DZS INC. - Quarter Report: 2013 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013

OR

For the transition period from              to             

000-32743

(Commission File Number)

ZHONE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(510) 777-7000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes   x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

As of May 1, 2013, there were approximately 31,120,441 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ZHONE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except par value)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ZHONE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In thousands, except per share data)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ZHONE TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Zhone Technologies, Inc. (sometimes referred to, collectively with its subsidiaries, as “Zhone” or the “Company”) designs, develops and manufactures communications network equipment for telecommunications, wireless and cable operators worldwide. The Company’s products allow network service providers to deliver video and interactive entertainment services in addition to their existing voice and data service offerings. The Company was incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware in June 1999. The Company began operations in September 1999 and is headquartered in Oakland, California.

The condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, except as noted below) that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. In the quarter ended March 31, 2013, the Company recorded a $0.6 million credit to the statement of comprehensive income as a result of a vendor refund received in 2013 which related to overpayments made in 2012. The results of operations for the current interim period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the current year or any other period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. Although the Company generated net income in the fourth quarter of 2012 and the first quarter of 2013, the Company incurred a net loss for the year ended December 31, 2012 and expects that operating losses may continue in 2013. As of March 31, 2013, the Company had approximately $11.7 million in cash and cash equivalents and $10.0 million in current debt outstanding under its revolving line of credit and letter of credit facility (the “WFB Facility”) with Wells Fargo Bank (“WFB”). The Company currently expects to repay the WFB Facility within the next twelve months. The Company entered into its WFB Facility to provide liquidity and working capital through March 12, 2014, as discussed in Note 5.

Global economic and market conditions could impact the Company’s business in a number of ways, including:

If the economic, market and geopolitical conditions in the United States and the rest of the world do not continue to improve or if they deteriorate, the Company may experience material adverse impacts on its business, operating results and financial condition.

In order to meet the Company’s liquidity needs and finance its capital expenditures and working capital needs for the business, the Company may be required to sell assets, issue debt or equity securities or borrow on unfavorable terms. Continued uncertainty in credit markets may negatively impact the Company’s ability to access debt financing or to refinance existing indebtedness in the future on favorable terms, or at all. The Company may be unable to sell assets, issue securities or access additional indebtedness to meet these needs on favorable terms, or at all. As a result, the Company may become unable to pay its ordinary expenses, including its debt service, on a timely basis. The Company’s current lack of liquidity could harm it by:

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If additional capital is raised through the issuance of debt securities or other debt financing, the terms of such debt may include covenants, restrictions and financial ratios that may restrict the Company’s ability to operate its business. Likewise, any equity financing could result in additional dilution of the Company’s stockholders. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital or is required to obtain additional capital on terms that are not favorable, it may be required to reduce the scope of its planned product development and sales and marketing efforts beyond the reductions it has previously taken. In addition, the Company may be required to reduce its operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount. Based on the Company’s current plans and business conditions, it believes that its existing cash, cash equivalents and available credit facilities will be sufficient to satisfy its anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve months.

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

The Company recognizes revenue when the earnings process is complete. The Company recognizes product revenue upon shipment of product under contractual terms which transfer title to customers upon shipment, under normal credit terms, net of estimated sales returns and allowances at the time of shipment. Revenue is deferred if there are significant post-delivery obligations or if the fees are not fixed or determinable. When significant post-delivery obligations exist, revenue is deferred until such obligations are fulfilled. The Company’s arrangements generally do not have any significant post-delivery obligations. If the Company’s arrangements include customer acceptance provisions, revenue is recognized upon obtaining the signed acceptance certificate from the customer, unless the Company can objectively demonstrate that the delivered products or services meet all the acceptance criteria specified in the arrangement prior to obtaining the signed acceptance. In those instances where revenue is recognized prior to obtaining the signed acceptance certificate, the Company uses successful completion of customer testing as the basis to objectively demonstrate that the delivered products or services meet all the acceptance criteria specified in the arrangement. The Company also considers historical acceptance experience with the customer, as well as the payment terms specified in the arrangement, when revenue is recognized prior to obtaining the signed acceptance certificate. When collectability is not reasonably assured, revenue is recognized when cash is collected.

The Company makes certain sales to product distributors. These customers are given certain privileges to return a portion of inventory. Return privileges generally allow distributors to return inventory based on a percent of purchases made within a specific period of time. The Company recognizes revenue on sales to distributors that have contractual return rights when the products have been sold by the distributors, unless there is sufficient customer specific sales and sales returns history to support revenue recognition upon shipment. In those instances when revenue is recognized upon shipment to distributors, the Company uses historical rates of return from the distributors to provide for estimated product returns.

The Company derives revenue primarily from stand-alone sales of its products. In certain cases, the Company’s products are sold along with services, which include education, training, installation, and/or extended warranty services. As such, some of the Company’s sales have multiple deliverables. The Company’s products and services qualify as separate units of accounting and are deemed to be non-contingent deliverables as the Company’s arrangements typically do not have any significant performance, cancellation, termination and refund type provisions. Products are typically considered delivered upon shipment. Revenue from services is recognized ratably over the period during which the services are to be performed.

For multiple deliverable revenue arrangements, the Company allocates revenue to products and services using the relative selling price method to recognize revenue when the revenue recognition criteria for each deliverable are met. The selling price of a deliverable is based on a hierarchy and if the Company is unable to establish vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price (“VSOE”) it uses third-party evidence of selling price (“TPE”), and if no such data is available, it uses a best estimated selling price (“BSP”). In most instances, particularly as it relates to products, the Company is not able to establish VSOE for all deliverables in an arrangement with multiple elements. This may be due to infrequently selling each element separately, not pricing products within a narrow range, or only having a limited sales history. When VSOE cannot be established, the Company attempts to establish the selling price of each element based on TPE. Generally, the Company’s

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marketing strategy differs from that of the Company’s peers and the Company’s offerings contain a significant level of customization and differentiation such that the comparable pricing of products with similar functionality cannot be obtained. Furthermore, the Company is unable to reliably determine what similar competitor products’ selling prices are on a stand-alone basis. Therefore, the Company is typically not able to determine TPE for the Company’s products.

When the Company is unable to establish selling price using VSOE or TPE, the Company uses BSP. The objective of BSP is to determine the price at which the Company would transact a sale if the product or service were sold on a stand-alone basis. The BSP of each deliverable is determined using average discounts from list price from historical sales transactions or cost plus margin approaches based on the factors, including but not limited to, the Company’s gross margin objectives and pricing practices plus customer and market specific considerations.

The Company has established TPE for its training, education and installation services. TPE is determined based on competitor prices for similar deliverables when sold separately. These service arrangements are typically short term in nature and are largely completed shortly after delivery of the product. Training and education services are based on a daily rate per person and vary according to the type of class offered. Installation services are based on daily rate per person and vary according to the complexity of the products being installed.

Extended warranty services are priced based on the type of product and are sold in one to five year durations. Extended warranty services include the right to warranty coverage beyond the standard warranty period. In substantially all of the arrangements with multiple deliverables pertaining to arrangements with these services, the Company has used and intends to continue using VSOE to determine the selling price for the services. The Company determines VSOE based on its normal pricing practices for these specific services when sold separately.

The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that is intended to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related disclosures. The fair value hierarchy is based on inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value that are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon their own market assumptions. The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels:

The Company does not have any financial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The following financial instruments are not measured at fair value on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, but require disclosure of their fair values: cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and debt. The estimated fair value of such instruments at March 31, 2013 approximated their carrying value as reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheet due to their short maturity. The fair value of such financial instruments is determined using the income approach based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. The fair value of these instruments would be categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, with the exception of cash and cash equivalents, which would be categorized as Level 1.

The Company’s customers include competitive and incumbent local exchange carriers, competitive access providers, Internet service providers, wireless carriers and resellers serving these markets. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and generally does not require collateral. Allowances are maintained for potential doubtful accounts. For the three months ended March 31, 2013, two customers based in

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the Middle East represented 32% of net revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2012, one customer based in Latin America accounted for 13% of net revenue. There were no other customers that accounted for 10% or more of net revenue.

As of March 31, 2013, three customers accounted for 66% of net accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2012, the same customers accounted for 52% of net accounts receivable, respectively.

As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, receivables from customers in countries other than the United States represented 77% and 70%, respectively, of net accounts receivable.

There have been no items reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income and into net income. The Company’s other comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2013 is comprised of only foreign exchange translations.

Inventories as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 were as follows (in thousands):

Property and equipment, net, as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 were as follows (in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense associated with property and equipment amounted to $0.1 million for each of the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012.

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) applicable to holders of common stock for the period by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share gives effect to common stock equivalents; however, potential common equivalent shares are excluded if their effect is antidilutive. Potential common equivalent shares are composed of incremental shares of common equivalent shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and warrants.

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The following table is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator in the basic and diluted net income (loss) per share calculation (in thousands, except per share data):

The following tables set forth potential common stock that is not included in the diluted net income (loss) per share calculation because their effect would be antidilutive for the periods indicated (in thousands, except exercise price per share data):

Credit Facility

In March 2012, the Company entered into its $25.0 million WFB Facility with WFB to provide liquidity and working capital through March 12, 2014.

Under the WFB Facility, the Company has the option of borrowing funds at agreed upon interest rates. The amount that the Company is able to borrow under the WFB Facility varies based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory, as defined in the agreement, as long as the aggregate amount outstanding does not exceed $25.0 million less the amount committed as security for letters of credit, which at March 31, 2013 was $10.1 million. To maintain availability of funds under the WFB Facility, the Company pays a commitment fee on the unused portion. The commitment fee is 0.25% per annum and is recorded as interest expense.

The Company had $10.0 million outstanding at March 31, 2013 under its WFB Facility. In addition, $10.1 million was committed as security for letters of credit and the Company had $3.3 million unused borrowing availability under the WFB Facility as of March 31, 2013. The amounts borrowed under the WFB Facility bear interest, payable monthly, at a floating rate equal to the three-month LIBOR plus a margin of 3.5%. The interest rate on the WFB Facility was 3.78% at March 31, 2013.

The Company’s obligations under the WFB Facility are secured by substantially all of its personal property assets and those of its subsidiaries that guarantee the WFB Facility, including their intellectual property. The WFB Facility contains certain financial covenants, and customary affirmative covenants and negative covenants. If the Company defaults under the WFB Facility due to a covenant breach or otherwise, WFB may be entitled to, among other things, require the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts and sell the Company’s assets to satisfy the obligations under the WFB Facility. As of March 31, 2013, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.

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Operating Leases

The Company has entered into operating leases for certain office space and equipment, some of which contain renewal options. Estimated future lease payments under all non-cancelable operating leases with terms in excess of one year, including taxes and service fees, are as follows (in thousands):

Warranties

The Company accrues for warranty costs based on historical trends for the expected material and labor costs to provide warranty services. Warranty periods are generally one year from the date of shipment. The following table reconciles changes in the Company’s accrued warranties and related costs for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 (in thousands):

Performance Bonds

In the normal course of operations, the Company arranges for the issuance of various types of surety bonds, such as bid and performance bonds, which are agreements under which the surety company guarantees that the Company will perform in accordance with contractual or legal obligations. If the Company fails to perform under its obligations, the maximum potential payment under these surety bonds would have been $4.5 million as of March 31, 2013.

Purchase Commitments

The Company has agreements with various contract manufacturers which include non-cancellable inventory purchase commitments. The Company’s inventory purchase commitments typically allow for cancellation of orders 30 days in advance of the required inventory availability date as set by the Company at time of order. The amount of non-cancellable purchase commitments outstanding was $3.4 million as of March 31, 2013.

Royalties

The Company has certain royalty commitments associated with the shipment and licensing of certain products. Royalty expense is generally based on a dollar amount per unit shipped or a percentage of the underlying revenue and is recorded in cost of revenue.

Legal Proceedings

The Company is subject to various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, the Company does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations of the period in which the ruling occurs, or future periods.

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The Company designs, develops and manufactures communications products for network service providers. The Company derives substantially all of its revenues from the sales of the Zhone product family. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Executive Officer reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied by disaggregated information about revenues by geographic region for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance. The Company has determined that it has operated within one discrete reportable business segment since inception. The following tables summarize required disclosures about geographic concentrations and revenue by products and services (in thousands):

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties, at March 31, 2013 was not material. The amount of tax benefits that would impact the effective income tax rate, if recognized, is not expected to be material. There were no significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits during the quarters ended March 31, 2013 and 2012. The Company does not anticipate any significant changes with respect to unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The open tax years for the major jurisdictions are as follows:

However, due to the fact the Company had net operating losses and credits carried forward in most jurisdictions, certain items attributable to technically closed years are still subject to adjustment by the relevant taxing authority through an adjustment to tax attributes carried forward to open years.

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In addition, to the extent the Company is deemed to have a sufficient connection to a particular taxing jurisdiction to enable that jurisdiction to tax the Company but the Company has not filed an income tax return in that jurisdiction for the year(s) at issue, the jurisdiction would typically be able to assert a tax liability for such years without limitation on the number of years it may examine.

The Company is not currently under examination for income taxes in any material jurisdiction.

Forward-Looking Statements

This report, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and our future results that are subject to the safe harbors created under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about the industries in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. We use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” variations of such words, and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, statements that refer to projections of earnings, revenue, costs or other financial items; anticipated growth and trends in our business or key markets; future growth and revenues from our Single Line Multi-Service, or SLMS, products; our ability to refinance or repay our existing indebtedness prior to the applicable maturity date; future economic conditions and performance; anticipated performance of products or services; plans, objectives and strategies for future operations; and other characterizations of future events or circumstances, are forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are only predictions and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict, including those identified under the heading “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A elsewhere in this report, and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC). Therefore, actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, the ability to generate sufficient revenue to achieve or sustain profitability, the ability to raise additional capital to fund existing and future operations or to refinance or repay our existing indebtedness, defects or other performance problems in our products, the economic slowdown in the telecommunications industry that has restricted the ability of our customers to purchase our products, commercial acceptance of our SLMS products, intense competition in the communications equipment market from large equipment companies as well as private companies with products that address the same networks needs as our products, higher than anticipated expenses that we may incur, and other factors identified elsewhere in this report and in our most recent reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason.

OVERVIEW

We believe that we are the first company dedicated solely to developing the full spectrum of next-generation access network solutions to cost-effectively deliver high bandwidth services while simultaneously preserving the investment in today’s networks. Our next-generation solutions are based upon our SLMS architecture. From its inception, this SLMS architecture was specifically designed for the delivery of multiple classes of subscriber services (such as voice, data and video distribution), rather than being based on a particular protocol or media. In other words, our SLMS products are built to support the migration from legacy circuit to packet technologies and from copper to fiber technologies. This flexibility and versatility allows our products to adapt to future technologies while allowing service providers to focus on the delivery of additional high bandwidth services. Because this SLMS architecture is designed to interoperate with existing legacy equipment, service providers can leverage their existing networks to deliver a combination of voice, data and video services today, while they migrate, either simultaneously or at a future date, from legacy equipment to next-generation equipment with minimal interruption. We believe that our SLMS solution provides an evolutionary path for service providers from their existing infrastructures, as well as gives newer service providers the capability to deploy cost-effective, multi-service networks that can support voice, data and video.

Our global customer base includes regional, national and international telecommunications carriers. To date, our products are deployed by over 750 network service providers on six continents worldwide. We believe that we have assembled the employee base, technological breadth and market presence to provide a simple yet comprehensive set of next-generation solutions to the bandwidth bottleneck in the access network and the other problems encountered by network service providers when delivering communications services to subscribers.

Since inception, with the exception of the fourth quarter of 2012 and the first quarter of 2013, we have incurred significant operating losses and had an accumulated deficit of $1,040.9 million as of March 31, 2013, and we expect that our operating losses may continue. In the quarter ended March 31, 2013, we recorded a $0.6 million credit to the statement of comprehensive income as a result of a vendor refund received in 2013 which related to overpayments made in 2012. If we are unable to access or raise the capital needed to meet liquidity needs and finance capital

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expenditures and working capital, or if the economic, market and geopolitical conditions in the United States and the rest of the world do not continue to improve or if they deteriorate, we may experience material adverse impacts on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Going forward, our key financial objectives include the following:

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates from the information provided in Part II, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

We list in the table below the historical condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) data as a percentage of net revenue for the periods indicated.

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Net Revenue

Information about our net revenue for products and services for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 is summarized below (in millions):

Information about our net revenue for North America and international markets for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 is summarized below (in millions):

For the three months ended March 31, 2013, net revenue increased 5% or $1.3 million to $28.4 million from $27.1 million for the same period last year. For the three months ended March 31, 2013, product revenue increased 1% or $0.3 million to $26.3 million, compared to $26.0 million for the same period last year. International net revenue increased 20% or $3.1 million to $18.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 from $15.4 million for the same period last year, and represented 65% of total net revenue compared with 57% during the same period of 2012. The increases in net revenue, product revenue, and international net revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2013 were primarily due to higher sales of our products in the Middle East compared to the prior year, which were partially offset by decreases in sales of our products to customers in Latin America and North America.

For the three months ended March 31, 2013, service revenue increased by 91% or $1.0 million to $2.1 million, compared to $1.1 million for the same period last year. Service revenue represents revenue from maintenance and other services associated with product shipments. The increase in service revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was primarily due to new service contracts, increased sales of installation services, and recognition of previously deferred revenue associated with extended warranties.

For the three months ended March 31, 2013, two customers based in the Middle East represented 32% of net revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2012, one customer based in Latin America accounted for 13% of net revenue. We anticipate that our results of operations in any given period may depend to a large extent on sales to a small number of large accounts. As a result, our revenue for any quarter may be subject to significant volatility based upon changes in orders from one or a small number of key customers.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit

Total cost of revenue, including stock-based compensation, decreased 4% or $0.8 million to $17.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013, compared to $18.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012. The decrease in cost of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was primarily due to changes in product mix. Gross margin increased to 37% as compared to 31% for the same prior year period, due primarily to greater sales of products with higher gross margin, such as MxK products.

We expect that in the future our cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue will vary depending on the mix and average selling prices of products sold. In addition, continued competitive and economic pressures could cause us to reduce our prices, adjust the carrying values of our inventory, or record inventory charges relating to discontinued products and excess or obsolete inventory.

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Research and Product Development Expenses

Research and product development expenses decreased 24% or $1.2 million to $3.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013, compared to $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012. The decrease in the three months ended March 31, 2013 was primarily due to lower personnel-related expenses resulting from a lower headcount in 2013 as compared with 2012. In addition, we recorded a $0.6 million credit to our statement of comprehensive income in the current period as a result of a vendor refund received in 2013 which related to overpayments for health benefits made in 2012. A portion of the credit was allocated to research and product development expenses. We intend to continue to invest in research and product development to attain our strategic product development objectives while seeking to manage the associated costs through expense controls.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses increased 2% or $0.1 million to $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013, compared to $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2013 was primarily due to a $0.4 million increase in consulting expenses, which was offset by $0.3 million in lower personnel-related expenses. In addition, we recorded a $0.6 million credit to our statement of comprehensive income in the current period as a result of a vendor refund received in 2013 which related to overpayments for health benefits made in 2012. A portion of the credit was allocated to sales and marketing expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased 19% or $0.4 million to $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 as compared to $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2012. The decrease in the three months ended March 31, 2013 was primarily due to lower personnel-related expenses. In addition, we recorded a $0.6 million credit to our statement of comprehensive income in the current period as a result of a vendor refund received in 2013 which related to overpayments for health benefits made in 2012. A portion of the credit was allocated to general and administrative expenses.

Income Tax Provision

During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, no material provision or benefit for income taxes was recorded, due to our previous operating losses and the significant uncertainty regarding the realization of our net deferred tax assets, against which we have continued to record a full valuation allowance.

OTHER PERFORMANCE MEASURES

In managing our business and assessing our financial performance, we supplement the information provided by our GAAP results with adjusted earnings before stock-based compensation, interest, taxes, and depreciation, or Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus (i) interest expense, (ii) provision (benefit) for taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) non-cash equity-based compensation expense, and (v) material non-recurring non-cash transactions, such as gain (loss) on sale of assets or impairment of fixed assets. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA enhances the usefulness of our financial information by presenting a measure that management uses internally to monitor and evaluate our operating performance and to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies. We believe Adjusted EBITDA also assists investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis because it excludes the impact of items that we do not believe reflect our core operating performance.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:

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Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) or any other performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP or as a measure of liquidity. Management understands these limitations and compensates for these limitations by relying primarily on our GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA only supplementally.

Set forth below is a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA, which we consider to be the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to Adjusted EBITDA:

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our operations are financed through a combination of our existing cash, cash equivalents, available credit facilities, and sales of equity and debt instruments, based on our operating requirements and market conditions.

At March 31, 2013, cash and cash equivalents were $11.7 million compared to $11.1 million at December 31, 2012. The $0.6 million increase in cash and cash equivalents was attributable to net cash provided by operating activities of $0.7 million, partially offset by net cash used in financing and investing activities.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2013 consisted of net income of $0.2 million, adjusted for non-cash charges totaling $0.9 million and an increase in net operating assets totaling $0.4 million. The most significant components of the changes in net operating assets were a decrease of $2.2 million in accounts payable, offset by a decrease of $0.9 million in accounts receivable. The decrease in accounts receivable was primarily the result of significant cash collections from several large customers in the current year period which caused a corresponding decrease in accounts payable as more cash was available to apply to vendor invoices.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2012 consisted of a net loss of $3.4 million, adjusted for non-cash charges totaling $0.7 million and a decrease in net operating assets totaling $4.6 million. The most significant components of the changes in net operating assets were a decrease of $7.5 million in accounts receivable, offset by decreases of $2.5 million in accounts payable and $1.1 million in accrued and other liabilities. The decrease in accounts receivable was primarily the result of significant cash collections from several large customers in the prior year period which caused a corresponding decrease in accounts payable as more cash was available to apply to vendor invoices. The decrease in accrued and other liabilities was comprised of reduced personnel accruals of $0.5 million, and the non-cash decreases in the deferred gain and leasehold improvement allowance of $0.2 million and operating lease liability related to our Largo facility of $0.4 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012 consisted primarily of purchases of property and equipment of $0.1 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2013 consisted of proceeds related to exercises of stock options and purchases under our 2002 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP).

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Net cash used in financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2012 consisted of repayments of debt of $5.0 million, partially offset by proceeds related to exercises of stock options and purchases under our ESPP of $0.1 million.

Cash Management

Our primary source of liquidity comes from our cash and cash equivalents which totaled $11.7 million at March 31, 2013, and our $25.0 million WFB Facility. Our cash and cash equivalents are held in accounts managed by third party financial institutions and consist of invested cash and cash in our operating accounts. At current revenue levels, we anticipate that some portion of our existing cash and cash equivalents may continue to be consumed by operations.

We had $10.0 million outstanding at March 31, 2013 under our WFB Facility. In addition, $10.1 million was committed as security for letters of credit and we had $3.3 million unused borrowing availability under our WFB Facility as of March 31, 2013. Amounts borrowed under the WFB Facility bear interest, payable monthly, at a floating rate equal to the three-month LIBOR plus a margin of 3.5%. The interest rate on the WFB Facility was 3.78% at March 31, 2013. The amount that we are able to borrow under the WFB Facility varies based on eligible accounts receivable and inventory, as defined in the agreement, as long as the aggregate principal amount outstanding does not exceed $25.0 million less the amount committed as security for letters of credit. In addition, under the WFB Facility, we are able to utilize the facility as security for letters of credit. To maintain availability of funds under the WFB Facility, we pay a commitment fee on the unused portion. The commitment fee is 0.25% and is recorded as interest expense.

Our obligations under the WFB Facility are secured by substantially all of our personal property assets and those of our subsidiaries that guarantee the WFB Facility, including our intellectual property. The WFB Facility contains certain financial covenants, and customary affirmative covenants and negative covenants. If we default under the WFB Facility due to a covenant breach or otherwise, WFB may be entitled to, among other things, require the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts and sell our assets to satisfy the obligations under the WFB Facility. As of March 31, 2013, we were in compliance with these covenants. We make no assurances that we will be in compliance with these covenants in the future.

Future Requirements and Funding Sources

Our fixed commitments for cash expenditures consist primarily of payments under operating leases, inventory purchase commitments, and payments of principal and interest for debt obligations. Our operating lease commitments also include $1.6 million of future minimum lease payments spread over the five-year lease term under the lease agreement we entered into in September 2010 with respect to our Oakland, California campus following the sale of our campus in a sale-leaseback transaction.

As a result of the financial demands of major network deployments and the difficulty in accessing capital markets, network service providers continue to request financing assistance from their suppliers. From time to time, we may provide or commit to extend credit or credit support to our customers. This financing may include extending the terms for product payments to customers. Depending upon market conditions, we may seek to factor these arrangements to financial institutions and investors to reduce the amount of our financial commitments associated with such arrangements. Our ability to provide customer financing is limited and depends upon a number of factors, including our capital structure, the level of our available credit and our ability to factor commitments to third parties. Any extension of financing to our customers will limit the capital that we have available for other uses.

Our accounts receivable, while not considered a primary source of liquidity, represent a concentration of credit risk because a significant portion of the accounts receivable balance at any point in time typically consists of a relatively small number of customer account balances. As of March 31, 2013, three customers accounted for 66% of net accounts receivable. Receivables from customers in countries other than the United States of America represented 77% of net accounts receivable. We do not currently have any material commitments for capital expenditures, or any other material commitments aside from operating leases for our facilities, inventory purchase commitments and debt.

We expect that operating losses and negative cash flows from operations may continue. In order to meet our liquidity needs and finance our capital expenditures and working capital needs for our business, we may be required to sell assets, issue debt or equity securities or borrow on unfavorable terms. Continued uncertainty in credit markets may negatively impact our ability to access debt financing or to refinance existing indebtedness in the future on favorable terms, or at all. We may be unable to sell assets, issue securities or access additional indebtedness to meet these needs on favorable terms, or at all. If additional capital is raised through the issuance of debt securities or other debt financing, the terms of such debt may include covenants, restrictions and financial ratios that may restrict our ability to operate our business. Likewise, any equity financing could result in additional dilution of our stockholders. If we are unable to obtain additional capital or are required to obtain additional capital on terms that are not favorable to us, we may be required to reduce the scope of our planned product development and sales and marketing efforts beyond the

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reductions we have previously taken. In addition, we may be required to reduce our operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount.Based on our current plans and business conditions, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and available credit facilities will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve months.

Contractual Commitments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

At March 31, 2013, our future contractual commitments by fiscal year were as follows (in thousands):

Operating Leases

The operating lease amounts shown above represent primarily off-balance sheet arrangements. For operating lease commitments, a liability is generally not recorded on our balance sheet unless the facility represents an excess facility for which an estimate of the facility exit costs has been recorded on our balance sheet, net of estimated sublease income. For operating leases that include contractual commitments for operating expenses and maintenance, estimates of such amounts are included based on current rates. Payments made under operating leases will be treated as rent expense for the facilities currently being utilized.

Purchase Commitments

The purchase commitments shown above represent non-cancellable inventory purchase commitments as of March 31, 2013. The inventory purchase commitments typically allow for cancellation of orders 30 days in advance of the required inventory availability date as set by us at time of order.

Line of Credit

The line of credit obligation has been recorded as a liability on our balance sheet. The line of credit obligation amount shown above represents the scheduled principal repayment, but not the associated interest payments which may vary based on changes in market interest rates. At March 31, 2013, the interest rate under the WFB Facility was 3.78%.

As of March 31, 2013, we had $10.0 million outstanding under our line of credit under the WFB Facility and an additional $10.1 million committed as security for letters of credit. See above under “Cash Management” for further information about the WFB Facility.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments which potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents consist principally of demand deposit and money market accounts. Cash and cash equivalents are principally held with various domestic financial institutions with high credit standing. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and generally do not require collateral. Allowances are maintained for potential doubtful accounts. For the three months ended March 31, 2013, two customers based in the Middle East represented 32% of net revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2012, one customer based in Latin America accounted for 13% of net revenue.

As of March 31, 2013, three customers accounted for 66% of net accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2012, the same customers accounted for 52% of net accounts receivable.

As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, receivables from customers in countries other than the United States represented 77% and 70%, respectively, of net accounts receivable.

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Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our outstanding debt. As of March 31, 2013, our outstanding debt balance under our WFB Facility was $10.0 million. Amounts borrowed under the WFB Facility bear interest, payable monthly, at a floating rate equal to the three-month LIBOR plus a margin of 3.5%. The interest rate on our WFB Facility was 3.78% as of March 31, 2013. Assuming the outstanding balance on our variable rate debt remains constant over a year, a 2% increase in the interest rate would decrease pre-tax income and cash flow by approximately $0.2 million.

Foreign Currency Risk

We transact business in various foreign countries. Substantially all of our assets are located in the United States. We have sales operations throughout Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities, primarily inter-company receivables and payables. Accordingly, our operating results are exposed to changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and those currencies. During 2013 and 2012, we did not hedge any of our foreign currency exposure.

We have performed sensitivity analyses as of March 31, 2013 using a modeling technique that measures the impact arising from a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in the levels of foreign currency exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar, with all other variables held constant. The sensitivity analyses indicated that a hypothetical 10% adverse movement in foreign currency exchange rates would result in a foreign exchange loss of $0.4 million at March 31, 2013. This sensitivity analysis assumes a parallel adverse shift in foreign currency exchange rates, which do not always move in the same direction. Actual results may differ materially.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. The controls evaluation was done under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, subject to the limitations noted in this Part I, Item 4, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC, and that material information relating to Zhone and its consolidated subsidiaries is made known to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, particularly during the period when our periodic reports are being prepared.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

We are subject to various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, we do not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations of the period in which the ruling occurs, or future periods.

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. There have been no material changes to the risk factors described in the “Risk Factors” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.

Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

On May 2, 2013, Zhone held its 2013 annual meeting of stockholders. Of the 31,120,165 shares of common stock outstanding and entitled to vote, 24,915,410 shares, or 80.1%, were represented in person or by proxy at the meeting. Three items of business were acted upon by stockholders at the annual meeting. The voting results are as follows:

Proposal 1 – Election of Directors

Stockholders elected all three of Zhone’s nominees as Class III Directors to serve three-year terms expiring at the 2016 annual meeting.

Proposal 2 – Approval of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation

Stockholders approved an amendment to Zhone’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation to (i) effect a reverse stock split at any whole number ratio of not less than one-for-two and not greater than one-for-ten, with the exact ratio to be determined by the Board of Directors, and (ii) proportionately decrease the number of shares of Zhone common stock that Zhone is authorized to issue, to be effected in the sole discretion of the Board of Directors at any time prior to our next annual meeting of stockholders without further approval or authorization of our stockholders.

Proposal 3 – Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders ratified the appointment of KPMG LLP as Zhone’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2013.

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Management Bonuses and Salary Increase

On May 2, 2013, the Board of Directors of Zhone approved one-time bonuses for Morteza Ejabat, our Chief Executive Officer, and Kirk Misaka, our Chief Financial Officer. The bonus amounts are $165,000 for Mr. Ejabat and $54,750 for Mr. Misaka which represent the aggregate salary reductions taken by these executives in January 2009. Payment will be made in the form of 40% cash and 60% unrestricted stock awards.

In addition, effective as of the pay period ending May 10, 2013, Mr. Misaka’s base salary was increased to $365,000.

The Exhibit Index on page 23 is incorporated herein by reference as the list of exhibits required as part of this report.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the retirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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EXHIBIT INDEX

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