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DONEGAL GROUP INC - Quarter Report: 2020 September (Form 10-Q)

Table of Contents
 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 
 
FORM 10-Q
 
 
(Mark One)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020
OR
 
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                     to                     .
Commission file number 0-15341
 
 
Donegal Group Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
 
 
Delaware
 
23-2424711
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
1195 River Road, P.O. Box 302, Marietta, PA 17547
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
(717) 426-1931
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
 
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 
Title of Each Class
  
Trading
Symbols
  
Name of Each Exchange
on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value
  
DGICA
  
The NASDAQ Global Select Market
Class B Common Stock, $.01 par value
  
DGICB
  
The NASDAQ Global Select Market
Indicate by check mark whether registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T
(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a
non-accelerated
filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
 
Large accelerated filer      Accelerated filer  
Non-accelerated filer      Smaller reporting company  
     Emerging growth company  
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date:
24,195,190
shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 5,576,775 shares of Class B Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding on October 31, 2020.
 
 
 

Table of Contents
DONEGAL GROUP INC.
INDEX TO FORM
10-Q
REPORT
 
         Page  
PART I   FINANCIAL INFORMATION   
Item 1.   Financial Statements      1  
Item 2.   Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations      22  
Item 3.   Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk      32  
Item 4.   Controls and Procedures      32  
PART II   OTHER INFORMATION   
Item 1.   Legal Proceedings      33  
Item 1A.   Risk Factors      33  
Item 2.   Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds      34  
Item 3.   Defaults upon Senior Securities      35  
Item 4.   Removed and Reserved      35  
Item 5.   Other Information      35  
Item 6.   Exhibits      36  
Signatures      37  
 

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
 
    
September 30,

2020
   
December 31,

2019
 
     (Unaudited)        
Assets
    
Investments
    
Fixed maturities
    
Held to maturity, at amortized cost
   $ 552,981,914   $ 476,093,782
Available for sale, at fair value
     578,040,314     564,951,803
Equity securities, at fair value
     54,944,826     55,477,556
Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value
     20,685,938     14,030,222
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total investments
     1,206,652,992     1,110,553,363
Cash
     87,876,852     49,318,930
Accrued investment income
     8,623,259     7,066,029
Premiums receivable
     177,674,682     165,732,949
Reinsurance receivable
     403,864,468     367,021,468
Deferred policy acquisition costs
     61,554,554     59,284,859
Deferred tax asset, net
     6,511,012     8,514,311
Prepaid reinsurance premiums
     174,391,958     142,475,767
Property and equipment, net
     4,436,397     4,558,072
Accounts receivable - securities
     299,538     4,961
Federal income taxes recoverable
 
 
4,405,349
 
 
Goodwill
     5,625,354     5,625,354
Other intangible assets
     958,010     958,010
Other
     1,332,570     2,047,058
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total assets
   $ 2,144,206,995   $ 1,923,161,131
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
    
Liabilities
    
Unpaid losses and loss expenses
   $ 941,930,342   $ 869,673,849
Unearned premiums
     558,231,113     510,147,485
Accrued expenses
     24,584,358     28,453,744
Reinsurance balances payable
     2,376,710     2,116,084
Borrowings under lines of credit
     85,000,000     35,000,000
Cash dividends declared to stockholders
           4,075,234
Subordinated debentures
     5,000,000     5,000,000
Accounts payable—securities
     9,072,150     1,119
Income taxes payable
         84,831
Due to affiliate
     6,455,268     10,069,171
Other
     7,488,378     7,524,095
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total liabilities
     1,640,138,319     1,472,145,612
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Stockholders’ Equity
    
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; none issued
            
Class A common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 50,000,000 shares, issued
27,141,361
and 26,203,935 shares and outstanding
24,138,773
and 23,201,347 shares
     271,414     262,040
Class B common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares, issued 5,649,240 shares and outstanding
5,576,775 shares
     56,492     56,492
Additional
paid-in
capital
     281,917,193     268,151,601
Accumulated other comprehensive income
     10,370,217     504,170
Retained earnings
     252,679,717     223,267,573
Treasury stock, at cost
     (41,226,357     (41,226,357
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total stockholders’ equity
     504,068,676     451,015,519
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
   $ 2,144,206,995   $ 1,923,161,131
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
1

Table of Contents
Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income
(Unaudited)
 
    
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
    
2019
 
Revenues:
     
Net premiums earned
   $ 184,925,733    $ 189,821,058
Investment income, net of investment expenses
     7,403,251      7,389,749
Net investment gains (losses) (includes $134,795 and $102,311 accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)
     3,268,459      (369,041
Lease income
     107,907      110,598
Installment payment fees
     806,916      1,057,536
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total revenues
     196,512,266      198,009,900
Expenses:
     
Net losses and loss expenses
     120,881,041      130,743,395
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs
     29,605,000      31,304,000
Other underwriting expenses
     29,480,706      26,516,518
Policyholder dividends
     1,811,019      2,446,696
Interest
     219,039      443,179
Other expenses, net
     183,877      251,228
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total expenses
     182,180,682      191,705,016
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Income before income tax expense
     14,331,584      6,304,884
Income tax expense (includes $28,307 and $21,485 income tax expense from reclassification items)
     2,494,586      1,118,505
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Net income
   $ 11,836,998    $ 5,186,379
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Earnings per common share:
     
Class A common stock - basic
   $ 0.41    $ 0.19
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Class A common stock - diluted
   $ 0.41    $ 0.18
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Class B common stock - basic and diluted
   $ 0.37    $ 0.16
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
 
    
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
   
2019
 
Net income
   $ 11,836,998   $ 5,186,379
Other comprehensive income, net of tax
    
Unrealized gain on securities:
    
Unrealized holding gain during the period, net of income tax expense of $29,102 and $621,120
     109,480     2,336,599
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income, net of income tax expense of $28,307 and $21,485
     (106,488     (80,826
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income
     2,992     2,255,773
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Comprehensive income
   $
11,839,990
  $
7,442,152
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
2

Table of Contents
Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income
(Unaudited)
 
    
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
   
2019
 
Revenues:
    
Net premiums earned
  
$
556,552,279
 
$
566,657,613
Investment income, net of investment expenses
     21,951,679     21,727,904
Net investment (losses) gains (includes $571,123 and $154,725 accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)
     (940,488     19,294,229
Lease income
     326,379     333,852
Installment payment fees
     2,433,395     3,204,130
Equity in earnings of Donegal Financial Services Corporation
     —         295,000
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total revenues
     580,323,244     611,512,728
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Expenses:
    
Net losses and loss expenses
     343,476,586     385,361,331
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs
     89,176,000     92,821,000
Other underwriting expenses
     95,645,601     85,409,737
Policyholder dividends
     5,336,677     6,765,834
Interest
     871,461     1,311,894
Other expenses, net
     994,115     1,155,493
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total expenses
     535,500,440     572,825,289
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Income before income tax expense
     44,822,804     38,687,439
Income tax expense (includes $119,936 and $32,492 income tax expense from reclassification items)
     6,575,907     5,689,442
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net income
  
$
38,246,897
 
$
32,997,997
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Earnings per common share:
    
Class A common stock - basic
  
$
1.34
 
$
1.18
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Class A common stock - diluted
  
$
1.33
 
$
1.17
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Class B common stock - basic and diluted
  
$
1.21
 
$
1.06
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Unaudited)
 
    
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
   
2019
 
Net income
  
$
38,246,897
 
$
32,997,997
Other comprehensive income, net of tax
    
Unrealized gain on securities:
    
Unrealized holding gain during the period, net of income tax expense of $2,742,556 and $3,925,853
     10,317,234     14,768,686
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income, net of income tax expense of $119,936 and $32,492
     (451,187     (122,233
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income
     9,866,047     14,646,453
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Comprehensive income
  
$
48,112,944
 
$
47,644,450
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
3

Table of Contents
Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
 
     Class A
Shares
     Class B
Shares
     Class A
Amount
     Class B
Amount
     Additional
Paid-In

Capital
   Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
     Retained
Earnings
    Treasury
Stock
    Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 
Balance, December 31, 2019
 
 
26,203,935
 
 
5,649,240
 
$
262,040
 
$
56,492
 
$
268,151,601
 
$
504,170
 
$
223,267,573
 
$
(41,226,357
 
$
451,015,519
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)
 
 
28,924
 
 
 
 
 
289
 
 
 
 
 
376,539
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
376,828
Share-based compensation
 
 
67,087
 
 
 
 
 
671
 
 
 
 
 
1,242,315
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,242,986
Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3,731,121
 
 
 
 
 
3,731,121
Cash dividends declared
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(5,363
 
 
 
 
 
(5,363
Grant of stock options
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
118,525
 
 
 
 
 
(118,525
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3,199,840
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3,199,840
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Balance, March 31, 2020
 
 
26,299,946
 
 
5,649,240
 
$
263,000
 
$
56,492
 
$
269,888,980
 
$
3,704,010
 
$
226,874,806
 
$
(41,226,357
 
$
459,560,931
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)
 
 
52,964
 
 
 
 
 
530
 
 
 
 
 
720,018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
720,548
Share-based compensation
 
 
160,869
 
 
 
 
 
1,608
 
 
 
 
 
2,490,136
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,491,744
Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22,678,778
 
 
 
 
 
22,678,778
Cash dividends declared
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(4,255,882
 
 
 
 
 
(4,255,882
Grant of stock options
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
76,354
 
 
 
 
 
(76,354
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6,663,215
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6,663,215
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Balance, June 30, 2020
 
 
26,513,779
 
 
5,649,240
 
$
265,138
 
$
56,492
 
$
273,175,488
 
$
10,367,225
 
$
245,221,348
 
$
(41,226,357
 
$
487,859,334
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)
 
 
22,662
 
 
 
 
 
226
 
 
 
 
 
273,689
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
273,915
Share-based compensation
 
 
604,920
 
 
 
 
 
6,050
 
 
 
 
 
8,358,388
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8,364,438
Net income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11,836,998
 
 
 
 
 
11,836,998
Cash dividends declared
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(4,269,001
 
 
 
 
 
(4,269,001
Grant of stock options
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
109,628
 
 
 
 
 
(109,628
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,992
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,992
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Balance, September 30, 2020
 
 
27,141,361
 
 
5,649,240
 
$
271,414
 
$
56,492
 
$
281,917,193
 
$
10,370,217
 
$
252,679,717
 
$
(41,226,357
 
$
504,068,676
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
4

Table of Contents
Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
 
     Class A
Shares
     Class B
Shares
     Class A
Amount
     Class B
Amount
     Additional
Paid-In

Capital
     Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
(Loss) Income
    Retained
Earnings
    Treasury
Stock
    Total
Stockholders’
Equity
 
Balance, December 31, 2018
 
 
25,819,341
 
 
5,649,240
 
$
258,194
 
$
56,492
 
$
261,258,423
 
$
(14,228,059
 
$
192,751,208
 
$
(41,226,357
 
$
398,869,901
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)
 
 
33,334
 
 
—  
 
 
 
333
 
 
—  
 
 
 
403,722
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
404,055
Share-based compensation
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
442,920
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
442,920
Net income
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
23,023,164
 
 
—  
 
 
 
23,023,164
Cash dividends declared
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
(4,752
 
 
—  
 
 
 
(4,752
Grant of stock options
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
144,226
 
 
—  
 
 
 
(144,226
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
Other comprehensive income
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
6,468,473
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
6,468,473
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Balance, March 31, 2019
 
 
25,852,675
 
 
5,649,240
 
$
258,527
 
$
56,492
 
$
262,249,291
 
$
(7,759,586
 
$
215,625,394
 
$
(41,226,357
 
$
429,203,761
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)
 
 
55,933
 
 
—  
 
 
 
560
 
 
—  
 
 
 
752,354
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
752,914
Share-based compensation
 
 
60,969
 
 
—  
 
 
 
609
 
 
—  
 
 
 
1,218,195
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
1,218,804
Net income
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
4,788,454
 
 
—  
 
 
 
4,788,454
Cash dividends declared
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
(4,032,416
 
 
—  
 
 
 
(4,032,416
Grant of stock options
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
100,485
 
 
—  
 
 
 
(100,485
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
Other comprehensive income
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
5,922,207
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
5,922,207
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Balance, June 30, 2019
 
 
25,969,577
 
 
5,649,240
 
$
259,696
 
$
56,492
 
$
264,320,325
 
$
(1,837,379
 
$
216,280,947
 
$
(41,226,357
 
$
437,853,724
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)
 
 
22,926
 
 
—  
 
 
 
229
 
 
—  
 
 
 
280,385
 
 
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
280,614
Share-based compensation
 
 
59,717
 
 
—  
 
 
 
598
 
 
—  
 
 
 
1,020,018
 
 
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
1,020,616
Net income
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
 
 
 
5,186,379
 
 
—  
 
 
 
5,186,379
Cash dividends declared
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
 
 
 
(4,045,501
 
 
—  
 
 
 
(4,045,501
Grant of stock options
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
59,452
 
 
 
 
 
(59,452
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
Other comprehensive income
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
2,255,773
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
2,255,773
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Balance, September 30, 2019
 
 
26,052,220
 
 
5,649,240
 
$
260,523
 
$
56,492
 
$
265,680,180
 
$
418,394
 
$
217,362,373
 
$
(41,226,357
 
$
442,551,605
 
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
5

Table of Contents
Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
 
    
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
   
2019
 
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
    
Net income
   $ 38,246,897   $ 32,997,997
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
    
Depreciation, amortization and other
non-cash
items
     5,115,850     4,299,566
Net investment losses (gains)
     940,488     (19,294,229
Equity in earnings of Donegal Financial Services Corporation
     —         (295,000
Changes in assets and liabilities:
    
Losses and loss expenses
     72,256,493     49,869,114
Unearned premiums
     48,083,628     21,508,606
Premiums receivable
     (11,941,733     (17,047,509
Deferred acquisition costs
     (2,269,695     (3,070,684
Deferred income taxes
     (619,312     210,518
Reinsurance receivable
     (36,843,000     (18,997,523
Prepaid reinsurance premiums
     (31,916,191     (6,578,384
Accrued investment income
     (1,557,230     (724,150
Due to affiliate
     (3,613,903     (3,858,708
Reinsurance balances payable
     260,626     (1,849,471
Current income taxes
     (4,490,180     3,266,422
Accrued expenses
     (3,869,386     1,522,732
Other, net
     678,760     6,479,153
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net adjustments
     30,215,215     15,440,453
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net cash provided by operating activities
     68,462,112     48,438,450
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
    
Purchases of fixed maturities, held to maturity
     (110,914,229     (69,297,759
Purchases of fixed maturities, available for sale
     (143,743,351     (125,791,644
Purchases of equity securities, available for sale
     (6,964,092     (19,055,851
Maturity of fixed maturities:
    
Held to maturity
     39,629,000     13,723,483
Available for sale
     120,857,543     88,459,874
Sales of fixed maturities, available for sale
     22,172,930     20,548,077
Sales of equity securities, available for sale
     5,985,211     37,968,114
Net purchases of property and equipment
     (73,706     (147,005
Sale of investment in Donegal Financial Services Corporation
     —         33,922,773
Net
(
purchases
) sales
 of short-term investments
     (6,655,716     8,122,436
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net cash used in investing activities
     (79,706,410     (11,547,502
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
    
Cash dividends paid
     (12,605,480     (12,031,153
Issuance of common stock
     12,407,700     2,814,504
Borrowing under lines of credit
     50,000,000     —    
Payments on lines of credit
     —         (25,000,000
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
     49,802,220     (34,216,649
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net increase in cash
     38,557,922     2,674,299
Cash at beginning of period
     49,318,930     52,594,461
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Cash at end of period
   $ 87,876,852   $ 55,268,760
  
 
 
   
 
 
 
Cash paid during period - Interest
   $ 928,474   $ 321,585
Net cash paid during period - Taxes
   $ 10,800,000   $ 2,200,000
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
6

Table of Contents
DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
(Unaudited)
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
 
1 -
Organization
Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (“Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. Our insurance subsidiaries, Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”), the Peninsula Insurance Group (“Peninsula”), which consists of Peninsula Indemnity Company and The Peninsula Insurance Company, and Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”), write property and casualty insurance exclusively through independent insurance agents in certain
Mid-Atlantic,
Midwestern, New England and Southern states.
At September 30, 2020, we had three segments: our investment function, our personal lines of insurance and our commercial lines of insurance. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies.
At September 30, 2020, Donegal Mutual held approximately
42
% of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately
84
% of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately
71
% of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products.
Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement, the two companies pool their insurance business and each company receives an allocated percentage of the pooled business. Atlantic States has an 80% share of the results of the pooled business, and Donegal Mutual has a 20% share of the results of the pooled business.
The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service entire personal lines or commercial lines accounts. Distinctions within the products Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries offer relate generally to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier products versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to any specific company within the Donegal Insurance Group. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, because the risk characteristics of all business Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly are homogenized within the underwriting pool, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool.
We and Donegal Mutual sold Donegal Financial Services Corporation (“DFSC”) to Northwest Bancshares, Inc. (“Northwest”) on March 8, 2019, resulting in proceeds valued at approximately $85.8 million in a combination of cash and Northwest common stock. Immediately prior to the closing of the merger, DFSC paid a dividend of approximately $29.2 million to us and Donegal Mutual. As the owner of 48.2% of DFSC’s common stock, we received a dividend payment from DFSC of approximately $14.1 million and consideration from Northwest that included a combination of cash in the amount of $20.5 million and Northwest common stock with a fair value at the closing date of $20.9 million. We recorded a gain of $12.7 million from the sale of DFSC in our results of operations for the first quarter of 2019. We sold the Northwest common stock that we received as part of the consideration during the first quarter of 2019. This transaction represented the culmination of a banking strategy that began with the formation of DFSC in 2000.
On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 or 2019. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through September 30, 2020.
 
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Table of Contents
2 -
Basis of Presentation
Our financial information for the interim periods included in this Form
10-Q
Report is unaudited; however, our financial information we include in this Form
10-Q
Report reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of our management, are necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for those interim periods. Our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations we expect for the year ending December 31, 2020.
We recommend you read the interim financial statements we include in this Form
10-Q
Report in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to our financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form
10-K
for the year ended December 31, 2019.
 
3 -
Earnings Per Share
We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides that whenever our board of directors declares a dividend on our Class B common stock, our board of directors shall simultaneously declare a dividend on our Class A common stock that is payable to the holders of our Class A common stock at the same time and as of the same record date at a rate that is at least 10% greater than the rate at which our board of directors declared a dividend on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the
two-class
method to compute our earnings per common share. The
two-class
method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends we have declared and an allocation of our remaining undistributed earnings using a participation percentage that reflects the dividend rights of each class. The table below presents for the periods indicated a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used to compute basic and diluted net income per share for our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock:
 
    
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
    
2019
 
     Class A      Class B      Class A      Class B  
     (in thousands, except per share data)  
Basic earnings per share:
           
Numerator:
           
Allocation of net income
   $ 9,768    $ 2,069    $ 4,269    $ 917
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Denominator:
           
Weighted-average shares outstanding
     23,767      5,577      23,015      5,577
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Basic earnings per share
   $ 0.41    $ 0.37    $ 0.19    $ 0.16
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Diluted earnings per share:
           
Numerator:
           
Allocation of net income
   $ 9,768    $ 2,069    $ 4,269    $ 917
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Denominator:
           
Number of shares used in basic computation
     23,767      5,577      23,015      5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive    securities:
           
Director and employee stock options
     170      —          277      —    
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
  Number of shares used in diluted computation
     23,937      5,577      23,292      5,577
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Diluted earnings per share
   $ 0.41    $ 0.37    $ 0.18    $ 0.16
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
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Table of Contents
 
    
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
    
2019
 
     Class A      Class B      Class A      Class B  
     (in thousands, except per share data)  
Basic earnings per share:
           
Numerator:
           
Allocation of net income
   $
31,495
   $
6,752
   $
27,065
   $
5,933
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Denominator:
           
Weighted-average shares outstanding
     23,494      5,577      22,933      5,577
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Basic earnings per share
   $
1.34
   $
1.21
   $
1.18
   $
1.06
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Diluted earnings per share:
           
Numerator:
           
Allocation of net income
   $
31,495
   $
6,752
   $
27,065
   $
5,933
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Denominator:
           
Number of shares used in basic computation
     23,494      5,577      22,933      5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive    securities:
           
  Director and employee stock options
     185      —          183      —    
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
    Number of shares used in diluted computation
     23,679      5,577      23,116      5,577
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Diluted earnings per share
   $
1.33
   $
1.21
   $
1.17
   $
1.06
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
We did not include outstanding options to purchase the following number of shares of Class A common stock in our computation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise price of the options exceeded the average market price of our Class A common stock during the applicable periods.
 
    
Three Months Ended September 30,
    
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
    
2019
    
2020
    
2019
 
Number of options to purchase Class A shares excluded
     6,180,592      5,330,525      6,180,592      5,531,561
 
4 -
Reinsurance
Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual have participated in a pooling agreement since 1986 under which they pool their direct premiums written, and Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual then share the underwriting results of the pool in accordance with the terms of the pooling agreement. Atlantic States has an 80% share of the results of the pool, and Donegal Mutual has a 20% share of the results of the pool. Donegal Mutual currently excludes from the pool its underwriting results in four Southwestern states in which Donegal Mutual markets its products together with its insurance subsidiaries as the Mountain States Insurance Group.
Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have a combined third-party reinsurance program. The coverage and parameters of the program are common to all of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual use several different reinsurers. They require their reinsurers to maintain an A.M. Best rating of
A-
(Excellent) or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least an
A-
rating from A.M. Best. The following information describes the external reinsurance our insurance subsidiaries have in place for 2020:
 
   
excess of loss reinsurance, under which the losses of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries are automatically reinsured, through a series of contracts, over a set retention of $2.0 million; and
 
9

Table of Contents
   
catastrophe reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recover, through a series of reinsurance agreements, 100% of an accumulation of many losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $15.0 million up to aggregate losses of $185.0 million per occurrence.
In addition to the pooling agreement and third-party reinsurance, our insurance subsidiaries have a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual, under which each of our insurance subsidiaries recovers 100% of an accumulation of multiple losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $2.0 million up to aggregate losses of $13.0 million per occurrence. The agreement also provides additional coverage for an accumulation of losses from a single event including a combination of our insurance subsidiaries over a combined retention of $5.0 million.
Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also purchase facultative reinsurance to cover certain exposures, including property exposures that exceeded the limits provided by their respective treaty reinsurance.
 
5 -
Investments
The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2020 were as follows:
 
 
  
Amortized Cost
 
  
Gross Unrealized
Gains
 
  
Gross Unrealized
Losses
 
  
Estimated Fair
Value
 
     (in thousands)  
Held to Maturity
  
     
  
     
  
     
  
     
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
  
$
72,912
 
  
$
4,427
 
  
$
52
 
  
$
77,287
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
  
 
282,207
 
  
 
20,786
 
  
 
323
 
  
 
302,670
 
Corporate securities
  
 
172,069
 
  
 
15,967
 
  
 
1,064
 
  
 
186,972
 
Mortgage-backed securities
  
 
25,794
 
  
 
1,348
 
  
 
—  
 
  
 
27,142
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Totals
  
$
552,982
 
  
$
42,528
 
  
$
1,439
 
  
$
594,071
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
Amortized Cost
 
  
Gross Unrealized
Gains
 
  
Gross Unrealized
Losses
 
  
Estimated Fair
Value
 
 
  
(in thousands)
 
Available for Sale
  
     
  
     
  
     
  
     
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
  
$
47,832
 
  
$
501
 
  
$
26
 
  
$
48,307
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
  
 
66,578
 
  
 
2,263
 
  
 
64
 
  
 
68,777
 
Corporate securities
  
 
210,684
 
  
 
9,555
 
  
 
394
 
  
 
219,845
 
Mortgage-backed securities
  
 
233,403
 
  
 
7,719
 
  
 
11
 
  
 
241,111
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Totals
  
$
558,497
 
  
$
20,038
 
  
$
495
 
  
$
578,040
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
At September 30, 2020, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $
244.6
 million and an amortized cost of $
230.6
 million. Our holdings at September 30, 2020 also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $
126.8
 million and an amortized cost of $
118.2
 million. With respect to both categories of those bonds at September 30, 2020, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of our holdings of either bond category. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented
41
% and
39
%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on the carrying values of these investments at September 30, 2020. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at September 30, 2020 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held at September 30, 2020 are similar to general obligation bonds.
 
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Table of Contents
The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2019 were as follows:
 
 
  
Amortized Cost
 
  
Gross Unrealized
Gains
 
  
Gross Unrealized
Losses
 
  
Estimated Fair
Value
 
 
  
(in thousands)
 
Held to Maturity
  
     
  
     
  
     
  
     
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
  
$
82,916
 
  
$
1,803
 
  
$
69
 
  
$
84,650
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
  
 
204,634
 
  
 
14,237
 
  
 
288
 
  
 
218,583
 
Corporate securities
  
 
156,398
 
  
 
8,275
 
  
 
333
 
  
 
164,340
 
Mortgage-backed securities
  
 
32,146
 
  
 
611
 
  
 
16
 
  
 
32,741
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Totals
  
$
476,094
 
  
$
24,926
 
  
$
706
 
  
$
500,314
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
    
Amortized Cost
    
Gross Unrealized
Gains
    
Gross Unrealized
Losses
    
Estimated Fair
Value
 
 
  
(in thousands)
 
Available for Sale
  
     
  
     
  
     
  
     
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
  
$
19,302
 
  
$
82
 
  
$
19
 
  
$
19,365
 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
  
 
55,162
 
  
 
1,641
 
  
 
7
 
  
 
56,796
 
Corporate securities
  
 
154,946
 
  
 
4,477
 
  
 
180
 
  
 
159,243
 
Mortgage-backed securities
  
 
327,429
 
  
 
2,857
 
  
 
738
 
  
 
329,548
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Totals
  
$
556,839
 
  
$
9,057
 
  
$
944
 
  
$
564,952
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
At December 31, 2019, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $182.0 million and an amortized cost of $172.3 million. Our holdings also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $93.4 million and an amortized cost of $87.5 million. With respect to both categories of bonds, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of that category at December 31, 2019. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 44% and 35%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on their carrying values at December 31, 2019. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at December 31, 2019 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.
We made reclassifications from available for sale to held to maturity of certain fixed maturities at fair value on November 30, 2013. We segregated within accumulated other comprehensive income the net unrealized losses of $15.1 million arising prior to the November 30, 2013 reclassifications. We are amortizing this balance over the remaining life of the related securities as an adjustment to yield in a manner consistent with the accretion of discount on the same fixed maturities. We recorded amortization of $1.1 million and $870,186 in other comprehensive income during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, net unrealized losses of $6.4 million and $7.5 million, respectively, remained within accumulated other comprehensive income.
 
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Table of Contents
We show below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2020 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
 
    
Amortized Cost
    
Estimated Fair
Value
 
     (in thousands)  
Held to maturity
     
Due in one year or less
   $
23,089
   $
23,396
Due after one year through five years
     86,376      92,539
Due after five years through ten years
     197,347      213,410
Due after ten years
     220,376      237,584
Mortgage-backed securities
     25,794      27,142
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total held to maturity
   $
552,982
   $
594,071
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Available for sale
     
Due in one year or less
   $
70,596
   $
70,923
Due after one year through five years
     103,950      109,598
Due after five years through ten years
     123,256      128,472
Due after ten years
     27,292      27,936
Mortgage-backed securities
     233,403      241,111
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total available for sale
   $
558,497
   $
578,040
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at September 30, 2020 were as follows:
 
    
Cost
    
Gross Gains
    
Gross Losses
    
Estimated Fair
Value
 
     (in thousands)  
Equity securities
   $
42,410
   $
13,875
   $
1,340
   $
54,945
The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2019 were as follows:
 
    
Cost
    
Gross Gains
    
Gross Losses
    
Estimated Fair
Value
 
     (in thousands)  
Equity securities
   $
43,419
   $
12,180
   $
121
   $
55,478
 
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Table of Contents
Gross investment gains and losses before applicable income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
 
    
Three Months Ended September 30,
    
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
    
2019
    
2020
    
2019
 
     (in thousands)      (in thousands)  
Gross investment gains:
           
Fixed maturities
   $ 159    $ 107    $ 811    $ 479
Equity securities
     3,131      721      5,617      8,293
Investment in affiliate
     —          —          —          12,662
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
     3,290      828      6,428      21,434
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Gross investment losses:
           
Fixed maturities
     22      4      240      324
Equity securities
     —          1,193      7,128      1,816
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
     22      1,197      7,368      2,140
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Net investment gains (losses)
   $
3,268
   $
(369
)
 
   $
(940
)
 
   $
19,294
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
We recognized $5.6 million of gains and $3.6 million of losses on equity securities we held at September 30, 2020 in net investment losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. We recognized $6.7 million of gains and $1.2
million
of losses on equity securities we held at September 30, 2019 in net investment gains for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at September 30, 2020 as follows:
 
    
Less Than 12 Months
    
More Than 12 Months
 
    
Fair Value
    
Unrealized Losses
    
Fair Value
    
Unrealized Losses
 
     (in thousands)  
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
 
$  
19,920
 
$  
78
 
$  
 
$  
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
     40,735      387          
Corporate securities
     51,899      695      5,744      763
Mortgage-backed securities
     809      11      274     
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Totals
   $ 113,363    $ 1,171    $ 6,018    $ 763
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2019 as follows:
 
    
Less Than 12 Months
    
More Than 12 Months
 
    
Fair Value
    
Unrealized Losses
    
Fair
 
Value
    
Unrealized Losses
 
     (in thousands)  
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
   $ 7,461    $ 46    $ 5,395    $ 42
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
     23,339      293      2,327      2
Corporate securities
     19,363      263      18,803      250
Mortgage-backed securities
     28,507      56      74,089      698
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Totals
   $ 78,670    $ 658    $ 100,614    $ 992
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
We make estimates concerning the valuation of our investments and the recognition of other-than-temporary declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, we measure investments at fair value, and we recognize changes in fair value in our results of operations. With respect to a debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than
 
13

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not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred with respect to that security. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we consider the impairment to be other than temporary. We then recognize the amount of the impairment loss related to the credit loss in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, issuer or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. We held 77 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2020. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying factors impacting these debt securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary.
We amortize premiums and discounts on debt securities over the life of the security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. We compute realized investment gains and losses using the specific identification method.
We amortize premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed debt securities using anticipated prepayments.
 
6 -
Segment Information
We evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments based upon the underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries using statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) that various state insurance departments prescribe or permit. Our management uses SAP to measure the performance of our insurance subsidiaries instead of United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). SAP financial measures are considered
non-GAAP
financial measures under applicable SEC rules because they include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude.
 
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Financial data by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:
 
    
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
    
2019
 
     (in thousands)  
Revenues:
     
Premiums earned:
     
Commercial lines
   $
103,436
   $
98,324
Personal lines
     81,490      91,497
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Premiums earned
     184,926      189,821
Net investment income
     7,403      7,390
Investment gains (losses)
     3,268      (369
Other
     915      1,168
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total revenues
   $
196,512
   $
198,010
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Income before income tax expense:
     
Underwriting income (loss):
     
Commercial lines
   $
(1,703
)
 
   $
2,521
Personal lines
     6,427      (3,312
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
SAP underwriting income (loss)
     4,724      (791
GAAP adjustments
     (1,576      (399
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
GAAP underwriting income (loss)
     3,148      (1,190
Net investment income
     7,403      7,390
Investment gains (losses)
     3,268      (369
Other
     513      474
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Income before income tax expense
   $
14,332
   $
6,305
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
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Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
    
2019
 
     (in thousands)  
Revenues:
     
Premiums earned:
     
Commercial lines
   $
307,080
   $
284,593
Personal lines
     249,472      282,065
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Premiums earned
     556,552      566,658
Net investment income
     21,952      21,728
Investment (losses) gains
     (940      19,294
Equity in earnings of DFSC
            295
Other
     2,759      3,538
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total revenues
   $
580,323
   $
611,513
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Income before income tax expense:
     
Underwriting income (loss):
     
Commercial lines
   $
2,203
   $
4,946
Personal lines
     19,528      (10,077
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
SAP underwriting income (loss)
     21,731      (5,131
GAAP adjustments
     1,186      1,431
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
GAAP underwriting income (loss)
     22,917      (3,700
Net investment income
     21,952      21,728
Investment (losses) gains
     (940      19,294
Equity in earnings of DFSC
            295
Other
     894      1,070
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Income before income tax expense
   $
44,823
   $
38,687
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
7 -
Borrowings
Lines of Credit
In August 2020, we entered into a new credit agreement with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T”) that related to a $20.0 million unsecured demand line of credit. The line of credit has no expiration date, no annual fees and no covenants. At September 30, 2020, we had no outstanding borrowings from M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at interest rates equal to the then-current LIBOR rate plus 2.00%.
Atlantic States is a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Through its membership, Atlantic States has the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for cash advances. In August 2019, Atlantic States exchanged a variable-rate cash advance of $35.0 million that was due in March 2020 for a fixed-rate cash advance of $35.0 million that was outstanding at September 30, 2020. Atlantic States incurred a penalty of $176,000 related to the early termination of its previous cash advance. The new cash advance carries a fixed interest rate of 1.74% and is due in August 2024. In March 2020, Atlantic States issued $50.0 million of debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for a cash advance in the same amount that was outstanding at September 30, 2020. The debt carries a fixed interest rate of 0.83% and is due in March 2021. Atlantic States obtained this contingent liquidity funding in light of uncertainty surrounding the economic impact of the
COVID-19
pandemic. The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Pittsburgh stock Atlantic States purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to Atlantic States’ membership in the FHLB of Pittsburgh at September 30, 2020.
FHLB of Pittsburgh stock purchased and owned                
                 
  
      
$ 3,690,100
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $97,159,981)                                95,332,095
Borrowing capacity currently available                                                          10,960,030
 
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Subordinated Debentures
Donegal Mutual holds a $5.0 million surplus note that MICO issued to increase MICO’s statutory surplus. The surplus note carries an interest rate of 5.00%, and any repayment of principal or payment of interest on the surplus note requires prior approval of the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services.
 
8 -
Share–Based Compensation
We measure all share-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, and use a fair-value-based method for the recording of related compensation expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options granted to directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, the expected term, the dividend yield and the expected volatility.
We charged compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans against income before income taxes of $
219,051
and $247,301 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $
46,001
and $51,933, respectively. We charged compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans against income before income taxes of $
863,592
and $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $
181,354
and $233,851, respectively. At September 30, 2020, we had $1.0 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation granted under our stock compensation plans that we expect to recognize over a weighted average period of approximately
1.4
years.
We received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans during the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 of $
8.1
 million and $772,969, respectively. We received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 of $
11.2
 million and $1.6 million, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of $
163,245
and $22,414 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of $
232,123
and $38,376 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
 
9 -
Fair Value Measurements
We account for financial assets using a framework that establishes a hierarchy that ranks the quality and reliability of the inputs, or assumptions, we use in the determination of fair value, and we classify financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:
Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
Level 2 – directly or indirectly observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices; and
Level 3 – unobservable inputs not corroborated by market data.
For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, we use the quoted market price as fair value and include these investments in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify publicly-traded equity securities as Level 1. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we base fair values on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or price estimates we obtain from independent pricing services and include these investments in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify our fixed maturity investments as Level 2. Our fixed maturity investments consist of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities.
We present our investments in
available-for-sale
fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that could be realized if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values or obtain market quotations for substantially all of our fixed maturity and equity investments. These pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of
 
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fair value the pricing services provide to verify that the estimates we obtain from the pricing services are representative of fair values based upon our investment personnel’s general knowledge of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel regularly monitor the market, current trading ranges for similar securities and the pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, interest rates, security types and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel periodically review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are reasonable. At September 30, 2020, we received two estimates per security from the pricing services, and we priced substantially all of our Level 1 and Level 2 investments using those prices. In our review of the estimates the pricing services provided at September 30, 2020, we did not identify any material discrepancies, and we did not make any adjustments to the estimates the pricing services provided.
We present our cash and short-term investments at estimated fair value. We classify these items as Level 1.
The carrying values we report in our balance sheet for premium receivables and reinsurance receivables and payables for premiums and paid losses and loss expenses approximate their fair values. The carrying amounts we report in our balance sheets for our subordinated debentures and borrowings under lines of credit approximate their fair values. We classify these items as Level 3.
We evaluate our assets and liabilities to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period.
The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in
available-for-sale
fixed maturity and equity securities at September 30, 2020:
 
    
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
    
Fair Value
    
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)
    
Significant Other
Observable
Inputs (Level 2)
    
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)
 
            (in thousands)  
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
   $ 48,307    $    $ 48,307    $
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
     68,777             68,777       
Corporate securities
     219,845             219,845       
Mortgage-backed securities
     241,111             241,111       
Equity securities
     54,945      50,541      4,404       
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total investments in the fair value hierarchy
   $ 632,985    $ 50,541    $ 582,444    $
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in
available-for-sale
fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2019:
 
    
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
    
Fair Value
    
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)
    
Significant Other
Observable
Inputs (Level 2)
    
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs (Level 3)
 
           
(in thousands)
 
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
   $ 19,364    $ —      $ 19,364    $ —  
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
     56,796      —          56,796      —    
Corporate securities
     159,243      —          159,243      —    
Mortgage-backed securities
     329,548      —          329,548      —    
Equity securities
     55,478      53,124      2,354      —    
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Totals
   $ 620,429    $ 53,124    $ 567,305    $ —  
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
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10 -
Income Taxes
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was signed into law. The CARES Act amended net operating loss provisions in effect prior to its enactment. The CARES Act allows for the carryback of losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2021 to each of the five taxable years preceding the taxable year of such loss. As a result, we filed amended tax returns to carry back net operating losses from taxable year 2018 to past tax years. We recorded a tax benefit of $1.6 million in the first quarter of 2020 in anticipation of a refund of taxes we paid in prior years as a result of the carryback.
At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, we had no material unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties. Tax years 2016 through 2019 remained open for examination at September 30, 2020. We provide a valuation allowance when we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion of our tax assets. We established a valuation allowance of $7.5 million for our net state operating loss carryforward. We have determined that we are not required to establish a valuation allowance for our other deferred tax assets of $
25.6
 million and $26.1 million at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, because it is more likely than not that we will realize these deferred tax assets through reversals of existing temporary differences, future taxable income and the implementation of tax planning strategies.
 
11 -
Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses
The establishment of an appropriate liability for losses and loss expenses is an inherently uncertain process, and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will not exceed their loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods, and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimate of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.
We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries’ liability for losses and loss expenses as follows:
 
    
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
    
2019
 
     (in thousands)  
Balance at January 1
   $ 869,674    $ 814,665
Less reinsurance recoverable
     (362,768      (339,267
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Net balance at January 1
     506,906      475,398
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Incurred related to:
     
Current year
     353,798      393,301
Prior years
     (10,321      (7,940
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total incurred
     343,477      385,361
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Paid related to:
     
Current year
     169,610      197,234
Prior years
     139,024      157,691
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total paid
     308,634      354,925
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Net balance at end of period
     541,749      505,834
Plus reinsurance recoverable
     400,181      358,700
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Balance at end of period
   $ 941,930    $ 864,534
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
19

Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $10.3 million
and $7.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those years. The 2020 development represented 2.0% of the December 31, 2019 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected severity in nearly all lines of business, with the exception of modest higher-than-expected severity in commercial automobile. The majority of the 2020 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for MICO and Atlantic States. The 2019 development represented 1.7% of the December 31, 2018 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected severity in the workers’ compensation line of business. The majority of the 2019 development related to decreases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for MICO.
Short-duration contracts are contracts for which our insurance subsidiaries receive premiums that they recognize as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection our insurance subsidiaries provide. Our insurance subsidiaries consider the policies they issue to be short-duration contracts. We consider the material lines of business of our insurance subsidiaries to be personal automobile, homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation.
Our insurance subsidiaries determine incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves by subtracting the cumulative loss and loss expense amounts our insurance subsidiaries have paid and the case reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established at the balance sheet date from their actuaries’ estimate of the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. Accordingly, the IBNR reserves of our insurance subsidiaries include their actuaries’ projections of the cost of unreported claims as well as their actuaries’ projected development of case reserves on known claims and reopened claims. Our insurance subsidiaries’ methodology for estimating IBNR reserves has been in place for many years, and their actuaries made no significant changes to that methodology during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The actuaries for our insurance subsidiaries generally prepare an initial estimate for ultimate losses and loss expenses for the current accident year by multiplying earned premium by an expected loss ratio for each line of business our insurance subsidiaries write. Expected loss ratios represent the actuaries’ expectation of losses at the time our insurance subsidiaries price and write their policies and before the emergence of any actual claims experience. The actuaries determine an expected loss ratio by analyzing historical experience and adjusting for loss cost trends, loss frequency and severity trends, premium rate level changes, reported and paid loss emergence patterns and other known or observed factors.
The actuaries use a variety of actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method. The actuaries base their selection of a point estimate on a judgmental weighting of the estimates each of these methods produce.
The actuaries consider loss frequency and severity trends when they develop expected loss ratios and point estimates. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors that affect loss frequency include changes in weather patterns and economic activity. Factors that affect loss severity include changes in policy limits, reinsurance retentions, inflation rates and judicial interpretations.
Our insurance subsidiaries create a claim file when they receive notice of an actual demand for payment, an event that may lead to a demand for payment or when they otherwise determine that a demand for payment could potentially lead to a future demand for payment on another coverage under the same policy or another policy they have issued. In recent years, our insurance subsidiaries have noted an increase in the period of time between the occurrence of a casualty loss event and the date at which they receive notice of a liability claim. Changes in the length of time between the loss occurrence date and the claim reporting date affect the actuaries’ ability to predict loss frequency accurately and the amount of IBNR reserves our insurance subsidiaries require.
Our insurance subsidiaries generally create a claim file for a policy at the claimant level by type of coverage and generally recognize one count for each claim event. In certain lines of business where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single claim event, our insurance subsidiaries recognize one count for each claimant involved in the event. Atlantic States recognizes one count for each claim event, or claimant involved in a multiple-party claim event, related to losses Atlantic States assumes through its participation in its pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries accumulate the claim counts and report them by line of business.
 
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Table of Contents
12 -
Impact of New Accounting Standards
In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance that requires lessees to recognize leases, including operating leases, on the lessee’s balance sheet, unless a lease is considered a short-term lease. This guidance also requires entities to make new judgments to identify leases. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and permits early adoption. Our adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2019 did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance that simplifies the measurement of goodwill by modifying the goodwill impairment test previous guidance required. The guidance requires an entity to perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize impairment for the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and permits early adoption. We early adopted this guidance in 2019. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance that modifies disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements. The guidance removes the requirements to disclose the amounts of, and reasons for, transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and permits early adoption. We early adopted this guidance in 2019. The adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2019 did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amends previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delays the effective date for “smaller reporting companies,” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of
Regulation S-K, to
annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We are a smaller reporting company and are in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
In December 2019, the FASB issued guidance that simplifies accounting for income taxes. The guidance eliminates certain exceptions related to the approach for intra-period tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The guidance is effective January 1, 2021, using the retrospective method or modified retrospective method for certain changes and the prospective method for all other changes, and permits early adoption. We do not expect our adoption of this guidance in 2021 to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
 
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13 -
Risks and Uncertainties
In the first nine months of 2020, the
COVID-19
pandemic resulted in significant disruptions in economic activity throughout our operating regions.
COVID-19
concerns have also contributed to financial market volatility. We cannot predict at this time the ultimate impact that the economic and financial disruption related to the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic or any other future pandemic will have on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The impact of the following risks and uncertainties could be material:
 
 
the revenues of our insurance subsidiaries may decrease as a result of reduced demand for their insurance products as the ongoing economic disruption adversely impacts current and potential insurance customers;
 
 
our insurance subsidiaries may incur an increase in their losses and loss expenses in certain lines of business as a result of
COVID-19
and related economic disruption, and such losses and loss expenses may exceed the reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established or may establish in the future;
 
 
our insurance subsidiaries may incur increased costs related to legal disputes over policy coverages or exclusions and their defense against litigation related to
COVID-19;
 
 
legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover;
 
 
legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may require our insurance subsidiaries to reduce or refund premiums, suspend cancellation of policies for
non-payment
of premiums or otherwise grant extended grace periods and time allowances for the payment of premium balances due to them;
 
 
our insurance subsidiaries may not be able to collect premium balances due to them, resulting in reduced operating cash flows and an increase in premium write-offs that would increase their operating expenses;
 
 
our insurance subsidiaries may suffer declines in the market values of their investments as a result of financial market volatility related to
COVID-19
concerns and related economic disruption;
 
 
our insurance subsidiaries may experience declines in investment income as a result of lower interest rates that may be available upon reinvestment of the proceeds of maturing investments; and
 
 
Economic disruption related to
COVID-19
could result in significant declines in the credit quality of issuers, ratings downgrades or changes in financial market conditions and regulatory changes that might adversely impact the value of the fixed-maturity investments that our insurance subsidiaries own.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
We recommend that you read the following information in conjunction with the historical financial information and the footnotes to that financial information we include in this Quarterly Report on Form
10-Q.
We also recommend you read Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form
10-K
for the year ended December 31, 2019.
 
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We combine our financial statements with those of our insurance subsidiaries and present our financial statements on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP.
Our insurance subsidiaries make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to the reserves of our insurance subsidiaries for property and casualty insurance unpaid losses and loss expenses. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate amounts of these liabilities may differ from the estimates we provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current consolidated results of operations.
Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Expenses
Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay
with respect to incurred policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances the insurer knows at that point in time. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates for these liabilities. We reflect any adjustments to the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments to their estimates.
Our insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a
case-by-case
evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance subsidiaries monitor their liabilities closely and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses and loss expenses.
Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance
subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. These trend changes give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements on bodily injury claims. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include the cost of medical technologies and procedures and changes in the utilization of medical procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments in their reserves that they consider appropriate for such changes. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at September 30, 2020. For every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our
pre-tax
results of operations would be approximately $5.4 million.
The establishment of appropriate liabilities is an inherently uncertain process and we can provide no assurance that our
insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability will not exceed our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and have an
adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and
extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to
 
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increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.
Excluding the impact of severe weather events and reduced claim frequency in the second and third quarters of 2020 due to restrictions related to
COVID-19,
our insurance subsidiaries have noted stable amounts in the number of claims incurred and the number of claims outstanding at period ends relative to their premium base in recent years across most of their lines of business. However, the amount of the average claim outstanding has increased gradually over the past several years due to various factors such as rising medical loss costs and increased litigation trends. We have also experienced a general slowing of settlement rates in litigated claims. Our insurance subsidiaries could have to make further adjustments to their estimates in the future. However, on the basis of our insurance subsidiaries’ internal procedures, which analyze, among other things, their prior assumptions, their experience with similar cases and historical trends such as reserving patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions, economic conditions and public attitudes, we believe that our insurance subsidiaries have made adequate provision for their liability for losses and loss expenses.
Atlantic States’ participation in the pool with Donegal Mutual exposes Atlantic States to adverse loss development on the business of Donegal Mutual that the pool includes. However, pooled business represents the predominant percentage of the net underwriting activity of both companies, and Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share proportionately any adverse risk development relating to the pooled business. The business in the pool is homogeneous and each company has a
pro-rata
share of the entire pool. Since the predominant percentage of the business of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual is pooled and the results shared by each company according to its participation level under the terms of the pooling agreement, the intent of the underwriting pool is to produce a more uniform and stable underwriting result from year to year for each company than either would experience individually and to spread the risk of loss between the companies.
Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries operate together as the Donegal Insurance Group and share a combined business plan designed to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual offer are generally complementary, thereby allowing Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier products compared to standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, because the pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of the predominant percentage of the business Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly and each company shares the underwriting results according to each company’s participation percentage, each company realizes its percentage share of the underwriting results of the pool.
 
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Our insurance subsidiaries’ unpaid liability for losses and loss expenses by major line of business at September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consisted of the following:
 
    
September 30,

2020
    
December 31,

2019
 
     (in thousands)  
Commercial lines:
     
Automobile
   $ 143,055    $ 126,224
Workers’ compensation
     117,583      109,060
Commercial multi-peril
     116,498      102,424
Other
     13,279      9,115
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total commercial lines
     390,415      346,823
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Personal lines:
     
Automobile
     124,976      132,191
Homeowners
     20,074      23,494
Other
     6,284      4,398
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total personal lines
     151,334      160,083
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total commercial and personal lines
     541,749      506,906
Plus reinsurance recoverable
     400,181      362,768
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses
   $ 941,930    $ 869,674
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
We have evaluated the effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ unpaid loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we consider in establishing the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries. We established the range of reasonably likely changes based on a review of changes in accident-year development by line of business and applied those changes to our insurance subsidiaries’ loss reserves as a whole. The range we selected does not necessarily indicate what could be the potential best or worst case or the most likely scenario. The following table sets forth the estimated effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ unpaid loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we considered in establishing the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries:
 
Percentage Change in Loss
and Loss Expense Reserves
Net of Reinsurance
  
Adjusted Loss and Loss
Expense Reserves Net of
Reinsurance at
September 30, 2020
  
Percentage Change
in Stockholders’ Equity at
September 30, 2020(1)
 
Adjusted Loss and Loss
Expense Reserves Net of
Reinsurance at
December 31, 2019
  
Percentage Change
in Stockholders’ Equity at
December 31, 2019(1)
(dollars in thousands)
(10.0)%      $ 487,574        8.5 %     $ 456,215        8.9 %
(7.5)         501,118        6.4       468,888        6.7
(5.0)         514,662        4.2       481,561        4.4
(2.5)         528,205        2.1       494,233        2.2
Base         541,749        —         506,906        —  
2.5         555,293        (2.1 )       519,579        (2.2 )
5.0         568,836        (4.2 )       532,251        (4.4 )
7.5         582,380        (6.4 )       544,924        (6.7 )
10.0          595,924          (8.5)         557,597          (8.9)  
 
 
(1)
Net of income tax effect.
Non-GAAP
Information
We prepare our consolidated financial statements on the basis of GAAP. Our insurance subsidiaries also prepare financial statements based on statutory accounting principles state insurance regulators prescribe or permit (“SAP”). SAP financial measures are considered
non-GAAP
financial measures under applicable SEC rules because the SAP financial measures include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude. Our calculation of
non-GAAP
financial measures may differ from similar measures other companies use, so investors should exercise caution when comparing our
non-GAAP
financial measures to the
non-GAAP
financial measures other companies use.
 
 
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Because our insurance subsidiaries do not prepare GAAP financial statements, we evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments utilizing SAP financial measures that reflect the growth trends and underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries. The SAP financial measures we utilize are net premiums written and statutory combined ratio.
Net Premiums Written
We define net premiums written as the amount of full-term premiums our insurance subsidiaries record for policies effective within a given period less premiums our insurance subsidiaries cede to reinsurers. Net premiums earned is the most comparable GAAP financial measure to net premiums written. Net premiums earned represent the sum of the amount of net premiums written and the change in net unearned premiums during a given period. Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as revenue over the terms of their policies, which are one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding
12-month
period compared to the comparable period one year earlier.
The following table provides a reconciliation of our net premiums earned to our net premiums written for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
 
    
Three Months Ended September 30,
    
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
    
2019
    
2020
    
2019
 
     (in thousands)  
Net premiums earned
   $ 184,926      $ 189,821      $ 556,552      $ 566,658  
Change in net unearned premiums
     (4,146      (5,951      16,168      14,930
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Net premiums written
   $ 180,780      $ 183,870      $ 572,720      $ 581,588  
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Statutory Combined Ratio
The combined ratio is a standard measurement of underwriting profitability for an insurance company. The combined ratio does not reflect investment income, net investment gains or losses, federal income taxes or other
non-operating
income or expense. A combined ratio of less than 100% generally indicates underwriting profitability.
The statutory combined ratio is a
non-GAAP
financial measure that is based upon amounts determined under SAP. We calculate our statutory combined ratio as the sum of:
 
 
the statutory loss ratio, which is the ratio of calendar-year net incurred losses and loss expenses to net premiums earned;
 
 
the statutory expense ratio, which is the ratio of expenses incurred for net commissions, premium taxes and underwriting expenses to net premiums written; and
 
 
the statutory dividend ratio, which is the ratio of dividends to holders of workers’ compensation policies to net premiums earned.
The calculation of our statutory combined ratio differs from the calculation of our GAAP combined ratio. In calculating our GAAP combined ratio, we do not deduct installment payment fees from incurred expenses, and we base the expense ratio on net premiums earned instead of net premiums written. Differences between our GAAP loss ratio and our statutory loss ratio result from anticipating salvage and subrogation recoveries for our GAAP loss ratio but not for our statutory loss ratio.
 
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Combined Ratios
The following table presents comparative details with respect to our GAAP and statutory combined ratios for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
 
    
Three Months Ended September 30,
   
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
    
2020
   
2019
   
2020
   
2019
 
GAAP Combined Ratios (Total Lines)
        
Loss ratio
(non-weather)
     56.3     61.6     54.1     60.8
Loss ratio (weather-related)
     9.1     7.3     7.6     7.2
Expense ratio
     31.9     30.5     33.2     31.5
Dividend ratio
     1.0     1.2     1.0     1.2
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Combined ratio
     98.3     100.6     95.9     100.7
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Statutory Combined Ratios
        
Commercial lines:
        
Automobile
     109.9     113.9     110.5     114.3
Workers’ compensation
     86.8     85.4     85.9     82.0
Commercial multi-peril
     109.2     98.7     98.1     94.4
Other
     93.5     76.6     79.5     79.3
Total commercial lines
     102.4     97.9     97.3     95.8
Personal lines:
        
Automobile
     89.0     103.3     88.6     103.9
Homeowners
     97.7     109.4     99.3     106.0
Other
     84.0     73.6     76.5     77.7
Total personal lines
     91.9     103.9     91.6     103.3
Total commercial and personal lines
     97.7     100.8     94.7     99.5
 
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Results of Operations - Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
Net Premiums Earned.
Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the third quarter of 2020 were $184.9 million, a decrease of $4.9 million, or 2.6%, compared to $189.8 million for the third quarter of 2019, primarily reflecting decreases in net premiums written during 2020 and 2019.
Net Premiums Written.
Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the three months ended September 30, 2020 were $180.8 million, a decrease of $3.1 million, or
1.7%, from the $183.9 million of net premiums written for the third quarter of 2019. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $4.1 million, or 4.3%, for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to increased writings of new commercial accounts and net premium rate increases. Personal lines net premiums written decreased $7.2 million, or 8.0%, for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019. We attribute the decrease in personal lines net premiums written primarily to net attrition as a result of measures our insurance subsidiaries have implemented to improve underwriting profitability, partially offset by the impact of premium rate increases our insurance subsidiaries have implemented.
Investment Income.
Our net investment income was $7.4 million for the third quarter of 2020 and 2019.
Net Investment Gains (Losses).
Net investment gains for the third quarter of 2020 were $3.3 million, compared to net investment losses of $369,041 for the third quarter of 2019. The net investment gains for the third quarter of 2020 resulted primarily from unrealized gains within our equity securities portfolio at September 30, 2020. We did not recognize any impairment losses in our investment portfolio during the third quarter of 2020 or 2019.
Losses and Loss Expenses.
Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 65.4% for the third quarter of 2020, a decrease from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 68.9% for the third quarter of 2019. We attribute this decrease primarily to various actions we implemented to improve profitability and reduced frequency of personal automobile claims as a result of lower traffic density during the third quarter of 2020. Weather-related losses of $16.9 million for the third quarter of 2020, or 9.1
percentage points of the loss ratio, increased from $13.9 million, or 7.3 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the third quarter of 2019. Weather-related loss activity for the third quarter of 2020 was comparable to our previous five-year average of $15.9 million for third quarter weather-related losses. On a statutory basis, our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was
68.2% for the third quarter of 2020, compared to 65.2% for the third quarter of 2019, primarily due to a weather-related increase in the commercial multiple-peril loss ratio. The personal lines statutory loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries decreased to 61.1% for the third quarter of 2020, compared to 73.4% for the third quarter of 2019. We attribute this decrease primarily to decreases in the homeowners and personal automobile loss ratios. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced unfavorable loss reserve development of approximately $542,000 during the third quarter of 2020, compared to favorable loss reserve development of $1.0 million during the third quarter of 2019.
Underwriting Expenses.
The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 31.9% for the third quarter of 2020, compared to 30.5% for the third quarter of 2019. The increase in the expense ratio primarily reflected an increase in technology systems-related expenses, higher commercial growth incentive costs for our agents and increased underwriting-based incentive costs for our agents and employees during the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019. The increase in technology systems-related expenses was primarily due to an increased allocation of costs from Donegal Mutual
to our insurance subsidiaries following the successful implementation of the first phase of our ongoing systems modernization project in February 2020.
Combined Ratio.
The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were 98.3% and 100.6% for the third quarter ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We attribute the decrease in the combined ratio primarily to a decrease in the loss ratio for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the third quarter of 2019.
Interest Expense.
Our interest expense for the third quarter of 2020 was $219,039, compared to $443,179 for the third quarter of 2019.
We attribute the decrease primarily to a
pre-payment
penalty of $176,000 incurred during the third quarter of 2019 related to Atlantic States’ early repayment of a cash advance with the FHLB of Pittsburgh.
 
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Income Taxes.
We recorded income tax expense of $2.5 million for the third quarter of 2020, representing an effective tax rate of 17.4%. We recorded income tax expense of $1.1 million for the third quarter of 2019, representing an effective tax rate of 17.7%. The income tax expense and effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2020 and 2019 represented an estimate based on our projected annual taxable income.
Net Income and Income Per Share.
Our net income for the third quarter of 2020 was $11.8 million, or $.41
per diluted share of Class A common stock and $.37 per share of Class B common stock, compared to $5.2 million, or $.18 per diluted share of Class A common stock and $.16 per share of Class B common stock, for the third quarter of 2019. We had 24.1 million and 23.0 million Class A shares outstanding at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.
Results of Operations - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Net Premiums Earned.
Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the first nine months of 2020 were $556.6 million, a decrease of $10.1 million, or 1.8%, compared to $566.7 million for the first nine months of 2019, primarily reflecting decreases in net premiums written during 2020 and 2019.
Net Premiums Written.
Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were $572.7 million, a decrease of $8.9 million, or 1.5%, from the $581.6 million of net premiums written for the first nine months of 2019. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $16.2 million, or 5.2%, for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the first nine months of 2019. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to increased writings of new commercial accounts and net premium rate increases. Personal lines net premiums written decreased $25.1 million, or 9.3%, for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the first nine months of 2019. We attribute the decrease in personal lines net premiums written primarily to net attrition as a result of measures our insurance subsidiaries have implemented to improve underwriting profitability, partially offset by the impact of premium rate increases our insurance subsidiaries have implemented.
Investment Income.
Our net investment income increased slightly to $22.0 million for the first nine months of 2020, compared to $21.7 million for the first nine months of 2019. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in average invested assets, offset partially by a decrease in the average investment yield.
Net Investment (Losses) Gains.
Net investment losses for the first nine months of 2020 were $940,488, compared to net investment gains of $19.3 million for the first nine months of 2019. The net investment losses for the first nine months of 2020 resulted primarily from realized losses on sales of equity securities, offset partially by unrealized gains in the fair value of equity securities held at September 30, 2020. The net investment gains for the first nine months of 2019 included $12.7 million from the sale of DFSC and $5.5 million related to unrealized gains within our equity securities portfolio and a limited partnership that invests in equity securities. We did not recognize any impairment losses in our investment portfolio during the first nine months of 2020 or 2019.
Losses and Loss Expenses.
Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 61.7% for the first nine months of 2020, a decrease from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 68.0% for the first nine months of 2019. We attribute this decrease primarily to various actions we implemented to improve profitability and reduced frequency of personal automobile claims as a result of lower driving activity during the second quarter of 2020 and lower traffic density during the third quarter of 2020. Weather-related losses of $42.5 million for the first nine months of 2020, or 7.6 percentage points of the loss ratio, increased from $40.6 million, or 7.2 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first nine months of 2019. Weather-related loss activity for the first nine months of 2020 was comparable to our previous five-year average of $41.6 million for first nine months weather-related losses. On a statutory basis, our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was
63.1% for the first nine months of 2020, compared to 63.2% for the first nine months of 2019, primarily due to a decrease in the commercial automobile loss ratio. The personal lines statutory loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries decreased to 59.8% for the first nine months of 2020, compared to 72.7% for the first nine months of 2019. We attribute this decrease primarily to decreases in the homeowners and personal automobile loss ratios. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development of approximately $10.3 million and $7.9 million during the first nine months of 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Underwriting Expenses.
The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 33.2% for the first nine months of 2020, compared to 31.5% for the first nine months of 2019. The increase in the expense ratio primarily reflected $2.0 million in reserves we established during the first nine months of 2020 for potential credit losses related to uncollectible premiums due to the effect of
COVID-19
economic disruption, an increase in technology systems-related expenses, higher commercial growth
 
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incentive costs for our agents and increased underwriting-based incentive costs for our agents and employees. The increase in technology systems-related expenses was primarily due to an increased allocation of costs from Donegal Mutual
to our insurance subsidiaries following the successful implementation of the first phase of our ongoing systems modernization project in February 2020.
Combined Ratio.
The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were 95.9% and 100.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We attribute the decrease in the combined ratio to a decrease in the loss ratio for the first nine months of 2020 compared to the first nine months of 2019.
Interest Expense.
Our interest expense for the first nine months of 2020 was $871,461, compared to $1.3 million for the first nine months of 2019.
We attribute the decrease primarily to lower average interest rates for borrowings under our lines of credit, offset partially by higher average borrowings during the first nine months of 2020 compared to the first nine months of 2019.
Income Taxes.
We recorded income tax expense of $6.6 million for the first nine months of 2020, representing an effective tax rate of 14.7%. Income tax expense for the first nine months of 2020 included a $1.6 million income tax benefit related to the carryback of 2018 net operating losses to past tax years with higher statutory income tax rates than are currently in effect, as allowed under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act that was enacted in March 2020. We recorded income tax expense of $5.7 million for the first nine months of 2019, representing an effective tax rate of 14.7%. The income tax expense and effective tax rate for the first nine months of 2020 and 2019 primarily represented an estimate based on our projected annual taxable income.
Net Income and Income Per Share.
Our net income for the first nine months of 2020 was $38.2 million, or $1.33
per diluted share of Class A common stock and $1.21 per share of Class B common stock, compared to $33.0 million, or $1.17 per diluted share of Class A common stock and $1.06 per share of Class B common stock, for the first nine months of 2019. We had 24.1 million and 23.0 million Class A shares outstanding at September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measure of an entity’s ability to secure enough cash to meet its contractual obligations and operating needs as such obligations and needs arise. Our major sources of funds from operations are the net cash flows we generate from our insurance subsidiaries’ underwriting results, investment income and investment maturities.
Our operations have historically generated sufficient net positive cash flow to fund our commitments and add to our investment portfolio, thereby increasing future investment returns and enhancing our liquidity. The impact of the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States has historically been cash-flow positive because of the consistent underwriting profitability of the pool. Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States settle their respective obligations to each other under the pool monthly, thereby resulting in cash flows substantially similar to the cash flows that would result from each company writing the business directly. We have not experienced any unusual variations in the timing of claim payments associated with the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries. We maintain significant liquidity in our investment portfolio in the form of readily marketable fixed maturities, equity securities and short-term investments. We structure our fixed-maturity investment portfolio following a “laddering” approach, so that projected cash flows from investment income and principal maturities are evenly distributed from a timing perspective, thereby providing an additional measure of liquidity to meet our obligations should an unexpected variation occur in the future. Our operating activities provided net cash flows in the first nine months of 2020 and 2019 of $68.5 million and $48.4 million, respectively.
At September 30, 2020, we had no outstanding borrowings under our line of credit with M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at interest rates equal to the then-current LIBOR rate plus 2.00%. At September 30, 2020, Atlantic States had $85.0 million in outstanding advances with the FHLB of Pittsburgh, consisting of a $35.0 million advance that carries a fixed interest rate of 1.74% and a $50.0 million advance that carries a fixed interest rate of 0.83%. In March 2020, Atlantic States issued $50.0 million of debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for a cash advance in the same amount. Atlantic States obtained this contingent liquidity funding in light of uncertainty surrounding the economic impact of the
COVID-19
pandemic.
 
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The following table shows our expected payments for significant contractual obligations at September 30, 2020:
 
    
Total
    
Less than 1 year
    
1-3
years
    
4-5 years
    
After 5 years
 
     (in thousands)  
Net liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries
   $ 541,749    $ 244,246    $ 255,615    $ 20,374    $ 21,514
Subordinated debentures
     5,000      —          —          —          5,000
Borrowings under lines of credit
     85,000      50,000      —          35,000      —    
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total contractual obligations
   $ 631,749    $ 294,246    $ 255,615    $ 55,374    $ 26,514
  
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
 
We estimate the date of payment for the net liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries based on historical experience and expectations of future payment patterns. We show the liability net of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses to reflect expected future cash flows related to such liability. Amounts Atlantic States assumes pursuant to the pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses, and amounts Atlantic States cedes pursuant to the pooling agreement represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses. We include cash settlement of Atlantic States’ assumed liability from the pool in monthly settlements of pooled activity, as we net amounts ceded to and assumed from the pool. Although Donegal Mutual and we do not anticipate any changes in the pool participation levels in the foreseeable future, any such change would be prospective in nature and therefore would not impact the timing of expected payments by Atlantic States for its percentage share of pooled losses occurring in periods prior to the effective date of such change.
We discuss in Note 7 – Borrowings our estimate of the timing of the amounts payable for the borrowings under our lines of credit based on their contractual maturities. The borrowings under our lines of credit carry interest rates that we discuss in Note 7 – Borrowings.
We discuss in Note 7 – Borrowings our estimate of the timing of the amounts payable for the subordinated debentures based on their contractual maturity. The subordinated debentures carry an interest rate of 5%, and any repayment of principal or payment of interest on the subordinated debentures requires prior approval of the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services. Our annual interest cost associated with the subordinated debentures is $250,000.
On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of applicable rules of the SEC and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 or 2019. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through September 30, 2020.
On October 15, 2020, our board of directors declared quarterly cash dividends of 15.0 cents per share of our Class A common stock and 13.25
cents per share of our Class B common stock, payable on November 16, 2020 to our stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 2, 2020. We are not subject to any restrictions on our payment of dividends to our stockholders, although there are state law restrictions on the payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries to us. Dividends from our insurance subsidiaries are our principal source of cash for payment of dividends to our stockholders. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the payment of dividends from statutory surplus and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk based capital (“RBC”) requirements that limit their ability to pay dividends to us. Our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2019 exceeded the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, by a significant margin. Our insurance subsidiaries paid $14.0 million in dividends to us during the first nine months of 2020. Amounts remaining available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities in 2020 are $20.9 million from Atlantic States, $0 from Southern, $1.0 million from Peninsula and $576,859 from MICO, or a total of approximately $22.5 million.
At September 30, 2020, we had no material commitments for capital expenditures.
 
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Equity Price Risk
Our portfolio of marketable equity securities, which we carry on our consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value, has exposure to the risk of loss resulting from an adverse change in prices. We manage this risk by having our investment personnel perform an analysis of prospective investments and regular reviews of our portfolio of equity securities.
Credit Risk
Our portfolio of fixed-maturity securities and, to a lesser extent, our portfolio of short-term investments is subject to credit risk, which we define as the potential loss in market value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay its debt. We manage this risk by having our investment personnel perform an analysis of prospective investments and regular reviews of our portfolio of fixed-maturity securities. We also limit the percentage and amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in the securities of any one issuer.
Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and casualty insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies. We bill the majority of this business directly to the insured, although we bill a portion of our commercial business through licensed insurance agents to whom our insurance subsidiaries extend credit in the normal course of business.
Because the pooling agreement does not relieve Atlantic States of primary liability as the originating insurer, Atlantic States is subject to a concentration of credit risk arising from the business it cedes to Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of other major unaffiliated authorized reinsurers.
Impact of Inflation
We establish property and casualty insurance premium rates before we know the amount of unpaid losses and loss expenses or the extent to which inflation may impact such losses and expenses. Consequently, our insurance subsidiaries attempt, in establishing rates, to anticipate the potential impact of inflation.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Our market risk generally represents the risk of gain or loss that may result from the potential change in the fair value of the securities we hold in our investment portfolio as a result of fluctuations in prices and interest rates and, to a lesser extent, our debt obligations. We manage our interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the average duration of our investment portfolio and the approximate duration of our liabilities, i.e., policy claims of our insurance subsidiaries and our debt obligations.
Other than interest rate and pricing fluctuations related to the
COVID-19
pandemic, there have been no material changes to our quantitative or qualitative market risk exposure from December 31, 2019 through September 30, 2020.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules
13a-15(e)
and
15d-15(e)
under the Exchange Act). Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, at September 30, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, and our disclosure controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information we disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 
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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
During 2020, Donegal Mutual implemented new infrastructure and applications systems that Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries began to utilize for the issuance of new and renewal workers’ compensation policies effective beginning in the second quarter of 2020. Such changes resulted in changes to procedures related to our financial reporting. Prior to the implementation of the new systems, we identified and designed new internal controls that we incorporated into our internal controls over financial reporting. Following the implementation, we validated these new controls according to our established processes. The implementation of the new systems represented the first phase of a multi-year systems modernization initiative Donegal Mutual is implementing to achieve various benefits for Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries, including streamlined workflows and innovative business solutions. We are not implementing these changes in internal controls to respond to any actual or perceived significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting.
Safe Harbor Statement Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995
We base all statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form
10-Q
that are not historic facts on our current expectations. Such statements are forward-looking in nature (as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) and necessarily involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements we make may be identified by our use of words such as “will,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates” and similar expressions. Our actual results could vary materially from our forward-looking statements. The factors that could cause our actual results to vary materially from the forward-looking statements we have previously made include, but are not limited to, prolonged economic challenges resulting from the
COVID-19
pandemic and related business shutdown, adverse and catastrophic weather events, our ability to maintain profitable operations, the adequacy of the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries, the availability and successful operation of the information technology systems our insurance subsidiaries utilize, the successful development of new information technology systems to allow our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively, business and economic conditions in the areas in which we and our insurance subsidiaries operate, interest rates, competition from various insurance and other financial businesses, terrorism, the availability and cost of reinsurance, legal and judicial developments including those related to
COVID-19
business interruption coverage exclusions, adverse litigation and other industry trends that could increase our loss costs, changes in regulatory requirements, changes in our A.M. Best rating, our ability to integrate and manage successfully the companies we may acquire from time to time and the other risks that we describe from time to time in our filings with the SEC. We disclaim any obligation to update such statements or to announce publicly the results of any revisions that we may make to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.
Part II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
None.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Our business, results of operations and financial condition, and, therefore, the value of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock, are subject to a number of risks. For a description of certain risks, we refer to “Risk Factors” in our 2019 Annual Report on Form
10-K
that we filed with the SEC on March 6, 2020. Other than the information we discuss below, there have been no material changes in the risk factors we disclosed in that Form
10-K
Report during the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The emergence of
COVID-19
has impacted the business operations of our insurance subsidiaries, and economic disruption related to the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic may adversely affect our revenues, profitability, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and financial condition.
In the first nine months of 2020, the
COVID-19
pandemic resulted in significant disruptions in economic activity throughout our operating regions.
COVID-19
concerns have also contributed to financial market volatility. We cannot predict at this time the ultimate impact that the economic and financial disruption related to the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic or any other future pandemic will have on us. Risks related to
COVID-19
include, but are not limited to, the following:
 
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The business operations of our insurance subsidiaries could be disrupted by the illness of significant numbers of their employees and remedial efforts that would be required upon discovery of exposure to
COVID-19
within their facilities.
 
 
The business operations of our insurance subsidiaries are dependent upon technology systems for which regular physical access is required to maintain critical operational capabilities. The business operations of our insurance subsidiaries would be adversely impacted by government mandates requiring closure of facilities where those technology systems are located or restricting physical access to such facilities.
 
 
The revenues of our insurance subsidiaries may decrease as a result of reduced demand for their insurance products as the ongoing economic disruption adversely impacts current and potential insurance customers.
 
 
Our insurance subsidiaries may incur an increase in their losses and loss expenses in certain lines of business as a result of
COVID-19
and related economic disruption, and such losses and loss expenses may exceed the reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established or may establish in the future.
 
 
Our insurance subsidiaries may incur increased costs related to legal disputes over policy coverages or exclusions and their defense against litigation related to
COVID-19.
 
 
Legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover.
 
 
Legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may require our insurance subsidiaries to reduce or refund premiums, suspend cancellation of policies for
non-payment
of premiums or otherwise grant extended grace periods and time allowances for the payment of premium balances due to them.
 
 
Our insurance subsidiaries may not be able to collect premium balances due to them, resulting in reduced operating cash flows and an increase in premium write-offs that would increase their operating expenses.
 
 
Our insurance subsidiaries may suffer declines in the market values of their investments as a result of financial market volatility related to
COVID-19
concerns and related economic disruption.
 
 
Our insurance subsidiaries may experience declines in investment income as a result of lower interest rates that may be available upon reinvestment of the proceeds of maturing investments.
 
 
Economic disruption related to
COVID-19
could result in significant declines in the credit quality of issuers, ratings downgrades or changes in financial market conditions and regulatory changes that might adversely impact the value of the fixed-maturity investments that our insurance subsidiaries own.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
 
Period
  
(a) Total Number of
Shares (or Units)
Purchased
  
(b) Average Price Paid
per Share (or Unit)
  
(c) Total Number of
Shares (or Units)
Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
  
(d) Maximum Number
(or Approximate Dollar
Value) of Shares (or Units)
that May Yet Be
Purchased Under the
Plans or Programs
Month #1
July 1-31,
2020
  
Class A – None
Class B – None
  
Class A – None
Class B – None
  
Class A – None
Class B – None
  
Month #2
August 1-31,
2020
  
Class A – 101,667
Class B – None
  
Class A – $14.87
Class B – None
  
Class A – 101,667
Class B – None
   (1)
Month #3
September 1-30,
2020
  
Class A – 180,000
Class B – None
  
Class A – $14.79
Class B – None
  
Class A – 180,000
Class B – None
   (1)
Total
  
Class A – 281,667
Class B – None
  
Class A – $14.82
Class B – None
  
Class A – 281,667
Class B – None
  
 
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(1)
Donegal Mutual purchased these shares pursuant to its announcement on August 17, 2004 that it will, at its discretion, purchase shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock at market prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of SEC Rule
10b-18
and in privately negotiated transactions. Such announcement did not stipulate a maximum number of shares that may be purchased under this program.
Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Removed and Reserved.
Item 5. Other Information.
None.
 
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Item 6. Exhibits.
 
Exhibit No.
  
Description
Exhibit 31.1    Certification of Chief Executive Officer
Exhibit 31.2    Certification of Chief Financial Officer
Exhibit 32.1    Statement of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code
Exhibit 32.2    Statement of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code
Exhibit 101.INS    XBRL Instance Document
Exhibit 101.SCH    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
Exhibit 101.PRE    XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.CAL    XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.LAB    XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
Exhibit 101.DEF    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
 
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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
   
DONEGAL GROUP INC.
November 5, 2020
   
By:
 
/s/ Kevin G. Burke
      Kevin G. Burke, President and Chief Executive Officer
 
November 5, 2020    
By:
 
/s/ Jeffrey D. Miller
      Jeffrey D. Miller, Executive Vice President
      and Chief Financial Officer