DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, INC - Quarter Report: 2023 March (Form 10-Q)

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands except share data) ​

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See the accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

See the accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands) ​

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See the accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(In thousands)

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See the accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(In thousands except share and per share data)

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The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for fiscal year-end financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. For further information, refer to the financial statements and related footnotes included in our 2022 Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-34728) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2023.

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The Company conducts business in two segments: Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions. Under this reporting structure, the Company’s two reportable business segments are as follows: 

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Work Truck Attachments.  The Work Truck Attachments segment includes commercial snow and ice management attachments sold under the FISHER®, WESTERN® and SNOWEX® brands, as well as our vertically integrated products.  This segment consists of our operations that manufacture and sell snow and ice control products.

Work Truck Solutions.  The Work Truck Solutions segment includes manufactured municipal snow and ice control products under the HENDERSON® brand and the up-fit of market leading attachments and storage solutions under the HENDERSON® brand, and the DEJANA® brand and its related sub-brands.

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See Note 15 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for financial information regarding these segments.

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Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Information

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The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2023, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the Condensed Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, have been prepared by the Company and have not been audited.

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The Company’s Work Truck Attachments segment is seasonal and, consequently, its results of operations and financial condition vary from quarter-to-quarter.  Because of this seasonality, the results of operations of the Work Truck Attachments segment for any quarter may not be indicative of results of operations that may be achieved for a subsequent quarter or the full year, and may not be similar to results of operations experienced in prior years. The Company attempts to manage the seasonal impact of snowfall on its revenues in part through its pre-season sales program. This pre-season sales program encourages the Company’s distributors to re-stock their inventory of Work Truck Attachments products during the second and third quarters in anticipation of the peak fourth quarter retail sales period by offering favorable pre-season pricing and payment deferral until the fourth quarter. Thus, the Company’s Work Truck Attachments segment tends to generate its greatest volume of sales during the second and third quarters. By contrast, its revenue and operating results tend to be lowest during the first quarter, as management believes the end-users of Work Truck Attachments products prefer to wait until the beginning of a snow season to purchase new equipment and as the Company’s distributors sell off Work Truck Attachments inventory and wait for the pre-season sales incentive period to re-stock inventory. Fourth quarter sales vary from year-to-year as they are primarily driven by the level, timing and location of snowfall during the quarter. This is because most of the Company’s Work Truck Attachments fourth quarter sales and shipments consist of re-orders by distributors seeking to restock inventory to meet immediate customer needs caused by snowfall during the winter months. In addition, due to the factors noted above, Work Truck Attachments working capital needs are highest in the second and third quarters as its accounts receivable rise from pre-season sales. These working capital needs decline in the fourth quarter as the Company receives payments for its pre-season shipments.  

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Revenue Streams

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The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates revenue. Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company generates all of its revenue from contracts with customers. Additionally, contract amounts represent the full amount of the transaction price as agreed upon with the customer at the time of order, resulting in a single performance obligation in all cases. In the case of a single order containing multiple upfits, the transaction price may represent multiple performance obligations.

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Work Truck Attachments

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The Company recognizes revenue upon shipment of equipment to the customer. Within the Work Truck Attachments segment, the Company offers a variety of discounts and sales incentives to its distributors. The estimated liability for sales discounts and allowances is calculated using the expected value method and recorded at the time of sale as a reduction of net sales. The liability is estimated based on the costs of the program, the planned duration of the program and historical experience.

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The Work Truck Attachments segment has two revenue streams, as identified below.

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Independent Dealer Sales – Revenues from sales to independent dealers are recognized when the customer obtains control of the Company’s product, which occurs at a point in time, typically upon shipment. In these instances, each product is considered a separate performance obligation, and revenue is recognized upon shipment of the goods. Any shipping and handling activities performed by the Company after the transfer of control to the customer (e.g., when control transfers upon shipment) are considered fulfillment activities, and accordingly, the costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized.

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Parts & Accessory Sales – The Company’s equipment is used in harsh conditions and parts frequently wear out. These parts drive recurring revenues through parts and accessory sales. The process for recording parts and accessory sales is consistent with the independent dealer sales noted above.

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Work Truck Solutions

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The Work Truck Solutions segment primarily participates in the truck and vehicle upfitting industry in the United States. Customers are billed separately for the truck chassis by the chassis manufacturer.  The Company only records sales for the amount of the upfit, excluding the truck chassis.  Generally, the Company obtains the truck chassis from the truck chassis manufacturer through either its floor plan agreement with a financial institution or bailment pool agreement with the truck chassis manufacturer. Additionally, in some instances the Company upfits chassis which are owned by the end customer.  For truck chassis acquired through the floor plan agreement, the Company holds title to the vehicle from the time the chassis is received by the Company until the completion of the up-fit.  Under the bailment pool agreement, the Company does not take title to the truck chassis, but rather only holds the truck chassis on consignment.   The Company pays interest on both of these arrangements.  The Company records revenue in the same manner net of the value of the truck chassis in both the Company’s floor plan and bailment pool agreements. The Company does not set the price for the truck chassis, is not responsible for the billing of the chassis and does not have inventory risk in either the bailment pool or floor plan agreements. The Work Truck Solutions segment also has manufacturing operations of municipal snow and ice control equipment, where revenue is recognized upon shipment of equipment to the customer.

Revenues from the sales of the Work Truck Solutions products are recognized net of the truck chassis with the selling price to the customer recorded as sales and the manufacturing and up-fit cost of the product recorded as Cost of sales. In these cases, the Company acts as an agent as it does not have inventory or pricing control over the truck chassis.  Within the Work Truck Solutions segment, the Company also sells certain third-party products for which it acts as an agent.  These sales do not meet the criteria for gross sales recognition, and thus are recognized on a net basis at the time of sale. Under net sales recognition, the cost paid to the third-party service provider is recorded as a reduction to sales, resulting in net sales being equal to the gross profit on the transaction.

The Work Truck Solutions segment has four revenue streams, as identified below.

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State and Local Bids – The Company records revenue of separately sold snow and ice equipment upon shipment and fully upfit vehicles upon delivery.  The state and local bid process does not obligate the entity to buy any products from the Company, but merely allows the entity to purchase products in the future, typically for a fixed period of time. The entity commits to actually purchasing products from the Company when it issues purchase orders off of a previously awarded bid, which lists out actual quantities of equipment being ordered and the delivery terms. On upfit transactions, the Company is providing a significant service by assembling and integrating the individual products onto the customer’s truck. Each individual product and installation activity is highly interdependent and highly interrelated, and therefore the Company considers the manufacture and upfit of a truck a single performance obligation. Any shipping and handling activities performed by the Company after the transfer of control to the Customer (e.g., when control transfers upon shipment) are considered fulfillment activities, and accordingly, the costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized.

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Fleet Upfit Sales – The Company enters into contracts with certain fleet customers. Fleet agreements create enforceable rights without the issuance of a purchase order. Typically, these agreements outline the terms of sale, payment terms, standard pricing, and the rights of the customer and seller. Fleet sales are performed on both customer owned vehicles as well as non-customer owned vehicles.  For non-customer owned vehicles, revenue is recognized at a point in time upon delivery of the truck to the customer. For customer-owned vehicles, per Topic 606, revenue is recognized over time based on a cost input method. The Company accumulates costs incurred on partially completed customer-owned upfits based on estimated margin and completion. The Company books an adjustment to account for revenue over time related to customer owned vehicles, which increased revenue by $291 and increased revenue by $634 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. 

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Dealer Upfit Sales – The Company upfits work trucks for independent dealer customers. Dealer upfit revenue is recorded upon delivery. The customer does not own the vehicles during the upfit process, and as such revenue is recorded at a point in time upon delivery to the customer.

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Over the Counter / Parts & Accessory Sales – Work Truck Solutions part and accessory sales are recorded as revenue upon shipment. Additionally, customers can purchase parts at any of the Company’s showrooms.  In these instances, each product is considered a separate performance obligation, and revenue is recognized upon shipment of the goods or customer pick up.

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Disaggregation of Revenue

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The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by customer type and timing of revenue recognition, and includes a reconciliation of the disaggregated revenue with reportable segments.

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Revenue by customer type was as follows:

Revenue by timing of revenue recognition was as follows:

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Contract Balances

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The following table shows the changes in the Company’s contract liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively:

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The Company receives payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules. Contract assets include amounts related to the contractual right to consideration for completed performance obligations. There were no contract assets as of March 31, 2023 or 2022. Contract liabilities include payments received in advance of performance under the contract, variable freight allowances which are refunded to the customer, and rebates paid to distributors under our municipal rebate program, and are realized with the associated revenue recognized under the contract.

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The Company recognized revenue of $1,735 and $349 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which was included in contract liabilities at the beginning of each period. 

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The majority of the Company’s accounts receivable are due from distributors of truck equipment and dealers of completed upfit trucks. Credit is extended based on an evaluation of a customer’s financial condition. A receivable is considered past due if payments have not been received within agreed upon invoice terms. Accounts receivable are written off after all collection efforts have been exhausted. The Company takes a security interest in the inventory as collateral for the receivable but often does not have a priority security interest. The Company has short-term accounts receivable at its Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions segments subject to evaluation for expected credit losses. Expected credit losses are estimated based on the loss-rate and probability of default methods. On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its accounts receivable and establishes the allowance for credit losses based on specific customer circumstances, past events including collections and write-off history, current conditions, and reasonable forecasts about the future. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had an allowance for credit losses on its trade accounts receivable of $1,098 and $432 at its Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions segments, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had an allowance for credit losses on its trade accounts receivable of $1,000 and $366 at its Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions segments, respectively.

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The following table rolls forward the activity related to credit losses for trade accounts receivable at each segment, and on a consolidated basis for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

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Fair value is the price at which an asset could be exchanged in a current transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties. A liability’s fair value is defined as the amount that would be paid to transfer the liability to a new obligor, not the amount that would be paid to settle the liability with the creditor.  Fair value measurements are categorized into one of three levels based on the lowest level of significant input used: Level 1 (unadjusted quoted prices in active markets); Level 2 (observable market inputs available at the measurement date, other than quoted prices included in Level 1); and Level 3 (unobservable inputs that cannot be corroborated by observable market data).

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The following table presents financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and discloses the fair value of long-term debt:

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(a)  Included in Non-qualified benefit plan assets is the cash surrender value of insurance policies on various individuals that are associated with the Company. The carrying amount of these insurance policies approximates their fair value and is considered Level 2 inputs.

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(b) Valuation models are calibrated to initial trade price. Subsequent valuations are based on observable inputs to the valuation model (e.g. interest rates and credit spreads). Model inputs are changed only when corroborated by market data. A credit risk adjustment is made on each swap using observable market credit spreads. Thus, inputs used to determine fair value of the interest rate swap are Level 2 inputs.  Interest rate swaps of $3,938 and $1,196 at March 31, 2023 are included in Prepaid and other current assets and Other long-term assets, respectively.  Interest rate swaps of $4,120 and $2,919 at December 31, 2022 are included in Prepaid  and other current assets and Other long-term assets, respectively.

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(c)  The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, including current maturities, is based on rates for instruments with comparable maturities and credit quality (Level 2 inputs), and approximates its carrying value. Prior to the Company’s most recent debt refinancing, the fair value of the Company’s long-term debt, including current maturities, was estimated using discounted cash flows based on the Company’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements, which was a Level 2 input. See Note 9 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Long-term debt is recorded at carrying amount, net of discount and deferred debt issuance costs, as disclosed on the face of the balance sheet.

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Inventories consist of the following: ​

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The inventories in the table above do not include truck chassis inventory financed through a floor plan financing agreement, which are recorded separately on the balance sheet. The Company takes title to truck chassis upon receipt of the inventory through its floor plan agreement and performs up-fitting service installations to the truck chassis inventory during the installation period.  The floor plan obligation is then assumed by the dealer customer upon delivery.  During the fourth quarter of 2021, a separate financing agreement was entered into that does not pass title of the truck chassis upon receipt of the inventory. As a result, most of the floor plan truck chassis previously recorded on the balance sheet fall under this new financing agreement, and only the trucks still covered under the previous floor plan financing agreement remain on the balance sheet. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $1,213 and $1,211, respectively, of chassis inventory and $1,213 and $1,211 of related floor plan financing obligation, respectively. The Company recognizes revenue associated with up-fitting and service installations net of the truck chassis.

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Property, plant and equipment are summarized as follows: ​

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The Company has operating leases for manufacturing and upfit facilities, land and parking lots, warehousing space and certain equipment. The leases have remaining lease terms of less than one year to 13 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 10 years. Such renewal options were not included in the determination of the lease term unless deemed reasonably certain of exercise. The discount rate used in measuring the lease liabilities is based on the Company’s interest rate on its secured Term Loan Credit Agreement. Certain of the Company’s leases contain escalating rental payments based on an index. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

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Lease Expense

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The components of lease expense, which are included in Cost of sales and Selling, general and administrative expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss), were as follows:

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Cash Flow

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Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows:

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Balance Sheet

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Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:  

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Lease Maturities

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Maturities of leases were as follows:

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The following is a summary of the Company’s other intangible assets:

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Amortization expense for intangible assets was $2,630 and $2,630 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for the remainder of 2023 and each of the succeeding five years is as follows:

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Long-term debt is summarized below:

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On January 5, 2023, the Company entered into that certain Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement and Revolving Credit Commitment Increase Supplement (“Amendment No. 1”) by and among the Company, the Borrowers, the financial institutions listed in Amendment No. 1 as lenders, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, which amended the Credit Agreement, dated as of  June 9, 2021 (as amended by Amendment No. 1, the “Credit Agreement”), and pursuant to which, among other things, (i) the Revolving Loan Borrowers exercised a portion of the Revolving Commitment Increase Option (as defined below) and increased the revolving commitment under the Credit Agreement by $50,000 for a total of $150,000 in the aggregate and (ii) the London Interbank Offered Rate pricing option under the Credit Agreement was replaced with a Term SOFR Rate pricing option. Deferred financing costs of $334 are being amortized over the term of the loan.

The Company will be required to pay a fee for unused amounts under the senior secured revolving facility in an amount ranging from 0.150% to 0.300% of the average daily unused portion of the senior secured revolving credit facility, depending on Douglas Dynamics, L.L.C.'s ("DDI LLC") Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Credit Agreement provides that the senior secured term loan facility will bear interest at (i) the Term SOFR Rate for the applicable interest period plus (ii) a margin ranging from 1.375% to 2.00%, depending on the DDI LLC’s Leverage Ratio. The Credit Agreement provides that the Revolving Loan Borrowers have the option to select whether the senior secured revolving credit facility borrowings will bear interest at either (i)(a) the Term SOFR Rate for the applicable interest period plus (b) 0.10% plus (c) a margin ranging from 1.375% to 2.00%, depending on DDI LLC’s Leverage Ratio, or (ii) a margin ranging from 0.375% to 1.00% per annum, depending on DDI LLC’s Leverage Ratio, plus the greatest of (which if the following would be less than 1.00%, such rate shall be deemed to be 1.00%) (a) the Prime Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) in effect on such day, (b) the NYFRB Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus 0.50% and (c) the Term SOFR Rate for a one month interest plus 0.10% (the “Adjusted Term SOFR Rate”). If the Adjusted Term SOFR Rate for the applicable interest period is less than zero, such rate shall be deemed to be zero for purposes of calculating the foregoing interest rates in the Credit Agreement.

Following Amendment No. 1, the Credit Agreement provides for a senior secured term loan in the amount of $225,000 and a senior secured revolving credit facility in the amount of $150,000, of which $10,000 will be available in the form of letters of credit and $15,000 will be available for the issuance of short-term swingline loans. The Credit Agreement also allows the Company to request increases to the revolving commitments and/or incremental term loans in an aggregate amount not in excess of $175,000 (the "Revolving Commitment Increase Option"), subject to specified terms and conditions. The final maturity date of the Credit Agreement is June 9, 2026. The Company applied the proceeds of the senior secured term loan facility under the Credit Agreement to refinance its existing senior secured term loan and revolving credit facilities and for the payment of transaction consideration and expenses in connection with the Credit Agreement.

The Credit Agreement was issued at a $563 discount which is being amortized over the term of the term loan. Additionally, deferred financing costs of $1,409 are being amortized over the term of the loan. The Company’s entrance into the Credit Agreement and subsequent settlement of its prior credit agreements is accounted for as an extinguishment of the Company’s prior debt under ASC 470-50, which resulted in the write off of unamortized capitalized deferred financing costs of $972 as well as the write off of unamortized debt discount of $3,964, resulting in a loss on extinguishment of debt of $4,936 in the Consolidated Statement Operations and Comprehensive Income for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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At March 31, 2023, the Company had outstanding borrowings under its term loan of $204,953, $52,000 in outstanding borrowings on its revolving credit facility, and remaining borrowing availability of $97,450. At December 31, 2022, the Company had outstanding borrowings under its term loan of $207,737, no outstanding borrowings on its revolving credit facility, and remaining borrowing availability of $99,450.  

The Credit Agreement includes customary representations, warranties and negative and affirmative covenants, as well as customary events of default and certain cross default provisions that could result in acceleration of the Credit Agreement. In addition, the Credit Agreement requires the Company to have a Leverage Ratio of not more than 3.50 to 1.00 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter commencing with the fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2021, and to have a Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of not less than 3.00 to 1.00 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter commencing with the fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2021. As of  March 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with the respective covenants.

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On June 13, 2019, the Company entered into an interest rate swap agreement to reduce its exposure to interest rate volatility. The interest rate swap has a notional amount of $175,000 effective for the period May 31, 2019 through May 31, 2024. The Company may have counterparty credit risk resulting from the interest rate swap, which it monitors on an on-going basis. The risk lies with one global financial institution. Under the interest rate swap agreement, the Company will either receive or make payments on a monthly basis based on the differential between 2.495% and LIBOR. The interest rate swap was previously accounted for as a cash flow hedge. During the first quarter of 2020, the swap was determined to be ineffective. As a result, the swap was dedesignated on March 19, 2020, and the remaining losses included in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets would be amortized into interest expense on a straight-line basis through the life of the swap. The amount amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was ($291) and ($291), respectively. A mark-to-market adjustment of $119 and $119 was recorded as Interest expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended  March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to the swap. 

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On June 9, 2021, in conjunction with entering into the Credit Agreement described above, the Company re-designated its swap. As a result, the swap will be recorded at fair value with changes recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The amortization from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings from the previous dedesignation has been adjusted as of June 9, 2021 to include the de-recognition of previously recognized mark-to-market gains and the amortization of the off-market component as of the re-designation date, and will continue to be recognized through the life of the swap. The amount expected to be amortized from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings in the next twelve months is $687.

On May 19, 2022, the Company entered into an interest rate swap agreement to further reduce its exposure to interest rate volatility. The interest rate swap has a notional amount of $125,000 effective for the period May 31, 2024 through June 9, 2026. The Company may have counterparty credit risk resulting from the interest rate swap, which it monitors on an on-going basis. The risk lies with two global financial institutions. Under the interest rate swap agreement, the Company will either receive or make payments on a monthly basis based on the differential between 2.718% and SOFR. The interest rate swap is accounted for as a cash flow hedge.

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The interest rate swaps' positive fair value at March 31, 2023 was $5,134, of which $3,938 and $1,196 are included in Prepaid and other current assets and Other long-term assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, respectively.  The interest rate swaps' positive fair value at  December 31, 2022 was $7,039, of which $4,120 and $2,919 are included in Prepaid and other current assets and Other long-term assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet, respectively. 

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Accrued expenses and other current liabilities are summarized as follows:

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The Company accrues for estimated warranty costs as sales are recognized and periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amount as necessary. The Company’s warranties generally provide, with respect to its snow and ice control equipment, that all material and workmanship will be free from defect for a period of two years after the date of purchase by the end-user, and with respect to its parts and accessories purchased separately, that such parts and accessories will be free from defect for a period of one year after the date of purchase by the end-user.  All of the Company’s warranties are assurance-type warranties. Certain snowplows only provide for a one year warranty.  The Company determines the amount of the estimated warranty costs (and its corresponding warranty reserve) based on the Company’s prior five years of warranty history utilizing a formula driven by historical warranty expense and applying management’s judgment.  The Company adjusts its historical warranty costs to take into account unique factors such as the introduction of new products into the marketplace that do not provide a historical warranty record to assess. The warranty reserve was $6,817 at March 31, 2023, of which $2,727 is included in Other long-term liabilities and $4,090 is included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The warranty reserve was $7,876 at December 31, 2022, of which $3,318 is included in Other long-term liabilities and $4,558 is included in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. 

The following is a rollforward of the Company’s warranty liability: ​

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Basic loss per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share of common stock is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares, using the two-class method. As the Company has granted RSUs that both participate in dividend equivalents and do not participate in dividend equivalents, the Company has calculated earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method, which is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participation rights in undistributed losses. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common shares and participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common stock and dilutive common stock outstanding during the period.  Potential common shares in the diluted net loss per share computation are excluded to the extent that they would be anti-dilutive. Weighted average of potentially dilutive non-participating RSU's were 0 and 5,194 in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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2010 Stock Incentive Plan

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In May 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors and stockholders adopted the 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”). The material terms of the performance goals under the 2010 Plan, as amended and restated, were approved by stockholders at the Company’s 2014 annual meeting of stockholders and the plan’s term was extended further by the stockholders at the Company’s 2020 annual meeting of stockholders.  The 2010 Plan provides for the issuance of nonqualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), any of which may be performance-based, and for incentive bonuses, which may be paid in cash or stock or a combination of both, to eligible employees, officers, non-employee directors and other service providers to the Company and its subsidiaries.  A maximum of 2,130,000 shares of common stock may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2010 Plan.

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Equity awards issued to management include a retirement provision under which members of management who either (1) are age 65 or older or (2) have at least ten years of service and are at least age 55 will continue to vest in unvested equity awards upon retirement. The retirement provision also stipulates that the employee remain employed by the Company for six months after the first day of the fiscal year of the grant.  As the retirement provision does not qualify as a substantive service condition, the Company incurred $1,020 and $923 in the in three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, in additional expense for employees who meet the thresholds of the retirement provision. In 2013, the Company’s Nominating and Governance Committee of its Board of Directors approved a retirement provision for the RSUs issued to non-employee directors that accelerates the vesting of such awards upon retirement.  Such awards are fully expensed immediately upon grant in accordance with ASC 718, as the retirement provision eliminates substantive service conditions associated with the awards.

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Performance Share Unit Awards

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The Company grants performance share units as performance-based awards under the 2010 Plan that are subject to performance conditions over a three year performance period beginning in the year of the grant. Upon meeting the prescribed performance conditions, employees will be issued shares which vest immediately at the end of the measurement period. In accordance with ASC 718, such awards are being expensed over the vesting period from the date of grant through the requisite service period, based upon the most probable outcome.  The fair value per share of the awards is the closing stock price on the date of grant, which was $37.36. The Company recognized ($417) and $659 of compensation expense related to the awards in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.  The unrecognized compensation expense calculated under the fair value method for shares that were, as of  March 31, 2023 expected to be earned through the requisite service period was approximately $5,074 and is expected to be recognized through 2026.

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Restricted Stock Unit Awards

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RSUs are granted to both non-employee directors and management.  RSUs do not carry voting rights. While all non-employee director RSUs participate in dividend equivalents, there are two classes of management RSUs, one that participates in dividend equivalents, and a second that does not participate in dividend equivalents.  Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock and is subject to time-based vesting restrictions. Participants are not required to pay any consideration to the Company at either the time of grant of a RSU or upon vesting.

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A summary of RSU activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is as follows: 

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The Company recognized $1,374 and $1,241 of compensation expense related to the RSU awards in the three months ended  March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.  The unrecognized compensation expense calculated under the fair value method for shares that were, as of March 31, 2023, expected to be earned through the requisite service period was approximately $3,578 and is expected to be recognized through 2026.

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For grants to non-employee directors, vesting occurs as of the grant date. Vested director RSUs are ‘‘settled’’ by the delivery to the participant or a designated brokerage firm of one share of common stock per vested RSU as soon as reasonably practicable following a termination of service of the participant that constitutes a separation from service, or as soon as reasonably practicable upon grant if such election is made by the non-employee director, and in all events no later than the end of the calendar year in which such termination of service occurs or, if later, two and one-half months after such termination of service. Vested management RSUs are “settled” by the delivery to the participant or a designated brokerage firm of one share of common stock per vested RSU as soon as reasonably practicable following vesting.

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In the ordinary course of business, the Company is engaged in various litigation including product liability and intellectual property disputes.  However, the Company does not believe that any pending litigation will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position.  In addition, the Company is not currently a party to any environmental-related claims or legal matters.

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The Company’s two reportable business segments are as follows: 

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Work Truck Attachments.  The Work Truck Attachments segment includes commercial snow and ice management attachments sold under the FISHER®, WESTERN® and SNOWEX® brands, as well as our vertically integrated products.  This segment consists of our operations that manufacture and sell snow and ice control products.

Work Truck Solutions.  The Work Truck Solutions segment includes manufactured municipal snow and ice control products under the HENDERSON® brand and the up-fit of market leading attachments and storage solutions under the HENDERSON® brand, and the DEJANA® brand and its related sub-brands.

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Separate financial information is available for the two reportable segments. In addition, segment results include an allocation of all corporate costs to Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions.

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Segment performance is evaluated based on segment net sales and Adjusted EBITDA. Segment results include an allocation of all corporate costs. No single customer’s revenues amounted to 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue. Sales are primarily within the United States and substantially all assets are located within the United States.

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All intersegment sales are eliminated in consolidation. Sales between Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions reflect the Company’s intercompany pricing policy. The following table shows summarized financial information concerning the Company’s reportable segments:

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The Company’s effective tax rate was 21.1% and 20.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was higher than the prior year periods due to discrete tax expense of $148 in the three months ended March 31, 2023 versus discrete tax expense of $93 in the three months ended March 31, 2022 related to excess tax from stock compensation.

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Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.  The largest item affecting deferred taxes is the difference between book and tax amortization of goodwill and other intangibles amortization.

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Changes to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are as follows:

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Changes to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component for the three months ended March 31, 2022, are as follows:​

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 ​Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

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The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes which are included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as the information contained in our Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-34728) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, unless the context indicates otherwise: “Douglas Dynamics,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us” refer to Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

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Forward-Looking Statements

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This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).  These statements include information relating to future events, product demand, the payment of dividends, future financial performance, strategies, expectations, competitive environment, regulation and availability of financial resources.  These statements are often identified by use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “continue,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “predict,” “will” and similar expressions and include references to assumptions and relate to our future prospects, developments and business strategies.  Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.  Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to: (i) weather conditions, particularly lack of or reduced levels of snowfall and the timing of such snowfall, including as a result of global climate change; (ii) our ability to manage general economic, business and geopolitical conditions, including the impacts of natural disasters, adverse developments affecting the banking and financial services industries, pandemics and outbreaks of contagious diseases and other adverse public health developments, such as the COVID-19 pandemic (iii) our inability to maintain good relationships with the original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”) with whom we currently do significant business; (iv) the inability of our suppliers and OEM partners to meet our volume or quality requirements; (v) increases in the price of steel or other materials, including as a result of tariffs or inflationary conditions, necessary for the production of our products that cannot be passed on to our distributors; (vi) increases in the price of fuel or freight,  (vii) the effects of laws and regulations (including those enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic) and their interpretations on our business and financial condition, including policy or regulatory changes related to climate change; (viii) a significant decline in economic conditions, including as a result of global health epidemics such as COVID-19; (ix) our inability to maintain good relationships with our distributors; (x) lack of available or favorable financing options for our end-users, distributors or customers; (xi) inaccuracies in our estimates of future demand for our products; (xii) our inability to protect or continue to build our intellectual property portfolio; (xiii) the effects of laws and regulations and their interpretations on our business and financial condition; (xiv) our inability to develop new products or improve upon existing products in response to end-user needs; (xv) losses due to lawsuits arising out of personal injuries associated with our products; (xvi) factors that could impact the future declaration and payment of dividends or our ability to execute repurchases under our stock repurchase program; (xvii) our inability to compete effectively against competition; (xviii) our inability to successfully execute our acquisition strategy; and (xix) our inability to achieve the projected financial performance with the assets of Dejana, which we acquired in 2016 and unexpected costs or liabilities related to such acquisition, as well as those discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, if any, or in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.  Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.  In addition, the forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speak only as of the date hereof and we undertake no obligation, except as required by law, to update or release any revisions to any forward-looking statement, even if new information becomes available in the future.

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Results of Operations

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The Company’s two reportable business segments are as follows:  

Work Truck Attachments.  The Work Truck Attachments segment includes commercial snow and ice management attachments sold under the FISHER®, WESTERN® and SNOWEX® brands, as well as our vertically integrated products.  This segment consists of our operations that manufacture and sell snow and ice control products. As described under “Seasonality and Year-To-Year Variability,” the Work Truck Attachments Segment is seasonal and, as a result, its results of operations can vary from quarter-to-quarter and from year-to-year.

Work Truck Solutions.  The Work Truck Solutions segment includes manufactured municipal snow and ice control products under the HENDERSON® brand and the up-fit of market leading attachments and storage solutions under the HENDERSON® brand, and the DEJANA® brand and its related sub-brands.

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In addition, segment results include an allocation of all corporate costs to Work Truck Attachments and Work Truck Solutions.

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Market Pressures and COVID-19

 ​As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the market volatility, labor shortages, inflationary pressures, especially around the price of steel, and other economic implications associated with the pandemic and the economic and regulatory measures enacted to contain its spread, our results of operations were impacted in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, and may be significantly impacted in future quarters. See below for further discussion of the impact to our financial statements. We are not able to predict the full impact of the pandemic and related market conditions and pressures on our future financial results as the situation remains unpredictable, but the pandemic and market pressures have had and are likely to continue to have a material impact on our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition, results have been and may continue to be impacted in future quarters due to supply chain constraints and inflation stemming from the pandemic and other market pressures, including the conflict in Ukraine, including constraints around chassis and other component parts, inflation in materials and freight, and labor availability. In consideration of the COVID-19 pandemic and other market pressures, including the conflict in Ukraine, we expect that cash on hand and cash we generate from operations, as well as available credit under our senior credit facilities, will provide adequate funds for the foreseeable future. We are taking appropriate steps to mitigate the effects of the pandemic and other market pressures where possible. 

Overview

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The following table sets forth, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the consolidated statements of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries.  All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.  In the table below and throughout this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” consolidated statements of operations data for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 have been derived from our unaudited consolidated financial statements. The information contained in the table below should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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The following table sets forth for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the percentage of certain items in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss), relative to net sales: ​

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Net Sales

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Net sales were $82.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $102.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022, a decrease of $20.1, or 19.6%. The decrease in sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 is a result of lower volumes at our Work Truck Attachments segment attributable to low snowfall during the snow season ended in March 2023. See below for a discussion of net sales for each of our segments.

Net sales at our Work Truck Attachments segment were $19.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $45.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022, a decrease of $26.6 million. The decrease in the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to low snowfall in our core markets leading to lower volumes. The most recent snow season ended March 2023 was approximately 14% below the 10-year average. In particular, many large metropolitan areas on the East Coast saw the lowest snowfall levels in decades for the season, which significantly impacted volumes for the segment in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

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Net sales at our Work Truck Solutions segment were $63.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $56.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022, an increase of $6.5 million. The increase in sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 was a result of improved volumes, as well as price increase realization. 

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Cost of Sales

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Cost of sales was $71.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $81.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, a decrease of $10.2 million or 12.5%. The decrease in cost of sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year was driven by the lower volumes at Work Truck Attachments. Cost of sales as a percentage of sales were 86.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to 79.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase in cost of sales as a percentage of sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was due to the lower volumes at Work Truck Attachments.  

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Gross Profit

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Gross profit was $11.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $21.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, a decrease of $9.8 million, or 46.4%. The change in gross profit is attributable to the changes in sales as discussed above under “—Net Sales.”  As a percentage of net sales, gross profit decreased from 20.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 to 13.7% for the corresponding period in 2023. The reasons for the change in gross profit as a percentage of net sales are the same as those relating to the changes in cost of sales as a percentage of sales discussed above under “—Cost of Sales.”

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

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Selling, general and administrative expenses, including intangibles amortization, were $25.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $24.0 million for the three months ended  March 31, 2022, an increase of $1.1 million, or 4.6%. The increase in the three months ended March 31, 2023 is related to increased salaries and benefits as a result of inflation, travel expenditures, as well as other discretionary spending as spending was lower in the first quarter of 2022 due to the impact of the Omicron variant of COVID-19.

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Interest Expense

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Interest expense was $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, an increase compared to the $2.1 million incurred in the same period in the prior year. The increase in interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was due to higher interest on our revolver of $0.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023, due to having higher revolver borrowings during the quarter compared to the prior year. In addition, the increase in the three months ended March 31, 2023 was due higher interest on our term loan of $0.3 million related to higher interest rates. See Note 9 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Income Taxes

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The Company’s effective tax rate was 21.1% and 20.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was higher than the prior year periods due to discrete tax expense of $0.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 versus discrete tax expense of $0.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022 related to excess tax from stock compensation.

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Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.  The largest item affecting deferred taxes is the difference between book and tax amortization of goodwill and other intangibles amortization.

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Net Loss

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Net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was ($13.1) million, compared to a net loss of ($3.9) million for the corresponding period in 2022, an increase of $9.2 million. The change in net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was driven by the factors described above under “— Net Sales,” “— Cost of Sales,” “— Selling, General and Administrative Expense,” and “— Income Taxes.”  As a percentage of net sales, net loss was (15.9%) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to (4.0%) for the three months ended March 31, 2022. 

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Discussion of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

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There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates previously disclosed in our Form 10-K (Commission File No. 001-34728) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation — Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.”

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

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Our principal sources of cash have been, and we expect will continue to be, cash from operations and borrowings under our senior credit facilities.

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Our primary uses of cash are to provide working capital, meet debt service requirements, finance capital expenditures, pay dividends under our dividend policy and support our growth, including through potential acquisitions, and for other general corporate purposes. For a description of the seasonality of our working capital rates see “—Seasonality and Year-To-Year Variability.”

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Our Board of Directors has adopted a dividend policy that reflects an intention to distribute to our stockholders a regular quarterly cash dividend. The declaration and payment of these dividends to holders of our common stock is at the discretion of our Board of Directors and depends upon many factors, including our financial condition and earnings, legal requirements, taxes and other factors our Board of Directors may deem to be relevant. The terms of our indebtedness may also restrict us from paying cash dividends on our common stock under certain circumstances. As a result of this dividend policy, we may not have significant cash available to meet any large unanticipated liquidity requirements. As a result, we may not retain a sufficient amount of cash to fund our operations or to finance unanticipated capital expenditures or growth opportunities, including acquisitions. Our Board of Directors may, however, amend, revoke or suspend our dividend policy at any time and for any reason.

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On February 16, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to $50.0 million in shares of common stock at market value. This authorization does not have an expiration date. Repurchases under the program may be made in the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, with the amount and timing of repurchases depending on market conditions and corporate needs. The Company may also, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 trading plans to facilitate repurchases of its shares under this authorization. This program does not obligate the Company to acquire any particular amount of shares and the program may be extended, modified, suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion.

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As of March 31, 2023, we had $100.4 million of total liquidity, comprised of $2.9 million in cash and cash equivalents and $97.5 million of borrowing availability under our revolving credit facility, compared with total liquidity as of December 31, 2022 of approximately $120.2 million, comprised of approximately $20.7 million in cash and cash equivalents and borrowing availability of approximately $99.5 million under our revolving credit facility. The change in our total liquidity from December 31, 2022 is primarily due to the seasonality of our business, as well as an increase of $50.0 million in the borrowing capacity of our revolving credit facility as a result of the January 5, 2023 amendment; see Note 9 for additional information. We have taken various steps to preserve liquidity, including reducing discretionary spending and deferring payments where appropriate within existing contractual terms, while remaining committed to long-term growth projects. We expect that cash on hand and cash we generate from operations, as well as available credit under our senior credit facilities, will provide adequate funds for the primary uses of cash we describe above for the foreseeable future. From time to time, we may seek additional funding through the issuance of debt or equity securities to provide additional liquidity to fund acquisitions aligned with our strategic priorities and for other general corporate purposes.

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The following table shows our cash and cash equivalents, net accounts receivable and inventories in thousands at March 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022. 

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We had cash and cash equivalents of $2.9 million at March 31, 2023 compared to cash and cash equivalents of $20.7 million and $8.2 million at December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2022, respectively.  The table below sets forth a summary of the significant sources and uses of cash for the periods presented in thousands.

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Net cash used in operating activities increased $30.9 million from the three months ended March 31, 2022 to the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in cash used in operating activities was due to a $12.2 million increase in net loss adjusted for reconciling items, as well as unfavorable changes in working capital of $18.8 million. The largest unfavorable changes in working capital were a decrease in accounts payable attributable to the timing of supplier payments, as well as an increase in inventory due to a higher level of finished goods at Work Truck Attachments, as inventory in the prior year was affected by production disruptions related to the Omicron variant of COVID-19, as well as the pulling forward of purchases in anticipation of inflationary price increases and supply chain disruptions, and higher material costs due to inflation.  

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Net cash used in investing activities increased $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 when compared to the corresponding period in 2022 due to a higher level of capital expenditures.

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Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities increased $42.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the corresponding period in 2022. The increase in cash provided was related to having $52.0 million in revolver borrowings outstanding at March 31, 2023 compared to $12.0 million in revolver borrowings outstanding at March 31, 2022. See Note 9 to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. In addition, the increase in cash provided is an increase related to executing no stock repurchases in the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $3.0 million in repurchases in the same period in the prior year.

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Free Cash Flow

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Free cash flow for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was ($59.7) million compared to ($28.2) million in the corresponding period in 2022, a decrease of $31.5 million. The decrease in free cash flow for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is primarily a result of higher cash used in operating activities of $30.9 million as discussed above under “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”     

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

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This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains financial information calculated other than in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).

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These non-GAAP measures include:

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These non-GAAP disclosures should not be construed as an alternative to the reported results determined in accordance with GAAP.

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Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure which we define as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less capital expenditures.  Free cash flow should be evaluated in addition to, and not considered a substitute for, other financial measures such as net income and cash flow provided by (used in) operations.  We believe that free cash flow represents our ability to generate additional cash flow from our business operations.

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The following table reconciles net cash used in operating activities, a GAAP measure, to free cash flow, a non-GAAP measure.

Adjusted EBITDA represents net income before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, as further adjusted for certain charges consisting of unrelated legal and consulting fees, severance, restructuring charges, stock-based compensation, certain non-cash purchase accounting expenses, impairment charges, expenses related to debt modifications, loss on extinguishment of debt, and incremental costs incurred in 2022 related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Such COVID-19 related costs include increased expenses directly related to the pandemic, and do not include either production related overhead inefficiencies or lost or deferred sales. We believe these costs are out of the ordinary, unrelated to our business and not representative of our results. We use, and we believe our investors benefit from the presentation of, Adjusted EBITDA in evaluating our operating performance because it provides us and our investors with additional tools to compare our operating performance on a consistent basis by removing the impact of certain items that management believes do not directly reflect our core operations. In addition, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors and other external users of our consolidated financial statements in evaluating our operating performance as compared to that of other companies, because it allows them to measure a company’s operating performance without regard to items such as interest expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization, which can vary substantially from company to company depending upon accounting methods and book value of assets and liabilities, capital structure and the method by which assets were acquired. Our management also uses Adjusted EBITDA for planning purposes, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and financial projections. Management also uses Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate our ability to make certain payments, including dividends, in compliance with our senior credit facilities, which is determined based on a calculation of “Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA” that is substantially similar to Adjusted EBITDA.

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Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. As a result, you should not consider it in isolation, or as a substitute for net income, operating income, cash flow from operating activities or any other measure of financial performance or liquidity presented in accordance with GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

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The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, to Adjusted EBITDA as well as the resulting calculation of Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022: