.32 and $23.23 per share since its inception through March 29, 2019, the last trading day of the first quarter. At March 31, 2019, our investment in Colony Credit had a carrying value of $1.03 billion or $21.43 per share, which was approximately $276.7 million in excess of its fair value of $750.7 million based upon the closing stock price of $15.66 per share on March 29, 2019. We believe that the carrying value of our investment in Colony Credit is recoverable in the near term and determined that our investment in Colony Credit was not other-than-temporarily impaired as of March 31, 2019. If Colony Credit's common stock continues to trade below the carrying value of our investment for a prolonged period of time, an other-than-temporary impairment may be recognized in the future.
Other Equity and Debt
Our other equity and debt segment consists of a diversified group of strategic and non-strategic real estate and real estate-related debt and equity investments. Our interests in other equity and debt assets are held as direct interests as well as indirect interests through unconsolidated ventures. Strategic investments include our co-investments as a general partner and/or manager alongside third party capital that we raised and manage for investment management economics in the form of real estate, loans receivable and equity investments, including through direct limited partnership interests in our sponsored funds. Non-strategic investments include net lease, multifamily and multi-tenant office properties, a limited service hotel portfolio which we controlled through a consensual foreclosure (the "THL Hotel Portfolio"), our interest in a portfolio of CRE loans and securities, limited partnership interests in private equity funds and various other equity investments. Over time, we intend to recycle capital from non-strategic investments in our other equity and debt investments and shift our balance sheet exposure to strategic investments and our core real estate segments.
Our other equity and debt segment generated the following results of operations:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Total revenues
 
$
162,688

 
$
205,154

Net income attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
 
23,922

 
49,109

Significant investments and corresponding debt in our other equity and debt portfolio were as follows.
(In thousands)
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Real estate
 
 
 
 
Held for investment
 
$
1,990,709

 
$
2,161,888

Held for sale
 
659,436

 
651,303

Equity and debt investments
 
 
 
 
NRE
 
88,058

 
87,696

Limited partnership interests in our sponsored and co-sponsored funds
 
89,653

 
90,062

Other equity investments (1)
 
1,258,297

 
1,026,870

N-Star CDO bonds
 
64,410

 
64,127

CMBS of consolidated funds
 
21,139

 
32,706

Loans receivable
 
1,535,027

 
1,597,214

Debt (2)
 
2,116,738

 
2,309,347

_________
(1) 
Significant investments include acquisition, development and construction loans ($502.0 million) and preferred equity investments ($221.2 million).
(2) 
Includes debt carrying value of $340.9 million financing real estate held for sale.
Significant activities in our other equity and debt segment in the first quarter of 2019 were as follows:
•
Together with our sponsored credit fund, acquired a portfolio of six hotels in France from a distressed hotel owner, with the investment held through an equity method investee.
•
We continue to monetize other non-strategic assets, primarily our loan portfolios and our real estate in Europe, in our efforts to streamline our business and redeploy capital to more strategic areas.

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Investment Management
We manage capital on behalf of third party institutional and retail investors through private funds, and traded and non-traded REITs, which provide a stable stream of management fee income. Our investment management platform allows us to raise private third party capital in partnership with our own balance sheet to further scale our core real estate segments and also allows us to pursue a balance sheet light strategy.
Significant Developments in the Investment Management Segment
Abraaj Group—In April 2019, the Company completed its previously announced acquisition of the private equity platform of The Abraaj Group in Latin America, which was rebranded as Colony Latam Partners. Colony Latam Partners will continue to be headed by its existing senior management team. The core strategy of the platform will focus on investing growth capital in mid-cap companies in the Latin American region. Colony Latam Partners manages approximately $530 million of fee earning equity under management ("FEEUM").
Performance
Results of operations of our Investment Management segment were as follows.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Total revenues (1)
 
$
42,477

 
$
42,521

Net income (loss) attributable to Colony Capital, Inc.
 
20,548

 
(80,520
)
__________
(1) 
Includes $3.4 million and $4.1 million of cost reimbursement income from Colony Credit, NRE and retail companies for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, which are recorded gross as income and expense in the results of operations.
Net loss recognized in 2018 was driven by impairments on management contract intangibles, specifically write-off of $139.0 million related to the NorthStar I and NorthStar II management contracts that were terminated upon closing of the Combination and $1.4 million related to NorthStar/RXR NY Metro, which had terminated its offering period effective March 31, 2018, followed by subsequent liquidation.
Balance sheet investments of $217.0 million in our Investment Management segment generally consist of our general partner and co-general partner interests in investment vehicles we sponsor or co-sponsor, which, as of March 31, 2019, included $25.9 million of unrealized carried interest allocation, as well as interests in other asset managers.
Capital Raising, Assets Under Management and Fee Earning Equity Under Management
In the three months ended March 31, 2019, we raised approximately $310 million of third party capital (including our pro rata share from equity method investments in third party asset managers of $38 million), driven primarily by $141.5 million in our open-end industrial fund, $72.5 million in our new bulk industrial joint venture partnership and $44 million in our co-sponsored digital real estate infrastructure vehicle.

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Below is a summary of our third party AUM and FEEUM:
 
 
 
 
 
 
AUM (1) (In billions)
 
FEEUM (2) (In billions)
Type
 
Products
 
Description
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
 
March 31, 2019
 
December 31, 2018
Institutional funds
 
Credit funds, opportunistic funds, value-add funds, Colony industrial open end fund and other co-investment vehicles
 
Earns base and asset management fees from all managed funds; potential for carried interest on sponsored funds
 
$
9.9

 
$
9.5

 
$
6.6

 
$
6.4

Retail Companies
 
NorthStar Healthcare
 
Earns base management fees and potential for carried interest

 
3.5

 
3.5

 
1.4

 
1.4

 
CC Real Estate Income Fund (3)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Public companies
 
NorthStar Realty Europe Corp.
 
NYSE-listed European equity REIT
 
1.6

 
1.7

 
1.0

 
1.0

 
Colony Credit Real Estate, Inc.(4)
 
NYSE-listed credit REIT
 
3.5

 
3.5

 
3.0

 
3.1

 
 
 
Earns base management fees and potential for incentive fees
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-wholly owned real estate investment management platform
 
Joint venture investments in co-sponsored investment vehicles and third party asset managers
 
Earns share of earnings from equity method investments:
 
 
 


 
 
 


 
 
Digital Colony, 50% interest in co-sponsored digital infrastructure vehicle
 
1.9

 
1.9

 
1.9

 
1.9

 
 
Others include investments in RXR Realty (27% interest in a real estate investor, developer and asset manager) and AHI (43% interest in a healthcare asset manager and sponsor of non-traded vehicles)
 
8.4

 
8.3

 
3.9

 
3.8

 
 
 
 
 
 
$
28.8

 
$
28.4

 
$
17.8

 
$
17.6

__________
(1) 
Assets for which the Company and its affiliates provide investment management services, including assets for which the Company may or may not charge management fees and/or incentives. AUM is based upon reported gross undepreciated carrying value of managed investments as reported by each underlying vehicle. AUM further includes a) uncalled capital commitments and b) the Company’s pro rata share of assets of the real estate investment management platform of its joint ventures and investees as presented and calculated by them. The Company's calculation of AUM may differ materially from those of other asset managers, and as a result, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers.
(2) 
Equity for which the Company and its affiliates provide investment management services and derive management fees and/or incentives. FEEUM generally represents a) the basis used to derive fees, which may be based upon invested equity, stockholders’ equity, or fair value pursuant to the terms of each underlying investment management agreement and b) the Company’s pro rata share of fee bearing equity of its joint ventures and investees as presented and calculated by them. The Company's calculation of FEEUM may differ materially from other asset managers, and as a result, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers.
(3) 
In February 2019, the board of directors of CC Real Estate Income Fund (“CCREIF”) approved a plan to dissolve, liquidate and terminate CCREIF and distribute the net proceeds of such liquidation to its shareholders. As CCREIF’s advisor, we have begun the process of liquidating its portfolio, however, no assurances can be made as to the timing or completion of the liquidation.
(4) 
    Represents third party ownership share of CLNC's pro rata share of total assets, excluding consolidated securitization trusts.
The Company's third party FEEUM was marginally higher at $17.8 billion at March 31, 2019 compared to $17.6 billion at December 31, 2018. The $0.2 billion increase is attributable to fee-bearing capital raised in our light and bulk industrial platform.
Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measures
The Company reports funds from operations ("FFO") as an overall non-GAAP supplemental financial measure. The Company also reports NOI for the healthcare and industrial segments and EBITDA for the hospitality segment, which are supplemental non-GAAP financial measures widely used in the equity REIT industry. FFO and NOI should not be considered alternatives to GAAP net income as indications of operating performance, or to cash flows from operating activities as measures of liquidity, nor as indications of the availability of funds for our cash needs, including funds available to make distributions. Our calculation of FFO and NOI may differ from methodologies utilized by other REITs for similar performance measurements, and, accordingly, may not be comparable to those of other REITs.
Funds from Operations
We calculate FFO in accordance with standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, which defines FFO as net income or loss calculated in accordance with GAAP, excluding (i) extraordinary items, as defined by GAAP; (ii) gains and losses from sales of depreciable real estate; (iii) impairment write-downs associated with depreciable real estate; and (iv) gains and losses from a change in control in connection with interests in depreciable real estate or in-substance real estate; plus (v) real estate-related depreciation and amortization; and (vi) including similar adjustments for equity method investments. Included in FFO are gains and losses from sales of assets which are not

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depreciable real estate such as loans receivable, equity method investments, and equity and debt securities, as applicable.
We believe that FFO is a meaningful supplemental measure of the operating performance of our business because historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time, as reflected through depreciation. Because real estate values fluctuate with market conditions, management considers FFO an appropriate supplemental performance measure by excluding historical cost depreciation, as well as gains or losses related to sales of previously depreciated real estate.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to FFO attributable to common interests in Operating Company and common stockholders. Amounts in the table include our share of activity in unconsolidated ventures.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
 
$
(102,113
)
 
$
(72,714
)
Adjustments for FFO attributable to common interests in Operating Company and common stockholders:
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling common interests in Operating Company
 
(6,611
)
 
(4,378
)
Real estate depreciation and amortization
 
154,402

 
143,906

Impairment of real estate
 
25,622

 
14,940

Gain on sales of real estate
 
(55,234
)
 
(22,925
)
Less: Adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities(1)
 
(35,274
)
 
(40,763
)
FFO attributable to common interests in Operating Company and common stockholders
 
$
(19,208
)
 
$
18,066

__________
(1) 
For the three months ended March 31, 2019, adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities include $51.8 million of real estate depreciation and amortization, $14.2 million of impairment of real estate, offset by $30.7 million of gain on sales of real estate. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities include $43.7 million of real estate depreciation and amortization, $7.8 million of impairment of real estate, offset by $10.7 million of gain on sales of real estate.
Net Operating Income
NOI for our real estate segments represents total property and related income less property operating expenses, adjusted primarily for the effects of (i) straight-line rental income adjustments; and (ii) amortization of acquired above- and below-market lease adjustments to rental income, where applicable. For our hospitality segment, NOI does not reflect the reserve contributions to fund certain capital expenditures, repair, replacement and refurbishment of furniture, fixtures, and equipment ("FF&E Reserve"), based on a percentage of revenues, typically 4% to 5%, that is required under certain debt agreements and/or franchise and brand-managed hotel agreements.
We believe that NOI is a useful measure of operating performance of our respective real estate portfolios as it is more closely linked to the direct results of operations at the property level. NOI also reflects actual rents received during the period after adjusting for the effects of straight-line rents and amortization of above- and below-market leases; therefore, a comparison of NOI across periods better reflects the trend in occupancy rates and rental rates at our properties.
NOI excludes historical cost depreciation and amortization, which are based upon different useful life estimates depending on the age of the properties, as well as adjust for the effects of real estate impairment and gains or losses on sales of depreciated properties, which eliminate differences arising from investment and disposition decisions. This allows for comparability of operating performance of our properties period over period and also against the results of other equity REITs in the same sectors.
Additionally, by excluding corporate level expenses or benefits such as interest expense, any gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt and income taxes, which are incurred by the parent entity and are not directly linked to the operating performance of our properties, NOI provides a measure of operating performance independent of our capital structure and indebtedness.
However, the exclusion of these items as well as others, such as capital expenditures, FF&E reserve and leasing costs, which are necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, and transaction costs and administrative costs, may limit the usefulness of NOI.
The following tables present reconciliations of net income (loss) from continuing operations of the healthcare, industrial and hospitality segments to NOI of the respective segments.

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Healthcare
 
Industrial
 
Hospitality (1)
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
 
2019
 
2018
Income (loss) from continuing operations
 
$
(7,206
)
 
$
(12,534
)
 
$
24,154

 
$
6,321

 
$
(26,077
)
 
$
(11,886
)
Adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Straight-line rent and amortization of above- and below-market lease intangibles and ground lease right-of-use asset
 
(5,227
)
 
(4,319
)
 
(3,232
)
 
(2,297
)
 
310

 
(7
)
Interest income
 
—

 
—

 
(180
)
 
(532
)
 
—

 
—

Other income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(488
)
Interest expense
 
47,527

 
50,941

 
14,627

 
10,190

 
42,065

 
34,361

Transaction, investment and servicing costs
 
3,108

 
2,310

 
530

 
74

 
1,584

 
1,542

Depreciation and amortization
 
40,131

 
41,127

 
39,445

 
29,945

 
36,248

 
35,457

Impairment loss
 
—

 
3,780

 
—

 
—

 
3,850

 
—

Compensation and administrative expense
 
1,653

 
1,933

 
3,504

 
3,222

 
1,904

 
2,017

Gain on sale of real estate
 
—

 
—

 
(22,848
)
 
(2,293
)
 
(139
)
 
—

Other (gain) loss, net
 
(1,867
)
 
(2,926
)
 
8

 
—

 
(1
)
 
(323
)
Income tax (benefit) expense
 
(1,874
)
 
998

 
(169
)
 
3

 
836

 
(1,481
)
NOI / NOI (before FF&E Reserve)
 
$
76,245

 
$
81,310

 
$
55,839

 
$
44,633

 
$
60,580

 
$
59,192

__________
(1) 
NOI for the hospitality segment is before FF&E Reserve based on a percentage of revenues.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our financing strategy in general favors investment-specific financing principally on a non-recourse basis, and then corporate financing, which is generally recourse to the Company or the Company’s assets. We seek to match terms and currencies, as available and applicable.
Our current primary liquidity needs are to fund:
•
our general partner commitments to our future investment vehicles and co-investment commitments to other investment vehicles;
•
acquisitions of our target assets for our balance sheet and third party capital and related ongoing commitments;
•
principal and interest payments on our borrowings, including interest obligation on our corporate level debt;
•
our operations, including compensation, administrative and overhead costs;
•
capital expenditures for our real estate investments;
•
distributions to our stockholders;

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•
acquisitions of common stock under our common stock repurchase program and potentially other corporate securities;
•
income tax liabilities of taxable REIT subsidiaries and of the Company subject to limitations as a REIT;
•
potential margin calls and/or out-of-the-money expiration of $2 billion notional interest rate swap in December 2019; and
•
the repayment or refinancing of $1.725 billion of fixed rate debt financing our U.S. healthcare portfolio that is scheduled to mature in December 2019 for which we continue to evaluate our options in connection with the scheduled maturity.
Our current primary sources of liquidity are:
•
cash on hand;
•
our credit facilities;
•
fees received from our investment management business;
•
cash flow generated from our investments, both from operations and return of capital;
•
proceeds from full or partial realization of investments;
•
investment-level financing;
•
proceeds from public or private equity and debt offerings; and
•
third party capital commitments of sponsored investment vehicles.
We believe that our capital resources are sufficient to meet our short-term and long-term capital requirements. Distribution requirements imposed on us to qualify as a REIT generally require that we distribute to our stockholders 90% of our taxable income, which constrains our ability to accumulate operating cash flows.
Additional discussions of our liquidity needs and sources of liquidity are presented below.
Liquidity Needs
Commitments
Our commitments in connection with our investment activities and other activities are described in "—Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies."
Dividends
U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than 100% of its net taxable income. We intend to pay regular quarterly dividends to our stockholders in an amount equal to our net taxable income, if and to the extent authorized by our board of directors. Before we pay any dividend, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service, if any. If our cash available for distribution is less than our net taxable income, we may be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash distributions or we may make a portion of the required distribution in the form of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities.
Common Stock—Our board of directors declared the following dividends in 2019:
Declaration Date
 
Record Date
 
Payment Date
 
Dividend Per Share
February 27, 2019
 
March 29, 2019
 
April 15, 2019
 
$
0.11

May 7, 2019
 
June 28, 2019
 
July 15, 2019
 
0.11


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Preferred Stock—We are required to make quarterly cash distributions on our outstanding preferred stock as follows:
 
 
 
 
Shares Outstanding
March 31, 2019
(In thousands)
 
Quarterly Cash Distributions
Description
 
Dividend Rate Per Annum
 
 
Total
(In thousands)
 
Per Share
Series B
 
8.25%
 
6,114

 
$
3,153

 
$
0.5156250

Series E
 
8.75%
 
10,000

 
5,469

 
0.5468750

Series G
 
7.5%
 
3,450

 
1,617

 
0.4687500

Series H
 
7.125%
 
11,500

 
5,121

 
0.4453125

Series I
 
7.15%
 
13,800

 
6,167

 
0.4468750

Series J
 
7.125%
 
12,600

 
5,611

 
0.4453125

 
 
 
 
57,464

 
$
27,138


 
Common Stock Repurchases
During the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company repurchased 652,311 shares of its class A common stock, at an aggregate cost of approximately $3.2 million (excluding commissions), or a weighted average price of $4.84 per share pursuant to a $300 million share repurchase program authorized by its board of directors in May 2018. As of May 7, 2019, $246.7 million remained outstanding under the May 2018 stock repurchase program. In May 2019, the Company's board of directors authorized an extension of the stock repurchase program for an additional one year term.
Investment-Level Debt Maturity
There is currently $1.725 billion of fixed rate debt financing our U.S. healthcare portfolio that is scheduled to mature in December 2019 for which we continue to evaluate our options in connection with the scheduled maturity. A refinancing of such debt may require us to provide additional equity and/or commit funds for future capital expenditures in the portfolio.
Settlement of Interest Rate Swap
In connection with the Merger, we assumed a $2 billion notional interest rate swap intended to hedge against future interest rate increases of certain healthcare mortgage debt at a break-even 10-year swap rate of 3.394%. This interest rate swap does not qualify for hedge accounting; therefore, unrealized gains (losses) resulting from fair value changes at the end of each reporting period are recognized in earnings. The swap is currently out of the money and is subject to margin calls if the liability is in excess of $160 million. The swap expires in December 2019 with a mandatory cash settlement at fair value (receivable to the Company if the 10-year swap rate is greater than 3.394% and a liability of the Company if the 10-year swap rate is lower than 3.394%) and can be terminated by the Company any time prior to expiration at termination value. As of May 7, 2019, the termination value of the liability was approximately $179.8 million, and a hypothetical 100 basis point increase or decrease in the 10-year treasury forward curve would result in a reduction of $175.7 million or additional $196.2 million in the cash settlement amount.
Sources of Liquidity
Cash From Operations
Our investments generate cash, either from operations or as a return of our invested capital. We primarily generate revenue from net operating income of our real estate properties. We also generate interest income from commercial real estate related loans and securities as well as receive periodic distributions from some of our equity investments, including our GP Co-Investments. Such income is partially offset by interest expense associated with borrowings against our investments.
Additionally, we generate fee revenue from our investment management segment through the management of various types of investment products, including both institutional and retail capital. Management fee income is generally a predictable and stable revenue stream, while carried interest and contractual incentive fees are by nature less predictable in amount and timing. Our ability to establish new investment vehicles and raise investor capital depends on general market conditions and availability of attractive investment opportunities as well as availability of debt capital.
Investment-Level Financing
We have various forms of investment-level financing, as described in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements.
Our ability to raise and access third party capital in our sponsored investment vehicles would allow us to scale our investment activities by pooling capital to access larger transactions and diversify our investment exposure.

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Corporate Credit Facility
As described in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Credit Agreement, which was amended in April 2019, provides a secured revolving credit facility in the maximum principal amount of $750 million, which may be increased to a maximum capacity of $1.125 billion, subject to customary conditions. The credit facility is scheduled to mature in January 2021, with two 6-month extension options.
The maximum amount available at any time is limited by a borrowing base of certain investment assets. As of May 7, 2019, the borrowing base valuation was sufficient to permit borrowings of up to the full $750 million commitment, of which the full amount was available to be drawn.
The Credit Agreement contains various affirmative and negative covenants, including financial covenants that require the Company to maintain minimum tangible net worth, liquidity levels and financial ratios, as defined in the Credit Agreement and as amended in April 2019. As of March 31, 2019, we were in compliance with the financial covenants, as amended.
Convertible and Exchangeable Senior Notes
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes issued by us and that remain outstanding are described in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements.
Public Offerings
We may offer and sell various types of securities under our effective shelf registration statement. These securities may be issued from time to time at our discretion based on our needs and depending upon market conditions and available pricing.
There were no public offerings of securities in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and in the year ended December 31, 2018.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flow activity for the periods presented.
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2019
 
2018
Net cash provided by (used in):
 
 
 
 
Operating activities
 
$
66,636

 
$
99,952

Investing activities
 
(924,951
)
 
(140,242
)
Financing activities
 
676,675

 
(418,736
)
Operating Activities
Cash inflows from operating activities are generated primarily through property operating income from our real estate investments, interest received from our loans and securities portfolio, distributions of earnings received from equity investments, and fee income from our investment management business. This is partially offset by payment of operating expenses supporting our various lines of business, including property management and operations, loan servicing and workout of loans in default, investment transaction costs, as well as compensation and general administrative costs.
Our operating activities generated cash of $66.6 million and $100.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
We believe cash flows from operations, available cash balances and our ability to generate cash through short and long-term borrowings are sufficient to fund our operating liquidity needs.
Investing Activities
Investing activities include cash outlays for acquisition of real estate, disbursements on new and/or existing loans, and contributions to unconsolidated ventures, which are partially offset by repayments and sales of loan receivables, distributions of capital received from unconsolidated ventures, proceeds from sale of real estate, as well as proceeds from maturity or sale of securities.
Our investing activities generated net cash outflows of $925.0 million and $140.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
The significantly higher cash outflows in the three months ended March 31, 2019 was driven by net cash outflows of $973.1 million from our real estate acquisitions and sales, in particular, acquisition of a 50 building portfolio in our

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industrial segment for $1.1 billion in February 2019. By contrast, our real estate investment activities in the three months ended March 31, 2018 generated much lower net cash outflows of $123.8 million. Additionally, contributions to our equity investments net of distributions resulted in a net cash outflow of $83.0 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019, while the three months ended March 31, 2018 had positive cash inflows of $63.5 million as we received a return of capital from our initial investment in the digital real estate infrastructure joint venture upon raising third party capital through a private fund. Net cash inflows from our loan and securities portfolio was also lower in the three months ended March 31, 2019 at $114.5 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2018 at $169.1 million. In the first quarter of 2018, however, we had contributed the CLNY Contributed Portfolio to Colony Credit, which included $141.2 million of cash and restricted cash.
Financing Activities
We finance our investing activities largely through investment-level secured debt along with capital from third party or affiliated co-investors. We also draw upon our corporate credit facility to finance our investing and operating activities, as well as have the ability to raise capital in the public markets through issuances of preferred stock, common stock and debt such as our convertible notes. Accordingly, we incur cash outlays for payments on our investment-level and corporate debt, dividends to our preferred and common stockholders, as well as distributions to our noncontrolling interests.
Financing activities generated net cash inflows of $676.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2019 compared to net cash outflows of $418.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2018. The net cash inflows in the three months ended March 31, 2019 was composed of borrowings exceeding debt repayments by $654.8 million, in particular borrowings of $735 million to fund a large portfolio acquisition in our industrial segment in February 2019, $117.3 million of net contributions from noncontrolling interests as we raised $213.2 million of third party capital in our industrial platform in the first quarter of 2019. In comparison, the net cash outflows in the three months ended March 31, 2018 was driven by repurchases of 42.3 million shares of common stock totaling $210.3 million and dividend payments of $179.5 million. In the three months ended March 31, 2019, dividend payments were lower at $80.6 million, primarily as a result of lower per share dividends beginning in the second quarter of 2018 combined with dividend savings from common stock repurchases and preferred stock redemptions throughout 2018 and in the first quarter of 2019. Stock repurchase activity was also significantly reduced in the first quarter of 2019, at $0.7 million shares for $10.7 million.
Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies
There were no material changes outside the ordinary course of business to the information regarding specified contractual obligations contained in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Guarantees and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In connection with financing arrangements for certain equity method investments, we provide customary non-recourse carve-out guarantees. We believe that the likelihood of making any payments under the guarantees is remote and no liability has been recorded as of March 31, 2019.
In connection with the THL Hotel Portfolio, we entered into guarantee agreements with various hotel franchisors, pursuant to which we guaranteed the franchisees’ obligations, including payments of franchise fees and marketing fees, for the term of the agreements, which expire between 2027 and 2032. In the event of default or termination of the franchise agreements, the Company is liable for liquidated damages not to exceed $75 million.
We have off-balance sheet arrangements with respect to our retained interests in certain deconsolidated N-Star CDOs. In each case, our exposure to loss is limited to the carrying value of our investment.
Risk Management
Risk management is a significant component of our strategy to deliver consistent risk-adjusted returns to our stockholders. In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act, we closely monitor our portfolio and actively manage risks associated with, among other things, our assets and interest rates. In addition, the risk committee of our board of directors, in consultation with our chief risk officer, internal auditor and other management, periodically reviews our policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management, including key risks to which we are subject, including credit risk, liquidity risk, financing risk, foreign currency risk and market risk, and the steps that management has taken to monitor and control such risks. The audit committee of our board of directors maintains oversight of financial reporting risk matters.
Underwriting
In connection with evaluating any potential equity or debt investment for our portfolio or a managed investment vehicle, our underwriting team, in conjunction with third party providers, undertakes an asset-level due diligence process, involving data collection and analysis, to ensure that we understand the state of the market and the risk-reward profile of the asset. In addition, we evaluate material accounting, legal, financial and business issues surrounding such investment. These issues and risks are built into the valuation of an asset and ultimate pricing of an investment.
During the underwriting process, we review the following data, including, but not limited to: property financial data including historic and budgeted financial statements, liquidity and capital expenditure plans, property operating metrics (including occupancy, leasing activity, lease expirations, sales information, tenant credit review, tenant delinquency reports, operating expense efficiency and property management efficacy) and local and real estate market conditions including vacancy rates, absorption, new supply, rent levels and comparable sale transactions, as applicable. For debt investments, we also analyze metrics such as loan-to-collateral value ratios, debt service coverage ratios, debt yields, sponsor credit ratings and performance history.
In addition to evaluating the merits of any particular proposed investment, we evaluate the diversification of our or a particular managed investment vehicle’s portfolio of assets, as the case may be. Prior to making a final investment decision, we determine whether a target asset will cause the portfolio of assets to be too heavily concentrated with, or cause too much risk exposure to, any one real estate sector, geographic region, source of cash flow such as tenants or borrowers, or other geopolitical issues. If we determine that a proposed investment presents excessive concentration risk, we may decide not to pursue an otherwise attractive investment.
Investment Committees
We have established investment committees composed of senior executives for our various business segments as well as for the portfolios of the funds we manage. These investment committees review and evaluate potential investment

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opportunities, and meet periodically with the Company’s portfolio management team to review and monitor risks posed by existing investments.
Allocation Procedures
We currently manage, and may in the future manage, REITs and other entities that have investment and/or rate of return objectives similar to our own or to other investment vehicles that we manage. In order to address the risk of potential conflicts of interest among us and our managed investment vehicles, we have implemented an investment allocation policy consistent with our duty as a registered investment adviser to treat our managed investment vehicles fairly and equitably over time. See “—Regulation under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940” below. Pursuant to this policy, investment allocation decisions are based on a suitability assessment involving a review of numerous factors, including the particular source of capital’s investment objectives, available cash, diversification/concentration, leverage policy, the size of the investment, tax, anticipated pipeline of suitable investments and fund life.
Portfolio Management
The comprehensive portfolio management process generally includes day-to-day oversight by the Company's portfolio management team, regular management meetings and quarterly asset review process. These processes are designed to enable management to evaluate and proactively identify asset-specific issues and trends on a portfolio-wide basis for both assets on our balance sheet and assets of the companies within our investment management business. Nevertheless, we cannot be certain that such review will identify all issues within our portfolio due to, among other things, adverse economic conditions or events adversely affecting specific assets; therefore, potential future losses may also stem from investments that are not identified during these credit reviews.
We use many methods to actively manage our risk to preserve our income and capital. For commercial real estate equity and debt investments, frequent re-underwriting and dialogue with tenants, operators, partners and/or borrowers and regular inspections of our collateral and owned properties have proven to be an effective process for identifying issues early. With respect to our healthcare properties, we consider the impact of regulatory changes on operator performance and property values. During a quarterly review, or more frequently as necessary, investments are monitored and identified for possible asset impairment and loan loss reserves, as appropriate, based upon several factors, including missed or late contractual payments, significant declines in collateral performance and other data which may indicate a potential issue in our ability to recover our invested capital from an investment. In addition, we seek to utilize services of certain strategic partnerships and joint ventures with third parties with expertise in commercial real estate or other sectors and markets to assist our portfolio management.
In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act, and maximize returns and manage portfolio risk, we may dispose of an asset earlier than anticipated or hold an asset longer than anticipated if we determine it to be appropriate depending upon prevailing market conditions or factors regarding a particular asset. We can provide no assurances, however, that we will be successful in identifying or managing all of the risks associated with acquiring, holding or disposing of a particular asset or that we will not realize losses on certain assets.
Interest Rate and Foreign Currency Hedging
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes and our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act, we may mitigate the risk of interest rate volatility through the use of hedging instruments, such as interest rate swap agreements and interest rate cap agreements. The goal of our interest rate management strategy is to minimize or eliminate the effects of interest rate changes on the value of our assets, to improve risk-adjusted returns and, where possible, to lock in, on a long-term basis, a favorable spread between the yield on our assets and the cost of financing such assets. In addition, because we are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, we employ foreign currency risk management strategies, including the use of, among others, currency hedges, and matched currency financing. We can provide no assurances, however, that our efforts to manage interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate volatility will successfully mitigate the risks of such volatility on our portfolio.
Financing Strategy
Our financing strategy in general is to favor investment-specific financing principally on a non-recourse basis, and then corporate financing, which is generally recourse to the Company or the Company’s assets. We seek to match terms and currencies, as available and applicable, and the amount of leverage we use is based on our assessment of a variety of factors, including, among others, the anticipated liquidity and price volatility of the assets in our investment portfolio, the potential for losses and extension risk in our portfolio, the ability to raise additional equity to reduce leverage and create

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liquidity for future investments, the availability of credit at favorable prices or at all, the credit quality of our assets, our outlook for borrowing costs relative to the income earned on our assets and financial covenants within our credit facilities.
Our decision to use leverage to finance our assets is at our discretion and not subject to the approval of our stockholders. To the extent that we use leverage in the future, we may mitigate interest rate risk through utilization of hedging instruments, primarily interest rate swap and cap agreements, to serve as a hedge against future interest rate increases on our borrowings.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that involve the exercise of judgment and that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.
Other than adoption of the new lease accounting standard, which is included in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report, there have been no changes to our critical accounting policies or those of our unconsolidated joint ventures since the filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
Recent Accounting Updates
Recent accounting updates are included in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Market risk includes the exposure to loss resulting from changes in interest rates, credit curve spreads, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices and credit risk in our underlying investments.
Credit Risk
We are subject to the credit risk of the tenant/operators of our properties. We seek to undertake a rigorous credit evaluation of each tenant and operator prior to acquiring properties. This analysis includes an extensive due diligence investigation of the tenant/operator’s business as well as an assessment of the strategic importance of the underlying real estate to the tenant/operator’s core business operations. Where appropriate, we may seek to augment the tenant/operator’s commitment to the facility by structuring various credit enhancement mechanisms into their management assessments, where applicable, and underlying leases. These mechanisms could include security deposit requirements or guarantees from entities we deem creditworthy.
In addition, our investment in loans receivable is subject to a high degree of credit risk through exposure to loss from loan defaults. Default rates are subject to a wide variety of factors, including, but not limited to, borrower financial condition, property performance, property management, supply/demand factors, construction trends, consumer behavior, regional economics, interest rates, the strength of the U.S. economy and other factors beyond our control. All loans are subject to a certain probability of default. We manage credit risk through the underwriting process, acquiring our investments at the appropriate discount to face value, if any, and establishing loss assumptions. We also carefully monitor the performance of the loans, including those held through our joint venture investments, as well as external factors that may affect their value.
For more information, see Item 2, “Management's Discussion and Analysis—Risk Management.”
Interest Rate and Credit Curve Spread Risk
Interest rate risk relates to the risk that the future cash flow of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. Interest rate risk is highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental, monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control. Credit curve spread risk is highly sensitive to the dynamics of the markets for loans and securities we hold. Excessive supply of these assets combined with reduced demand will cause the market to require a higher yield. This demand for higher yield will cause the market to use a higher spread over the U.S. Treasury securities yield curve, or other benchmark interest rates, to value these assets.
As U.S. Treasury securities are priced to a higher yield and/or the spread to U.S. Treasuries used to price the assets increases, the price at which we could sell some of our fixed rate financial assets may decline. Conversely, as U.S.

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Treasury securities are priced to a lower yield and/or the spread to U.S. Treasuries used to price the assets decreases, the value of our fixed rate financial assets may increase. Fluctuations in LIBOR may affect the amount of interest income we earn on our floating rate borrowings and interest expense we incur on borrowings indexed to LIBOR, including under credit facilities and investment-level financing.
We utilize a variety of financial instruments on some of our investments, including interest rate swaps, caps, floors and other interest rate exchange contracts, in order to limit the effects of fluctuations in interest rates on our operations. The use of these types of derivatives to hedge interest-earning assets and/or interest-bearing liabilities carries certain risks, including the risk that losses on a hedge position will reduce the funds available for distribution and that such losses may exceed the amount invested in such instruments. A hedge may not perform its intended purpose of offsetting losses of rising interest rates. Moreover, with respect to certain of the instruments used as hedges, we are exposed to the risk that the counterparties with which we trade may cease making markets and quoting prices in such instruments, which may render us unable to enter into an offsetting transaction with respect to an open position. If we anticipate that the income from any such hedging transaction will not be qualifying income for REIT income purposes, we may conduct all or part of our hedging activities through a to-be-formed corporate subsidiary that is fully subject to federal corporate income taxation. Our profitability may be adversely affected during any period as a result of changing interest rates.
Foreign Currency Risk
We have foreign currency rate exposures related to our foreign currency-denominated investments held predominantly by our foreign subsidiaries and to a lesser extent, by U.S. subsidiaries. Changes in foreign currency rates can adversely affect the fair values and earnings of our non-U.S. holdings. We generally mitigate this foreign currency risk by utilizing currency instruments to hedge our net investments in our foreign subsidiaries. The types of hedging instruments that we may employ on our foreign subsidiary investments are forwards and costless collars (buying a protective put while writing an out-of the-money covered call with a strike price at which the premium received is equal to the premium of the protective put purchased) which involved no initial capital outlay. The puts are generally structured with strike prices up to 10% lower than our cost basis in such investments, thereby limiting any foreign exchange fluctuations to up to 10% of the original capital invested.
At March 31, 2019, we had approximately €652.4 million and £232.7 million or a total of $1.0 billion, in net investments in our European subsidiaries and a £38.3 million or $50.0 million loan receivable held by a U.S subsidiary. A 1% change in these foreign currency rates would result in a $10.4 million increase or decrease in translation gain or loss included in other comprehensive income in connection with our investment in our European subsidiaries, and a $0.5 million gain or loss in earnings in connection with the foreign denominated loan receivable held by a U.S subsidiary.
A summary of the foreign exchange contracts in place at March 31, 2019, including notional amount and key terms, is included in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements. The maturity dates of these instruments approximate the projected dates of related cash flows for specific investments. Termination or maturity of currency hedging instruments may result in an obligation for payment to or from the counterparty to the hedging agreement. We are exposed to credit loss in the event of non-performance by counterparties for these contracts. To manage this risk, we select major international banks and financial institutions as counterparties and perform a quarterly review of the financial health and stability of our trading counterparties. Based on our review at March 31, 2019, we do not expect any counterparty to default on its obligations.
Inflation
Many of our assets and liabilities are interest rate sensitive in nature. As a result, interest rates and other factors influence our performance more so than inflation, although inflation rates can often have a meaningful influence over the direction of interest rates. Furthermore, our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and our distributions as determined by our board of directors will be primarily based on our taxable income, and, in each case, our activities and balance sheet are measured with reference to historical cost and/or fair value without considering inflation.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time period specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter

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how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon our evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at March 31, 2019.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.


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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.  Legal Proceedings.
The Company may be involved in litigations and claims in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2019, the Company was not involved in any material legal proceedings.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There have been no material changes to the risk factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
Item 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities
Redemption of Membership Units in OP ("OP Units")—Holders of OP Units have the right to require the OP to redeem all of a portion of their OP Units for cash or, at our option, shares of our class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, in satisfaction of redemption requests by certain OP Unit holders, we issued an aggregate of 2,793 shares of our class A common stock to certain of our employees. Such shares of class A common stock were issued in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.
Purchases of Equity Securities by Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
On May 23, 2018, the Company's board of directors authorized a common stock repurchase program pursuant to which the Company may repurchase up to $300 million of its outstanding shares of class A common stock over a one-year period, either in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions. In May 2019, the Company's board of directors authorized an extension of the stock repurchase program for an additional one year term.
The following table presents information related to our purchases of the Company's class A common stock during the quarter ended March 31, 2019:
Period





Total Number of Shares Purchased
 
Average Price Paid per Share
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program
 
Maximum Approximate Dollar Value that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program
January 1, 2019 to January 31, 2019
 
652,311

 
$
4.84

 
652,311

 
$
246,744,227

February 1, 2019 to February 28, 2019
 
—

 
N/A

 
N/A

 
246,744,227

March 1, 2019 to March 31, 2019
 
—

 
N/A

 
N/A

 
246,744,227

Total
 
652,311

 
$
4.84

 
652,311

 
246,744,227

Item 3.
Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information.
None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.
Exhibit Number
 
Description
 
 
 
3.1
 
3.2
 
3.3
 
3.4
 
3.5
 
10.1*
 
10.2
 
10.3
 
10.4
 
10.5
 
10.6
 
31.1*
 
31.2*
 
32.1*
 
32.2*
 
101**
 
Financial statements from the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Colony Capital, Inc. for the quarter ended March 31, 2019, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (1) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (2) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (3) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (4) Consolidated Statements of Equity, (5) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (6) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
__________
*
Filed herewith.
**
Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the interactive data files on Exhibit 101 hereto are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: May 10, 2019
COLONY CAPITAL, INC.
 
 
 
By:
 
/s/ Thomas J. Barrack, Jr.
 
 
Thomas J. Barrack, Jr.
 
 
Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
 
 
 
By:
 
/s/ Mark M. Hedstrom
 
 
Mark M. Hedstrom
 
 
Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
 
 
 
By:
 
/s/ Neale Redington
 
 
Neale Redington
 
 
Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)